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Rehabilitation Research and Practice
Rehabilitation Research and Practice / 2012 / Article
AbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsAcknowledgmentsReferencesCopyright
Margaret A. Perrott, Tania Pizzari, Mark Opar, Jill Cook, "Development of Clinical Rating Criteria for Tests of Lumbopelvic Stability", Rehabilitation Research and Practice, vol. 2012, Article ID 803637, 7 pages, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/803637
Development of Clinical Rating Criteria for Tests of Lumbopelvic Stability
Margaret A. Perrott,1 Tania Pizzari,2 Mark Opar,3 and Jill Cook4
1Musculoskeletal Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
2School of Physiotherapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
3School of Phsyiotherapy, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
4Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3199, Australia
Academic Editor: Gül Baltaci
Received04 Oct 2011
Accepted25 Nov 2011
Published29 Dec 2011
Background. Lumbopelvic stability (LPS) is regarded as important for injury prevention, yet there are few reliable or valid tests that can be used in the clinical assessment of LPS. Three dynamic functional tests were identified that assess LPS in multiple planes of motion: dip test (DT), single leg squat (SLS), and runner pose test (RPT). Existing rating criteria for SLS have limited reliability and rating criteria for DT and RPT have not been established. Objective. To develop rating criteria for three clinical tests of LPS. Design. Qualitative research: focus group. Method. A focus group of five expert physiotherapists used qualitative methods to develop rating criteria for the three clinical tests. Results. Detailed rating criteria were established for the three tests. Each key factor considered important for LPS had characteristics described that represented both good and poor LPS. Conclusion. This study established rating criteria that may be used to clinically assess LPS.
Lumbopelvic stability (LPS) is a highly complex integrated function involving control of many segments of the body [1]. Clinically, there is a perception that LPS is an essential component of injury prevention and training of such stability is thought to aid recovery from injury and improve performance [2]. Despite this, few reliable or valid clinical tests of LPS have been identified, and attempts to establish their reliability may have been hampered by a lack of suitable rating criteria [3].
It is important to establish reliable and valid clinical tests as deficits in factors that contribute to a stable lumbopelvic region have consequences for individuals. Deficits in muscle endurance [4, 5], motor control [6–11], muscle size [12, 13], and strength [6, 14–17] have all been associated with pain or injury.
The ability to properly assess the stability of an individual depends on the formulation of an adequate definition of LPS. Stability of the lumbopelvic region has been described by a number of authors. Bergmark proposed a mechanical engineering description of stability [18]. This stated that stability exists when the forces and the resulting moment acting on a structure maintain the structure in a state of equilibrium. This description sets the foundation of stability but has some limitations for clinical application.
Stability of the lumbopelvic region has been described by other authors in broad terms [1, 19]. These descriptions involve control of position and motion of the trunk, pelvis, and thigh requiring that the region be in correct alignment but allowing for that fact that movement does occur. These descriptions of stability of the region appear to be clinically useful.
The purpose of this study was to examine stability of the lumbopelvic region rather than stability of individual segments or within individual segments. However, models of intervertebral stability and intrapelvic stability add to our understanding of regional stability. Panjabi [20, 21] made an important contribution by describing a neutral zone with minimal muscle activity around a neutral posture. Stability between vertebrae was provided by an interaction between active, passive, and neural systems. Likewise, within the pelvis, stability is maintained by passive structures [22, 23] and active muscular forces [24].
Other researchers have investigated the active muscular and neural stability systems of the lumbar spine making important contributions to understanding the stability of the lumbopelvic region. Desirable patterns of muscle activation of transverse abdominus and multifidus have been described [8, 25–29]. Less desirable motor patterns have been described as substitution strategies [26, 28, 30, 31]. These may include excessive use of other muscles and pelvic tilt that may increase or decrease lumbar lordosis.
By synthesising the literature in this area, LPS could be defined as the ability of an individual to attain and then maintain optimal body segment alignment of the spine (lumbar and thoracic), the pelvis, and the thigh in both a static position and during dynamic activity. Stability is attained and maintained by passive structures and with optimal muscle recruitment patterns, that is, without substitution strategies.
The clinical importance of LPS highlights the need for valid clinical tests of LPS. To examine LPS, it has been recommended that assessment should be performed in an upright position with evaluation of dynamic trunk control over the weightbearing leg, in all planes of motion: sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes [1]. This type of assessment is in keeping with the above definition of LPS where the alignment of segments of the body during dynamic activity is the key feature of interest.
A number of dynamic tests of LPS have been reported in the literature. These include the single leg stand [32–34], single leg squat [32, 35–38], dip test [33], lateral step down [3, 36], anterior step down [36], hop test [33], and runner pose test [33, 37]. Tests of individual planes of movement were also identified [1, 36]. Several of these tests lack aspects of validity; single leg stand test, anterior step down, and lateral step down predominantly assess pelvic, hip, and knee movement in the frontal plane, and hop test has a ballistic nature that may make assessment of optimal muscle recruitment and substitution strategies difficult to achieve and to assess clinically. Of the reported clinical tests of LPS, the single leg squat (SLS, Figure 1), dip test (DT, Figure 2), and runner pose test (RPT, Figure 3), appear to assess body segment alignment of the trunk, pelvis, and thigh in multiple planes making them suitable as tests of LPS.
Single leg squat.
Dip test.
Runner pose test.
For DT and RPT, assessment of performance has been described but there are no agreed rating criteria for these tests. For SLS, rating criteria were used in three studies [3, 32, 39]. Two of these studies assessed the magnitude of deviation from neutral alignment and degree of movement oscillation on a four-point rating scale with movement described as having excessive, moderate, small, or no deviation [3, 39]. Limited agreement in rating was reported using the criteria, and it was suggested that lack of explicit criteria for rating performance hampered reliability [3]. The rating criteria used by DiMattia et al. (2005) [32] only examined hip and knee alignment, so the use of these criteria for the clinical rating of LPS is limited.
Since the three clinical tests lack valid rating criteria, it is not currently possible to use them to reliably assess LPS. Therefore, the aim of this project was to develop clinical rating criteria for the SLS, DT, and RPT for rating LPS.
A qualitative research method was used to develop rating criteria for the three tests. Material related to LPS was presented to a focus group of expert physiotherapists, discussion on characteristics of good and poor LPS was held, themes related to assessment of these characteristics were clarified, and rating criteria were qualitatively developed.
Five physiotherapists were recruited for a focus group to develop rating criteria for SLS, DT, and RPT. These independent physiotherapists had not participated in the study design and were not authors of this study. The physiotherapists were included as participants if they were accredited as expert musculoskeletal or sports physiotherapists with the national physiotherapy association and were familiar with the use of lumbopelvic stability tests. The physiotherapists were working with sports participants competing at either international or national level in the following sports: gymnastics, softball, track and field, triathlon, or Australian football. They had been practising as physiotherapists for between 6 years and 28 years (mean 14.0 yrs). Approval for the project was obtained from the Human Ethics committee of La Trobe University (application number: 07-136) and informed consent was obtained from all participants.
The focus group met for 2 hours to develop the rating criteria. A preliminary discussion schedule of factors that might be indicative of either good or poor performance was presented to the group by the chief investigator, a sports physiotherapist with 26-year experience. This schedule included the above definition of LPS, the protocol for performing the three tests, and abnormal movement patterns of the trunk, pelvis, and hip in all three planes. The chief investigator was familiar with the LPS literature, had developed the definition of LPS, and facilitated discussion within this framework. The focus group was asked to develop criteria that would clearly rate a performance of SLS, DT, and RPT as good or poor on a three-point rating scale with an intermediate category of neither good nor poor [35]. The group viewed video footage of sample performances on DVD and discussed the factors they considered important for performance of the tests. Key stability themes and characteristics of good and poor stability were identified.
The discussion, recorded in written notes, was read back to the group immediately for further consideration and clarification of the key stability themes. Time was allowed for discussion of the themes with contributions from each member. The themes were divided by the group into separate factors important for stability with representative characteristics of both good and poor stability. The factors and characteristics were confirmed by the group. To enhance rigour and trustworthiness [40], the rating criteria were sent via email within three days of the meeting to the focus group members to be checked for accuracy. Members of the group were invited to correct errors and suggest changes. All members confirmed the accuracy of the criteria and no changes were suggested.
Agreement was reached by the focus group on rating criteria for the three tests (Tables 1, 2, and 3). The rating criteria included key factors important for LPS: five for SLS and DT and four for RPT. The factors were similar for SLS and DT: overall impression, weight transfer (SLS) or weight distribution (DT), lumbar spine and pelvic alignment, leg alignment, and foot alignment. The factors differed only slightly for RPT with foot alignment not included and evaluation of the entire trunk included, rather than just the lumbar spine. The factors for RPT were overall impression, weight distribution, trunk alignment, and pelvic alignment.
Good Poor
1. Overall Impression
Smooth, good-quality movement
General control
Controlled change-over between repetitions
Ease of movement Staggered movement
Increased speed to attempt to control movement
Effort to control movement
Trunk "wobble"
2. Weight Transfer
Minimal translation of centre of mass
Upright trunk Discernible translation of centre of mass
Trunk leaning forward or to side
Extended time to transfer
3. Lumbar Spine & Pelvic Alignment
Minimal movement in all three planes
Frontal plane: ASIS level
Sagittal plane: minimal A-P tilt, rotation
Lateral view: stable lordosis, minimal trunk flexion Discernible movement with pelvis tilting up or down, rotating toward or away from weightbearing leg, tilting in anterior or posterior direction
Lumbar lordosis increasing or trunk flexion occurring
4. Leg Alignment
Minimal movement out of the starting plane of movement. This takes into account the alignment of the limb, influenced by pelvic width, and Q angle at the knee Discernible movement out of the starting plane of movement
5. Foot Alignment
Neutral foot position—remains stable during movement Excessive pronation of foot during squat descent
Externally rotated starting position of lower leg/foot
Rating criteria for single leg squat: good and poor stability.
Dip Test
Controlled change-over between repetitions Staggered movement
2. Weight Distribution
Minimal weight on back leg
Back leg remains oriented in the sagittal plane (i.e. no movement in frontal plane)
Upright trunk Excessive weight on back leg
Abduction of back leg
3. Lumbar and Pelvic Alignment
Rating criteria for dip test: good and poor stability.
Runner Pose Test
General control Jerky movement
Excessive trunk movement
Minimal translation of centre of mass Inability to maintain centre of mass over weightbearing leg
3. Pelvic Alignment
Hip dissociation from pelvis—minimal pelvic movement
Minimal A-P movement (anterior pelvic tilt)
Minimal tilt in frontal plane (ASIS level) Discernible movement of pelvis with the hip—no dissociation
Discernable tilt in frontal plane
4. Trunk Alignment
No rotation of trunk
Trunk upright Trunk rotation
Forward flexion of trunk
Trunk locked in extension
Rating criteria for runner pose test: good and poor stability
Each of the key factors for the tests had descriptive performance characteristics that represented both good and poor stability. The combination of performance characteristics would be used to rate an individual's LPS on each of the tests. A clinical rating would be based on whether an individual predominantly had good performance characteristics or predominantly poor performance characteristics. If an individual did not clearly fit into either of these two categories, then they would be rated as having neither good nor poor stability. The combined performance characteristics would identify the LPS of an individual in one of three categories: good, poor, or neither good nor poor LPS.
This study used qualitative methods to develop detailed rating criteria for three clinical tests of LPS: single leg squat, dip test, and runner pose test. This is the first time that detailed rating criteria have been developed for DT and RPT.
Use of a focus group to develop rating criteria for the tests of LPS was a pragmatic way to collect views of a sample of expert physiotherapists. This method was chosen for two reasons. First, it was a method that could draw on the interaction within the group to enhance the results, making them more dynamic than the results that might be gained by the use of individual interviews or questionnaires [41]. Second, it was economical in terms of time and cost.
To ensure the integrity of the results of qualitative studies, it is important that the phenomenon being studied is presented accurately [40]. The definition of LPS was derived from the stability literature, and discussion to develop the rating criteria was held from this perspective.
To develop rating criteria, a pool of potential variables should be considered as the first step [42]. The rigour of this process was enhanced by using multiple sources of information [43]. The focus group used the preliminary discussion of abnormal movement patterns of the trunk, pelvis, and hip described in previous studies of single leg squat [3, 32, 39], their clinical experience, and the DVD examples of performance of the tests to identify key indicators of good or poor performance of the LPS tests. The chief investigator ensured that all potential performance characteristics from the LPS literature were discussed.
The second step in the process of developing rating criteria is to decide the final variables to be included [42]. This was accomplished by discussion of the key themes that had been identified: overall impression, weight transfer or distribution, and alignment of the lumbar spine or trunk, pelvis, leg, and foot. Characteristics of good and poor performance were described. For rating criteria to have construct validity, the domains of interest must be adequately assessed [44]. The criteria developed in this study comprehensively covered all aspects thought to be important for LPS and built on previous rating criteria for SLS [3, 32, 39]. The criteria developed in this project were also very similar to those developed for step-down test [45]. Thus, there is preliminary evidence for construct validity for the rating criteria.
A third step in the development of rating criteria has been described as giving a relative weighting or emphasis to the final items included [42]. This was not done in this study. The rating criteria were designed for all items to be combined to achieve the overall rating of LPS rather than to individually rate items or subcategories. This was done to maintain the clinical utility of the criteria as tests that require this may not be as easy or quick to administer [46, 47]. In addition, experienced raters are likely to combine key observations to make an automatic rating [48] based largely on the overall impression of movement quality, and this method of rating is commonly used by physiotherapists [45].
The trustworthiness of a qualitative research process relies on credibility [49]. Credibility is enhanced by the experience and qualifications of the investigators, member checks, and similarity to previous studies [40]. This study met each of these three principles. First, the members of the focus group were experienced in examining LPS. These well-qualified clinicians with a mean of 14-year experience in a wide variety of sports would be expected to be able to identify good and poor performance characteristics of LPS. Second, member checks were performed during and after the focus group discussion to confirm the themes that were developed. Each member had the opportunity to individually comment on or suggest changes to the criteria. This mitigated the possible effect of any one member of the group dominating the outcome and ensured that the criteria truly represented the perceptions of LPS of each member of the group. Third, the discussion themes and final rating criteria shared some characteristics with rating criteria used in other studies of SLS with the inclusion of assessment of trunk, pelvis, and thigh [3, 32, 39]. The rating criteria developed in this project also included assessment of foot alignment for SLS and DT. Foot function may influence performance via the closed kinetic chain used in these tests. The lack of evaluation of foot function was discussed as a limitation in a study of the step down test by Crossley et al. (2011) [45]. For these reasons, it is credible that these criteria do represent the characteristics of good and poor stability.
The trustworthiness of a qualitative research process also depends on transferability [49], whether the rating criteria are transferable or generalizable to a range of individuals or whether they would have limited application. They are transferable and suitable for the orthopaedic assessment of active male and female adults. The validity of their use as a screening tool, as a means of identifying injury, or a means to assess timing of a return to sport remains to be investigated in prospective injury studies. Their use in other populations such as older adults, elite athletes, children, and populations with neurological conditions also remains to be investigated. Other confounding factors may be introduced in these populations that would reduce the clinical utility of these rating criteria.
Qualitative focus group studies have some disadvantages and these are acknowledged as limitations. Disadvantages relate to the role of the facilitator, accurate recording of the discussion, and management of issues of dissent [41]. First, results can depend on the skill of the group facilitator to generate unbiased discussion without influencing the group to arrive at a predetermined conclusion. The extent to which the group may have been influenced by the facilitator cannot be determined. Second, inaccuracy of recording of the discussion may influence the results. However, as discussed above, the notes were read back to the group and each group member had an opportunity to clarify and correct the results, so it is expected that this limitation would be reduced. Third, dissent within a focus group may bias results if less confident members of a group are unable to raise objections. As already discussed, each member was individually able to raise objections by email, it is expected that this disadvantage was reduced.
The present study has developed detailed rating criteria that may be used by clinicians to rate the LPS of individuals using three clinical tests. Single leg squat, dip test, and runner pose test each have key factors that are important in the assessment of LPS. Performance characteristics of good and poor LPS have been identified. In terms of a clinical reasoning process, it is likely that an intervention to address the LPS of an individual rated as having poor LPS would be a priority. Intervention would be less of a priority for those rated as having neither good nor poor stability and may be unnecessary for those rated as having good LPS.
The authors wish to thank Mark Alexander, Wendy Braybon, Katrina Salisbury-Macdonald, Elizabeth Molloy, and Anthony Schache for their assistance in developing the rating criteria and Llewellyn Perrott for his technical assistance. This research was supported by the Australian Centre for Research into Sports Injury and its Prevention, which is one of the International Research Centres for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health supported by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
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Copyright © 2012 Margaret A. Perrott et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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It is in this spirit of interconnectivity that I have put together a short list of professionals who have one foot in the art studio and the other in the world of health care: designers and artists who are humanizing healthcare through creative initiatives.
As an artist who uses my own brain scans to create my artwork, I feel a sense of camaraderie with them. Some of them I know personally, others I have found online, and two of them have actually been featured speakers at Medicine X conferences in the past. Please email me at elizabeth@jamesonfineart.com if you know of others who should be added to this list.
Virgil is an artist, researcher, technologist and a friend of mine who is assisting me with my ideas around patient narrative and technology in health care settings. He is the founder of Medical Avatar, "a company that engages patients with an interactive reflection of their health in the past, present, and future." His website features his fine art and his work with technology in the hospital settings. I was particularly inspired by his Ted talk about how technology can be used to improve people's health and healthcare in general.
Annie is both a physician and a person living with MS. She believes that people need to own their stories, honor them, and share them. She founded Health Story Collaborative, an organization that "collects, shares, and honors stories of illness and healing… [Their] goal is to create a forum for story sharing to make the process of navigating illness less isolating, and to empower individuals and families facing health challenges." Annie and I share the belief that patient narratives are powerful, important, and have been long ignored in health care settings.
Meyer is an artist and patient, currently serving as the Artist-in-Residence at the USC Keck School of Medicine. One of his goals as an artist is to increase and encourage conversation between patients, physicians, and healthcare providers. I first learned about Meyer through his series, "Scarred for Life: Mono-Prints of Human Scars." In that specific series he created mono-prints of people's scars, photographing the subject and celebrating their wounded body. The images present the scars as a source of strength, beauty and pride.
Holliday is another Med X alumna. She is a painter and muralist who was spurred to activism after her husband passed away from kidney cancer in 2009. Holliday founded "Walking Gallery" – painted murals on the backs of jackets that speak to patients' stories, health care reform, and other health topics. Her blog is "a place where art, medicine, social media and pop-culture collide and create a patient voice in health information technology." She as well as others in this article are inspirations for my artwork.
Lay-Dorsey is a groundbreaking photographer. I learned about her after discovering her self-portrait book, "Falling Into Place," which features images that celebrates her life with Multiple Sclerosis and show "from the inside" what it is like to live with a disability. In her artist statement, she explains that photography "allows [her] to engage with people in deep and intimate ways." Her photographs are honest and vulnerable in portraying the reality of progressive illness. She is a testament to the idea that illness is a part of being human.
I saved the best for last. I know I shouldn't have favorites in a list that is already so exclusive. Fox is a street photographer who specializes in "ironic reality." Her work is funny, striking, and real, capturing all aspects of the human condition. She lives with MS, lung cancer, and impaired vision. I thoroughly enjoyed the New York Times op-doc featuring her as she continues to explore the city and capture gems with the help of a caretaker.


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Mutual Fund Investors See Small Loss In October
November 01, 2012 — 04:17 am EDT
Written by Investor's Business Daily ->
Mutual fund investors took modest losses in October after the market's first two-day, weather-related market shutdown since 1888. All the while, the market sat in a wait-and-see mode ahead of the presidential election and digested a wave of disappointing third-quarter earnings reports.
Mid-cap value funds outperformed all size and style funds by losing the least, -0.20%, in October and 12.66% year to date, according to Morningstar. Large-cap growth funds, -3.00%, lost the most. Small-growth fell 2.76%.
TheSPDR S&P 500 ETF ( SPY ) shed 1.82%, closing the month at 141.35, down 4% from a four-year high. It remains ahead 14.29% year to date. TheSPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ( DIA ) fell 2.44% in October while gaining 9.33% year to date. The tech-heavyPowerShares QQQ ( QQQ ), tracking the 100-largest companies on the Nasdaq, lost 5.28% and surged 17.13% over the same periods.
S&P 500 Earnings
With 54% of S&P companies having reported third-quarter results, earnings fell 1.3% year over year -- the worst showing in nearly four years, according to Thomson Reuters. More than 60% topped earnings expectations but fewer than 40% have beaten on sales.
"Earnings season in the United States has been disappointing, and global economic growth remains slow," Charles Schwab's chief investment strategist Liz Ann Sonders and her colleagues wrote in a client note. "But there are signs of hope as U.S. economic indicators have been trending higher; excessively optimistic sentiment has been worked off; and we're closer to a resolution of the election, and a potential fix to the fiscal cliff. We believe this is setting up for a renewed uptrend in stocks after some continued near-term volatility."
Despite the estimated $30 billion in damages, economists say Hurricane Sandy's impact on the economy overall will be minor. Damages amount to 0.2% of the country's gross domestic product, and rebuilding will be spread over months if not years.
Real Estate Leads Sector Funds
Global real estate funds, +1.51%, lead all sector funds as mortgage rates fell to their lowest in 40 years. It suggests the Federal Reserve's move to keep interest rates low through mid 2015 and buy $40 billion a month in mortgage bonds to boost home buying is working out as planned. Data overwhelmingly shows the U.S. housing market has recovered. The S&P/Case-Shiller index of home prices has risen for seven months straight as of August and is up 2.0% year over year. But the index remains nearly 30% off its 2006 high.
In September, new home sales jumped to their highest level since July 2008. The homeowner vacancy rate, at 1.9%, is the lowest in seven years, while the renter vacancy rate of 8.6% is a 10-year low, according to Ned Davis Research.
"Excess housing supply has now been eliminated and is back to its historical trend," wrote NDR in client note. Short sales and foreclosures have been declining. New home construction averaged 730,000 annually this year, far below the normal replacement rate of 1.3 million a year owing to population growth and damage.
"Housing starts remain significantly below normal, raising the potential for activity to trend up for the next several years," wrote High Frequency Economics.
Housing trends likely boosted consumer confidence. Consumer discretionary funds lost 1.26%. Retail sales surprisingly rose 1.1% month over month in September, bouncing back from negative readings during the summer.
Technology fared the worst among sector funds, losing 5.7% in October. Techs' reported and estimated earnings in the third quarter rose just 1.3% year over year.
"Tech in general is suffering from weak capital spending as a result of uncertainty about the broader economy and the fiscal cliff," said Charlie Smith. He manages Fort Pitt Capital Total Return Fund and co-founded Pittsburgh-based Fort Pitt Capital Group with $1.3 billion in assets under management.
Third-quarter earnings for basic materials producers fell 26% year over year -- the most among all S&P sectors. Energy profits fell nearly 18%. Consumer discretionary and financials saw the most earnings growth of 7% and 6.4%, respectively.
China Trumps World Markets
China region funds surpassed all foreign markets, returning 3.00% in October and 10.14% year to date. Emerging market funds shed 0.15% while climbing 10.90% year to date. The People's Bank of China decreased reserve requirements to increase the money supply. It cut the key interest rate twice this year to stimulate the economy and encourage investment.
"For the week ending Oct. 19, we observed the sixth-largest weekly inflow on record into China," said Rob Lutts, president at Cabot Money Management in Salem, Mass., with $500 million in assets under management. "This is very encouraging and is a sign that large investors are now once again interested in China."
Although the world's second-largest economy grew 7.4% in the third quarter -- the slowest rate since early 2009 -- it's projected to expand at a faster rate, 8%, in 2013. Expectations of a "hard landing" this year sent Chinese stocks to historically low valuations.
"The Shanghai SE Composite (Index) trades at eight times next years' earnings and Hang Seng Index in Hong Kong trades at about 10.5 times next years' earnings," Lutts said. "Given the financial strength, low government debt and individual debt levels, and overall growth of these regions, we do not believe that these prices will remain very long."
But investors need to consider China's high volatility.
"While past underperformance, a bottoming of economic data and new stimulus could result in a several-months-long rally in investments tied to China, we believe any rallies should be treated with caution," Charles Schwab's investment strategists wrote. "A difficult recovery and high expectations could present head winds, and a rally in China-related investments may be short-lived."
"Corruption is widespread in China and bribery seems to be almost the norm," said Andrew Schrage, co-owner of Money Crashers Personal Finance in Piscataway, N.J. "Counterfeiting and theft of intellectual property are also rampant. All of these factors make for an unstable investing environment."
European Funds Muddle Through Debt Crisis
European funds added 1.17% in October and a respectable 14.36% year to date despite negative economic reports. Unemployment in the 17-country eurozone hit a record high of 11.6% in September or 18.5 million people, putting the region in danger of another quarter of economic contraction as the debt crisis enters its fourth year with no solution in sight.
"Companies generally are under serious pressure to keep their labor forces as tight as possible to contain their costs in the face of current limited demand, strong competition, squeezed margins and worrying and uncertain growth outlooks," wrote Howard Archer, chief European and U.K. economist at IHS Global Insight.
Spain's jobless rate rose to 25.8% and Greece's to 25.1%. Greece faces more public sector job cuts if it undergoes more austerity measures demanded by creditors in exchange for more bailout loans. The country would go bankrupt without more aid, while spending cuts and tax hikes would spur public protests and job strikes. Whether Spain will request a full-blown bailout like Greece remains unclear.
MarketsETFs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The campaign to raise funds to pay for the treatment of Bulgarian National Television (BNT) journalist Valya Krushkina's malignant cancer has become in itself a media phenomenon.
It was her employer, the country's public broadcaster, that first announced the campaign just a few weeks ago, appealing for donations by SMS and bank deposits to help out a journalist that, BNT reminded its viewers, was known for her passionate interviewing and in-depth reporting on the economy, energy and social issues.
Born in the village of Zheleznitsa near Sofia, Krushkina has been with BNT for about 20 years. She has won numerous awards, including for coverage of business and economic issues.
Bulgaria is hardly unaccustomed to public fund-raising campaigns. There are long-standing ones such as Булгарска Коледа (Bulgarian Christmas), under the patronage of the President, to raise funds for seriously ill children to receive medical treatment, often abroad.
There have been others, to help people at home and abroad – fromHaititoFukushimato residents of the BulgarianvillageofBisser, which was hard-hit by the January 2012 floods. Further back, there was the "You are not alone" campaign of solidarity for the Bulgarian medics caught up in the potentially fatal farce that was their long-running trial inLibya.
All of these campaigns, however, have had in common that there was generally just one major media outlet, sometimes accompanied by a few others, running the campaign and these efforts were ignored by the others.
Krushkina's plight, which according to the most recent reports has seen her undergoing examination with a view to possible treatment at the Johns Hopkins hospital in Istanbul (a nearer and more affordable option than its world-famous US parent, as one report pointed out), has brought together the Bulgarian-language media in a way that goes beyond being extremely rare to being unprecedented.
An internet search on her name (Валя Крушкина) turns up matches across the spectrum of the Bulgarian media, from the most influential to the most obscure, from the relatively responsible to the somewhat outlandish.
Among those who have publicly joined in the campaign are the country's two other major free-to-air channels, bTV and Nova Televisia. Normally, the big three of Bulgarian television ignore each other's existence and efforts – but in the case of Krushkina, the attitude has been for the country's journalists to look after one of their own.
By no means only journalists are drumming up support for Krushkina. A charity concert has been held, as has a charity football match and, at theMathematicsSchoolinYambol, a charity mathematics competition, with more than 400 participants, all proceeds to Krushkina.
At a May 13 training workshop held by the chamber of notaries, 1450 leva (about 725 euro) was raised in a whip-round.
Probably predictably, the campaign has not escaped some critical voices. Scrolling down the comments forums of some Bulgarian-language news websites, one finds acerbic remarks from readers querying why journalists have been so keen to trumpet for help for one of their own and – allegedly – neglect the plight of many others in need of treatment for serious illnesses.
It is hardly the first time that this point has been made inBulgaria. In its failed 2011 presidential campaign, the opposition Bulgarian Socialist Party harped on what it called the "shame" of money having to be raised through SMSes to treat ill children – conveniently ignoring the fact that a President elected from its ranks had been patron of the Bulgarian Christmas campaign since 2002 and would be so again, for the last time, at the end of that year.
Probably, the question – as one forum commenter put it – "why does she deserve to be helped and others do not?" will come up again in other campaigns. As like as not, the response may also be on the theme of shame, on those who have the chance to help, and choose not to. "My wife, my daughter and I all have sent SMSes, and will do so again," was one forum response, not atypical.
Send an SMS to any ofBulgaria's mobile operators, to the number 17 777 with the text "DMS VALYA". The charge is 1.20 leva.
IBAN: BG59PRCB92301440660210 (deposits in euro).
Payable to Valentina Asenova Krushkina.


Catherine is here today with Acharya Shunya. Acharya Shunya is an internationally recognized spiritual teacher, ordained lineage holder, and authoritative scholar of the Vedic Sciences of Ayurveda, Yoga, and Vedanta. She is Founder and Spiritual Preceptor of Vedika Global Wisdom School and Spiritual Community in California and President of California Association of Ayurvedic Medicine. She is also the No. 1 best-selling author of her newest book "Ayurveda Lifestyle Wisdom".
"Acharya" is a customary title earned from traditional schooling in India and meaning "a master spiritual teacher who teaches not only by word, but through role modeling," which Shunya earned after 14 years of study. Described by her students as a truth teller and an awakener of health and spiritual consciousness, she is known for her embodied wisdom, impassioned knowledge, unique self-expression, and inspirational style of teaching.
Now … Its time for you to evoke your inner healer within you while sipping on a spicy hot chai tea while you listen to this enchanting woman.


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Q: how to iterate over ng-models in input section my application has a side navigation bar that pulls info from the content in the main area. The following is a snapshot of my JSON:
{
    "expression": "mithrandir",
    "meaning": [
    {
    "m": "language of the elves",
    "e": ""
    }
    ],
    "example": ["mithrandir is cool"],
    "pronunciation": "",
    "notes": "",
    "meta": {
    "book": "There and back again",
    "author": "Frodo Baggins",
    "tags": ["middle earth", "elves"]}
    },

when i click 'edit,' ive been able to get one instance of 'm' and 'e' under 'meaning' property of my json to the sidebar
sidebar
code of the 'meaning' section in sidebar:
<md-input-container>
                    <label for="meaning">Meaning</label>
                    <textarea type="text" id="meaning" ng-model="classified.meaning[0].m"></textarea>
                    <input type="text" id="example" ng-model="classified.meaning[0].e">
</md-input-container>

im unable to figure out how do i iterate in this code to get all instances of 'm' and 'e' under meaning to show?
thanks v much

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In these hot summer days is there anything fresher than watermelon? I think NO! Watermelon is a natural source of Vitamin C. It contains about 6% sugar and 91% water by weight. So, there is nothing healthier and nonclerical to eat except watermelon. Because of that today Top Dreamer have for you 20 recipes to eat watermelon all day long.
At first, you can eat simply the piece of it, but there are a lot of different ways to combines watermelon with other fruits, sweet, salt and acid grocery. You surely thinks that is not possible, but you will surprised how wonderful and delicious food you'll eat. And it is not a lie that you can eat watermelon all day long – below have watermelon recipes for salads, soups, cocktails and deserts. Look them below and stay fresh all day long.


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The Inventors Launchpad Network is all things invention, patents, licensing, product launching and manufacturing. Hosted by Carmine Denisco, Co-founder and Managing Partner of Inventors Launchpad. Along with his business partner Rick Valderrama has changed the face of the invention industry and look forward to helping inventors from all over the world move their ideas forward.Google Play Users Click Here to Listen
iTunes Users Click Here to Listen
The Launch Network The Launch Network
MiAs1e8 - Christopher Guerrera Talks with Kamela Hurley CEO of Madison and White
Kamela Hurley is the founder of Madison and White, which sold out on QVC and has been featured by Kourtney Kardashian, Good Morning America, Byrdie, Life & Style Magazine, Total Beauty, Newsweek, MSNBC, Total Beauty, The Marilyn Denis Show, Univision, and more! She has worked across North America as an Interior Designer, Stylist, and Lifestyle Expert.
LPs6e29- Carmine Talks with Marcy McKenna Product Innovator
We are Very excited about Marcy' new partnership with the United Inventor's Association, and honored to be working as an Ambassador with the UIA. If you're an Inventor, or aspire to be one, please listen in and let me Marcy know your thoughts...
https://www.linkedin.com/in/marcymckenna/
MiAs1e7 - Meet Nisha Sawhney
New York based Female entrepreneur Nisha Sawhney with HIGH LEVEL GLOBAL thinking has been supporting businesses, entrepreneurs and manufacturers with ideas that impacts change and revolutionize industry. She brings business ideas and new products into existence utilizing holistic innovative product design solutions.
https://vurbl.com/station/11UThkVGHVP/
LPs6e28 - Join an Inventor Club to Help Move Your Idea Forward
Carmine Denisco is a successful entrepreneur, inventor, Author, Investor and sought after business startup consultant. Many of the products he has developed, launched or aided in the design of over the years have sold in retail stores, TV shopping channels, online and infomercials or have gone on to be licensed by major corporations.
MiAs1e6 - Made in America with Christopher Guerrera
Mr. Guerrera is an accomplished executive with over 33 years' experience in Engineering, Manufacturing, Sales, Marketing and Executive Management. He is a proven leader with expertise in building dynamic teams and developing "business athletes". In his 33-year tenure Mr. Guerrera has served as an International Business Leader in Automotive, Aerospace, Custom Engineered Products, Manufacturing and Sales. Throughout his career he has been recognized as a dedicated business leader within the community.
The Launch Network ℗ & © 2020
Comander Mark , 10/29/2020
Secret sequence show was the best
Glad to get the knowledge but sad to see it end. I start my week looking forward to seeing what is next.
kayyzH , 01/30/2020
This is the go to place for anyone that has ever had an idea worth considering
lisa1166 , 08/03/2019
I want to know more!
Ramsey Network
Business Movers
Jocko DEFCOR Network
Crowdfunding: Kickstarter, Indiegogo, and Ecommerce with CrowdCrux | Crowdfunding Demystified
Crowdfunding and Kickstarter Expert Salvador Briggman
Effective Ecommerce Podcast - How to Start, Fuel and Build Your Online Store
Effective Ecommerce
Mike Andes
Patenting for Inventors
Adam L. Diament, J.D., Ph.D.: Registered Patent Attorney
Inventors Helping Inventors
Alan Beckley
Niche Pursuits Podcast
Spencer Haws: NichePursuits.com


Hi! We're so glad you are here! We are two mums who LOVE to cook and we want to show you just how easy it is to make delicious meals and treats using your Thermomix. All of the recipes you find on our site are simple, don't require hard-to-find ingredients and, most importantly, are family-friendly. Enjoy!


On August 1, 2012, in Docket No. RD12-5, NERC submitted a petition for approval of an interpretation of Requirement R3 of Reliability Standard CIP-002-4 (Critical Cyber Asset Identification). The request for an interpretation of Requirement R3, submitted by Duke Energy, sought clarity on: (1) what types of systems must be classified as Critical Cyber Assets and (2) the phrase "essential to the operation of the Critical Asset." To view NERC's petition and interpretation, click here.


DBF Comparer is an application developed by Astersoft Co.. We know of versions 2.8, 2.7, 2.5, 2.3, 2.0, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1. Version 2.51.271 is available for download at our site. DBF Comparer installation file has a size of 2,483,314 bytes. Astersoft Co. also publishes DBF Manager and DBF Doctor.


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https://wp.me/pbXgss-2Mh
175 new cases, 12,690 recoveries, and three more deaths related to COVID-19 as 57-hour weekend lockdown continues
WINDOW ROCK, Ariz. – On Saturday, the Navajo Department of Health, in coordination with the Navajo Epidemiology Center and the Navajo Area Indian Health Service, reported 175 new COVID-19 positive cases for the Navajo Nation and three more deaths. The total number of deaths is now 869 as of Saturday. Reports indicate that 12,690 individuals have recovered from COVID-19, and 215,106 COVID-19 tests have been administered. The total number of positive COVID-19 cases is now 24,979, including 25 delayed reported cases.
On Saturday, the state of Arizona reported 11,094 new cases, Utah reported 2,613, and New Mexico reported 1,507 new cases. The Navajo Nation's 57-hour weekend lockdown is in effect until Monday, Jan. 11 at 5:00 a.m. (MST), requiring all Navajo Nation residents to remain home with the exception of essential workers and cases of emergencies.
"It appears that the recent holidays combined with the federal relief funds that people are receiving are contributing to the high numbers of daily COVID-19 cases that we are seeing. The Office of the Controller recently reported that the hardship assistance funds will begin to be distributed next week as well. It is everyone's responsibility to take precautions and hold your loved ones accountable. When the federal government issued relief funds several months ago, we saw a spike in new cases as a result of more people traveling and going into public. This time, we have to do better. We know more about COVID-19 now and we know that staying home and wearing masks works to reduce the spread of the virus. Please continue to pray for our people and please stay home as much as possible, wear a mask, avoid gatherings and crowds, practice social distancing, and wash your hands often," said Navajo Nation President Jonathan Nez.
Due to consistent reports of high numbers of daily COVID-19 cases, Public Health Emergency Order No. 2021-001 will take effect on Monday, Jan. 11, extending the stay-at-home order and 57-hour weekend lockdowns through Monday, Jan. 25, 2021. The order is available online at: https://www.ndoh.navajo-nsn.gov/COVID-19.
"The light at the end of this dark tunnel gets a little lighter day by day, as the COVID-19 vaccines continue to be administered across the country. There is high demand for the vaccines in every part of the country, so please be patient and understand that our health care system is doing their best to help as many of our people as they can. Unfortunately, our health care workers are also being challenged by the high number of cases and the continued spread of the virus. Please be diligent and continue to pray for our Nation," said Vice President Myron Lizer.


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Anti-drunk Driving Technology Proposal
Dana talks about the new Congress mandate for anti-drunk driving technology in new cars.
More Clips, The Dana Show
The Metaverse Will Cost You Your Soul
Fri, Nov 5, 2021
Mike Slater isn't playing around when it comes to the Metaverse.
Can the US Defend Against a Chinese Hypersonic Missile?
Mike Slater is joined by Brandon Weichert to discuss the test of a Chinese hypersonic missile that appeared to catch US military officials off guard, with one White House spokesperson allegedly saying the US had 'no idea how they did this.'
China's New Hypersonic Missile | Morgan Zegers
Fri, Oct 22, 2021
China has successfully tested a highly-advanced hypersonic weapon, reports Morgan Zegers.
Biden Turns a Blind Eye on Russia's Relentless Cyberattacks
The United States is becoming the relentless target of cyberattacks from Russia, yet our administration is doing NOTHING about it. Biden and his team is leading Americans on to think that that Putin has nothing to do with these attacks, but the truth is that Putin, along with the Russian Intelligence Services, are hiring third parties to conduct cyber operations, targeting the U.S. The most shocking part about it all is that the U.S. government is aware of all of this, yet they continue to turn a blind eye to it all. On the flip side, the Trump administration actually CHARGED THIRTEEN Russian Military Intelligence Officers, who conducted very similar operations through third parties, targeting the 2016 election. Editor at White House Dossier and Cut to the News, Author of "Putin's Playbook: Russia's Secret Plan to Defeat America," and Intelligence Expert & National Security Commentator, Rebekah Koffler, joins the show to share more on this groundbreaking information, how the United States government tried to spike her book, the internal subversion in America, and why she refers to the Biden Administration as Obama 2.0.
Facebook to Focus on Metaverse
Thu, Oct 21, 2021
Dana talks about Facebook's plans to change company name and focus.
Democrats Against Flying To Space
Dana discusses how the left criticizes William Shatner's flight into space to implement "Tax the Rich" propaganda.


text:
Mark Lancaster may refer to:

 Mark Lancaster, Baron Lancaster of Kimbolton (born 1970), British Conservative politician
 Mark Lancaster (artist) (1938–2021), British artist and set designer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


If you are reading this blog, I would assume that you are a very generous person. You would not have made it this far on the site if you were not. I will also assume that you are a current supporter of our wonderful Catholic Education Foundation or you are thinking about it. First of all: thank you. You are the type of person that can change a life. Let me share with you how.
This year at Resurrection Catholic School, one of 21 CEF-supported schools, students have become young scientists through the school's new STEM Club. STEM Club is a science club designed for 5th and 6th grade age students hosted by faculty members Allie Dorsey (5th Grade), Steve Kucharo (6th Grade), and Liz Gonzales (1st Grade). STEM stands for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. This weekly afterschool event has students discussing STEM topics such as atmosphere, robotics, simple machines, electricity, magnets, chemistry, and more.
Spring break has just ended and we can see the finish line for this school year.
I am excited to let you know that, back by popular demand, is my two-part series. I can tell you are on the edge of your seats with much anticipation!
Per your request, I am responding to your question: "Why should I support the Catholic Education Foundation?" It is a fair question. In our world today, where we all get pulled in many directions, I am glad that you asked and am happy to respond.


Information About - Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America.
Are Indoor Pools Bad for Your Lungs? - NYTimes.com.
Lung disease fact sheet | womenshealth.gov.
Is cold air good for your lungs-Illness Questions answered.
Cold, dry air is a trigger to the sensitive bronchial airway.. Lung function tests: These tests measure airflow obstruction and therefore give an objective.
The lower respiratory system refers to the bronchial tubes and lungs.. Children with asthma have sensitive, easily irritated airways in their lungs.. smoke, chemical irritants, cold air or pollution – the airways become more inflamed, producing.
Obstructive lung disease - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Asthma - Temple Lung Center - Philadelphia, PA.
A comparison of lung function methods for assessing dose.
If the air we breathe is cold, the increased breathing caused by exercise cools. the type of exercise, its duration and intensity, and the sensitivity of the bronchial.
In emphysema, the lung tissue gets weak, and the walls of the air sacs (alveoli) .. or after you breathe in increasing doses of a special chemical or cold air.
Asthma is a disorder that causes the airways of the lungs to swell and narrow, leading. In sensitive people, asthma symptoms can be triggered by breathing in . Dust; Changes in weather (most often cold weather); Chemicals in the air or in.


A chilling case of a minor 14-year-old Hindu girl being abducted by one Raja (aka Asif) and tortured for over 4 years has come to light from Shajapur, Madhya Pradesh….
The Mahakaleshwar temple is one of the 12 Jyotirlingas, and the only one which is Swayambhu (self-manifested). It is immensely important to the town both spiritually as well as economically….


text:
Simulium jugatum es una especie de insecto del género Simulium, familia Simuliidae, orden Diptera.

Fue descrita científicamente por Boldarueva, 1979.

Referencias

jugatum


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Rainbow Lake Association
Joomla template from a4joomla.com
Welcome to our lake information
Lake Steward Program
Executive Summary 2014
Limnological monitoring of the Rainbow Lake Chain has been carried out by the Rainbow Lake Association and the Adirondack Watershed Institute since 1997. This report presents the results of the 2014 field season and describes long term trends in the historical data of the Rainbow Lake Chain. Though the data and accompanying analysis provided in this report give insight into the water quality of the Rainbow Lakes, more detailed limnological studies may be necessary to produce management recommendations. Raw water quality data can be provided upon request. The bullets below represent the primary findings contained within this report.
v The dissolved oxygen profiles of the study lakes are typical of most productive lakes in the Adirondacks, where dissolved oxygen is greatest in the epilimnion (surface water) and gradually decreases towards the bottom. The bottom four meters (13 feet) of Rainbow Lake and two meters (6.5 feet) of Clear Pond were essentially anoxic during late summer.
v Carlson's Trophic Status Index based on transparency, chlorophyll-a, and total phosphorus suggests a mesotrophic classification for the three study lakes. The mesotrophic classification for the lakes has been consistent since the monitoring program began. In all of the lakes the TSI values for transparency and chlorophyll were in close agreement, however the TSI for total phosphorus tended to score the lakes in the oligotrophic range. A disparity of this nature typically indicates that the lakes experiences periods of phosphorus limitation.
v Total phosphorus concentration in Rainbow Lake has remained low for the last five years and has exhibited a significant downward trend at a rate of approximately 0.4 µg/L/year. We also observed substantially lower phosphorus levels in Clear Pond; however there was no statistical trend in the historical data for Clear Pond or Lake Kushaqua. Total phosphorus concentrations were 2-3 times greater in the hypolimnion of the study lakes. The increase in bottom water P was related to the hypoxic condition of the hypolimnion.
v Chlorophyll-a concentrations in Rainbow Lake have exhibited a significant negative trend at a rate of approximately 0.15 µg/L/year (p = 0.03). No trend was detected in the historical data of the other study lakes.
v The waters of the Rainbow Lake chain are typically circumneutral (pH 6.5-7.5) in terms of their acidity. The average pH of Rainbow Lake and Clear Pond exhibited a slight but significant downward trend at a rate of 0.03 pH units per year over the 17 years of monitoring (p = 0.01). The average alkalinity of the lakes ranged from 10-16 mg/L, indicating that the lakes were fairly well buffered, and as a result have low sensitivity to acid deposition.
v The apparent color values of the lakes were elevated, and historically highly variable. Elevated color is indicative of an increase in dissolved organic matter in the water and is typically due to watershed characteristics such as wetland, bogs, and coniferous forest cover.
v Non-impacted Adirondack Lakes have very low levels of sodium and chloride, the only substantial sources being road salt, septic output, and industrial fertilizers. For example, Adirondack lakes in watersheds without paved roads typically have sodium and chloride concentrations less than 0.55 mg/L and 0.24 mg/L respectively. (Kelting et al 2012). Rainbow and Kushaqua Lakes have slightly elevated concentrations of these chemicals compared to non-impacted baselines. The paved roads in the watershed, along with shoreline development, were likely responsible for the slightly elevated levels of these chemicals. No statistical trend was detected in the historic chloride levels the study lakes.


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text:
A Scarlet Legacy
By Paul McLeary
Rick Moody, The Black Veil: A Memoir with Digressions
(Little, Brown & Company, May 2002) 323 pp., $24.95.
In the May issue of the Atlantic Monthly, Steve Olson writes of two genealogical researchers who claim to have found mathematical proof that everyone of European ancestry is in some way descended from both Muhammad and Charlemagne. Absurd as it may sound, the theorem actually makes sense if you give it the proper amount of time to gestate. As you go back in time, it logically follows that the number of your ancestors increases exponentially: four grandparents, eight great-grandparents, 16 great-great-grandparents, etc., until you have thousands, and even millions of ancestors (of course, you have to go back pretty far for this, but it's theoretically possible). The link to the Middle Ages might be erroneous, however, as a man named Joseph Chang, a statistician at Yale University, claims that his research shows that the most recent common ancestor for people of European descent lived only about 600 years ago.
If either scenario sounds improbable, and they very well might, you're more than welcome to do the math yourself. At heart, research in the field of genealogy speaks to a certain interest, no matter how slight or fleeting it may be, that most of us share in finding out a little bit about our lineage. It's troubling to think of the unnumbered strangers who have played a decisive part in determining your genetic makeup. You wonder what they'd think of you, if they were intelligent or funny, cruel or callous, what they were doing, what they were thinking at the decisive moments of history, and whether they fell on the side of wrong or right in history's great moral debates. Likewise, digging up old photographs of grandparents or distant relations can often produce a strange shudder of recognition as you're struck by a certain feature—the slope of a chin, a crooked smile—that looks disarmingly familiar. Personality traits, of course, can also be inherited, like your grandfather's stubbornness or your father's way of speaking, giving rise to a whole new batch of difficult questions.
Just what, in the end, is our genetic inheritance worth? Is it a deterministic blueprint? What is passed on and what gets left behind? How is this decided? Dangerous and self-destructive traits like a predilection toward alcoholism and/or suicide seem to be passed down the family line like some sort of horrible secret, though this knowledge has generally failed to keep the cycle from repeating itself. In the end though, what is the link between the past and the present? Rick Moody, author of Demonology, The Ice Storm and Purple America, sought out answers to these questions to try to better understand the alcoholism and mental breakdowns that plagued his twenties. In his latest book: The Black Veil: A Memoir with Digressions, he delves into the lore of his family's tall tales to find out if he is related to Joseph "Handkerchief" Moody, an infamous 18th-century New England pastor who killed his best friend during a hunting accident as a child, and who wore a veil over his face as an adult for reasons that were never fully clear, but one can surmise likely stemmed from a particular brand of fanatic Puritan guilt. "Handkerchief" would go on to become the model for the character Parson Hooper in the Nathaniel Hawthorne story "The Minister's Black Veil," first published in 1837, giving rise to the Moody family myth.
What Moody has done here is weave the tale of his own breakdown, battle with alcoholism, and search through the small towns of Maine for traces of his ancestral heritage, with a scattershot account of his crippling social phobias. Curiously interwoven into the narrative is an account of the canon of literary criticism surrounding Hawthorne's "The Minister's Black Veil." There are times when Moody's use of this literary criticism becomes a bit heavy handed, as it's rather dull reading, and you begin to wonder what the point is. In fact, Moody might have been better served by titling the book: The Black Veil: Digressions With a Memoir, as he tends to jump between genealogy, family stories, the history of rock quarries in New England, and the aforementioned criticism, with no real segue to tie the strands of thought together. In the sections of the book where it does resemble a memoir, though, it's clear that this book is in no way a kiss-and-tell, as you won't find any stories concerning contemporary writers in compromising positions or off-screen tantrums in the film adaptation of The Ice Storm. In fact, little mention is made of Moody's literary career at all, and even less of his interpersonal relationships, both choices helping preserve the emotional distance Moody has traditionally constructed in his fiction. The prose, while emotionally compelling, is studied and aloof, at times slipping into the parlance of 18th-century literature, and sounding a bit awkward while doing it.
In a way, the cool, steady hand Moody employs as he renders both the fictional worlds and his own life story gives the reader a deeper glimpse into the author's psychology than even he perhaps intended. Often, as he's writing about his parents' divorce or his live-in alcoholic girlfriend or the "long Fourth of July" he spent in a mental institution, he avoids a linear retelling of his experiences in favor of summoning the spirit of the event. In fact, the book often feels as if you're reading excerpts from his mesmerizing third (and most recent) novel Purple America. Such a sense arises from the hard-won detachment at work in the prose, or how Moody seems to float above the events of his life. But perhaps we have discovered, after three novels and two collections of short stories, that this is exactly how Moody sees the world. Maybe he feels as if he stands just outside the events of his life, giving orders on how to steer the ship, but letting the currents take him where they might. Of course, this is his trademark, and a writer with a lasting, definitive style is a force to be reckoned with, but as readers we expect something a little different from a memoir, or at least a book that calls itself one. We seek a little more humanity, perhaps, some concrete description of places and things without the literary veil that defines the friction between invention and reality that we so covet in fiction.
The book itself, eschewing the traditional memoir's approach to laying out the facts and hoping—simply by the act of writing—to come to terms with a life, makes no claim at understanding or, for that matter, judgment. "This account," Moody says at the outset, "never settles for the orderly where the disorderly and explosive can substitute, because obsession is not orderly, it is protean, like consciousness." In writing about Handkerchief's veil and the volume of literary interpretation which has sought to explain it, Moody is writing about the veils, both emotional and physical, we all wear to cover up our innermost thoughts and those past acts we can barely bring ourselves to admit. Leading the reader through a lengthy rundown of veil references in Hawthorne's writing, and discovering that another ancestor of his wore a veil in the 18th century, Moody begins to wonder what it would be like to wear a veil himself. And so he does. But here, Moody puts more effort into describing his buying of the fabric to make the veil than what it felt like to wear it, or discussing how long he wore it, or where he wore it, and as such we're given little along the lines of "memoir" material. Realizing that he was too embarrassed to wear it in front of friends, he wondered what the point was in making the veil at all: "For there is no veil without eyes to perceive it, no concealment without others who might once have seen, as among the blind there are no veils, and so if I veil myself by myself, am I really veiling myself at all?" Good question, rhetorical as it may be, as we're never told if he ever bothered to wear the veil, even in private.
Sometime around 1985, when Moody would have been 25 years old and living in Hoboken with his girlfriend, an odd terror began welling up inside him, springing from an unknown tributary of fear: "I was convinced that I was going to be raped, forcibly, sexually violated by some unnamed male, penetrated, bruised, inseminated, in a way that really suggests the reality of rape…some complete, total rape that would be remembered for the threat of being murdered, held down, left bleeding, violated, something trickling from me." Of course, as with the rest of the book, this seems to be as much literary invention as it is truth. There is no telling, from Moody's account, of just how serious this was, or how he managed to overcome this fear. It simply exists alongside suicidal fantasies for a few pages as he explains his drinking and drug use, but no resolution is ever offered. Did he see a therapist? He does talk a bit about the time he spent in a psychiatric ward in Queens, but did this "cure" him? He mentions that these feelings gradually began to subside, but offers no reason why. It wasn't only this irrational fear which kept him from holding down jobs or even forming close relationships; other conspiracies, other plots, began to form in his mind. "Theories grew in me like backyard vines, grew to invade the healthy part of me, grew to muscle my own desires and ambitions aside, until I was in an adjacent property, isolated, a cankered soul macerated with cares and discontents, while this idea went on to conduct my life without me." It didn't help that at the time he was working a job in publishing that he hated (he never says exactly what or where it was, only that he was fired, as was the case with other jobs he held) and that he was drinking heavily at the time.
Unlike so many other memoirs, Moody assigns no blame for his troubles. He chastises neither parents nor siblings nor friends nor lovers for failing to see the warning signs of his drinking or irrational neurosis. Not knowing whom to blame, in part, is what led him to Maine in search of his family's roots and to uncover just who exactly Handkerchief Moody was. Perhaps tracing the genetic chain would help provide some clues as to what was happening to him. What should have been the major find of his search, though, a translated copy of Handkerchief's diaries (they were written in both Latin as well as some obscure code) turned out to be little more than an account of "weather and masturbation." It seems Handkerchief "defiled himself" on an almost nightly basis in his sleep, and loathed himself for it. Finding numerous other diaries, journals, letters, and historical records to pour over, Moody delves into the births, marriages, and deaths of his ancestors without ever really getting to the heart of what he is looking for. But how could he? The named things we leave behind are merely the ballasts which keep us afloat during our years. Just as Handkerchief wore the physical veil to keep others from seeing his face, so too have all our ancestors kept that which we most desire to know hidden from posterity. But there are secrets even in Moody's storytelling, and in the last pages of the book he confesses that in his search he discovered that Handkerchief Moody actually wasn't a relation of his, and the stories his family had passed down about being related to a man mentioned in a Hawthorne story were untrue. It's an almost heartbreaking revelation, and one wonders why Moody would allow himself to write at such length about shared characteristics when he knew that he was writing about someone wholly unrelated to him. It's one of many questions the book raises concerning the overall point of the enterprise.
What, in the end, did Moody hope to discover in his foray into the past? The same thing any of us would hope to find—a hint of truth, some semblance of causality, a dialectic that would lead to some universal understanding. What he found, however, was that "maybe…concealment is essential to identity…[because] we need a part of us that will never be known, so that the more we reveal, the more we are enveloped in veils, layers that refuse to be known, additional integuments of guilt and concealment, such that any memoir is a fiction, an arraigned narrative, a bildungsroman, just as many fictions are veiled memoirs." Moody discovered, in other words, that those things which we keep inside, our deepest fears, motivations, and remembrances, are the things most easily lost to history, as such are unknowable.
Paul McLeary
PAUL MCLEARY has written for Social Policy magazine and the New York Observer.
Colonial Waterscapes: The Water Issue in Puerto Rico
River Rail Puerto Rico | River Rail
To fully grasp the current state, and the issue of water in general, we need to ponder the history of the waterscape in Puerto Rico and the changing social circumstances that have influenced its making, without losing sight of the role that both capitalism and colonialism have played in this process.
The American Crisis: A Trans-Atlantic View
By Charles Reeve
DEC 20-JAN 21 | Field Notes
Ultimately, the disquiet of the European ruling classes clarifies what they understand to be the essence of that "soul," whose contours seem at first sight to be rather vague: democratic consensus. For the implosion of this consensus opens up on conflicts and clashes escaping consensual resolution and makes even the pursuit of the reproduction of a modern capitalist society seem difficult.
Fluid Selves: Legacy Russell's Glitch Feminism
By Olivier Berggruen
MARCH 2021 | Books
Glitch Feminism was published during a bleak year of pandemics and political upheaval. As reactionary political and social forces encourage inertia, or even try to undo the dreams of change, this manifesto is a voice for hope.
The Enduring Spark: The Work and Legacy of The Gordon Parks Foundation
By Yínká Elújọba
OCT 2020 | ArTonic
Yínká Elújọba profiles The Gordon Parks Foundation.
The Future of the Brooklyn Waterfront
By Eric Simundza
Who Shares the Pain? NYC and the Future of Globalization
By Theodore Hamm and Williams Cole
The Changing Faces of Fort Greene: A New Skool Report
How to Cook Asparagus—The Show Within the Show
By Cathy Nan Quinlan
The Starry Skies Above: Astro Forecasts
By Naomi Foyle
Some Rules for the Conduct of Young Gentlemen (No. 1)
By William Rossa Cole
By Brooklyn Rail Staff
The Depot
Two Views of the Middle East: A Bipolar Disorder
By Jason Patch
Hell in a Hand Basket
By Jonas Salganik
Notes on the World Cup
By John Logan
Gone Tomorrow: The Hidden Life of Garbage
By Heather Rogers and Christian Parenti
Social Science, Social Conscience: Remembering Pierre Bourdieu
By Craig Calhoun
Henry Miller SLEPT HERE
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The 2002 Whitney Biennial: The Whitney Museum of Art
In Search of Uriel: Barnett Newman
The Fallacy of Utopia: the Art World and Current Dialectic in Havana, Cuba
The Stable Gallery: In Conversation With Nicolas Carone
Art Celebrates Life: "Expect Art Auction" at Sean Kelley Gallery
By Deborah Everett
PROFILE: 651 ARTS
By Jason Jones
DUMBO: Poised for Flight
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Marlene Dumas: Name No Names
The Paris/Brooklyn Exchange
Architecture for One
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Ellen Gallagher
By Peter Eleey
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I'm With Nature
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This Conversation May Be Recorded for Training Purposes
Portraying Gorky at Gagosian
Loren Munk
Imaging Her Erotics: Carolee Schneemann
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Sluts, Gossip, and Girl Power
By Ashley Nelson
Of Roofs and Hoofs: IN CONVERSATION WITH Jane Schwartz
By Margot Farrington
When the Hamptons Had Art
Please Enjoy the Music
By Grant Moser
TextFM with Graham Harwood
Reaching Puberty: the Fifth Brooklyn International Film Festival
By Justin Ravitz
In the Wee Hours with Joe Maggio
By Josh Franklin
A Matter of Beauty: Hal Hartley's No Such Thing
By Adriana Craciun
In Dialogue: A Hooker with a…22 Caliber
By Emily DeVoti
JUDITH MALINA with Ellen Pearlman
By Lynn Crawford
excerpt: 3 to Kill
By Jean-Patrick Manchette
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By Mark Swartz
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Find A Penny, Pick It Up
By Nava Renek
Alan Gilbert Poetry
By Alan Gilbert
Levi's Straus
By L.S. Asekoff
By Lynn Melnick
David Shapiro Poetry
By David Shapiro
By Dan Shanck
By Scot Crawford


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Were it not for a certain AP McCoy, Richard Johnson would have been Champion jockey in the UK on countless occasions. Johnson is one of the most respected and best jockeys in the game at the moment and having ridden over 2000 winners he is also one of the most successful of all time. At the moment Johnson is the stable jockey for the powerful Phillip Hobbs yard which should ensure he gets a top ride in the National in April.
Richard Johnson has won just about every big race there is to win in the UK, except for the Grand National that is. So far the big one at Aintree has eluded him and he is sure to want to put an end to that as soon as possible. It has to be said that in recent years Richard Johnson has got nowhere near to winning the Grand National with a ninth place finish on board Tricky Trickster his best run back in 2010.


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text:
Diaphragm may refer to:

Anatomy
 Thoracic diaphragm, a thin sheet of muscle between the thorax and the abdomen
 Pelvic diaphragm or pelvic floor, a pelvic structure
 Urogenital diaphragm or triangular ligament, a pelvic structure

Other
 Diaphragm (optics), a stop in the light path of a lens, having an aperture that regulates the amount of light that passes
 Diaphragm (acoustics), a thin, semi-rigid membrane that vibrates to produce or transmit sound waves
 Diaphragm (birth control), a small rubber dome placed in the vagina to wall off the cervix, thus preventing sperm from entering
 Diaphragm (mechanical device), a sheet of a semi-flexible material anchored at its periphery
 Diaphragm (structural system), a structural engineering system used to resist lateral loads

See also
 Diaphragm arch
 Diaphragm pump
 Diaphragm seal, a membrane that seals an enclosure
 Diaphragm shutter,  a type of leaf shutter consisting of a number of thin blades in a camera
 Diaphragm valve
 Diaphragm wall
 Diaphragma, a genus of algae
 Lamina (disambiguation)
 Membrane (disambiguation)