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For those of you who are sick of the convenience of Bluetooth earpieces and want to live your dream of talking to your fingers like pretend phone from your childhood should look into this concept device.
This is one concept that probably won't catch on, ever. Unless you can make a display to put on the palm. Maybe there is some alternate reality where this technology came into fruition. Enjoy this poem after the jump.
and with the Bluetooth bind them.
Okay, it didn't really rhyme, but somehow I couldn't get The Lord of the Rings out of my head when I saw this device. In the end, though, I decree this device as "silly".
Of course, I never equated The Lord of the Rings with anything silly, even though there is a scene where a dwarf, and elf, and Viggo Mortensen are running across the plains in really fruity costumes.
Well, you never know what's going to be a hit and what will be a dud.


Oil tank provider in Ireland - Oil tank and water tanks also rainwater storage tanks and home heating oil tanks. We have a wide selection of oil tanks, water tanks, bunded oil tanks and steel oil tanks. Tanks.ie supplying Ireland with their tank requirements.
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Browse all Cafes in Hogansville GA. Discover census data for Hogansville, GA.


Why would you inject ink into your eye?
That's the question Mike wanted to ask 24-yr-old Catt Gallinger after he saw her Facebook post about an eyeball tattoo gone horribly wrong.
Listen to the Pure Opelka Prime Cut here.


NASHVILLE (BP) -- The Civil War was fought 150 years ago, but without a small band of abolitionists driven by their Christian faith, the war might never have happened.
That's the conclusion of a three-part PBS docudrama that will premier Tuesday (Jan. 8). It doesn't shy away from recounting the religious beliefs of abolitionists William Lloyd Garrison, John Brown, Frederick Douglass, Angelina Grimke and Harriet Beacher Stowe. They believed slavery was a sin, and they set out to cause its demise. In turn, they helped change a nation.
Parts two and three of the series, known simply as "The Abolitionists," will air Jan. 15 and 22. It is the latest installment in PBS' popular "American Experience" series.
Each episode is one hour long and is part documentary, part re-enactment. It is rated TV-PG, with some violence and language in the first two episodes.
The series tells how Grimke, the product of a slave-owning family in South Carolina, came to see slavery as unbiblical.
"She believed slavery was a sin and that God would punish people who had slaves," historian Carol Berkin says in the series.
The docudrama recounts how Garrison, in his 20s, began publishing an anti-slavery paper, convinced that God was on his side.
"William Lloyd Garrison's religious background was not just a background, it was at the core of who he was," historian James Brewer Stewart says in the series.
BAPTIST PRESS: What role did the abolitionists play in ending slavery in the United States?
DANIEL W. STOWELL: They played a broad role in mobilizing public opinion. Lincoln famously said "whoever controls public opinion controls the government." They nudged Lincoln; they nudged the North in general toward a view of how slavery was corrupting the nation. They played an important role in moving the public in a direction that Lincoln could ultimately issue an Emancipation Proclamation as a war measure. There's still a lot of racism in the North during the Civil War. Lincoln is never what I would classify as an abolitionist; he's anti-slavery. It remains a very open question how much sympathy he had for enslaved African Americans vs. the corruption that slavery wrought in the nation at large.
BP: And there were times that the abolitionists themselves thought that Lincoln was on the wrong side of the issue and that he was working against them.
STOWELL: Absolutely. The famous book on this is Lerone Bennett's "Forced into Glory," where he basically argues that Lincoln was forced into issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, and that each of his actions against slavery were forced by abolitionists and radical Republicans. I think that's too simplistic. The kernel of truth that lies in it, however, is that Lincoln was not a Garrisonian or a John Brown type of abolitionist, where the abolition of slavery is the only thing that matters. I believe Lincoln considered slavery to be a corrupting influence -- it was bad obviously for the slave, but it was also bad for the white Southerner, it was bad for the white Northerner, it was bad for the politics of the nation.
BP: One historian in the documentary says that without the abolitionists, the Civil War would not have happened. Do you agree with that?
STOWELL: I would agree with it in the sense that Southern perceptions of Northern society were such that the election of a Republican president , by itself -- with no actions by that president -- led to several states seceding, before he is even inaugurated. Abolitionists frightened Southerners to the point that the mere election of a Republican president was cause for secession. On the other hand, one can be anti-slavery and anti-African American. It raises the question then of whether slavery, as distinct from racism, caused the Civil War, and I would argue that it did -- slavery caused the Civil War.
BP: The abolitionists, then, dramatically impacted the Southerners' view of the North?
STOWELL: Absolutely, although Lincoln and other Republicans tried very hard to distinguish themselves in the public mind from the abolitionists. But Southerners would have none of it. They referred to Lincoln as a black Republican.
BP: We view the abolitionists as being successful, as very optimistic, as seeing a country where slavery someday will not exist. But weren't there many times when the abolitionists were pessimistic?
STOWELL: The hopefulness of abolitionists waxed and waned, often waning after poor performances in political contests. At times they had cause to despair. One of the clear examples of despair would be after the Dred Scott decision, of course. They were appalled that the Supreme Court of the United States would make such a decision. They certainly were disheartened but did not give up.
BP: In watching this documentary, it seems that Christianity was a driving force behind many, if not most of the abolitionists. What role did faith play in the beliefs of the abolitionists on slavery?
STOWELL: The belief that African Americans are fellow human beings, and therefore deserving of God's love and of love of their fellow man, certainly plays a critical role in the motivation of most abolitionists. Their beliefs often, if not always, had a religious motivation -- do unto others as you would have them do unto you; love your neighbor as yourself. Of course, many of the same religious traditions are feeding into a very pro-slavery argument at the same time. Evangelical religion does not make all white Americans in the 19th century anti-slavery or abolitionists.
BP: Let's mention some of the names in the documentary and examine their religious beliefs: William Lloyd Garrison, John Brown, Frederick Douglass, Angelina Grimke and Harriet Beacher Stowe.
STOWELL: Douglass' religious views are a little murky to me. But certainly Brown, Garrison, Grimke and Stowe and many others who were allied with them come from a very strong sort of religious motivation. In Brown's and Garrison's case, they feel it is a religious mission, a meaning for their lives, to oppose slavery. It's hard to quote from their writings and ignore .
BP: Yet despite the common thread of Christian faith among the abolitionists, they had different beliefs about how to end slavery, didn't they? Some were pacifists; some were radical and wanted to start a war.
STOWELL: Right. Brown is willing to employ violence in that quest. Douglass teeters and is on the verge of joining with Brown, and ultimately does not. There are others who see that as absolutely not the way to go, either from a non-violence perspective or from a perspective that was foolhardy. the way to effect change is through the political system, and we need to continue to educate our fellow citizens about the horrors of slavery and the moral obligations of all citizens.
BP: What can we learn from the abolitionists that perhaps we can apply today?
STOWELL: The parallels are often drawn to the hot-button issues of today. What it can tell us is that a small committed group can change public opinion over time, that there will be setbacks -- as there were with the abolitionists -- but that there will be victories as well.


The Calgary Board of Education meets with community leaders, parents, students and other organizations to gain their perspectives, ideas and advice on a variety of important topics. Each of our advisory councils helps us to move towards achieving our mission.
The Chief Superintendent's Student Advisory Council is comprised of grade 11 students from CBE high schools. Throughout the year, student members meet with the Chief Superintendent of Schools to discuss and share their perspectives on their education. They are ambassadors of student voice and leaders in their school communities.
Meetings with Elders occur four times per year.
The TAC evolved from two separate groups – one focused on walk zones at schools and the other on a review of the CBE transportation model. In its current form, the committee takes a holistic approach to transportation issues and future projects.
Membership on TAC is by appointment and includes representation from school principals, parents, the city of Calgary, Calgary Police Service, local carriers, and the CBE board of trustees and administration.


text:
Sidecar > Blog > Can ChatGPT Become an AI Tool for Associations?
Can ChatGPT Become an AI Tool for Associations?
Jose Triana
As the AI landscape continues to evolve, so do the emerging tools. One of the latest and most popular is ChatGPT. Built by OpenAI, the creators of DALL·E 2, this tool provides a more human experience with a widely used marketing tool – chatbots.
And there's no doubt it can have significant applications, with over a million users only five days after its launch. So how does it work, why is it so popular and what does it mean for the association world?
ChatGPT is an AI-powered chatbot that enables users to create intelligent conversations in natural language. In other words, it allows users to have a more conversational interaction with your chatbot. And because it uses natural language processing (NLP) technology, its response accuracy is significantly higher than traditional chatbots that are rule-based, providing limited responses tied directly to predefined rules or keywords.
Related: How to Talk to Your Members About AI
Developed by OpenAI, ChatGPT is based on the GPT-3 model, a state-of-the-art language model trained on a large corpus of text data. While it's designed specifically for chat applications, thanks to its ability to generate coherent and relevant text, it offers plenty of opportunities for users.
It works by first recognizing and extracting the conversation's keywords, phrases and other related data. Based on this information, it then creates a response tailored to the specific context of the conversation. This means that each response can be tailored to the user's needs, making it an invaluable tool for businesses looking to provide better quality customer service and increase their sales conversions.
Also, because ChatGPT is powered by AI technology, organizations can rest assured that they will always have access to updated conversational models which adapt based on previous interactions with users.
What Are Some of Its Issues?
Just as quickly as ChatGPT gained attention and praise for its innovation, it has also run up against some resistance, problematic applications and in some instances, inaccuracies.
The Question of Plagiarism
While all AI-generated content is unique – as in it won't trigger most plagiarism tools (today) – it's still computer generated. This has quickly brought about questions in terms of its use amongst professional creatives and in the school system.
The NYC education department quickly blocked access to the OpenAI site on school devices while others have started to look at the tool as a method to help to teach writing skills or even develop conversational skills.
Regardless of its future impact, AI detection has become a top priority for many.
OpenAI has already started development on a "watermark," which will automatically tag AI-generated content to be more easily identified, and others, including Princeton student Edward Tian, have started developing AI plagiarism detection tools for essays and academic applications.
It's important to note that ChatGPT is still being updated and upgraded the more people use it. However, it isn't at a point where it can be allowed to run independently without quality control.
According to OpenAI's FAQ, "ChatGPT is not connected to the internet, and it can occasionally produce incorrect answers. It has limited knowledge of world and events after 2021 and may also occasionally produce harmful instructions or biased content."
In other words, depending on what you're asking, there's a chance it can produce entirely wrong answers. One good example is Stack Overflow, a forum used for programming advice, which officially banned the use of ChatGPT because its responses were often inaccurate and led to issues for users.
Is it Still Worth Using?
While ChatGPT has its issues, it's also constantly updating (the latest OpenAI update was on Jan. 9, 2023). However, ChatGPT is still in the beta phase. As such, it should be used as a tool to help speed up some of your everyday tasks but should not be allowed to run independently without human oversight.
For associations, however, it should be seen as an entry point for the adoption (or at the very least experimentation) of AI technology.
How Can Associations Use ChatGPT?
While it may take some time to understand the intricacies of NLP and the GPT-3 model, the use cases often speak for themselves. Some of the ways early adopters are using ChatGPT include:
Generating text for social media posts or other marketing content.
Writing and automating announcement emails for your upcoming events and new content offerings.
Using it as a tool to create content briefs and conduct keyword research or improve SEO optimization.
Improving the accuracy of speech recognition systems by providing context for spoken words.
Summarizing large documents or long conversations.
Translating text from one language to another.
Generating personalized responses to user input in virtual assistants or other applications.
Related: The Business Case for AI in Associations
ChatGPT offers some unique applications specific to the association industry, including:
Member Support – The benefit of AI is its ability to learn from previous interactions, creating a more personalized experience. For example, the bot could be programmed to outline member benefits, showcase upcoming events, and provide resources based on interests.
Marketing – Whether you need help crafting social media posts or messaging for an email, ChatGPT helps summarize text and generate new content that can help streamline that process and add a more user-friendly personality to your content.
Event Support – Many associations have annual events and conferences. Not only could ChatGPT be used to provide instant support to attendees but also it could be programmed to provide information on the event schedule, speaker information and logistical announcements.
Member Data Analysis – AI tools improve through usage and can often provide valuable insights. With a tool like ChatGPT, you would be able to analyze common queries, interests and preferences, which could directly influence changes to your site or the content your organization creates.
The Value of AI Technologies
Overall, ChatGPT and other AI technologies can help associations improve their efficiency and effectiveness in various ways. Whether by automating tasks to free up more time or, in the case of ChatGPT, providing a self-service option that doesn't sacrifice personalization.
Related: 8 Must-try AI and Web3 Apps for Association Professionals
The bottom line is that the growing number of AI tools on the market can help associations – particularly those looking to do more with less staff support. While they may not be readily available to implement on your site or with your event, understanding how they work and the possibilities they offer can help your organization have a future-looking approach to member engagement and operations.
Technology, Transform Culture
Jose Triana joined the Sidecar team as the Content Manager in 2021. He is a writer and creative focused on helping purpose-driven organizations learn and find value online. When he isn't working on content, you can catch him going for a run or resting with a good book.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


There are so many reasons why a person might choose one business over another. When it comes to a referral, trust is the main reason why people refer a person or a business. According to John Jantsch, author of The Referral Engine, trust is the single biggest reason why people make referrals.
I often wonder why trust is so rare, considering the amount of business service professionals and companies receive from referrals. It has happened to me and if you are reading this, it has probably happened to you. I'm talking about that feeling you get in the pit of your stomach when you realize you've been ripped-off.
I wanted to share a story about my mechanic shop STM Automotive, owned by two brothers Steve and Terry. I will never leave STM Automotive! Before I found them, I went to several mechanics and felt like I was being sold, unsure of whether I really needed all the things they recommended. Like most people, I don't know about cars the way I do technology. I rely on my mechanic's best judgment to tell me what I need. When I met Steve and Terry, I was ready to spend quite a bit on my suspension because I felt something major was wrong. It turns out, there was a problem with the suspension but it was very minor and they recommended an inexpensive clamp be tightened. Nothing more! I couldn't believe my luck and good fortune to meet two mechanics who told me the truth and didn't try to sell me a bill of goods (that I was ready to pay for).
Each time I took my car in, I would ask, "Should I fix this…. should I fix that?" Again and again, they said, "It's not necessary". What I appreciated most, was that they gave me a reason, explaining the problem and telling me when it made sense to take care of it in a proactive rather than reactive way. With these mechanics, it really felt like they were lending me their good judgment, giving me the "smart choice", about what was best for me. My good fortune in meeting Steve and Terry turns out the be the same reason Manawa exists to serve its customers. These mechanics really do want to nurture long-term relationships and do the best for their customers rather than earn a few extra bucks for things the customer doesn't need. My experience is that customers are much smarter today and talk. They eventually find out if they are being ripped off.
I have experienced the full spectrum of customer emotions from feeling helpless and dejected to elated and delighted. Our company, being service obsessed, came to be because we want our customers to know, "we've got their back, no matter what". Our customers are hard working, successful professionals from many sectors. What they want are trusted advisors to join their team to help them grow. When they win, we win! The best way we help our customers is to remember, always, to put ourselves in our customers shoes and make sure their technology works all day, every day. We work hard to earn the trust and confidence of each and every customer. If a referral follows from a customer, we always thank them and immediately get to work on how we can do best for a new prospect or customer.


Helper for accessing features in PointerIcon in a backwards compatible fashion.
Creates a custom pointer from the given bitmap and hotspot information.
Gets a system pointer icon for the given style.
Loads a custom pointer icon from an XML resource.
bitmap Bitmap: The bitmap for the icon.
hotSpotX float: The X offset of the pointer icon hotspot in the bitmap. Must be within the [0, bitmap.getWidth()) range.
hotSpotY float: The Y offset of the pointer icon hotspot in the bitmap. Must be within the [0, bitmap.getHeight()) range.
PointerIconCompat A pointer icon for this bitmap.
IllegalArgumentException if bitmap is null, or if the x/y hotspot parameters are invalid.
Gets a system pointer icon for the given style. If style is not recognized, returns the default pointer icon.
style int: The pointer icon style.
IllegalArgumentException if context is null.
resources Resources: The resources object.
resourceId int: The resource id.
IllegalArgumentException if resources is null.
if the resource was not found or the drawable linked in the resource was not found.


The Christiania Hotels & Spa is next to Zermatt's underground funicular to the Sunnegga Ski Area, where you can reach all the ski resorts in the area. Many rooms offer panoramic views of the Matterhorn, and free Wi-Fi is available throughout the entire property.
The spa area at the Christiania includes a Finnish sauna, a bio sauna, a steam bath, an ice cave, and a 82-foot (25-meter) long pool. It also offers panoramic views of the Matterhorn. In summer, there is a tennis court and miniature golf available free of charge.
A rich breakfast buffet is served every morning. In the evening, guests can enjoy a 4-course dinner.
Between 8 am and 8 pm, guests can take advantage of the free shuttle service to and from the Zermatt train station.


Pry the darkness from my eyes.
Divided, let the light seep in.
Trees devoid of branches and hollow hives.
An endless black and empty beds.
It's not the same, something's changed.
I never used to be able to see past the trees.
A thousand unfamiliars are lying thick on the air and I can't breathe.
Is our skin to keep the world out or our bodies in?
This doesn't look like home; this doesn't look like home.
I'll tear apart the town then sleep, and sleep alone.
If I'm a flame, I'm a forest fire speaking savage tongues as I emerge from the hills.
So I roar, pin back my ears, and stone by stone I'll tear it all, I'll tear it apart.
I've lost faith, the forest's changed.
My stomach's empty, I'm feeling faint.
I've lost heart, the forest's scarred.
I hear no birds, just TVs and cars.
I've lost sight, the forest's died.
The brambles are bare, and I'm hollow inside.
Each breath rattles like dice in my chest, each breath gambled, unwinding till death.


Whilst on board the Mary Jane.
Without a friend to interpose?
The British sailor, Andrew Rose.
To put upon a British tar?
Lashing him till the blood did run.
While on board the Mary Jane.
Seven long days they kept him there.
The Captain swore no man should go there.
When into Liverpool they arrived.


The POS order station is a multiple station setup, therefore, you will need to implement client and server settings. The client and server setting will enable multiple stations to share the same set of database. Only then all POS station will be referring to the same set of data. Read about client server setup HERE, read about cloud based setup HERE.
If you have any special requirements for BMO POS System Order Station, please do not hesitate to contact us and share with us. We are not only selling the POS software but we are also the developer of the POS software and hardware.


text:
Published on Vivekananda International Foundation (http://manage.vifindia.org)
Home > Printer-friendly > Printer-friendly
Nehru Era's Defence and Security Policies and Their Legacy
Nehru Era's Defence and Security Policies and Their Legacy [1]
Brig Vinod Anand, Senior Fellow, VIF
March 19 , 2014 Views: 6075 Comments: 0
During the nationalist movement and struggle for independence, there was little attention paid to articulation of India's defence and security policies by the Indian National Congress (INC). Allusions to concepts and precepts of defence of an independent India were entirely absent from INC party resolutions and documents or for that matter in the speeches of the political leadership.
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text:
Polltracker
Trump Leads Comfortably In New Hampshire As Rubio Edges Out Cruz
By Conor Dinan
February 5, 2016 9:26 a.m.
Former reality-television host Donald Trump has a wide lead in the New Hampshire Republican primary, according to an NBC/Wall Street Journal/Marist poll released Thursday, while Sens. Marco Rubio (R-FL) and Ted Cruz (R-TX) contend closely for second place.
The poll showed support for Trump at 30 percent, a substantial lead over Rubio, who came in second at 17 percent. Rubio was followed, much more closely, by Cruz at 15 percent. This indicates a stable lead for Trump, who took 31 percent in the same poll last week. The competition for second place, however, is close and dynamic: Rubio has pulled ahead since last week, when he stood at 11 percent compared to Cruz' 12.
This poll, coming in the aftermath of Cruz' upset win in the Iowa caucus, suggests that the race for second place has begun to correspond to the contest, evident in most nationwide polling, between Rubio and Cruz. It is consistent with nearly all New Hampshire polling in showing a comfortable lead for Trump that seems unmenaced by his loss in Iowa. Most polling before the Iowa caucuses included a wide range of contenders including Ohio Gov. John Kasich (R), who stood at 10 percent in this poll, and former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush (R), who stood at 9 percent; these seem to have fallen further behind in post-Iowa polling, leaving Rubio and Cruz to duel for the spot.
TPM's PollTracker average shows Trump leading the field at 32.1 percent, with Cruz and Rubio almost tied at 13.1 and 12.9 percent respectively.
The NBC/WSJ/Marist poll was carried out from Feb. 2-3. Pollsters surveyed 653 likely Republican voters by live phone interview, with a margin of error of 3.8 percentage points.
Conor Dinan Conor Dinan grew up in Falls Church, VA, and Paris. He earned his Bachelor's degree at Oxford University, and contributed articles to the student paper Cherwell and The Isis magazine. He is currently the polling intern at TPM.
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June 20, 2017 10:41 a.m.
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Today I made a donation to the Red Cross. I looked at the EGC podcasting war chest, and decided to give $750 out of it. Because of the generosity of John Rogers, who is matching contributions to readers of his blog, it will ultimately work out to $1500. I say this not as self-aggrandizement, but as a public thank you. The money I gave was in large part a lot of yours that I just happened to be holding.
Thanks to iPodderX for sponsoring the show for a while. When the tsunami hit in Asia last Christmas, they donated their take for January to relief efforts, so they are no strangers to philanthropy with their business. Thanks to iPod Observer for being the current sponsor and newest source of liquidity to do this. Thanks to everyone who has bought the stuff packages. Your money in part is being funneled to helping the miserable lives of the current refugee crisis in our own borders, in an area 100 miles from where I used to call home. Thank you.
I'm adding an additional deal. If you buy the stuff package during the month of September, I will donate $25 to the Red Cross for every one one sold and I will do it through John Rogers. Thus with his match, you will pay $35 to get the tshirt and CD and $50 will go to the Red Cross. Huge thanks to John and his generosity which is increasing the bang for buck of all this giving. I feel happy to help funnel some of his Hollywood money into the cause. John Rogers – stand-up comedian and stand-up guy.
Dave, I just sent in my order for my second EGC t-shirt. I need another one to proudly wave the EGC flag more often. I can only wear the one shirt so many times in a two week period before people wonder if it's clean! I ordered a white t-shirt so people won't think I'm just wearing the same black shirt again. LOL.


text:
Lot 187S2
A fine pair of 12-bore self-opening sidelock ejector guns by J. Purdey & Sons, no. 25584/5
In a J. Purdey leather motorcase (latch missing)
£ 22,000 - 28,000
US$ 30,000 - 38,000
Modern Sporting Guns
2 Dec 2015, 14:00 GMT
The toplevers, ribs and forend-tips numbered '1' and '2' in gold, best bouquet and foliate scroll engraving, much hardening-colour, cocking-indicators, the well-figured stocks (No. 1 a replacement) with leather covered recoil-pads, the chopper-lump barrels with game-ribs engraved J. Purdey & Sons, Audley House, South Audley Street, London, England
Weight 6lb. 8oz, 14½in. pulls (13¾in. stocks), 28in. barrels, choke approx. ¼ & ⅜ choke (No. 1) and I.C. & ⅜ choke (No. 2), 2½in. chambers, London nitro proof
The makers have kindly confirmed that the guns were completed in 1938 for a Mr. H. D. Chaplin and that the No. 1 gun was restocked by them in 1951, after which they came into the possession of the Marquis of Lansdowne
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Includes five (5) general admission and a bottle of champagne.
Where partying meets sophistication and make the perfect combination!
An upscale event of the ages for NCCU's 2018 Homecoming!
The best in Hip Hop, Reggae, RnB, and JAMS all night long!


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of the global-war-crimes that are coming to light now.
Forty-eight hours into the Russian air-strikes and the world is already seeing the total-duplicity of the West that continues to fall apart, minute by minute.
Syria's right to self-defense is what Russia has been called in to defend.
that's been going on for the last five years.
Meanwhile, the duplicity of the USSA, the UN, NATO, Turkey and Israel is all being laid bare as the Russian Air Strikes begin to take down the illegally funded and supported global-terrorists, that have been growing exponentially, since the same 'forces' destroyed Iraq and Libya in their effort to totally redraw the lines of all the nation-states in the Middle East, according to Israeli dictates.
This entire situation has grown out of the false claim by the USSA, to the title of 'the only honest broker for peace' in Palestine and the world.. That lie led directly to the loss of more than seven-eighths of Palestine, to Israel's illegal occupation that has resulted in over 68 years of slavery and genocide of the Palestinian people.
The map above is incorrect because it only documents the theft of Palestinian lands to the year 2000. In the additional 15 years, huge swaths of Palestine have continued to be stolen and given over to illegal Israeli-settlers while any settlement of the Palestine question continues to falter in the shadows; thanks to the UN's refusal to intervene to defend the rights of the Palestinian people to be protected from the Apartheid Israeli Occupation of Gaza and the West Bank, which is all that's left of Palestine.
Meanwhile throughout the region, The USSA and the West are finally being interrupted as they continue to try to force the takeover of resources from Afghanistan where US Troops are harvesting the bumper Opium crop: While Turkey Israel and Saudi Arabia continue to steal the oil-fields and the pipelines, along with the refineries and the oil, in the shadows of the USSA war on Syria. That off-the books war was meant to hide the true purpose of the war-crimes that were continuing uninterrupted, until the Russian Air Strikes began, just forty-eight hours ago.
That's why Washington and Israel are freaking out. The panic by Washington clarifies just how deeply their duplicity has been, because they know that if the Russian Air Strikes coupled with the real Syrian Army on the ground succeeds in putting an end to these fake-rebels and all the foreign mercenaries—then the world will be able to easily deconstruct everything that's been happening since the USSA Attacks of 2001.
Left burning on the roads & highways throughout Syria.
The major differences between today and what's been passing for 'normal' over the last five years is 'guts'. Russia and Iran and Iraq are standing-up to the global-cabal and they've done what they did legally, by coming to the aid of Syria, in answer to the invitation from the sovereign nation-state of Syria. Everyone else operating inside Syria are all there illegally: According to international law—yet the UN has done nothing at all about any of those war-crimes—not then and still not net.
And this year's Winter globally, is promising to be particularly brutal.
This is not being mentioned in Europe where the undocumented are sleeping on the streets and in every other public place where they have gone to protect themselves from the elements. That will soon no longer be possible, once it begins to rain and snow; and this twist will cause havoc throughout the EU, as the Winter of 2015 begins to settle in. Winter will blanket the war-crimes and the deaths of millions alike, and not just in Europe—the Middle East will get its share as well. Everyone forgets what 'Winter' did to the war in Russia, during WWII. And when Winter makes her appearance this year, her affects will not be less devastating than they were in the mid-1940's.


text:
Facts About Thallium
(Image: © Andrei Marincas | Shutterstock)
Atomic Number: 81 Atomic Symbol: Tl Atomic Weight: 204.38 Melting Point: 579.2 F (304 C) Boiling Point: 2,683.4 F (1,473 C)
Word origin: Thallium was named after the Greek word thallos, meaning green shoot or twig. It was named after its green spectral line.
Discovery: British chemist William Crookes discovered thallium spectroscopically in 1861. Both Crookes and French chemist Claude Auguste Lamy isolated the element in 1862 independently.
Properties of thallium
Thallium is a malleable, soft element that can be sliced with a knife. It has a metallic luster that quickly tarnishes when exposed to air to a bluish-green color.
Naturally occurring thallium is a mix of two isotopes. Twenty-five isotopic forms of thallium are recognized.
Thallium is a toxic metal and should not come into direct contact with skin. It's also suspected as being carcinogenic.
Sources of thallium
Thallium is found as a mineral in the elements crooksite, lorandite and hutchinsonite. It's also found as a trace element in iron pyrite and obtained from this ore by roasting the mineral. Small amounts of thallium are found in manganese nodules on the ocean floor.
Uses of thallium
Thallium is used in photoresistors, infrared optical equipment, low melting glasses and several other applications.
Thallium sulfate has been used as a rodent and ant killer because it's odorless and tasteless. However, the use of the product has been prohibited since 1972 in the United States.
Thallium salts have also been used in the treatment of skin diseases, but the high rate of toxicity compared to the therapeutic benefits limited its medicinal applications.
(Source: Los Alamos National Laboratory)


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Gameday Q&A: Spurs vs. Hawks
staffreports
The San Antonio Spurs (11-7) will host the Atlanta Hawks (13-5) at the AT&T Center tonight as the
Spurs will be looking to start a new home winning streak after dropping a game to the lowly Sacramento Kings.
This will be the Hawks and Spurs only meeting this season but history is not on Atlanta's side. The Hawks have not beaten the Spurs in San Antonio since February, 1997 and lost the season series last year to San Antonio (0-2).
To talk about tonight's matchup, I turned to Deborah Horton of Bloguin's own Hawks Highlights. In this Q&A, Deborah speaks about the possible return of Kirk Hinrich to the Hawks, what Atlanta has to do to get a win in San Antonio and much more.
Jeff: Atlanta is having a successful yet quiet season. Do you take the Hawks' winning ways with a grain of salt or is there more to this team than teams in the past?
Deborah: Atlanta is the same team it has been with the exception of a few veterans added before the start of season. Overall though, they are the same team. They have gotten a good break in the schedule where they play several inferior teams over the span of a week and the fact that the Heat has been struggling quite a bit. It has allowed them to get into first place. With the short season they might have a shot at staying at the top or near the top with their schedule, but the team has changed little from last season.
Should Kirk Hinrich make his way back to the court tonight, what will he bring to Atlanta?
Hinrich brings passing and an ability to move the ball. He was very good with assists last year and should bring that again this year. He doesn't provide the kind of spark that Jamal Crawford did for the Hawks though. But with Al Horford out, the Hawks will be glad to have Hinrich back in the game.
The Spurs are almost unbeatable in San Antonio only losing one game this season. What does Atlanta have to do tonight to get the win?
Hope the Spurs play badly! Seriously, the Hawks will need to start out fast, make the shots in the paint and get rebounds to try and stay in the game. It won't be easy for them.
Which Spurs' player has you worried tonight and why?
Tony Parker has had a great start to his season. He is the player the Hawks have to keep out of his game zone in order to keep control of the game. If Parker is allowed to shoot at will then the Hawks stand little chance.
Tell Spurs and Hawks fans which matchup they should keep their eye on tonight.
Josh Smith and Tim Duncan…these two players are the heaters for their teams. If they get hot so goes the team.
Anything else you have to say about the Hawks?
While the Hawks may be 13 and 5 and at the top of their division at the moment, all true Hawks fans know how bipolar they really can be.
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Next article5 things to watch for in tonight's Spurs vs. Hawks matchup


Body Glove was founded in 1953 by identical twins Bill and Bob Meistrell in Redondo Beach, CA. They were always interested in the water, and even crafted a rudimentary scuba helmet out of an oil can, tar, glass, and a bicycle pump so that they could explore their family farm. When they moved to California and borrowed money to start a dive shop, they decided to craft a form-fitting garment out of neoprene to insulate from the cold of the water, creating the first practical wetsuit.


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PART III THE SIGNIFICANCE OF KISSES
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF KISSES
THE KISSING OF HANDS IN RELIGIOUS CEREMONY AND SOCIAL LIFE
IN ANCIENT ROME, SPAIN AND THE AUSTR-GOTH PLAIN
AN INDIGNANT CARDINAL
A KISS WITHIN THE CUP
SOMETHING ABOUT LIPS
THE SWEET PETITIONERS FOR KISSES
DANCING AND KISSING
AN IRISH KISSING FESTIVAL
SPARKING KISSING PARTIES
KISSING UNDER THE MISTLETOE
NEW YEAR'S KISSING IN OLD YORK
A WESTERN EUROPE KISSING BEE.
There is much significance in kisses. To kiss the lips is to adore the living breath of the person saluted; to kiss the feet or the ground is to express humiliation; to kiss the garments to express veneration. The
kissing of hands is of great antiquity, and seems to have been equally employed in religion and in social life. It was thus that the sun and moon were worshipped from the remotest ages. Job alludes to this custom when he says: "If I have looked upon the sun when he was shining forth, or at the moon advancing bright, and my heart have been secretly enticed, and my hand have kissed my mouth, this also were an iniquity." Lucian relates of Demosthenes that, having fallen into the hands of Antipater and obtained permission to enter a temple in the neighborhood, he carried his hand to his mouth on entering, which his guards took for an act of religion, but, when too late, found he had swallowed poison.
Among the Romans, persons were treated as atheists who would not kiss their hands when they entered a temple. In the early days of Christianity, it was the custom of the primeval bishops to give their hands to be kissed by the ministers who served at the altar. This custom, however, as a religious rite, declined with paganism.
In society, the kissing of hands has always been regarded as a mute form of compliment, and used in asking favors, in thanking those from whom they have been received, and in showing veneration for superiors. Priam, in Homer, kissed the hands and embraced the knees of Achilles in conjuring him to restore the body of Hector. This custom prevailed in ancient Rome, but it varied. In the first ages of the Republic it seems to have been only practiced by inferiors to their superiors; equals gave their hands and embraced. In the progress of time, even the soldiers refused to show this mark of respect to their generals; and their kissing the hand of Cato when he was obliged to quit them was regarded as an extraordinary circumstance, at a period of such refinement. Under the emperors, kissing hands became an essential duty, even for the great themselves; inferior courtiers were obliged to be content to adore the purple by kneeling, touching the robe of the emperor by the right hand, and carrying it to the mouth. Even this was thought too free; and at length they saluted the emperor at a distance by kissing their hands, in the same manner as when they adored the gods. Solomon says of the flatterers and suppliants of his time, that they ceased not to kiss the hands of their patrons till they had obtained the favors which they had solicited. Cordiz found the custom in Spain, where upwards of a thousand of the nobility saluted him by touching the earth with their hands, which they carried afterwards to their mouths.
Kissing the hand is a national custom on the Austr-Goth Plain. A gentleman on meeting a lady friend kisses her hand, and does the same at parting from her. A beggar-woman to whom you have given an alms, either kisses your hand or says: "I kiss your hand." The stranger must expect to have his hand kissed not only by beggars, but by chambermaids, lackeys, and even by old men.
When the gallant Cardinal, John of Lorraine, was presented to the Duchess of Savoy, she gave him her hand to kiss, greatly to the indignation of the irate churchman. "How, madam," he exclaimed, "am I to be treated in this manner? I kiss the Queen, my mistress, who is the greatest queen in the world, and shall I not kiss you, a dirty little Duchess?" Without more ado he caught hold of the princess and kissed her thrice in the mouth. He was apparently of the mind of Selden, who thought "to kiss ladies' hands after their lips, as some do, is like little boys who, after they eat the apple, fall to the paring."
It was a custom among the Greeks and Romans to drink from the same cup as their lady friends, and from the spot where the fair one had touched the brim. Ben of Jonston borrows this idea from a Greek poet when he says:
Or leave a kiss within the cup,
And I'll not ask for wine.
One of the older poets referring to this custom, writes:
Blest is the goblet, oh! how blest,
Which Heliodorus' lips have pressed!
Oh, might thy lips but meet with mine,
My soul should melt away in thine.
Of course the poets have had a good deal to say about lips. Anacreon speaks of "lip-provoking kisses," and, alluding to the lip of another fair one, calls it a "sweet petitioner for kisses." Tatius speaks of "lips soft and delicate for kissing;" and Lucretius gave it as his opinion that girls who have large lips kiss much sweeter than others. The ancient ladies seemed to enter into kissing with such enthusiasm that they often bit their lovers. Cattalus, in one of his poems, asks:
Whom wilt thou for thy lover choose?
Whose shall they call thee, false one, whose?
Who shall thy darted kisses sip,
While thy keen love-bites scar his lip!
And Horace, in one of his odes, says:
Or on thy lips the fierce, fond boy
Marks with his teeth the furious joy.
When kissing was a common civility of daily intercourse, it is not to be wondered at that it should find its way into the courtesies of dancing, and thus we learn that a kiss was anciently the established fee of a lady's partner. In a dialogue between Custom and Verite, concerning the use and abuse of dancing and minstrelsy, is the following verse:
But some reply, what fool would dance,
If that, when dance is done,
He may not have, at lady's lips,
That which in dance he won.
A correspondent having bitterly complained of the lascivious character of the dancing of the period, Eustace of Budgell, in the course of his reply, remarked:
"I must confess I am afraid that my correspondent had too much reason to be a little out of humor at the treatment of his daughter; but I conclude that he would have been much more so had he seen one of those kissing dances, in which Will of Honeycomb assures me they are obliged to dwell almost a minute on the fair one's lips, or they will be too quick for the music, and dance quite out of time."
Sir John of Suckling, in his "Ballad of the Wedding," published some years before this period, said:
O' th' sudden up they rise and dance;
Then sit again, and sigh, and glance;
Then dance again, and kiss.
Brand, in his "Popular Antiquities," tells us that the custom of kissing in dancing, is still prevalent in many parts of the country. "When the fiddler thinks young couples have had music enough, he makes his instrument squeak out two notes, which all understand to say, 'kiss her.'" The panting bucolic swains are not slow to claim this privilege from their blushing partners.
In the "Banquet" of Xenophon, quoted by Burton in his "Anatomy of the Melancholy," there is an account of an interlude, or dance, in which Dionysius and Ariadne were engaged, which was of such a pleasing character that the account states that "the audience were so ravished with it, that they that were unmarried swore they would forthwith marry, and those that were married called instantly for their horses and galloped home to their wives."
In William of Hone's "Table Book" there is an account of a curious kissing festival held in Ireland. It is stated that on Easter Monday several hundred young persons of the town and neighborhood of Potsferry, County Down, dressed in their best, went to a pleasant walk near the town. "The avowed object of each person is to see the fun, which consists in the men kissing the females, without reserve, whether married or single. This mode of salutation is quite a matter of course; it is never taken amiss, nor with much show of coyness. The female must be ordinary indeed who returns home without having received at least a dozen hearty kisses."
Some writer of the future, in describing the manners and customs of our modern age, will doubtless allude to the "sparking kissing parties," which it is averred exist in England, and which are thus described:
"The ladies and gentlemen range themselves about the room. In leap year the lady selects a partner, and together they shuffle about on the carpet until they are charged with sparking energy, the lamps in the room having first been turned low. Then they kiss in the dark, and make the sparks fly for the amusement of the on-lookers. Oh, the shock is delightful! I have never been but to one sparking party, but I understand that after a young lady has played the game for a while it is impossible to give her a shock. Probably the gentleman doesn't shuffle his feet hard enough on the carpet. Gracious! I'm afraid I should wear the soles off my shoes."
Kissing under the mistletoe is a custom of very remote origin, and a practice too common to be dealt with here, though it may not, perhaps, be known that, owing to the licentious revelry to which it gave occasion, mistletoe was formerly excluded by ecclesiastical authority from the decoration of the church at Christmas time. William of Hone tells us that there was an old belief that unless a maiden was kissed under the mistletoe at Christmas time, she would not be married during the ensuing year:
The shepherd, now no more afraid,
Since custom doth the chance bestow,
Starts up to kiss the giggling maid
Beneath the branch of mistletoe,
That 'neath each cottage beam is seen,
With pearl-like berries, shining gay,
The shadow still of what hath been,
Which fashion yearly fades away.
The special custom connected with the mistletoe on Christmas Eve is undoubtedly a relic of the days of Druidism, and is familiar to most readers. A branch of the mystic plant is suspended from the wall or ceiling, and any one of the fair sex who, either from inadvertence or on purpose, passes beneath the plant, incurs the penalty of being then and there kissed by any man who has the courage to avail himself of the privilege.
The Scandinavian tradition is that Balder was killed by a mistletoe arrow given to the blind Hoder by Loki, the god of mischief and potentate of our earth. Balder was restored to life, but the mistletoe was placed in future under the care of Frigga, and was never again to be an instrument of evil till it touched the earth, the empire of Loki. Hence, it is always suspended from ceilings. And when persons of opposite sexes pass under it, they give each other the kiss of peace and love, in the full assurance that the plant is no longer an instrument of mischief:
Quiet it hangs on the wall,
Or pendent droops from the chandelier,
As if never a mischief or harm could fall
From its modest intrusion, there or here!
And yet how many a pulse it has fired,
How many a lip made nervously bold,
When youthful revel went on, untired,
In the Christmas days of old!
A modern English writer says that in Battersea Park on bank holiday he found kissing to be all the vogue. "But what kissing! Instead of the rhythmic chant, the graceful dance, or even the sportive chase of the northern kissing games, here was simply promiscuity of osculation of the most unabashed description. There was no ring to begin with, only an imperfectly cleared space in the middle of a great crowd. In this crowd a young woman would approach a young man, as often as not a perfect stranger, thrust a chip into his hand, and then bolt across the green. The man chases her, runs her down, and brings her back with his arm around her waist, enters the cleared space, and kisses her, sometimes half a dozen times, before the on-lookers. Sometimes the girl chases the man, sometimes the man the girl. If they wanted their kisses 'sans ceremony' they were caught at once, and kissed without more ado."
In the veracious History of York, it is told how the good burghers of Amsterdam, with their wives and daughters, dressed in their best clothes, repaired to the governor's house, where the rite of kissing the women a happy new year was observed by the governor. Antony, the Trumpeter, who acted as head usher, was a young and handsome bachelor. "Nothing could keep him from following the heels of the old governor, whom he loved as he did his very soul; so, embracing all the young vrouws, and giving every one of them that had good teeth and rosy lips a dozen hearty smacks, he departed, loaded with their kind wishes." The Trumpeter seems to have been a prodigious favorite among the women, and was the first to exact the toll of a kiss levied on the fair sex at Kissing Bridge.
In the far west they have "kissing bees," and the rural threshing frolic common to many parts of the country has been described by Joel of Barlow, an early Anglo-Saxon poet:
The laws of threshing every wight can tell,
And sure no laws he ever keeps so well;
For each red grain a general kiss he gains,
With each smut grain he smuts the luckless swains;
But when to some sweet maid a prize is cast,
Red as her lips, and taper as her waist,
She walks the round and culls one favored beau,
Who leaps the luscious tribute to bestow.
Various the sports, as are the wits and brains
Of well-pleased lasses and contending swains;
Till the vast mound of chaff is swept away,
And he that gets the last grain wins the day.


Over the next 7 days the Gifhorn forecast suggests the average daytime maximum temperature will be around 21°C, with a high for the week of 27°C expected on the afternoon of Wednesday 24th. The mean minimum temperature will be 10°C, dipping to its lowest on the morning of Sunday 21st at 5°C. The coming week will have mostly dry days although Tuesday is likely to see a little rain. The indicators are that Friday 21st will have the most precipitation with an accumulation of around 4.0mm. On the whole winds are likely to be moderate.


Acute systemic inflammatory response syndrome arising from infection can lead to multiple organ failure and death, with greater susceptibility occurring in immunocompromised individuals. Moreover, sub-acute chronic inflammation is a contributor to the pathology of diverse degenerative diseases (Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and arthritis). Given the known limitations in Western medicine to treat a broad range of inflammatory related illness as well as the emergence of antibiotic resistance, there is a renewed interest in complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) to achieve these means.
A high throughput (HTP) screening of >1400 commonly sold natural products (bulk herbs, cooking spices, teas, leaves, supplement components, nutraceutical food components, fruit and vegetables, rinds, seeds, polyphenolics etc.) was conducted to elucidate anti-inflammatory substances in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (E. coli serotype O111:B4) monocytes: RAW 264.7 macrophages [peripheral], BV-2 microglia [brain]) relative to hydrocortisone, dexamethasone and L-N6-(1Iminoethyl)lysine (L-NIL). HTP evaluation was also carried out for lethal kill curves against E.coli 0157:H7 1x106 CFU/mL relative to penicillin. Validation studies were performed to assess cytokine profiling using antibody arrays. Findings were corroborated by independent ELISAs and NO2–/iNOS expression quantified using the Griess Reagent and immunocytochemistry, respectively. For robust screening, we developed an in-vitro efficacy paradigm to ensure anti-inflammatory parameters were observed independent of cytotoxicity. This caution was taken given that many plants exert tumoricidal and anti-inflammatory effects at close range through similar signaling pathways, which could lead to false positives.
The data show that activated BV-2 microglia cells (+ LPS 1μg/ml) release >10-fold greater IL-6, MIP1/2, RANTES and nitric oxide (NO2–), where RAW 264.7 macrophages (+ LPS 1μg/ml) produced > 10-fold rise in sTNFR2, MCP-1, IL-6, GCSF, RANTES and NO2–. Data validation studies establish hydrocortisone and dexamethasone as suppressing multiple pro-inflammatory processes, where L-NIL suppressed NO2–, but had no effect on iNOS expression or IL-6. The screening results demonstrate relative few valid hits with anti-inflammatory effects at < 250μg/ml for the following: Bay Leaf (Laurus nobilis), Elecampagne Root (Inula helenium), Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare),Yerba (Eriodictyon californicum) and Centipeda (Centipeda minima), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), Turmeric Root (Curcuma Longa), Osha Root (Ligusticum porteri), Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) and constituents: cardamonin, apigenin, quercetin, biochanin A, eupatorin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and butein. Natural products lethal against [E. coli 0157:H7] where the LC50 < 100 μg/ml included bioactive silver hydrosol-Argentyn 23, green tea (its constituents EGCG > Polyphenon 60 > (-)-Gallocatechin > Epicatechin > (+)-Catechin), Grapeseed Extract (Vitis vinifera), Chinese Gallnut (its constituents gallic acid > caffeic acid) and gallic acid containing plants such as Babul Chall Bark (Acacia Arabica), Arjun (Terminalia Arjuna) and Bayberry Root Bark (Morella Cerifera).
These findings emphasize and validate the previous work of others and identify the most effective CAM anti-inflammatory, antibacterial compounds using these models. Future work will be required to evaluate potential combination strategies for long-term use to prevent chronic inflammation and possibly lower the risk of sepsis in immunocompromised at risk populations.
Global health initiatives are encumbered by a vast majority of the population suffering from non-communicable inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, diabetes, arthritis, ulcerative colitis/bowel disease and cancer. Also, with increased incidence of antibiotic resistance, acute inflammation from sepsis plays a major role in mortalities arising from diverse infectious agents [1, 2]. Given limitations in Western medicine to treat/prevent a broad range of inflammatory related illness, there is a renewed interest in complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) to achieve these means [3–9].
While there exist a plethora of scientific publications on the efficacy of individual CAMs in specific inflammatory models, there lacks a relative comparative potency rank of the most commonly marketed CAMs in a single study, conducted under uniform conditions. Our high throughput (HTP) screening library houses over 1400 products most which are available and sold to consumers throughout the world in the form of bulk herbs, cooking spices, teas, leaves, supplement components, nutraceutical food components, fruit and vegetables, roots, rinds, seeds, polyphenolics etc. The purpose of the current study is to screen commonly utilized CAMs for anti-inflammatory efficacy under uniform standard conditions to elucidate the most potent at non-toxic/low therapeutic concentrations (<250 μg/mL), and further to compare these to steroidal and NSAID drugs.
The in-vitro model employed was that of monocytes (peripheral and central nervous system) stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from E. coli O111:B4. LPS is a cell wall endotoxic component from gram negative bacteria which evokes a deadly cytokine storm associated with septicemia, septic shock and multi organ failure. Known biologic consequences of LPS include the colossal release of chemotactic cytokines, IL-3 IL-12, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1 beta, inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) NO3 -/NO2 -, P-selectin, CD 11b/CD18 (Mac-1) ICAM-1, PGE2 which enable massive neutrophil infiltration and hemolytic [10–13]. While many of these inflammatory molecules at high concentrations are lethal, sub-chronic rises of the same are associated with age related inflammatory degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and arthritis [14–17]. Therefore, the use of LPS in this model and subsequent elucidation of the most effective CAMs against inflammatory parameters, can provide information on potential therapeutics for both chronic and acute inflammatory processes.
In this study, we conduct a HTP screening of CAMs to assess both capacity to kill a pathogenic strain of E.coli 0157:H7 as well as to mitigate the pro-inflammatory effects from E.Coli derived endotoxin cell wall component; LPS.
Hanks Balanced Salt Solution, (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) (HEPES), ethanol, sulfanilamide, 96 well plates, general reagents and supplies, were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, (St Louis, MO, USA) or VWR (Radnor, PA, USA). Imaging probes were purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY, USA). Natural products were purchased from Frontier Natural Products Co-op (Norway, IA, USA), Monterey Bay Spice Company (Watsonville, CA, USA), Mountain Rose Herbs (Eugene, OR, USA), Mayway Traditional Chinese Herbs (Oakland, CA, USA), Kalyx Natural Marketplace (Camden, NY, USA), Futureceuticals (Momence, IL, USA), organic fruit vegetable market: New Leaf (Tallahassee, FL, USA), Florida Food Products Inc. (Eustis, FL, USA), Patel Brothers Indian Grocery (Tampa, FL, USA), Opil Gold from Aging Sciences LLC (Wayland, MA, USA) and Colloidal Silver - Argentyn 23® Natural Immunogenics (Sarasota, FL, USA). Elisa kits and cytokine antibody arrays were purchased from Assay Biotech (Sunnyvale, CA) and Raybiotech (Norcross, GA, USA).
BV-2 microglia (BV-2) cells were provided by Elizabeta Blasi , and RAW 264.7 cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Cells were cultured in DMEM high glucose media [glucose 4500 mg/L] containing 5% FBS, 4 mM L-glutamine, and penicillin/streptomycin (100 U/0.1 mg/mL). Culture conditions were maintained at 37 °C in 5% CO2/atmosphere and every 2–3 days, the media was replaced and cells sub-cultured. For experiments, plating media consisted of DMEM (minus phenol red) [glucose 4500 mg/L], 2.5% FBS and penicillin/streptomycin (100 U/0.1 mg/mL). LPS O111:B4 was prepared in HBSS at 1 mg/mL and stored at –20 °C. For experiments, LPS was added to the culture media at a working concentration of 1μg/mL.
A single colony of E. coli O157:H7 was grown on an agar plate. E. coli was then inoculated into a 20 mL of Luria-Bertani (LB) in a flask, grown at 37 °C with moderate shaking (180 rpm), to an OD 600 nm = 0.6. One mL of the culture suspension was moved into a 1.5 mL Eppendorf tube and centrifuged for 1 min at 10,000 g (4 °C). After discarding the supernatant, the bacterial pellet was re- suspended in 1 mL sterilized water. This centrifugation was repeated twice. The bacteria were stored at 4 °C. The bacterial cell numbers were then determined using colony forming units (CFU) through serial dilution plating on LB plate at 37 °C. The experimental concentration of E. coli was 1 x 106 CFU/mL.
All natural chemicals and reference drugs were dissolved in DMSO [5–20mg/mL] and crude herbs in absolute ethanol [50 mg/mL] after being diced, macerated and powdered then stored at –20 °C. All plants were cataloged by manufacturer, botanical and common names. All dilutions were prepared in sterile HBSS + 5 mM HEPES, adjusted to a pH of 7.4, ensuring solvent concentration of DMSO or absolute ethanol at less than 0.5%.
Cell and microbial viability were assessed using resazurin [7-Hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one 10-oxide] (Alamar Blue) indicator dye . A working solution of resazurin was prepared in sterile HBSS minus phenol red (0.5 mg/mL), then added (15% v/v) to each sample. Samples were returned to the incubator for 2–4 h, and reduction of the dye by viable cells (to resorufin, a fluorescent compound) was quantitatively analyzed using a Synergy HTX multi-mode reader Bio-Tek Inc. (Winooski, VT, USA) with settings at [550 nm/580 nm], [excitation/emission].
Several methodological concerns were addressed regarding HTP screenings. These included basic controls for pH (neutralized with buffered HBSS) and cell viability. In-vitro, immortal (malignant) immunocompetent cell lines such as glioma cells, macrophages, microglia, lymphocytes or granulocytes are of tumor origin, and many natural compounds simultaneously induce apoptosis in malignant cells and attenuate inflammation via the same pathways (i.e. phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)/NF-κB) [20–26]. For this reason, we constructed and utilized an in-vitro efficacy index (iEI) paradigm, to ensure that anti-inflammatory effects are occurring at non-cytotoxic concentrations. The iEI is defined as the LC50 (toxic concentration)/IC50 (anti-inflammatory concentration) ratio, with higher values reflecting a greater confidence in the anti-inflammatory effects occurring independently of cell death.
Quantification of nitrite (NO2−) was determined using the Greiss reagent . The Greiss reagent was prepared by mixing an equal volume of 1.0% sulfanilamide in 10% phosphoric acid and 0.1% N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine in deionized water, which was added directly to the cell supernatant (experimental media consisting of DMEM - phenol red) and incubated at room temperature for 10 min. Controls and blanks were run simultaneously, and subtracted from the final value to eliminate interference. Samples were analyzed at 540 nm on a Synergy HTX multi-mode reader; Bio-Tek (Winooski, VT, USA).
iNOS protein expression was determined using immunocytochemistry. Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde/permeabilized in 0.2% Triton X 100 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and incubated with anti-iNOS, an N-Terminal antibody produced in rabbit for 24 h at 4 °C in a casein blocking buffer. Samples were washed in PBS, then incubated with anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor® 488 conjugate for two hours at RT. Samples were counterstained with propidium iodide and imaged using a fluorescent/inverted microscope, CCD camera and data acquisition using ToupTek View ; ToupTek Photonics Co (Zhejiang, P.R.China).
Mouse Cytokine Antibody Arrays (Product Code: AAM-CYT-1000) Ray Biotech; (Norcross, GA, USA) were used to profile the effects of LPS (1μg/mL) on BV-2 and RAW 234.7 cell lines. Each experiment was carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions, and in triplicate. Briefly, antibody-coated array membranes were first incubated for 30 min with 1 mL of blocking buffer. After 30 min, blocking buffer was decanted and replaced with 1 mL supernatant from control (untreated) samples, cells treated with (1ug/mL LPS only) and a media blank. Membranes were incubated overnight at 4 °C with mild shaking. The next day, the medium was decanted; membranes were washed, and subsequently incubated with 1 mL biotin-conjugated antibodies for 6 h. Lastly, biotin-conjugated antibodies were removed and membranes were incubated with HRP-conjugated streptavidin (2h), then evaluated for densitometry using a chemiluminescence substrate monitored on a VersaDoc Imager/Quantity One software from Bio-Rad: (Hercules, CA, USA).
After experimental treatment, cells supernatants were directly evaluated for concentration of IL-6 using a Murine OmniKine™ IL-6 ELISA (Product Code # OK-0187), Assay Biotechnology Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA, USA), performed according to the manufacturer's guidelines. Data was quantified by optical density at 450 nm using a Synergy HTX multi-mode reader from Bio-Tek (Winooski, VT, USA).
Statistical analysis was performed using Graph Pad Prism (version 3.0; Graph Pad Software Inc. San Diego, CA, USA) with significance of difference between the groups assessed using a one-way ANOVA then followed by Tukey post hoc means comparison test, or a Student's t test. IC50s were determined by regression analysis using Origin Software (Origin Lab, Northampton, MA).
Validation studies were conducted to determine profiled cytokine differentials in LPS activated RAW 264.7 (Fig. 1) and BV-2 cells (Fig. 2), respectively - using semi quantitative antibody microarrays, which were run in triplicate. The representative panel shows both cell lines exposed to LPS prompted the greater release of MCP-1, GCSF, MIP1a, MIP1g and MIP-2, sTNFR1/11, RANTES and IL-6. Quantitative analysis of IL-6 was corroborated by ELISA (Fig. 3), and iNOS protein expression was evaluated by ICC (Fig. 4b) and NO2- release using the Griess Reagent (Fig. 4a), the latter of which was reduced in the presence of iNOS inhibitor (L-NIL).
The initial HTP screening was conducted using a natural plant library housing over 1400 extracts including: 1) Plants: seeds, fruits, vegetables and herbs (of diverse ethnic nature including Chinese, Egyptian, Indian etc.) 2) Natural derived chemicals/polyphenolics 3) Metabolic Substrates: amino acids, vitamins and energy intermediates such as organic acids, glycolytic intermediates and 4) Reference NSAID and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The preliminary screen was conducted to assess reduction of NO2- in LPS activated cells [equal to or less than 230 μg/mL] for all compounds (Fig. 5a). Substances that attenuated NO2– at less than 50% of the 1st tier starting concentrations, were re-evaluated over a dose range where LC50s (cytotoxicity) and IC50s (NO2-) were simultaneously evaluated (Fig. 5b, c). From the linear regression, LC50, IC50s concentrations were determined and in-vitro efficacy index (iEI) was calculated by the ratio value : LC50/IC50 . The higher the ratio, the greater confidence of true anti-inflammatory effects, not attributable to cell death. All iEI values are presented in Table 1 for RAW 264.7 cells/Table 2 for BV-2 cells, with matching logarithmic scatter-plots (Figs.6 and 7). Figure 8 shows a sample of NO2-/viability dose response data, with corresponding immunochemical imaging for iNOS in RAW 264.7 cells, where supernatant was evaluated for IL–6. The data from these experiments show that L-NIL, while capable of inhibiting the catalytic function of iNOS, was not an anti-inflammatory in the true sense. L-NIL suppressed NO2- but had no effects on cytokine release or expression of iNOS. Most lead compounds that reduced NO2- in both cell lines at sub-lethal concentrations (2 x IC50 for NO2-inhibition) which corresponded to a reduction of IL-6 in sample supernatant (Fig. 9). The antimicrobial effects of natural products on the survival of E.coli 0157:H7 (1x106 CFU/mL) were then evaluated. The data show only a select few have therapeutic potency relative to penicillin/streptomycin (Table 3), colloidal silver being the most effective (Fig. 10). The findings from this study delineate the most potent anti-inflammatory/and antibacterial natural compounds, when conducted in a uniform controlled fashion in these particular models.
The data from this study establish several findings including [A] uncorroborated anti-inflammatory/antimicrobial effects for over a thousand natural compounds at concentrations less than 230 μg/mL using this model; [B] corroborating data of existing work by other research groups regarding anti-inflammatory effects of green tea, curcumin, turmeric and rosemary ; and antimicrobial properties of green tea, its catechins, Chinese gallnut, gallic acid plant derived anti-fungal agents (cotton/gossypol) or silver nanoparticle dispersions [28–37]. Lastly; [C] this work provides new evidence on some lesser acknowledged herbs to which historical medicinal value has been attributed, but little research has been documented. Some of these include the following.
Elecampane (Inula helenium) (IH) has extensive historical medicinal value, where its use dates back to the Iron Age (c. 800–450 B.C.) throughout the third century B.C. to 79 A.D. also mentioned by Pliny and further corroborated in the Chilandar Medical Codex (13th or 14th centuries A.D.) . Within the last century, scientific documentation is somewhat sparse on this herb having primarily focused on its ability to cause allergic dermatitis or act as an anti-cancer agent attributable to the content of alantolactone and isoalantolactone [39–44]. Meager work has been performed investigating the effect of IH on sepsis or age relate chronic inflammatory conditions. Although meager research has been conducted in IH, the findings presented here are in alignment with existing researchers who have reported its capacity to attenuate iNOS/NO2-, COX-2/PGE2, HMGB1 release and NF-κB in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells or phorbol activated T cells [45–48]. Interestingly, although we did not find IH to have significant antimicrobial effects on E.coli 0157:H7 (1x106 CFU/mL) at the low concentrations criteria used in this study, others have reported its capacity to destroy invasive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus/methicillin-resistant (MRSA) gram-positive bacteria, yeasts parasites and Mycobacterium tuberculosis [42, 49–53]. These studies suggest IH as being somewhat promising for attenuating inflammation arising from diverse infective or inflammatory insults.
The data from this work also show that fresh dried ethanol extracts of Bay leaf (BL) (Laurus nobilis) contains anti-inflammatory properties [54, 55]. Previous work by others demonstrates the oil (not aqueous) extracts to contain antimicrobial/food preserving properties due to cineole, eugenol, pinene, eucalyptol, linalool, carvacrol and α-terpinenyl acetate all evidentially toxic to Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus/pyogenes) and fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus) [56–59]. Again, regarding the aqueous extract of BL, our work corroborates the work of others having reported the capacity to attenuate LPS mediated microglia/macrophage activation thought to be attributable to its sesquiterpene content [60, 61]. These type of substances are thought to be beneficial in chronic age related degeneration, by not only reducing inflammation but also blocking neurotoxicity of AD pathological Aβ (25-35)-component fragments .
Another herbal extract used in the current study to which little data exists is Centipeda minima (CM). CM has previously been reported to contain high levels of helenalin with the capacity to LPS mediated elevation of NO2–,TNF-α, IL-1b, iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 in macrophages . CM also demonstrates the capacity to attenuate tissue injury in-vivo involving inflammation such as carrageen paw edema and liver fibrosis [63–65]. Although we did not find CM to have significant antimicrobial effects on E.coli 0157:H7 (1 x 106 CFU/mL) at the low concentration criteria used in this study, others have reported its capacity to kill Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica and Bacillus subtilis [66, 67].
Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) (TP) is another rarely evaluated herb which long been reported to treat inflammatory conditions including psoriasis, allergies, arthritis, asthma and particularly migraines . TP derived sesquiterpene lactones such as parthenolide are believed to be responsible for observed anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of carrageenan-induced edema, osteoarthritis, colitis cystic fibrosis and phorbol triggered mouse-ear edema [69–73]. TP constituents also antagonize toll-like receptors, Akt/mTOR and NF-κB pathways and block the downstream release of cytokines [74, 75]. Like the present study, previous research reports also corroborate capacity to reduce LPS activation of BV-2 cells and RAW 264.7 cells alike [76, 77]. There is also an antinociceptive aspect to feverfew commonly reported, having benefit to ameliorate pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy .
The use of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) (TV) as a medicinal plant was reported dating back to the 8th century A.D., when the Benedictine monks used it to treat intestinal worms, ameliorate digestive problems, fevers and sores. Interestingly, both feverfew and tansy have in common hyper allergenic potential due to parthenolide [79, 80]. Tansy is also rich in flavonoid glycosides, 7-O-glucosides of apigenin, luteolin, scutellarein and 6- hydroxyluteolin, chrysoeriol and eriodictyol as well as aglycones, hispidulin, nepetin, eupatilin, jaceosidin, pectolinarigenin and axillarin . The oil contains 1,8-cineole and β-thujone as a major constituent along with carveol, umbellulone, davanone, dihydrocarvone, chrysanthenol, borneol and myrtenol [82–85].
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) (WS) is a highly studied herb with a plethora of known health benefits, in particular for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Its primary bioactive compound (Withaferin A) directly inhibits β1-adrenergic receptors, HMG-CoA, angiotensinogen-converting enzyme, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and elevation of protective high density lipoproteins and endogenous antioxidant systems [86, 87]. In animal models, WS prevents isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction, stroke distal middle cerebral artery occlusion and monocrotaline induced pulmonary hypertension in rats [88–91]. With respect to the immune system, WS can attenuate mitogen induced T/B-cell activation, secretion of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and inhibit NF-κB nuclear translocation in lymphocytes . These immunomodulating effects of WS are also reported in-vitro for systemic LPS or E. coli administration in mammals, where there is a reduction in neutrophil tissue infiltration [93, 94] as well as tissue damage and pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis [95–97]. Ashwagandha is also an anti-infective agent lethal to gram-positive bacteria/cocci such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus, respectively . The data in this study ranks, validates and confirms pre-existing research showing significant antimicrobial effects of green tea EGCG polyphenon-60 (PP-60) Acacia arabica,grapeseed extract, caffeic, gallic acid, chapparal (Larrea tridentata) [99–109], where little has been investigated on antimicrobial herbs such as balm of Gilead Bud (Populus candicans), an herb of great historical significance with observed antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.
In conclusion, the data obtained in this work affords general information on validated CAM anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial compounds and relative potency at sub lethal concentrations in LPS activated BV-2 and RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, the data obtained also provide relative lethal potency of CAMs against the growth of E.coli 0157:H7. These findings can serve as a guide for future examination of specific CAM based herbal/nutraceutical anti-inflammatory/antimicrobial modalities for use in prevention or treatment of disease.
We wish to thank undergraduate students for sample prep and diverse project tasks: Ms. Swan and Marquis Cromartie, as well as the STEM Summer Students- Leandria Harvey and Gabrielle Bradley and their mentor Dr. Tiffany Ardley.
This research was supported by the National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health through Grant Number 8 G12MD007582-28 and Grant Number 1P20 MD006738-01.
Materials and data of this study are available to other researchers upon request.
EAM was responsible for overview, planning, carrying out basic natural product screenings, confirmation of ELISAS, imaging and manuscript preparation. NL, MD, HW and LT were responsible for planning, overseeing and carrying out the microbial HTP screenings, DB, PM and ET were responsible for cytokine profiling and KFAS was in charge of project planning, overview and manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


Here at Woodlands Playgroup we follow the EYFS framework. There are seven areas of learning which form part of the framework, emphasis is placed on the Prime Areas until the child reaches about the age of three, enabling secure foundations to be laid before the Specific Areas are introduced. The EYFS is the framework set out by Ofsted for children aged 0-5years.
This area of learning is about emotional well-being; knowing who you are and where you fit in, as well as feeling good about yourself. It is also about developing respect for others, social competence and having a positive disposition towards learning and confidence in dealing with difficult situations helps children to become resilient throughout their adult lives.
This area includes communicating, speaking and listening in different situations and for different purposes. Children learn to listen attentively and to follow instructions and boundaries as well as gaining the confidence to express their needs and feelings.
This area includes developing skills such as co-ordination control, manipulation and movement. Physical development also helps children to gain confidence in what they can do and enables them to feel the positive benefits of being healthy and active. Effective physical development helps children to develop a positive sense of well-being.
Understanding the world helps children to learn about relationships and the lives and work of people within the community as well as different multi-cultural customs and festivals. It is important for children to understand differences and similarities between themselves and others. Learning all about nature, different materials, technology and working with tools helps children to understand the world around them.
Being creative enables children to make connections between one area of learning and the other and so extends their understanding of their environment. This area of learning includes art, music, dance, role-play and imaginative play.
This area includes counting, sorting, matching, patterns, numbers, shape, space and measure. Mathematical understanding is encouraged and developed through stories, songs, games and imaginative play so that children enjoy experimenting with numbers and patterns.


Description: 10-24-2015 Show: Warren Chases Down the Scariest Monster: Gargola! TONIGHT, in addition to the usual wild news . . . Warren will break news of his new, creepy adventure in the field, hunting down a 6-foot tall, bat-winged demon that has terrorized the people of Puerto Rico for at least 5 years. It has officially been seen by 6 police officers and dozens of other residents. Warren, and two friends, stalked the grounds of this gargoyle at night. You will be the FIRST to hear the details! AND, hear the actual scientific reports of what scientists have just revealed could be an alien megastructure in space!
10-24-2015 Show: Warren Chases Down the Scariest Monster: Gargola! TONIGHT, in addition to the usual wild news . . . Warren will break news of his new, creepy adventure in the field, hunting down a 6-foot tall, bat-winged demon that has terrorized the people of Puerto Rico for at least 5 years. It has officially been seen by 6 police officers and dozens of other residents. Warren, and two friends, stalked the grounds of this gargoyle at night. You will be the FIRST to hear the details! AND, hear the actual scientific reports of what scientists have just revealed could be an alien megastructure in space!


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Cote d'Ivoire-Burkina rail link: Bolloré Africa Logistics injects €30 Mln
September 12, 2015 Geraldine Boechat Business, News 0
The French company Bolloré Africa Logistics said it had invested €30 million to buy new trains for the freight and passenger line it operates between Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire.
Operator of the container terminal at the port of Abidjan and the rail company Sitarail, linking Côte d'Ivoire to Burkina Faso, Bolloré Africa Logistics said it received a part of the order and it is waiting for other nine trains to deserve the landlocked Burkina Faso for its exports and imports.
"We have invested around €30 million to acquire trains, including six received today," Lionel Labarre, director of Bolloré Africa Logistics, said on Wednesday.
"We are still waiting for nine locomotives that will add to the 20 that are already in service," he said, adding that Bolloré would also develop the station in Abidjan.
The 1,260-km railway between Abidjan and Burkina Faso's capital Ouagadougou allows the two countries to exchange goods, animals and raw materials.
According to Ivorian Prime Minister, Daniel Kablan Duncan, cargo traffic between the two countries stood at 610,000 tons last year, up from 402,000 tons in 2011.
In August last year, the French conglomerate Bolloré and Pan-African Minerals have signed a memorandum of understanding on a rail project worth $895 million, linking Abidjan to the Burkina Faso manganese deposit at Tambao.
The project will increase capacity and enable the shipment of the manganese and also 2 million tons of merchandise and about 2 million passengers.
Bolloré Africa Logistics
About Geraldine Boechat	1808 Articles
Senior Editor for Medafrica Times and former journalist for Swiss National Television. former NGO team leader in Burundi and Somalia
DRC: Glencore starts talks with Gov't on Katanga mine
Egypt: 12 tourists killed by Security forces


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Home › Feature Story
Grand Opening, Grand Closing: Patriots Cut Antonio Brown
Written By Brandon Caldwell
@nianoelle
Nia Noelle's media career has spanned two decades, beginning as a Media TV Spokesperson at Norman High School, to her formal training at The William Fulbright School of Arts in Broadcasting Journalism at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, doing TV and radio, to her professional career. This professional career has taken her to Fayetteville, North Carolina, Huntsville, Alabama, and finally to her home state, Columbus, Ohio Nia Noelle came to Columbus as midday host for Power 107.5 and stayed on the airways for 8 years before moving over to Magic 95.5 where she hosted on middays for several years. Nia can now be heard every Saturday 12-5pm. Nia serves as the Program Director for Fashion Week Columbus, she also enjoys volunteering at many organizations around town including Dress for Success. Nia can be seen around town hosting various events and enjoying the 614 because she always "has her stiletto out the door!" @nianoelle
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Members Of A Dangerous Alaskan White Supremacist Gang Get Sentenced To Life In Prison
White Supremacist Who Used Ax To Attack Black Man Is Sentenced For Racist Hate Crime
Source: Boston Globe / Getty
Antonio Brown's tenure as a New England Patriot is already over after just one game.
The team cut Brown on Friday amid a bevy of legal allegations against the wide receiver, including a federal sexual assault lawsuit levied by his ex-trainer. The assault is currently under investigation by the NFL.
The 31-year-old Brown was cut by the Oakland Raiders two weeks ago before signing with the Patriots on a 1-year-deal. He appeared in Sunday's game against the Dolphins where he caught 5 passes for 54 yards and a touchdown.
It's the latest episode in a saga for Brown that started with his displeasure with the Raiders and the NFL over his helmet, accidentally burning his feet in a cryogenic chamber, forcing his way out of Oakland, signing with New England and then the sexual assault lawsuit. Just this week Nike announced they were cutting ties with him.
Earlier Friday, Brown tweeted that he thanked the Patriots for the opportunity. Soon after, news came down that he had indeed been cut.
RELATED: Antonio Brown Dropped By Nike Over Sexual Assault Allegations
RELATED: Suit Filed Accuses Antonio Brown of Sexual Assault
Grand Opening, Grand Closing: Patriots Cut Antonio Brown was originally published on theboxhouston.com


Are you having a children's or adults' party in the evening?
Just having a 'get-together' for family or friends?
Looking for entertainment for your guests?
Are you organising a scout group, a company 'do' or a camping trip?
Looking for something fun and educational for them to do?
Are you fed up with boring lectures, clowns and magicians?
Want to observe the Moon and planets that are visible?
Long to view the stars, galaxies and nebulae in the night sky?
Do your cubs, brownies, boy or girl scouts want to get their stargazing or astronomy badges?
I am The Visiting Astronomer. Have 'scope, will travel is my motto.
I will come to your house, party, meeting or scout group, even your scout campsite. I will bring a telescope, binoculars and a planetarium (in case it's cloudy). I can give a short talk about the night sky and what we are likely to see, then set up the equipment and let the guests, party-goers or scouts view the heavens.
For brownies, cubs and scout groups I can give enough information and demonstrations for all present to achieve the criteria necessary for them to gain their astronomy or stargazing badges. See the relevant section on my Useful Links page.
Photos on the left are (top to bottom): M31 (HST), M57 (me), M63 (HST) and Moon (me). The one at the top is a Hubble Deep Space image.


Les Arcs does not aim to offer Savoyard charm; it was developed to be a ski resort and has been planned and designed accordingly. It is considered to be one of the first "mega-resorts" with a large network of connections to the pistes. It is made of four resorts that are named after their altitude – Arc 2000, Arc 1800, Arc 1600 and most recently Arc 1950.
The architecture of the villages is very modernist and is often labelled as 'avant-garde' by visitors. Since 1999 however, the Ministry of Arts and Communication for the region introduced policies with an aim of preserving the architectural and urban heritage of the resort. The latest addition to the Les Arcs village, Arc 1950, which was completed in 2008, has been built following the traditional architecture that is usually found in the Alps and with a network of streets more reminiscent of a Savoyan village rather than a large ski resort.
Arc 1600 is directly connected to the Bourg Saint Maurice TGV station, which offers a direct link from Paris to the village. The village houses a myriad of shops and hotels, as well as meeting rooms. Its easy access using the TGV makes it a popular destination for business retreats and professionals.
The villages' streets are lined with shops, restaurants, cinemas and large hotels, but are built in a compact manner. The villages on the resort are connected via shuttle buses and modern ski lifts. One of the benefits of it being a built-for-purpose ski-resort is that the slopes are right on your doorstep. The nightlife is fairly good in Arc 1800, although generally Les Arcs is not the most exciting après-ski in the Alps.
Les Arcs 1600 is a small village built on top of a funicular from Bourg Saint Maurice. The station of Bourg has direct TGV access to some of Europe's largest metropolitan centres, including Paris, London, Brussels and Amsterdam. The village has many large apartment blocks sitting at the bottom of the slopes. It has many amenities such as cinemas and a disco, and the restaurants in town really cater to a family style. Often, those visiting Les Arcs 1600 appreciate the authentic village feel, which the rest of Les Arcs is sometimes said to lack.
Les Arcs 1800 is the largest of the villages that make up the ski resort of Les Arcs. It is very popular with younger more experienced skiers because of its convenient ski-in ski-out set up. It is made up mostly of larger apartment blocks, and not many high rises. In recent years, the village of 1800 has started to expand up the mountain, providing some more interesting propertie. Being so close to villages like Le Chantel, the properties in Les Arcs 1800 offer the same type of amenities but at a much lower price. They are extremely well linked to the other villages and provide a great outdoor playground, in the summer as well as in the winter.