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Successful Forex traders stand out from others by the portfolio of Forex trading strategies they use in different situations. It doesn t provide as many trade setups compared to something like the 15 minute chart; The trading capital required to trade such a high time frame is.
You can use these pre scheduled news events to create a Forex news trading strategy of your own but I will give you the nuts and bolts of what I look out. Vantage Point Trading.
This is something that is usually missing from most strategies. If you aspire to trade for a living, one day you ll find yourself having multiple trading strategies or trading styles.
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We can t say anything about how it will perform or the returns it may generate. The downside of opting for fully automated signals trading is that you are putting full faith in a third party service, something that can have ramifications.
The pin bar is in line with. Forex also known as the foreign exchange market is the largest trading market in the world.
On top of that you have the. How to stick to one Forex Trading strategy.
Our last strategy takes a more mathematical approach, using something called the Relative Strength IndexRSI. This is not something that neophyte traders are able to do and that is the one of the reasons that those who developExpert Advisors" do so well in selling their products.
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It made me think. The big picture takes into account all of the information.
And the reason we are doing this is because we have a certain view in terms of how the market works. And, the best swing trading strategy keeps trades open even for weeks.
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If something is unclear, please skype me. This makes the EMA a perfect Ema Forex Trading Strategy Trend Lines for trend trading.
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Here are some four Forex trading strategies for you to learn from. Instead, if you sit there for an hour and the market is absolutely dead, go do something else for a few hours, and then tell yourself you can come later. Forex Trading For Beginner by. Your stoploss should be placed beyond the end of the range.
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Its core algorithm analyses price action and momentum on multiple time frames. That s the question I attack in this week s FOREX.
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And what could be simpler than that. Should you create a trading system from scratch or build on something that someone else has created.
However, the 5 0 pattern offers traders the opportunity to catch these types of market moves. Every trader in the Forex market has their own Forex Trading Strategy, but still they keep on looking for something new every now and then.
A good approach to trade in an accumulation phase is to trade the range itself. It looks something like this: So which is the best trading strategy to use.
When dealing with something as volatile as the forex market, there s no place at all for such a backwards system. Software that will allow you to find the working methods and dismiss the losing ones while you backtest your strategies.
I am going to stay something stupidly simple here the key is to match them up with technical areas on your chart, where you expect price to reverse. 5 million sterling during the 1987 crash.
With this audiobook, you will become an expert on what forex is as well as how you can use it in order to build riches. These are really easy forex trading strategies.
Okay, the first one I m going to show you is a very easy, yet highly profitable day trading strategy. Listen to Forex: Strategies Audiobook.
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In the highlighted blue box, its a pin bar pointing down. However, as with any trading strategy, they do not always yield positive outcomes and the potential to risk too much on what appears to be a definitive buy or.
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That is, applied to the record of historical trading data and price action in order to get a sense of how. This belongs to a family of trading tools known as oscillators so called because they oscillate as the markets move around.
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As a trader you have your opinion and expectations from the market but if you think that Euro will go up, and others do not think so, you cannot do anything about it. Obviously, the more you get exposed to something, the more you remember.
There is no larger market. While Forex trading can feel complicated, it s something that anyone with patience and the ability to learn from their mistakes can gain some skill at over time.
During the interview Paul explains his worst trade where he let slip away 1. The debate over trading forex news is something that has been around for a while, and now a days it.
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I spend most of my life working on words: reading, writing, or advocating for literacy.
You can read some of my published work here. If I had to pick a few favorite honors, these would top the list: crafting my first poetry manuscript under Michael Meyerhofer, being accepted to the Yale Writer's Workshop and getting a chance to work with Tara Elan-McVoy, and my publication in 'Mapping the Muse: A Bicentennial Look at Indiana Poetry" as the representative poet for my county.
In addition to writing, I've spent my career figuring out how to get paid to love books. I have an undergraduate degree in school library media, which meant I spent my college years reading everything from Knuffle Bunny to Thirteen Reasons Why and calling it homework. I also did a stint in book retail, where I got to do things like stand on a stool with a loudspeaker and herd rabid teens into color-coded lines for the midnight release of Breaking Dawn.
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Acepromazine is a tranquilizer commonly used to alleviate fear and anxiety.
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World|Muslim Fighter Embraces Warrior Mystique
Muslim Fighter Embraces Warrior Mystique
October 17, 1999, Section 1, Page 16Buy Reprints
Among the ranks of fierce-looking Chechen fighters, with their grenades and spare magazines strapped to their chests, there is a man who stands out as especially fearsome. His black hair snakes to his shoulders, he goes by the single name of Khattab, and even among Chechens -- let alone his Russian foes -- he is both hated and revered.
Khattab is an Arab, a self-declared Islamic warrior, who has come to Chechnya to fight the Russians he first battled in Afghanistan after the Soviet Army occupation in 1979.
Accused of leading incursions into Chechnya's neighboring Russian republic, Dagestan, and of being behind apartment bombings that killed 300 in Russia, he has come to symbolize for the Kremlin, and for some in the West, their worst fears about Islamic extremism and terrorism.
The Russian authorities put out a warrant for his arrest with Interpol after the August incursions into Dagestan and the September bombings. Although they have produced little evidence to back the charge, they have also linked his name with that of Osama bin Laden, the Arab commander based in Afghanistan who is accused by the United States of masterminding the bombings of American Embassies in Africa.
Khattab denies any connections with the explosions in Russia. But he never misses an opportunity to pledge to fight Russia, and to help Muslims separate from Moscow in the republics of the North Caucasus -- including Chechnya, where there is strong sentiment for independence, and Dagestan, where it is much weaker.
In a rare interview in the Chechen capital, Grozny, Khattab said his only aim was to help free his fellow Muslims from Russian rule. Since his arrival in the Caucasus in 1995, he has trained scores of young fighters in guerrilla warfare, and in particular in the art of mountain ambushes. During Russia's 1994-96 war against Chechens seeking independence, his units were widely credited with conducting two ambushes on Russian columns that killed as many as 100 soldiers each.
After that war ended in an uneasy truce in 1996, with Chechnya's status left in limbo until 2001, Khattab did not abandon the battlefield. Last year he led an attack on a Russian brigade based in Dagestan, which had been accused of committing atrocities against Chechens during the 1994-96 war.
In August, Khattab linked up with the Chechen rebel commander Shamil Basayev for more strikes into Dagestan, provoking Russia first into bombing what it said were guerrilla bases in Chechnya, and then into sending its forces in.
Many Chechens are now criticizing the two men for bringing war again, but others revere Khattab as a warrior. He is tolerated by the Chechen leader, Aslan Maskhadov, for his part in the war, but also probably because he refuses to leave. ''He is a good fighter, but not such a good commander,'' said a Chechen commander, Aslanbek Izmailov.
Khattab is thought to come from a wealthy Bedouin family in Saudi Arabia but when interviewed would not give his full name, nationality or place of birth. He said only that he was 30 and that his mother's family came originally from the Caucasus.
He revealed a passionate hatred for the Russian armed forces. ''I do not say that American democracy is any better, but the Russian Army was terrible,'' he said. ''In Afghanistan what they called the enemy was the entire people.''
He said he first went to Afghanistan in 1987, at 18, spurred by the sight of millions of refugees. ''I wanted to be a surgeon,'' he said, ''but then I took part in a couple of operations and decided to be a mujahed.'' He used the Arabic for fighter in a holy war.
After Soviet troops withdrew from Afghanistan, he went to Tajikistan and fought for two years with the Islamic opposition there against Russian-backed Government forces. In 1995 he heard about the war in Chechnya and went to take a look.
''When I opened the map and saw how small it was, I thought there would only be 1,000 men there fighting.''
''But it seems there were a lot of wolves living here,'' he said with a laugh.
He wears the Chechen emblem of a wolf on the front of his dark blue beret, has been accepted as a son by Mr. Basayev's family and has married a woman from Dagestan.
A slight figure dressed in camouflage fatigues with Arabic script emblazoned on his lapels, he is known to be a strict Muslim, and to some Chechens he has appeared evenhanded. A senior commander, Mr. Izmailov, the Chechen commander, remembers how Khattab urged restraint, citing the Koran, at the end of the war when the Chechens wanted to shoot those they considered traitors.
He has an aura of a powerful warlord, and ordinary Chechens approach him for help with money or to try to win the release of captured relatives.
Khattab says that he knows Mr. bin Laden from Afghanistan, when they both fought in a big offensive in northern Afghanistan, but that he has no contact with him now.
Yet he seems to share something of Mr. bin Laden's world view. Asked about past attacks on the American military in Saudi Arabia, he said: ''There is no difference between the American Army and the Russian Army. They seized our territory, and Muslims have the right to seek such a solution.''

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text:
Home News Online First People's Party of Canada forms associations in Cape Breton-Canso and Central Nova
People's Party of Canada forms associations in Cape Breton-Canso and Central Nova
CAPE BRETON: The People's Party of Canada (PPC) is hoping to secure a foothold in the federal ridings of Cape Breton-Canso and Central Nova.
Recently, CITU 104.1FM manager Billy Joyce became the Cape Breton-Canso riding association's Chief Executive Officer.
"We've only got about 100 members so far, but it's been a long process," Joyce told The Reporter about the local association, which received official recognition from Elections Canada on March 8. "Before we had the initial membership drive, which was to get the founding members, we picked up 50 or 60 members, who jumped on the bandwagon right away."
He said the party is actively recruiting a candidate for the 43rd General Election in the fall but indicates their biggest challenge is the geographical location as the riding covers from Cheticamp to Canso.
"One of the challenges there is going to be finding a candidate that is going to be able to go door-to-door," Joyce said. "Twenty years ago, this kind of endeavour would be impossible, but in 2019, I guess you could say, it's probable, but it's doable because of social media, it's doable because of our networking capabilities."
Federally, the party is led by Maxime Bernier, a former federal cabinet minister and Conservative Party leadership candidate. Bernier founded the PPC after failing to secure the leadership bid in 2017, and promised to run candidates in all 338 federal ridings across Canada.
"When you look at his membership, he's up to 37,000 members nationally," Joyce explained. "And the Green Party, who has been around for 20-years, has only got 19,000 members."
He said the association's immediate goal is to build their membership in addition to looking for a candidate who will bring the concerns of the people of Cape Breton-Canso to Ottawa, and not the concerns of parties.
"That doesn't mean everything we want we're going to get, but it means that everything we want will basically be put on the table," Joyce said. "I have to be realistic, do I think [the PPC] will form some kind of government in October? Probably not. But if we managed to pick up 30 seats, and we ended up with a minority government, you could have the PPC holding the power of balance inside the house."
The Cape Breton-Canso riding has been a Liberal stronghold since 2000 when Rodger Cuzner entered federal politics. Cuzner won the 2015 election with 74 per cent of the popular vote and didn't lose a single poll.
"My question to the people from Cape Breton-Canso is what has happened to the riding in the past 30-years, is it better off than it was 30-years-ago?" Joyce said of the riding. "I think the answer is no to that."
According to Elections Canada, the PPC has formally established electoral district associations in all 11 ridings across the province.
Officially, the party is still finalizing their platform but their Web site indicates their platform will be mostly based on the same policies Bernier had proposed during his bid for the Conservative leadership: unleashing Canada's potential; decentralizing and shrinking government; making every Canadian richer; standing up for rural Canadians; an immigration policy that must aim to fulfill economic needs; a foreign policy focused on the security and prosperity of Canadians; and a fair gun policy for Canada.
Broadly, Bernier's message is respecting individual and community rights, and according to Joyce, that's exactly what is needed in the riding of Cape Breton-Canso.
"Maxime recognizes the needs of Cape Breton-Canso are not the same as the needs of Toronto; he recognizes the mentality or the culture of the people of Cape Breton-Canso is not the same as the people living in Vancouver."
For more information on the PPC, their policies and how to become a member, visit the party's Web site: https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca or contact Joyce at 902-623-1925 or at: cbcansoppc@gmail.com.
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text:
\section{Introduction}

One of the most plausible scenarios leading to the formation of cosmic strings
\cite{Sarangi:2002yt, Jones:2003da}
is that of brane inflation \cite{Dvali:1998pa}.
In these models, the inflaton field is the distance between a D3-brane and an anti-D3-brane.  There is an attractive Coulombic potential between them, which may lead to
a slow-roll inflation. In models of warped brane inflation \cite{Kachru:2003sx}, the fine-tunning problem associated with the flatness of the potential in the original models of brane inflation may be less severe. Furthermore,  due to warping the tension spectrum of cosmic superstrings, $\mu$, is much smaller than the naive expectation, $m_{s}^{2}$, where $m_{s}$ is the mass scale of string theory. Consequently, $G \mu$, the dimensionless number measuring the tension of cosmic superstrings in units of the Newton constant, $G$, can be lowered below the current observational bounds
\cite{Firouzjahi:2005dh, Wyman:2005tu}.

A brane collision creates both fundamental (F-) strings and D-strings (D1-branes), as well as $(p,q)$-strings, composites of $p$ F-strings and $q$ D-strings \cite{Copeland:2003bj, Jackson:2004zg}.
When cosmic superstrings of different types collide, they can not intercommute, instead they exchange partners and form a junction. This is a simple consequence of charge conservation at the junction of
colliding $(p,q)$-strings and is in contrast to ordinary Abelian gauge strings, where two colliding strings
usually exchange partners and intercommute with the intercommutation probability of order unity.
Most work done to date on cosmic strings has involved such abelian strings because of the possibility that they could have formed in the early universe as a result of phase transitions possibly associated with the GUT scale. The interest in strings with junctions has been more at the level of a curiosity although earlier work has considered them in relation to monopoles connected to strings \cite{Vachaspati:1986cc} and in terms of non-abelian gauge theories \cite{Spergel:1996ai,McG}. However, it has been the recent realisation that there could be superstrings of comic length that has prompted people to take seriously the implications of junction forming strings, in particular could there be observational smoking guns that would enable us to determine whether they really exist? It is primarily  this prospect which motivates us to consider the kinematics associated with $(p,q)$ strings.

Previous studies \cite{Copeland:2006eh,Copeland:2006if, Brandenberger:2007ae} dealt with three-string junctions between Nambu-Goto (NG) strings. However $(p,q)$-strings carry fluxes of a gauge field and are therefore described instead by the Dirac-Born-Infeld (DBI) action.  Constraints arise not only from conservation of energy and momentum but also from charge conservation.

Our aim here is to study how this difference affects the behaviour of strings at junctions.  A very important feature of the DBI action is that, as in the NG case, it is reparametrization invariant; because of that, many of the previous results carry over, but with important changes.  Throughout, we work in the probe-brane approximation, neglecting back-reaction on the space-time metric. The layout of the paper is as follows: in section \ref{junctions} we derive the required equations of motion and charge conservation conditions for $(p,q)$ strings at a junction; and in section \ref{temporal} we show that it is consistent to write everything in the temporal gauge. This is followed in section \ref{constraints} by a detailed analysis of the collision of strings with different charges, meeting at an arbitrary angle and relative velocity. In particular we derive analytic expressions which show the conditions under which junctions can form in terms of the string tensions, as well as their angle and speed of approach, including some specific examples. In section \ref{warped} we extend our  analysis to include the collision of cosmic superstrings in a warped throat, making the calculation applicable to the string motivated models of warped brane inflation. Finally we conclude in section \ref{conc}, where some comments on average properties of the network are also given.

\section{Equations of motion and charge conservation \label{junctions}}

In this section we set up the equations of motion for charged $(p,q)$-strings meeting at a junction, and discuss the question of gauge fixing.  Consider first a single $(p,q)$ string evolving in a flat target space-time metric $\eta_{\mu \nu}$ ($\mu=0,\dots,3$), with position $X^\mu(\sigma^a)$ where the two worldsheet coordinates are $\sigma^a=(\tau,\sigma)$.  The induced metric on the string worldsheet, $\gamma_{ab}$, is given by
\ba
\gamma_{ab}= \eta_{\mu \nu} X^{\mu}_{,a}  X^{\nu}_{,b} .
\ea
Similarly to the Nambu-Goto action, the DBI action enjoys world-sheet reparametrization invariance.  Thus two of the three degrees of freedom of $\gamma_{ab}$ can be
eliminated by imposing the conformal gauge; that is choosing $\{\tau, \sigma\}$ such that $\gamma_{ab}$ exhibits explicitly the conformal flatness common to all 2D spaces:
\ba
\label{conformal}
\dot X^{2} + X'^{2}=0 , \qquad  \dot X \cdot  X'=0.
\ea
The prime and over-dot denote derivatives with respect to $\sigma$ and $\tau$ respectively and the inner products in (\ref{conformal}) is defined via the metric $\eta_{\mu \nu}$ with the signature
$(+,-,-,-)$.
 As we shall show later, it is also consistent to impose the temporal gauge condition, choosing the temporal world-sheet coordinate $\tau$ to coincide with the global time coordinate $X^0$.  For the moment we do not impose this condition.

As discussed in \cite{Witten:1995im,Polchinski}, a $(p,q)$-string is a bound state of $p$ fundamental strings, F-strings, and $q$ D1-brane, D-strings, where $p$ and $q$ are integer coprime numbers.  Alternatively
one can view the $(p,q)$-string with $q\neq 0$ as $p$ units of electric flux dissolved on the world volume of $q$ coincident D-strings.  In flat-space time and in the absence of the background fluxes the Chern-Simons terms  vanish and the action is given by the DBI part. Working in the conformal gauge (\ref{conformal}), the action for the $(p,q)$-string is \cite{Polchinski}
\ba
\label{action1}
S= - \mu   \int  d \tau  \, d \sigma \, \sqrt{- | \gamma_{ab}+ \lambda F_{ab} | }=
- \mu   \int  d \tau  \, d \sigma \, \sqrt{ - X'^2  \dot X^{2}
- \lambda^2 F_{\tau\sigma} ^2}    ,
\ea
where $\mu={|q|}/{ (g_{s} \lambda)}$ is the tension of  $q$ coincident D-strings,  $\lambda= 2 \pi \alpha'$ and
$g_{s}$ is the perturbative string coupling.  The electric flux $p$ is given by $p=\partial {\cal L}/ \partial F_{\tau \sigma}$ where $S=   \int   d \sigma \, {\cal L}.$

Now consider three cosmic $(p_i,q_i)$-strings (labeled by index $i=1,2,3$) meeting at a junction.  The action for the system is
\ba
\label{action}
S&=& -\sum_{i} \mu_i   \int  d \tau  \, d \sigma \, \sqrt{ - X_i'^2  \dot X_{i}^{2}
- \lambda^2 { F_{\tau\sigma}^i} ^2}
\theta \left(s_{i}(\tau)-\sigma \right)  \nonumber\\
&+& \sum_{i}  \int d  \tau  \left(    f_i \cdot \left[  X_i(s_i (\tau),  \tau )-\bar X(\tau)  \right]  +
g_i  \left[  A^i_\tau (s_i(\tau),\tau)+\dot s_i   A^i_\sigma(s_i(\tau),\tau)
 - \bar A(\tau) \right] \right)
\ea
where $f^\mu_{i}$ and $g_{i}$ are the Lagrange multipliers, and
\be
\mu_{i}= \frac{|q_{i}|}{ g_{s} \lambda}.
\ee
The $f^\mu_i$ term imposes that the position $X^\mu_i(s_i(\tau),\tau)$ of the end-point of each of the three strings (as imposed by the theta function in $\sigma$) coincides with the position ${\bar X}^\mu(\tau)$ of the vertex.  The $g_i$ term performs a similar task for the U(1) gauge potential $A^i_a$, ensuring that its component tangent to the vertex worldline coincides with the single component of the gauge potential $\bar A$ confined to the worldline.
The action is invariant under the U(1) gauge transformation
$A^{i}_{a} \rightarrow A^{i}_{a} - \partial_{a}  \Lambda^{i}$ for $a= (\tau, \sigma)$,
provided that we also make the transformation
 $$
 \bar A\to\bar A-(d/d\tau)\bar\Lambda,
 $$
with the identification
$$ \bar\Lambda(\tau)=\Lambda^i(s_i(\tau),\tau), $$
which ensures that the $\Lambda^i$ from the different legs match up correctly.

The equations of motion for the gauge field components $A^{i}_{\tau}$ and $A^{i}_{\sigma}$
 respectively are (no summation over $i$)
\ba
\label{A0eom}
\mu_{i }   \partial_{\sigma}   \frac{  \lambda^{2}   F^i_{\tau \sigma}    \theta \left(s_{i}(\tau)-\sigma \right)   }{ \sqrt{ - X_i'^2  \dot X_{i}^{2}  - \lambda^2 { F_{\tau\sigma}^i} ^2}   }= -g_{i}   \delta( s_{i}- \sigma),
\ea
\ba
\label{Aseom}
\mu_{i }   \partial_{\tau}   \frac{ \lambda^{2}    F^i_{\tau \sigma}    \theta \left(s_{i}(\tau)-\sigma \right)   }{ \sqrt{ - X_i'^2  \dot X_{i}^{2}  - \lambda^2 { F_{\tau\sigma}^i} ^2} }= g_{i}   \dot s_{i}   \delta( s_{i}- \sigma).
\ea
The equation of motion for $X^{\mu}$ is
\ba
\mu_{i}  \left(\partial_{\tau} \frac{X_i'^{2} \dot X_{i}^{\mu}   \theta \left(s_{i}(\tau)-\sigma \right)  }
{ \sqrt{ - X_i'^2  \dot X_{i}^{2}  - \lambda^2 { F_{\tau\sigma}^i} ^2}  }  +
\partial_{\sigma} \frac{\dot X_i^{2}  X_i'^{\mu}   \theta \left(s_{i}(\tau)-\sigma \right)  }
{ \sqrt{ - X_i'^2  \dot X_{i}^{2}  - \lambda^2 { F_{\tau\sigma}^i} ^2}  }  \right)
= f_{i} ^{\mu}\delta( s_{i}- \sigma).
\ea
The electric flux $p_{i}$ along each string, determining the number of F-strings on the D-string world volume,  is
given by $p_i =\delta {\cal L}/ \delta F_{i\, \tau \sigma}$, which gives
\ba
\label{F}
p_{i}=  \frac{ \lambda^{2}   \mu_{i}    F^i_{\tau \sigma}       }{ \sqrt{ - X_i'^2  \dot X_{i}^{2}  - \lambda^2 { F_{\tau\sigma}^i} ^2}  }  .
\ea
From equations  (\ref{A0eom}) and (\ref{Aseom})  we see
that $\partial _{\tau} p_{i}= \partial _{\sigma}p_{i}=0$.  This is a manifestation of the fact that in 2-D the
gauge field equations are trivial.

Now define
\ba
\label{barmu}
\bar \mu_{i} = \sqrt{ \lambda^{2}   \mu_{i}^{2} +p_{i}^{2}}  = \sqrt{ p_{i} ^{2}  + \frac{q_i^2}{g_{s}^2 }  }
\ea
which, as we show below, is nothing other than the tension of the $i^{\rm th}$ string (up to a factor of
$\lambda$).
Then from Eq.~(\ref{F})  one obtains that
\ba
\label{F2}
\lambda  F^i_{\tau\sigma}= -\frac{p_{i} }{ \bmi}     {X_{i}' }^{2} ,
\ea
where the minus sign comes from the fact that in Eq.~(\ref{F}) both $F^{i}_{\tau \sigma}$
and $p_{i}$ have the same sign while from Eq.~(\ref{conformal}) we have $ {X_{i}' }^{2} = -\dot X_{i}^{2} <0 $.
Furthermore
\ba
\label{sqrt}
 \sqrt{-  X_i'^2  \dot X_{i}^{2}  - \lambda^2 { F_{\tau\sigma}^i} ^2} = - \frac{ \lambda \mu_{i} }{\bmi  }   {X_{i}' }^{2}  .
\ea
Using this in the equation of motion for $X^{\mu}$ we find
\ba
\label{Xeom}
\ddot{X}_i^{\mu} -{X_{i}^{\mu} }''=0  ,
\ea
with the following boundary condition at $\sigma= s_{i}(\tau)$:
\ba
\label{f1}
\bmi   ({ X_{i}^{\mu} }' + \dot s_{i} \dot X_{i}^{\mu}) = - \lambda f_{i}^{\mu}  .
\ea
Similarly, the boundary conditions from Eqs.~(\ref{A0eom}) and (\ref{Aseom}) imply
\ba
\label{Abc}
g_{i} = p_{i}   .
\ea

On the other hand, varying the action with respect to $\bar  X, \bar A_{\tau}$ and $\bar A_{\sigma}$, respectively, yields
\ba
\label{f2}
\sum_{i} f_{i}^{\mu}= \sum_{i} g_{i} =0  .
\ea
Using these in equations  (\ref{Abc}) and (\ref{f1}), one obtains the following conservation laws:
\ba
\label{fcons}
\sum_{i} \bmi   ({ X_{i}^{\mu} }' + \dot s_{i} \dot X_{i}^{\mu})=0  ,
\ea
and
\ba
\label{pcons}
\sum_{i} p_{i}=0    .
\ea
Physically (\ref{pcons}) indicates the electric flux conservation at the junction. With this convention, all fluxes are flowing {\it into} to the junction.

Varying the action with respect to the Lagrange multipliers $f_{i}^{\mu}$ and  $g_{i}$ respectively imposes the desired constraints for the fields at the junction  $\sigma= s_{i}(\tau)$;
\ba
\label{Lagrange}
X_{i}^{\mu}(s_{i}(\tau), \tau)= \bar X^{\mu}, \qquad
A_{i \tau} (s_{i}(\tau), \tau) + \dot s_{i}  A_{i \sigma} (s_{i}(\tau), \tau)= \bar A(\tau),
\ea
where the second equation is subject to the U(1) gauge invariance as described previously.
Finally, one can check that the equation coming from the variation of the action with respect to $s_{i}$ is automatically satisfied
\ba
\frac{\delta S}{\delta s_{i}} = \int d   \tau \left( - \mu_{i}
\sqrt{ - X_i'^2  \dot X_{i}^{2}  - \lambda^2 { F_{\tau\sigma}^i} ^2} +
f_{i  \mu} X_{i}'^{\mu} + g_{i}  A_{i \tau} ' - g_{i}  \partial_{\tau} A_{\sigma} \right)  = 0   ,
\ea
where all quantities labeled by indices $i$ are evaluated at $\sigma = s_{i}(\tau)$. To obtain
the final result equations (\ref{F2}),  (\ref{sqrt}), (\ref{f1}) and (\ref{Abc})
were used.

Motivated by electric flux conservation (\ref{pcons}), one expects the same conservation law for the D-string charges:
$\sum_{i} q_{i} =0$.
To see this, recall that D-strings are charged under the Ramond-Ramond
two-form $C_{(2)}$ via the Chern-Simons part of the action \cite{Polchinski}
\ba
\label{CS}
S^i_{CS}= \frac{q_i}{2 \lambda } \int d   \tau \, d \sigma  \, \epsilon^{a b}   \partial_{a}
X^{\mu}_i    \partial_{b} X^{\nu}_i C_{(2)  \mu \nu}.
\ea
The  action also contains the kinetic energy for $C_{(2)}$. This action is invariant
under the gauge transformation
\ba
\label{Cgauge}
C_{(2) \mu \nu} \rightarrow C_{(2)  \mu \nu} + \partial_{\mu} \Lambda_{\nu} -
\partial_{\nu} \Lambda_{\mu} .
\ea
Under this gauge transformation, the sum of the Chern-Simons terms for the three strings at the junction transforms according to
$$
\delta S_{CS}=  -\sum_{i} \frac{q_{i}}{\lambda }
\int d   \tau  \Lambda_{\mu} \frac{d X_{i}^{\mu}(s_i, \tau)}{ d\tau}
= -\sum_{i} \frac{q_{i}}{\lambda }    \int d   \tau  \Lambda_{\mu} \frac{d \bar X^{\mu} }{ d\tau}.
$$
In order to keep the action invariant under the gauge transformation (\ref{Cgauge}), we require
\ba
\label{qcons}
\sum_{i} q_{i} =0,
\ea
as expected.

In our analysis so far we assumed that $q_{i}\neq 0$ so a $(p,q)$-string is obtained by turning $p$ units
of electric flux on the world volume of $q$ D-strings. If $q=0$ for some strings, then in Eq. (\ref{action1}) one replaces $\mu$ by the tension of $p$ F-strings, $p/\lambda$, with no gauge field on the world volume.
All our results, namely equations (\ref{pcons}) and (\ref{qcons}) go through, while for $(p,0)$ strings,
$\bm$ is still given by (\ref{barmu}) with $q=0$.

\section{\bf Temporal gauge\label{temporal}}

So far we have imposed the conformal gauge (\ref{conformal}): one may ask whether this fixes the gauge completely, or whether (as for NG strings in Minkowski space) it is also possible to impose the temporal gauge condition $X^{0}=t=\tau$.  In this section we show that the temporal gauge is consistent with the above equations of motion.

In the temporal gauge conditions (\ref{conformal}) reduce to
\ba
\label{temp}
 {{\dot \x_{i}}^{2} } + {\x_{i}'^{2} }=1 , \qquad { {\dot \x_{i}} \cdot \x_{i}' }=0  ,
\ea
where
$X_{i}^{\mu}=(t,\x_{i})$.
Consider first the $\mu=0$ component  of (\ref{fcons}) which, in the temporal gauge (with $\cdot=d/dt$) gives the constraint
\ba
\label{energy}
\sum_{i} \bmi   \dot s_{i} =0  .
\ea
This is nothing other than energy conservation at the vertex: the energy required to create new strings balances the energy recovered from the disappearance of the old.  To see this explicitly, let us calculate the Hamiltonian of the system.  Starting first for a single $(p,q)$ string, from the Lagrangian
$S= \int d  \sigma \, {\cal L}$ defined from Eq.~(\ref{action1}), and using (\ref{F2}) and
(\ref{sqrt}), one obtains
\ba
{\cal H}= p   F_{ \tau \sigma } +
\dot \x  \frac{\partial {\cal L } }{\partial  \dot \x } - {\cal L} = \frac{\bm}{\lambda}.
\ea
Thus the tension of the $(p,q)$ string is given by $T= \bm/\lambda $, while the total energy of the 3-string system with junction is
\ba
E = \frac{1}{\lambda}\sum_i \int^{s_i(t)} d \sigma \,  \bmi  .
\ea
Eq.~(\ref{energy}) is simply $dE/dt=0$.

Now we show that Eq.~(\ref{energy}) can be satisfied  without imposing
extra constraints on the system, and hence that the temporal gauge can always be imposed.
Denote the spatial component of $\bar X(t)$ by $\bar \x$.
On multiplying  the spatial components of  (\ref{fcons}) by $\dot {\bar \x}$ one obtains
\ba
\label{f3}
\sum_{i} \bmi \left(  \x_{i}'  + \dot s_{i}   \dot \x_{i} \right) \cdot  \dot {\bar \x} =0 .
\ea
Now, the derivative of $\x_{i}(s_{i}(t), t)= \bar \x$ is
\ba
\label{barx}
\dot \x_{i} +\dot s_{i}   \x_{i}'  = \dot{\bar \x}
\ea
which, combined with Eq.~(\ref{temp}), gives
\ba
\label{identity}
\x_{i}' \cdot \dot {\bar \x} = \dot s_{i}  \x_{i}'^{2} , \qquad
\dot \x_{i}\cdot \dot {\bar \x} = \dot  \x_{i}^{2}   .
\ea
Using these identities in Eq.~(\ref{f3}), one obtains
\ba
\sum_{i} \bmi     \dot s_{i}  (\x_{i}'^{2} + \dot \x_{i}^{2})
= \sum_{i}  \bmi    \dot s_{i}  =0  .
\ea
This indicates that Eq.~(\ref{energy}) can be satisfied automatically and
one \emph{can} choose the temporal gauge without imposing extra constraints on the system.

Finally we note that the spatial components of (\ref{fcons}) yield the following equations for $ \bmi      (1 -\dot s_{i}^{2} )  $:
\ba
\label{seq}
\sum_{i}    \bmi      (1 -\dot s_{i}^{2} )   \x_{i}' =0  .
\ea
One immediate corollary of this equation is
\ba
\label{corollary}
\x_{1}'  \cdot ( \x_{2}' \times \x_{3}')=0  ,
\ea
which indicates that the $\x_{i}'$ are coplanar at the point of the junction.

\section{Constraints on $(p,q)$-string junction formation\label{constraints}}

In this section we apply the above formalism to study the collision of strings with charges $(p_1,q_1)$
and $(p_2,q_2)$ meeting at an angle $\alpha$ and traveling with equal and opposite velocities $v$.  When the strings collide, they may become linked by a string with charges $(p_3,q_3)=-(p_1+p_2,q_1+q_2)$.  Here we show that strong kinematic constraints apply to this process, coming from the requirement that the length of the joining string must increase in time.  We then give specific examples in the following subsections

In \cite{Copeland:2006eh, Copeland:2006if} the same question was addressed for the collision of NG strings with tensions $\mu_1$ and $\mu_2$ (the NG limit for $(p,q)$ strings in the following analysis
can be obtained  by setting $p=0$ and $\tmu=\mu$).    There the procedure was to write the solution of the wave equation (\ref{Xeom}) in terms of ingoing and outgoing waves;
\ba
\label{ab}
\x_{i} (t, \sigma) = \frac{1}{2} \left[ \baa_i (\sigma + t) +  \bb_i(\sigma - t) \right],
\ea
where, from the temporal gauge conditions (\ref{temp})
\ba
\baa_i'^2 =  \bb_i'^2 = 1.
\ea
The amplitude of the ingoing waves $\bb_i'$ are fixed by the initial conditions and it was shown that one can solve for $\dot{s}_i$ in terms of these.  Causality (or more specifically the requirement that $|\dot{s}_i| \leq 1$) imposes that the $\mu_i$ satisfy the triangle inequalities, namely that for all $i$
\be
\nu_i \geq 0
\ee
where, for example,
\be
\nu_1 = \mu_2 + \mu_3 - \mu_1
\ee
(and  cyclic  permutations).

Using the equations derived in previous sections, it is straightforward to see that the procedure detailed in \cite{Copeland:2006if} goes through in exactly the same way provided {\it a)} one makes the replacement
\be
\mu_i \rightarrow \tmu_i , \qquad  (\nu_i \rightarrow \tnu_i)
\ee
in the equations of \cite{Copeland:2006if}, where $\tmu_i$ is given in terms of $p_{i}, q_{i}$ and $g_{s}$ in Eq.~(\ref{barmu}); and {\it b)} one imposes the two charge conservation conditions (\ref{pcons}) and (\ref{qcons}).
An immediate collorolary of this is that $(p,q)$ strings meeting at a junction automatically satisfy the triangle inequalities between the $\tmu_i$, namely $\tnu_i \geq 0$.

Also  we note that  if $g_{s}\ll 1$  then
\ba
\label{smallg}
\bmi \simeq \frac{|q_i | }{g_ s} \left( 1+ \frac{g_s^2   p_i^2 }{2   q_i^2} \right), \qquad q_i \neq 0  .
\ea
As expected, in this case the D-strings are much heavier than F-strings, by a factor of $g_s^{-1}$.
Furthermore, the binding energy of a $(p,q)$-string is almost equal to the total tension of $p$ F-strings:
$$
\bm_{(0,q)} + \bm_{(p,0)} -\bm_{(p,q)} \simeq \bm_{(p,0)} - {\cal O} (g_s)  .
$$

Now consider two strings of tension $\tmu_1$ and $\tmu_2$ parallel to
the $xy$-plane but at angles $\pm\al$ to the $x$-axis, and
approaching each other with velocities $\pm v$ in the
$z$-direction.  Before the collision (for $t<0$) we take
 \be \bx_{1,2}(\si,t)=(-\ga^{-1}\si\cos\al,
 \mp\ga^{-1}\si\sin\al,\pm vt),\label{initial}
 \ee
where
$\ga^{-1}=\sqrt{1-v^2}$.  As in \cite{Copeland:2006eh, Copeland:2006if}, we may distinguish two cases: the formation of an $x$-link in which the two segments of the original strings in the positive-$x$ region are joined to one end of the third, linking string, and a $y$-link, where it is the two segments in the positive-$y$ region that are joined. We consider here the formation of an $x$-link and the signs are chosen such that $\si$ increases towards the junction.
Thus
 \ba
 \bf{a}'_{1,2}&=&(-\ga^{-1}\cos\al,\mp\ga^{-1}\sin\al,\pm v),
 \nonumber
 \\
 \bf{b}'_{1,2}&=&(-\ga^{-1}\cos\al,\mp\ga^{-1}\sin\al,\mp v).
 \ea
At the collision, $t=0$, we suppose that the strings bind
with the formation of an $x$-link. We suppose the new string is oriented at an angle $\theta$ to the $x$-axis and
moves along the $z$-direction with the velocity $u$; therefore
\ba
\x_{3}(\sigma,t)= (\gamma_{u}^{-1} \sigma \cos\theta,  \gamma_{u}^{-1} \sigma \sin\theta, u t),
\ea
and
\ba
{\bf b_{3}'}= (\gamma_{u}^{-1} \sigma \cos\theta,  \gamma_{u}^{-1} \sigma \sin\theta, -u).
\ea

As shown in \cite{ Copeland:2006if}, one finds that
\ba
\label{uv}
\frac{u}{v} = \frac{\tan \theta}{\tan \alpha}
\ea
whereas $u$ is determined by the following equation:
\ba
\label{ueq}
(\bm_{-}^{2} \sin^{2} \alpha)  u^{4} + \left[ \bm_{3} ^{2} (1-v^{2}) + \bm_{-}^{2} (v^{2} \cos^{2} \alpha - \sin^{2} \alpha) \right] u^{2} - \bm_{-}^{2} v^{2} \cos^{2} \alpha =0
\ea
where $\bm_{\pm}= \bm_{1} \pm \bm_{2}$. It can be checked that this algebraic equation always has one positive root for $u^{2}$; furthermore $u^2<v^2$, a result which will be used later.

The condition for junction formation is $\dot s_{3} >0$; that is the length of the joining string should increase in time.  This will only be satisfied in certain domains of the $(\alpha,v)$ plane which we now determine. One easy way to calculate $\dot s_{3}$
is as follows. Eliminating $\baa_{i}'$  in terms of $\bb_{i}'$ and $\dot {\bar \x}$ in Eq.~(\ref{barx}), from the
spatial component of Eq.~(\ref{fcons}) one obtains
\ba
\label{bprime}
\sum_{i} \bm_{i}  (1-\dot s_{i} )  \bb_{i}'= - \bm  \dot {\bar \x}  ,
\ea
where $\bm= \bm_{1} + \bm_{2} + \bm_{3}$.
Since $\bar \x(t)= \x_{3} (s_{3}(t),t)$ then
\ba
\label{dotx3}
\dot {\bar \x} =  (\dot s_{3}   \gamma_{u}^{-1}  \cos \theta,  \dot s_{3}   \gamma_{u}^{-1} \sin \theta, u)  .
\ea
Using this in the $y$ and $z$-components of (\ref{bprime}) gives
\ba
\label{s3eq}
\dot s_{3} = \frac{ G  \bm_{+} - \bm_{3}  }{   \bm_{+}  - G  \bm_{3}   }  ,
\ea
where
\ba
\label{beta}
G = \frac{ \gamma^{-1} \cos \alpha   }{\gamma_{u}^{-1}   \cos \theta}
=  \sqrt{  \frac{  (1-v^{2} ) ( v^{2} \cos^{2} \alpha + u^{2} \sin^{2} \alpha )     } { v^{2} ( 1-u^{2}  ) }}  .
\ea
From (\ref{ueq}) one calculates $u^{2}$, which then can be used in (\ref{beta}) and (\ref{s3eq}) to find $\dot s_{3}$.
The result is a function of $\bm_{\pm}, \bm_{3}$ and $\alpha$.

As mentioned before, $u^2<v^2$, which implies that $G < 1$. From the triangle inequalities the denominator of (\ref{s3eq}) is always positive.  Hence the condition for junction formation to be kinematically possible,
$\dot s_{3}>0$, is equivalent to
\ba
\label{bound1}
 G > \frac{\bm_{3} }{\bm_{+} }
\ea
which can be rewritten as
\ba
\label{f}
f(\gm^{-1}) \equiv  A_{1}  \gm^{-4} + A_{2}   \gm^{-2}  + A_{3} <0  ,
\ea
where
\ba
\label{Ai}
A_{1} &=&  \bm_{+} ^{2} \cos^{2} \alpha \left[  \bm_{3}^{2} - \bm_{+}^{2} \sin^{2} \alpha
 - \bm_{-}^{2}   \cos^{2} \alpha  \right], \nonumber\\
A_{2}&=& 2  \bm_{+}^{2}  \bm_{-}^{2}  \cos^{2} \alpha
-    \bm_{3}^{4} - (2  \cos^{2} \alpha -1)   \bm_{+}^{2}  \bm_{3}^{2} ,
  \nonumber\\
A_{3}&=&\mu_{3}^{4} - \bm_{+}^{2}  \bm_{-}^{2}.
\ea
Condition (\ref{f}) can then be solved straightforwardly to obtain a condition on the values of $v$ for which junction formation is possible:
\be
0 \leq v^2 < v_c^2(\alpha) ,
\ee
where the critical velocity, $v_{c}$, also depends on $\tmu_{1,2}$ and hence on the charges of the two colliding strings.
Let us denote by $v_c^{\rm max}$ the maximum value taken by $v_c$ as $\alpha$ varies from $0$ to $\pi/2$.  As was shown in \cite{Copeland:2006if}, $v_c^{\rm max} \leq 1$ only if
\be
\tmu_3^2 \geq  \bm_{+} |\bm_{-} |=  |\tmu_1^2 - \tmu_2^2| .
\label{cc}
\ee
If this condition is satisfied by the tensions of the joining strings, then there is a velocity $v_c^{\rm max}$ above which the two colliding strings will pass through each other rather than forming a junction.

 We now study some physically interesting examples, namely
collisions between $(p,q)$-strings in the low-lying energy states, such as (0,1), (1,0), $(\pm 1, \pm 1)$,\dots.

\subsection{Example 1: collision of two strings of equal tension \label{examples}}

Initially we consider the simplest case from the point of view of the formalism, namely the collision of strings of the same tension $\tmu_1=\tmu_2$ so that $\tmu_-=0$.  Examples include colliding $(1,1)$ and $(-1,1)$ strings for example.  Note that condition (\ref{cc}) is always satisfied, so that a region of
the $(\alpha,v)$ plane is always forbidden.
Since $\tmu_-=0$ it is straightforward to see from (\ref{uv}) and (\ref{ueq}) that $u=\theta=0$.  Thus $G=\gamma^{-1} \cos\alpha$ and, provided the triangle inequalities are satisfied, the kinematic constraint (\ref{bound1}) is that
\be
\gamma^{-1} \cos\alpha > \frac{\tmu_3}{2\tmu_1}
\label{eq}
\ee
(which one can verify is identical to condition (\ref{f})).

Now take the first string, string 1, to have given charges $(p_1,q_1)$ which we take to be positive.  String 2 has the same tension and if $g_{s} \neq 1$, then from (\ref{barmu}), its charges in general are
given by $(p_2,q_2)=(\pm p_1, \pm q_1)$.  These four cases are summarised in table 1 and figure 1.

As noted in table 1, the collision of a $(p_1,q_1)$ string with an identical $(p_1,q_1)$ string (case A1) cannot lead to the formation of a joining string with charges $-2(p_1,q_1)$: this is forbidden since from (\ref{eq}) it can only take place for $v=0=\alpha$.  Physically this is expected, since identical colliding $(p,q)$ strings
are expected to intercommute with each other in the usual sense rather than forming a junction.
A related phenomenon occurs when the collision is with an antistring $-(p_1,q_1)$ (case A2): then $\tmu_3=0$ so that the linking string has zero tension.  Again we expect the strings to undergo a  standard intercommutation, in that when the two identical strings meet they
intercommute in the usual fashion, simply exchanging partners.  Indeed notice that both A1 and A2 are related to each other in that these two initial configurations are the same, just rotated by 90$^o$, the difference being that a prospective x-link for A2 is a y-link for
A1 and vice versa. The junction forms only in cases A3 and A4 and for small $g_s \ll 1$, the largest region of the $(\alpha,v)$ plane is open to the collision of $(p_1,q_1)$ with $(p_1,-q_1)$ (case A3): that is, it is much more likely to form a light joining $p$-string than a heavy joining $q$-string. The symmetry between the
cases A3 and A4 under $p\rightarrow q$ and $g_{s} \rightarrow 1/g_{s}$ is evident from the table. Physically this is expected,  since F and D-strings are symmetric under string theory S-duality where weak coupling is replaced by the strong coupling, i.e.  $g_{s} \rightarrow 1/g_{s}$.

\begin{table}

\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline \hline
{\bf $(p_2,q_2)$}   & {\bf $(p_3,q_3)$ } &{\bf $\tmu_3$ }& {\bf Kinematic constraint} &{\bf Case}
\\
\hline \hline
$(p_2,q_2)=(+p_1, +q_1)$ & $(-2p_1,-2q_2)$& $ \tmu_3 = 2 \sqrt{p_1^2 + \left(\frac{q_1}{g_s}\right)^2} $&intercommutation allowed with no link & A1
\\
\hline
$(p_2,q_2)=(-p_1, -q_1)$  &$ (0,0)$ &  $ \tmu_3 = 0$ & intercommutation allowed with no link& A2
\\
\hline
$(p_2,q_2)=(+p_1, -q_1)$ & $(-2p_1,0)$  &  $ \tmu_3 = 2 p_1 $&$ \gamma^{-1} \cos \alpha \geq \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+q_1^2/(g_s^2 p_1^2)}}$
& A3
\\
\hline
$(p_2,q_2)=(-p_1, +q_1)$& $(0,-2q_1)$&  $ \tmu_3 = 2 \frac{ q_1}{g_s} $  &$ \gamma^{-1} \cos \alpha \geq \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+(p_1^2  g_s^2)/\tq_1^2}}$
& A4
\\
\hline \hline
\end{tabular}

\caption{Equal tension $\tmu_1=\tmu_2$ scattering and the formation of an $x$-link.  The charges of the 1st string are fixed and positive: $(p_1,q_1)$.  The different possible charges $(p_2,q_2)$ are given in the table, as are the charges of the joining $(p_3,q_3)$ string.  Note that the formation of a $y$-link in case A1 is equivalent (by rotation by $\pi/2$) to case A2; and similarly cases A3 and A4 are related by a rotation by $\pi/2$ (see also figure 1)}

\label{table1}

\end{table}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{figure1-better.pdf}
\caption{Schematic representation of the different cases considered in the text, all with $\tmu_1=\tmu_2$ and
for $(p_1,\tq_1)$ fixed (and positive).  Note that the formation of a $y$-link in ``case A3'' is equivalent (by
rotation by $\pi/2$) to a considering the formation of an $x$-link in ``case A4''.} \label{figure1}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Example 2: collision of an F-string  with a D-string }
The collision of F, (1,0), and D (0,1)-strings is probably the most interesting example in this analysis, as it is also the basic building block for general $(p,q)$ string collisions. The third string formed at the junction is  a (1,1) string
and from Eq. (\ref{Ai}) one finds
\ba
\label{example1}
A_{1}&=& 2   g_{s}^{-3} \cos^{2}  \alpha   (2  \cos^{2} \alpha -1)    (1+g_{s} )^{2}, \nonumber\\
A_{2}&=&  2 g_{s}^{-3}  \left[  (1+g_{s}^{2}) - 2 \cos^{2} \alpha   (1+g_{s} )^{2}  \right], \nonumber\\
A_{3} &=& 4g_{s}^{-2}.
\ea

We assume that the junction is an $x$-link and $2 \cos^{2} \alpha >1$. We then see that (\ref{f}) has two
positive roots, one bigger than unity and one smaller than unity; denote the latter  by $\gm_{c}^{-2}$.
The condition (\ref{f})
for junction formation is thus equivalent to $\gm_{c}^{-2} < \gm^{-2} <1$. In terms of velocity
this is translated into $0< v^{2} < v_{c}^{2}$ where
\ba
\label{gmc1}
v_{c}^{2} = \frac{  (1+g_{s}^{2} ) - 4 \cos^{2}  \alpha \sin^{2} \alpha (1+g_{s} )^{2}
+ \sqrt{  (1+g_{s}^{2} )^{2}   -    4 \cos^{2}  \alpha \sin^{2} \alpha (1-g_{s}^{2} )^{2}   } }{2  \cos^{2}  \alpha  (1+g_{s} )^{2}    (2  \cos^{2} \alpha -1)     }
\ea
Note also that $v_c=0$ when  $\alpha=\pi/4$ independent of $g_{s}$. For $\alpha
> \pi/4$ no $x$-link can be formed in this case, whatever the values of
$g_s$ or $v$.

Various limits are instructive here. First consider $g_{s} \rightarrow 0$, in which case $v_{c}=1$.
In otherwords, half the $(\alpha,v)$ plane is allowed.  Physically, this means that a very heavy D-string can always exchange partners with a light F-string
 Furthermore, one also finds that $u\rightarrow v$ and $\theta \rightarrow \alpha$. The third string
moves with a velocity approximately equal and in a direction almost parallel to  the incoming heavy D-string. A second interesting limit is when $g_{s} \rightarrow 1$ in which case the F-string is almost as heavy as the D-string and $\bm_{-} \rightarrow 0$. This limit was studied
above since $\tmu_1=\tmu_2$ and one finds
$\gamma^{-1} \cos \alpha>1/\sqrt 2$, and $u\sim \theta \sim 0$.

\subsection{Example 3: collision of an F-string  with a $(-1,1)$ string}

A further interesting example is the collision of  (1,0) and $(-1,1)$ strings, with the third string being a
D-string. In this case
\be
\tmu_1=1, \qquad \tmu_2=\sqrt{1+\frac{1}{g_s^2}}, \qquad \tmu_3=\frac{1}{g_s} \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad
\tmu_3^2 = |\tmu_1^2 - \tmu_2^2|
\ee
so that the condition in (\ref{cc}) is saturated.  As discussed in \cite{Copeland:2006if} there is no bound on $v$ and one can show that
\be
\label{Bound1}
\sin^2 \alpha < \frac{1}{2}\left(
1 + \frac{g_s}{ \sqrt{1+g_s^{2} }}    \right)
 \ee

The mirror image of the above example  is the collision of (0,1) and $(1,-1)$ strings, where the
third string is a light F-string.  Again this case satisfies the bound (\ref{cc}) so that there is no constraint on $v$.  This time, however,
\be
\label{Bound2}
\sin^2 \alpha < \frac{1}{2}\left(
1  + \frac{1}{ \sqrt{1+g_s^{2} }}    \right)
 \ee
 The symmetry between (\ref{Bound1}) and (\ref{Bound2}) under $g_{s} \rightarrow 1/g_{s}$ is evident.
 As explained before, this is a consequence of symmetry between F and D-strings under S-duality
 where $g_{s} \rightarrow 1/g_{s}$.
 Now a much larger region of the $(\alpha,v)$ plane is therefore open when the joining string is lighter.

\section{Collisions in a warped background\label{warped}}

Our analysis for the collision of cosmic strings in a flat space-time can also be generalized to the collision of cosmic superstrings in a warped throat. This is of great interest because in models of warped brane inflation \cite{Kachru:2003sx}
the inflation takes place inside a  warped throat and cosmic superstrings produced at the end of inflation are located at the bottom of the throat.

To be specific, we study the collision of $(p,q)$-strings in the Klebanov-Strassler  (KS) throat
\cite{Klebanov:2000hb} which is a warped deformed conifold.
At the tip of the throat, where we assume the strings are located, the internal geometry ends on a round three-sphere and the metric is given by
\ba
\label{metric0}
ds^2 =  h^2 \eta_{\mu \nu} dx^{\mu} dx^{\nu}+
  g_s M \alpha'(d\psi^2 +\sin^2 \psi\, d \Omega_2 ^2),
\ea
where $h$ is the warp factor at the bottom of the throat. Here $\psi$ is the usual polar coordinate on a $S^{3}$, ranging from 0 to $\pi$, and $M$ is the number of Ramond-Ramond $F_{(3)}$
fluxes turned on inside this
$S^{3}$. At the tip of the throat the two-form $C_{(2)}$ corresponding to the three form $F_{(3)}$ is given by
\ba
\label{C2}
C_{(2)}=  M \alpha'   \left(\psi-\frac{\sin (2\psi)}{2} \right) \sin \theta\, d \theta \, d\phi  .
\ea

As studied in \cite{Firouzjahi:2006vp}, (see also \cite{Thomas:2006ud, Firouzjahi:2006xa} for its dual prescription), a $(p,q)$-string in the KS  throat is constructed from a wrapped D3-brane
with $q$ units of magnetic fluxes
and $p$ units of electric fluxes turned on in its world volume. The D3-brane is wrapped  around a $S^{2}$
inside the $S^{3}$, where each $S^{2}$ is determined by a slice of constant $\psi$, given by
\ba
\label{psi}
\psi= \frac{\pi  p}{M}  .
\ea
After integrating the contribution from the
wrapped dimensions of the brane, and imposing the conformal gauge,
the action for a $(p,q)$-string extended along the $z$-direction is:
\ba
\label{action2}
S= \int dt\, dz\, \left(-\Delta \sqrt{ h^4   \x'^{2} (1-\dot \x^{2})    - \lambda^2 F_{0z}^2} +
\Omega F_{01}
\right)  ,
\ea
where, as opposed to the flat metric, there is now a non-zero contribution from the Chern-
Simons term;
\ba
\label{Omega}
\Omega \equiv \lambda \mu_3 \int_{S^2} C_{(2)} = \frac{M}{\pi} \left[ \frac{\pi  p}{M} -
\frac{1}{2} \sin \left(  \frac{2 \pi  p}{M}\right)   \right]
\ea
and
\ba
\label{delta}
\Delta &\equiv& \mu_3 g_s^{-1} \int_{S^2} \sqrt{g_{\theta \theta} g_{\phi \phi} + \lambda^2 F_{\theta \phi}^2 }\nonumber\\
&=&\lambda^{-1} \sqrt{\frac{ M^2}{\pi^2} \sin^4 \left( \frac{\pi  p}{M}  \right) +\frac{q^2}{g_s^2} }.
\ea
Here $g_{\theta \theta}$ and $g_{\phi \phi}$ are the angular parts of the metric of $S^{2}$ in
(\ref{metric0}) and $\mu_{3}= 1/(2 \pi)^{3} \alpha'^{2}$ is the D3-brane charge.  Note that if we
turn off the Chern-Simons term, $\Delta$ reduces to the tension of q coincident D-strings given
by $|q|/\lambda g_{s}$.

Comparing the action in Eq.~(\ref{action2}) with the action of a string in a flat background,
$\Delta$ plays the role of the bare tension, i.e. $\mu_{i}$ as in Eq.~(\ref{action}). Furthermore, the term containing $\Omega$ in Eq.~(\ref{action2}) corresponds
to a modification to the conjugate electric charge, $p =\delta {\cal L}/ \delta F_{ t z}$ , due to the background flux.  Constructing the Hamiltonian, one can check that the tension of the $(p,q)$-
strings is equal to $\bm/\lambda$ where
\ba
\label{E}
\bm= {h^2} \sqrt{ \frac{q^2}{g_s^2} + \frac{ M^2}{\pi^2}
 \sin^2 \left(  \frac{\pi p}{M}\right) }.
\ea
In the limit where $M\rightarrow \infty$, the formula above reduces to the tension of a $(p,q)$
strings in a flat background given by Eq.~(\ref{barmu}). This is expected, since in this limit the size
of $S^{3}$ at the bottom of the throat is very large and one effectively deals with a flat background.
Furthermore, the tension of string is warped by two powers of warp factor, as expected.

The formation of a junction in a KS throat at the static level was studied in \cite{Dasgupta:2007ds}, where
it is shown that the method of wrapped D3-brane can be used for  the collision of $(0,q_{1})$ and $(p_{2}, q_{2})$ strings.
Here we would like to study the collision of an F-string and a D-string in the KS throat, which would be the generalization of F and D-strings collision studied in previous section.

Following the same strategy as in the flat background, the action of (0,1), (1,0) and $(-1,-1)$ strings
forming a junction is
\ba
\label{action3}
S&=& -\Delta_{i}    \int  d  \tau  \, d \sigma \, \left( \sqrt{ h^4   \x'^{2} (1-\dot \x^{2})
- \lambda^2 { F_{\tau\sigma}^i} ^2}  + \Omega_{i}   F_{\tau\sigma}^i     \right)
\theta \left(s_{i}(\tau)-\sigma \right)   \nonumber\\
&+& \sum_{i}  \int d  \tau  \left(    f_i . \left[  X_i(s_i (\tau),  \tau )-\bar X(\tau)  \right]  +
g_i  \left[  A^i_\tau (s_i(\tau),\tau)+\dot s_i   A^i_\sigma(s_i(\tau),\tau)
 - \bar A(\tau) \right] \right)  .
\ea
The results in sections \ref{junctions} and \ref{temporal} formally go through with $\bm_{i}$ now given in Eq.~(\ref{E}) and
\ba \label{barmuwarped}
\bm_{1} ={h^{2}  }  g_{s}^{-1} , \quad
\bm_{2}= {h^{2}  }   \frac{M}{\pi}  \sin  \frac{ \pi }{M}, \quad
\bm_{3}=  {h^{2}  }    \sqrt{ g_{s}^{-2} + \frac{ M^2}{\pi^2}
 \sin^2   \frac{\pi }{M}}.
\ea

Constructing the coefficients $A_{1}, A_{2}$ and $A_{3}$ from Eq.~(\ref{Ai})
one can check that $A_{i}$ have the same value as in Eq.~(\ref{example1})
if  $g_{s} \rightarrow \bar g_{s}$,  where
\ba
\label{barg}
\bar g_{s} = \frac{M}{\pi}  \sin \left(  \frac{ \pi }{M}\right)    g_{s}  .
\ea
This indicates that the bound on the incoming velocity, $v_{c}$, is given by the same expression
as in Eq.~(\ref{gmc1}) where now $g_{s}$ is replaced by $\bar g_{s}$.

\section{Conclusions\label{conc}}

\noindent The very attractive brane inflation scenario leads naturally to the formation of cosmic $(p,q)$-superstrings.  In this paper we have studied the behaviour of these strings at a three-string junction, and the constraints that determine whether colliding strings can exchange partners.  Constraints very similar to those found earlier for NG strings apply here too, but in addition to the energy-momentum conservation constraint (\ref{fcons}) we also have two other conservation laws, (\ref{pcons}) and (\ref{qcons}).  Moreover the parameter $\tmu_i$ appearing in (\ref{fcons}) is the tension of the $(p_i,q_i)$-string rather than $\mu_i$, the tension of $q_i$ coincident D-branes which multiplies the action in (\ref{action}).
We also briefly examined the effect of non-trivial background geometry, in particular the effect of warping in a KS throat.  Here we showed that the kinematic constraints are again of the same form but with transformed effective-tension parameters, given by (\ref{barmuwarped}).

Our results may be important in studies of the evolution of a network of $(p,q)$-strings \cite{Tye:2005fn}.   For instance, one can investigate some average properties of a network, such as $\langle \dot{s}_i \rangle$ and $\langle \dot{\bx}_i^2 \rangle$ as discussed in \cite{Copeland:2006if} for NG strings.  It is easy to see that the explicit expressions given in that paper for, for example $\langle \dot{s}_i \rangle$,  go through to $(p,q)$ junctions provided one replaces $\mu_i \rightarrow \tmu_i$.  Therefore we again expect vertices move along the strings in such a way as to increase the length of the lightest strings: This is shown in figure
\ref{fig:sdot} where we plot $\langle \dot{s}_i \rangle$ for
\be
 (p_1,q_1)=(+1,0)  , \qquad  (p_2,q_2)=(0,\pm 1) \qquad  (p_3,q_3)=(-1,\mp 1) \ee
as a function of $g_s$.   (Note that these are chosen so that  $\tmu_1 \leq \tmu_2 < \tmu_3
$ with the equality holding when $g_s=1$).

There are a number of directions in which this work could be taken. They include using our new results to look at the effect of lensing on string junctions, and to look for a class of exact loop configurations that would allow us to determine the distinct gravitational wave emission from such objects. Perhaps the most significant use though would be as an input into detailed simulations of a network of $(p,q)$ strings, because as we have seen they throw up novel features that are not present in the case of ordinary abelian cosmic strings.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{mean_s_basic.pdf}
\caption{$\langle \dot{s}_i \rangle$ as a function of $g_{s}$.  Red: $i=1$.  Blue $i=3$, green $i=2$.} \label{fig:sdot}
\end{figure}

\begin{acknowledgments}
{We would like to thank K. Dasgupta for useful discussions.
The work of H.F. is supported by NSERC.}
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Hunting for value factors to assess taxidermy claims.
By Scott Lacourse
When most people hear the term "taxidermy," they immediately link it to hunting trophies. However, animals frequently are mounted in order to be used in scientific study; displayed in a museum or function as a piece of art; or even used to preserve the memory of a cherished pet that has passed away. Regardless of the reason, taxidermy has been popular around the world for centuries and increasingly may show up in a claim. As with any specialty item, there are certain key value factors to use as best practices when encountering a taxidermy item.
The Background and Process
A brief background of what taxidermy entails will help claims professionals build an understanding of the relevant questions that should be asked of the policyholder. Typically, when a decision is made to have an animal preserved, the first step is to choose and contact a taxidermist before bringing in the deceased animal. If a game license is required to hunt the animal in question, professional taxidermists usually will request a copy of this documentation so that their work is not in violation of any laws. Animals also are procured by scientists with special permission to preserve wildlife for museums. Pet owners who want to preserve their dogs, cats, and other beloved animals also will work with taxidermists.
The process of taxidermy depends on the type of animal being preserved. Some animals with more delicate vertebrae—most often those that live in water—can be preserved in liquid such as ethanol or glycol ethers. Other deceased pets are preserved through a freeze-drying process where the animal is frozen, its insides vacuumed out, and then its exterior dried. The most common method, however, consists of the carcass being carefully skinned with a scalpel or sharp knife so that the hide stays intact.
When skinning an animal, its flesh must be dipped in plaster of Paris to create a mold that will help form a permanent fiberglass sculpture. Then the skin must be delicately, but firmly, applied to the fiberglass. Some taxidermists tan the animal skin before applying it, but the process can harm the skin and must be done meticulously. Finally, details are added such as teeth, hooves, and claws. There also is a large market for different animal glass eyes that can be purchased easily for almost any species.
Valuing Taxidermy Animals
Most taxidermy can be assessed by obtaining the following key value factors:
What is the species of the animal? Is it a member of the deer family, or is it a smaller mammal, such as a fox, bird, or fish?
How much of the animal was preserved? Anything ranging from the entire animal to just its head may have been kept.
Does the animal have horns or antlers? If so, how many points remain?
What is the size of the animal, and how is the animal measured? For example, fish are measured only in length by inches.
There are other less crucial but important things to look for when evaluating taxidermy. How is the animal mounted? Carved plaques or rough wooden mounts are common, as are rock mounts and regular flat bases or platforms for full animal mounts. Looking for signs of deterioration or bad craftsmanship also is key. If an animal is missing fur or body parts or if the skin has become loose from the model in any place, the value of the animal could go down drastically. If any flaws in the taxidermy can be repaired, such as the reattaching of skin or the replacement of eyes, the value of the item may not be affected to the same extent. In turn, if an animal was prepared by a well-known or renowned taxidermist and there is a certificate to prove it, its value may increase.
While taxidermy is an art that has not endeared itself to everyone, there are many people who are interested in owning a variety of creatures preserved in this manner. Regardless of the animal or motive for owning it, by using the key value factors, claims professionals can determine the worth of a taxidermy item in the event of fire, flood, theft, or any other disaster that might befall the policyholder or claimant.
Online Purchasing and Processes
The purchase of animals prepared using taxidermy is available from many sites on the Internet. One need only Google "taxidermy elk head for sale" and thousands of elk heads appear. In addition to specialized taxidermy websites, some sites, such as eBay, carry an array of taxidermy items. In fact, eBay has guidelines about the types of animals that are OK to sell, those animals that are restricted, and those that are not allowed. The reasoning behind such specific guidelines and instructions is due to precautions regarding endangered species. eBay provides additional contact information for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and other relevant organizations in case there are any unanswered questions.
While taxidermy claims are not common, they are increasing in number for a variety of reasons. When claims professionals are faced with these unique claims, having accurate information and knowledgeable resources at the ready is important for a proper valuation, particularly when there is personal sentiment involved. The claims professional must be able to determine an item's key value factors and tap into expert resources to bring each item to resolution according to its distinctive circumstances.
SIDEBAR Replacing the Right Way
When buying taxidermy items from any business online, it's important to make sure the potential purchase can be legally sold within the U.S. For instance, eBay has an animal and wildlife products policy. Here are additional links for more information on taxidermy:
Animal Freeze-Drying
How to Perform Taxidermy on an Animal
Taxidermy Appraisal
What Is Taxidermy?
Scott Lacourse is a director for Enservio, which offers software and services across the entire value chain of contents claim processing. He has been a CLM Fellow since 2012 and can be reached at slacourse@enservio.com, www.enservio.com.
Pinning Down Worth
Recognizing Contraband Contents


Making stringed musical instruments has a centuries-old handcrafted mystique that reaches back to the famed violin workshop of Antonio Stradivarius and beyond.
But modern instrument manufacturers have found ways to integrate automation into their woodworking operations in ways that not only speed production in even the finest instruments but also enhance precision and still leave room for hand craftsmanship.
A visit to two manufacturers near San Diego, Calif., shows how much has changed from the days when nearly every part of fine musical instruments was built by hand, one piece at a time. Taylor Guitars in El Cajon and Deering Banjos in Spring Valley both had their roots in that kind of production.
Both their owners started by building instruments themselves with few tools, one guitar or banjo at a time. But that was 30 years ago. Today, both companies have international reputations for quality, and their instruments are sought out by top recording artists and performers. Their modern plants now make many of the most crucial parts of those instruments using sophisticated technology, including computer design, multi-axis CNC machines and laser cutting.
Both Taylor and Deering began as craft-based businesses some 30 years ago. When Bob Taylor and Kurt Listug started Taylor Guitars, the production was just six guitars a year. Now it is 267 guitars a day.
Greg Deering and his wife, Janet, began in a similar fashion, emphasizing high-quality, individually crafted instruments that responded directly to musicians' tastes.
When Deering Banjos was born, the company had to compete with 100-year-old famous-name companies with huge advertising budgets. Now 30 years later and with fewer than 40 employees, Deering has managed to capture the banjo market to become the largest banjo manufacturer in the world, according to Deering.
For both companies, adding computerized processes was a natural step that allowed them to offer the highest quality and precision while meeting the needs of growing markets. Deering cites as a prime example the shaping of banjo necks. "Carving a banjo neck is an extremely high skill," he says. "It's more than craftsmanship. It's artistry. Quality suffers without skilled artists."
About seven years ago, the company bought its first CNC machine, a Fadal three-axis CNC milling machine, designed originally for the metalworking industry. That machine has no trouble machining the 15 separate surfaces in a typical banjo neck and doing it right time after time.
Two years ago, the company added two more CNC machines, both Haas three-axis milling machines, to further expand involvement with CNC production. Now the company not only does woodworking on the CNC mills but also machines some metal parts, such as banjo flanges, on the machines.
Before he brought in CNC machines, Deering spent a lot of time developing specialized proprietary jigs and fixtures that would work on conventional machines like SCM Mini Max shapers, and many of those jigs are still in use. But the continuing trend has been to automate as much as possible wherever it will enhance the quality and consistency of the product.
Inlays are a good example. Fine banjos are known for elaborate fingerboard and peghead inlays, typically in mother of pearl. "When we started out, all the inlay was cut by hand," says Deering. The next step was to use a pantograph cutting system, and now it is going to computerized systems.
Taylor entered the world of CNC machining 15 years ago, searching for a more accurate way of reproducing guitar parts. Like Deering, Taylor opted for CNC milling machines from the metalworking world rather than ones originally designed for wood processing.
"We use the Fadal vertical machining centers for a variety of reasons," says Matt Guzzetta, one of Taylor's industrial designers.
"Fadal was the first affordable CNC machine that had a 15,000-rpm spindle and had the accuracy needed to produce the fixtures and guitar parts at that time."
Guzzetta also notes that the company has kept with Fadal through dramatic changes in production levels. "At the time Bob purchased the first Fadal, Taylor Guitars was making about 12 guitars a day," he says. That compares with production in excess of 260 guitars a day now.
"Other machines now have the high-speed spindles and would work as well as the Fadal, but we have a great relationship with the company and are able to do all the work on the machines in house with our great staff," says Guzzetta.
"Just the parts inventory and different operating systems would make it difficult with 30-plus machines in production. The vertical machining centers are very versatile and take up little floor space."
Taylor has adapted the CNC machines to a wide variety of processes and guitar parts to be machined. Rows of Fadal CNC milling machines help Taylor's more than 400 employees, working in three shifts to manufacture hundreds of guitars each day.
Andy Robinson, Taylor's media relations manager, says the real contribution of the CNC machines is not so much production volume but accuracy.
"The CNC machines are key to incredible accuracy," he says. "We can work to tolerances of 0.0001 inch."
Much as the company has remained loyal to one CNC supplier, they've also remained loyal to the maker of the software used to program the machines.
"We use MasterCam for our machine programming, as it was the most readily available, powerful program at the time Bob purchased the first Fadal," says Guzzeta. "We continue to use it as it is a powerful program that is easy to learn, and we have thousands of legacy files to keep up. "
Besides CNC mills, Taylor uses three laser cutting machines from Laser Machining Inc. The machines can precisely cut the complex shapes of guitar backs, tops and sound holes. They can also laser-engrave some sound hole decorations and logos, and they can precisely mark key locating points so that parts can be properly oriented in jigs and fixtures during other parts of the manufacturing process.
The high-tech equipment at Taylor still co-exists along with many hand processes operated by skilled workers.
"Eighty to 90 percent of the work is still done by hand," says Robinson. "About 10 percent is CNC."
Workers are set up next to the CNC machines to do hand work on parts as soon as they are processed by the machines. For example, a worker uses a hand-operated arbor press and special jig to press frets into freshly machined fingerboards.
In the rough mill shop, delicate tone woods are precisely sliced with an Ogden band saw to create soundboards, backs and sides. A Grizzly spiral cutterhead jointer is also in use.
And like Deering, the inventive folks at Taylor have created a wide number of special jigs and fixtures to make work more precise and efficient, including gluing carousels to hold multiple assemblies and special heat feedback systems to make bending guitar sides more precise.
Final setup of instruments at both Deering and Taylor has always been and likely always will be a hands-on process. Sometimes there is just no substitute for the human touch and ear.


Leave a Lasting Legacy at FIDV: Help Our Heroes Heal!
You can help ensure that Friends of Israel Disabled Veterans-Beit Halochem will always be there to provide direct services and rehabilitation programs at the Beit Halochem centers in Haifa, Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, Beer Sheva, and the future center at Ashdod.
Please consider becoming a Member of our FIDV Warrior Legacy Society/ Moreshet Lochamim. Your bequest to FIDV-Beit Halochem in your estate plans will go a long way toward ensuring that Beit Halochem will always be there for the veterans, now and in years yet to come.
Learn more: Just click the links for a description of the FIDV Warrior Legacy Society / Moreshet Lochamim and the FIDV Letter of Intent, for further information.
Please review the below Sample Bequest Language with your legal advisor.
You will be building an enduring legacy. It will state clearly your priorities, and what is most important to you!
Why is this important? FIDV-Beit Halochem helps 51,000 disabled veterans, their families, and survivors of terror attacks, by providing a variety of individualized therapies, cultural and family activities, sports challenges, and scholarships for higher education and training.
At Beit Halochem there is a meeting of generations. Disabled veterans from as far back as the War of Independence inspire the younger men and women wounded recently in combat and training activities. Friendships are formed, isolation is minimized, a community of healing and support is created, and lives are changed for the better!
Act now: If you have not yet planned a legacy gift for FIDV-Beit Halochem, now is the perfect time to take action to assure your place in the FIDV Warrior Legacy Society. The true beneficiaries of your legacy gift will be the men and women who have served Israel so valiantly. They and their families will be forever grateful.
I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to the Friends of Israel Disabled Veterans – Beit Halochem, a nonprofit corporation having its principal offices at 1133 Broadway, Suite #232, New York, NY 10010, the sum of $______________ to be used for its general charitable purposes.
I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to the Friends of Israel Disabled Veterans – Beit Halochem, a nonprofit corporation having its principal offices at 1133 Broadway, Suite #232, New York, NY 10010, all (or %____) of the rest residue or remainder of my estate, to be used for its general charitable purposes.
I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to the Friends of Israel Disabled Veterans – Beit Halochem, a nonprofit corporation having its principal offices at 1133 Broadway, Suite #232, New York, NY 10010 (insert detailed description of property) to be used for its general charitable purposes.


text:
Syarinus obscurus är en spindeldjursart som först beskrevs av Banks 1893.  Syarinus obscurus ingår i släktet Syarinus och familjen spinnklokrypare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Spinnklokrypare
obscurus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Man Against Self or Some Version of Self
July 21, 2015 / Hedgehog's Quill
(Donald Duck/Disney)
(traceygarvisgraves)
(RickiSchultz)
Rising Action
In section two of the tale, the reader/viewer moves into the Rising Action of the story. Usually, there is no clear boundary between exposition and rising action; rather, there is a gradual merging of the two — like crossing the divide between the coast and the mountains with a gradual indication that you are leaving one realm behind and entering another. In drama (be it print, theatrical, or film), on the other hand, the shifts between chapters/acts/scenes mark that transition. In this section of the story, complications emerge and eventually a dominant conflict becomes clear. The range of conflicts looks like this:
In early literature, the conflicts were Man vs. Man, Man vs. Nature, and Man vs. Self.
As fiction evolved and psychological theories, technological advances, and urbanization occurred, the list expanded to include Man vs. Society, Man vs. Technology, and Man vs. Alter Ego. These emerging types were the result of many factors, but the theories of Freud and Jung, the Industrial Revolution, and the move from Agrarian to Industrial society were major factors.
In the age of film, these others exist, but as the 20th century unfolded, the list expanded yet again. Today, we add Man vs. Alien Society, Man vs. Biotechnology, and Man vs. Cloned Self to bring the number of major types of conflict to at least nine (9). Modern film-goers have probably encountered all nine of these types. (Layne and Lewis)
1. Watch a movie. Select one character to study.
2. Fill in these two worksheets as you watch.
3. How does the basic plot structure intertwine with the character arc. (How does the character change over the course of the story?)
4. What is the nature of the conflict? (Man vs. Man, Man vs. Self, etc.) Are there several conflicts?
The worksheets:
(KimLaw)
http://studenthandouts.com/01-Web-Pages/2014-04/five-parts-of-a-story-graphic-organizer-worksheet.pdf
For more on this lesson:
http://www.sandhills.edu/academic-departments/english/film/narrativearc.html


Twinkle lights, a chandelier, casino tables decked the Children's Hospital of Orange County (CHOC) on June 27. The reason for the glitz and glamour — the hospital's 14th annual Oncology Prom.
More than 250 people, a combination of past and present patients and their guests, came to the prom this year. One of the attendees was Alfredo "Freddy" Morales, 21, who said that although he went to his own high school prom, the CHOC prom was more fun, and that he wished he had gone to some of the past proms.
The prom is a safe and fun place for the patients because of shared experiences among the attendees. Noskoff said the dance is full of people that "walked that same walk and went through the journey with them." Even having the nurses and doctors there smiling and laughing made the night that much more special.
The festivities started off with a pre-prom "primp" event from 4 p.m. to 6 p.m., with guest appearances from Kristen Bell and her "glam squad," as well as former "The Hills" star Whitney Port. And besides getting their hair, makeup and nails done, the girls also picked out the perfect dress for the evening, courtesy of donations from BCBG.
Jeniffer Cuaya, 20, attended prom for the second time this year. With a new prosthetic, she danced the night away with her friends.
The night was filled with joy and even some surprises. Noskoff said that about 20 celebrities, including Zac Efron, Lady Antebellum and Julianne Hough, sent in encouraging messages and wished the patients a wonderful prom. After months of planning by the staff, everything came together to create a magical night.
Check out more photos from CHOC prom here!


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Tag: Império do Brasil
Adelina, the Cigar-Seller from "Narrativas Negras" (2020) | Stephen Basdeo
By Stephen Basdeo on 9 Jul 2022
Adelina began to live a double life. She remained a slave. But her unique knowledge of the town and its environs, and especially of all the places where it was easy for a person to 'disappear', meant that she became valuable resource for abolitionists who were on the run from the police.
Dom Pedro II: The Emperor of Brazil in the Victorian Periodical Press | Stephen Basdeo
By Stephen Basdeo on 30 Jan 2022
The monarchy of Pedro II, a figure who commanded respect from Conservatives and Liberals, was an ardent abolitionist whose support for the cause spelled the end of his reign.


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