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A trade bloc is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states.
Trade blocs can be stand-alone agreements between several states (such as the North American Free Trade Agreement) or part of a regional organization (such as the European Union). Depending on the level of economic integration, trade blocs can be classified as preferential trading areas, free-trade areas, customs unions, common markets, or economic and monetary unions.
Historic trading blocs include the Hanseatic League, a Northern European economic alliance between the 12th and 17th centuries, and the German Customs Union, formed on the basis of the German Confederation and subsequently the German Empire from 1871. Surges of trade bloc formation occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as in the 1990s after the collapse of Communism. By 1997, more than 50% of all world commerce was conducted within regional trade blocs. Economist Jeffrey J. Schott of the Peterson Institute for International Economics notes that members of successful trade blocs usually share four common traits: similar levels of per capita GNP, geographic proximity, similar or compatible trading regimes, and political commitment to regional organization.
Many advocates of global free trade are opposed to trading blocs. Trade blocs are seen by them to encourage regional free trade at the expense of global free trade. Those who advocate for it claim that global free trade is in the interest of every country, as it would create more opportunities to turn local resources into goods and services that are both currently in demand and will be in demand in the future by consumers. However, scholars and economists continue to debate whether regional trade blocs fragment the global economy or encourage the extension of the existing global multilateral trading system.
A common market is seen as a stage of economic integration towards an economic union or possibly towards the goal of a unified market.
Competition: Trade blocs force the manufacturers in participating countries to compete with each other. Increased competition creates pressures for greater efficiency within firms, which results in lower prices for consumers. Home producers have to work with greater efficiency to ensure survival of their goods against the low price imported goods since tariffs are removed. Overseas producers tend to increase their production of goods as they realize that the low price goods that they produce have a better chance of competing with home-produced goods in the market.
Economies of scale: The larger markets created by trade blocs permit companies to take advantage of economies of scale. Since the average cost of each good produced tends to fall as production increases, this results in lower prices for consumers.
Improved Market Efficiency: Increased competition and the removal of tariffs, which may act as a price floor, drive down prices and allow for increased consumption. This reduces deadweight loss and hence improves market efficiency.
Increased foreign direct investment: An increase in foreign direct investment may result from the creation of trade blocs. This can benefit the economies of participating nations by creating jobs in new or expanded businesses.
Trade Effects: Trade blocs eliminate tariffs, which drives down the cost of imports. As a result, consumers can save money by buying imported goods when cheaper than locally produced ones—they can then spend those savings on other goods. Reducing the cost of imports also reduces the cost of locally produced goods that use imported parts or components.
Concessions: No country wants to let foreign firms gain domestic market share at the expense of local companies without getting something in return. Any country that wants to join a trading bloc must be prepared to make concessions. For example, in trading blocs that involve developed and developing countries, such as bilateral agreements between the U.S. or the EU and relatively poor Asian, Latin American or African countries, the latter may have to allow multinational corporations to enter their home markets, hurting the business of some local firms.
Interdependence: Because trading blocs increase trade among participating countries, those countries become increasingly dependent on each other. A disruption of trade within a trading bloc as a result of a natural disaster, conflict or revolution may have severe consequences for the economies of all participating countries.
Loss of Sovereignty: A trading bloc, particularly when it is coupled with a political goal, is likely to lead to at least partial loss of sovereignty for its participants. For example, the European Union, started as a trading bloc in 1957 by the Treaty of Rome, has transformed itself into a far-reaching political organization that deals not only with trade matters, but also with human rights, consumer protection, greenhouse gas emissions and other issues which are only marginally related.
Regionalism vs. Multinationalism: Trading blocs inherently favor their participating countries. For example, among NAFTA partners, the United States, Canada and Mexico, trade has risen to more than 80 percent of Mexican and Canadian trade and more than a third of U.S. trade, according to a 2009 report by the Council on Foreign Relations. However, regional economies establish tariffs and quotas that protect intra-regional trade from outside forces, according to the University of California Atlas of Global Inequality. Rather than pursuing a global trading regime within the World Trade Organization, which includes the majority of the world's countries, regional trade bloc countries contribute to regionalism rather than global integration.
This list is based on the data obtained from United Nations Statistics Division.
9 Limited to "entitled persons" and duration of one year.
Does Economic Integration Cause Foreign Direct Investment?
^ O'Loughlin and Anselin 1996, 136.
^ Lal, Deepak (1993). "Trade Blocs and Multilateral Free Trade". Journal of Common Market Studies. 31 (3): 349–358. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5965.1993.tb00468.x.
^ "WT/COMTD/N/11". wto.org. Archived from the original on 2009-03-25.
^ "WT/COMTD/N/21". wto.org. Archived from the original on 2009-03-27.
^ "Prensa Latina". Prensa Latina. February 3, 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
^ "WT/REG238/M/1". wto.org. Archived from the original on 2009-03-04.
^ "Definidos critérios para o Parlamento do Mercosul". Senado Federal – Notícias. February 3, 2007.
^ "Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus form Eurasian Economic Union". Washington Post. May 29, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
^ "GCC customs union fully operational". The Peninsula. 2016-08-13. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
^ "Asean Trade Mins Meet To Speed Up Plans For Single Market". Malaysia Dual Lingual Business News. February 3, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.
^ "Envisioning a single Asian currency". International Herald Tribune. February 3, 2007.
^ "ASEAN To Sign Accord On Visa-Free Travel". AHN – All Headline News. February 3, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-09-26.
^ "ASEAN Leaders Sign Five Agreements at the 12th ASEAN Summit, Cebu, the Philippines, 13 January 2007" (Press release). ASEAN Secretariat. 2007-01-13. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2007-01-28. On the first day of the 12th ASEAN Summit, five Agreements have been signed by ASEAN leaders – reinforcing their commitment in the continuing integration of ASEAN and enhancing political, economic and social cooperation in the region.
^ "ASEAN defense ministers aim for security community". ABS-CBN. February 3, 2007. Archived from the original on June 27, 2006.
Mansfield, Edward D. and Helen V. Milner, "The New Wave of Regionalism" in Diehl, Paul F. (2005). The Politics of Global Governance: International Organizations in an Interdependent World. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-654-8.
Milner, Helen V., "International Trade" in Carlsnaes, Walter; Thomas Risse; Beth A. Simmons (2002). Handbook of International Relations. London: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-0-7619-6304-2.
O'Loughlin, John; Luc Anselin (1996). "Geo-Economic Competition and Trade Bloc Formation: United States, German, and Japanese Exports, 1968-1992". Economic Geography. 72 (2): 131–160. doi:10.2307/144263. JSTOR 144263.
Schott, Jeffrey J. (1991). "Trading blocs and the world trading system". World Economy. 14 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9701.1991.tb00748.x.


Here is a recording of Hymn No. 22 from the "Hymns of Dawn" to aid God's people in singing and making melody in their hearts unto God.
For this choicest gift from heav'n.
Still some new, rich gem appears.
"(9) Wherewithal shall a young man cleanse his way? by taking heed thereto according to thy word.
(11) Thy word have I hid in mine heart, that I might not sin against thee.
(17) Deal bountifully with thy servant, that I may live, and keep thy word.
(25) My soul cleaveth unto the dust: quicken thou me according to thy word.
(28) My soul melteth for heaviness: strengthen thou me according unto thy word.
(38) Stablish thy word unto thy servant, who is devoted to thy fear.
(41) Let thy mercies come also unto me, O Lord, even thy salvation, according to thy word.
(42) So shall I have wherewith to answer him that reproacheth me: for I trust in thy word.
(49) Remember the word unto thy servant, upon which thou hast caused me to hope.
(50) This is my comfort in my affliction: for thy word hath quickened me.
(58) I intreated thy favour with my whole heart: be merciful unto me according to thy word.
(81) My soul fainteth for thy salvation: but I hope in thy word.
(103) How sweet are thy words unto my taste! yea, sweeter than honey to my mouth! (104) Through thy precepts I get understanding: therefore I hate every false way.
(105) Thy word is a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path.
(107) I am afflicted very much: quicken me, O Lord, according unto thy word.
(114) Thou art my hiding place and my shield: I hope in thy word.
(115) Depart from me, ye evildoers: for I will keep the commandments of my God.
(116) Uphold me according unto thy word, that I may live: and let me not be ashamed of my hope.
(130) The entrance of thy words giveth light; it giveth understanding unto the simple.
(140) Thy word is very pure: therefore thy servant loveth it.
(154) Plead my cause, and deliver me: quicken me according to thy word.
(158) I beheld the transgressors, and was grieved; because they kept not thy word.
(160) Thy word is true from the beginning: and every one of thy righteous judgments endureth for ever.
(161) Princes have persecuted me without a cause: but my heart standeth in awe of thy word. (162) I rejoice at thy word, as one that findeth great spoil.
(163) I hate and abhor lying: but thy law do I love.
(164) Seven times a day do I praise thee because of thy righteous judgments.
(165) Great peace have they which love thy law: and nothing shall offend them.
(169) Let my cry come near before thee, O Lord: give me understanding according to thy word.
(170) Let my supplication come before thee: deliver me according to thy word.
"(12) Yea, and all that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution.
(16) All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness.
(20) for the anger of man does not produce the righteousness of God.
(21) Therefore put away all filthiness and rampant wickedness and receive with meekness the implanted word, which is able to save your souls.
(22) But be doers of the word, and not hearers only, deceiving yourselves.
(23) For if anyone is a hearer of the word and not a doer, he is like a man who looks intently at his natural face in a mirror.
(24) For he looks at himself and goes away and at once forgets what he was like.
(25) But the one who looks into the perfect law, the law of liberty, and perseveres, being no hearer who forgets but a doer who acts, he will be blessed in his doing.
(26) If anyone thinks he is religious and does not bridle his tongue but deceives his heart, this person's religion is worthless.
No other book which the world has ever known has such a history as the Bible. Its origin and authorship, its antiquity, its wonderful preservation in the midst of the unparalleled and continuous opposition which sought to destroy it, as well as its diversity and teaching, make the Bible the most wonderful book in existence.
Those who will make a study of the Bible plan will be fully convinced of the conclusive evidence of the credibility of the Sacred Scriptures, which is furnished in the purity, harmony and grandeur of its teachings.
Our first definite information with reference to the Sacred Writings is afforded by the direction given to Moses to write the law and history in a book, and put it in the side of the ark for preservation. (See Exod. 17:14; 34:27; Deut. 31:9-26.) This book was left for the guidance of the people. Additions were made to it from time to time by subsequent writers, and in the days of the kings, scribes appear to have been appointed whose business it was to keep a careful record of the important events occurring in Jewish history, which records—Samuel, Kings, Chronicles—were preserved and subsequently incorporated with the Law.
The Jewish copyists regarded these documents with great veneration. A very slight error in copying often led them to destroy it and begin anew. Josephus says that through all the ages that had passed none had ventured to add to, take away from, or transpose, aught of the Sacred Writings.
One of the strongest evidences of the authenticity of the O.T. Scriptures is found in the fact that the law and the prophets were continually referred to by our Lord and the apostles as authority, and that while the Lord denounced the corruptions of the Jewish Church, and their traditions, by which they made void the Word of God, he did not even intimate any corruption in these Sacred Writings, but commends them, and refers to and quotes them in proof of his claims.
In fact, the various parts of the entire book are bound together by the mutual endorsement of the various writers, so that to reject one is to mar the completeness of the whole. Each book bears its own witness and stands on its own evidence of credibility, and yet each book is linked with all the rest, both by their common spirit and harmony and by their mutual endorsement. Mark, for instance, the endorsement of the account of creation in the commandment of the law concerning the Sabbath day.—Exod. 20:11. Also compare Deut. 23:4,5; Joshua 24:9; Micah. 6:5; 2 Pet. 2:15; Jude 11-13; Isa. 28:21; Hab. 3:11; Matt. 12:40.
And even at that early date it contained the same books as at present with the exception of the Second Epistle of Peter, the Third Epistle of John, Jude and the Book of Revelation. And these omitted books we know were written about the close of the first century, and probably had not been widely circulated among the Christian congregations at that time.
The first five books of the N.T. are historical, and present a clear and connected account of the life, character, circumstances, teachings and doings of Jesus of Nazareth, who claimed to be the Messiah promised in the O.T. Scriptures, and who fully substantiated his claim. The four accounts of the Evangelists, though they differ in phraseology, are in harmony in their statements, some important items being recorded by each which seem to have been overlooked by the others. These Evangelists testified to that of which they had positive knowledge. The Apostle John says: That which we have seen and heard declare we unto you—"that which was from the beginning (the beginning of the Lord's ministry), which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have handled of the Word of life; for the life was manifested, and we have seen it, and bear witness." (1 John 1:1-3.) They testify also that they saw Christ after his resurrection. The fifth book [the Book of Acts] presents a valuable account of the doings of the Apostles after their anointing with the Holy Spirit, of the establishment of the Christian Church, and of the first preaching of the good news to the Gentiles.
The original copies of both the Old and New Testaments have, of course, long since disappeared, and the oldest manuscript (the Sinaitic) is reckoned to have been written about three centuries after the death of Christ.
Those of earlier date were either destroyed in the persecutions under which the church suffered, or were worn out by use. These oldest manuscripts are preserved with great care in the Museums and Libraries of Europe. During the Middle Ages, when ignorance and corruption prevailed and the Bible was hidden in monasteries away from the people, God was still carrying on his work, preserving the Scriptures from destruction even in the midst of Satan's stronghold, the apostate [R1146] Church of Rome. A favorite occupation of the monks during the Middle Ages was the copying of the manuscripts of the N.T. … Of these manuscripts there are said to be now more than two thousand, of various dates from the fourth to the fifteenth centuries. The quiet seclusion of those monks gave them special opportunities for careful copying, and years were sometimes spent in the copying of a single manuscript.
Very early in the Christian Era translations of the New Testament Scriptures were made into several languages, and the different factions that early developed and continued to exist, though they might have been desirous of adding to or taking from the original text in order to give their claims a show of Scriptural support, were watched by each other to see that they did not do so, and had they succeeded in corrupting the text in one language, another translation would make it manifest.
Even the Douay translation, in use in the Romish church, is in most respects substantially the same as the King James translation. The fact that during the "dark ages" the Scriptures were practically cast aside, being supplanted by the decrees of popes and councils, so that its teachings had no influence upon the masses of the people who did not have copies in their possession—nor could they have read them if they had them—doubtless made unnecessary the serious alteration of the text, at a time when bold, bad men had abundant power to do so. For men who would plot treason, incite to wars and commit murders for the advancement of the papal hierarchy, as we know was done, would have been bold enough for anything. Thus the depth of ignorance in the dark ages served to protect and keep pure God's Word, so that its clear light has shone specially at the two ends of the Gospel age. (1 Cor. 10:11.) The few interpolations which were dared, in support of the false claims of Papacy, were made just as the gloom of the "dark ages" was closing in upon mankind, and are now made glaringly manifest, from their lack of harmony with the context, their antagonism with other scriptures and from their absence in the oldest and most complete and reliable manuscripts.
As to the relative values of ancient manuscripts, we quote the following comments from the pen of that eminent German scholar, Constantine Tischendorf, who spent many years of his life in diligently searching out and comparing the various ancient manuscripts and translations of the Scriptures in many languages, and who has furnished to the church the results of his investigation in a careful exhibit of the various departures of the English Authorized Version of the New Testament from the three oldest and most important manuscripts.
"As early as the reign of Elizabeth the English nation possessed an authorized translation, executed by the Bishops under the guidance of Archbishop Parker; and this, half a century later, in the year 1611, was revised at the command of James the First by a body of learned divines, and became the present 'Authorized Version.' Founded as it was on the Greek text at that time accepted by Protestant theologians, and translated with scholarship and conscientious care, this version of the New Testament has deservedly become an object of great reverence, and a truly national treasure to the English Church. The German Church alone possesses in Luther's New Testament a treasure of similar value….
"The Authorized Version, like Luther's, was made from a Greek text which Erasmus in 1516, and Robert Stephens in 1550, had formed from manuscripts of later date than the tenth century. Whether those manuscripts were thoroughly trustworthy—in other words, whether they exhibited the Apostolic original as perfectly as possible—has long been matter of diligent and learned investigation. Since the sixteenth century Greek manuscripts have been discovered of far greater antiquity than those of Erasmus and Stephens; as well as others in Latin, Syriac, Coptic, and Gothic, into which languages the sacred text was translated between the second and fourth centuries; while in the works of the Fathers, from the second century downwards, many quotations from the New Testament have been found and compared….One thing is agreed upon by the majority of those who understand the subject, namely, that the oldest copies approach the original text more nearly than the later ones.
"Providence has ordained for the New Testament more sources of the greatest antiquity than are possessed by all the old Greek literature put together. And of these, two manuscripts have for long been especially esteemed by Christian scholars, since, in addition to their great antiquity, they contain very nearly the whole of both the Old and New Testaments. Of these two, one is deposited in the Vatican, and the other in the British Museum. Within the last ten years a third has been added to the number, which was found at Mount Sinai, and is now at St. Petersburg. These three manuscripts undoubtedly stand at the head of all the ancient copies of the New Testament, and it is by their standard that both the early editions of the Greek text and the modern versions are to be compared and corrected.
"The effect of comparing the common English text with the most ancient authorities will be as often to disclose agreement as disagreement. True, the three great manuscripts alluded to differ from each other both in age and authority, and no one of them can be said to stand so high that its sole verdict is sufficient to silence all contradiction. But to treat such ancient authorities with neglect would be either unwarrantable arrogance or culpable negligence; and it would be indeed a misunderstanding of the dealings of Providence, if after these documents had [R1147] been preserved through all the dangers of fourteen or fifteen centuries, and delivered safe into our hands, we were not to receive them with thankfulness as the most valuable instruments for the elucidation of truth.
"… To us the most reverential course appears to be, to accept nothing as the Word of God which is not proved to be so by the evidence of the oldest, and therefore most certain, witnesses that he has put into our hands. With this in view, and with this intention, the writer has occupied himself for thirty years past, in searching not only the Libraries of Europe, but the obscurest convents of the East, both in Africa and Asia, for the most ancient manuscript, of the Bible; and has done all in his power to collect the most important of such documents, to arrange them and to publish them for the benefit both of the present age and of posterity, so as to settle the original text of the sacred writers on the basis of the most careful investigation.
"The first of these great manuscripts already referred to which came into possession of Europe was the Vatican Codex. Whence it was acquired by the Vatican Library is not known; but it appears in the first catalogue of that collection which dates from the year 1475. The manuscript embraces both the Old and New Testaments. Of the later it contains the four Gospels, the Acts, the seven Catholic Epistles, nine of the Pauline Epistles, and the Epistle to the Hebrews as far as 9:14, from which verse to the end of the New Testament it is deficient; so that not only the last chapters of Hebrews, but the Epistle to Timothy, Titus and Philemon, as well as the Revelation, are missing. The peculiarities of the writing, the arrangement of the manuscript, and the character of the text—especially certain very remarkable readings—all combine to place the execution of the Codex in the fourth century, possibly about the middle of it.
"The Alexandrine Codex was presented to King Charles the First in 1628 by Cyril Lucar, Patriarch of Constantinople, who had himself brought it from Alexandria, of which place he was formerly Patriarch, and whence it derives its name. It contains both the Old and New Testaments. Of the New the following passages are wanting:—Matt. 1:1 to 25:6; John 6:50 to 8:52; 2 Cor. 4:13 to 12:6. …It would appear to have been written about the middle of the fifth century.
"The Sinaitic Codex I was myself so happy as to discover in 1844 and 1859, at the convent of St. Catherine, on Mount Sinai, in the later of which years I brought it to Russia to the Emperor Alexander the Second, at whose instance my second journey to the East was undertaken. It contains both Old and New Testaments—the latter perfect without the loss of a single leaf….All the considerations which tend to fix the date of manuscripts lead to the conclusion that the Sinaitic Codex belongs to the middle of the fourth century. Indeed, the evidence is clearer in this case than in that of the Vatican Codex; and it is not improbable (which cannot be the case with the Vatican MS.) that it is one of the fifty copies which the Emperor Constantine in the year 331 directed to be made for Byzantium, under the care of Eusebius of Caesarea. In this case it is a natural inference that it was sent from Byzantium to the monks of St. Catherine by the Emperor Justinian, the founder of the convent. The entire Codex was published by its discoverer, under the orders of the Emperor of Russia, in 1862, with the most scrupulous exactness, and in a truly magnificent shape, and the New Testament portion was issued in a portable form in 1863 and 1865.
"These considerations seem to show that the first place among the three great manuscripts, both for age and extent, is held by the Sinaitic Codex, the second by the Vatican, and the third by the Alexandrine. And this order is completely confirmed by the text they exhibit, which is not merely that which was accepted in the East at the time they were copied; but, having been written by Alexandrine copyists who knew but little of Greek, and therefore had no temptation to make alterations, they remain in a high degree faithful to the text which was accepted through a large portion of Christendom in the third and second centuries. The proof of this is their agreement with the most ancient translations—namely, the so-called Italic, made in the second century in proconsular Africa; the Syriac Gospels of the same date, now transferred from the convents of the Nitrian desert to the British Museum; and the Coptic version of the third century. It is confirmed also by their agreement with the oldest of the Fathers, such as Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clement and Origen.
St. Catherine's Monastry, Mount Sinai – Here Constantine Tischendorf discovered the Sinaitic Codex (one of the original New and Old Testament manuscripts) in 1844 and 1859.
"These remarks apply to the Sinaitic Codex—which is remarkably close in its agreement to the 'Italic' version—more than they do to the Vatican MS., and still more so than the Alexandrine, which, however, is of far more value in the Acts, Epistles and Apocalypse than it is in the Gospels [R1147]….
Another remarkable means for preserving and verifying the New Testament writings is their copious quotation in other writings. Origen — who wrote in the early part of the third century, quotes 5745 passages from all the books in the New Testament; Tertullian — (A.D. 200), makes more than 3000 quotations from the N.T. books; Clement — (A.D. 194), quotes 380 passages; Irenaeus — (A.D. 178), quotes 767 passages; Polycarp — who was martyred A.D. 165, after serving Christ 86 years, quoted 36 passages in a single epistle; Justin Martyr — (A.D. 140), also quotes from the N.T. These were all Christian writers; and in addition to these, the Scriptures were largely quoted by heathen and infidel writers, among them Celsus (A.D. 150) and Porphyry (A.D. 304).
Indeed the entire New Testament, with the exception of about a dozen verses, has been found scattered as quotations through various writings that are still extant. And if every copy of the N.T. had been destroyed by its enemies, the book could have been reproduced from these quotations contained in the writings of the early Christians and their enemies.
While the means for the preservation of the Scriptures have been thus remarkably complete, and in view of the unparalleled opposition with which they have met give evidence of Divine care in their preservation, the means for their verification, and for arriving at an understanding of them in God's due time, are found to be none the less remarkable. No other book in the world has ever had such attention as this book. The labor that has been spent in the preparation of complete concordances, indexes, various translations, etc., has been enormous; and the results to students of the Bible are of incalculable value. And while we recognize the providence of God in all this, we should and do appreciate these labors of his children and their great service to us, though we utterly repudiate, as useless, the labor that has been spent on many so-called theological writings, which are nothing more than miserable efforts to support the vain traditions of men, the accumulated monstrous volumes of which would indeed form a monument of human folly.
Just in "The Time of the End," when the prophet (Dan. 12:9,10) declares that "the wise (the meek and faithful children of God) shall understand," we find these wonderful aids coming forward to our assistance. And parallel with these has happened the general spread of intelligence and education and the placing of the Bible in the hands of the people, thus enabling them to use the helps provided.
The Bible claims to be a book written under divine inspiration. The word inspire signifies to breathe in, to infuse, to fill, to inhale—as to inspire the lungs with air. (See Webster's Dictionary.) Hence, when it is said that certain scriptures, or writings of godly men, were given by inspiration of God (2 Tim. 3:16), it signifies that those men were in some way, whether through miraculous or natural means, inspired by, or brought under the influence of God; so as to be used by him in speaking or writing such words as he wished to have expressed. The prophets and apostles all claimed such inspiration. Peter says, "The prophecy came not in old time by the will of man, but holy men of God spake as they were moved by the holy Spirit."—2 Pet. 1:21.
Through Moses we have the law of God and the only existing credible history of mankind from the creation of Adam down to his own time, covering a period of about 2500 years. While Moses and the other Bible writers were holy men, inspired with pure motives and holy zeal, and while personal pride, ambition, etc., were no part of their spirit, we learn that Moses was inspired with the knowledge of God's law, both in its great principles and also in the minutiae of its typical ceremonials, by direct revelation from God at Mount Sinai, and of some points of duty at the burning bush at Horeb, etc.
As for his historical writings, Moses was evidently guided of God in the collation and presentation in its present complete and connected form of the history of the world down to his day, which was really in great part the history of his own family back to Adam with an account of the creation doubtless given by God to Adam while he was yet in fellowship in Eden. Nor does a correct handing down of family information, covering a period of over 2300 years, seem impossible, or liable, as it would now be, to have become polluted; for, aside from the fact that it was handed down through the God-fearing family line of Seth, it should be remembered that at that time the bodies, brains and memories of men were not so weak as they are now, and as they have been since the flood; and finally, because the long lives of two men link Adam with the family of Abraham, the family of covenant favor,—with Isaac, the typical seed of promise. These two men were Methuselah and Shem. Methuselah was over 200 years old when Adam died, and had abundant opportunity, therefore, for information at first hands; and Shem, the son of Noah, lived contemporaneously with Methuselah for 98 years, and with Isaac for 50 years. Thus, these two living, God-fearing men acted as God's historians to communicate his revelations and dealings to the family in whom centered the promises, of which Moses was one of the prospective heirs.
In addition to these facts, we have the statement of Josephus that Methuselah, Noah and Shem, the year before the flood, inscribed the history and discoveries of the world on two monuments of stone and brick which were still standing in Moses' time.
The Apostle Peter tells us that the prophets of old time often did not understand their own utterances, as they themselves also acknowledge (1 Pet. 1:12; Dan. 12:4,8-10); and we should remember that the twelve apostles (Paul taking the place of Judas—Gal. 1:17; 1 Tim. 2:7) not only filled the office of apostles… they also, especially Peter and Paul and John, filled the office of prophets, and were not only given the spirit of wisdom and understanding by which they were enabled to understand and explain the previously dark prophecies, but in addition to this we believe that they were under the guidance and supervision of the Lord to such an extent that their references to things future from their day, things therefore not then due to be fully understood, were guided, so as to be true to an extent far beyond their comprehension, and such consequently were as really prophetic as the utterances of the old-time prophets. Illustrations of this are to be found in the Revelations of the Apostle John, in Peter's symbolic description of the Day of the Lord (2 Pet. 3:10-13), and in numerous references to the same period by Paul also, among which were some things hard to be understood even by Peter (2 Pet. 3:16) and only partially then by Paul himself. The latter, however, was permitted to see future things more clearly than others of his time, and to that end he was given special visions and revelations which he was not allowed to make known to others (2 Cor. 12:1-4), but which, nevertheless, influenced and colored his subsequent teachings and his epistles. And these very items which Peter thought strange of, and called "hard to be understood," are the very items which now, in God's due time, for which they were intended, so grandly illuminate not only Peter's prophecies and John's Revelation, but the entire word and plan of God,—that the man of God may be thoroughly furnished.—2 Tim. 3:16,17.
… There were, even in the days of the apostles, ambitious men who taught another gospel and claimed for themselves the honors of special revelations and authority as apostles and teachers of no less authority than the twelve apostles. And ambitious men of the same sort have from time to time since arisen—Emanuel Swedenborg and many less able and less notable—whose claims, if conceded, would not only place them in rank far above Paul, the prince of the apostles, but whose teachings would tend to discredit entirely, as "old wives' fables," the whole story of redemption and remission of sins through the blood of the cross. These would-be apostles, boastful, heady, high-minded, have "another gospel," a perversion of the gospel of Christ; and above all they despise and seek to cast discredit upon the words of Paul who so clearly, forcibly and logically lifts up the standard of faith and points to the cross—the ransom—as the sure foundation, and who so clearly showed that pseudo -apostles, false apostles, would arise and deceive many.
It not only required an inspiration to write God's plan, but it also requires an inspiration of the Almighty to give an understanding of that revelation; yet this inspiration is of a different sort.
When any one has realized himself a sinner, weak, imperfect and condemned, and has accepted of Christ as his Redeemer, and full of love and appreciation has consecrated his heart (his mind, his will) to the Lord, to henceforth please not himself but his Redeemer,—God has arranged that such a consecration of the natural mind brings a new mind.
The spirit of the truth inspires and controls to a greater or lesser extent … their words and thoughts, and even their very looks.
Yet such an inspiration, common to all the saints, in proportion to their development, should be critically distinguished from the special and peculiarly guided and guarded inspiration of the twelve apostles, whom God specially appointed to be the teachers of the church, and who have no successors in this office. Only twelve were "chosen," and when one of these, Judas, fell from his honorable office, the Lord in due time appointed Paul to the place; and he not only has never recognized others, but clearly indicates that he never will recognize others in that office.—Rev. 21:14.
With the death of the Apostles the canon of Scripture closed, because God had there given a full and complete revelation of his plan for man's salvation; though some of it was in a condensed form which has since expanded and is expanding and unfolding and will continue to expand and shine more and more until the perfect day—the Millennial Day—has been fully ushered in. Paul expresses this thought clearly when he declares that the Holy Scriptures are able to make wise unto salvation, and that they are sufficient.
As we consider, then, the completeness, harmony, purity and grandeur of the Bible, its age and wonderful preservation through the wreck and storms of [nearly] six thousand years, it must be admitted to be a most wonderful book; and those who have learned to read it understandingly, who see in it the great plan of the ages, cannot doubt that God was its inspiring Author, as well as its Preserver. Its only parallel is the book of nature by the same great Author.
Posted on July 31, 2018 August 24, 2018 by Bible Students DailyPosted in Hymns of DawnTagged 1 Chron. 27"32, 1 Kings 14:21, 1 Kings 18, 1 Sam. 10:25, 100 ad, 100ad, 1475, 1611, 1628, 1844, 1859, 2 Chron. 33, 2 Cor. 12:6, 2 Cor. 4:13, 2 tim, 2 Tim. 3:15, 2043, 331ad, a beautiful temple, accept Christ, Adam, alexandrian, Aramaic, Authorized version, Bible, bible authenticity, bible credibility, bible translations, blessed bible, Br. David Rice, Br. George Tabac, Byzantium, Celsus, Charles Taze Russell, codex sinaticus, condemned, consecrated, Constantine Tischendorf, Cyril Lucar, dark ages, dawn bible students association, Deut. 31, earliest bible, earliest copy of the bible, earliest copy of the new testament, earliest new testament, Emanuel Swedenborg, Emperor Alexander the second, Emperor Justinian, Erasmus, Eusebius of Caesarea, exod 17, Exod. 14, Ezra, from God's standpoint, how can your eyes of understanding be opened, how did the bible survive, how many new testament original mauscripts exist, hymn 22, Hymns of Dawn, imperfect, Irenaeus, Isa. 30:8, Isaiah 30:8, James the first, Jer. 30, Jer. 45, Jeremiah 36, Jerm. 51, John 6:50, Josephus, Josh. 1:8, Justin Martyr, King Charles the first, language, Mat . 1:1, Methuselah, Mount Sinai, Nehemiah 8, new mind in christ, opens the eyes of the understanding, Origen, original Bible manuscripts, original watchtower, papal hierarchy, Polycarp, Porphyry, R60, reliability of present bible translations, reprint 60, reprint no. 60, Robert Stephens, Shem, sinner, St. Catherine monastry, Syria, Syriac language, temple, Tertullian, the Alexandrian Codex, the Apostles, the authorship and credibility of the Bible, the bible during the dark ages, the prophets of old, Tischendorf, Vatican Codex, vaticanus, Watch Tower, Watch Tower and Tract Society, Watchtower, weak, when was the sinaitic codex discovered, who has a new mind in christ, who wrote the Bible, Zion Watch Tower.
Dear brethren, more grace and peace.
Thank you very much for sharing. Warmest greetings and good wishes for your good health. Courage! Keep up the good fight.
Dear Brother Alex – Greetings IN our BELOVED – Christ Jesus, through whom we can BE HIDDEN IN where inside the Holy of Holies we can, by FAITH, sit down with him in, and his banner of love is over us!
Thank you for your unceasing words of edification IN CHRIST.
"(20) May the GOD OF PEACE who brought again from the dead our Lord Jesus, the great shepherd of the sheep, by the blood of the eternal covenant, (21) equip you with everything good that you may do His will, working in us that which is pleasing in His sight, through Jesus Christ, to whom be glory forever and ever. Amen" (Hebrews 13:20-21, ESV).
Greet all GOD's people. We send you and our Brethren in Christ there greetings.
"Grace be with you all" (Hebrews 13:25).


Partnered with the U.S. Army, General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc. (GA-ASI) recently completed Follow-On Test & Evaluation (FOT&E) for its MQ-1C ER Gray Eagle Extended Range UAS. Testing of the Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) began in early June and spanned 644 flight hours during the testing period. The successful test opens the door for MQ-1C ER initial fielding to the U.S. Army Intelligence & Security Command (INSCOM) and U.S. Special Operations Command (SOCOM), followed by units from the U.S. Forces Command (FORSCOM).
MQ-1C-ER flew close to 40 hours in support of critical testing which yielded results that significantly exceeded the goals for endurance. The Soldiers tested the full range of MQ-1C-ER's capability to support the U.S. Army's Vision for Long-Range and Persistent Reconnaissance. "The Gray Eagle ER clearly demonstrated its ability to support the future force. We added Multiple Payloads that enable it to perform a wide range of missions to further support the warfighter in contested operations," said Alexander. The FOT&E was conducted in Palmdale, California at U.S. Air Force Plant 42.


Speaking quickly, moving about the front of the room and drawing on the whiteboard, Brad Snowder guides his Astronomy 100 class through the mechanisms and history of our universe.
The high-ceilinged classroom is large and open, like the vacuum of space, with rows of wide tables occupied by students copiously taking notes to keep up with the pace of the lecture. The walls are adorned with photos of brightly-colored astronomical bodies and the cardinal directions are marked on each side of the room, as well as this classroom's exact global coordinates.
The focal point of this space, a three-sectioned whiteboard which nearly covers the entire wall, is dynamic and constantly changing, like a live-action slideshow, as Snowder draws model after model of each specific concept.
The measure of the universe seems almost unfathomable, with some distances measured in billions of light-years, yet Snowder casually describes the layout of space as if giving directions to a driver. This massive scale, said Snowder, is at the root of his interest in astronomy.
"It is what it is, it's immutable," said Snowder. "We can discover it, but we can't screw it up." He said the night sky has always intrigued him and he can remember stargazing since he was 8 years old.
"I'd lay on the grass and grab ahold, and look at the sky and pretend I was looking down," Snowder said.
This interest in the night sky led Snowder to building his own telescopes, which "is like having fruit from your own garden," he said. He even helped build the world's largest portable telescope, which was 41 inches in diameter. Just grinding the mirrors for it was a big undertaking, since "it took several people just to push the tool around," said Snowder.
Although an amateur astronomer for many years, Snowder did not attend college until later in life, at the age of 36, "with remedial math," he said. Before then, he worked as a "technical take-down technician," removing trees from dangerous locations like between power lines.
"I wanted to take physics," he said, since "that's what astronomy is all about." He began his teaching career at Whatcom Community College in 1996 and started teaching at Western Washington University five years later.
While a lot of material is squeezed into each of his class sessions, the mood is always kept light as Snowder intersperses his lectures with the occasional science joke.
This teaching style is reflective of Snowder's experience with entertaining a crowd. While living in Spokane, he once produced a public access TV show, "Keystone Astronomers at Large," which he described as "a non-serious look at astronomy." The content of this show "ranged from puppet shows to expeditions," he said.
In a similar vein, Snowder continues his practice of promoting astronomy to the public as he manages the planetarium at Western. Drawing from his experiences in different fields, he designs and delivers the planetarium's presentations, as well as maintaining its equipment.
Snowder still manages to find time for many hobbies on top of his busy academic schedule, like woodworking and casting things out of bronze. He also enjoys photography, a subject he has once taught, especially astrophotography, although it can be very challenging.
"Nothing is more demanding in photography than trying to take pictures of stars in the dark," Snowder said.
While juggling so many responsibilities might seem difficult, Snowder seems unaffected. "You have to change hats a lot," he said calmly. The key is following disciplines that relate to each other, he said.


text:
The WAT: Arsenal 2-2 Southampton, London Colney runs out of toilet paper
Jenkinson bearing lighter news at
last year's BAFTA Children's Awards
In a thrilling draw at St. Mary's Stadium early this week, Arsenal greats Olivier Giroud and Santi Cazorla each netted themselves a goal, but it didn't prove enough to take the win from Southampton's Saints, who scored a goal in each half to keep it level at full time.
Arsenal fans everywhere echoed similar sentiments across social media: While being in first is great, they all said, it's a pretty heavy thing to be in first place, lots of pressure, even on the fans, so maybe this is just what we need to recharge the batteries and get in first again later, like in May, once things settle down. The club's supporters are known for this kind of positive, "nothing can bring us down" attitude, as evidenced by that nice card RVP found in his locker when he arrived at United. Remember signing that card? "Good luck Robben [sic] have fun at manchester and we hope you win the league in 2012-13." Very classy, and very gracious. Not to mention eerily premonitory.
Posted by Alex Johnson at 1:06 PM No comments:
Labels: arsenal, arsenal fc, arsenal football club, arsene wenger, arteta, boston gooners, carl, jenkinson, london colney, mertesacker, paper, septic, the wat, the weekly arsenal thing, toilet, vermaelen, werder bremen
Match Preview: Arsenal v. Crystal Palace, Emirates Stadium, February 2, 11am (EST)
Ex-Gunner Marouane Chamack returns
to the Emirates for the first time
(Wikimedia / CC Licence)
We don't often think of Arsenal fixtures as "must win", but perhaps this fixture against Crystal Palace could be considered such a game. After a disappointing, yet hard-fought and (possibly un-?) deserved point away at Southampton earlier in the week, Arsenal welcome a resurgent Palace to the Emirates. The Gunners will be looking to gain all three points before a hellish run of fixtures in February and March. The task has been made more difficult with the news that Aaron Ramsey has suffered an injury setback and will be out for a "matter of some weeks". Jack Wilshere is about a week from returning, so could be fit to face Liverpool, while Mathieu Flamini's red card at St Mary's means he is suspended for three games, starting with the visit of the Eagles. There are no other injury issues resulting from the Southampton game, and Tomas Rosicky is likely to return to the squad after surgery on his nose. With Wilshere, Ramsey and Flamini out, there is speculation that Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain will play alongside Mikel Arteta in the deeper midfield role; depending on his match fitness, this is also a role that Rosicky could fill. There aren't likely to be too many more changes from Tuesday's starting XI;
Posted by Sam Burgess at 11:40 AM No comments:
Thursday Throwdown: Has Everything Changed Already?
This week's Thursday Throwdown is decidedly less Throwdown-y as there isn't a second person here to argue. However, I am keeping the spirit alive by adding to past discussions based on new information. In the last couple of weeks Sam and I debated both Arsenal's needs in the January transfer window and the state of the midfield as players came back from injury. Now, unfortunately, those discussions are somewhat outdated due to our latest injury news: Aaron Ramsey will be out an additional 4-6 weeks due to a newly developed thigh injury. Add in Mathieu Flamini's three match suspension for his straight red card against Southampton and the midfield rotation is even tighter than it was one week ago.
Arsenal will be without Aaron Ramsey's direction in midfield for the foreseeable future.
Posted by Andrew Klema at 1:17 PM No comments:
Weekend in Review: FA Cup Glory for Arsenal
Firstly (and most importantly), the Arsenal came away with a much-needed 4-0 victory against Coventry City in the 4th round of the FA Cup on Friday night. Based on the starting eleven that we put out on the pitch– including the likes of the Wizard of Oz, BFG, Kosc, and Jack– it was clear that the boss felt that this was an important match for us and the boys really produced (despite a rough patch in the first part of the second half). I sat in the comfort of my dorm room (alias Arsenal lair) to watch the match via some random live stream and was immediately baffled when I heard the announcer say something along the lines of, "They see what Chelsea has been doing, they see what City has been doing, Arsenal need to start performing." Really though? Can we just stop and take a moment to think about that statement?
Anyways... We may have missed watching our beloved boys in EPL action this weekend, but this game really had it all: not only did we see four excellent goals (Poldi at the 15' and 27', Oli at the 84', and my Spanish maestro love Santi Cazorla at the 89'), some of the floodlights at the Emirates went out (at which point "Sh*t club, no lights" chants from Coventry supporters proceeded to ring around the stadium), Ozil had a superb assist to Poldi (anyone really surprised by that though?), a "buffoon" Coventry fan ran onto the pitch and delayed the match, and 16-year-old Gedion Zelalem made his debut for the senior team after being subbed on at the 71'. What blows my mind the most about that last bit is that this 16-year-old kid was on the same pitch as his country's best footballer of 2013, Mesut Ozil. Can you even begin to imagine? That's like if I was four years younger (and at some absurd skill level that I'm clearly not at) about to be subbed onto the pitch to play alongside Abby Wambach or Clint Dempsey or something. Unreal.
Podolski's first goal vs. Coventry
KIERANCPHOTOS / CC License
I could go on for a while about this game, but one of the most important thing that I took away from it is the fact that my boy Santi Cazorla is definitely back in form. After being subbed on at the 71', Santi's energy was just phenomenal and he was a real game changer for us. With Bendtner as painfully slow as ever we were in dire need of a little pace in our attack, and Santi pulled through. I'd like to even go as far as saying that his passes in the buildup to the third goal were even better than the goal itself (not to mention the fact that he ended up scoring afterwards as well).
Posted by Anonymous at 7:11 AM No comments:
Thursday Throwdown: The Midfield Injury Issues
Sam Burgess: It's all been looking pretty good at the Emirates Stadium recently; Arsenal continue to win and retain their position atop the Premier League table. Despite this, the bad news comes in the form of injuries. Theo Walcott had returned from one injury to score 5 goals in 6 games, then was ruled out for the season after rupturing his ACL. The Gunners' star of the first half of the season, Aaron Ramsey, has missed several games of late. Without two of Arsenal's key midfield players, who do you think should be regularly playing in the midfield?
Wilshere: a key cog in Arsenal's midfield
Andrew Klema: Assuming that the midfield structure remains the same, I would think we'd agree that either Mikel Arteta or Mathieu Flamini has to play the deepest spot. Right now Arteta joins Walcott and Ramsey on the bench with an injury but he should be back within a game or so and when that happens I would prefer him over Flamini. The Frenchman is more likely to get stuck in and provide that imposing physical presence, but I think Arteta actually controls matches more with his distribution. He dictates the pace and the flow of play and that brings more stability to the team than the occasional authoritative tackle.
If Arteta mans the CDM position then it's a choice between Flamini or Jack Wilshere to fill the spot that Ramsey previously occupied. While I acknowledge that there are times when a double pivot of Arteta and Flamini makes sense in order to frustrate the opponent and put a stranglehold on the midfield, Arsenal tends to play tentatively with that lineup. It seems like the idea of clogging the midfield gets into the players' heads and there isn't enough dynamism. That's why I think Wilshere should get the starts in that box-to-box role even though it's not his natural position and even though he can be a defensive liability. He does such a good job of spurring the team forward that it's difficult for me to leave his talent on the bench. Do you agree with that analysis? What do you think about the various combination for the three more forward midfielders?
Posted by Sam Burgess at 1:08 PM No comments:
Daily Links: The "What Do You Think of Tottenham?" Edition
Cazorla became the most recent Gunner to mock Spurs
Wikimedia / CC Licence
At first I had nothing witty to call this post, then yesterday evening I stumbled across a gem of a link. I already posted it to the BG Facebook page last night, but in case you missed it: Bobby and Santi have a good laugh at Tottenham fans. Of course, the Spuds took it about as well as they took Theo's "2-0" gesture in the FA Cup, forcing Cazorla to later tweet an apology. (Telegraph)
According to a new study, Arsenal are now the best team at developing home-grown talent. The Gunners have 10 home-grown players still at the club, while another 17 are at teams in Europe's top-5 divisions. (Metro)
Posted by Sam Burgess at 12:16 PM No comments:
Thursday Throwdown: The January Transfer Window
Sam Burgess: So, a successful start to 2014 then. And of course, the start of every new year means the January transfer window. Let's come at this from an Arsenal-POV: Arsène Wenger is famously against the winter window - what do you think of it, Andy? Should it be scrapped in favor of a return to the old system? Can a club actually do decent business in January?
Andrew Klema: In theory, the January transfer window is a reasonable idea. Midway through the season clubs get a chance to reassess their personnel and decide if they want to dip into the market, either to cover for injuries or to take a step up in quantity. However in practice it becomes an adventure in the absurd because of all the media rumors, fan demands, and the general disconnect from reality. A shrewd negotiator with an eye for talent can of course find players that can fit well into the team, but they (and we) must wade through a mountain of bull in order to do so.
The Token Englishman: The View From Home and January Transfer Gossip
Ah, Christmas; the most happiest season of all. Having just arrived back in Boston after 3 weeks in Good Ol' Blighty with no laptop, your Token Englishman is back to bring you "news" and "views" from across the pond.
Theo Walcott, Arsenal's cheeky chappy
(Photo courtesy of Action Images)
After a 'poor' start to December, which had all of our favorite pundits proclaiming doom and gloom at the Emirates, Arsenal enter 2014 atop the Premier League and having beaten fierce rivals and perennial over-reachers, Tottenham Hostpur, in the FA Cup 3rd Round. Having gone 4 matches in all competitions without a win - gasp! - Arsenal's weakness was finally showing; we can't beat our title contenders. Manchester City are incredibly strong, and remain title favorites for a reason, while Jose Mourinho did his Mourinho-thing and ensured that Chelsea didn't lose away to a title contender1. The boys bounced back from disappointment at the Etihad and against Chelski with 4 straight wins that leaves us in the position mentioned above.
The WAT: Arsenal 2-2 Southampton, London Colney ru...
Match Preview: Arsenal v. Crystal Palace, Emirates...
Daily Links: The "What Do You Think of Tottenham?"...
The Token Englishman: The View From Home and Janua...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Where the latter has its focus on the relationships between the organization and its constituents/donors that can result in contributed income, the former just focuses on the dollars. And, when just focusing on dollars is sometimes OK for the short-term, it's quality relationships that result in consistent dollars over-the-long-term.
It must also be understood that Development Plans are constructed for specific sets of circumstances — there is no one-fits-all model.
Before the Development Plan comes the Strategic Plan … to determine priorities and where the organization wants to be by the end of this year, in two years, in three years … and for what programs/staff/equipment/overhead/etc. funding will be needed.
The development plan functions to help you keep in mind where the money came from last year, what you had to do to get it*, and what you're going to have to do to get that same money this year. Secondarily, the development plan looks at how to increase funding from former sources and generate new money from new sources.
At the end of the process of constructing a Development Plan, you have a fundraising goal for the year (or for whatever period you're doing the planning), a goal that MUST reflect reality. It must represent what you know of the organization's fundraising history and what you know about your prospective new donors.
That goal must be attainable, it cannot contain any element of wishful thinking, If the fundraising goal and the projected income from all other sources don't add up to what the budget requires, it's the budget that must be trimmed, not the fundraising goal that must be increased.
In constructing a Development Plan, you must keep in mind that where fundraising serves the needs of the nonprofit organization (NPO), it is not about the needs of the NPO. Fundraising is about the needs of the (prospective) donor. If your Development Plan doesn't consider the donor's needs, how can you expect him/her to consider yours?


From floral, exquisite honey, sumptuous rich fruit cakes to crushed cocoa bean nibs and beautifully packaged pantry gift sets, this collection is perfect for a thoughtful gift or a well-deserved treat for yourself.
Intense, bold and full-bodied, this coffee is a unique blend of 100% Arabica beans that have been expertly roasted for a rich, dark, chocolatey flavour. Exactly the kind of coffee you crave at the end of a meal.
Beautifully presented in one of our signature, clip top biscuit barrels, are two of our most popular biscuits. A packet of legendary salted caramel biscuits and a packet of our all butter Demerara topped, flaky shortbread complete with two of our finest teas; our English Breakfast blend and our Earl Grey. An ideal gift, if you can bear to part with it, that is.
While there is a certain amount of confusion around how Lord Charles Grey became the epoym for a blend of Ceylon black tea and bergamot, there is none whatsoever over about what a delightful tea this is, with it's smooth, light taste and delicate, citrusy finish. Each pack contains 30 pyramid teabags, and is ideal for restocking one of our tins.
Masala Chai tea may have its origins in the Indian subcontinent, but we think this blend of finest black Ceylon tea with cinnamon, cardamom, ginger, clove and calendula petals is a perfect winter-warmer to 'spice-up' your day. Each tin contains 15 loose leaf pyramid teabags which gives the tea freedom to breathe and release its flavour.
Ceylon tea has long been a guarantee of the very finest quality black teas. Our Ceylon tea is the finest of that tea coming from high up in the mountains of Sri Lanka. A versatile tea with an invigorating flavour, it is just as lovely with milk, or taken black with a thin slice of lemon. Each pack contains 15 pyramid teabags.
Traditional English toffee has been around since the 1800s. Not often can we be so specific about such things but during our research of recipes we discovered the word, toffee, first appeared in the English Oxford Dictionary in 1825. Back then it was made with loads and loads of butter and sugar, and not much else. So that's where we started. Available here in our signature, clip top tin.


text:
#pragma once
#ifndef PHUNE_REST_JAMP
#define PHUNE_REST_JAMP

#include "../phune_rest.h"
#include "../../model/jamp/jamp_score.h"
#include "../../model/jamp/jamp_pack.h"
#include "../../model/jamp/jamp_game_progress.h"
#include "../../model/jamp/events/jamp_consecutive_perfects_event.h"
#include "../../model/jamp/events/jamp_all_perfects_event.h"
#include "../../model/json_list_object.h"
#include "../../model/json_string.h"
#include "../../model/phune/phune_match.h"
#include "../../model/phune/phune_game_triggered_event.h"

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <map>

#define SCORE_LEVEL_KEY_PREFIX "SCORE_"
#define CELL_PERFORMACE_PREFIX "CELL_"
#define PACK_PREFIX "PACK_"
#define PACKS_KEY "PACKS"
#define GAME_PROGRESS_KEY "GAME_PROGRESS"

enum JampGameId
{
	PLATFORM = -1,
	RHYTHM = 1000, //Jogo do ritmo
	KEYBOARD = 1010, //Conhecimento teclado
	SCALE = 1020, //Esclas e harpejos
	FIVE_NOTES = 1030, // 5notas
	FIRST_SIGHT = 1040, //1ª vista
    REPERTOIRE = 1050, //report—rio
};

class PhuneRestJamp : public PhuneRest
{
public:
	/*
	Init the sdk.

	@param onResult The callback in case of success.
	@param onError The callback in case of error.
	@param userData The object to be received on callback.
	*/
	int32 Init(s3eCallback onResult, s3eCallback onError, void *userData = NULL);

	/*
	Do the Login (Facebook)

	@param g_WebView The Web view created by the UI.
	@param onResult The calbacks during the login. It sends a int* in data as WebViewRequestStatus: LOADING->The web page is loading; HIDE_VIEW->It should hide the Web view; STOP_VIEW->It should close/kill the Web view; FINISHED->The Login process is completed. It should ask for "GetMe" to obtain the new user.
	@param onError The callback in case of error.
	@param userData The object to be received on callback.
	*/
	int32 Login(s3eWebView* g_WebView, s3eCallback onResult, s3eCallback onError, void *userData = NULL);

	/*
	Get my Phune User or create one. It puts the user in the session.

	@param onResult The callback in case of success. It returns in the first paramenter an PhuneUser object.
	@param onError The callback in case of error. It returns in the first paramenter an RequestError object.
	@param userData The object to be received on callback.
	*/
	int32 GetMe(s3eCallback onResult, s3eCallback onError, void *userData = NULL);

	/*
	Inform that a match has been started. In return it will be retruned a match id to be used when storing a core of a match

	@param gameId The game id.
	@param onResult The callback in case of success. It returns in the first paramenter a match id as a char*.
	@param onError The callback in case of error. It returns in the first paramenter an RequestError object.
	@param userData The object to be received on callback.
	*/
	int32 StartMatch(JampGameId gameId, s3eCallback onResult, s3eCallback onError, void *userData = NULL);

	/*
	Inform that a match has been completed a to store the performace of the match. It will store the matches performances.

	@param gameId The game id.
	@param level The level of the match
	@param score the object score with the performance of the level
	@param status Inform the server if it is a win (complete the level) or a lose (didn´t complete the level).
	@param onResult The callback in case of success.
	@param onError The callback in case of error. It returns in the first paramenter an RequestError object.
	@param pack (Optional) pack information after match (if any changes occurred).
	@param userData The object to be received on callback.
	*/
	int32 EndMatch(JampGameId gameId, std::string level, JampScore score, PlayerStatus status, s3eCallback onResult, s3eCallback onError, void *userData = NULL);

	/*
	Get the historical data for level in Game.

	@param gameId The game id.
	@param level The level of the match
	@param onResult The callback in case of success. Return a list of JampScore
	@param onError The callback in case of error. It returns in the first paramenter an RequestError object.
	@param userData The object to be received on callback.
	*/
	int32 GetHistoricScoreForLevelInGame(JampGameId gameId, const char *level, s3eCallback onResult, s3eCallback onError, void *userData = NULL);

	/*
	Stores a pack in Game.

	@param gameId The game id.
	@param pack The pack,
	@param onResult The callback in case of success.
	@param onError The callback in case of error. It returns in the first paramenter an RequestError object.
	@param userData The object to be received on callback.
	*/
	int32 StorePackInfoInGame(JampGameId gameId, JampPack pack, s3eCallback onResult, s3eCallback onError, void *userData = NULL);

	/*
	Get pack info in Game.

	@param gameId The game id.
	@param packId The pack id
	@param onResult The callback in case of success. Return a JampPack.
	@param onError The callback in case of error. It returns in the first paramenter an RequestError object.
	@param userData The object to be received on callback.
	*/
	int32 GetPackInfoInGame(JampGameId gameId, int64 packId, s3eCallback onResult, s3eCallback onError, void *userData = NULL);

	/*
	Stores the list of packs in Game.

	@param gameId The game id.
	@param pack The List of packs,
	@param onResult The callback in case of success.
	@param onError The callback in case of error. It returns in the first paramenter an RequestError object.
	@param userData The object to be received on callback.
	*/
	int32 StorePacksInGame(JampGameId gameId, JsonListObject<JampPack> packs, s3eCallback onResult, s3eCallback onError, void *userData = NULL);

	/*
	Get list of packs in Game.

	@param gameId The game id.
	@param packId The pack id
	@param onResult The callback in case of success. Return a JsonListObject<JampPack> packs.
	@param onError The callback in case of error. It returns in the first paramenter an RequestError object.
	@param userData The object to be received on callback.
	*/
	int32 GetPacksInGame(JampGameId gameId, s3eCallback onResult, s3eCallback onError, void *userData = NULL);

};

#endif // !PHUNE_REST_JAMP

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Carlos Martín may refer to:

 Carlos Martín (poet) (1914-2008), Colombian poet
 Carlos Martín (footballer) (born 2002), Spanish footballer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


KUALA LUMPUR (July 15): Malaysia Airlines Bhd group chief executive officer (CEO) Captain Izham Ismail has achieved many feats in his almost 40 years in the aviation industry, capped in December last year when he became the first pilot to helm a major premium airline.
In 1997, he broke world aviation records when he flew Malaysia Airlines' first B777-200 from Seattle to Kuala Lumpur and back. It was the longest and fastest round-the-world flight by a commercial airliner, with a total flight time of 41 hours and 59 minutes over a distance of 23,310 miles.
Switching roles from the comfort of the cockpit to the hot seat of CEO, and prior to that as chief operating officer, Izham loses no time in coming to grips with the harsh realities of the highly challenging and competitive airline business.
Soon after taking over as CEO, he coined a new industry jargon called "customer experience" which when moving forward, shall be Malaysia Airlines' "centre of gravity".
In an interview with Bernama, he said the entire airline's organisation had been ramped up with the setting up of a task force on customer experience and two months ago, the effort was further boosted with the formation of a division fully focused on this.
"We don't fly planes only, Malaysia Airlines flies people. So we know that Malaysia Airlines, our differentiator in this business is customer experience. No doubt that we continue to innovate so that our customers will have a seamless journey...you can see clearly on our website, our mobile apps that we continue to innovate for our customers," Izham said.
Taking the cue from Malaysia itself being known worldwide as a food paradise and Malaysians' great passion for eating, the national airlines has also embarked on an aggressive move to improve its food and beverage division.
"We have established a task force with our service providers locally and overseas with one objective in mind, to make sure our customers are well served and happy with our food.
"We have also rebranded and renovated our lounges to provide more experience, a better experience for our customers. Likewise, Enrich, our loyalty programme for our customers, has been expanded to engage more partners so that our customers are able to benefit from the miles they earned," he said.
All these are being done with only one objective in mind – to please customers centred on flying people to their destinations as safely and comfortably as possible as a premium airline.
By the same token, Izham said his team realised that Malaysia Airlines still had a lot of breakages and a lot of hard work had gone into reducing the gaps including demonstrating "our utmost apology" and showing the airline's seriousness in addressing problems to the organisation and staff.
"This thing can only happen if the management team embraces the centre of gravity of Malaysia Airlines which is customer experience," he said.


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Turkey Visa for Kuwaiti Citizens
Travellers from Kuwait require a Turkey E-visa to be eligible for entry into Turkey. Kuwaiti residents cannot enter Turkey without a valid travel permit, even for short stay visits.
Who is eligible for the Turkey Visa Online for Kuwait
Kuwaiti nationals intending to apply for a Turkish tourist visa online must be in possession of specific supporting documentation. Among them are:
A Kuwaiti passport valid for at least six months. The passport must, additionally, have at least one blank page.
The Kuwaiti applicant must have a current email address to receive notifications about the Turkish eVisa application
The Kuwaiti applicant must have a valid debit or credit card to pay the eVisa processing fee
The Kuwaiti applicant must have sufficient funds to support their stay in Turkey.
If the Kuwaiti applicant wants to travel to another county via Turkey, they must have a return or onward ticket.
Turkey e-Visa or Turkey Visa Online is an electronic travel authorization or travel permit to visit Turkey for a period of upto 90 days. Government of Turkey recommends that international visitors must apply for a Turkey Visa Online at least three days before you visit Turkey. Foreign citizens can apply for an Turkey Visa Application in a matter of minutes. Turkey Visa application process is automated, simple, and completely online.
Turkey Visa Application for Kuwaiti nationals- What do you need to know?
Kuwaiti nationals do not need to visit the Turkish embassy to apply for a tourist visa any longer, thanks to the implementation of an online application system. Tourists from Kuwait can swiftly apply for an eVisa by completing the Turkey visa application, supplying the necessary paperwork, and paying the visa fee.
Prior to now, Kuwaiti nationals could get a visa upon arrival. However, as of October 28, 2018, this facility was no longer available. All visitors from Kuwait must now obtain an eVisa before entering the nation.
Additionally, the conventional sticker visa method is no longer used. Anyone intending to cross the Turkish border for transient tourism or commercial purposes must submit an online application.
All citizens, including those with regular, special, and service passports, must obtain a Turkey visa in order to enter Turkey. The border control agents will not let you admission if you do not have a Turkey eVisa and the necessary supporting documentation. Holders of diplomatic passports are exempt from the visa requirement for stays under 90 days.
Turkey eVisa is a special kind of Official Turkey visa that allows people to travel to Turkey. It can be acquired online through a digital platform and then further processes done in Ankara, Turkey's capital city. The Turkey eVisa allows the applicant to enter Turkish Land from any country they travel from. Learn more at Turkey Tourist Visa
Turkey Visa Online validity for Kuwaiti citizens
The maximum validity of the Turkey e-Visa is 180 days. Because it is a single-entry visa, the holder may enter the nation only once. A single visit, though, should not go longer than 30 days.
The application form must be submitted with some supporting documentation by qualified travellers. A scanned copy of the biography page of the Kuwaiti applicant's current passport counts as one of the main documents.
Second, in order to pay the visa fee for Turkey and start the visa application procedure, you must have a valid debit or credit card or access to a PayPal account. Keep in mind that you cannot submit an eVisa from another nation.
What happens after you apply for the Turkey Visa Application?
It doesn't take more than 24 hours to process a visa. Typically, applicants get their eVisas in 1 to 4 working hours. Your eVisa for Turkey will be sent to you through email. Take a print of the eVisa and store a digital copy of it on your portable device as a first step.
Note: You will need to present the visa to customs and immigration officers at the point of entry shortly after arriving in Turkey. Along with your original passport, you can also be requested to show other supporting documents, including a confirmation of your hotel registration. When travelling to Turkey, it is, therefore, best to maintain all of your supporting documentation and printed copies of them.
Turkey Transit Visa for Kuwaiti nationals
There is no requirement to obtain an Airport Transit Visa (ATV) if you have to wait at any of Turkey's airports for your connecting aircraft and do not wish to leave the airport grounds. However, you must obtain a transit visa for Turkey before entering the country if you intend to leave the airport to travel quickly to the city where you will spend the night.
You can apply for one of two different types of transit visas. A single entry is permitted for the passenger with a single transit visa. With a transit visa, they are permitted a thirty-day stay in the city. The passenger is allowed two admissions within three months with the double transit visa. The length of stay is limited to thirty days for each visit.
Both the Turkish transit visa application method and the Turkish eVisa application form demand the submission of similar supporting documentation.
Turkish delights have been cluttering the menus of restaurants worldwide, rich, and delicious but not very hot. Learn more at Tourist Guide to Best Foods in Turkey
Things to remember when visiting Turkey
Never travel with narcotics or illicit medications. Drug offences carry harsh consequences in Turkey, and offenders risk receiving lengthy prison terms.
All foreign visitors, including Mexican nationals, are required to have a photo ID on them at all times or a current travel document, like a copy of their passport. Never travel with your actual passport. Insulting the Turkish flag, the government, the president, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, or any other official is forbidden in Turkey. Never, not even on social media, criticise Turkey in a rude or demeaning manner. Military installations are off-limits to photography.
Before exporting antiquities or cultural artefacts, a formal certificate must be obtained. Exporting without authorization will be regarded as unlawful.
Metal detectors cannot be used by tourists to search for antiques, harm, or destroy Turkish cash. The majority of Turkish regions adopt traditional attitudes and attire. Therefore, it is asked that foreign visitors dress modestly, especially when entering mosques and shrines. They should also respect Turkey's religions and social customs and refrain from making public displays of affection.
Thousands of tourists enter Turkey through its land borders, even though the bulk of visitors that arrive by plane. Because the nation is surrounded by 8 other countries, there are various overland access possibilities for travellers. Learn about them at Guide to Entering Turkey Through Its Land Borders
Turkey Visa Online for Kuwaiti nationals FAQs:
Does Kuwait need a visa for Turkey?
Turkish visas are required for Kuwaiti passport holders. Kuwaiti citizens can apply online for a Turkey visa. An e-visa for Turkey is valid for short-term travel for tourism or business purposes.
How long does it take to apply for a Turkey Visa Application?
The Turkey e-Visa or the Turkey visa online takes around 10 minutes to be completed.
What are some important points to remember while visiting Turkey on a Turkey Visa from Kuwait?
The following are some important points that Kuwaiti passport holders should remember before entering Turkey:
The Kuwaiti applicant must have a valid debit or credit card to pay the eVisa processing fee.
The application form must be submitted with some supporting documentation by qualified travellers:
A scanned copy of the biography page of the Kuwaiti applicant's current passport counts as one of the main documents.
You will need to present the visa to customs and immigration officers at the point of entry shortly after arriving in Turkey. Along with your original passport, you can also be requested to show other supporting documents, including a confirmation of your hotel registration. When travelling to Turkey, it is, therefore, best to maintain all of your supporting documentation and printed copies of them.
An e-Visa is an official document permitting entry into and travel within Turkey. The e-Visa is an alternative to visas issued at Turkish missions and at the ports of entry. Applicants obtain their visas electronically after entering required information and making payments by a credit or debit card (Mastercard, Visa or American Express). Learn more at eVisa Turkey Frequently Asked Questions
What are some popular places Kuwaiti nationals can visit in Turkey?
The following are some of the popular places Kuwaiti nationals can visit in Turkey:
Gaziantep Castle
The kale (castle) of Gaziantep is a Seljuk-era citadel that was constructed in the 12th and 13th centuries. It stands where a Byzantine fortress that was constructed in the 6th century under the direction of Emperor Justinian once stood. The fortress, perched atop Tel Halaf, a hill that was inhabited as early as 3500 BC, dominates the northernmost part of Gaziantep's ancient city district.
Since there are very few ruins at the top, most people climb there for the views rather than to see any remaining artefacts from the past.
The modest Gaziantep Defense and Heroism Panoramic Museum are located in one of the kale's watchtowers as you climb the hill. The displays here honour the inhabitants who fought off the French in 1920 by defending the city.
Gaziantep Zeugma Mosaic Museum
The renowned mosaic museum in Gaziantep exhibits its collection in cutting-edge settings. The museum, which debuted in 2011, features a collection of mosaics found during the excavation of the nearby archaeological site of Belkis-Zeugma. When it was opened, it was the biggest mosaic museum in the world.
The flooring of Zeugma's several opulent Roman villas would have once been decorated with these expertly made mosaics. Experts consider several of the exhibit pieces to be among the best surviving examples of Roman mosaic craftsmanship anywhere in the world and with good reason.
The Gypsy Girl Mosaic, the most famous installation in the museum, is dramatically exhibited in a different, dimly lit room to emphasise the tiny piece's precise craftsmanship and beauty.
Gaziantep Archaeological Museum
In the town's archaeological museum, you can see artefacts discovered during excavations at nearby sites like Zincirli and Karkamis, as well as a beautifully preserved stele from Mount Nemrut.
Despite the tiny collection, history buffs will nonetheless enjoy a trip here, especially to see the stele from the Hittite era and other artefacts that were discovered at the Karkamis site.
Before World War I, a British Museum team began excavating Karkamis. One of the two archaeologists in charge of the site was TE Lawrence, who later gained notoriety as "Lawrence of Arabia" for his actions in the conflict leading to the Arab Revolt.
If you have an interest in Bronze Age Anatolia, the items in Gaziantep's Archaeological Museum are definitely worth scheduling time in your city itinerary for, even though many of the finds from Karkamis are currently on show in Ankara at the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations.
A sizable collection of historical Near Eastern stamp seals is also on show at the museum.
Iznik, a historic lakeside village, is just 77 kilometres northeast of Bursa and is easily reachable as a day trip from the city.
The Council of Nicaea, which defined the foundational principles of Christianity, brought together early Christian bishops in Nicaea, a Byzantine metropolis at the time.
Even though the town is now small and somewhat run-down, its once-grand past is still visible.
The majority of visitors come to witness the town's Roman-Byzantine walls, which once completely encircled the area. Of the original gates and other remaining portions of the fortifications, the Istanbul Gate in the city's north is the most attractive.
Inside the little Aya Sofya, a Justinian-era church that was turned into a mosque and is located in the heart of Iznik, there are still some traces of mosaics and frescoes.
Iznik rose to prominence as a ceramic production hub under the Ottoman Empire, particularly for its tiles, which were used to adorn many of the most notable mosques in Istanbul and other significant cities.
There are various stores in the town centre where you can browse and buy handcrafted tiles and other ceramic works now that the ceramic industry has been revitalised.
The Bericek Dam
The peaceful town of Halfeti and the surrounding villages of Rumkale and Savas were victims of Turkey's march toward industrialization when the Bericek Dam was opened in 2000.
The affected inhabitants were relocated by the government. These traditional villages, with their old Ottoman architecture, were largely drowned by the dam water.
Due to the boat cruises villager run out onto the dam, the remnant area of Halfeti (now named Eski Halfeti; ancient Halfeti), with its stone-cut architecture and dam-front restaurants, is a prominent day-trip destination from Gaziantep.
With views of mosque minarets sticking out of the dam water defiantly, abandoned village homes tumbling right down to the shore, and the Rumkale fortress ruins still rambling across what was once a towering cliff but is now not too high above the water surface, sightseeing on boat trips has a slightly surreal edge.
Gaziantep is 101 kilometres to the northeast of Eski Halfeti. It is also easily accessible as a day excursion from Şanlıurfa, which is located 112 kilometres to the east and serves as a worthwhile pit break for drives between the two cities.
Belkis Zeugma
Nicator I of the Seleucids founded Belkis-Zeugma, which is located 57 kilometres east of Gaziantep. Belkis-Zeugma flourished under Roman administration and was a thriving trading centre until the Sassanid Persian army destroyed it in AD 252.
Roman mosaics adorning the floors of the exquisite Roman villas were discovered during excavations conducted here in the 1990s. The Zeugma Mosaic Museum in Gaziantep houses the finest examples of these mosaics right now.
Some of the archaeological sites were flooded after the Birecik Dam was opened in 2000, but the portion that is currently dry is still worth visiting, especially if you've seen the mosaics at Gaziantep.
As you move around the site, you can plainly see the layout of these once-grand homes thanks to some of the lesser-important mosaics that have been preserved.
Located on the threshold of Asia and Europe, Turkey is well-connected to different parts of the world and receives a global audience annually. As a tourist, you will be offered an opportunity to take part in countless adventure sports, thanks to the recent promotional initiatives taken by the government, find out more at The Top Adventure Sports in Turkey
Check your eligibility for Turkey Visa and apply for Turkey e-Visa 72 hours in advance of your flight. American citizens, Australian citizens, Chinese citizens, Canadian citizens, South African citizens, Mexican citizens, and Emiratis (UAE citizens), can apply online for Electronic Turkey Visa. Should you need any help or require any clarifications you should contact our Turkey Visa helpdesk for support and guidance.
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The Marconiphone receiver is a 3-band Superhet using five valves including the rectifier and is powered by AC or DC mains, it comes with a short wave range of 16.5-50metres. Its chassis is similar to that used in models 392 radiogram and 355 Automatic radiogram, also the HMV models 486 table version and 487 Radiogram. The valves used are:- X31 - W31 - D41 - N31 and U30. In September 1936 this wireless set would cost �14.3s.6d.


text:
Malala Yousafzai Walks at Oxford Graduation as Her New Husband Celebrates Her Accomplishment
The Nobel Peace Prize winner completed her degree in philosophy, politics and economics in May 2020 but her graduation ceremony was postponed due to COVID-19
Joelle Goldstein
Joelle Goldstein is a TV Staff Editor for PEOPLE Digital. She has been with the brand for five years, beginning her time as a digital news writer, where she covered everything from entertainment news to crime stories and royal tours. Since then, she has worked as a writer-reporter on the Human Interest team and an associate editor on the TV team. In her current role, Joelle oversees all things TV and enjoys being able to say she has to watch The Kardashians, Dancing with the Stars and America's Got Talent for "work". Prior to joining PEOPLE, Joelle was employed at The Hollywood Reporter. She graduated from Ithaca College with a degree in Television-Radio (and an appearance in the NCAA Women's Volleyball Final Four!)
Published on November 26, 2021 07:55 PM
Malala Yousafzai and Asser Malik at her graduation. Photo: Asser Malik/Twitter
Malala Yousafzai is celebrating her college graduation!
A year and a half after the Nobel Peace Prize winner earned her degree in philosophy, politics, and economics from the University of Oxford, Yousafzai, 24, finally got to walk at her pandemic-delayed commencement ceremony.
"Some Latin was said and apparently I have a degree," she wrote on Instagram beside several snaps from the big day.
Among the photos was Yousafzai in her cap and gown on the England campus, ones of her smiling beside her friends and new husband Asser Malik, as well as one shot of her parents, Ziauddin Yousafzai and Toor Pekai Yousafzai, leaning in to kiss her on the cheek.
Malala Yousafzai Graduates Oxford University, Says She's Ready for 'Netflix, Reading and Sleep'
Malik also celebrated his new wife's accomplishment with a post of his own on social media.
"The place we first met felt a little more special on Malala's graduation day," he wrote on Twitter beside two photos, including one of him and Yousafzai and another with their family.
Yousafzai's degree ceremony was initially planned for May 2020 but was postponed in the wake of the spread of COVID-19. According to the famed university's website, Oxford resumed graduation ceremonies in September, holding multiple dates throughout the last two months.
The final one, which appears to be the one Yousafzai attended, was held on Friday.
Malala Yousafzai and Asser Malik with their families at Oxford's graduation. Asser Malik/Twitter
Malala Yousafzai Admits She Was 'Nervous' to Attend Oxford, But She's Been 'Welcomed as a Friend'
Yousafzai started at the University of Oxford in 2017 and told PEOPLE one year later that she had been "really nervous" to begin her studies, citing how her name had long been in headlines before she stepped foot on the campus.
Along with being awarded the Nobel in 2014, the children's rights activist wrote a memoir, I Am Malala, and was the subject of a documentary, He Named Me Malala.
In both, she detailed her journey after being shot in the head by a Taliban gunman in 2012 after spending years championing women's rights and girls' education in her native Pakistan.
"I was worried about how I would make friends. People knew me already and that was challenging for me to be there as a student and not to be there as a person who's already known in the media," she told PEOPLE. "But once I came, everyone here just welcomed me as a friend and I was just so happy that I am part of Oxford. I am just an Oxford student and I think that's how they treat me."
Yousafzai also noted then that being a regular student meant more to her than the world would ever know.
"It's a really good experience learning just like other students. It is an amazing time of my life, because I'm getting to know people of my age a bit more," she said. "It's amazing how many young people here are doing incredible and amazing work. Each and every person here has an amazing story and has done amazing things."
RELATED VIDEO: Malala Yousafzai Is Married! Activist Shares First Photos from Ceremony: 'Partners for Life'
In June 2020, Yousafzai announced that she had completed her studies at Oxford with a social media post that stated, "Hard to express my joy and gratitude right now."
The Pakistani activist also included two pictures with the exciting news — one of a cake cutting in celebration with her family, and another of her covered in cake and confetti.
"I don't know what's ahead," she wrote. "For now, it will be Netflix, reading, and sleep.😴"
The degree marked the second one that Yousafzai has earned, after receiving an honorary Master of Arts degree from the University of Edinburgh in 2013.
The Oxford graduation is the latest celebration for Yousafzai. Earlier this month, she revealed on social media that she had gotten married in an intimate ceremony in Birmingham, England.
"Today marks a precious day in my life. Asser and I tied the knot to be partners for life," she wrote alongside a series of photos of her and Malik from their happy day. "We celebrated a small nikkah ceremony at home in Birmingham with our families. Please send us your prayers. We are excited to walk together for the journey ahead."
Who Is Malala Yousafzai's Husband? All About Asser Malik
Malala Yousafzai Hopes Her 'British Vogue' Cover Helps Every Girl 'Know That She Can Change the World'
Nobel Peace Prize Winner Malala Yousafzai Encourages Women to Celebrate Themselves on International Women's Day
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SeeHer Story Celebrates Malala Yousafzai, an Icon of Female Education, in Episode 3
Malala Yousafzai Is Married! Activist Shares First Photos from Ceremony: 'Partners for Life'
Malala Yousafzai's New Husband Shares Sweet Wedding Tribute: 'I Found the Most Supportive Friend'
Malala Yousafzai Plays New Year's Resolution Game with Husband on TikTok
Kelly Ripa and Mark Consuelos Celebrate Son Michael's NYU Graduation — See the Family Photos!
Kelly Ripa and Mark Consuelos Do Rock Climbing 'Couples Therapy': 'Love on the Rocks'
19-Year-Old Texas Student Becomes Nation's Youngest Black Law School Graduate: 'It Feels Really Good'
Newlywed Malala Yousafzai Says Husband Changed Her Stance on Marriage: 'I Found a Best Friend'
Celebrity Kids Graduating from High School, College (and More!) in 2022
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Anthony Anderson Graduates from Howard University: '30 Years in the Making'