text:
Is the never-ending Sears saga finally reaching its closing chapters?
Most of what is left of the one-time empire is a footprint smaller than many regional retailers, and a whole lot of legal bills.
Ben Unglesbee Senior Reporter
In October 2018, one Sears holding company (with a multitude of subsidiaries) went into bankruptcy. As though by some dark science, an identity split occurred in Chapter 11.
Out came a new Sears, Transformco, with the last remaining stores of a one-time retail empire. The old Sears, Sears Holdings, remains a corporate shadow, like a tortured doppelganger, stuck in bankruptcy ever since. The Sears Holdings that filed for bankruptcy amounts to a tangle of paper corporate entities, a massive pile of bills and a perpetual litigation machine.
Most of the world has forgotten both. "In the world of retail, Sears ceased being a factor four or five years ago," Nick Egelanian, retail analyst and president of retail development firm SiteWorks, said in an interview. "You cared about it if you had it in your [shopping] center. Other than that, nobody cares. Why would you care?"
Since Eddie Lampert acquired the last Sears and Kmart stores out of bankruptcy in early 2019 — over the objections of unsecured creditors — both banners have continued their seemingly never-ending decline that started more than a decade ago.
At the time of the acquisition, Lampert took control of 202 Kmarts and 223 Sears department stores through the new company, Transformco (aka Transform Holdco). By then, the Sears and Kmart banners were mere fractions of what they were even a few years earlier.
The number of Kmarts and Sears stores has since become an even smaller and starker fraction of the one-time giant. According to a Retail Dive count of Sears' website, there were 40 Kmart stores and 39 Sears full-line stores (including Puerto Rico and other territories) as of May 26.
Those counts are based on how up-to-date, or not, Transform's websites are and might not reflect the company's store count exactly. Other counts differ. Financial analysis firm Creditntell lists 38 Kmarts and 87 Sears stores based on a variety of datapoints. Writing for Forbes, Michael Lisicky estimated earlier this year that there would be just 21 Kmarts and 28 Sears stores left by this summer after the latest planned closures. A spokesperson for Transformco did not respond to Retail Dive's request to confirm the company's current store count and make an executive available for interview.
Source: Company 10-Ks. Store count for 2021 is based on Retail Dive analysis of Transformco's website, and 2020 is an estimate based on historical ratios between Kmart and Sears.
Jim Rice, a senior vice president with Creditntell, said in an interview that Transformco's current Sears and Kmart footprints might not be enough to support overhead costs for the banners. Moreover, Sears and Kmart's supplier base has likely diminished along with their footprints. Rice said he has received fewer inquiries from those interested in selling to Sears in the time since it emerged from bankruptcy. "I used to get a lot of calls from vendors looking to ship," Rice said. "Those calls have really dried up."
Customer traffic remains severely depressed as well. Data from Creditntell shows that foot traffic to Sears stores — which closed for the initial weeks of the pandemic while Kmart stayed open — dipped more than 80% against their 2019 baseline levels in the early weeks of the COVID-19 crisis. While traffic made some recovery it remained down more than 30% below throughout 2020. So far in 2021, Sears traffic has remained 20% to 30% below 2019 levels for most of the year through April 1, according to Creditntell.
Diminishment seems like an eternal state for Sears, defying mathematics and logic. Surely if Sears and Kmart keep closing stores they will reach zero eventually — right?
Rise and fall of a retail empire
Older generations can recall a very different trajectory for Sears, which was formed out of a partnership between Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck, originally to sell watches and jewelry to America's far-flung towns.
By the early 1900s, the Sears catalog sold women's garments, guns, fishing tackle, bicycles, baby carriages, musical instruments and even houses, along with a whole lot of other things. It was also an early pioneer in consumer credit plans and launched its own iconic brands, including the Craftsman brand of tools.
Starting in 1925, Sears began building brick-and-mortar stores, adding hundreds within just a few years. By 1931, retail sales passed its catalog revenue. Erik Gordon, a professor at the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan, noted in an interview how Sears "early on, saw suburbanization and shopping malls as an opportunity — and they saw it as such a big opportunity they built malls."
Sears developed into a multifaceted mammoth. Along with its catalog and retail business, and private brands, it housed among other units an insurance company, a real estate company and a credit card (Discover), all of which were eventually spun off.
"They knew about fulfillment. You look at it and think, 'Oh my goodness, they were Amazon.'"
Erik Gordon
Professor, Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan
Not long after Lampert and his hedge fund ESL Investments took over Kmart, following the latter's bankruptcy in the early 2000s, he merged the discount store with Sears in a move to expand the product range of both stores and accelerate Sears' off-mall strategy. But both banners went into the merger with longstanding existing issues.
Sears was tied to a department store sector in decline amid the rise of big-box players and off-mall shopping. Sears' decision to fold its catalog business in the early 1990s was also a fatal mistake, coming as it did right before the rise of e-commerce, a form of digital catalog retail, in Egelanian's view. "They had built this company on a foundation not that dissimilar to the Amazon foundation," Egelanian said. "They wanted to sell everything to Americans."
Or as Gordon puts it: "They knew about fulfillment. You look at it and think, 'Oh my goodness, they were Amazon.'"
Sears had management issues back then as well, long before the arrival of Lampert. "Sears was fat, rich and complacent," Gordon said. "Retailing is just brutal, and when you get sort of fat and self-satisfied and arrogant, it gets away from you."
Meanwhile, Kmart had been thoroughly out-competed by Walmart in its sector over the preceding decade. Egelanian attributed this to Walmart's more efficient distribution system, which the low-price leader invested in while Kmart was making ill-fated acquisition bets on box retail in the 1990s.
Once Lampert came on as chairman of Sears Holdings, and later took over the chief executive role, the company undertook some of the most complicated and thorough financial engineering the industry has ever witnessed, and which has now become infamous among retail observers, as well as the target of litigation.
The company spun off the Lands' End brand, which ESL now majority owns and has wound down its relationship with Sears. Sears divested Sears Canada as well, while Lampert retained control through ESL and Sears Holdings. About five years later, in 2017, Sears Canada went bankrupt and liquidated.
Sears also spun off hundreds of its choicest owned properties into a real estate investment vehicle, Seritage Growth Properties, in which ESL holds a substantial interest. Along with the prized real estate assets, Lampert and ESL received rent revenue from Sears through Seritage. Over time, though, Seritage has leased out properties once rented by Sears to other retailers. As of the turn of the year, Seritage has no locations leased to Sears or Kmart. Litigation and Lampert remain its only ties to the Sears name.
Lampert also loaned Sears Holdings hundreds of millions of dollars on multiple occasions, and took in money from the company on interest payments and fees.
Along with the web of assets, Sears Holdings — back when it had money — regularly doled out millions to shareholders in the form of buybacks and made substantial financial bets with its cash. A good case can be made that the buybacks left Sears with less cash to invest in its business when the industry started undergoing rapid technological and competitive changes.
Lampert is a "mastermind of the corporate rule book," in Egelanian's view. "He was always manipulating Sears for the most profit for the owners of Sears, or for the companies he created to benefit from Sears."
Many share that view, and it has fueled court fights. Lampert and a host of associates and controlled companies are defendants in a lawsuit filed by Sears Holdings and unsecured creditors to the old Sears. (With the creation of Tansformco, Lampert cut ties with Sears Holdings.)
Their complaint against Lampert and others is filled with fiery language even for an adversarial legal action. Pointing to the Lands' End and Seritage spinoffs, they accused Lampert and other shareholders of "thefts of assets," "rank self-dealing" and "numerous other breaches of fiduciary duty."
The plaintiffs alleged that "[a]ltogether, Lampert caused billions of dollars of cash and other assets to be transferred to himself, Sears Holdings's other shareholders and other third parties," and beyond the reach of creditors.
They also highlighted some $400 million in fees and interest that Sears Holdings paid on debt financing provided by Lampert when Sears was burning through cash. "The assumption of these purported debt obligations was intentionally and constructively fraudulent," the plaintiffs allege, casting the loans to Sears Holdings by Lampert as "equity contributions."
In the plaintiff's view, Sears Holdings was insolvent going all the way back to 2014, if not earlier. Lampert and other defendants "knew this but nonetheless continued to pursue further asset transfers for their own enrichment" as the company posted massive losses and rosy projections in budget plans, the complaint alleges.
At the time an initial lawsuit was filed, ESL said in a statement that it "vigorously disputes the claims" against it and Lampert, which the firm said "repeats baseless allegations and fanciful claims." When asked if ESL had any further or updated comment, the company pointed back to its previous statements on the matter.
A 'junkyard' for value
While Sears Holdings spun off assets, it also went through wave after wave of store closures as its retail business weakened and sales fell. And the shrinking and asset sales continue today under Transformco. In January, for example, the company sold off five Kmart leases to Target.
Since it was formed, Transformco has been a private company, meaning the window into Sears' finances and even basic operations has all but closed.
Rice said that the company doesn't provide financial information to vendors, which many private companies do under nondisclosure agreements so they can receive trade credit. "Without knowing what liquidity was, and what the opening balance sheet looked like, it's impossible to tell someone to go ahead and ship," Rice said.
Even given the little that is known, it is difficult to find any outsider who thinks Sears and Kmart stores will survive in the long run.
"The company may be kind of bumping along," Neil Saunders, managing director with GlobalData, said in an interview. "There's no love there for consumers, no relevance for consumers. The whole company is a husk of what it once was. There is no intention there of [operating] as a legitimate retailer. It's a financial play. There's probably some things to do with property, but as a viable retail business, there's no future there."
The waves of store closures since the bankruptcy also raise a question: Why did Lampert bother buying the stores? Did he really believe there was a future for the retailer? Nobody can know the answer to that except Lampert.
"With respect to what Sears and Kmart actually are, [Lampert] is delusional," Gordon said.
Some, though, give Lampert credit for trying to save Sears.
"It was widely said by people who dealt with him that somewhere inside of him he believed that there was a place for a smaller Sears," Egelanian said of Lampert. "What we do know for sure is that his primary motivation was, and is, being the junkyard that takes every piece of value possible in that thing and turns it into money somehow or some way to benefit somebody."
Dwindling Sears assets
Transformco owns other assets along with the Kmart and Sears full-line stores. In mid-2019, the company acquired Sears Hometown, which Sears Holdings had spun off in 2012.
That acquisition happened after ESL replaced two board members and changed the company's bylaws, allowing it to ditch a previous plan to liquidate the appliance retailer and instead sell to Transformco for $2.25 a share.
At the time of the deal, about two years ago, the new Sears acquired 491 Hometown stores and 126 appliance Outlet stores. Today there are 312 Hometown stores remaining, a 36% reduction, and 138 Outlet stores, as well as 25 Sears Auto Centers, according the Retail Dive's analysis of Sears' website.
While listed on Transformco's website, Sears Outlet was actually acquired in 2019 by the parent of Liberty Tax services, today known as Franchise Group. The Outlet stores were later absorbed into Franchise Group's American Freight banner.
Transformco also appears to own the storied Kenmore appliance brand as well as the Sears Home Services home improvement business.
The latter also has a tortured history with Lampert and ESL at the center. While in bankruptcy, Sears Holdings, still under Lampert, had a bid from Service.com, a marketplace for contract and home improvement work, for the services business.
According to the bidder, Lampert's ESL, which had also tried to buy the services business in the past, derailed multiple attempts by Service.com to construct a deal to buy Sears' services business out of bankruptcy. Finally, a stalking horse bid by Service.com was approved by the court — but it never closed.
Service.com blamed Sears for the deal's failure, alleging in court papers that a data room set up for the home improvement business sale was not updated quickly or sufficiently with information, hurting the company's ability to wrangle financing for the acquisition.
After Lampert created Transformco and bought Sears' remaining stores, he cut a deal to buy the home services business as well. Service.com was left to tussle with Sears Holdings over a $6 million security deposit the latter said was forfeited when the deal failed. (They eventually settled and split the money, with the lion's share going to Sears).
Since acquiring the services unit, Transformco has reportedly explored selling it. So far, it remains with the new Sears company. It's just one more chapter in the legal saga over Sears.
As for the Kenmore appliance brand, it has likely lost much of its former luster as a brand. Gordon says he once asked a class of 40 students if they knew the brand name. "One person raised their hand and said, 'I think my mother's oven says Kenmore.'"
'No man's land'
Meanwhile, Sears Holdings is still in bankruptcy, two and a half years after filing.
Some vendors who shipped to the company in the weeks leading up to and after Sears filed for bankruptcy are still trying to get paid as administrative creditors. Despite asset sales in Chapter 11, Sears Holdings is roughly $80 million in the hole to administrative creditors.
As a result, the old Sears is stuck in a bankruptcy "no man's land," according to Joseph Sarachek, founding principal of Sarachek Law, who is representing a handful of foreign vendors trying to get paid for shipments made to the old Sears in 2018.
Part of the problem is Sears Holdings' mountain of bills since filing for Chapter 11, which include its legal, consulting and investment banking expenses during the case. The company's total professional fees stand at around $250 million, making it the most expensive retail bankruptcy case of the past five years, according to Debtwire data, and one of if not the most expensive bankruptcy in retail history.
Another confounding factor is the sheer size and complexity of Sears Holdings, with its many financial and corporate entanglements, a legacy of both Lampert and the company's heyday as a conglomerate spanning industries beyond retail.
Finally, the company is also locked into the above-mentioned litigation with Lampert and others around the years of fire sales and alleged insolvency at Sears Holdings. Sarachek's clients have pushed Sears Holdings to settle its claims so it can pay them out and move on. They and others have also previously issued calls for the case to be converted to a Chapter 7 so it can be resolved by a trustee, which would put an end to the endless waterhose of legal bills.
In the meantime, creditors who shipped goods to Sears years ago on payment terms are still waiting, still in limbo, as the Sears saga grinds on.
"It is a very troubling scenario," Sarachek said, referring to the administrative insolvency of Sears Holdings in Chapter 11. "I can show you some emails from [Sears] creditors who literally are having their lives threatened because they owe their suppliers."
Filed Under: Operations, Distressed Retail, Financial News
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text:
Lebetus guilleti es una especie de peces de la familia de los Gobiidae en el orden de los Perciformes.

Morfología
 Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 2,5 cm de longitud total.
 Número de  vértebras: 25-26.

Hábitat
Es un pez de Mar  y de clima templado que vive hasta los 30 m de profundidad.

Distribución geográfica
Se encuentra en el Atlántico oriental: desde Kattegat hasta Portugal. También está presente en Banyuls-sur-Mer (Pirineos Orientales, Francia) y las Islas Canarias.

Observaciones
Es inofensivo para los humanos.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Russell, F.S., 1976. The eggs and planktonic stages of British marine fishes. Academic Press, Londres, Reino Unido. 524 p.
 Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao y C.F. Lai (eds.), 1999. Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwán.

Enlaces externos

    AQUATAB
    ITIS  (en inglés)

Gobiidae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Canon articles, Articles to be expanded, Articles in need of updating,
Articles with major spoilers
Ahch-To locations
Jedi-aligned planets
Rocky planets
Unknown Regions planets
Waterworlds
Ahch-To
Content approaching. Star Wars: Look and Find, Star Wars: The Last Jedi: The Visual Dictionary–class.
Parts of this article have been identified as no longer being up to date.
Please update the article to reflect recent events, and remove this template when finished.
No. I am your father!
Warning! This page contains MAJOR spoilers from Star Wars: Episode IX The Rise of Skywalker. Caution is advised.
Astrographical information
Unknown Regions[1]
Ahch-To system[2]
Breathable[4]
Primary terrain
Oceans[1]
Rocky islands[1]
Temple island[1]
Native flora
Uneti tree[5]
Ahch-Tonian grubs[6]
Coppergrin[7]
Fingerlip garpon[1]
Needlegawp[7]
Porgs[1]
Scalefin fish[7]
Spetan channelfish[1]
Thala-siren[1]
Twinfin hyacander[1]
Unidentified creature[1]
Societal information
Lanai[1]
Immigrated species
Human[1]
Ahch-Tonian[6]
Jedi Order[4]
"Do you think I came to the most unfindable place in the galaxy for no reason at all?"
―Luke Skywalker[src]
Ahch-To was a planet mostly covered in water, with numerous rocky islands blanketed with green trees located in the Unknown Regions. It was the birthplace of the Jedi Order and held the ancient Jedi texts. Three decades after the Galactic Civil War, it served as the home of Jedi Master Luke Skywalker who went into exile seeking the first Jedi Temple after his Jedi students were killed by Kylo Ren and the Knights of Ren. After the Resistance pieced together two map fragments to reveal Skywalker's location, Rey traveled to Ahch-To in the Millennium Falcon accompanied by R2-D2 and Chewbacca, in search of him.
The landscape of Ahch-To
From space, Ahch-To appeared to be a world of nothing but deep blue oceans orbiting twin stars.[7] Dotting the oceans, however, were rocky island archipelagos covered with green trees[8] and grass, where birds[4] such as porgs would congregate.[7] The first Jedi Temple was built on one such island, known as Temple island.[1] By the time of the conflict between the First Order and the Resistance, Temple island was dotted with Jedi ruins.[4]
The planet was the homeworld of a large variety of creatures, such as the mysterious Lanai and the large thala-siren.[7]
"The map! It is complete!"
"Luke..."
―C-3PO and Leia Organa[src]
Ahch-To was the birthplace of the Jedi Order.[1] Before the Jedi Purge and the Age of the Empire, Jedi scholars argued that a number of locations could be considered the birthplace of the Order. The scholars argued that Ahch-To, Tython, Coruscant, Jedha, and Ossus could all be considered candidate worlds for the Order's birth and the location of the first Jedi temple.[9] Despite much deliberation, however, the location of the first Jedi temple was a mystery by the time the Galactic Civil War came to a close. Following the failed attempt by Jedi Master Luke Skywalker to rebuild the Jedi Order, Skywalker vanished in his X-wing starfighter of the T-65B line and went in search of the first Jedi temple. He entered into a self-imposed exile on Ahch-To, landed his X-wing starfighter in a shallow inlet, residing on an island with stone ruins, and cut himself from the Force.[4]
Rey arrives on Ahch-To to find Luke Skywalker.
As the Resistance began its fight against the First Order, General Leia Organa, Skywalker's sister, hoped to find her brother and bring him back into the fight against the dark side of the Force. She sent Commander Poe Dameron to Jakku, where he retrieved a partial map held by Lor San Tekka that gave part of the direction to Ahch-To. Later, after the partial map was given to the Resistance, Skywalker's astromech droid R2-D2, who had been in low power mode since Skywalker's exile, returned to full power and provided the rest of the map to Ahch-To.[4] R2-D2 unknowingly had the map in his databanks for many years, having found it in the network of the Galactic Empire aboard the Death Star during the Galactic Civil War.[10] Rey, a young Force-sensitive scavenger, took the map and traveled to Ahch-To, where she found Skywalker in his exile.[4]
After training Rey, Skywalker opted to remain on the planet rather than travel to Crait to fight the First Order. After being visited by the spirit of Jedi Master Yoda, Skywalker projected himself to Crait to interact with the Resistance and with his fallen pupil Kylo Ren. Projecting himself required a massive amount of Force energy and ultimately led to his demise, although Luke found inner peace and purpose in his final moments as he gazed upon Ahch-To's binary sunset and became one with the Force.[7]
One year later, following her confrontation against Ren and the revelation that the resurrected Darth Sidious was her grandfather, fearing that she would fall to the dark side of the Force, Rey fled to Ahch-To and intended to live out the rest of her days there in self-imposed exile as Skywalker had previously done. However, Skywalker's Force spirit appeared to her and encouraged Rey to not give up like he did and to realize that her blood would not define her legacy nor her actions.[11]
The planet Ahch-To first appeared in the 2015 film Star Wars: Episode VII The Force Awakens.[4] The name of the planet was revealed in the script.[12] Ahch-To was filmed on site at the 6th-century monastic settlement of UNESCO site Skellig Michael, an island located off the southern coast of Ireland. Ahch-To was featured once again in the 2017 film Star Wars: Episode VIII The Last Jedi.[7] This time, however, Lucasfilm built a replica of the monastic "beehive" huts atop the Ceann Sibéal headland in the nearby village of Ballyferriter, County Kerry, Ireland.[13]
Star Wars Battlefront II (Mentioned only)
Star Wars: Episode VII The Force Awakens (First appearance)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens novelization
Star Wars: The Force Awakens: A Junior Novel
The Force Awakens: Rey's Story
The Force Awakens Golden Book
The Force Awakens Read-Along Storybook and CD
Star Wars: The Force Awakens Graphic Novel Adaptation
The Force Awakens Adaptation 6
Age of Resistance - Rey 1
Star Wars: Episode VIII The Last Jedi
Star Wars: The Last Jedi: Expanded Edition
Star Wars: The Last Jedi: A Junior Novel
The Last Jedi Read-Along Storybook and CD
The Last Jedi: Rey's Journey
The Last Jedi Adaptation 1
The Last Jedi Adaptation 5 (Indirect mention only)
Chewie and the Porgs
"Life Lessons"—Star Wars Adventures 26
"Tales from Wild Space: The Best Pet"—Star Wars Adventures 5
Star Wars: Forces of Destiny – "Porg Problems"
Star Wars: Forces of Destiny – "Porgs!"
Poe Dameron 27 (Mentioned only)
Resistance Reborn (Mentioned only)
Star Wars: Episode IX The Rise of Skywalker
Non-canon appearances Edit
LEGO Star Wars: All-Stars – "The Droid Rescue Gambit"
LEGO Star Wars Episode VIII: The Last Jedi (Set: 75200 Ahch-To Island Training)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens: The Visual Dictionary (Indirect mention only)
Star Wars: Episode VIII Now Filming on StarWars.com (backup link)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens In-Home Trailer on the official Star Wars YouTube channel
Star Wars: Complete Locations
Star Wars: Look and Find
Star Wars Made Easy: A Beginner's Guide to a Galaxy Far, Far Away
Star Wars: The Last Jedi: The Visual Dictionary
Star Wars: The Last Jedi: Ultimate Sticker Collection
Star Wars: The Last Jedi: Heroes of the Galaxy
Star Wars: The Last Jedi Secrets Explained on the official Star Wars YouTube channel
Star Wars Lightsabers: A Guide to Weapons of the Force
Star Wars: The Complete Visual Dictionary, New Edition
Star Wars: The Dark Side
Star Wars Character Encyclopedia: New Edition
Ultimate Star Wars, New Edition
Star Wars: The Secrets of the Jedi
Every Language in Star Wars Movies | Star Wars By the Numbers on the official Star Wars Kids YouTube channel (backup link) (Picture only)
Ahch-To in the Databank (backup link)
Ahch-To Jedi Temple in the Databank (backup link)
Ahch-To Library in the Databank (backup link)
Ahch-To Mirror Cave in the Databank (backup link)
Alcida-Auka in the Databank (backup link)
Anakin, Luke, and Rey's Lightsaber in the Databank (backup link)
Caretakers in the Databank (backup link)
Chewbacca in the Databank (backup link)
Finn in the Databank (backup link)
Luke Skywalker in the Databank (backup link)
Porg in the Databank (backup link)
Rey in the Databank (backup link)
Thala-Siren in the Databank (backup link)
The Force in the Databank (backup link)
↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 Star Wars: The Last Jedi: The Visual Dictionary
↑ Ultimate Star Wars, New Edition
↑ Star Wars: The Last Jedi: A Junior Novel
↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Star Wars: Episode VII The Force Awakens
↑ 6.0 6.1 Chewie and the Porgs
↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Star Wars: Episode VIII The Last Jedi
↑ The Force Awakens: Rey's Story
↑ Breznican, Anthony (December 20, 2015). J.J. Abrams explains R2-D2's closing scene in Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved on March 3, 2016.
↑ Star Wars: Episode IX The Rise of Skywalker
↑ Sciretta, Peter (December 31, 2015). Star Wars: The Force Awakens Ending Details And More Revealed In Official Screenplay. /Film. Archived from the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved on March 3, 2016.
↑ Lucey, Anne (May 20, 2016). Kerry set to be a scene stealer in latest 'Star Wars' film. Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018. Retrieved on January 6, 2018.
Retrieved from "https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Ahch-To?oldid=8800481"
Articles in need of updating

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This entry was posted in Everglades Holiday Park Blog on October 28, 2015 .
Whether you're a native Floridian or a tourist looking for a memorable adventure, one of the most exciting things to do in the Sunshine State is to go airboating in the Everglades. An invigorating airboat ride gives you front row seats to a fantastic wetland filled with all kinds of impressive sights and sounds. For animal lovers, wildlife roam free in a pristine untouched habitat. For artists and creative types, unusual vegetation and the beauty of the 'glades is awe-inspiring. Haven't been? Here are three things you're sure to learn on an airboat ride at Everglades Holiday Park.
Airboat rides and Everglades tours are available throughout Florida, and it's easier than ever to make plans to journey through the River of Grass with the family. But not all airboats are created equal, and more importantly, there's a shortage of experienced – and entertaining captains. Everglades Holiday Park in Fort Lauderdale is pleased to provide the area's best airboat captains – skilled navigators who have been airboating in the everglades for decades and know the ecosystem intimately. These guys and gals are entertaining, informative and ready to share exciting and interesting information about the animals, the vegetation and more.
No question, Florida is sunny. And that's why families enjoy visiting the sunshine state. But too much sun can be difficult if you're airboating in the everglades with little ones in tow and not used to the sun's rays in full force. We enjoy a day of sunshine as much as anyone, and that's why we've made it easy to have your cake and eat it too! Airboats at Everglades Holiday Park are available with covered (or uncovered) passenger compartments, giving you the added layer of protection you need to get out there and enjoy nature at its finest without letting sunburn or a little rain damper the fun. Of course, the view is spectacular from all of our vessels and the covered compartment in no way blocks the sights or sounds that make an Everglades tour so memorable.
Lock eyes with a ten-foot alligator slithering by the boat, catch a glimpse of a bald eagle swooping down from above or enjoy the peacefulness of a possum family sunbathing on shore. This is the real Florida – habitat to over 200,000 alligators, 27 different types of snakes and countless tropical birds. These animals are not caged, nor are they putting on a show for their next meal. Journey by airboat into this magical ecosystem and experience what few people see in a lifetime – wildlife going about their business as usual. An airboat tour at Everglades Holiday Park puts you face-to-face with some of the most spectacular images you'll ever see, and it's incredibly inspiring. If airboating in the Everglades sounds like an adventure you're ready to experience, make plans today to visit Everglades Holiday Park in Fort Lauderdale. The premier destination for family fun in South Florida, there's only one Everglades and only one way to see it – at Everglades Holiday Park. This entry was posted in Everglades Holiday Park Blog on October 28, 2015 .
Bass fishing in the Everglades is a unique adventure for sure, but there's so much more to experience in this magical wetland. Everglades Holiday Park also offers airboat rides for the whole family – an easy way to access internal areas of the 'glades for sightseeing and exploration. A tour guide gives you the inside scoop on angling opportunities as well as incredible wildlife. The Everglades is the only place in the world where alligators and crocodiles coexist and the region is home to countless large wading birds like the Great Blue Heron, Roseate Spoonbill and Egrets, as well as scores of turtles, snakes and more! Airboat rides at Everglades Holiday Park are family friendly and each tour includes a live alligator presentation starring the Gator Boys from Animal Planet. Don't miss the show! Bass fishing in the Everglades is an invigorating experience. With spectacular scenery, gorgeous weather and plenty of fish, the 'glades are tough to beat. Fish the region alone or with an expert from Everglades Holiday Park, your solution for family fun, airboat tours and gator shows in Fort Lauderdale. This entry was posted in Everglades Holiday Park Blog on October 28, 2015 .
The Florida Everglades is renowned for its sights and sounds – a unique and extraordinary environment filled with alligators, exotic tropical birds and some of the most unusual plant life in South Florida. A river with international notoriety, the Everglades draws tens of thousands of tourists each year looking to get a glimpse of one of the nation's most spectacular natural attractions. When you're ready to schedule an Everglades eco-tour, be sure to consider Everglades Holiday Park, a family fun destination in Fort Lauderdale offering airboat tours, live alligator presentations and more. This entry was posted in Everglades Holiday Park Blog on October 28, 2015 .


One of the simplest and best ways to get a makeover in your 30s is to change your hair color. There's no time better than the spring season to take the plunge. Spring is reminiscent of freshness, change, and a whole new you. Be it highlights, lowlights or crown shades, the right hair color looks exquisite if pared with the right skin tone.
It is critical to maintain your spring hair color using the right products and with some easy hairstyling tips. There are colored hair shampoo and conditioners available which assist in keeping the color intact for a longer period of time. Similarly, it is also important to merge a good hair color with the right hair cut to allow it to stand out.
Blue-black, platinum, and vampy reds along with highlights in natural shades of dark beige, honey blonde, sand, and caramel brown are in for the upcoming season. Also for this spring, bangs, long hair, fringes and high ponytails with vibrant accessories are definitely in!
Hair color in your 30s needs a little more thought and advice from a proper hairstylist, because when compared to your 20s, hair is more prone to damage and loses its luster if you experiment with bad products. However, it should definitely not stop you from trying something different, every once in a while. These are some of the best hair color tips for spring.
Ombre refers to using one particular color and its subsequent shades for your mane. The method works well on most types of hair, be it a natural blonde, brunette or even red. It is good for those who have good hair growth and have an issue with roots showing quickly.
It also matches almost all skin tones. Neutral to ash works well for medium skin tone, while cooler shades are good against dark skin. Many celebrity hair colors feature ombre shades. Drew Barrymore, Jessica Biel, and Gisele Bundchen are some of the celebrities who often flaunt ombre hair colors.
Bangs, pixie cuts, and twisted buns look fabulous in shades of grey, blonde or brown. With these, you can opt for milder tones and have fun with different haircuts. Alternatively, you can also opt for loose curls, straightened hair or a messy high bun in earthy tones.
Subtle ombre looks magnificent with chocolate, honey, caramel, dark black, and browns.
Blonde women in their 30s can choose a stunning strawberry blonde color for the season. The color adds a warm golden glow and looks good even without a tan. For redheads, adding some baby lights add grace for an everyday look. For those with pale blonde hair, ask your stylist for shades of golden and baby blond highlights, going lighter towards the end.
White hair color looks elegant and works well for those in their 30s who like to keep it bold. The pale color works for those with a fair skin tone. Vibrant auburn, as often flaunted by Julianne Moore and Emma Stone, adds richness to red hair. This color requires a little more maintenance than others, meaning you will have to go in for a few more touch-ups.
For women who are corporate professionals or have a 9-to-5 job, it becomes a task to constantly visit the salon for hair color touch-ups and hair maintenance. In such cases, getting a regular hair color works well and fits into the fast-paced lifestyle, too. However, this does not mean it has to be boring. Everyday shades like copper, blonde, honey, chestnut, cocoa, dark brown, burnt orange, and black are in this spring.
Opting for subtle and natural shades is something every woman in her 30s must try. These are quick, simple, and have a low-maintenance factor. The shade is popular right now and everyone from Liv Tyler, Jessica Alba, and Jennifer Lawrence are seen flaunting it.
The shade works for blondes, brunettes, and red heads and does not look old or outgrown, even after a long time. Women with fair to medium skin can go for honey-brown shades, dark mocha brown for fair skin, and champagne for combination skin. The glossy colors are used to highlight your natural hairline and then streaks are hand-painted near the crown.
Avoid blow drying if you have frizzy hair. You can also keep the damage low by using a good UV spray each time you step out in the sun.
Use deep conditioning treatments. These are good for damaged hair and also for hair which is not yet affected but is subject to sunlight and harsh weathers.
For a healthy, shiny mane, avoid too much of anything including hair coloring, shampooing, using a lot of hair products or over-styling. After a hair wash, rinse with plenty of cool water to seal the hair cuticles. After a blow dry, finish with a blast of cool air to help seal the hair's cuticles as well.
Go for a smooth blowout which creates the illusion of thicker and shinier hair.
Go easy with hair accessories. Tight buns, ponytails, and fishtail braids stretch your hair from its roots, resulting in hair breakage and damage over a prolonged period of time.
Limit the use of hair mousse, sprays, leave-in conditioners, and other hair products as they pile up on the scalp, leading to conditions like greasy hair and dandruff.


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Wokelore - The Johnson Culture Wars & Other Stories
By Hardeep Matharu
Thirty essays by contributors to the Byline Times that uncover the truths nobody else wants to tell
Politics | Campaigns
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You are entitled to your own opinions but not your own facts.
Wokelore is a thought-provoking collection of articles, essays and stories you won't find anywhere else in the mainstream media. From the new independent and fearless newspaper, Byline Times, it will transport you from 1970s Europe to Putin's Russia, from the days of empire in Kenya to Brexit Britain, shedding light on Trump's America and exposing the UK's disastrous handling of COVID-19. It will cover race, identity, disinformation, populism, journalism in crisis, threats to our democracy and more – each piece offering a fresh take and new ideas.
The impressive list of featured writers include Bonnie Greer, John Cleese, Peter Jukes, Musa Okwonga, Hardeep Matharu, Alexei Sayle, Caroline Orr, Otto English, Nafeez Ahmed, Shahmir Sanni, Salena Godden and Stephen Colegrave.
This is the first book project from Byline Times, a national daily news site and newspaper that was launched in March 2019, to expose 'what the papers don't say'. Not afraid to tell you the truth, Byline Times follows the story wherever it goes – whether that's on disaster capitalism and the hedge fund backing of politicians, Russian interference abroad, Islamophobia at home or Brexit-driven nationalism that threatens to break up the UK. Byline Times doesn't want to tell you what to think, but show you what's happening.
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Hardeep Matharu
Hardeep Matharu is a journalist and Editor of Byline Times. She has worked as a news reporter, feature writer and editor for local newspapers and the national press. After graduating in law at Cambridge University, Hardeep started work as a reporter at the Epsom Guardian. Her work there won her the 'Feature Writer of the Year' Award from the National Council for the Training of Journalists. She went on to work at the Independent and has been published in Mental Health Today, Reaction, and on openDemocracy.com, Politics.co.uk and TheJustice Gap.com. Bringing her experience of the dying artform of local newspapers to the Byline newsroom Hardeep's work has focused on Brexit and identity, nationalism, race, criminal justice and threats to democracy.
Byline Times was launched into the world as a monthly national newspaper and daily news site on 29 March 2019 (the day when Brexit was meant to first happen). From the beginning it was determined not to be like other newspapers. It didn't want to follow the crowd or say what others said. It never looked for a Press Baron sugar daddy: instead it asked thousands of friends to support it and subscribe to its monthly paper. Now it has up to 1.5 million people a month reading articles on its daily news site and many thousands of subscribers. It has attracted brilliant writers including Bonnie Greer and Musa Okwanga; journalists such as Nafeez Ahmed and Caroline Orr and some pretty funny people, like John Cleese, Kirsty Brand and Alexie Sayle. The Byline Times relishes being outside the system and is fearless in pursuing a story wherever it goes.
1/ LEAKED HOME OFFICE CALL REVEALS GOVERNMENT WANTS ECONOMY TO 'CONTINUE RUNNING' AS 'WE WILL ALL GET' COVID-19
Nafeez Ahmed reports on Home Office private advice suggesting a 'zombie herd immunity' policy risking hundreds of deaths.
Leaked recordings of a Home Office conference call on Tuesday, exclusively obtained by Byline Times, reveal that the Government has all but given up in its fight against the Coronavirus and is intent on simply finding "a method of managing it within the population".
The recordings show Home Office Deputy Science Advisor Rupert Shute stating repeatedly that the Government believes "we will all get" COVID-19 eventually. The call further implied that the Government now considers hundreds of thousands of deaths unavoidable over a long-term period consisting of multiple peaks of the disease.
While urging the importance of reducing the burden on the NHS by staying at home, Shute downplayed the risk of people contracting the virus at work.
He said: "It's perfectly okay to carry on around your business. And it's vitally important that you do as there's a whole bunch of supply chains and the economy that needs to continue running… So carrying on with your normal work is not putting you in harms way anymore so than staying at home or going out shopping. So I keep coming back to this point that we are all going to get this at some point. And it's about making sure that we have a really strong NHS there to support us when we do get sick."
The policy being communicated by the Home Office privately among Government staffers is at odds with Prime Minister Boris Johnson's statement at a press conference three weeks ago that the next 12 weeks could "turn the tide of this disease".
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28th September 2021 Revealed! It's Here. Our New Cover
As publication looms for the book What the Papers Don't Say with its new title WOKE LORE - Boris Johnson's Culture War and Other Stories which contains all of our best long reads of the first two years Byline Times we're proud to reveal its cover
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How many pages are there in the book?
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Hi Alan We expect the book to have about 300 pages.
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Hello there, is this a collection of articles from the Byline Times or previously unpublished essays? Many thanks!
It will be selected articles published in Byline Times over the last year Thanks


Poston Chronicle . Poston, Ariz., December 9. (Poston, AZ), Dec. 9 1944. https://0-www.loc.gov.oasys.lib.oxy.edu/item/sn83025333/1944-12-09/ed-1/.
(1944, December 9) Poston Chronicle . Poston, Ariz., December 9. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://0-www.loc.gov.oasys.lib.oxy.edu/item/sn83025333/1944-12-09/ed-1/.
Poston Chronicle . Poston, Ariz., December 9. (Poston, AZ) 9 Dec. 1944. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/sn83025333/1944-12-09/ed-1/.


This excerpt comes from chapter "One Step Ahead of the Bombs" the testimonial of Zosia Krakowiak recorded in 1997.
1. One of the ways that young people can to be exposed to the horrors of the Holocaust is from the prospective of the Gentile heroes who put themselves in danger to save Jews during World War II. Aristides de Sousa Mendes, the Portuguese Consul General in Bordeaux, France in 1940 saved my family by issuing visas to Portugal against the explicit orders of the dictator Salazar.
The overwhelming majority of the worldwide inter-generational Holocaust survivor community, including Generations of the Shoah International's (GSI) Coordinating Council, agree with Elie Wiesel's recent statement in the New York Times that affirms Israel's absolute right to self defense.
This afternoon Joan finally had the pleasure of meeting Isabelle Coelho-Marques President @NYPortuguese at the showing of the film "Disobedience: The Sousa Mendes Story" presented by the Jewish Arts & Film Festival @StamfordJCC.
And, in addition, to find that they have much in common.
2. They are both of the opinion that there should be an 11th Commandment: Spread the good word!
Here are Isabelle and Joan with Eileen Berets, Sousa Mendes visa recipient, who shared her deep appreciation for Aristides de Sousa Mendes' act of moral courage that save her family.
Frederica Jordão the talented and sympatica ( English = one having mutual understanding with another) resident of Figueira da Foz, Portugal, is one of the 2016 American Club of Lisbon Award winners.
Read her report from: The Sousa Mendes Foundation Gala " A Toast to Freedom"
In the USA, showcasing the photographs with WW II to refugees and / or their descendants. Together we'll share stories, ideas and hopefully identify the people portrayed, thus reconstructing their trails, from their homelands in Europe to the USA safe haven.
Frederica had all the good intentions to travel light, but books she couldn't resist and the toys requested by her two small children modified her plan.
Joan dedicates her book. My Sister's Eyes , and bids her friend a fond good-bye or rather so long till we meet again in the garage of Terminal C at Newark Airport.
Congratulations to Frederica, my friend, for a job very well done.
Mariana Abrantes (left) , elected Director of the ALC of Lisbon (and Treasurer of the SMF) with former US Amb. Robert A. Sherman (standing next to Mariana).
On the eve of Kristalnacht the German premiere of the film THE CONSUL OF BORDEAUX about the "Portuguese Schindler" (Their comparison not Joan's) Babylon Theatre , Rosa-Luxemburg-Straße 30, Berlin.
"Through a daredevil action in 1940, Aristides de Sousa Mendes helped many people in distress and gave them "the ticket to freedom, to life". Despite being forbidden to do so by his government, the former Consul General saved around 30.000 people, of which around 10.000 were Jews, during the Second World War by granting those visas to Portugal.
The 30th Jewish Culture Days in Berlin present the German premier of the Portuguese film "The Consul of Bordeaux" (in German), which tells us about the story of the still celebrated hero. Sousa Mendes; grandsons, Gerald and Sebastian Mendes were present, alongside co-producer and Film music-composer Henri Seroka."
My Sister's Eyes: A Family Chronicle of Rescue and Loss During World War II, the book which the author, Joan Arnay Halperin (pictured below left 😁), calls "a love poem to the Portuguese people" is available at the Fronteira da Paz Museum, Vilar Formoso, Portugal .
n 2012 Joan got serious about writing the book about how she found out that her parents had had a child, a daughter that they had loved before her. You could call it a "dual" memoir. It was her mothers' story and how it affected her. You could say that she was trying to understand her life, its twists and turns and their consequences.
She had written quite a bit and then, she Googled "Portugal 1940".
Today I met the very talented Luso-Americano artist Julio Rodrigues and his wife Maria at the Nova Alianca Bakery in the #Ironbound District of Newark, New Jersey. We met so that he could give me his donation to the silent auction to benefit the SousaMendesFoundation Gala "A Toast to Freedom".
"Beautiful title for an amazing story!" Disclaimer - Kind Words from an old, I mean long-time, friend.
Joan Arnay Halperin : Thank you, Laura Kerr for ordering MY SISTER'S EYES. Maybe it will help you get your mind off your massive restoration after hurricane Irma for a while. How will you find a quiet place to read?
Pix are worth a thousand words.
Joan Arnay Halperin at author's table.
Parents buy My Sister's Eyes for their children. "They must know. Information is power."
This is a family affair. Richard Arnay, brother and enthusiastic supporter, joins Joan at the USHMM Museum Shop and buys copies of My Sister's Eyes to share with his friends. And, special thanks to Itzhak Halperin, Joan's partner of 44 1/2 years, the eye behind the lens.
Kind words from Laurie W. with special praise for the graphic designer.
I just read your book cover to cover this morning and cried several times. It's a powerful, emotional story. I love all of the family photos and the artifacts your family held onto. It was moving to hear a personal account of people saved by De Sousa Mendes and in a few short pages you painted an unforgettable portrait of the man and his wife. The story of your sister was a complete surprise and really touched me. I like the way the book design anchors the reader in time and place with the maps and dates inset. What a journey you took to unearth all of this history. And how meaningful. Laurie W.
The map with date stamp is a creation of the multi-talented graphic designer, Rosanne Guararra.
This review of MY SISTER'S EYES on @amazon #VerifiedPurchase nearly knocked me out!
5 out of 5 Stars - " Brought me to tears "
Wonderful, moving book with excellent photos. Heartbreaking true story of war, trauma and healing love, to be shared with family and read over and over again.
Orange Street Cemetery, Kingston Jamaica, BWI - 1942.
"Here lies our adored little girl - Yvonne Krakowiak - Born June 1, 1938 - Deceased June 4, 1942 - Only child of Halina and Ignace Krakowiak."
Preview My Sister's Eyes: A Family Chronicle of Rescue and Loss During World War II.
"Fronteira da Paz" Museum, Vilar Formoso, Portugal, August 26, 2017.


There is no better innovator of interior style than the French fabric house Elitis. We are thrilled to be offering this beautiful cushion from them as the finishing touch to our collection. Accent your interiors with this square cushion edged with a black trim.


I'd like to say a few words about each of them, one at a time. Guth's proposed modification of the older theory has been called the Inflationary Universe theory. It was a mystery to him that the universe is expanding. The value of the critica! I however knew relatively well his colleague Dr. The suggestion, then, is not that the big bang theory is wrong, but rather that it is incomplete. Shortcomings of Inflation remain, however. Another Russian, Andrei Linde, who is now at Stanford, subsequently found a solution to the graceful exit problem and developed what is now the current form of the theory, known as chaotic inflation.
We really can't predict the overall amplitude — that is, the intensity of these ripples — unless we know more about the fundamental theory. In the context of relativity, Euclidean geometry is not the norm; it's an oddity. This glowing sphere is so large that if a map of the earth were drawn to cover the sun's surface, the entire area of our planet would fit comfortably within the outline of the Dominican Republic. The book documents the drama in his life as a physicist, and his struggle to make a decision about working in the area of monopoles, when he has doubts about his own strength in the field. The magnetic field of ordinary magnets is caused by the motion of the electrons in the material, and ali such magnets have both a north and a south pole of equal strength, as illustrated in Figure 2. Even in these cases, however, I have probably committed sorne important oversights, so I apologize in advance. I can't help being reminded of medieval cosmologies.
We then study the cosmological evolution of and constraints upon these inflation models numerically and analytically. Guth's great idea was that the universe, during its first instants of existence, expanded at an exponential rate doubling at every unit of time before assuming the steady expansion rate of the big-bang theory. Fundamental difference of space-time processes in microcosm and macrocosm is of particular importance for solving the problem. The third problem that needed an explanation is that the big bang theory of Friedman, Lemaitre, Hubble, and others describes the universe as a giant refrigerator cooling and expanding forever, and the remnants of this bang still exists today as an afterglow of 2. And more abstractly, this has made us more aware of the extent to which theory has failed to give due prominence to the role and structure of information in the computational processes that science seeks to characterize. I however knew relatively well his colleague Dr.
In this review the role played by pressure in space will be presented. Magnetic monopoles, particles carrying a single north or south magnetic polarity, could and should exist in profusion, according to current theory, yet none have been found. In this regard, a need to understand the time in the way it appears in modem physics, to describe it in the language of philosophy arises satisfactory for time description mathematical tools also do not exist. The inflation followed by the Big Bang is a part of the reversible cyclic universe which explains the four force fields the strong force, gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the weak force and dark energy. I found Guth's writing to be superb.
This regular pattern is valid for three types of cosmic equations-of-state and different inflation potential models. Indeed, this is a belief which is held fervently by many of us. The way th Alan Guth brilliantly helped to create one of the greatest ideas humanity has ever conjured. He is talking about the information stored in Dogon caves in the form of masks that have hieroglyphic records on them relating to the Dog Star that is more than 5,000 years old and handed down to them from ancient Egyptians astronomers before 3200 B. Along the way, Guth gives some of the most cogent explainers of the Ultraviolet Catastrophe, Quantum Field Theory, Pocket Universes, White holes, child universes, gravitational energy as negative energy, and many other 20th century esoteric physics concepts. This can be avoided, and people have at times tried to design versions of inflation that avoided it, but these versions of inflation never looked very plausible.
So, if we assume that this dark energy is real, we now have complete agreement between what the astronomers are telling us about the mass density of the universe and what inflation predicts. The conventional Big Bang theory gave us no reason to believe that there was any mechanism to require that, but it has to have been that way to explain why the universe looks the way it does today. The description has been tested, either directly or indirectly, for times as early as one second after the beginning, ali the way up to the present. Along the way, Guth gives some of the most cogent explainers of the Ultraviolet Catastrophe, Quantum Field The Cosmic Inflation has always been a concept I struggle with. String theories began purely as theories of strings, but when people began to study their dynamics more carefully, they discovered that for consistency it was not possible to have a theory which only discussed strings. Guth does a superb job of laying out the process by which he and others developed inflation. Synopsis Alan Guth is V.
That four-dimensional space was sandwiched between two branes. Because information can also impose an always constant light velocity there is no need any more to attribute such a property to empty space, as done in relativity theory. Guth admits when he runs up against a wall, science outside of his experience. This condition is not new. He and I had both done our theses under the supervision of Francis Low, although Henry had spent most of his graduare student career working with Gabriele Veneziano and Sergio Fubini. The theme of this article is the extent to which embodiment, information, and its type structure are relevant to the material and mental world, and their computational processes. The description of the model isn't bad - it's quite good, actually - but it is nonetheless overshadowed by the excellent narrative quality of the first eleven chapters.
Natural frequency means that charges respectively matter oscillate with higher frequency. What I was looking for was a book that would provide a solid conceptual foundation in quantum physics and Big Bang cosmology, written for non-specialists but not dumbed down, while clearly distinguishing what we know almost with certainty from what remains pure speculation. Guth defined an idea that attempts to answer the greatest question of all time: how did all of this become all of this? Similarly, the observed homogeneity of the universe and the precise balance of its energies were considered by most of the scientific community to represent serious deficiencies in the standard Big Bang model only after the Inflationary Universe theory was proposed. While I would not complain if sorne of my fellow scientists found this book enjoyable, the book is aimed primarily at the nonscientist with an interest in science. Heavier elements came from stars, later. One of the most important features of this book is its enumeration of a number of basic properties of neutrinos and their relationship to Grand Unified Theories.
Suppose, for example, that I am at rest, anda light beam passes me. In this final chapter, some of these uncharted areas are surveyed. Whereas a string is a one-dimensional object, the theory also had to include the possibility of membranes of various dimensions to make it consistent, which led to the notion of branes in general. One of the most well known and accomplished particle physicists to combine Grand Unified Theories with cosmology at this time was Steven Weinberg. Will be also mentioned the role of negative pressure in the inflation of the Universe and its role in the formation of wormholes. Guth has researched elementary particle theory and how particle theory is applicable to the early universe. Finally, we investigate the quantum-to-classical transition and the quantum measurement problem in a cosmological context.
The agreement with observational data for our Universe is quite good. This assumption is a result of the discussion of the constraints and possibilities of interstellar space travel as defined by the known natural laws and technical means. This is the compelling, first-hand account of Alan Guths paradigm-breaking discovery of the origins of the universe—and of his dramatic rise from young researcher to physics superstar. Until three or four years ago no astronomers believed that. The concept of an irreversible physical world opens a route towards a rational understanding of complex contexts in nature. We also pave the way for extending our computational pipeline to k-inflation models by calculating the power spectrum at next-to-next-to leading order for this class of models. This chapter explores an alternative normally dismissed out of hand, that the physical world is a processing output, i.


The Coliseum is the ultimate gesture. Stunning white ClassicRoses presented in the OnlyRoses Urn. As beautiful as it is bold, a true expression of everything we stand for - The world's finest roses presented in an unforgettable style.


text:
Original Saga, Prequel Trilogy, The Rise of Skywalker
Colin Trevorrow's script for Star Wars: Episode IX didn't include Palpatine's return
From Empire:
"Jurassic World franchise overseer Colin Trevorrow was originally supposed to handle another huge piece of pop culture, writing and directing Star Wars: Episode IX – The Rise Of Skywalker. That never ended up happening, but Trevorrow's work on the film had enough impact to score him a story credit (along with writing partner Derek Connolly), and residuals, which the filmmaker is donating to the Alexander Devine Children's Hospice in Berkshire. […]
[J.J.] Abrams, who took over co-writing and shooting the movie, went in some significantly different directions, including a return for a classic character. "Bringing back the Emperor was an idea JJ brought to the table when he came on board," Trevorrow says. "It's honestly something I never considered. I commend him for it. This was a tough story to unlock, and he found the key." […]"
jpieper668
22 November 2019 at 19h22 Reply
This Proves That Kathleen Kennedy is full of sh*t
starwarshexalogy
Another lie exposed. Thanks Colin.
Arnav "RayO1" Bhattacharjee
23 November 2019 at 0h58 Reply
In all fairness, bringing back the Emperor was still originally George's idea, so this is just JJ bringing it back to the table, and rightfully so. But outside of this, they better weigh the scales properly: bring Darth Sidious, the Dark Lord of the Sith, back all you want…but not without the Chosen One. Not without Anakin Skywalker.
Though this doesn't excuse the fact that they lied. It appears there truly was no plan for the ST. What a shame.
Eduardo Vargas
I keep hearing the nonsense that this is somehow George's idea, when it very clearly isn't if people bothered to pay attention to these movies. Anakin Skywalker is the Chosen One, destined to Bring balance to the Force AND Destroy the Sith. That gives practically no wiggle room for the Emperor to come back, or the Sith. There's a reason why in the previous two movies Snoke and Kylo Ren are specifically mentioned to be NOT Sith, because they where at least playing by the hard and fast rules at that point. Now they simply do not care, and are desperate to get this thing into theatres.
archdukeofnaboo
@Eduardo Vargas
I think all the fans now know, including those comfortable with the sequels, that Lucasfilm has been making it up as they go along, with no real vision for the trilogy as a whole. I'm not suggesting they needed all the details in advance (even Lucas didn't have that for the prequels), but they should have some coherent plan made, with one sole director.
That Palpatine is now back was clearly a last minute job (note: that's not condemning the character to failure in IX, it could still work. I never liked Snoke anyway), and I think the people crying "Lucas' ideas here, Lucas' ideas there" are unfortunately deluding themselves, and continently ignoring how badly treated the creative was during the development of the first sequel, when his treatments were thrown out.
jarjarbacktattooguy
Maybe Palpatine converted to Kylo's sect of the dark force users?
I realized I was wrong in my research. I apologize for the wrong information.
@JarJar
I sincerely doubt the mastermind of the saga would want to swear fealty to a cheap Darth Vader fanboy version of the Dark Side.
They're not quite that stupid.
Actress Allison Mack converted to the NXIVM cult and became a high priestess – and she's pretty strong willed.
So it's possible Palpatine converted to the Knights of Ren. Maybe it's their policies regarding the consumption of pork that he liked.
Maybe I missed it – how do we know George wanted to bring Palpatine back?
*One hour of research later*
Goddamnit…he didn't put him in the treatments…
The idea behind the sequels — at least, how Kathleen Kennedy sees it — is giving each filmmaker a shot at delivering their personal vision (as long as it doesn't conflict with Disney's wider aims, as well as the Story Group's philosophies and Kennedy's own). This was obviously going to happen with three different filmmakers at the helm: one for each of the sequel installments. But then Trevorrow was given the boot (or stepped down) and Abrams was brought back. Both muddying things but also helping to bring a sense of "full circle" completion to the trilogy that Abrams began.
Perhaps this is actually a better way of bringing closure to the full thing — cohering the sequel trilogy a bit better than having three separate visions. Now, it's more like a trilogy with two hearts, two heads, two plot managers, two interpreters, two droids: echoing all the duality, including the unspoken "rule of two", that the former trilogies (including the sequels) constantly hum and pulse with, top to bottom, inside and out. It's all about those binary suns and much, much more…
Abrams may have been the one who came up with the idea of bringing Palpatine back, or pushed hard for it once it was suggested by another party. Maybe that other party was Lucas. Or maybe Lucas encouraged that choice, or helped them finesse it once they had come up with it. After all, at Celebration 2017, Hayden and Ian walk out onto the stage to much applause, prompting Lucas to quip, "Dark Side rock stars". Was it then, perhaps, that Abrams got the idea of bringing back Palpatine? Did Lucas assure them: "See? The fans love these guys. If you're struggling to button this trilogy up, think of using them again. And by the way, Ian is a wonderful actor. Hayden's no slouch, either."
There has probably been some very loose story scheme they've been trying to adhere to across these movies. That's not the same as honouring Lucas' vision necessarily, but it doesn't mean they have completely disregarded all his ideas, or broken from all his themes, either.
Part of the issue here, and I never really see it being contemplated, is that they took Lucas' original character concepts for Episode VII and mixed and matched them, and they also changed the level of focus given to the OT cast. This obviously altered the dynamic of the ST considerably. As a result, huge ripples were cast into the waters of Episodes VIII and IX, and it's no surprise they may have had to look for new "keys", to use Trevorrow's term, to bring it all off.
Kylo and Rey, for example, have a very strange connection in these films. It's something unique to these particular movies. To do it justice, it clearly became essential to develop a new plot architecture — one that would expedite their bond and all the artifacts surrounding it correctly. You can't just barrel into your original blueprint once your "kids" start making certain demands and expressing their unique qualities. Lucas himself spoke of this same basic issue when confronted with the reality of the third act of his prequel opus at the close of 2002:
"Back in August, I started writing this. But the script starts to have its own life. Characters start to tell you what to do — and you end up with problems. By the third film, you have a lot of characters left over from before, and they're all running around yipping and yelling and saying, 'What about me?' And you have to solve these problems, because what you thought was going to happen isn't happening."
(p.36, J.W. Rinzler, "The Making Of Star Wars: Revenge Of The Sith")
The fuller quote in the Rinzler book (I left the last few sentences off) has Lucas explaining that he had to "disassemble Episode III and rethink it", in order to "make it line up with Episode IV". When writing the prequels, Lucas was uniquely obligated — at least, when he got to Episode III — of making it conform to what he already made with the Original Trilogy. In other words, he had to make the prequels align with their own "future" (the future is the past).
Once again, we have arrived at the trickiest part of a Star Wars trilogy: the third act. The place where everything must be resolved. And, per the Lucas quote, you have characters and plot points "yipping and yelling", trying to be heard, demanding closure. As a result, your earlier ideas no longer make the same sense, "because what you thought was going to happen isn't happening". Where previously you had clarity, now you have the reality of those demands intruding, creating unforeseen headaches, pushing you to places you didn't conceive of when your journey got underway. To quote John Lennon quoting someone else: "Life is what happens to you while you're busy making other plans."
But there's also a slightly different situation this time around. There isn't the same pressure to have the story conform to some pre-established future. Instead, it must look back — the one thing Shmi counselled her son to not do — and try and weave together the faults, foibles, and elegant pirouetting of eight preceding movies. A different sort of challenge. JJ may be the king of gimmicks, but ushering the Emperor into the final part makes sense. Potentially, it's a great fix, as Trevorrow alluded to. After all, the previous trilogies are as much the Emperor's story as they are Luke's or Anakin's. Star Wars: AKA "How The Emperor Tricked Everyone And Won" (and then lost and then won and then lost again).
Well, these are my thoughts, a month away from release, anyway. It's true that I've roasted these guys something rotten the last few years. But if you take a more sympathetic view of the creative process, it's hard to maintain the same level of unreconstructed cynicism. Making movies of this calibre is a serious adventure. You have to be a bit audacious — yes, even arrogant — to pull it off. I'm now curious to see what they actually came up with.
In retrospect (an important lens when interpreting Star Wars — or anything, really), I think Rian Johnson did a tremendous amount to justify the caged mythology they offered the world with TFA. Some eighteen months after first viewing it, I think "The Last Jedi" is a much more fascinating film than my initial stance allowed; and I'm hoping some of the same may apply to Episode IX and — in time, perhaps — to this syncopated sequel trilogy as a whole.
Yes, in large part, it's Palpatine's story.


We begin the season of Holy Week with Palm Sunday. It is a day of contrasts and a lot of scripture. We begin with a reading from the Gospel of Luke of Jesus' entry into Jerusalem, when the crowds welcomed him and praised God joyfully with a loud voice saying, "Blessed is the king who comes in the name of the Lord!" Then we will move swiftly to the story of trials and the word king takes on an accusatory tone. It can be a service that is discomforting, and maybe that is what we need as we start Holy Week. Maybe we need a Sunday where the range of human response to God's action in the world is laid out—from joy, faith, and hope to anger, doubt, and despair.
Where do you see yourself in this story? How does this story speak to us 2000 years later? And while we see a vacillating human response, how does this story show us God's constant love, mercy, and grace.
Join us this Sunday at 6 pm as we begin our journey through Holy Week, and stay for supper following the service.


Victor69: I'm a musician that like good times and music and enjoy camping bike riding at the river and out door activities. I'm into the 50s era and I own a 1952 Chevy hot rod. Car shows r usually a good time and concerts.
I'm a musician that like good times and music and enjoy camping bike riding at the river and out door activities. I'm into the 50s era and I own a 1952 Chevy hot rod. Car shows r usually a good time and concerts.
Ild like to meet a beautiful girl prevaibly with blue eyes and blonde or dark hair to chat with and have fun together and mayb c if anything develops into more than a friendship.


text:
Exhibition Themes
Discover the history of particle physics, how theory and experiment revealed the structure of matter, and see the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in the context of a long tradition of discovery and challenge. Highlights include JJ Thomson's apparatus used in experiments leading to the 1897 discovery of the electron and an accelerating cavity from the LEP collider, which once occupied the tunnel now used by the LHC.
Go behind the scenes at CERN during the discovery of the Higgs boson and visit the CERN Control Centre during this seated audiovisual presentation. Experience the excitement of working on the LHC and learn key concepts in particle physics and how the LHC operates.
Run time: approximately 13 minutes
Zones 3 - 5
Inside the Large Hadron Collider
Delve deeper into the LHC. Encounter objects from the Collider, including superconducting magnets used to steer beams of particles around the ring, and virtually 'meet' some of the engineers who built this incredible machine.
See objects set in the environments in which they operate and follow the journey of the particles as they are injected, accelerated and steered around a small part of the 27 km tunnel that houses the collider.
Immerse yourself in a beautiful artistic representation of a collision and discover the extremes of scale of the LHC: the infinitesimal world of invisible particles and the enormous machines that are used to detect them.
This immersive 270-degree audio-visual projection will transport you deep underground to a gigantic particle detector, where you will witness the moment of a particle collision, see tracks streaming out through the detector as they are transformed into digital information that is streamed out across a global computing grid.
Encounter objects from the LHC's four huge detectors – LHCb, ALICE, CMS & ATLAS.
The detector objects are brought to life by audio interviews with some of the real physicists who created them, with displays set up like a physicist's workbench.
As the exhibition builds to a conclusion, explore how data from the LHC detectors are analysed by physicists all over the world in a search for new knowledge.
Witness the search for the Higgs boson by stepping into a particle physicist's office, and uncover stories of personal sacrifice and collective endeavour behind the famous 2012 discovery.
Finally, look to the future and explore the next challenges for the LHC. Discover how physicists are searching for answers to big questions such as why the universe is made up of matter and not antimatter and the nature of mysterious dark matter.


Publisher : Giffen, Charles H.
Amy, follow the link to the source - www.cpdl.org where there are several versions.
Absolue vital resource for teaching. Thank you!
Downloading this for a school assignment at Tufts University. Beautiful music.


Founded in 1976, Tracey Road Equipment is a premiere dealer of new heavy-duty truck, new construction equipment and used heavy-duty truck, used construction equipment based in New York, United States. We are also located in Syracuse, Albany, Binghamton, Rochester, Watertown and become one of the most respected names in the industry. We offer a complete range of new construction equipment, used construction equipment, rental construction equipment as well as full equipment service, equipment parts, equipment warranty and used equipment financing capabilities. We represent a full range of used trucks, used trailers, used loaders, Used Dozers, Used Loaders, Used Excavators, Used Skid Steers, etc from some of the leading manufacturers in the industry. We trade new construction equipment and used construction equipment brands such as Accubrine, Airflo, Alamo Industrial, Alliance, Allied, American Snowplows, Aquatech, Autocar, A-Ward, Broce Broom, Built-Rite Handlers & Attachments, Cargill, Challenger Street Sweepers, Citgo Oil, Cummins, Detroit, Dieci, Doppstadt, Dressta, Duraclass, Etnyre, Everest, Freightliner, FRD, Geith, Henderson, Hi-Way, Hyundai, Interstate Trailers, J&J Dump Bodies, Kawasaki, Kobelco, Moxy, New Holland, O'Brien, OshKosh, Paladin, Pioneer, Roll-Rite, Rogers, Sakai, Schwarze Industries, Sennebogen, Snow-Go, Speedshore, Stanley-LaBounty, Sterling Trucks, Sweepster, Takeuchi, Terex, Trout River, Western Star and more! With an ongoing commitment and dedication to our customers, we've earned the trust, business, and loyalty of some of the finest markets. More contractors and municipalities count on the Tracey Rental Team to get their jobs done right, on time, and on budget. Your comments, requests, and feedback are always welcome.


InterDesign Linus Handled Bin is rated 4.9 out of 5 by 16.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Wallecat from Linus Handled Bin I bought a number of these to organize the medicines and vitamins that I keep in my kitchen cabinets. They are the perfect size to place side by side and the handle makes them easy to take down. The height is just right for items that are a little taller and they don't fall out when the containers are moved around. I will probably purchase more of these as the need arises.
Rated 5 out of 5 by wspi from very handy These bins are perfect for kitchen cabinets. They help organize everything on the top shelves so small items don't get lost in the back. Bought two, will buy more!
Rated 5 out of 5 by UALynn from Love the Linus Handled Bins! I use these bins for everything. I've been using some for several years and they still look like new. Sturdy and functional. I just keep buying more.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Rosiedog from Great storage container I have limited cabinet space. I was looking for containers to at least give me some semblance of space to spare. I found these at my favorite store, and along with other types of container store containers, have reorganized my kitchen cabinets. Now I know what I have and where to find it. My only problem? I have more closets and no more containers! Next time, I'll get more than I think I need! I wish the nearest store was a bit closer than 50 miles away! I'd probably live there!
Rated 5 out of 5 by Cintia from Great bin I purchased these bins to organize nuts and dried fruits in my kitchen cabinets and they work great. I can see how they would be great for bathroom organization as well.
Rated 5 out of 5 by DianaC from Great product I bought 2 of these bins to organize items in my bathroom drawers. They are sturdy, don't chip, and feel good to the touch -- they are not flimsy. I love them. I later returned to purchase 4 more because I liked them so much. One bin I use for makeup, one has ponytail holders, one my nail polish and so on. They are great!
Rated 5 out of 5 by ClassicMom from Many uses - easy to see contents I bought two of these bins for the exact purpose that is shown. They fit multiple bottles of nail polish and you can see what is inside. Easy to grab from a shelf with the handle.
Rated 5 out of 5 by DarbyZ from Perfect size for deep drawers I bought 3 of these for a relatively large drawer in my bathroom. They fit perfectly and are the right size for all of my mani/pedi supplies. Strong, durable plastic - I plan on purchasing more for other drawers in my house.
Rated 5 out of 5 by hun21 from Great product.fits in a small space,keeps things in line and visual,organized,clean,.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Texasflwr from Other uses I bought several of these for the kitchen. They work great for organizing packaged mixes, gravy, taco packets, etc.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Tinabobina99 from Totally Useful Love the size of these, especially since they're deep enough to actually hold things up. I'm using them in the kitchen for sauce mixes and in the bathroom for holding first aid, body care, etc. Big enough to hold a lot but small enough to fit nearly anywhere.
Rated 4 out of 5 by mlbeal0 from Great quality These bins are very well made and completely transparent, making it easy to see what is stored in them.
Does the measurements include the handle. What is the length if the handles are included.
The exterior dimensions of the product (including the handle) are: 10-3/8" x 6-1/8" x 4-1/8"h. The interior dimensions taper from wide at the top to more narrow at the bottom. The interior dimensions are at the top are: 8-3/4" x 5-3/4" x 4"h; interior dimensions at the bottom are 8" x 4-3/4" x 4" h.


Drug addiction can affect many parts of a person's life including their work history and ability to get a job after being treated. Employers may require immaculate work history and criminal record that is nearly impossible depending on how a person's addiction illness has played out. Many addicts end up homeless from their substance abuse or can end up in jail due to their use and simply possessing the drug they use. Simply getting rid of the substance abuse behavior many times does not create a straight path to recovery and restoring a person's life. Finding and keeping a job can prove to be even more of a struggle for a recovering addict itself.
Federal statistics show approximately 22 million Americans are in recovery. The Recovery Research Institute at Massachusetts General Hospital in 2017 conducted a study which discovered that the rate of unemployment of people in recovery from addiction is 3 times higher than average unemployment rate. This can be discouraging for those on the road to recovery.
Research has shown that working helps keep people sober giving them a renewed purpose, but if finding that job is difficult, that recovery can turn into relapse. The situation isn't hopeless for those who have had addiction impact their lives in more significant ways such as criminality and work history. Some companies are operating as a support system themselves and welcome the recovering addict. In New Hampshire, for instance, an employee owned company called Hypertherm which builds industrial machinery for heavy manufacturing plants has ingrained within its company environment an addiction assistance framework. This includes medical leave and financial assistance for those who may fall into relapse and offering extra pay for volunteering after-work programs for recovering addicts to stay sober. Employees find a purpose within the work itself which builds loyalty to the other employees and the ideal goal of being productive and staying sober.
Once sobriety is achieved, becoming stable both socially and financially becomes all the more important. While the statistics point to a greater challenge to overcome for addicts who are in recovery, it's always helpful to have tools which can minimize these issues. Using resources to find recovery friendly workplaces can mean the difference between a relapse and successfully staying sober. Recovery friendly work sites help place workers into positions in which the employer helps contribute to the community affected by addiction, much like Hypertherm. Knowing the options available for assistance is half the battle.
Addiction to substances like alcohol, opioids, heroin, or anything else is a serious illness that can lead to physical damage and even death. If you or someone you know is suffering from substance addiction or abuse in the south Florida area, the trained professionals at 1st Step Behavioral Health can help treat the underlying causes that lead to drug and alcohol abuse. Call us at 866-319-6126.
What's the Difference Between An Opioid And An Opiate?


Windows: You might use the Windows clock/calendar on the task bar to quickly check what day it is on the fourth of July. What you might not know is that Windows can tell you this for every day from 1 January 1900 until 31 December 2099. That's two hundred years right there in the lower right corner of your screen!
It's fairly simple: if you click the clock, Windows shows you a nice little calendar. You can browse to previous or next months easily with the arrows on both sides of the month (or your scroll wheel). But I needed this information about 17 February 1967 and didn't feel like clicking until my finger fell off.
You can switch between 20th and 21st century with the arrows, and then you can 'zoom in' again on your preferred month.
Maybe you've known about this for years, but I only discovered this just now because I needed to check that day in 1967 and I didn't want to open my browser. Of course, I have now opened my browser to write this article. So much for staying productive!


Don't Let Addiction Bring You Down!
D Drug addiction has destroyed families in Chandler, Arizona, in the same way as in other parts of the country. However, it is hoped that a corner has been turned recently, as authorities are beginning to understand that addiction is an illness, rather than a crime. As a result, people are now being referred to substance abuse and treatment centers in Chandler. Patients can be helped by a proper medical staff trained in recovery methods, enabling them to once again become productive and contributing members of society. Whether they do so voluntarily after an intervention, or whether they are forced to do so by a court is almost irrelevant.
Although it is easier to achieve recovery if someone is a willing participant, it can be equally successful even when someone is non-cooperative or continues to be in denial. Indeed, once patients have gone through the detox process, they are usually far more willing to submit to further treatment. It is also advised to find a meeting with a fellowship group nearby after treatment.
People familiar with the recovery industry have found that traveling for treatment is beneficial in most cases. Addiction thrives when feed bad habits. Most drug addicts and alcoholics get loaded in the same places with the same people. Traveling to a distant city or state can help keep you focused on your recovery program. The best way to get over a bad situation is to remove yourself from it. Leaving town for a few weeks can help you ditch those 'friends' who encourage you to party every night. Traveling will also open your eyes to other things and thoughts in life. During your addiction you only see the world from a wasted point of view, because you put your substances before your career and relationships. When in another place you will be able to see that it is possible to live life without having to be high or drunk everyday just to operate.
What If I Am In Too Deep?
Many addicts do not come forward to ask for help because they believe that their addiction is too strong to gain control over. But that is false. As long as you are still breathing you have a chance to fight back. It is normal for your addiction or alcoholism to make you feel guilty or embarrassed about having this problem. There have been people who have come before you who were worse off. Just because you hit rock bottom does not mean that you have to stay at rock bottom. You can only go up from here. If you are sick and tired of being sick and tired then it is time to make some changes. Drugs and alcohol will kill you if given the chance, do not let the substances which are controlling you kill you. Get control back of your decision making. Start taking steps towards recovery, you will be happy you did.
After your graduate from your rehab program, it will be on you to stay sober. Just because rehab is over, does not mean you will not want to use drugs or alcohol. You will always have to practice the skills you learned in rehab to stay on the path of recovery. That is why it is important that you surround yourself with a great support group. One way to do that is to get involved in the 12-Step Community. The best way to get involved is to attend meetings and help new people who are trying to fight back against their addiction.


text:
Jan Brueghel the Elder or "Velvet" Brueghel Allegory of Fire
1460 x 660 cm
Allegorical
In a large forge inside a cave and between the ruins of an ancient building, group of workers produce various objects using the fire. Armors, jugs, work tools, glass, jewelry, crystals and various instruments are piled on the ground or on tables in the foreground. This representation of fire as an instrument that is used and tamed by man for his needs contrasts with the background scene on the right. Here, beyond the objects in the foreground, stands out a wooden relief with the ruins of an ancient temple, resembling the temple of Vesta in Tivoli, which Brueghel copied during his stay in Rome. There is also a fire, perhaps an eruption, evident reference to the fire and lava coming from an active volcano and to the enormous power of this element of nature that man does not always manage to tame. On the left side of the painting there is a big brass chandelier, decorated with an eagle with two heads, that contrasts the scene illuminating the cave and the plants. There are also Venus and Vulcan in the scene, recalling the art of the classical world. Vulcan is the god of fire in ancient mythology, who forged a special armor at the request of his wife Venus, that would protect Aeneas, son of the goddess, during the Trojan war. On the walls of the cave and the old ruined building there are various writings, such as "salmonia", "acqua" and "mercuria" alluding to the work of Pieter Brueghel the Elder, father of the artist, which represents the Alchemist. The painting is teeming with demons and other fantastic creatures and it has been defined as a real museum for its many details and various different figures and objects. In fact, the copper here is reminiscent of the collections of rare and precious small objects, plants, minerals and alchemist artifacts, gathered by educated amateurs and exhibited in their cabinets. This idea of representing the knowledge in an encyclopedic way was very popular during the 16th and 17th centuries. The artist repeated the theme in other works and he painted the series of the Four Elements several times, a sort of encyclopedic representation of the world. The cycle is characterized by an imaginative and original interpretation of elements, also included in the Allegory of Earth, painted in 1611 (Paris, Louvre), the Allegory of Water, completed in 1618 and also preserved in Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, and the Allegory of Air from 1621, preserved today at Louvre museum. The four paintings remained in Milan's Pinacoteca Ambrosiana until 1796 when the French took them to bring them to Napoleon's Museé Universel. In 1814 only two copper panels returned to Italy. The historic resources claim that cardinal Borromeo commissioned the works for his collection and according to the correspondence between him and the artist, they were also for his delight. Pinacoteca Ambrosiana's painting is signed and dated 1608 and it is the first one of the series and the most original of all.
Jan Brueghel came from a family of artists. He was the second son of Pieter Brueghel the Elder, who died when Jan was only 1-year-old and he was the brother of Pieter the Young and father of Jan the Young, who became famous Flemish artists between the 16th and 17th centuries.
He trained in his family's workshop studying his father's works, then he went to school in Antwerp with Pieter Gotkind and in the end of the 16th century Jan stayed twice in Italy, the first time for four years. In 1595 he met Cardinal Federico Borromeo in Milan, the great collector and patron of artists. The prelate took Jan under his wing and he did the same with his son, who was also a painter.
Borromeo admired still lifes and the silent and naturalistic painting of the Flemish artist, which was very different from the modern interpretations of Caravaggio's style, dark and dramatic. Jan worked also in Rome and he painted small paintings for Cardinal Borromeo that can be grouped into two allegorical series; the series of Elements and that of Five Senses which today are preserved in Museo del Prado in Madrid.
In 1598 he returned to Flanders, Antwerp and enrolled in the Guild of St. Luke, the guild of painters. Brueghel continued to paint similar subjects, still lifes and flowers, but also landscapes often in collaboration with other artists, such as Peter Paul Rubens. In fact, he often painted the natural landscape while the collaborators painted the figures.
In Brussels the artist painted small landscapes, also on copper, for Archduke Albert and his court, but then he moved again to Antwerp where he had become very famous and where he eventually died of cholera epidemic.
In Italy Jan is also known as Brueghel of Velvets or Flowers for his extraordinary capacity to represent clothes with that fabric and flowers, such as tulips, daisies, sunflowers that came from America and were considered rare and exotic species.
Brueghel is also known as Paradise painter because the flowers, plants and fruits he painted were so perfectly represented that they seemed to have been collected in Paradise.
Pinacoteca Ambrosiana was established in 1618 by cardinal Federico Borromeo, when he donated his art collection to the Ambrosiana library, which was founded by him as well in 1607. The building was named after the patron saint of Milan, St. Ambrose.
It was the first museum in the world to be open to the public. The history of the Pinacoteca and the library goes hand in hand, as this was also the first library to be open to the public. The book collection includes prestigious volumes, among them Petrarch's Virgil with illuminated manuscript by Simone Martini and Da Vinci's Codex Atlanticus, donated in 1637 by Galeazzo Arconati.
In fact, cardinal's plan was to display art with its symbology and evocative power to serve Christian values reaffirmed by the Council of Trent (1545-1563), which were threatened by the diffusion of the Protestant reformation.
The academy was added in 1637 and transferred to Brera in 1776. It was supposed to be an artistic school of painting, sculpture and architecture which would allow the students to learn from the great models of the history.
The building was designed by architect Fabio Mangone (1587-1629) and it is located in the city center. The space is expanded over 1500 square meters and divided into twenty-two rooms. The cardinal illustrated the works and the objects himself in his book in Latin, Museum (1625), which still today represents the main nucleus of the Pinacoteca.
Through commissions and purchases Federico Borromeo's collection grew with the paintings of Lombard and Tuscan schools, among them works by Raphael, Correggio and Bernardino Luini and casts from Leone Leoni's workshop, arriving to a total of 3000 artworks of which 300 are exhibited.
There are great masterpieces such as the Portrait of a Musician by Leonardo Da Vinci (1480), Madonna del Padiglione by Botticelli (1495), the cartoon for the School of Athens by Raphael (before 1510), the Holy Family with St. Anne and Young St. John by Bernardino Luini (1530) and the Rest on the Flight into Egypt by Jacopo Bassano (1547).
A great part of the collection is dedicated to landscape and to still life, because the Cardinal saw the nature as an important tool raising the human mind into the Divine. For this reason, Federico collected Caravaggio's Basket of Fruit and the miniature paintings by Jan Brueghel and Paul Brill.
After the cardinal's death the collection was enriched with the donations of the artworks from 15th and 16th centuries, such as the frescoes by Bramantino and Antonio Canova and Bertel Thorvaldsen's marble self-portraits. Museo Settala, one of the first museums in Italy, founded by canonical Manfredo Settala (1600-1680), was joined to Pinacoteca Ambrosiana in 1751. The museum is a sort of science history museum with a variety of curiosities of all time.
During the period of growth, the museum required some structural and architectural changes as well, including the expansion of the exhibition halls between 1928 and 1931, which were decorated with 13th century miniature motifs of Ambrosian codes, and between 1932 and 1938 a new series of restorations was implemented under the guidance of Ambrogio Annoni. The renowned readjustment in 1963 was curated by architect Luigi Caccia Dominioni and the museum excursus was concluded with the current reorganization between 1990 and 1997.