text:
\section{\label{sec:summary}Summary}
In this review, we present the problem of selecting the error rate, when considering multiple hypothesis testing.
The statistical literature gives most attention to the error controlling procedures, but selecting the appropriate error rate is not a trivial task.
We present the most common error rates, such FWER, FDR and their derivatives. We present the considerations involved in the choice of the error rate and demonstrate them using several examples from the fields of genetics, medical imaging, eduction policy and psychology.

\section{\label{sec:introduction}Introduction}

It is quite common in modern research for a researcher to test many hypotheses.
The statistical (frequentist) hypothesis testing framework does not scale with the number of hypotheses in the sense that na\"{i}vely performing many hypothesis tests will probably yield many false findings;  ``false'' in the sense they will not be replicated.
Indeed, classical statistical ``significance'' is evidence for the presence of a signal within the noise expected in a single test, not in a multitude where the noise levels are higher.
Strong evidence of signal assuming one noise level, can easily be considered as no evidence of signal under a higher noise level.
For protection from an uncontrolled number of erroneous findings, a researcher has to consider the type of errors, or non-replications, he wishes to avoid. The researcher can then select the adequate procedure for that particular error type and data structure, or alternatively estimate that error type for a particular set of candidate findings.

In practice, the selection of the proper error rate might cause the researcher some confusion. This point was made at the 2009 Multiple Comparisons conference in Tokyo \citep[][Section 4.4]{benjamini_simultaneous_2010}, demonstrated in the following question from the statistics Questions \& Answers web site \emph{Cross Validated}~\footnote{ See \url{http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/26588/multiple-fdr-corrected-experiments-using-the-same-data}. Accessed on Apr 20, 2013}~:
\begin{quotation}\em
I am testing many (500,000) genetic variants, and the tests are FDR corrected and give me a q-value. Normally I would just call everything with $q < .05$ significant. But in this case I am testing those same genetic variants in two other related experiments (not using exactly the same individuals, but the samples may overlap). What to do? Would changing the significance threshold for $q$ to $.05/3=.0167$ be an option?
\end{quotation}
This particular example is further discussed in Section~\ref{sec:cross_validated}.

To offer guidance, we review possible error types for multiple testing (sec~\ref{sec:measures_of_error}) and demonstrate them with some practical examples (sec \ref{sec:examples}) which clarify the formalism of sec~\ref{sec:measures_of_error}. Finally, in appendix~\ref{sec:on_your_pc}, we include some notes on the software implementations of the methods discussed.

A multiplicity control procedure (e.g. Bonferroni, Benjamini-Hochberg, \dots) is a data manipulation process-- an algorithm-- that guarantees that a preselected error rate is no larger than a preselected value. A typical procedures will actually offer guarantees vis-\`a-vis several error measures simultaneously.
The emphasis of this manuscript is however on the error rates, and not on the multiplicity control procedures themselves.

For the purpose of selecting the appropriate procedure consult your favorite software's documentation (see our appendix~\ref{sec:on_your_pc}). Alternatively, \citet{farcomeni_review_2008} or more recently \citet{goeman_tutorial_2013}, can serve as  references.
As the focus of this paper is the error measures, p-value adjustment, simultaneous confidence intervals, and error estimation will not be discussed. The reader is referred again to \cite{farcomeni_review_2008} or \cite{goeman_tutorial_2013} as possible references.

\section{\label{sec:measures_of_error}Measures of Error}

\subsection{Family Wise Error Rates}
Consider the testing of several null hypotheses against their respective research (alternative) hypotheses. The Family Wise Error Rate (FWER) is the frequency of experiments in which a false rejection of some null hypothesis will occur; put differently, the probability of a false finding.

As is customary in single hypothesis testing, a FWER level of $\alpha=0.05$ is often used and sometimes even required, as in drug registering experiments.

Table~\ref{tab:event_notation} introduces the nomenclature which has become standard in the multiple comparisons community and will be referenced throughout this article. Following this notation, the FWER is defined as
$$Prob(V \geq 1 )$$ where $Prob(.)$ denotes the relative frequency over repeated experiments.

\begin{table}[h]
  \centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{1.5ex} & Claimed nonsignificant & Claimed Significant & Total \\
\hline
\hline \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{1.5ex} Null & $U$ & $V$ & $m_0$ \\
\hline \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{1.5ex} Nonnull & $T$ & $S$ & $m_1$ \\
\hline \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{1.5ex} Total & $m-R$ & $R$ & $m$ \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
  \caption{Classification of types of decisions made}
  \label{tab:event_notation}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Weak and Strong Control the Family Wise Error Rate}
The probability of any particular inference procedure of making a false finding depends on the existence of true effects. FWER control in the ``weak'' sense refers to procedures which guarantee controlable FWER when there are no true effects at all, i.e., when all null hypotheses are correct.

Detecting the existence of \emph{any} phenomena ($m_1>1$) is a simpler task that actually identifying these phenomena. Lack of weak FWER control means that we have no error guarantees even regarding this simple task.
As mentioned in Section~\ref{sec:introduction}, a multiplicity control procedure might offer guarantees with respect to several error measure simultaneously. Weak FWER control should, and typically is, a minimal requirement.

FWER control in the ``strong'' sense is the complementing concept, referring to procedures which guarantee FWER control even in the presence of some true effects, i.e., when not all null hypotheses are correct.
As their names imply, ``strong'' control is the stricter criterion, which entails ``weak'' control.

\subsection{\label{sub:fdr}False Discovery Rates}

The False Discovery Rate (FDR), first introduced by \citet{benjamini_controlling_1995}, is the ratio between false discoveries and total discoveries, averaged over replicated experiments.
Denoting the (unknown) False Discovery Proportion in a particular experiment as $ FDP=V/R $, and setting the convention that no discoveries signify no errors ($R=0 \Rightarrow FDP=0$), the FDR can be now defined as:
$$E \left( FDP \right)$$
where $E(.)$ denotes the average over all possible experimental results.

\begin{remark}
The FDR error rate has become synonymous with the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure presented in \citep{benjamini_controlling_1995} . This is plain wrong and confusing. Benjamini-Hochberg is a procedure that does indeed offer FDR control in particular setups, but it is only one of many.
\end{remark}

\begin{remark}
In the context of FDR, there need not be an $\alpha=0.05$ convention. Researchers are free to choose the level of error they see adequate for their particular research. Obviously, an error level of $\alpha=0.5$ might be hard to defend from critique. Having said that, since FDR control does offer FWER control in the weak sense, the $\alpha=0.05$ convention might be justifiable.
\end{remark}

\subsection{\label{sec:other_measures}Other Measures of Error}
FWER and FDR are the most commonly used, but by no means the only measures of error. Since many error measures are merely an average over replications of the experiment, many other error measures can be considered by replacing the error function to be averaged. Denoting by $E(C)$ the average, over all possible experimental outcomes, of some error $C$. We now see that FWER and FDR simply set  $C = I_{\{ V \geq 1 \} } $ and $C = FDP$ respectively.
Some other measures of error are:

\begin{itemize}

\item Per Family Error Rate (PFER): Where $C=V$.\\
This measure is the simple (expected) number of erroneous discoveries.

\item Per Comparison Error Rate (PCER): Where $C=V/m$.

\item $k$-FWER \citep{van_der_laan_augmentation_2004}: Where $C(k) = I_{\{ V \geq k \} }$.\\
This measure is the relative frequency of the making of no less than $k$ erroneous discoveries.

\item False Discovery Exceedance (FDX)\citep{genovese_exceedance_2006}: Where $C(\gamma) = I_{\{ V/R \geq \gamma \} }$.\\
This measure was motivated by the fact that FDR keeps the proportion of false discoveries small, but only \emph{on average}.
In extreme scenarios, FDR does not exclude the possibility of making more than $FDP>\alpha$ mistakes in \emph{almost all} experiments. FDX targets these scenarios explicitly, by allowing it to happen with a small probability, and is thus more conservative than FDR.

\end{itemize}

Other measures of error which are not simple averages over replications of the experiment include, but are not limited to:
\begin{itemize}

\item Positive FDR or pFDR \citep{storey_direct_2002} or $FDR_{-1}$ \citep{benjamini_discovering_2010} : Defined as $E(V/R;R>0)$.\\
This measure is essentially the proportion of false findings (within all findings), but averaged, not on all possible experiments outcomes, but only on those which actually return findings. It was motivated by the observation that the FDR of a procedure might be very low merely because in many events it returns no findings, even if it makes many mistakes when it does indeed return findings (see \citep{storey_direct_2002} for a example).
On the other hand, if all the null hypotheses are true, thus all findings are false, one would want an error measure to coincide with the probability of a false finding (weak FWER). pFDR does not enjoy this attribute.

\item Marginal FDR or mFDR \citep{sun_oracle_2007} or Fdr \citep{efron_microarrays_2008} or $FDR_{+1}$ \citep{benjamini_discovering_2010}: Defined as $E(V)/E(R)$. \\
While not very interesting for itself, this error measure gained popularity since it is mathematically tractable and approximates the FDR when many independent hypothesis are being tested.

\end{itemize}

We conclude by noting that FWER, FDR, pFDR and mFDR are (currently) by far the most popular. So much so that it is actually hard to find published applied research using any other.

\subsection{Choosing Your Family}
All the previous error measures are defined for a family of hypotheses that is known, and indirectly assumed this family is all the hypotheses being tested in an experiment. This need not be the case, and defining the family of relevance may be a non-obvious part of the researcher's work. The examples in Section~\ref{sec:examples} include some trivial scenarios, in the sense that the family of hypotheses is clear. The section also includes some examples where the family is not trivial (see \ref{eg:imaging_genetics}) and its choice will depend on the scientific statement in mind.

\section{\label{sec:examples}Examples}

\subsection{\label{sec:tukey_exams}Tukey's Psychological Exams}
In his 1953 unpublished paper: ``The Problem of Multiple Comparisons'' \citep{benjamini_john_2002} and later, when lecturing at Princeton University \citep{donoho_higher_2004}, Prof. John Tukey would tell a motivating tale about a young psychologist. After administering 250 tests he finds that 11 were significant at the 0.05 level. A null hypothesis being that a given test does not differentiate between his groups of interest, a (significant) rejection of this null means a test does actually differentiate the groups.
After the initial feeling of satisfaction he consults a senior researcher, only to discover his findings are rather poor, since one  would expect 12.5 significant tests due to chance alone. Having only 11 significant results is actually disappointing.

With this new understanding, our psychologist now has to decide how he can protect himself from false findings.
Say the tests consist of new candidate clinical diagnostics for condition X. Making an error means that a test will be used to diagnose X while it actually cannot distinguish between healthy and X. Since this is unacceptable for our psychologist, he will want an inference procedure that controls the FWER in the strong sense. This will also guarantee protection  in the case that no test differentiates between healthy and X, i.e., weak FWER control, which can actually be a question of interest for itself.

Now consider a different scenario: The tests check for differences in personality attributes between genders. Making an error means that the psychologist might believe male and female differ in a way they actually do not. The researcher does not consider this a serious mistake, as long as many other true differences are discovered. In this setup, the researcher should control the FDR, FDX or pFDR.
Allowing for some mistakes will allow the researcher to enjoy a sensitivity gain compared to FWER-controlling-procedures. The interpretation of the findings should be done in accord with the error measure employed.

\subsection{\label{sec:anova}ANOVA}
In their \citeyear{williams_controlling_1999} paper, \citeauthor*{williams_controlling_1999}, analyze the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) 1990 and 1992 data. This data consists of the average eighth grade mathematics proficiency scores for the 34 states that participated in both 1990 and 1992 NAEP Trial State Assessment (TSA). Comparisons are made between regions (Central, Northeast, Southeast and West), years (1990,1992), states nested within regions, and the Year~$\times$~Region interaction.
In this case a null hypothesis means there is no difference in the proficiency score between sub-groups, and its rejection meaning there is indeed such a difference.

We start by noting that this one study, provides four families of hypotheses. Indeed, a falsely discovered difference between regions, as an example, is of no concern when comparing years, states or regional changes.

We also note that in their paper, the authors actually compare between procedures controlling the FWER and the FDR. They do not offer a justification for the preference of any measure over the others, so we will offer one of our own. We will remark however, that their bottom line is unorthodox in the context of ANOVA:
\begin{quote}\em
Each of the three authors believes that the B-H procedure is the best available choice
\end{quote}

So why FWER? If, for example, the study is analyzed in the context of discrimination-- having no policy implications but rather a possible stigmatizing effect-- the researcher might wish to refrain from any falsely discovered differences between states, regions etc. If, on the other hand, intervention policies are the context, then power is a major concern. Missing a difference might mean policy makers are left unaware of the differences to be addressed. This context requires a less stringent error criterion than FWER, leading to the authors' stated preferences.

\subsection{\label{sub:fMRI}Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging}

Consider now the case of the neuroscientist, trying to locate the brain regions responsive to visual stimuli. He has scanned a dozen subjects or so in the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machine and recorded the brain's activation\footnote{ He actually measured the blood oxygenation level. Details can be found in \cite{lazar_statistical_2008}.} in response to the stimuli. To be precise, he measured the activation level at \emph{each} of several thousand brain locations, called Volumetric Picture Elements (voxels); their exact number depending on the resolution of the MRI scan . With the measured activation levels in hand, the researcher can compute their correlation to the stimulus given. If the voxel-wise measurement is correlated with the stimulus, the location is considered ``active''. We see that localizing activation actually consists of performing many local hypothesis tests: the null hypothesis of no correlation to the stimulus is tested at each voxel, and its rejection meaning a responsive location has been found.

Returning to multiplicity error rates; an error would mean the researcher declared a voxel as responsive when it actually is not. This does not seem like a terrible mistake to make, so the researcher should probably protect himself from large proportions of errors, and not from the making of one single error. FWER, k-FWER and Per Family Error Rate are thus excluded. Per Comparison Error Rate seems like a possible candidate, but it is very liberal. One can actually gain power by including many ``junk'' hypotheses, say, by including the air surrounding the head in the family. To see this, consider the case of infinitely many hypotheses tested. The proportion of errors will trivially be smaller than any $\alpha$ we pick.

Our researcher is thus left with FDR and FDX as candidates for measurement of error.
In the case the researcher has no clear favorite from within these two measures, a possible consideration at this stage might be the availability, simplicity and power of controlling procedures. These considerations give preference, at the time of writing, to FDR over FDX.

\begin{remark}
For fairness it should be stated that ``cheating'' with FDR and FDR is possible, by augmenting the family with some obviously \emph{false} null hypotheses~\cite{finner_false_2001}.
It is our view that ``cheating'' the FDR or FDX does require more effort and malicious intent than analyzing a needlessly large brain volume. We thus do not qualify these two ``cheats'' as equally problematic.
\end{remark}

\subsubsection{Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging-- Cluster Level Inference}

Return to the neuroscientist from sec~\ref{sub:fMRI}. Recalling that the voxels are arbitrary volume units, defined by the technology of the MRI and not by entities of interest for inference, he decides that a more interesting entity is a mass of contiguous activations. He thus decides that he is interested in spatially contiguous regions with activation larger than ``7'' (in some scale). These regions are known as ``excursion regions'', ``exceedance sets'', ``blobs'' and possibly other names.
After scanning a subject, he realizes there are 30 contiguous regions which exceed 7. Conscious that some are  due merely to chance variation, and knowing enough probability theory, he computes a p-value for the observed volume (exceeding 7), in each of the 30 regions. If he rather not make any mistakes, he can control the FWER of the regions. Namely, controlling the probability of declaring any inactive regions as active. This is indeed the approach implemented in several brain analysis software packages, particularly SPM (\url{http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/}).

Alternatively, if the researcher wishes to allow for some slack and accept false regions-- as long as their proportion is not too high-- he should use FDR or FDX control. Alas, the FDR defined in Section~\ref{sub:fdr} assumes an a priori fixed and known number of hypotheses being tested ($m$). The number of excursion regions is data dependent, thus random and a priori unknown. Extensions of the FDR for the random-number-of-hypothesis case do exist. A rigorous exposition can be found in  \citet{siegmund_false_2011}. Note however, that error-controlling \emph{procedures} for the random hypothesis case are not as abundant and studied as the fixed hypothesis case. The mathematical proofs would typically require some difficult to justify assumptions. Simulation performances however, do seem promising \citep{chumbley_false_2009,chumbley_topological_2010}.

\subsection{Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging-- Clinical Scan}
Return again to the neuroscientist from sec~\ref{sub:fMRI}. This time his single patient is about to enter surgery for the removal of a brain tumor.
The patient will be scanned in the fMRI in order to localize the speech regions, as the tumor is residing nearby and the surgeon needs to be extra-careful around these regions.
In this clinical case there are different considerations than in basic scientific research.
Type $II$ errors are arguably more important than type $I$ errors: underestimating the speech region might cost the patient his verbal skills; overestimating it, might cost him an extra surgery or a recurring tumor.
None of the error measures presented until now is concerned with false negatives.
Referring to the terminology in Table~\ref{tab:event_notation}, our neuroscientist would probably be interested in something like $E(T/(m-R))$, which captures the sensitivity of the inference.
This measure is the False Non Detection Rate (FNR) \citep{genovese_operating_2002}.
We have not presented this measure yet, as it is concerned with the \emph{non-detections}. We shall revisit it in the context of power in Section~\ref{sec:power}.

\subsection{\label{sec:GWAS}Genome Wide Association Studies}
In a typical Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) the geneticist will record the genetic information of many subjects (genotyping) with the aim of discovering associations between the genotype and the individuals' attributes (phenotype). Assuming a univariate phenotype, the researcher will perform some type of regression between the phenotype and each genetic attribute (titled single nucleotide polymorphism-- SNP). With today's technology, the number of SNPs considered in a typical GWAS is hundreds of thousands. To declare an association, a researcher will try to reject the no association null hypothesis between \emph{each} SNP and the phenotype, leading to the simultaneous testing of several hundreds of thousands of hypotheses.
Since the researcher does not concern himself with the making of a single mistake, as long as other associations discovered are true, he should choose FDR control or one of its relatives discussed in Section~\ref{sec:power}.
That said, it is also very common in GWAS, to use a p-value threshold of $10^{-7}$. This threshold is intended for FWER control, when searching over $500,000$ SNPs and using the Bonferonni procedure \cite{bush_chapter_2012} for FWER control.

So FDR or FWER? It is left for the researcher to decide, and it ultimately depends on the implications of declaring false associations.

\subsection{\label{sec:cross_validated}Cross Validated Example}

In this example, the researcher is looking for associations between SNPs and three distinct\footnote{ It is actually implicit whether these are distinct phenotypes or not. We have assumed they are distinct, because of the ``subject overlap'' comment.} phenotypes. The error measure has already been selected. The family groupings are unclear.
The options being (a) accounting for errors only within each experiment, leading to three families of hypotheses, or (b) global error accounting, leading to a single family.

Both approaches have their advantages and disadvantages.
By keeping the experiments separate we gain power but the global error rate is no longer $\alpha$. \citet{yekutieli_hierarchical_2008} has approximated, for some cases, that under strategy (a) with $\alpha$ level FDR control within each experiment, then the \emph{global} FDR should actually be close to
\begin{equation}
	FDR \approx \alpha \cdot \frac{\text{Total discoveries} +
	\text{No. of experiments}}{\text{Total discoveries}+1} \label{eq:families_FDR}
\end{equation}

Eq.~\ref{eq:families_FDR} captures the intuition that the more experiments performed while controlling only for errors within the experiment, the global error rate might inflate.

The discussed problem includes three experiments, assumingly looking for three different phenomena. The fact we discuss \emph{three} experiments, which were all conducted by the same researcher, is quite arbitrary. Why not control for the errors performed in the whole of science? Or at least in all genetic association studies.
A proper discussion of this matter requires an unplanned detour into the philosophy and sociology of science, and is not part of this guide.
We will conclude by remarking that combining errors over different phenomena is indeed  desirable~\cite{ioannidis_why_2005}, yet rarely performed in practice.

\subsection{\label{eg:imaging_genetics}Imaging Genetics}

The field of imaging genetics aims at finding the genetic attributes associates with phenotypes derived from medical imaging. In a pioneering study, \citet{stein_voxelwise_2010} set out to find the genetic variation associated with local brain volume, under the paradigm that different genes affect different brain regions.
The data included the genotyping and imaging of $N \approx 700$ individuals.
The genotype of each individual comprises information of $n_G \approx 400K$ SNPs.
The imaging data encodes the relative volume of each subject at $n_B \approx 30K$ voxels.
Testing for association between all $\{SNP\} \times \{voxel\}$ combinations, leads to $n_G \cdot n_B \approx 12\times10^9$ hypotheses. Should they all be considered one family of hypotheses? Or maybe each SNP (or voxel) is actually a separate family?

A researcher might want to infer which gene is associated with which location.
A single family of hypotheses will include all $\{SNP\} \times \{voxel\}$ combinations.
FWER control over this family is out of the question.
FDR control means that the researcher is concerned with the proportion of false associations detected within all of the $\{SNP\} \times \{voxel\}$ associations found. This seems like a good criterion, except for the fact it requires correcting for $12\times10^9$ hypotheses.
Our researcher starts considering alternative error criteria.
A natural option might be SNP-wise testing, perhaps using the B-H procedure over all voxels within each SNP. Power is certainly gained as each family is corrected only for the $n_B$ voxels within it.
What about false findings? Sadly, this approach offers no error control. To see this, consider the case where there is only one voxel: this amounts to $n_G$ level $\alpha$ hypothesis tests, which is this initial multiplicity problem.

A more justifiable solution might harness the hierarchy of the problem; that is, by selecting associated SNPs and localizing the association only for these selected SNPs.
Naturally, the multiplicity is alleviated since only selected SNPs will be passed for voxel-wise testing. However, if the same data is used for selecting the SNPs and then selecting the voxels, an $\alpha$ level FDR control within selected SNPs will still not guarantee an $\alpha$ level FDR control, across discovered $\{SNP\} \times \{voxel\}$ associations. This is actually a case of \emph{selective inference} \citep{benjamini_simultaneous_2010}, also referred to by practitioners as ``data snooping'' or ``double dipping''.

Having given it more thought, our researcher decides she wants a method that has two properties:
(a) controlling for the number of falsely discovered SNPs; and
(b) controlling for the number of falsely discovered voxels associated with each discovered SNP.

To put if formally, Table~\ref{tab:event_notation} needs refinement.
Define $R$ and $V$ to be the number of discovered SNPs and \emph{falsely} discovered SNPS respectively.
Define $R_g$ to be number of voxels declared associated with SNP $g$, and $V_g$ accordingly. The desired measure of error has two requirements:

\begin{equation} \label{eq:hirarchial_error}
 E \left(\frac{V}{R} \right)\leq \alpha_1
\text{ and }
E \left( \frac{1}{R}\sum_{g} \frac{V_{g}}{R_{g}} \right)\leq \alpha_2
\end{equation}

Is there a procedure that controls this type of error? While novel and under active research, there is presently one such procedure\footnote{ With proofs for the independent test-statistics case}. It has two stages.
First, the omnibus-stage:  testing for an associated SNP by aggregating over voxels within SNP and controlling for the number of SNPs tested. Second, a post-hoc stage: drilling into the selected SNPs searching for associated voxels. The novelty of the procedure is at the second stage, which controls for the number of voxels with a conservative error rate, which accounts for the previous SNP selection stage.
The details can be found in \cite{benjamini_adjusting_2013}.

\section{Simultaneous versus Selective Inference}
Up to this point, we have motivated the choice of error measure by a mere ``error accounting''.
There is actually another perspective, which can make the choice of the error measure quite obvious once it has been recognized.
As put by \citet{cox_remark_1965}:
\begin{quote}\em
It might be better to talk about the problem of selected comparisons rather than about the problem of multiple comparisons.
\end{quote}

Cox's insight was that making statements on the truthfulness of a subset of selected hypotheses, and making statements about the simultaneous correctness of a subset of hypotheses is not the same thing.
Think in terms of replicability: replicating a combination of phenomena is not the same as replicating each separately.
Naturally, the simultaneous truthfulness of the selected hypotheses, entails the truthfulness of each and every one of them. Thus, simultaneous inference is the more ambitious task.
In  Cox's words \cite{cox_remark_1965}:
\begin{quote}\em
The fact that a probability can be calculated for the simultaneous correctness of a large number of statements does not usually make that probability relevant for the measurement of
the uncertainty of one of the statements. If we are directly interested in a single statement about the vector parameter, the probability of simultaneous correctness would, however, be appropriate. The practical usefulness of the multiple comparison techniques then usually lies in giving a conservative bound for the effect of selection, rather than in giving an ``exact'' solution.
\end{quote}

Armed with the distinction between simultaneous and selective inference, we can relate error measures to inference types.

Simultaneity ambitions are only satisfied with FWER control. This is simply because allowing any errors to filtrate, ruins the truthfulness of the combination of claims.
FDR is clearly a selective, and not simultaneous statement. It can be seen as the average truthfulness of the selected hypotheses. Put differently, FDR is actually controlling the PCER  within the selected hypothesis subset.
FDX is also selective. It ensures a high proportion of truthful statements within the selected hypotheses.

Demonstrating using the examples:
The background in Tukey's psychological exams from Section~\ref{sec:tukey_exams} was too vague to determine which inference type is appropriate. Both can be advocated.
The same goes for the NAEP example from Section~\ref{sec:anova}.
Assuming the neuroscientist from the fMRI example in Section~\ref{sub:fMRI} cares of the truthfulness of each detected location, and not their particular combination, this is a case of selective inference. A similar consideration holds for the case of associated SNPs in the GWAS example in Section~\ref{sec:GWAS} and $\{SNP\} \times \{voxel\}$ associations in Section~\ref{eg:imaging_genetics}.

\begin{remark}
Although not the in scope of this manuscript, it is only appropriate to mention False Coverage Rate adjusted confidence intervals. These interval estimators, suggested by \citet{benjamini_false_2005}, make the distinction between selective and simultaneous clear. They are not simultaneous, as they do not offer joint coverage of the selected parameters. They do however offer a predefined average coverage over the \emph{selected} parameters.
\end{remark}

\section{\label{sec:power}Power Considerations}

The reader might have noticed that the different error measures in Section~\ref{sec:measures_of_error} care only of the number of discoveries and false discoveries. Our interest in detection sensitivity is naturally implicit in the procedures researchers employ. Otherwise, never rejecting any null hypothesis, will trivially control all of the error types in Section~\ref{sec:measures_of_error}.
Power can benefit from (a) knowledge of the proportion of signals in the noise ($ 1 - m_0 / m $) or (b) from an introduction the expected deviations from the null hypotheses.

To demonstrate (a), consider two researchers doing the same research. The first, which did some more reading on the topic, knows with complete certainty that there are 10 false null hypotheses (signals) in his 100 hypotheses tests. The second, being less through, has no access to this knowledge.
Naturally, the first can exploit this information. As a trivial example, he will know that  more than $10$ rejections will certainly contain errors\footnote{ This does not mean that the first $10$ are necessarily true. Only that more than $10$ will certainly contain errors.}.

To demonstrate (b), consider a scenario where the researcher is certain that if an effect exists, it would be of magnitude $\pm 7$ (in some arbitrary scale, say z-values). Performing a one-sample $z$ or $t$ test, while ignoring this belief, will lead the researcher to reject all hypotheses with large (absolute) effects. Particularly, an effect of, say 20,  will be considered very extreme, with infinitesimally small p-values. But, when considering the fact that effects are expected to be near 7, the researcher might actually prefer to reject effects near 7 \emph{before} he rejects effects near 20. In  statistical terminology, this is simply an underpowered test constructed for the wrong alternative hypothesis.

Specifying the expected deviation from the null for each hypothesis tested is no easy task. There exist however, several procedures which use the multitude of hypotheses tested in an attempt to empirically characterize the deviations from the null~\footnote{ Under mild assumptions regarding the form these deviations might take. Essentially assuming that deviations from the null are not uniformly dispersed but rather tend to clump together.}, and harness this information to gain power.
Essentially all rely on estimators of the probability of a hypothesis being a true null given the value of some test statistic $z_i$. This is the posterior probability of the null, also named ``local fdr'' and denoted by $fdr(z_i)$. Details can be found in \cite{efron_microarrays_2008}. Also see Remark~\ref{sec:baeysian_interpretation} on the existence and interpretation of this probability.

This magnitude-- the probability of being null given the data-- is not an error rate but rather a test statistic. It is however a rather intuitive test statistic. So much so that many authors set the rejection criterion to, say, $fdr(z_i)\leq 0.2$. This lends itself to the interpretation that results with frequencies smaller than 1 in 5, under the null assumption, are ``dangerously prone to wasting investigators' resources''~\cite{efron_microarrays_2008}.

\citet{storey_positive_2003} establishes a relation between $fdr(z_i)$ and the Marginal FDR from Section~\ref{sec:other_measures} so that a researcher opting for the $fdr(z_i)\leq 0.2$ criterion, can receive some sense of how many errors per discovery he will be doing on average.  The relation is data dependent. In the problem analyzed by \citet{efron_microarrays_2008}, rejecting for $fdr(z_i)\leq 0.2$, is approximately equivalent to marginal FDR control of $0.1$.
This relation is even more appealing, since with a growing number of hypotheses being tested, the marginal FDR is a good approximation of the FDR.

Returning to power considerations, and using the notation presented in Table~\ref{tab:event_notation}, we can specify many error measures which capture the idea of maximal power subject to the false detections being kept at a low level:

\begin{align}
        min\{FNR \quad \text{such that} \quad FDR\leq \alpha \} \label{eq:compound_1}\\
	min\{mFNR \quad \text{such that} \quad mFDR\leq \alpha \} \label{eq:compound_2}\\
	min\{T \quad \text{such that} \quad V \leq \alpha \} \label{eq:compound_3}
\end{align}

The different procedures aimed at satisfying these error functions typically use the local fdr statistic ($fdr(z_i)$) as a test statistic, but differ in the heuristics used to  compute this statistic~\cite[eg.][]{storey_direct_2002,efron_microarrays_2008,sun_oracle_2007}, typically, assuming a large number of hypotheses being tested and independence between test statistics.

The search for procedures with desirable properties under errors measures such as eq~\ref{eq:compound_1}  - eq~\ref{eq:compound_3}, is ongoing. It is an active field of investigation with beautiful theory, developed either by the Multiple Comparisons Community or borrowing from statistical decision theory \cite[see][]{sun_oracle_2007}. The analysis of the finite-sampling properties of suggested procedures with respect to some desirable error measures is not an easy task.  For a complete treatment, and state of the art procedures, the reader is referred to \cite{efron_large-scale_2010}.

\begin{remark}\label{sec:baeysian_interpretation}
Assigning a \emph{posterior} probability to a hypothesis being null requires also assigning a \emph{prior} probability to this event. The interpretation of this probability has raised some controversy \cite[e.g.][]{morris_comment:_2008} as it can be seen as a statement of subjective beliefs, of sampling frequencies or merely as descriptive. Settling this interpretation issue is outside the scope of this manuscript.
\end{remark}

\section{Acknowledgments}
I wish to thank the many friends and colleagues who contributed of their time and knowledge, to improve clarify this manuscript:
Prof. Yoav Benjamini, Dr. Daniel Yekutieli, Dr. Jelle Goeman, Dr. Aldo Solari, Kornelius Rohmeyer, David Golan, Neomi Singer and Samuel Cohen.

\bibliographystyle{plainnat}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


If you are seriously obese and have tried to lose weight through regular diet and lifestyle changes with minimal or no results, you know how frustrating it can be to not see any results. At this point, you may consider the potentiality of bariatric surgery for easy weight loss. Bariatric Surgery is very popular in Thousand Oaks and is often considered one of the best treatment options for severe obesity.
Bariatric surgery involves various critical processes and is generally used for severe obese patients who have failed to respond to more traditional treatment methods such as supervised nutritional therapy, exercise, and diet medications. With Bariatric Surgery, patients can find established criteria for selection of surgery based on their BMI. As mentioned earlier, this type of surgery is only suggested for severe obesity, which is defined as a BMI of greater than 40. However, bariatric surgery can also be used if your BMI is less than 40 and you have underlying medical conditions that can be exacerbated by obesity.
Bariatric surgery is actually an innovative weight loss process in Thousand Oaks. It involves installing a small pouch in the stomach and bypassing a certain part of the small intestine. Small intestine is actually the part where most nutrients are absorbed into the body. Another popular method related to bariatric surgery is gastric banding, in which a band is placed around the stomach creating a crimp. This actually slows the passage of food from the beginning to the end of the stomach. As a result, the patient can feel fullness in stomach and the brain commands you to stop eating. The gastric banding method is considered the ideal option for those patients who don't want to use full stomach stapling. Plastic surgeons in Thousand Oaks also perform several procedures such as liposuction, tummy tuck and other methods to fix serious weight loss issues.
Is It An Effective Method of Easy Weight Loss?
It is true that bariatric surgery and gastric surgery could be an effective method for easy weight loss initially. However, the patients who have received bariatric surgery should maintain a strict lifestyle to maintain the initial weight loss. It is true that bariatric surgery cannot be a substitute for the lifestyle changes which will be surely necessary over time to maintain the primary weight loss. This is the reason why your doctor may suggest you to attend counseling and consultation with fitness and nutritional therapist before approving bariatric surgery for weight loss Thousand Oaks.
There are many people in Thousand Oaks that want to lose weight by using any one of combinations of bariatric surgery. If you are seriously overweight and haven't got significant result from regular diet and exercise plan, bariatric surgery may be the right option for you. However, before utilizing this process, you should see you doctor and discuss the surgery options with your doctor. As with any operation, there could be little risks in bariatric surgery as well. Therefore, you need to discuss with your doctor, and he will recommend your options so that you have the correct procedure for you.


Eco-to-Go helps customers say "No thank you" to wasteful packaging with their to-go orders.
March 31, 2009, 12:03 p.m.
How often do you bring take out food home, only to throw away the plastic utensils (and the plastic the plastic utensils were wrapped in), paper napkins, little packets of salt, pepper and ketchup, and other "extras" that come with your food. You've got all that at home, and chances are you'd rather eat with a real fork than a plastic one, right?
One program, Eco-to-Go, is working to eliminate the unnecessary waste associated take out meals. Here's how it works.
Restaurants sign up to participate in the Eco-to-Go program.
They advertise that they are participating in this program to their customers and let them know their to-go orders can be packed with no extras.
When customers order their food from participating restaurants they order it "eco-to-go" and no extras will be placed in their bag.
Over 35 restaurants, most of them in the NYC area, have already signed up to particpate in this program.
The program is free to restaurants, and those participating can get stickers to place in their restaurant and other information by contacting info@ecoagents.org.
According to Eco-to-Go's website "the U.S. population tosses out enough paper & plastic cups, forks and spoons every year to circle the equator 300 times." That's outrageous. This program will help keep a lot of those items from being tossed.


What a wonderful momma you are Denise to create this beautiful quilt for your daughters friend. Since I live in Alaska and love, love, love it, I am glad that your daughter had the opportunity to live and embrace this great land. Please extend my grateful thanks to your son-in-law for serving the USA, and your daughter for making the best of the cold, it is appreciated beyond measure.
Thanks so much for the kind comment. I'll pass your words on to the family!


text:
<?php

namespace Igorwanbarros\BaseLaravel\Http\Support;

class IndexPanelAjaxHelper extends IndexHelper
{
    protected function _setWidgetFromView()
    {
        $widgetView = $this->controller->form . $this->controller->view->table;
        $this->controller->view->widget = $widgetView;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


BATON ROUGE, LA (WAFB) - It's official! The PMAC will be sold out when the No. 19 LSU Tigers host the No. 1 Tennessee Volunteers in a huge SEC showdown.
The Tigers and Vols will meet on Saturday, Feb. 23 at 11 a.m.
LSU (17-3, 7-0) beat Texas A&M 72-57 Wednesday night behind 36 points by sophomore point guard Tremont Waters.
The top-ranked Vols are 19-1 overall this season and 7-0 in conference play.


text:
package me.stendec.abyss.commands;

import me.stendec.abyss.ABCommand;
import me.stendec.abyss.ABPortal;
import me.stendec.abyss.AbyssPlugin;
import me.stendec.abyss.util.ColorBuilder;
import org.bukkit.ChatColor;
import org.bukkit.block.Block;
import org.bukkit.command.CommandSender;
import org.bukkit.entity.Player;
import org.bukkit.event.Event;

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class DestinationsCommand extends ABCommand {

    public DestinationsCommand(final AbyssPlugin plugin) {
        super(plugin, "destinations");

        color = ChatColor.LIGHT_PURPLE;
        maximumArguments = 0;
        require_portal = true;

        description = "List all the targeted portal's potential destinations.";
    }

    public boolean run(final CommandSender sender, final Event event, final Block target, ABPortal portal, final ArrayList<String> args) throws ABCommand.NeedsHelp {
        if ( (sender instanceof Player) && !portal.canManipulate((Player) sender) ) {
            t().red("Permission Denied").send(sender);
            return false;
        }

        final ColorBuilder out = new ColorBuilder();

        final boolean dist = sender.hasPermission("abyss.detail.distance");

        // Get the destination portals.
        ArrayList<ABPortal> portals = plugin.getDestinations(portal, false);
        if ( portals.size() > 0 ) {
            for(final ABPortal p: portals) {
                final String n = p.getName();
                out.lf();

                final double distance = portal.getDistance(p);
                final double range = portal.checkRange(p, distance);

                if ( range > 0 )
                    out.darkgray("%s is %d blocks out of range.", n, Math.round(range));

                else if ( ! p.valid )
                    out.darkgray("%s is obstructed.", n);

                else
                    out.reset("%s is %d blocks within range.", n, Math.round(-range));

                if ( dist )
                    out.darkgray(" [Dist: %d]", Math.round(distance));
            }
        } else {
            out.lf().darkgray("There are no destinations.");
        }

        String[] output = out.toString().split("\n");
        output[0] = t().gold().bold("-- ").yellow().bold("Destinations of ").append(portal.getDisplayName(true)).gold().bold(" --").toString();
        sender.sendMessage(output);
        return true;
    }

}


Central Coast Wedding Venues – Luxury Central California Wedding Venues your center The first thing to take into account is definitely the size of a locale, in addition to whether it's sufficient towards throw much larger party photographs. Likewise, it can be well worth scouting customized for specific cultures platform and the way quite a few to develop the product range associated with all natural and asked needles for which you need for wedding ceremony day. Absolutely vital to decide upon a wedding area that may is designed with a charming plus fantastic setting for one's photos. Check out genuine surfaces of the would-be site, and then pinpoint when it provides the preparing that will your wedding reception deserves.
Sydney north Shore Wedding Venues One of the many lone largest hurdles to assist you to productively taking photographs is usually speaking through invitees and also arranging these try in a very quick fashion. Analyse the opportunity venue in addition to if it possesses a natural get together destination, exactly where guest visitors come as partners and have information because of their photographs. Granted that most of an individual's images are going to be used exterior within the daylight, purely natural light is without a doubt with critical importance. Have a look at marriage ceremony area by the kind of serious amounts of summer and see when it conveys the correct measure of day light to take your photographs so that you can life.
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text:
Call goes out to promising young Norfolk golfers
Chris Wise
Published: 8:58 AM February 24, 2017 Updated: 2:54 PM October 10, 2020
Toby Briggs picked up two wins as Norfolk recorded an impressive Anglian League victory at Luffenham Heath. Picture: James Bass - Credit: James Bass
Young Norfolk golfers are being encouraged to take the next step in their development by playing for county sides.
Junior organiser Norman Blanch has vacancies in the Under-12, Under-14 and Under-16 teams and is anxious for them to be filled in good time for the get-togethers that precede the competitive action in the summer.
Only boys under a certain handicap are eligible for the older age-groups - but the under-12 team is open to any promising young player, providing he is a member of a Norfolk golf club.
Blanch pointed to the progress made by Dunston Hall's Toby Briggs, who has gone from being a member of the county's youngest team to number one in the world junior rankings in around six years, as a example of what can be achieved by getting into competitive golf at an early.
'Toby was with us right from the beginning and what he learnt at an early age certainly helped him progress,' he said. 'He has now gone on to bigger and better things, but you have to start somewhere.
'Obviously what he has achieved is exceptional - but whatever your handicap you can improve by playing for one of our county teams.
'There are still places available in the under-16, under-14 and under-12 teams - all players need to be under that age on January 1 this year.
'For the under-16s the maximum handicap is 18, for the under-14s it's 28 and for the under-12s there is no handicap. All players must be a member of a Norfolk golf club.
'If selected you would receive first class coaching, represent Norfolk against other counties, have transportation arranged for some away matches and learn the rules of golf,
'It also provides a chance to make new friends, be a team player, get to play other courses and learn course management,
'All this is provided for a £10 signing up fee which covers the whole year. I am sure there are talented young players out there who we don't know about and we would love to hear from them.'
The parents or guardians of any youngsters interested in getting involved should send the name of their son, together with handicap, name of golf club and date of birth, to norman.blanch@btinternet.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
declare namespace Jymfony.Component.Autoloader.Parser.Exception {
    export class NotARegExpException extends Error {
        constructor(token: Token);
    }
}


That's 1 in 7 searches. If you apply the Pareto principle (also known as the 80/20 rule) where roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes, then there is serious work to do understanding the intent of these new words and effect on client leads, conversions, etc.
Action Point: Get to work analyzing new keywords!
What does Easter Bunny and Google Home have in common?
We're working harder and are fatigued. We are tired of searching using our keypad and with Amazon Echo and Google Home appliances accelerating the voice search market that is estimated to reach out 50% of all search traffic by 2020, no wonder I can draw comparisons between this poor old Easter Bunny asleep at 11am in Stanford Mall in Palo Alto as I walked along with my recently purchased Google Home device.
Like many of you, I have found the physical component of searching using my fingers and keypad increasingly laborious and arduous. The brain wants a faster way to search and retrieve results. My first few months of Google Home use has taken time to adjust to the voice phrases I use to get the results I want. It takes a longer time for all of us to verbalize what we are thinking than if we are typing. That said, Google Home voice understanding/ recognition is pretty much spot on. It understands everything I say !


The 2 zones which shut down come on strong with good spray for about 15 minutes. They then just shut down. I do not here the water flowing through the valve when the shut down. I have a new controller. I can let it sit for a couple minutes and then reactivate the valve again and I get a good flow again for a few minutes. I checked the voltage which is good at the valve. I have checked for evidence of leaking but can not find any.
Are you on well water? Aside from a water-supply problem, you may have a problem with the wiring to the zone valves.
I have checked the voltage readings and there is 25 volts during the good spray and when it shuts down. I am currently on house water. I have a deep well but it appears I have a pump problem. The condition I have I experienced both on the well and house water.
After some further testing I determined the surge of water to the zone was from the holding tank. Once that supply was gone the pressure went down. I took the tank out of the process and now there is not enough pressure to activate the heads in several zones. I checked the house water pressure and it measures 45 psi. The primarly feed line to the zones is 1" while the source from the city water is 3/4". Could this be the probem? Do I have too many heads per zone for the city water feed. The system was designed with a deep well with an in-line pump.
Mixing city water and well water is extremely bad juju, unless the city water is protected by the proper backflow preventer. It may be you need to fix the well and forget all about watering with city water.


text:
Wimbledon final watched by peak audience of 9.6m viewers
Novak Djokovic's epic five-set win over Roger Federer in the Wimbledon final attracts a peak audience of 9.6 million.
When the crowd is chanting 'Roger' I hear 'Novak', says champion Djokovic
Wimbledon champion Novak Djokovic says a near five-hour final against Roger Federer was his most "mentally demanding" match.
Can you imagine your way to success? Investigating the Djokovic technique
Djokovic credited the power of imagining after his Wimbledon win. Sports psychologists explain how it works.
People must wake up to the greatness of Djokovic - Becker
People have to "wake up to the greatness" of Novak Djokovic after he won his 16th Grand Slam, says Boris Becker.
Djokovic beats Federer in longest Wimbledon singles final
Novak Djokovic saves two championship points in Wimbledon's longest singles final to retain his title in a thrilling win over Roger Federer.
Wimbledon 2019: Novak Djokovic beats Roger Federer to win fifth Wimbledon title
Watch highlights as Novak Djokovic becomes the first player to win a Wimbledon singles title with a fifth-set tie-break against Roger Federer.
Wimbledon 2019: Blood, sweat & tears - the best Wimbledon final ever?
Watch the stand-out moments from the last day at Wimbledon as Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer battle it out in the longest ever singles final.
Federer rues 'incredible opportunity missed'
Roger Federer says letting slip two championship points in his Wimbledon final loss to Novak Djokovic was "an incredible opportunity missed".
Wimbledon 2019: The moment Novak Djokovic beats Roger Federer to win epic final
Watch the winning moment Novak Djokovic beats Roger Federer 7-6 (7-5) 1-6 7-6 (7-4) 4-6 13-12 (7-3) in a final-set tie break to secure his fifth Wimbledon title.
Novak Djokovic: How 1999 Nato bombings of Belgrade shaped his career
An in-depth look at Novak Djokovic's rise, from growing up in a war-torn country to becoming the world's best male tennis player.
The match had everything - Federer on record-breaking final
Eight-time Wimbledon champion Roger Federer says his final-set tie-break defeat by Novak Djokovic "had everything" and "he couldn't have given more".
Wimbledon 2019: Novak Djokovic win over Roger Federer was 'one of most thrilling finals' of his career
Novak Djokovic says his final-set tie-break win over Roger Federer was "one of the most thrilling finals" as the Serb won his fifth Wimbledon title.
Strycova & Hsieh win women's doubles title
Singles semi-finalist Barbora Strycova and Hsieh Su-wei beat Gabriela Dabrowski and Yifan Xu in the women's doubles final at Wimbledon.
Fernandez wins men's wheelchair title as Van Koot & De Groot secure women's doubles
Argentina's Gustavo Fernandez adds the Wimbledon wheelchair singles title to his Australian and French Open wins.
I played the match of my life - Halep on winning Wimbledon
Simona Halep says controlling her nerves and forgetting about who she was playing enabled her to win Wimbledon.


The Waldmann loveseat embodies elegance and sophistication. This mid-century modern-inspired loveseat is upholstered in grey fabric, resting stylishly on solid, walnut-finished rubberwood legs. The Waldmann features a tasteful, button-tufted wingback with foam padding. This fashionable loveseat will make a fantastic addition to your livingroom, as the subtle design makes it easy to coordinate with your decor. Complete the clean, polished look with other pieces available in the Waldmann range. Made in Malaysia, the Waldmann requires assembly.


The Soul: Whence and Whither?
The desire to live is not only seen among human beings but it is also seen continually working through the most insignificant little creatures creeping on the earth and living in the ground. When one sees how even the smallest insect wishes to avoid any pursuit after it and how it seeks shelter against any attempt made to touch it, fearing that its life may be taken away from it, that shows that even the smallest creature in the world, in whom man cannot find a trace of mind, has a desire to live. It is this desire that, developing in the lower creation in many and varied aspects, shows in fear, in the tendency to seek shelter, in the intelligent way of looking around as the hare does in the field, and the deer that is continually careful to protect itself from other animals. This desire developed in man shows greater phenomena of intelligence. War and peace are brought about with the desire of living. The cause behind war is the desire to live. The cause of peace is also the desire to live. There is not one normal soul living on Earth who has not the desire to live. Yes, a person most distressed, in a mood of unhappiness, will say at the moment, 'I would rather not live; I seek death.' But it is not the normal condition. One may say, 'Why is death not a desirable thing since it is only a getting rid of the dense body?' But can we not turn the dense body into a light body? Even matter can turn into spirit. If the divine blood begins to circulate through the veins of a person, this body is no longer a heavy body; it becomes as light as vapor. It is heavy when the weight of the Earth has fallen upon it, but when the weight of the Earth is taken away from it, it is lighter than the air.
That must be the attitude. When a person is in his normal condition of mind, his one desire, his innermost desire, is to live. What does this show? It shows that man has acquired all other desires after coming on earth, but this desire to live he has brought with him on earth. Only that, by not understanding the meaning of this desire, its nature and character, its secret, he submits to its being broken by what is called death, by mortality.
If the desire to live is his innermost desire, if it is a divine substance in him, then there is the answer to this desire also; there is a possibility of the fulfillment of this desire. But when one does not dive deep into the secrets of life, without knowledge of life and death, one becomes subject to disappointment. And that disappointment is death. One might say, 'If the desire to live is natural, would it not be better to live and prolong the youthfulness of the body. How can that be done? There are three aspects the Hindus have personified: as Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva (Mahesh): the Creator-God, the Sustainer God, and the Destroyer God. In retaining youth there comes the conflict between the two Gods, the Creator-God and the Destroyer-God. Because the Destroyer-God is destroying, the Creator-God is creating. If the Creator-God in you is stronger, then he will win a victory over the Destroyer-God. Nevertheless, there is nothing which is void of beauty in this world. If the soul has received the divine blessing, it will enjoy every aspect of life. Infancy is interesting, childhood has a beauty, youth has its spirit, and age has its knowledge and dignity, its wisdom and beauty. There is no note on the piano which has not its particular action, which has not its particular part in the symphony of nature. Whether it is the seventh octave lower or the seventh octave higher, whether it is sharp or flat or natural. Whatever the key is, as soon as the harmonious hand has touched it, it creates harmony, it makes of it a symphony. And so we are all as notes before that divine Musician, and when His blessing hand touches, whatever be ones' life condition, whether child or youthful or young or old, the beauty will manifest and add to life's symphony.
The mistake is that man wishes to live through the mortal part of his being; that is what brings disappointment. For he knows only that part of his being which is mortal, and he identifies himself with his mortal being. Hardly one among thousands realizes that life lives and death dies. That which lives cannot die, what dies will not live. It is only a phenomenon of life that makes even that which is not living, for the moment, a kind of illusion of life. When we study the dead body, the greatest study we can make, we see that no sooner has life left it than the whole charm of the body has gone. Why is there not that attraction which has always been there? Why is the body void of all beauty, magnetism and attraction? Why do those who loved that person retire from his dead body? Why do they wish to remove it? What has gone from it, what is dead in it? The part which is subject to death, is dead; the life which lived in it, is still alive. This body was only a covering of life; now, that life has left. But the living being is not dead; it is that mortal cover which was covering that life that is dead. Is it not, then, the absence of this knowledge which gives a person the fear of death?
What is death after all? There is the saying of the Prophet that the illuminated souls never fear death. Death is the last thing they fear. And yet, one does not fear for anything more than for one's life. One could sacrifice anything in the world, wealth, rank, power or possession, if one could live. If living is an innate desire, then it is most necessary to find the process, the way how to get in touch with that real part of ourselves, which may be called our being, our self, and thus to become free from what is called mortality. It is the ignorant one who knows only the ground floor of his house. By going to the first floor of his house, he thinks that he is dead. He does not know that he has only left the ground floor and is going to the first floor. Why does this ignorance exist? Because he never tried to go to the first floor. The ground floor is quite enough for him. The first floor does not exist for him, though it is a floor in his own house.
Is immortality to be gained, to be acquired? No, it is to be discovered. One has only to make one's vision keener, in other words, to explore one's self. But that is the last thing one does. People are most pleased to explore the tomb of Tut-ankh-Amen in Egypt, in order to find mysteries, regardless of the mystery hidden in their own heart. Tell them about any mystery existing outside themselves: they are delighted to explore it. But when you tell them to see in themselves, they think it is too simple. They think: 'I know myself, I am a mortal being. I don't want to die, but death awaits me.' Difficulties they make, complexities they raise by their own complex intelligence. They do not like the straight way, they like the zigzag way. They enjoy puzzles. Even if there is a door before them, they say, 'No, I do not look for it.' If a door opens before them, they do not wish to go out by that door. They prefer to be in a puzzle. It is a greater joy not to be able to find the door for a long time. One who is thus enjoying the puzzle, is horrified when he sees the way out. The saying of the Prophet is, 'Die before death.' What does it mean? It does not mean commit suicide. It only means: study the condition of death. One need not die, play it; one should play death and find out what it is. The whole mystical cult is that play, playing death. That play becomes the means by which to understand the mystery hidden in life.
And its snare, making them pure as raised tablets.
No regard to such a one or such a one.
And the continual longing of the soul is for freedom from this imprisonment. Rumi begins his book, the Masnavi, with this lamentation of the soul, to free itself. But is it to free the soul by actual death, by suicide? No! No mystics have done it; it is not meant. It is by playing death that one arrives at the knowledge of life and death, and it is the secret of life which will make the soul free. The different planes of existence, which are hidden behind the cover of this physical body, then begin to manifest to the person who plays death. All different ways of concentration, of meditation, which are prescribed by the teacher to the pupil, are all that process of playing. In themselves they are nothing; they are all a play. What is important, is what one finds out as an outcome of that play: what one discovers in the end. Of course, the play begins with self-negation. And a person who likes to say twenty times a day, 'I,' does not like to say, 'I am not, Thou art.' But he does not know that this claim of 'I' is the root of all his trouble. It is this claim that makes him feel hurt by every little insult, by every little disturbance. The amount of pain that this illusion gives him is so great that it is just as well he got rid of it. But that is the last thing he would do. He would give up his last penny, but not the thought of 'I'. He would hold it; it is the dearest thing. That is the whole difficulty and the only hindrance on the spiritual path.
Very often people ask, 'How long has one to go on the spiritual path?' There is no limit to the length of this path, and yet if one is ready, it does not need a long time. It is a moment and one is there. How true it is, what the wise of past ages said to their followers, 'Do not go directly into the temple; first walk around it fifty times!' The meaning was, first get tired and then enter.' Then you value it. One values something for which one makes an effort. If it comes without effort, it is nothing to one. If a government should ask a tax for the air one breathes, people would protest against it. Yet they do not know that there is no comparison between the air and the money they possess. The value of the one is incomparably greater than the other. And yet the most valuable things are attained with the least effort. But one does not realize their importance. One would rather have something which is attained with a great effort and in the end may prove to be nothing.
It is very simple to think, 'Why should every being have that innate desire to live, if continual life is impossible?' For there is no desire in the world which has not its answer. The answer to every desire is somewhere. The fulfillment of every desire must come one day. Therefore, without doubt this desire of living must be fulfilled. And the fulfillment of this desire is in getting above the illusion which is caused by ignorance of the secret of life.


This week, the President unveiled his $4 trillion budget for Fiscal Year 2016. But President Obama's budget is much more than just a laundry list of policy priorities: it articulates his vision for expanding the size and scope of the federal government. Just before he sent his budget to Congress, the President touted it as "practical, not partisan." But when you look closely, his proposals are far from practical. Below are some of our top concerns.
Tax Increases. The President's budget proposal includes $2.1 trillion in new tax increases, and outlines a plan to raise another $1.5 trillion in new taxes over the next 10 years. Yet despite these tax increases, President Obama's budget still never balances. Ever.
Instead, these tax increases are hitting small businesses, increasing the costs of hiring workers, and penalizing American families trying to save for the future.
Rising Debt. Overall, the budget is a 6.4% increase from the current year. President Obama's policies outlined in the budget would add about $5.7 trillion to the debt over the next decade. And you can just add that to the existing $8 trillion. By 2025, interest payments alone will reach $800 billion per year.
To be economically secure, we need to have a balanced budget — and this proposal doesn't do it. Instead of cutting out excessive programs, the President continues to spend money our country doesn't have.
Out-of-Touch Spending Priorities. America's budget should be balanced like a family budget – considerate of priorities, and understanding of sacrifices. However, the President's nearly $4 trillion budget is neither balanced nor reflective of Americans' needs.
The silver lining? House Republicans have been ready and willing to compromise with the Obama Administration. And there are some points in the President's proposals that give us sign for hope. A 4.5% increase in military spending and a renewal of domestic infrastructure projects is a good start.
But for the most part, the budget we received this week was a continuation of the President's top-down approach — and little more than a wishlist for his own priorities.
For our country's economy to grow, we need solutions that will cut unnecessary government regulation and allow Main Street to flourish. We want hard-working Americans to keep more of their paychecks — not lose them to taxes. We are growing an Opportunity Economy, not Washington, D.C.'s economy. We are here to empower people, not government.
The budget is lengthy and complex — and we have a lot of work to do — but we are eager to find solutions together — the White House and Congress, Democrats and Republicans. Let's get to work.


Rick Steves Pocket guidebooks truly are a �tour guide in your pocket.� Each colorful, compact book includes Rick�s advice for prioritizing your time, whether you're spending 1 or 7 days in a city. Everything a busy traveler needs is easy to access: a neighborhood overview, city walks and tours, sights, handy food and accommodations charts, an appendix packed with information on trip planning and practicalities, and a fold-out city map.
Lonely Planet Austria is your passport to all the most relevant and up-to-date advice on what to see, what to skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Watch the scenery unfold as you drive up Grossglockner Road, marvel at the grandeur of imperial Vienna, or ski down Austria's many pistes; all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of Austria and begin your journey now!
The Time Out Vienna city guide takes you into the grandiloquent streetscapes of Austria's elegant capital. While pinpointing the essentials on the capital of the Habsburgs and its fabulous musical tradition, the guide hails the city's commitment to its citizens, the exuberance of its contemporary culture and the sensual pleasures that lurk amid the grandeur of its kaleidoscopic architecture. It features sightseeing in Vienna, lists of Vienna hotels, restaurants & caf�s, bars, shops and includes detailed maps.
Well, read on! You see, we know your trip begins long before you even book the flight, so this guide is chock full of dynamite tips on everything you need to know BEFORE you go-and much, much more you'll thank us for!


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Elated Chocolate Tears
By mjanecolette / October 3, 2016 / Interludes & Outtakes (words on the floor) / 20 comments
For/from Cathy
"Are you sure it's a chocolate stain?" he asked, laughing. I shuddered. He laughed again. "I guess it's a bad idea. To have chocolate in bed while having anal sex."
"You asked me to bring it. And, you're gross," I said, wiggling away from the chocolate—it was chocolate—stain.
"I'm an animal," he agreed, happily. "And I didn't ask you to bring it. I asked if you guarantee the fun."
Animal. Idiot.
Stickler for details.
True, I suppose. He said—texted—"Do you guarantee the fun?" To which I responded, "Depends on how you define fun."
"Chocolate and ice cream," he wrote back. So. I showed up with a quart of ice cream. And a single square of Lindt dark chocolate.
"This is barely an adequate offering," he had said. Then dropped it down my shirt, and then lips against lips, teeth against teeth, and we forgot about the chocolate, completely, until…
"Don't freak out. It's just chocolate."
"I'm sure of nothing. Except that I never want to move from here."
He licked the traces of the chocolate—yes, it was just chocolate—off my chest later, and then kept licking down the stomach, the crevices and curves of my body where muscles and fat engage in an eternal fight.
"Should I go get the ice cream now, or later?" he asked. "If you promise to wash my sheets after, we can eat it in bed. In marvellously messy ways."
"I am not doing your sheets," I protested. "What the hell?"
"You really are the worst lover," he said. "You bring me the tiniest little bit of chocolate. And then you ruin it—and ruin my sheets with it. And now you won't wash them."
I turned away.
Idiot.
"Hey, hey," arms on my shoulders, hands pulling me too close into a chest, shaved, but not that morning, prickly. "Are you crying? Are those tears? Shit, don't you know I'm joking?"
"I never know when you're joking," I said. I said that often; often, it sounded like a confession.
"Well, I would rather like you to take my sheets and wash them," he whispered, into an ear, then into a cheek, licking tears off it with the tip of his tongue even as he formed words. "Because I'm lazy. And your washing machine is better. And you did bring me the tiniest, tiniest little bit of chocolate…"
"…It was all I had," I murmured. "And I didn't want to stop at the store… I just wanted to come…"
"Oh-oh," tip of tongue now in that space of my neck, oh-my-god, that space. "Does this mean… does this mean that when I open the ice cream carton… did you bring me used ice cream, bitch?"
I burst into laughter.
"You did," he groaned. "Tiny square of chocolate. Used ice cream. And you burst into tears when I call you the worst lover…"
Tears.
"Shit, not again, stop." Kisses. "Stop. Stop these ridiculous, ridiculous tears, best lover, favourite lover, lazy lover, can't be bothered to buy chocolate or ice cream lover, doesn't want to wash my sheets lover, drives me insane with every move-scent-sound-lover, come here kiss me, lover…"
Elated, I slid into the kisses, hands, rubbing my face against that prickly chest, losing track of whose smooth-hard-hands-legs-ass-belly were whose…
"Next time," he said after, rubbing my face in the tear-stained, chocolate-stained, sweat-stained sheets, "bring a whole box of chocolates."
"And un-used ice cream?" I murmured.
"Ice cream," he murmured back. "I forgot about the ice cream. Deliciously messy ice cream. Stay right there. Don't. Move."
2.x.2016
Connect: Twitter / GoodReads / For Your Eyes Only
Tags: chocolate, elated, gender bender, tears, writing prompt
I wish I had your imagination with things to do in bed with food!!
You'd have to do a lot more laundry. 😉
Thank you! 😚
ice cream, chocolate, lovers, ice cream…….tears and anal sex ~ but of course………but exaclty, precisely….. of course.
Collar, forgiveness, wind
How's that? ❤
Pingback: THREE WORDS: Collar Forgiveness Wind | m jane colette
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text:
Small Town Mystery
Small Town MysterySmall Town MysterySmall Town Mystery
Trial Watch
Case Summary - Evelyn Boswell
On February 19, 2020 an Amber Alert was issued for 15 month old Evelyn Boswell in Tennessee. She had not been seen since December 26, 2019. Her disappearance was called in by her grandfather Tommy Boswell Sr.
Her mother would give multiple stories as to where she was and who she was with. The amber alert included a BMW driven by Megan Boswells mother and her boyfriend. The alert lists the car as stolen though since then it has come out that Megan was buying the car from her then Boyfriends family.
Megan would be arrested on charges of lying to police and after Evelyn's body was discovered in a shed on the family's property her charges were upgraded to include charges relating to Evelyn's death.
Timeline - Evelyn Boswell
The Tennessee Department of Children and Families contacts authorities to report they spoke with a man who stated he had not seen his granddaughter since December 2019. Her mother was being evasive as to where the only 15 month old toddler was located. Tommy Boswell Sr. made the call to Children's Services that led to authorities getting involved.
The Tennessee Bureau of Investigation issued an Amber Alert for Evelyn Boswell the next day.
Press Conference Regarding the missing child Evelyn Boswell aged 15 months. Held on February 21, 2020
Megan Boswell's interview with the media on February 21, 2020.
Megan Boswell is arrested on 11 counts of false reporting and lying to investigators in the case of her missing daughter Evelyn Boswell.
Megan Boswell Arraignment 3-2-2020
Megan Boswell's bond remains at $25,000 on the charge of False reporting relating to the disappearance of her daughter Evelyn Boswell. She waived her preliminary hearing and will be bound to criminal court. Her next court date is May 8, 2020.
Authorities announce the remains of Evelyn Boswell were found located in a shed on the families property.
She was found in the shed along with her belongings including the outfit she was reported to last be seen in.
Megan Boswell continues to spin stories while talking to law enforcement.
Statement regarding the discovery of the remains of Evelyn Boswell on the family's property in Bluntville Tennessee.
Tennessee V Megan Boswell
Hearing of July 31, 2020
The grand jury has brought forth additional charges against Megan Boswell that include felony murder charges in the death of her 15 month old daughter Evelyn. She now faces 19 charges related to Evelyn.
According to the TBI, the indictments include two counts of felony murder, one count of aggravated child abuse, one count of aggravated child neglect, one count of tampering with evidence, one count of abuse of a corpse, one count of failure to report a death under suspicious, unusual or unnatural circumstances, and 12 counts of false reports.
She will not face the Death Penalty
Tennessee is a state which does have the death penalty however, prosecutors have chosen not to seek it in this case. They site Megan Bowell's young age and that she had no prior criminal record.
She remains in custody at this time awaiting trial.
Evelyn's Law
In March of 2021, the Tennessee legislature passed what will be known as Evelyn's Law. It makes it a misdemeanor in Tennessee to flail to report your child missing.
It is currently on the Governor's desk where is expected to sign it into law.
On April 16, 2021, The Governor of Tennessee Signed into Law Evelyn Bowell's law, which makes it a misdemeanor to not report your minor child missing within 24 hours.
Boswell-Indictments-May-20-2020 (pdf)
Motion to increase bond after Evelyn found (pdf)
Smalltownmystery@yahoo.com
This website is for informational purposes only.


What you need to KNOW before consenting to the interview and what you need to DO to prepare. This video will present some of the things you need to know and steps you need to take in order to fully prepare for the media interview. First, don't go blindly into any media interview – ever. Do your research; find out who the reporter is, her area of specialty, what form of media you will be appearing on. Is it for print story? Will it be in-person, over the phone, or conducted by emailing questions and answers back and forth? (This is a highly recommended way to conduct a print interview.) Is it a radio interview? Will it be over the phone, in person (at your site) or in their studio? What type format is the program? How many other guests will be with you. Is it a television interview? Will be it be live or taped? Is it at your location or in the studio? Again, what is the program format? How long will it be? What questions will be asked? Who else are they interviewing? Will you be put "on the spot" and asked to defend your position?
Just as performers and sports figures prepare for the concert or the big game, you also need to prepare.
What are your key messages? Are they succinct, easily understood, and contain a memorable and quotable message point?
How do you deliver those messages? With confidence, credibility and authority? How do you come across? Trustworthy? Believable? Or like a used car salesman?
How do you anticipate the questions? How do you lead the interview and take it where you want it to go?
Michael Drake has served as a reporter, public affairs host, news anchor for both radio and television news, and as the media spokesperson for various organizations. He has faced the media one-on-one in hundreds of interviews, and in news conference settings. He has handled the crisis event in the media – on more than one occasion. He has developed and delivered the key messages. His training is based on experience on "both" sides of the microphone and has been described as the most comprehensive media training in the marketplace today.
Learn Media Skills from someone who has actually been there and done it and has the track record to prove it!
Learn how to prepare for the media interview from someone who has been in hundreds of them – on both sides of the microphone.
When the Reporter Calls from Media Skills Workshop on Vimeo.


Seven people were arrested Friday in connection with a large drug bust in Bartholomew County, Indiana. The arrests happened during a search of a house in the 300 block of Hege Avenue in Columbus. Police found 1.5 pounds of methamphetamine, which has a street value of $60,000, according to the Columbus Police Department. Officers also found marijuana, pseudoephedrine, stolen property and nearly $24,000.
Seven people were arrested Friday in connection with a large drug bust in Bartholomew County, Indiana. Police found 1.5 pounds of methamphetamine, which has a street value of $60,000, according to the Columbus Police Department. Officers also found marijuana, pseudoephedrine, stolen property and nearly $24,000.


This Match Attax card is of Florian Lejeune and is a standard card from the Match Attax 2018/19 Premier League collection. Florian Lejeune who is a Defender for Newcastle United has a defence score of 70 and an attack score of 35. Topps value Florian Lejeune as a 4 star player worth 4.5 Million Pounds.


I was one of those people who bought the original course when it came out and it was a no-brainer for me to upgrade to the updated version. Ulysses is an app I have been playing around with for well over a year now but I am not entirely sure that I am using it the best I could. So far I am about halfway through the App Tutorials section and I already have 3 pages full of notes and ideas written out.Shawn Blanc is the real deal when it comes to these courses and the fact that he had Mike Schmitz come and make the screencasts for it is just icing on the cake. I highly recommend this course to anyone looking to get into Ulysses as a writing tool.


Recently updated custom condo located at the elegant Fifth & Poplar in the heart of Fourth Ward! Condo features updated hardwood floors, fresh paint, updated kitchen cabinets, shiplap walls in the kitchen and bathroom, custom closets, new electrical plate covers throughout the home, two covered patios, and 2 parking spaces (near elevator). Fabulous views of the courtyard with putting green, pool, and fountain. This resort-style building offers 24 hour concierge services, fitness center, club room, cyber cafe and more! Walk to everything Uptown Charlotte has to offer!


"In the past 30 years, America had 13 wars spending $14.2 trillion. What if they spend part of the money on building infrastructure, helping the white collars and blue collars? No matter how good your strategy is you're supposed to spend money on your own people."
"It's not that other countries steal American jobs. It is your strategy – that you did not distribute the money in a proper way."


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Key Announcements
583,496 tests have been carried out, including 23,560 yesterday. 138,078 people have tested positive for the virus, an increase of 4,583 since yesterday. 17,615 people are currently in hospital, down from 18,189 on 21st Of those hospitalised, 18,738 have sadly died as of yesterday.
Up to 10m key workers in the UK are now able to book a coronavirus testfor themselves and their families as the Government increases testing capacity to 51,000 (from 40,000) over night.
This has come about through the finalisation of the online testing system , and the promise from the health secretary that they are going to deploy a c ontact tracing work force of 18,000 people .
Nicola Sturgeon, First Minister of Scotland, has outlined plans for phased lifting of Scottish lockdown. Although the Health Secretary th is morning on The Today Programme criticised the Scottish Government's methods.
This morning, new figures showed UK retail sales fell a record 5.1% in March , the steepest sales fall since the Office for National Statistics (ONS) started collecting the data in 1996.
In the US it was confirmed that in just five weeks the world's biggest economy has seen the job gains of the last 11 years wiped out . That's as new jobless claims for last week totalled 4.4m – taking the total number of jobless claims since mid-March to 26.4m.
The first vaccination trial in the UK has begun in Oxfordshire, with two individuals injected with the vaccine. All others in the controlled group were given the meningitis vaccine.
South Korea reports no new deaths in 24 hours. The Centre for Disease Control (KCDC) also reported only six new cases of the infection – the lowest recorded daily total since 18 February.
As Ramadan approaches, states are taking measures to observe the holy month in lockdown. Indonesia, the world's most populous Muslim nation, bans most travel. But its Aceh province defies central guidance by allowing mass prayers
In Pakistan, Ramadan begins on Saturday, but there is already controversy as clerics demand exemption from lockdown measures
Egypt will ease lockdown for Ramadan by shortening a night-time curfew and allowing some business to reopen
US President Donald Trump says British PM Boris Johnson sounded "incredible" during their phone conversation a few days ago – the "old Boris, tremendous energy, tremendous drive".
EU leaders agree to inject billions of euros of emergency aid into Europe's struggling economies.
There has been an increase in the abuse reported to shopworkers, with 1 in 6 being abused on every shift. Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers General Secretary, Paddy Lillis, said; " We are shocked that violence, threats and abuse have doubled during this national emergency. At a time when we should all be working together to get through this crisis, it is a national disgrace that people working to keep food on the shelves for their local communities are being abused and assaulted. Urgent action is required. Our message is clear, abuse is not part of the job. "
The Labour Party has said that thousands of apprenticeships could be lost without Government support. This is due to the DfE supposedly not following Government advice to protect independent apprenticeships providers.
The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy have called for the Government to grant the visa expansion scheme to physiotherapists alongside overseas nurses, doctors and paramedics. Rob Yeldham , CSP director of strategy, said: " Physiotherapy staff are playing a crucial part in the UK's response to Covid-19, helping patients leave hospital and ensuring those with other conditions, such as stroke, can continue their recovery at home. Their services are set to face unprecedented increases in demand caused by the crisis in the coming months and years and their success in meeting that need will be crucial for the whole system. In order to do that, we need to retain every overseas physio and physio support worker currently working in the UK. "
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellencehave published two new Covid-19 guidelines. They cover the management of disorders of the digestive system (gastrointestinal and liver conditions) that are treated with drugs that affect the immune response and the care of people in hospital who develop heart problems (acute myocardial injuries) as a consequence of COVID-19 infection. The guidance can be read here:   https://bit.ly/2x4QkyN  and here: https://bit.ly/2S0lCOr .
Unconfirmed reports
There is currently no timetable for Johnson's return. The Daily Telegraph has been reporting that UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson will be back in control at Number 10 on Monday after recovering from coronavirus . The FT reported  earlier this month that ministers were expecting his return on May 7, Hancock reiterated on the Today Programme there was no official date and Downing St. are yet to confirm.
The Sun is reporting that hair dressers, beauticians and nail salons are expected to be told they will have to remain shut for another 6 months.
The Guardian has reported that T rump said he might extend federal social distancing guidelines to the summer. It came as Congress approved a $484bn coronavirus relief package, taking to nearly $3tn the money pledged so far.
Scientists have allegedly told  the Telegraph  that the 18,000 contact tracers Hancock announced will be nowhere near enough, suggesting Britain could need 100,000 to make the plan work.


text:
Q: Google Now notifications Is it possible to get the content like flight info, scores, nearby places from the cards of google now in another app?
For example you have a card for the weather. Is there a way I can get that information like degrees, city and so on?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
ME Research Publications
Thermal, electrical and surface hydrophobic properties of electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers for structural health monitoring
Alarifi_2016.pdf
Alarifi, Ibrahim M.
Alharbi, Abdulaziz
Khan, Waseem Sabir
Swindle, Andrew L.
Asmatulu, Ramazan
Alarifi, I.M.; Alharbi, A.; Khan, W.S.; Swindle, A.; Asmatulu, R.	Thermal, Electrical and Surface Hydrophobic Properties of Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers for Structural Health Monitoring. Materials 2015, 8, 7017-7031
This paper presents an idea of using carbonized electrospun Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers as a sensor material in a structural health monitoring (SHM) system. The electrospun PAN fibers are lightweight, less costly and do not interfere with the functioning of infrastructure. This study deals with the fabrication of PAN-based nanofibers via electrospinning followed by stabilization and carbonization in order to remove all non-carbonaceous material and ensure pure carbon fibers as the resulting material. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to determine the ionic conductivity of PAN fibers. The X-ray diffraction study showed that the repeated peaks near 42 degrees on the activated nanofiber film were and phases, respectively, with crystalline forms. Contact angle, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were also employed to examine the surface, thermal and chemical properties of the carbonized electrospun PAN fibers. The test results indicated that the carbonized PAN nanofibers have superior physical properties, which may be useful for structural health monitoring (SHM) applications in different industries.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma8105356
ME Research Publications [338]


The Newseum is an interactive museum of news and journalism under construction in Washington, D.C. It opened at its first location in Rosslyn, Virginia, on April 18, 1997. Its stated mission is "to help the public and the news media understand one another better." In five years, the Newseum attracted more than 2.25 million visitors. The Newseum's operations are funded by the Freedom Forum, a nonpartisan foundation dedicated to "free press, free speech and free spirit for all people."
In 2000, Freedom Forum decided to move the Newseum across the Potomac River to Washington, D.C. The original Newseum was closed on March 3, 2002, in order to allow its staff to concentrate on building the new, larger museum. The new museum, built at a cost of $450 million, will open its doors to the public on April 11, 2008.
After obtaining a landmark location at Pennsylvania Avenue and Sixth Street NW, the Newseum board selected noted exhibit designer Ralph Appelbaum, who had designed the original Newseum in Arlington, Virginia, and architect James Stewart Polshek, who designed the Rose Center for Earth and Space at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, to work on the new project.
* To celebrate the First Amendment to the United States Constitution — in particular, its freedom of the press and free speech protections.


This live meeting took place on June 1, 2018.
An enduring clinical supplement of the live meeting content will be available with an upcoming issue of the International Journal of MS Care later in 2018.
In the last decade, there have been significant advances in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and newer disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) can provide control of disease activity in many patients, especially when more aggressive treatment is started early in appropriate patients. There is good evidence to support the new treatment outcome of "no evidence of disease activity" (NEDA) based on an absence of relapses, no sustained progression on EDSS disability score, and no new or enlarging lesions on MRI.
With more than a dozen approved first-line therapies, initial treatment selection can be complicated by risk/benefit, efficacy, and long- and short-term safety profiles. There are evidence-based benefits with aggressive, early treatment regimens, so clinicians must make the optimal initial treatment choice. Risk-Benefit Analysis and Personalized Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis: Basing Treatment Goals on the Latest Evidence will provide participants with the most up-to-date evidence on current and emerging MS therapies and treatment goals, as well as treatment strategies to achieve those goals.
This program is supported by educational grants from Biogen, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, and Sanofi Genzyme.