The day after the 2016 election, after polls widely predicted Hillary Clinton to win the presidency, many pundits questioned how so many polls had gotten the result so wrong.
Paul J. Lavrakas, the senior research fellow at Michigan State University's Office for Survey Research, has decades of experience in poll methodology and regularly co-authors a book titled The Voter's Guide to Election Polls. As the American political landscape becomes increasingly complex, he said, pollsters face more challenges.
Still, that doesn't mean polls are no longer trustworthy, as Dan Thaler, OSR's research analyst explained.
It's important to realize that polls themselves can be tools of persuasion, especially in close races. Research indicates polls can influence the amount of donations a candidate receives and even whether voters show up on election day.
The Office for Social Research both conducts and collects comprehensive survey data, along with researching the complex methods behind surveys and polling, in order to better understand the effects different approaches have in producing accurate results. Their own surveys are usually carried out over several weeks, unlike most quick election polls.
With the midterm less than a week away, following a few guidelines can make it much easier to know which polls matter.
A reputable source is key in assessing a poll's trustworthiness. Ensure the poll has been conducted by a legitimate news outlet or other nonpartisan polling firm, rather than a political campaign or a partisan group.
Some groups conduct "push-polls," where voters are contacted in the guise of conducting a poll, but instead feed the recipient biased information in order to influence their vote.
The number of voters being sampled, whether they survey likely voters rather than registered voters, the size of the margin of error and the options provided to respondents; they all play a role in a poll's accuracy. Whether the poll was by phone, mail or online may also matter.
Though a poll's full methodology is rarely provided, margin of error, which in actuality is the margin of sampling error, is regularly available. For instance, say Candidate A is polled at 54 percent, while Candidate B is polled at 46 percent. Yet the margin of sampling error is ±5 percentage points. Although candidate A appears to be ahead, statistically they're tied — something that media outlets don't consistently report.
It means candidate A's real level of support is likely between 49 and 59 percent. Candidate B's real level, then, is 41 and 51 percent. But this only gauges the error in sampling voters. Other kinds of errors can also skew results.
The wording of questions, the order in which they're asked and even the order in which candidates' names are read all have an impact on results, though it's more difficult to gauge. Even the number of times a phone number is called back when no one picks up can change the demographics of a sample.
Whether "undecided" is a reported response in polls also changes the result. Some pollsters don't report undecided voters and move these responses into support for a candidate by their party identification. Others shift undecided responses to the candidate the voter is leaning toward.
To avoid confirmation bias, polling aggregators such as RealClearPolitics and FiveThirtyEight list most of the available polls for many major races.
"That's one thing that these polling aggregators are good for, not overemphasizing one poll that stands out because it looks good to me," Thaler said.
Polls question a sample of voters, in an effort to understand how the whole population will vote. There is always uncertainty in those results, along with room for opinions to shift before election day. That doesn't make their insights any less worthwhile.
I have Nomorobo on my phones, so I never get called. I'm guessing a large portion of the voting population is missed by call blocking.
Last time I got a call from a pollster I didn't have time to participate, as I needed to get to my bicycling destination before it got dark. (I ended up riding the last few miles in the dark anyway.) But I told the pollster that even if I had time, I'd lie to her, anyway, because I believe it's important to lie to pollsters. She laughed.
I recommend that everyone else do the same.
I'll bet you can't wait to see that in a political ad.


text:
La sigla MC-24 indica una serie di macchine da calcolo elettriche, automatiche, con stampa integrata e registro di memoria dinamica, prodotte dall'azienda italiana Olivetti, a partire dal 1956. La meccanica fu progettata da Natale Capellaro, mentre la carrozzeria si deve a Marcello Nizzoli. Il modello più famoso e venduto (ne furono prodotte oltre un milione di unità), la Divisumma 24, oltre che una rivoluzione nel settore dei calcolatori automatici, è diventata anche un'icona del design industriale italiano. Fa parte della collezione permanente del Triennale Design Museum di Milano, oltre che essere conservata in molti musei dedicati al design e alla scienza e tecnica e alle macchine da scrivere. La Divisumma 24 fa anche parte della collezione permanente del MoMA di New York

Modelli

La serie comprendeva cinque modelli: l'Elettrosumma 22-24 (addizionatrice, evoluzione, più rapida nel calcolo delle Elettrosumma 21), la Multisumma 24 (moltiplicatrice), la Divisumma 24 (calcolatrice completa, capace anche di divisione) e la Tetractys che, dotata di un doppio totalizzatore e di una serie di funzionalità aggiuntive, rappresentava a livello mondiale lo stato dell'arte del calcolo meccanico scrivente di quegli anni. Vennero poi realizzati diversi modelli speciali, ad esempio le varianti CR, dotate di carrello tabulatore per esigenze contabili.

La produzione di questa classe di macchine, ubicata negli stabilimenti I.C.O in Via Guglielmo Jervis, a Ivrea, continuò fino agli anni settanta. Le versioni speciali, (MC24-CR), furono prodotte inizialmente negli stabilimenti O.M.O., situati a San Bernardo d'Ivrea e successivamente traslocata negli stabilimenti di Via Jervis. La catena di montaggio era a cottimo individuale, con volumi medi di produzione di 50 unità al giorno.

L'aspetto più innovativo di queste macchine è il fatto che i due modelli superiori furono le prime calcolatrici ad avere una modalità di utilizzo quasi completamente analoga a quella delle calcolatrici da ufficio attuali: possibilità di eseguire le quattro operazioni, un'unica tastiera numerica ridotta (cioè a dieci tasti) per impostare tutti i termini dell'operazione e stampa dei risultati.

Caratteristiche
Da un punto di vista costruttivo, si trattava di macchine estremamente complesse, ma di realizzazione economica. Grazie alla genialità costruttiva di Capellaro, la maggior parte degli innumerevoli cinematismi erano ricavati da semplice lamiera in ferro dolce e acciaio; questi ultimi, soprattutto costituiti da leve, erano quelli movimentati dalle camme in materiale sinterizzato. In queste, la zona sottoposta a strisciamento sulla camma, era temprata. La Divisumma, grazie al buon rapporto prezzo-prestazioni, fu il modello maggiormente venduto: il suo prezzo (325.000 lire) era paragonabile, seppur inferiore, a quello di una Fiat Nuova 500 (465.000 lire). Nel libro di Silmo si riporta che l'Olivetti rivendeva queste macchine a 10 volte il costo di produzione, pur restando molto concorrenziale. Non si conosce il numero esatto di esemplari prodotti. Nel 1967, fu prodotto il milionesimo esemplare. Silmo stima che la produzione complessiva si sia aggirata sul milione e mezzo, un record assoluto per macchine di questo tipo. Pertanto, le MC-24 costituirono un elemento fondamentale per la prosperità dell'Olivetti. Pier Giorgio Perotto la definirà la gallina dalle uova d'oro. Il modello Divisumma 24 venne prodotto per circa 15 anni.

Aspetti tecnici

Fu progettata per addizionare, sottrarre, moltiplicare e dividere in modo veloce e in sequenza; i numeri impostati dalla tastiera, la velocità di 250 cicli al minuto accreditati, si riferiscono alla rotazione completa di 360 gradi dell'albero principale. In questo modo può essere effettuata una grande varietà di calcoli, rapidamente e in modo automatico. Ogni fase di un calcolo e ogni singolo risultato è stampato su un rotolo di carta per mezzo di un nastro inchiostrato in banda blu e rossa.

La necessaria rigidità strutturale è affidata a un basamento in ghisa ottenuto per fusione, lavorato a fresa, sul quale sono avvitate 4 flange in lamiera, che fungono da supporto all'albero principale, ma anche agli innumerevoli alberini aventi funzioni secondarie. Il numero di serie (matricola) della macchina veniva incisa manualmente a pantografo sul lato inferiore del basamento. Il moto è affidato a un motore elettrico di 70 watt il cui pignone a vite senza fine aziona una corona dentata in tela bachelizzata dotata di frizione, calettata sull'albero principale (diametro di 10 mm), lungo quanto tutta la larghezza della macchina, supportato da 4 boccole in bronzo; su questo, tramite coppie di viti temperate poste a 90 gradi, una mordente e una perforante, sono fissate le varie camme a profilo multiplo in materiale sinterizzato, azionanti a loro volta gli innumerevoli leveraggi. Gli unici cuscinetti sono la coppia di supporto dell'albero motore. La lubrificazione a vita è affidata a 4 tipi di lubrificanti, ognuno ottimizzato per il genere di attrito generato nel punto specifico: olio denso, grasso a bassa viscosità, grasso infusibile e grasso al bisolfuro di molibdeno Molykote. Per il movimento del carrello delle CR, viene sfruttato il lato opposto dell'albero motore, sul quale è ricavato un secondo pignone azionante una ruota dentata frizionata, coassiale col tamburo tabulatore. La programmazione delle distanze di tabulazione del carrello viene fatta inserendo opportuni fermi metallici nelle asole ricavate sull'intera circonferenza del tamburo. Una lieve differenza meccanica nelle macchine destinate ai paesi con tensione di rete a 115 volt e frequenza di 60 Hz è costituita dal passo più stretto delle viti senza fine dei pignoni e delle corone dentate, la carrozzeria è in materiale plastico nella MC-24, in alluminio pressofuso nella MC-24 CR.

Note

Bibliografia

Voci correlate
Olivetti Tetractys
Calcolatrice
Calcolo meccanico

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni
 funzionamento Divisumma 24 (video)
  Ranimer une belle mécanique, la Divisumma 24 Come restaurare una Divisumma 24.
  Ranimer une belle mécanique, la Tetractys 24-CR Come restaurare una Tetractys-CR.

Calcolatori della Olivetti
Prodotti della collezione permanente del Triennale Design Museum
Prodotti della collezione permanente del MoMa di New York
Prodotti di disegno industriale Made in Italy
Opere di Marcello Nizzoli

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


"It Must Have Been Love" is recorded and performed by a Swedish pop duo Roxette. This is a pop rock duo that comprises of Marie Fredriksson and Per Gessle.
The duowas formed in 1986, and they became international in the late 1980s after releasing their break through album Look Sharp!
They released another album Joyride in 1991, and it became as successful as Look Sharp!.
Universal Music Publishing Group signed the band in a worldwide administration deal that lets them represent Per Gessle for the whole Roxette catalog.
This was an agreement that seemed more like a coup for UMPG's managing director who took over the control of the company in London 2016.
The duo has sold more than 75 million records, and this makes them one of Sweden's most successful bands.
The song "It Must Have Been Love" was written as a ballad by Per Gessle. This was the group's third number one single hit in the US and is also one of their best-selling releases to date.
The song has been certified gold and platinum in a number of countries. There have been more than four different versions of the song released officially.
The original track was released in 1987 followed by another slightly edited version of the same in 1990.
The music video for the song which has more than 269 million views on YouTube was directed by Doug Freel and was recorded in a warehouse. The first music video for the song was a performance from a Swedish TV chart show.
The current video shot in a warehouse features Fredriksson singing and playing the piano and Gessle playing his guitar.
The shooting of this video was an experience to Fredriksson as he was supposed to lip-sync the song at double speed and he took his first lesson on how to sing like Mickey Mouse in an emotional ballad.


The Ministry of Trade and Industry of Botswana has hailed the Zambia Competition Commission (ZCC) for its role in enhancing competition law in Southern Africa, according to information made available to the Watchdog by ZCC, public Relations Officer Vaida Bunda.
Head of delegation Thapelo Moatshe, for the three officers attached to ZCC for the next three months said her ministry was in the process of establishing a competition authority and hence the need to learn more on competition law.
"The Zambia Competition Commission has been in existence for over 10 years and we felt it would be ideal for us to gain some knowledge on how to handle cases pertaining to abuse of competition law," Ms Moatshe said.
Ms Moatshe, who is Principal Commercial Officer and Head of Consumer Protection Unit, said Botswana and Zambia were both growing economies who had a lot to learn from each other.
The Government of Botswana is soon expected to table before its Parliament a draft bill proposing the enactment of a competition law and establishment of a competition authority for that country.
"Zambia is one of the countries with great experience in as far as enforcement of competition law is concerned and am sure that what we will learn here will go a long way in contributing to the establishment of the competition authority in Botswana," she said.
The Zambia Competition Commission has made great strides in enhancing competition law and consumer protection in the region.
Having been in existence for more than ten years, the Commission has since contributed through technical assistance to a number of countries in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).
ZCC Executive Director, Thula Kaira said he was delighted that the work of the Commission was being recognized not only locally but internationally.
Mr Kaira said while it was commendable that the Commission was being recognized by other regional countries, there was still much that needed to be done domestically concerning effective and sustainable enforcement.
He said the Commission would endevour to reach greater heights and contribute to national economic growth by creating and promoting effective market structures and consumer protection.


text:
Heinrich von Tiedemann-Seeheim (* 22. Oktober 1843 in Dembogorsch bei Putzig; † 2. Januar 1922 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Politiker sowie Vorsitzender des Deutschen Ostmarkenvereins und Großvater des Journalisten Heinrich von Tiedemann.

Leben
Seine Eltern waren Friedrich Wilhelm von Tiedemann (* 1. März 1789; † 5. Oktober 1880) und dessen zweiter Frau Rudolfine, geborene Pape (* 21. Juli 1809; † 21. Juli 1886).

Er entstammte einer preußischen Offiziersfamilie und trat ebenfalls in den Militärdienst ein. Als Infanterieoffizier nahm er 1866 am Deutschen Krieg und 1870/71 am Deutsch-Französischen Krieg teil. Im Jahr 1872 heiratete er eine Tochter des Berliner Kaufmannes von Hardt. Im Jahr 1881 nahm er als Hauptmann wegen schlechter Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten den Abschied vom Militär. Er arbeitete zunächst in der Firma seines Schwiegervaters, ehe er das Rittergut Jeziorki ("kleine Seen") in der Provinz Posen übernahm, dessen polnischen Namen er in "Seeheim" umbenannte. Später erwarb er weitere Güter und wurde einer der bedeutendsten Gutsbesitzer der Provinz Posen.

Er war 1894 mit Ferdinand von Hansemann und Hermann Kennemann Mitbegründer des Ostmarkenvereins. Nach den Anfangsbuchstaben der maßgeblichen Gründer wurde er auch als Hakatistenverein bezeichnet. Diesen leitete er unangefochten als Vorsitzender bis 1920. Der Verein, anfangs unterstützt unter anderem von dem ehemaligen Reichskanzler Otto von Bismarck, forderte von der Regierung unter Leo von Caprivi eine schärfere Politik gegenüber der polnischen Minderheit. Ziel war eine Entpolonisierung und eine Germanisierung der preußischen Ostgebiete. Nach der Verschärfung der antipolnischen Politik nach dem Sturz Caprivis unterstützte Tiedemann ausdrücklich den Regierungskurs.

Neben dem alldeutschen Verband war der Ostmarkenverein unter Führung Tiedemanns einer der einflussreichsten Vertreter radikalnationalistischen Gedankenguts während des Deutschen Kaiserreichs. Tiedemann war selbst führend auch im alldeutschen Verband tätig.

Familie
Er war mit Dorothea von Hardt (* 29. Dezember 1852; † 4. Januar 1926) verheiratet. Das Paar hatte folgende Kinder:
 Friedrich Wilhelm (* 1. November 1875; † 22. Mai 1955)
 Richard (* 23. August 1877; † 27. Juli 1956)
 Elisabeth Emmy Marie (* 4. März 1879; †  27. Januar 1971)
 Wilhelmine Ilse Karoline Ottilie (* 22. März 1882; † 12. Juli 1972)
 Heinrich Helmuth Erich Egyd (* 11. Juni 1884; † 26. Dezember 1976)
 Herbert († 1887)
 Joachim Gerhard Ludwig Engelbrecht (* 4. Dezember 1891; † 15. Januar 1985)

Literatur
 Peter Walkenhorst: Nation–Volk–Rasse. Radikaler Nationalismus im Deutschen Kaiserreich 1890–1914. Göttingen, 2007 ISBN 978-3-525-35157-4.
 Hartwin Spenkuch (Bearb.): Die Protokolle des Preußischen Staatsministeriums 1817–1934/38. Bd. 8/II. Olms-Weidmann, Hildesheim, 2003 ISBN 3-487-11827-0, S. 656. (Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Hrsg.): Acta Borussica. Neue Folge.)

Weblinks

 Eintrag auf deutsche-und-polen.de
 Stammbaum

Hauptmann (Preußen)
Person im Deutsch-Französischen Krieg
Person im Deutschen Krieg
Politiker (Preußen)
Heinrich
Deutscher
Geboren 1843
Gestorben 1922
Mann


text:
Project Practitioners > What Makes a Good Leader?
What Makes a Good Leader?
By Ed Reynolds
What makes a good leader? Is it a boss that you like? The guy (no gender implied when I say "guy") that has all the great ideas? A charismatic, smooth talker? Maybe a really good leader needs all of those things. But one thing is for certain, we know it when we see it. Or do we?
Midway through my career, I attended one of those executive ropes courses with the management team of our regional headquarters. Everything we did was fun team building but the first exercise on the first day opened my eyes more than the others. The team was asked to solve a puzzle, the nature of which isn't really important. The sociology and psychology of solving that puzzle was fascinating.
Ron, our fearless VP, immediately proposed a solution. We followed his instructions to the letter but failed to solve the puzzle. The team was momentarily rudderless. It was so quiet you could hear a pin drop on cotton. Then Ron said, "Well, that was a huge flop. Who has a better idea?"
New ideas were offered, evaluated by the team, tried, co-mingled, and discarded rapidly. Ron participated enthusiastically in each concept the team felt worthy. Leadership changed hands at least 5 times in the course of the next 10 minutes but nothing worked. Finally, Jerry, the service manager, offered a solution. Dogged by our lack of success and Jerry's low energy presentation, his solution met with lots of objections. But Ron thought Jerry's idea was a breakthrough and supported him. He asked Jerry to explain it further and helped him overcome objections. Jerry's solution worked particularly well.
Ron isn't the most approachable person in the world because he guards the necessary distance between manager and subordinate. He isn't the most eloquent public speaker and his ideas don't always work. But Ron enables his team to be their best. Sometimes he's way out in front and needs to drag the team along. Sometimes he just listens and sometimes he cheers. Ron knows when to lead and when to follow. He plays whatever role the team needs him to play, humbly, without stealing the spotlight from "interim stars." Our region outperformed all the regions in the company every year I worked there. Ron is a fantastic leader.
Posted at 11:22 AM on January 26, 2011 in Executive, Human Resource Management, Interaction Skills, Leadership, Project Manager Development, Team-Building | Permalink
It's all about empowerment! The what, when and why rests with the leader - the how, with the Team. It is creating and fostering that environment of trust (freedom to fail) and autonomy that delivers the project...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Encrypting/decrypting with RSA Bouncy Castle not working properly I'm trying to encryt/decrypt using RSAEngine library at bouncy castle, with a 2048 bit length key. I'm able to create the keys, store in different files and get from the files, but when I decrypt an image it makes something that I don't know that the file decrypted is not shown correctly.Files are created correctly,and I think the problem is at processBlock method while encrypting and/or decrypting.The code is the following to encrypt:
InputStream clearTextFile;
    FileOutputStream textFileProcessed=new FileOutputStream(fileName);
            //getKey is a method I implemented and works correctly
    RSAKeyParameters key=getKey(keyFileName);
    RSAEngine rsaEngine=new RSAEngine();
    rsaEngine.init(true,key);
    clearTextFile=new FileInputStream(nameClearTextFile);
    byte[] bytesReaded;
    int nBytesReaded;
    int inputBlockSize=rsaEngine.getInputBlockSize();
    do
    {
        bytesReaded = new byte[inputBlockSize];
        nBytesReaded=clearTextFile.read(bytesReaded);
        if(nBytesReaded>-1)
        {       //This is for the last block if it's not 256 byte length
            if(nBytesReaded<inputBlockSize)
            {
                byte[] temp=new byte[nBytesReaded];
                for(int i=0;i<nBytesReaded;i++)
                {
                    temp[i]=bytesReaded[i];
                }
                byte[] encryptedText=rsaEngine.processBlock(temp,0,nBytesReaded);
                textFileProcessed.write(encryptedText);
            }
            else
            {
                byte[] encryptedText=rsaEngine.processBlock(bytesReaded,0,inputBlockSize);
                textFileProcessed.write(encryptedText);
            }
        }
    }while(nBytesReaded>-1);
    textFileProcessed.flush();
    textFileProcessed.close();
    textFileProcessed.close();

And to decrypt:
InputStream encryptedTextFile=new FileInputStream(nameOfFile);
    OutputStream decryptedTextFile=new FileOutputStream(nameOfFile);
    RSAKeyParameters key=getKey(nameKeyFile);
    RSAEngine rsaEngine=new RSAEngine();
    rsaEngine.init(false,key);
    byte[] bytesReaded;
    int nBytesReaded;
    int inputBlockSize=rsaEngine.getInputBlockSize();
    do
    {
        bytesLeidos = new byte[inputBlockSize];
        nBytesReaded=encryptedTextFile.read(bytesReaded);
        if(nBytesReaded>-1)
        {
                byte[] decryptedText=rsaEngine.processBlock(bytesReaded,0,inputBlockSize);
                decryptedTextFile.write(decryptedText);
        }
    }while(nBytesReaded>-1);
    decryptedTextFile.flush();
    decryptedTextFile.close();
    encryptedTextFile.close();

Thanks in advance

A: RSAEngine does not add padding, you will lose any leading zeros in your data blocks as a result. You need to use one of the encoding modes available as well.
I'd recommend using a symmetric key algorithm as well and just using RSA to encrypt the symmetric key. It will be a lot faster, and depending on your data, safer as well.
Regards,
David

A: I think you need to change this line:
   if(nBytesReaded>1)

to this
   if(nBytesReaded>-1)

And change this in the decypt part, maybe:
rsaEngine.init(false,clave);

to this
rsaEngine.init(false,key);

But there may be more. You aren't encrypting the whole input if the last block isn't full size.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Smolari (makedonska: Смолари) är en ort i Nordmakedonien.   Den ligger i kommunen Opsjtina Novo Selo, i den östra delen av landet,  kilometer sydost om huvudstaden Skopje. Smolari ligger  meter över havet och antalet invånare är .

Terrängen runt Smolari är varierad. Den högsta punkten i närheten är  meter över havet,  kilometer söder om Smolari. Närmaste större samhälle är Novo Selo,  kilometer norr om Smolari.

I omgivningarna runt Smolari växer i huvudsak blandskog. Runt Smolari är det ganska glesbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer.  Klimatet i området är tempererat. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är juli, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är januari, med  °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är februari, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är augusti, med  mm nederbörd.

Kommentarer

Källor

Orter i Novo Selo (kommun)


So I've been wanting to write again, and I'm actually watching anime. However my article today is not about anime, but about cooking. See I don't like to cook. Or at least I thought I did. Cooking would always go as a disaster, food was destroying my paycheck, and I ate out at least three times a week despite it being hard on my paycheck. Then I reached a breakthrough, and have been cooking for myself since. And not just microwave dinners or tuna helper. Real food. Tonight I made Chicken Tikka Masala for example, last night I made a bean dip and so forth. I don't feel like I've ever been taught a way to shop and cook that was accessible to me, so here's my tips on making cooking a little easier.


Jamaat e Islami Hind Goa Margao took the initiative to organise a pre-marital counselling program at al- aman complex, Margao. The ever increasing marital disputes and the impact of material culture has been a hurdle for a happy married life.The session was organized by the women wing to guide and help the to be bride to understand the different aspects of marital life.
Sister Shabana Banu welcomed one and all and stated the purpose of the program. Mrs.Saira Banu -Secretary- JIH Women's Wing ,Mrs.Tabassum Haliyal -President, Women's Wing Margao and Mrs. Farheena Hussainy -Principal, Jamiat-us-salihat were the guest speakers for the day. The topics for the day were " Marriage in Islam" by Mrs.Saira Banu. She explained the importance and purpose of marriage as stated in the Quran and Sunnah. She highlighted it's importance by saying that the institution of marriage is the foundation of a civilisation. She said a society that does not encourage marriage is doomed to fail. She said marriage closes the door of vices. She also outlined the role of a pious husband and a pious wife . God Conciousness,purity,mutual love,loyalty and selflessness at all times is the key to a successful married life. She also specified the rights and duties of the girl before and after marriage. Her enlightening speech contributed in educating girls about the dignity that Islam has bestowed on them.
Mrs. Tabassum in her topic "Naye Rishte, Naye Khushiyan" spoke about how a girl's modest character can uphold the relations in the family. She spoke about how a girl should develop qualities of co-operation, patience , acceptance and make adjustments to the new environment and the new relation with in-laws. She said the first few years should be devoted to nourish the relation with her husband.
Mrs. Farheena Hussainy spoke about the qualities a woman must develop in order to make the marriage successful . She said both the husband and the wife need to fulfill their responsibilities in order to keep each other happy. Love, Faith,Respect,Caring, Kindness,Confidentiality,Trust are the important aspects for building relationships. A married life is successful only when both the partners have love and trust in each other.
In the question and answer session the girls clarified their doubts and queries.
The 27 girls who participated in the program expressed their appreciation of the program.


text:
Стендбай  ( , режим очікування ) може відноситись до:

 Стендбай (телекомунікації)
 Стендбай (авіапереліт), список, в який пасажири можуть бути додані, щоб скористатися ранішим чи зручнішим рейсом.
 Стендбай (театр), актор чи виконавець, який буде виконувати роль у випадку, якщо постійний її виконавець відсутній.
  "Сплячий" режим (електроніка)  -  режим, при якому електронні прилади  вимкнені, але приєднані до джерела живлення  і готові активуватися по команді.
 Стендбай живлення - енергоспоживання вимкненного електронного пристрою  в режимі очікування.
 Стендбай (або ACPI S3) -  ACPI-режим  комп'ютера.
 Стендбай, термін НАСА, що використовується у радіоповідомленнях  "повітря-земля"
 у значенні "почекайте, будь ласка"


1008 /* Combine with a median filter to avoid dynalloc triggering unnecessarily.
1505 target rate and buffering.
1973 /* Don't attempt to use more than 510 kb/s, even for frames smaller than 20 ms.
2010 result in the encoder running out of bits.
2031 span of silence, but we do allow the bitres to refill.


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The Litterer Group is a partner that makes your aims and expectations its own. The size of each project always deserves our respect. We react to changes in project sequences with a high degree of flexibility and professionalism. Our fleet of high-quality machines and the know-how that we have gathered over the decades are your guarantee of reliability and quality. Our broad network of locations means that we are within easy reach, providing a high degree of efficiency.
From the production of an offer via project planning right up to its implementation, projects undertaken by the LITTERER Group are looked after exclusively by experts. For you this means that you can be certain that implementation will be properly carried out on time, that costs can be correctly calculated and that you will be working in a partner-like way with specialists who ensure efficient sequencing and who react professionally to changes in the sequence of a project.


text:
package org.easyaccess.simplemenus;

import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.provider.MediaStore;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.LinearLayout;

import org.easyaccess.EasyAccessActivity;
import org.easyaccess.R;
import org.easyaccess.Utils;

public class EntertainmentMenu extends EasyAccessActivity {

	/** Create the Music + Video menu activity **/
	@Override
	protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		setContentView(R.layout.entertainment);
		super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

		/** Launch respective app, depending on which button is pressed **/
		// setButtonClickUri(R.id.btnMP3Player,
		// "in.co.accessiblenews.gestureplayer");
		Button btnMP3Player = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btnMP3Player);
		btnMP3Player.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {

			@Override
			public void onClick(View v) {
				// Resolved warning of deprecated API use.
				try {
					if (android.os.Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.ICE_CREAM_SANDWICH_MR1) {
						Intent intent = Intent.makeMainSelectorActivity(Intent.ACTION_MAIN, Intent.CATEGORY_APP_MUSIC);
						intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK);
						startActivity(intent);
					} else {
						Intent intent = new Intent(MediaStore.INTENT_ACTION_MUSIC_PLAYER);
						startActivity(intent);
					}
				} catch (Exception e) {
					setButtonClickUri(R.id.btnMP3Player,
							"in.co.accessiblenews.gestureplayer");
				}
			}
		});
		setButtonClickUri(R.id.btnYouTube, "com.google.android.youtube");
		setButtonClickUri(R.id.btnVLCPlayer, "org.videolan.vlc");
		setButtonClickUri(R.id.btnAudioGamesHub, "com.AUT.AudioGameHub");

		/** Put most everything before here **/
	}

	@Override
	protected void onResume() {
		LinearLayout layout = (LinearLayout) findViewById(R.id.entertainmentMenu);
		// Apply the selected font color, font size and font type to the
		// activity

		Utils.applyFontColorChanges(getApplicationContext(), layout);
		Utils.applyFontSizeChanges(getApplicationContext(), layout);
		Utils.applyFontTypeChanges(getApplicationContext(), layout);

		super.onResume();
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Kickboxing is growing rapidly in Vero Beach. With the ONLY Certified Muay Thai Kickboxing Coach in the Treasure Coast! I know its hard to understand how, but we finally have the best and a Professional Fighter as well.
You see, many people want to train kickboxing because they want to get in phenomenal shape and also learn to fight or defend themselves. The problem with certain people is that they think that they are going to get thrown in a ring and start to fight. Well that's not how we do it here at the Martial Arts And Boxing Academy. You will have a systematic training program that you will follow to help you achienve your goals in record time!
Most kickboxing Gyms in our area are geared for the Amateur and Pro Fighter, not someone as yourself that would just like to get a great workout. The Gyms are dirty, they stink, if you spend time in any local boxing or kickboxing gym ou'll hear lots of foul language, they are usually located in unsafe areas and the list goes on and on.
Vero Kickboxing Has Solved This Problem Easily.
Well now you have a solution. Vero Beach Kickboxing is a 5500 square Foot facility and is catered to the a verage everyday person just like yourself. Although we do have Professional Trainers and Professional Fighters, all of our Professional Fighters train at different times than our regular kickboxing class that you'll attend, we specialize in training the average person that wants to get into great shape doing our kickboxing workout without the worry of getting hurt in sparring.
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The all-electric utility truck meant for on and off-roading is soon going to make its way on the road. Bollinger Motors is putting its best to start the production soon after its prototype testing.
Bollinger Motors are recently updating the battery capacity for a longer range. The startup said that it will be providing two battery packs according to the range for which they will run i.e. 60KWh for 120 miles and 120KWh for 200 miles in range. It was all announced when the startup showcased it's B1 electric truck and it also says that the B1 truck will have a minimum range of 200 miles.
The truck weighs around 5000 pounds with a payload capacity of 5000 pounds and the ground clearance of 10 to 20 inches with adjustable suspension. It provides a great increase in the efficiency and energy capacity and almost 66% increase in its range. All this could be counted as a big leap in the automotive industry.
Bollinger, as a startup, is not looking for some ultra high-tech mass market self-driving electric car but a rather simple but vigorous off/on road truck which would stand out for itself. They also might face failure but there are great chances that if they keep on working on it, this is going to work for them and we will be getting good results after some time.
Price is one of the most important things which has not been disclosed by the startup or even discussed. But we will be getting to know it soon.
The startup is working hard on its new technology and as we heard, the company is in negotiation with the potential manufacturing partners and they are aiming to start the production within the next two years.


(JTA) – The brother-in-law of Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas had heart surgery at a Tel Aviv hospital.
The surgery for the brother of Abbas' wife at the private Assuta Medical Center last week was deemed successful, Israeli media reported. The patient reportedly was recovering and was being guarded by security officers.
Abbas' wife underwent surgery at the same hospital in June.
Family members of Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh, including his mother-in-law, daughter and granddaughter, have received medical treatment in Israeli hospitals.


text:
Q: Composer doesn't loads files I am facing a problem with php composer. After adding a dependency on composer.json I run composer install and composer dump-autoload it installed new dependency but didn't create autoload_files.php at all.
I am developing on Laravel 5.6
Composer current version 1.6.5
Structure of Composer.json
{
  ...
  "autoload": {
    "classmap": [
        "database"
    ],
    "psr-4": {
        "App\\": "app/"
    },
    "files": [
        "app/helpers/someHelper.php",
        "app/helpers/dataTypes.php",
        ...
    ]
},
  ...
}

I thought there might be some update in composer that can cause the issue but I couldn't find such a thing on the investigation, if someone can help me about that it will be great for me.

A: I couldn't realize that composer.json got messed up, it was the night when I asked the question, but now(morning I saw that composer.json got mixed somehow. Autoload key had redefined in autoload key, that is why the issue caused.


It s been three months since everyone under the age of fifteen became trapped in the bubble known as the FAYZ Three months since all the adults disappeared.Gone.Food ran out weeks ago Everyone is starving, but no one wants to figure out a solution And each day, and kids are evolving, developing supernatural abilities that set them apart from the kids without pIt s been three months since everyone under the age of fifteen became trapped in the bubble known as the FAYZ Three months since all the adults disappeared.Gone.Food ran out weeks ago Everyone is starving, but no one wants to figure out a solution And each day, and kids are evolving, developing supernatural abilities that set them apart from the kids without powers.Tension rises and chaos is descending upon the town It s the normal kids against the mutants Each kid is out for himself, and even the good ones turn murderous.But a larger problem looms The Darkness, a sinister creature that has lived buried deep in the hills, begins calling to some of the teens in the FAYZ Calling to them, guiding them, manipulating them.The Darkness has awakened And it is hungry.
Okay, trying this again lost the bio I just spent 30 minutes writing So now it s just going to be incoherent rambling Yes, the earlier draft was also incoherent rambling, but way better I m the co author or author of about 160 books, including the ANIMORPHS series, the GONE series, the BZRK series, the MAGNIFICENT 12 series Mommy, make him stop saying series , the MESSENGER OF FEAR series, and soon well, eventually the SOLDIER GIRL series.The best way to reach me is at Twitter MichaelGrantBks I ll be honest I keep forgetting there s mail here Here s the thing I don t have an assistant or a staff I would, but then I d have to hire someone and train someone and give them stuff to do, and relate to them as a human being, possibly even care about them I m exhausted just thinking about it But if my handle is in the Tweet, I read it And once or twice a week I go on at random times to chat with fans I love my fans, but it s either be honest with you and be my actual self on Twitter, or fob you off on some assistant, and how would that be better I already have my father in law handling email from my ancient website I d rather be harder to write to but really be me, and really talk to you, if that makes sense Honestly, if it was up to me and I had the time we could all just hang out at random Starbucks Or if you re over 21, a pleasant cocktail lounge perhaps At some point there would be ice cream There must always, at some point in the day, be ice cream I also have a personal Facebook page at AuthorMichaelGrant, but that s limited to 5000 friends and apparently I actually have that many Who knew But I leave it public so if I have something to say I ll do it there I hope you ll give my books a try If you don t like one, that s cool, I don t like every book I read, either But maybe give them a try People seem to like them Now, my publishers want me to sell you on my stuff, so I ll do two brags 1 Everything I write is like nothing you ve ever read before in young adult literature I don t copy, I don t imitate, I don t clone 2 I know how to end a series And that s my advertisement Thank you.
I think Lana is the best character so far. Very strong personality and strong will. The line " I am Lana Arwen Lazar. My Dad was into comic books, so he named me Lana for Superman's girlfriend Lana Lang. And my mom added Arwen for the elf princess in the Lord of the Rings. And I never, ever do what I'm told" is the best!Brianna has the cutest personality.Diana, a masochist.Caine, a sadist.Caine & Diana, tend to swap places.Drake, plain mean.Kids, swapping sides because of. FOOD?
This book kicked me in my metaphorical balls.
4.5 starsThis is easily my favorite of the series so far. Onto book 3!


text:
Brug 232 (Houtgracht), brug in Amsterdam-Centrum over de Houtgracht (gedempt in 1882)
Brug 232 (Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam), brug in Amsterdam-Centrum nabij de Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam


text:
Richard Hammond crashes during filming
June 11, 2017 /0 Comments/in Car News /by Richard Aucock
The Grand Tour star Richard Hammond has escaped serious injury following a serious crash during filming for The Grand Tour.
Hammond was competing in a competitive hill climb in Switzerland, driving a Rimac Concept One electric supercar from Croatia.
More The Grand Tour on Motoring Research:
These are all the cars featured on The Grand Tour so far
The Grand Tour: everything we know so far
Revealed: Jeremy Clarkson's worst cars of the year
The crash occurred after he'd finished the hill climb; Hammond managed to climb out of the car unaided before it set on fire – the images here show the car after it had been destroyed by the fire.
The Grand Tour star was "conscious and talking" after the incident, although he was later flown by Air Ambulance to a local hospital. During checks, it was found he had fractured his knee.
"Nobody else was in the car or involved in the accident, and we'd like to thank the paramedics on site for their swift response," The Grand Tour chiefs said in a statement.
"The cause of the crash is unknown and is being investigated."
Jeremy Clarkson later described on Twitter the seriousness of the crash:
It was the biggest crash I've ever seen and the most frightening but incredibly, and thankfully, Richard seems to be mostly OK.
— Jeremy Clarkson (@JeremyClarkson) June 10, 2017
A friend of Hammond, South African F1 presenter Sasha Martinengo, later Tweeted an update on Hammond's condition:
Hi all. Got a msg from @RichardHammond . He is fine. He has a broken leg and needs knee surgery. He might fly home for the procedure.
— Sasha Martinengo (@F1sasha) June 11, 2017
The incident occurred during filming for Series 2 of The Grand Tour, which will air on Amazon Prime from October.
Richard Aucock https://www.motoringresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/mr-top-motoring.svg Richard Aucock2017-06-11 09:46:202017-06-11 09:46:20Richard Hammond crashes during filming


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Fabian Cancellara has admitted that the well-documented changes in his team in the past four years have played their part in his fluctuating fortunes.
Having left Saxo Bank in 2011 with the Schleck Brothers and several other stars to ride for Leopard Trek, the team have had three rebrandings in four seasons.
But Cancellara is positive that the new stability at Trek Factory Racing could play an important role in the team's results.
"It was the first year of the new Trek team, it was perhaps not the year in which everything worked out for me," Cancellara said in an interview with Swiss newspaper Tages Anzeiger.
One of Cancellara's main aims for the year was the World Championship road race, but he admits he was out-foxed by winner Michal Kwiatkowski. Cancellara says he saw Kwiatkowski's attack coming because he had planned to do it himself, if cramps had not put an end to his challenge.
The Tour of Flanders winner claims that the Pole got away so easily because no one was watching him.
The Trek rider had put all of his World Championship eggs in one basket. Cancellara forewent the time trial, won by Bradley Wiggins, to concentrate on the road race on a Ponferrada course that suited his strengths.
But Spartacus' body was not on his side, with the rider admitting he does not know why he started cramping up.
"It was a rarity for me that the body simply shut off – although I was in the right shape," he said. "I can't see at the moment an error that could have caused this. Only the weather could be a factor, with the rain that came and went.


text:
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Why We Wrote 'After Trump'
By Bob Bauer, Jack Goldsmith
Tuesday, September 15, 2020, 9:01 AM
About 18 months ago, we met for a day at Harvard Law School to map out a planned book on the history of the White House counsel's office, which Bauer had headed during the Obama administration and with which Goldsmith worked closely when he was the head of the Office of Legal Counsel in the George W. Bush administration. We didn't make much progress on that book because the conversation kept shifting to larger issues about the presidency—about Donald Trump's perpetual norm-breaking and impatience with legal constraints, their impact on the executive branch, and what should be done about it. By the end of the day, we had agreed to write a different book about these larger, harder issues. The fruits of that decision are officially published today: "After Trump: Reconstructing the Presidency."
"After Trump" begins from the premise that Donald Trump operated the presidency in ways that reveal its vulnerability to dangerous excesses of authority and dangerous weaknesses in accountability. That premise is not news, though we go further than most critiques of the Trump presidency in trying to put Trump's excesses in historical context and to show how he built on and departed from prior presidential extremes. We also explain why Trump's operation of the presidency requires a serious reconstruction of the law and norms governing it. It is not just that Trump made plain that most of the great reforms of the presidency in the 1970s in the wake of Watergate, Vietnam and the Church Committee are today inadequate. The often-feckless Trump also revealed deeper fissures in the structure of the presidency that, we worry, a future president might choose to exploit in a fashion similar to Trump—but much more skillfully, and to even greater effect.
What distinguishes "After Trump" from the surfeit of Trump books is that we explain in a detailed, legally nuanced way what should be done to mend the presidency after Trump leaves the scene. The table of contents will give you a sense of the topics we cover, ranging from presidential ethics, the pardon power and the treatment of the press to various issues about White House-Justice Department relations, war powers and vacancies reform. In its 14 chapters and nearly 400 pages of text and appendices, "After Trump" proposes more than 50 concrete reforms.
Some of these reforms—such as our proposals on vacancies, and our suggestions for how to buck up the congressional role in war powers—will be familiar to students of contemporary debates. But some go in new directions, including (to take just a few examples): a prohibition on presidential blind trusts; novel protections for the press from presidential retaliation; revision of the special counsel regulations to confer special authority and protections for the special counsel as an independent finder of fact, while at the same time clarifying the attorney general's control over legal matters; several novel rules for investigating presidents and presidential campaigns; serious downsizing of the White House counsel's office; and legal restrictions on the president's use of nuclear weapons. A rich historical and legal background and a concise recounting of relevant events during the Trump administration precede all of our reform proposals, and we hope these summaries of what has gone before will be useful in the coming debates even if the reader is not convinced by the authors' particular proposals or arguments.
We are not naïve about how easy it will be to reconstruct the presidency after Trump. In Chapter One, we consider the many hurdles and objections to our plan—including the objection that the problems with the presidency are fueled or reinforced by sources beyond the presidency itself, such as pathologies in Congress, the press and possibly the polity—and explain why we think the project is nonetheless vital. We also explain our view that the reformed presidency should not be chopped down so much as to render it unable to perform its necessary role as the engine of government in our constitutional system. Our aim is to ensure that the institution characterized by the energy and initiative championed by Hamilton in Federalist No. 70 is nonetheless embedded, as Arthur Schlesinger Jr. rightly insisted, in a "system of accountability that checks the abuse of executive power."
We wrote this book in an ecumenical spirit. We served very different presidents and have different political outlooks. And, sometimes, we did not agree at first on the right way forward. But through dozens of conversations and meetings, and hundreds of emails, we hammered out our differences on how the nation could put the presidency on a better footing. On only one issue could we not reach complete agreement: how Trump's successor should assess Trump's potential criminal legal liability, and whether Trump warrants a pardon. As we explain in the book, Bauer maintains that Trump should face a full investigation as determined by the merits of the matter and that he should not receive a blanket prospective pardon, while Goldsmith argues for extreme caution in a criminal investigation of a prior president for acts done in office. Even this disagreement was a friendly one and, we hope, a model for future engagement on these hard issues.
Order "After Trump" in paperback here and for Kindle here.
For interviews and other media requests: AfterTrump@skdknick.com
Executive Power,
Bob Bauer served as White House Counsel to President Obama. In 2013, the President named Bob to be Co-Chair of the Presidential Commission on Election Administration. He is a Professor of Practice and Distinguished Scholar in Residence at New York University School of Law, as well as the co-director of the university's Legislative and Regulatory Process Clinic. In 2020, he served as a senior advisor to the Biden campaign.
Jack Goldsmith is the Learned Hand Professor at Harvard Law School, co-founder of Lawfare, and a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution. Before coming to Harvard, Professor Goldsmith served as Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003-2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002-2003.
@jacklgoldsmith
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Elena Kagan, Alan Z. Rozenshtein Wed, Jan 12, 2022, 3:56 PM
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Yevgeny Vindman Thu, Dec 2, 2021, 9:01 AM
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Michael Stern Thu, Nov 18, 2021, 11:03 AM
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text:
Honor Society Museum A Tradition of Success. Menu
Certificate from the National Honor Society of Secondary Schools, Desert Storm '91
May 1, 2019 20th Century Desert Storm, National Honor Society
The Honor Society Museum is honored to preserve not only the accolades of past leaders, but pieces of history, frozen in their own time. This is a vintage Certificate from the National Honor Society of Secondary Schools, Desert Storm '91.
Through the power of connection and service to the community, the leaders of tomorrow are taught valuable leadership lessons that will follow them from their respective schools and early careers through the rest of their lives. The Honor Society Museum was founded in 2019 to preserve the history of the leaders of our past for the leaders of tomorrow.
It's been nearly 28 years since this certificate was presented, and you can see that despite the time that has passed, it's been kept in perfect condition. Also, it shows that many of the certificates in the early 90's appear similar to the certificates they hand out today.
Norton Center High School Class of 1943
Acclaimed Academics: 10 Famous Honor Society Alumni
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Connect with Honor Society Museum on social media channels for updates and news.
The Honor Society Museum is dedicated to preserving and enhancing the illustrious 200+ year history of honor societies.
The Honor Society Museum is organized and sponsored by the Honor Society Foundation.


Le Marche is the region's where people live the longest in Europe, that's why eat food and wine from the Marche means taking an elixir of life. All combinations offered are carefully chosen to delight the most refined palates and bring to the table all the good of the Marche. Whether you want to prepare something special for the family or surprise your friends with an original and tasty gift do not miss the chance to try our proposals, you will not regret.


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text:
Hamilton takes 3rd F1 title after US thriller
Lewis Hamilton joined the elite group of triple Formula One world champions on Sunday.
That moment... Lewis Hamilton won his third Formula 1 Championship on 25 October 2015. Picture: Mercedes AMG Petronas/Facebook
Formula One Grand Prix
Mercedes Formula One
Formula One title
Formula One championship
3 Time F1 Champion Lewis Hamilton
TEXAS - Lewis Hamilton joined the elite group of triple Formula One world champions on Sunday after winning a thrilling U.S. Grand Prix that kept the crowd on tenterhooks right to the very end.
"That's the greatest moment of my life," he gasped over the team radio, choking back the tears, after crossing the line 2.8 seconds ahead of German team mate Nico Rosberg who had led before a late mistake.
The first British driver to win back-to-back titles, Hamilton realised a lifelong ambition to equal the tally of his boyhood idol Ayrton Senna, the Brazilian triple champion who died in 1994.
Ferrari's four-times champion Sebastian Vettel finished third, after starting 13th and fighting back to chase Rosberg nose-to-tail over the final lap with the crowd on the edge of their seats on a cold and blustery afternoon after morning rain.
Had Vettel passed Rosberg, the celebrations for the 'double double' -- with Mercedes retaining their constructors' title two weeks ago in Russia -- would have remained on hold.
"I'm just overwhelmed," said Hamilton, who had needed to beat Vettel by nine points and Rosberg by two to take the crown with three races to spare.
"There were so many times when I thought I had lost the race."
Interviewed on the podium by pop's very own 'rocket man', British pop singer Elton John, Hamilton sprayed the champagne with abandon while Rosberg looked shellshocked and barely reacted.
REALLY TOUGH
Before the podium ceremony, Hamilton tossed his team mate a cap to wear. The German threw it back in disgust. No words were necessary.
"I don't know what happened," he said later when asked about his slip. "It was my race to win, but with some strange mistake that has never happened to me that was really disappointing.
"It's unbelievable. That was really, really tough at the time, to lose the win."
The victory, on a rollercoaster afternoon of enthralling racing, was Hamilton's third in four grands prix held in Austin and made the 30-year-old the first driver to win 10 or more races in successive seasons.
He was also only the second Briton since Jackie Stewart in 1973 to win three titles.
But for much of the race, on a drying track after torrential rain forced qualifying to be postponed from Saturday to Sunday morning, it had looked as if Hamilton would be kept waiting to realise his dream.
He had seized the lead at the start from second place on the grid, banging wheels with Rosberg at the first corner and forcing his team mate wide and down to fourth place.
Hamilton could not pull away from the chasing Red Bulls however, with Australian Daniel Ricciardo taking the lead with 15 laps gone and before drivers pitted from intermediate to slick tyres.
The Briton then dropped down to fourth place, with Rosberg back in the lead after 22 laps following the pitstops, but the first of two safety car deployments brought everything back into play.
Rosberg was heading for victory when, seven laps from the end, he made an unforced error, ran wide at turn 12, and Hamilton -- on fresher tyres after a later pitstop -- seized his opportunity.
Ricciardo had dropped back by then after colliding with the Force India of Nico Hulkenberg on a rare afternoon of mayhem with just 12 finishers.
One of them was American Alexander Rossi, the first home driver to compete in a U.S. Grand Prix since 2007, in last place for Manor Marussia.
There was also early carnage when the two Saubers collided in the Swiss team's 400th race while the Williams of Felipe Massa spun after a coming together with Fernando Alonso's McLaren.
Russian Daniil Kvyat, who had also challenged for the lead in the early stages, brought out the crucial second safety car when he lost control and slewed across the track and into the barriers on the 43rd lap.
That gave Hamilton the chance to close right up and pounce when Rosberg erred.
Dutch teenage rookie Max Verstappen was fourth for Toro Rosso after a lively battle against both Ferrari drivers and Mexican Sergio Perez, whose country returns to the calendar for the first time in 23 years next weekend, was fifth for Force India.
Britain's Jenson Button produced some much-needed points for McLaren in sixth.


Auto racing began in the mid-19th century, and the sport has grown in popularity ever since.
The first prearranged match race of two self-powered road vehicles over a prescribed route occurred at 4:30 A.M. on August 30, 1867, between Ashton-under-Lyne and Old Trafford, a distance of eight miles. It was won by the carriage of Isaac Watt Boulton, one of six he said he had run over the years, perhaps driven by his 22-year-old son, James W. The race was against Daniel Adamson's carriage, likely the one made for Mr. Schmidt and perhaps driven by Schmidt. The reports do not indicate who was driving, since both were violating the red-flag law then fully in force. Boulton's carriage was developed from a scrapped John Bridge Adams light-rail vehicle. These were solid fired steam carriages. This event and the details of the vehicles are recorded in the contemporary press, The Engineer, and in Fletcher's books.
The Wisconsin legislature passed an act in 1875 offering a substantial purse for the first US motor race, which was run on July 16, 1878, over a 200-mile course from Green Bay to Appleton, Oshkosh, Waupon, Watertown, Fort Atkinson and Janesville, then turning north and ending in Madison. Only two actually competed: the Oshkosh and the Green Bay (the machines were referred to by their town of origin). This is examined and illustrated in detail in The Great Race of 1878 by Richard Backus, Farm Collector, May/June 2004.
Internal combustion auto racing events began soon after the construction of the first successful gasoline-fueled automobiles. The first organized contest was on April 28, 1887, by the chief editor of Paris publication Le Vélocipède, Monsieur Fossier. It ran 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Neuilly Bridge to the Bois de Boulogne. It was won by Georges Bouton of the De Dion-Bouton Company in a car he had constructed with Albert, the Comte de Dion, but as he was the only competitor to show up, it is rather difficult to call it a race.
Sixty-nine cars started the 50 km (31 mi) selection event that would show which entrants would be allowed to start the main event, the 127 km (79 mi) race from Paris to Rouen. The entrants ranged from serious manufacturers like Peugeot, Panhard, or De Dion to amateur owners; only 25 were selected for the main race.
The first American automobile race is generally held to be the Thanksgiving Day Chicago Times-Herald race of November 28, 1895. Press coverage of the event first aroused significant American interest in the automobile. The 54.36-mile (87.48 km) course ran from the south side of the city, north along the lakefront to Evanston, Illinois, and back again. Frank Duryea won the race in 7 hours and 53 minutes, beating the other five entrants.
The very successful early European rally races ended in 1903, when Marcel Renault was involved in a fatal crash near Angoulême in the Paris–Madrid race. Nine fatalities caused the French government to stop the race in Bordeaux and ban open-road racing.
The Milwaukee Mile is the second-oldest motor racing track in the world still in existence, with racing being held there since 1903. It was not purposely built for motor racing, however. It started as a one-mile (1.6 km) horse-racing track in the 19th century. The first closed-circuit automobile race was held on September 7, 1896 at the Narragansett Trotting Park in Cranston, Rhode Island, and was won by an electric car built by the Riker Electric Vehicle Company.
Brooklands, in Surrey, was the first purpose-built motor racing venue, opening in June 1907. It featured a 4.43 km (2.75 mi) concrete track with high-speed banked corners. Brooklands was also a centre of the aviation industry, with Vickers setting up a factory and aerodrome there during World War I. The racing circuit was closed in 1939 as war-time aircraft production took over. Damage done to the track during World War II meant the track never reopened for racing.
Competition gradually spread to other parts of the British Empire. The first competition in India was held in 1905 by the Motor Union of Western India. It ran from Delhi to Mumbai, (Delhi–Bombay trials 1905) a distance of 810 miles (1,300 km), in an attempt to expose India to the automobile and test its suitability for Indian conditions. Lord Curzon, the Viceroy, gave his consent to the event.
One of the oldest existing purpose-built automobile racing circuits in the United States, still in use, is the 2.5-mile (4.02 km)-long Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, built from March to August 1909, when it first opened for racing. It is the largest capacity sports venue of any variety worldwide, with a top capacity of some 257,000+ seated spectators. The oldest asphalt-paved oval track in the United States is Thompson Speedway Motorsports Park in Thompson, Connecticut, once known as the "Indianapolis of the East."
The 1930s saw the transformation from high-priced road cars into pure racers, with Alfa Romeo, Auto Union, Bugatti, Delage, Delahaye, and Mercedes-Benz constructing streamlined vehicles with engines producing up to 450 kW (603 hp), aided by multiple-stage supercharging. From 1928 to 1930 and again in 1934–1936, the maximum weight permitted was 750 kg (1,653 lb), a rule diametrically opposed to current racing regulations. Extensive use of aluminum alloys was required to achieve light weight, and in the case of the Mercedes, the paint was removed to satisfy the weight limitation, producing the famous Silver Arrows. NASCAR was founded by Bill France, Sr. on February 21, 1948, with the help of several other drivers of the time. The first NASCAR "Strictly Stock" race ever was held on June 19, 1949, at Daytona Beach, Florida. The Strictly Stock division was put on hold as American automobile manufacturers were unable to produce family sedans quickly enough to keep up with post-World War II demand.
In Europe, the FIA adopted the ACO GTP rules virtually unchanged and sanctioned the Group C World Endurance Championship (or World Sportscar Championship), featuring high-tech closed-cockpit prototypes. In the USA, the IMSA Camel GTP series boasted close competition between huge fields of manufacturer-backed teams and privateer squads – the cars were technically similar to Group Cs but used a sliding scale of weights and engine capacities to try to limit performance. The FIA attempted to make Group C into a virtual "two seater Grand Prix" format in the early 1990s, with engine rules in common with F1, short race distances, and a schedule dovetailing with that of the F1 rounds. The IMSA GT Championship had been prototype-based since 1983, with less emphasis on production cars. Australian Production Car Championship was first contested in 1987, with the inaugural champion determined from the results of two races held at the Winton Motor Raceway in Victoria on September 27. The first World Touring Car Championship, which was open to Group A Touring Cars, was held in 1987 concurrent to the long-running European Touring Car Championship (ETCC). Additional rounds were held outside Europe at Bathurst in Australia, Calder Park Raceway in Australia (using both the road course and the then-newly constructed Thunderdome), Wellington in New Zealand and Mount Fuji in Japan. The Drivers Championship was won by Roberto Ravaglia in a BMW M3, and the Entrants Championship was won by the Eggenberger Motorsport Ford No 7 entry, which was a Ford Sierra. Winston Cup Series underwent a large boom in popularity in the 1990s. This coincided with a decline of popularity in American Championship Car Racing. The FISA decided to separate the rally cars into three classes: Group N (production cars), Group A (modified production cars), and Group B (modified sport cars). Group B was introduced by the FIA in 1982 as a replacement for both Group 4 (modified grand touring) and Group 5 (touring prototype) cars.
The IMSA GT Series evolved into the American Le Mans Series, which ran its first season in 1999. The European races eventually became the closely related Le Mans Series, both of which mix prototypes and GTs. The SCCA World Challenge consists of a one-hour race for each round, combining three classes: GT (Chevrolet Corvette, Aston Martin DB9, etc.), "GTS" (Acura TSX, BMW 3 Series, etc.; replaced the former touring car class), and Touring Car (a "showroom stock" class similar to Grand Am's Continental Challenge). NASCAR was becoming increasingly dominant, and the IndyCar Series' split from CART in 1996 put more emphasis on ovals regarding domestic open-wheel racing.
^ "THE GREAT RACE OF 1878". Retrieved 2016-07-27.
^ History Channel. "Electric car wins the first auto race in the United States". History. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
^ "The Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India". Fmsci.in. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-08.


When pregnancy is detected, discontinue univasc ® as soon as possible.
Moexipril hydrochloride is a fine white to off-white powder. It is soluble (about 10% weight-tovolume) in distilled water at room temperature.
In patients who are currently being treated with a diuretic, symptomatic hypotension may occasionally occur following the initial dose of univasc®. The diuretic should, if possible, be discontinued for 2 to 3 days before therapy with univasc® is begun, to reduce the likelihood of hypotension (see WARNINGS). If the patient's blood pressure is not controlled with univasc® alone, diuretic therapy may then be reinstituted. If diuretic therapy cannot be discontinued, an initial dose of 3.75 mg of univasc® should be used with medical supervision until blood pressure has stabilized (see WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS: DRUG INTERACTIONS).
For patients with a creatinine clearance ≤ 40 mL/min/1.73 m², an initial dose of 3.75 mg once daily should be given cautiously. Doses may be titrated upward to a maximum daily dose of 15 mg.
Store, tightly closed, at controlled room temperature. Protect from excessive moisture.
Manufactured for: UCB, Inc. Smyrna, GA 30080.
univasc® has been evaluated for safety in more than 2 500 patients with hypertension; more than 2 50 of these patients were treated for approximately one year. The overall incidence of reported adverse events was only slightly greater in patients treated with univasc® than patients treated with placebo.
Reported adverse experiences were usually mild and transient, and there were no differences in adverse reaction rates related to gender, race, age, duration of therapy, or total daily dosage within the range of 3.75 mg to 60 mg. Discontinuation of therapy because of adverse experiences was required in 3.4% of patients treated with univasc® and in 1.8% of patients treated with placebo. The most common reasons for discontinuation in patients treated with univasc® were cough (0.7%) and dizziness (0.4%).
Other adverse events occurring in more than 1% of patients on moexipril that were at least as frequent on placebo include: headache, upper respiratory infection, pain, rhinitis, dyspepsia, nausea, peripheral edema, sinusitis, chest pain, and urinary frequency. See WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS for discussion of anaphylactoid reactions, angioedema, hypotension, neutropenia/agranulocytosis, second and third trimester fetal/neonatal morbidity and mortality, hyperkalemia, and cough.
Cardiovascular: Symptomatic hypotension, postural hypotension, or syncope were seen in 9/1750 (0.51%) patients; these reactions led to discontinuation of therapy in controlled trials in 3/12 54 (0.2 4%) patients who had received univasc® monotherapy and in 1/344 (0.3%) patients who had received univasc® with hydrochlorothiazide (see WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS). Other adverse events included angina/myocardial infarction, palpitations, rhythm disturbances, and cerebrovascular accident.
Renal: Of hypertensive patients with no apparent preexisting renal disease, 1% of patients receiving univasc® alone and 2 % of patients receiving univasc® with hydrochlorothiazide experienced increases in serum creatinine to at least 140% of their baseline values (see PRECAUTIONS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain, constipation, vomiting, appetite/weight change, dry mouth, pancreatitis, hepatitis.
Respiratory: Bronchospasm, dyspnea, eosinophilic pneumonitis.
Dermatologic: Apparent hypersensitivity reactions manifested by urticaria, rash, pemphigus, pruritus, photosensitivity, alopecia.
Neurological and Psychiatric: Drowsiness, sleep disturbances, nervousness, mood changes, anxiety.
Other: Angioedema (see WARNINGS), taste disturbances, tinnitus, sweating, malaise, arthralgia, hemolytic anemia.
As with other ACE inhibitors, minor increases in blood urea nitrogen or serum creatinine, reversible upon discontinuation of therapy, were observed in approximately 1% of patients with essential hypertension who were treated with univasc®. Increases are more likely to occur in patients receiving concomitant diuretics and in patients with compromised renal function (see PRECAUTIONS, General).
Clinically important changes in standard laboratory tests were rarely associated with univasc® administration.
Elevations of liver enzymes and uric acid have been reported. In trials, less than 1% of moexipril-treated patients discontinued univasc® treatment because of laboratory abnormalities. The incidence of abnormal laboratory values with moexipril was similar to that in the placebo-treated group.
Excessive reductions in blood pressure may occur in patients on diuretic therapy when ACE inhibitors are started. The possibility of hypotensive effects with univasc® can be minimized by discontinuing diuretic therapy for several days or cautiously increasing salt intake before initiation of treatment with univasc®. If this is not possible, the starting dose of moexipril should be reduced. (See WARNINGS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
univasc® can increase serum potassium because it decreases aldosterone secretion. Use of potassium-sparing diuretics (spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride) or potassium supplements concomitantly with ACE inhibitors can increase the risk of hyperkalemia. Therefore, if concomitant use of such agents is indicated, they should be given with caution and the patient's serum potassium should be monitored.
Interaction studies with warfarin failed to identify any clinically important effect on the serum concentrations of the anticoagulant or on its anticoagulant effect.
Increased serum lithium levels and symptoms of lithium toxicity have been reported in patients receiving ACE inhibitors during therapy with lithium. These drugs should be coadministered with caution, and frequent monitoring of serum lithium levels is recommended. If a diuretic is also used, the risk of lithium toxicity may be increased.
Nitritoid reactions (symptoms include facial flushing, nausea, vomiting and hypotension) have been reported rarely in patients on therapy with injectable gold (sodium aurothiomalate) and concomitant ACE inhibitor therapy including univasc®.
In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function, co-administration of NSAIDS, including selective COX-2 inhibitors, with ACE inhibitors, including moexipril, may result in deterioration of renal function, including possible acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Monitor renal function periodically in patients receiving moexipril and NSAID therapy.
The antihypertensive effect of ACE inhibitors, including moexipril, may be attenuated by NSAIDS.
No clinically important pharmacokinetic interactions occurred when univasc® was administered concomitantly with hydrochlorothiazide, digoxin, or cimetidine.
univasc® has been used in clinical trials concomitantly with calcium-channel-blocking agents, diuretics, H2 blockers, digoxin, oral hypoglycemic agents, and cholesterol-lowering agents. There was no evidence of clinically important adverse interactions.
Angioedema involving the face, extremities, lips, tongue, glottis, and/or larynx has been reported in patients treated with ACE inhibitors, including univasc®. Symptoms suggestive of angioedema or facial edema occurred in < 0.5% of moexipriltreated patients in placebo-controlled trials. None of the cases were considered life-threatening and all resolved either without treatment or with medication (antihistamines or glucocorticoids). One patient treated with hydrochlorothiazide alone experienced laryngeal edema. No instances of angioedema were reported in placebo-treated patients.
univasc® can cause symptomatic hypotension, although, as with other ACE inhibitors, this is unusual in uncomplicated hypertensive patients treated with univasc® alone. Symptomatic hypotension was seen in 0.5% of patients given moexipril and led to discontinuation of therapy in about 0.2 5%. Symptomatic hypotension is most likely to occur in patients who have been salt- and volume-depleted as a result of prolonged diuretic therapy, dietary salt restriction, dialysis, diarrhea, or vomiting. Volume- and salt-depletion should be corrected and, in general, diuretics stopped, before initiating therapy with univasc® (see PRECAUTIONS: DRUG INTERACTIONS, and ADVERSE REACTIONS).
Another ACE inhibitor, captopril, has been shown to cause agranulocytosis and bone marrow depression, rarely in patients with uncomplicated hypertension, but more frequently in hypertensive patients with renal impairment, especially if they also have a collagen-vascular disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus or scleroderma. Although there were no instances of severe neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count < 500/mm3) among patients given univasc®, as with other ACE inhibitors, monitoring of white blood cell counts should be considered for patients who have collagen-vascular disease, especially if the disease is associated with impaired renal function. Available data from clinical trials of univasc® are insufficient to show that univasc® does not cause agranulocytosis at rates similar to captopril.
In the unusual case that there is no appropriate alternative to therapy with drugs affecting the renin-angiotensin system for a particular patient, apprise the mother of the potential risk to the fetus. Perform serial ultrasound examinations to assess the intra-amniotic environment. If oligohydramnios is observed, discontinue univasc®, unless it is considered lifesaving for the mother. Fetal testing may be appropriate, based on the week of pregnancy. Patients and physicians should be aware, however, that oligohydramnios may not appear until after the fetus has sustained irreversible injury. Closely observe infants with histories of in utero exposure to univasc® for hypotension, oliguria, and hyperkalemia (see PRECAUTIONS, Pediatric Use).
As a consequence of inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, changes in renal function may be anticipated in susceptible individuals. There is no clinical experience of univasc® in the treatment of hypertension in patients with renal failure.
Some hypertensive patients with no apparent preexisting renal vascular disease have developed increases in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, usually minor and transient, especially when univasc® has been given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic. This is more likely to occur in patients with preexisting renal impairment. There may be a need for dose adjustment of univasc® and/or the discontinuation of the thiazide diuretic.
Evaluation of hypertensive patients should always include assessment of renal function (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
In hypertensive patients with severe congestive heart failure, whose renal function may depend on the activity of the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system, treatment with ACE inhibitors, including univasc®, may be associated with oliguria and/or progressive azotemia and, rarely, acute renal failure and/or death.
In clinical trials, persistent hyperkalemia (serum potassium above 5.4 mEq/L) occurred in approximately 1.3% of hypertensive patients receiving univasc®. Risk factors for the development of hyperkalemia with ACE inhibitors include renal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, and the concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium supplements, and/or potassium-containing salt substitutes, which should be used cautiously, if at all, with univasc® (see PRECAUTIONS: DRUG INTERACTIONS).
In patients undergoing major surgery or during anesthesia with agents that produce hypotension, moexipril may block the effects of compensatory renin release. If hypotension occurs in this setting and is considered to be due to this mechanism, it can be corrected by volume expansion.
Presumably due to the inhibition of the degradation of endogenous bradykinin, persistent nonproductive cough has been reported with all ACE inhibitors, always resolving after discontinuation of therapy. ACE inhibitor-induced cough should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cough. In controlled trials with moexipril, cough was present in 6.1% of moexipril patients and 2 .2 % of patients given placebo.
No evidence of carcinogenicity was detected in long-term studies in mice and rats at doses up to 14 or 2 7.3 times the Maximum Recommended Human Dose (MRHD) on a mg/m² basis.
No mutagenicity was detected in the Ames test and microbial reverse mutation assay, with and without metabolic activation, or in an in vivo nucleus anomaly test. However, increased chromosomal aberration frequency in Chinese hamster ovary cells was detected under metabolic activation conditions at a 2 0-hour harvest time.
Reproduction studies have been performed in rabbits at oral doses up to 0.7 times the MRHD on a mg/m² basis, and in rats up to 90.9 times the MRHD on a mg/m² basis. No indication of impaired fertility, reproductive toxicity, or teratogenicity was observed.
It is not known whether univasc® is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when univasc® is given to a nursing mother.
Safety and effectiveness of univasc® in pediatric patients have not been established.
Clinical studies of univasc® did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
No data are available to suggest that physiological maneuvers (e.g., maneuvers to change the pH of the urine) would accelerate elimination of moexipril and its metabolites. The dialyzability of moexipril is not known.
Angiotensin II could presumably serve as a specific antagonist-antidote in the setting of moexipril overdose, but angiotensin II is essentially unavailable outside of research facilities. Because the hypotensive effect of moexipril is achieved through vasodilation and effective hypovolemia, it is reasonable to treat moexipril overdose by infusion of normal saline solution. In addition, renal function and serum potassium should be monitored.
univasc® is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to this product and in patients with a history of angioedema related to previous treatment with an ACE inhibitor.
Moexipril hydrochloride is a prodrug for moexiprilat, which inhibits ACE in humans and animals. The mechanism through which moexiprilat lowers blood pressure is believed to be primarily inhibition of ACE activity. ACE is a peptidyl dipeptidase that catalyzes the conversion of the inactive decapeptide angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor substance angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent peripheral vasoconstrictor that also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex and provides negative feedback on renin secretion. ACE is identical to kininase II, an enzyme that degrades bradykinin, an endothelium-dependent vasodilator. Moexiprilat is about 1000 times as potent as moexipril in inhibiting ACE and kininase II. Inhibition of ACE results in decreased angiotensin II formation, leading to decreased vasoconstriction, increased plasma renin activity, and decreased aldosterone secretion. The latter results in diuresis and natriuresis and a small increase in serum potassium concentration (mean increases of about 0.2 5 mEq/L were seen when moexipril was used alone, see PRECAUTIONS).
Whether increased levels of bradykinin, a potent vasodepressor peptide, play a role in the therapeutic effects of moexipril remains to be elucidated. Although the principal mechanism of moexipril in blood pressure reduction is believed to be through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, ACE inhibitors have some effect on blood pressure even in apparent low-renin hypertension. As is the case with other ACE inhibitors, however, the antihypertensive effect of moexipril is considerably smaller in black patients, a predominantly low-renin population, than in non-black hypertensive patients.
Moexipril's antihypertensive activity is almost entirely due to its deesterified metabolite, moexiprilat. Bioavailability of oral moexipril is about 13% compared to intravenous (I.V.) moexipril (both measuring the metabolite moexiprilat), and is markedly affected by food, which reduces the peak plasma level (Cmax) and AUC (see Absorption). Moexipril should therefore be taken in a fasting state. The time of peak plasma concentration (Tmax) of moexiprilat is about 1½ hours and elimination half-life (t½) is estimated at 2 to 9 hours in various studies, the variability reflecting a complex elimination pattern that is not simply exponential. Like all ACE inhibitors, moexiprilat has a prolonged terminal elimination phase, presumably reflecting slow release of drug bound to the ACE. Accumulation of moexiprilat with repeated dosing is minimal, about 30%, compatible with a functional elimination t½ of about 12 hours. Over the dose range of 7.5 to 30 mg, pharmacokinetics are approximately dose proportional.
Moexipril is incompletely absorbed, with bioavailability as moexiprilat of about 13%. Bioavailability varies with formulation and food intake which reduces Cmax and AUC by about 70% and 40% respectively after the ingestion of a low-fat breakfast or by 80% and 50% respectively after the ingestion of a high-fat breakfast.
The clearance (CL) for moexipril is 441 mL/min and for moexiprilat 2 32 mL/min with a t½ of 1.3 and 9.8 hours, respectively. Moexiprilat is about 50% protein bound. The volume of distribution of moexiprilat is about 183 liters.
Moexipril is relatively rapidly converted to its active metabolite moexiprilat, but persists longer than some other ACE inhibitor prodrugs, such that its t½ is over one hour and it has a significant AUC. Both moexipril and moexiprilat are converted to diketopiperazine derivatives and unidentified metabolites. After I.V. administration of moexipril, about 40% of the dose appears in urine as moexiprilat, about 2 6% as moexipril, with small amounts of the metabolites; about 2 0% of the I.V. dose appears in feces, principally as moexiprilat. After oral administration, only about 7% of the dose appears in urine as moexiprilat, about 1% as moexipril, with about 5% as other metabolites. Fifty-two percent of the dose is recovered in feces as moexiprilat and 1% as moexipril.
Decreased Renal Function: The effective elimination t½ and AUC of both moexipril and moexiprilat are increased with decreasing renal function. There is insufficient information available to characterize this relationship fully, but at creatinine clearances in the range of 10 to 40 mL/min, the t½ of moexiprilat is increased by a factor of 3 to 4.
Decreased Hepatic Function: In patients with mild to moderate cirrhosis given single 15 mg doses of moexipril, the Cmax of moexipril was increased by about 50% and the AUC increased by about 12 0%, while the Cmax for moexiprilat was decreased by about 50% and the AUC increased by almost 300%.
Elderly Patients: In elderly male subjects (65-80 years old) with clinically normal renal and hepatic function, the AUC and Cmax of moexiprilat is about 30% greater than those of younger subjects (19-42 years old).
Single and multiple doses of 15 mg or more of univasc® gives sustained inhibition of plasma ACE activity of 80-90%, beginning within 2 hours and lasting 2 4 hours (80%).
In controlled trials, the peak effects of orally administered moexipril increased with the dose administered over a dose range of 7.5 to 60 mg, given once a day. Antihypertensive effects were first detectable about 1 hour after dosing, with a peak effect between 3 and 6 hours after dosing. Just before dosing (i.e., at trough), the antihypertensive effects were less prominently related to dose and the antihypertensive effect tended to diminish during the 2 4-hour dosing interval when the drug was administered once a day.
In multiple dose studies in the dose range of 7.5 to 30 mg once daily, univasc® lowered sitting diastolic and systolic blood pressure effects at trough by 3 to 6 mmHg and 4 to 11 mmHg more than placebo, respectively. There was a tendency toward increased response with higher doses over this range. These effects are typical of ACE inhibitors but, to date, there are no trials of adequate size comparing moexipril with other antihypertensive agents.
The trough diastolic blood pressure effects of moexipril were approximately 3 to 6 mmHg in various studies. Generally, higher doses of moexipril leave a greater fraction of the peak blood pressure effect still present at trough. During dose titration, any decision as to the adequacy of a dosing regimen should be based on trough blood pressure measurements. If diastolic blood pressure control is not adequate at the end of the dosing interval, the dose can be increased or given as a divided (BID) regimen.
During chronic therapy, the antihypertensive effect of any dose of univasc® is generally evident within 2 weeks of treatment, with maximal reduction after 4 weeks. The antihypertensive effects of univasc® have been proven to continue during therapy for up to 2 4 months.
univasc®, like other ACE inhibitors, is less effective in decreasing trough blood pressures in blacks than in non-blacks. Placebo-corrected trough group mean diastolic blood pressure effects in blacks in the proposed dose range varied between +1 to -3 mmHg compared with responses in non-blacks of -4 to -6 mmHg.
The effectiveness of univasc® was not significantly influenced by patient age, gender, or weight. univasc® has been shown to have antihypertensive activity in both pre- and postmenopausal women who have participated in placebo-controlled clinical trials.
Formal interaction studies with moexipril have not been carried out with antihypertensive agents other than thiazide diuretics. In these studies, the added effect of moexipril was similar to its effect as monotherapy. In general, ACE inhibitors have less than additive effects with betaadrenergic blockers, presumably because both work by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system.
Patients should be advised to take moexipril one hour before meals (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
Angioedema, including laryngeal edema, may occur with treatment with ACE inhibitors, usually occurring early in therapy (within the first month). Patients should be so advised and told to report immediately any signs or symptoms suggesting angioedema (swelling of the face, extremities, eyes, lips, tongue, difficulty in breathing) and to take no more univasc® until they have consulted with the prescribing physician.
Patients should be cautioned that lightheadedness can occur with univasc®, especially during the first few days of therapy. If fainting occurs, the patient should stop taking univasc® and consult the prescribing physician.
All patients should be cautioned that excessive perspiration and dehydration may lead to an excessive fall in blood pressure because of reduction in fluid volume. Other causes of volume depletion such as vomiting or diarrhea may also lead to a fall in blood pressure; patients should be advised to consult their physician if they develop these conditions.
Patients should be told not to use potassium supplements or salt substitutes containing potassium without consulting their physician.
Patients should be told to report promptly any indication of infection (e.g., sore throat, fever) that could be a sign of neutropenia.
Female patients of childbearing age should be told about the consequences of exposure to univasc® during pregnancy. Discuss treatment options with women planning to become pregnant. Patients should be asked to report pregnancies to their physicians as soon as possible.