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In Surprise, Fed Decides to Maintain Pace of Stimulus
September 18, 2013 by NewsMaker
All summer, Federal Reserve officials said flattering things about the economy's performance: how strong it looked, how well it was recovering, how eager they were to step back and watch it walk on its own.
But, in a reversal that stunned economists and investors on Wall Street, the Fed said on Wednesday that it would postpone any retreat from its monetary stimulus campaign for at least another month and quite possibly until next year. The Fed's chairman, Ben S. Bernanke, emphasized that economic conditions were improving. But he said that the Fed still feared a turn for the worse.
He noted that Congressional Republicans and the White House were hurtling toward an impasse over government spending. That was reinforced on Wednesday, when House leaders said they would seek to pass a federal budget stripping all financing for President Obama's signature health care law, increasing the chances of a government shutdown.
And the Fed undermined its own efforts when it declared in June that it intended to begin a retreat by the end of the year, causing investors to immediately begin to demand higher interest rates on mortgage loans and other financial products, a trend that the Fed said Wednesday was threatening to slow the economy.
"We have been overoptimistic," Mr. Bernanke said at a news conference Wednesday. The Fed, he said, is "avoiding a tightening until we can be comfortable that the economy is in fact growing the way that we want it to be growing."
Investors cheered the Fed's hesitation. The Standard Poor's 500 stock-index rose 1.22 percent, to close at a record high, in nominal terms. Interest rates also fell; the yield on the benchmark 10-year Treasury reversed some of its recent rise.
Some analysts, however, warned that the unexpected announcement was likely to worsen confusion about the Fed's plans, increasing the volatility of the markets in the coming months as investors sort through the Fed's mixed messages about how much longer it plans to continue its bond-buying campaign. The delay also means that the decision to retreat may ultimately be made by the next Fed chairman, after Mr. Bernanke steps down at the end of January. President Obama has said that he plans to nominate a replacement as soon as next week. Janet L. Yellen, the Fed's vice chairman, is the leading candidate.
"The cost of not setting out on a default gradual glide path for completing QE3 today is that this issue is now likely to be front and center in the nomination and confirmation process for the new Fed chair," wrote Krishna Guha, head of central bank strategy at the financial services firm International Strategy Investment, referring to the Fed's asset purchases of quantitative easing.
The Fed unrolled an aggressive combination of new policies last year in an effort to encourage a housing recovery and increase the pace of job creation. It started adding $85 billion a month to its holdings of Treasury securities and mortgage-backed securities, to help keep long-term borrowing costs down and said it planned to keep buying until the outlook for the labor market improved substantially. The Fed also said it would keep short-term rates near zero for even longer — at least as long as the unemployment rate remained above 6.5 percent.
Half a year later, in June, Mr. Bernanke surprised many investors by announcing that the Fed intended to start cutting back on those asset purchases by the end of 2013. Fed officials reiterated that intention in July, and several officials had since suggested that the Fed might begin to pull back at the September meeting. It is also scheduled to meet next month and in mid-December.
Some critics question the Fed's assessment of the economy, in particular its claim that a declining unemployment rate is a sign of progress. They note that unemployment is falling in part because fewer people are looking for work, and therefore are no longer officially counted as unemployed.
Jack Ewing contributed reporting from Frankfurt.
Article source: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/19/business/economy/fed-in-surprise-move-postpones-retreat-from-stimulus-campaign.html?partner=rss&emc=rss
Filed Under: Economy News Tagged With: congressional republicans, federal reserve, stock index
Emerging Markets Bracing as Fed Meets
JAKARTA — Higher long-term interest rates in the United States as the Federal Reserve prepares to change its policies are already causing hardship for millions of businesses and workers in emerging markets from Indonesia and India to Turkey and Brazil.
But the economic slowdowns and falling currencies precipitated by capital flight back to the United States seem less severe so far than other recent downturns.
At the IGP Group, Indonesia's dominant manufacturer of car and truck axles, sales plummeted 95 percent and stayed down for six months when the Asian financial crisis hit in 1997. Four-fifths of the company's workers lost their jobs.
When the global financial crisis began in 2008, IGP's sales briefly dropped by nearly a third, and a quarter of the employees were put out of work as temporary workers' contracts were not renewed.
The latest downturn, which began in early August, has been much more modest. IGP's axle shipments are down 10 percent in the past month from a year ago. The company's work force has barely shrunk, to 2,000 from 2,077 at the end of July, though it plans to reach 1,900 by the end of this year.
"These are challenging times, but I don't think they will be the same as in 2008 or 1998," Kusharijono, IGP's operations director, who uses only one name, yelled over a clanking, cream-colored assembly line here for minivan rear axles.
As the Federal Reserve's monetary policy-making committee concludes its meeting Wednesday, emerging markets around the globe are feeling the effects of investors' expectations that the American central bank will begin tightening monetary policy.
As long-term interest rates have risen this summer in the United States on bets that the Fed will begin tapering its "quantitative easing" of bond purchases, institutions and rich individuals have shifted tens of billions of dollars out of emerging markets. They have been moving them into dollar-based investments that offer higher yields.
Business leaders and economists across the developing world expect emerging markets to face tougher times in the months and maybe even years ahead. Emre Deliveli, a Turkish economic consultant and columnist, said, "Even if all goes well and emerging markets end up rallying, the era of easy money and abundant capital flows will officially be over on Sept. 18," when the two-day Fed meeting ends.
But while previous exoduses by investors from volatile emerging markets have caused waves of bank failures, corporate bankruptcies and mass layoffs, the latest retrenchment has been much milder so far.
That partly reflects hopes that the Fed will move very gradually to scale back its bond purchases, business leaders and economists around the world said in interviews this week. The effects have also been limited partly because banks and companies and their regulators in many emerging markets have become much more careful about borrowing in dollars over the past two decades, except when they expect dollar revenue with which to repay these debts.
In 1997 and 1998, "the whole problem began with the banking sector. Now I think the banking sector is much better," said Sofjan Wanandi, a tycoon who is the chairman of the Indonesian Employers' Association and part owner of IGP.
Trading in currency and stock markets seems to suggest that some of the worst fears over the summer are starting to recede. The Brazilian real has recovered about 8 percent of its value against the dollar since Aug. 21 and a little over a third of its losses since the start of May, when worries began to spread in financial markets about the vulnerability of emerging markets to a tightening of monetary policy. Stock markets from India to South Africa have rallied from lows in late August, with Johannesburg's market up 14.7 percent since late June after a swoon earlier than most emerging markets.
"While the Fed hasn't started the tapering process as yet, there has been a considerable withdrawal of money in the emerging markets and especially in India since May. In my opinion, the major effect has already taken place," said Sujan Hajra, the chief economist at AnandRathi, a Mumbai-based investment bank.
One lingering question is how much inflation will accelerate in emerging markets. Many of their industries depend heavily on commodities like oil that are priced in dollars.
Keith Bradsher reported from Jakarta, Simon Romero reported from Rio de Janeiro and Ceylan Yeginsu from Istanbul. Neha Thirani Bagri contributed reporting from Mumbai.
Article source: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/19/business/global/emerging-markets-bracing-as-fed-meets.html?partner=rss&emc=rss
Filed Under: Global Business Tagged With: federal reserve, four fifths, truck axles
Manufacturing Sector Regaining Some Momentum
Although another report on Monday showed a slight pullback in factory activity in New York state this month, businesses were upbeat about the future. In addition, gauges of new orders and shipments in the state jumped, all pointing to a pick-up in manufacturing after a speed bump in the spring.
"Growth in the manufacturing sector is picking up and will run faster over the balance of the year than has been the case in recent months," said John Ryding, chief economist at RDQ Economics in New York.
Manufacturing production advanced 0.7 percent, the Federal Reserve said. The rise, which more than reversed the prior month's 0.4 percent drop, helped to lift overall industrial production 0.4 percent.
Factory output had lagged solid gains in the Institute for Supply Management's index of manufacturing activity.
"The sharp recovery in the ISM since May followed now by this surge in manufacturing output are encouraging signs that the spring soft patch in factory activity is over," said Ted Wieseman, an economist at Morgan Stanley in New York.
In a separate report, the New York Federal Reserve said its Empire State general business conditions index slipped to 6.29 in September from 8.24 last month. A reading above zero indicates expansion.
Economists cautioned against reading too much in the step-back in activity, saying it was not a reliable indicator of national manufacturing.
Even as activity in the state slowed, businesses were confident about the future. The survey's index of six-month business conditions approached a 1-1/2 year high in September, a good sign for business spending.
In addition, a gauge of new orders rose sharply after almost stalling in August and shipments surged to their highest level in more than a year.
ECONOMY EXPANDING STEADILY
The improvement in industrial output last month pointed to some underlying momentum in factory activity, which supports views of only a mild slowdown in economic growth this quarter.
That should keep the Federal Reserve on course to announce cuts to its monthly bond purchases when policymakers meet on Tuesday and Wednesday to assess the economy's health.
"The economy continues to expand at enough of a pace where we are creating jobs and helping to bring down the unemployment rate," said Gus Faucher, senior economist at PNC Financial Services Group in Pittsburgh. "I would not be surprised to see an announcement (on tapering) on Wednesday."
Gains in manufacturing output last month were led by a 5.2 percent rebound in auto assemblies, which had slumped 4.5 percent in July. It was the largest increase since November and it took assemblies to an 11.25 million-unit rate, the highest since June 2007.
There were also increases in the production of consumer goods, high-tech equipment, machinery, aerospace and electrical equipment and appliances, among others.
Utilities output fell for a fifth consecutive month in August, a decline economists blame on a relatively cool summer and difficulties adjusting the series for seasonal fluctuations.
Mining production rose 0.3 percent last month.
The amount of industrial capacity in use edged up to 77.8 percent from 77.6 percent in July. Capacity use, which can indicate how much factories can ramp up production before economic growth becomes inflationary, is still 2.4 percentage points below its long-run average.
"There is no evidence of any inflation pressure at this point in the production cycle," said Joseph LaVorgna, chief economist at Deutsche Bank Securities in New York.
(Reporting by Lucia Mutikani; Additional reporting by Steven C Johnson and Richard Leong in New York; Editing by Andrea Ricci)
Article source: http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2013/09/16/business/16reuters-usa-economy-output.html?partner=rss&emc=rss
Filed Under: Economy News Tagged With: federal reserve, institute for supply management, new york federal reserve
Contracts to Buy Homes Fall Slightly
August 28, 2013 by NewsMaker
WASHINGTON — Fewer people signed contracts to buy American homes in July, but the level stayed close to a six-and-a-half-year high. The modest decline suggests that higher mortgage rates have yet to slow sales sharply.
The National Association of Realtors said its seasonally adjusted index for pending home sales declined 1.3 percent, to 109.5 in July. That is close to May's reading of 111.3, which was the highest since December 2006.
The small decline suggests that sales of previously owned homes should remain healthy in the coming months. There is generally a one- to two-month lag between a signed contract and a completed sale.
Final sales jumped to an annual pace of 5.4 million in July, the highest in three and a half years, the group said last week. Such a pace is consistent with a healthy housing market.
Higher mortgage rates appeared to have had a bigger impact on new-home sales, which plummeted last month. That raised fears that rate increases were restraining the housing recovery.
But many economists note that home prices and mortgage rates remain low by historical standards. Consistent job gains and rising consumer confidence may also support sales in the coming months.
"Higher mortgage rates are clearly negative for housing, but other key drivers — including the labor market, confidence and expectations for prices and interest rates — still point to improvement," Jim O'Sullivan, chief United States economist at High Frequency Economics, said in a note to clients.
The average rate on a 30-year mortgage reached 4.58 percent last week, the highest level in two years and up from 3.35 percent in early May. Still, that is below the average since 1985 of about 7 percent, according to Bankrate.com.
Mortgage rates began to rise after the Federal Reserve chairman, Ben S. Bernanke, signaled that the Fed might reduce its bond purchases later this year. The purchases have helped keep borrowing costs low.
Rising home prices and more construction have bolstered economic growth and created more jobs. The housing recovery has provided crucial support to the economy when other drivers, like manufacturing, have struggled.
Gains in home prices may be starting to level off, however. Prices jumped 12.1 percent in June from a year earlier, according to the Standard Poor's/Case-Shiller home price index released on Tuesday. That is slightly slower than May's 12.2 percent year-over-year gain. But price increases slowed in June from May in 14 of the 20 cities tracked by the index.
The stabilization in prices is not necessarily a bad thing, economists said, because it could keep homes affordable and help prevent a bubble from developing in the housing market.
Article source: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/29/business/economy/contracts-to-buy-homes-fall-slightly.html?partner=rss&emc=rss
Filed Under: Economy News Tagged With: federal reserve, half years, purc
Bank of England Ties Interest Rate to Employment
August 7, 2013 by NewsMaker
LONDON — The Bank of England said Wednesday that it planned to keep interest rates at a record low until unemployment falls to at least 7 percent, a significant shift in the bank's strategy to help Britain's economic recovery.
By linking future interest rate decisions directly to the unemployment rate, the Bank of England's new governor, Mark J. Carney, broke with tradition and aligned the bank more with the U.S. Federal Reserve's policy of giving more clarity about its intentions. Mario Draghi, the president of the European Central Bank, also recently eliminated some uncertainty by saying interest rates would not rise for some time.
After an initial drop against the dollar following Mr. Carney's announcement, the pound recovered and continued to strengthen, rising against the euro as well. The FTSE 100 share index fell slightly.
Short of pumping more money into economies that are still struggling to recover, central bankers in Europe have been seeking new ways to encourage banks to lend and trying to increase confidence among companies and consumers. Mr. Carney, who took over at the Bank of England last month, said the link with unemployment was aimed at reducing uncertainty.
The Bank of England said it did not plan to increase interest rates, currently at 0.5 percent, until the unemployment rate declined to at least 7 percent from the current level of 7.8 percent. The central bank also forecast that unemployment might not reach that level until at least the third quarter of 2016, hinting that interest rates in Britain could remain unchanged for another three years.
"The economy is in recovery rather than remission and this guidance gives the bank the flexibility to reduce the risk of relapse," Peter Spencer, an economic adviser at Ernst Young's ITEM Club, said.
Giving such guidance "reduces uncertainty because there can be a premature view of withdrawal of stimulus as the recovery builds up," Mr. Carney said. "Our biggest concern is the possibility that as the recovery gathers pace that there is an unwarranted expectation of the pace of withdrawal of stimulus."
Mr. Carney noted that the unemployment rate benchmark should be seen as a "way station" at which the Bank of England would start to reassess its policy, not a target that would automatically trigger a change in interest rates. The Bank of England picked the unemployment rate, he said, because it sought a figure that was "widely understood and widely available."
Mr. Carney said the strategy, which he called "forward guidance," does not mean the Bank of England would abandon its main objective of lowering inflation to 2 percent. In a letter to the chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne, explaining the new strategy, Mr. Carney wrote that forward guidance "will further enhance the effectiveness of monetary policy so that it fully plays its part in securing a sustainable recovery over the medium term."
After closely avoiding a triple-dip recession earlier this year, the British economy has started to show some signs of improvement. Consumer confidence has recovered, the value of homes has increased and some economists have predicted that growth will gather speed over the rest of the year.
Mr. Carney cautioned, however, that while there was "understandable relief that the U.K. economy has begun growing again" there "should be little satisfaction."
"This is the slowest recovery in output on record," he said.
Article source: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/08/business/global/bank-of-england-ties-interest-rate-to-employment.html?partner=rss&emc=rss
Filed Under: Global Business Tagged With: economic adviser, federal reserve, interest rate decisions
U.S. Economy Grew 1.7% During the 2nd Quarter, Topping Forecasts
July 31, 2013 by NewsMaker
The mixed picture facing the country was evident on Wednesday, as the Commerce Department reported that the economy, adjusted for inflation, expanded at a better-than-expected annual rate of 1.7 percent in the April-June quarter, even as inflation-adjusted growth in the first part of the year now appears slower than first thought. In a separate statement after a two-day meeting of policy makers at the Federal Reserve, the central bank said the economy was on a "modest" trajectory but gave no clue as to when it might start tapering back its huge stimulus efforts.
Like economists and traders, as well as the 12 million unemployed Americans looking for work, the Fed is struggling to gauge whether better growth does indeed lie ahead.
Optimists point to improved levels of job creation in recent months, a more robust housing sector and a surging stock market that has lifted the value of investment and retirement accounts for millions of consumers. Pessimists focus on the fact that the estimated economic growth rate of about 1.4 percent so far in 2013 is well below last year's levels of 2.8 percent, even as automatic cuts in federal spending and higher taxes continue to bite.
There were pockets of strength in Wednesday's data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, all of which will be subject to further revision as the Commerce Department gathers more information about the economy. For example, residential fixed investment increased by 13.4 percent, a sign that housing continues to rebound. Personal consumption rose 1.8 percent, as consumers showed some resiliency, especially given the increase in payroll taxes at the beginning of 2013.
Additionally, government experts have introduced the first comprehensive change in four years in how the economy is measured. They revised figures all the way back to 1929, while also restating more recent data to show that the 2007-9 recession was slightly milder than originally estimated and growth in 2012 was a bit better.
Still, economists emphasized that although the economy's performance in the second quarter was significantly stronger than had been feared — Wall Street experts forecast growth would come in at just under 1 percent — big challenges remain.
"The basic story of a deep recession followed by a lackluster recovery is essentially unchanged," said Nariman Behravesh, chief economist at IHS. Growth in the current quarter, which wraps up at the end of next month, remains a wild card, he added. IHS and other companies do expect a pickup in the second half of 2013, but more fallout from the fiscal tightening in Washington could still be felt, he cautioned.
"So far the effects have been fairly muted," Mr. Behravesh said. "We're puzzling over that."
Were it not for the federal cuts, growth would have been close to 2 percent in both the first and second quarters, said Steve Blitz, chief economist at ITG Investment Research. But that's about the best Americans can hope for, he said, at least in 2013.
"I don't see the economy breaking away from that 2 percent rate for now," Mr. Blitz said. He is more optimistic about 2014, when he said he thought the annual rate of growth could rise to about 3.5 percent. "The economy will have adjusted to the downshift in federal spending by then, and Europe won't be decelerating as rapidly, nor will China and Japan," he said.
The pace at which spending by the federal government is dropping stabilized last quarter. It fell by 1.5 percent, compared with an 8.4 percent decrease in the first quarter of 2013 and a 13.9 percent plunge in the final quarter of 2012.
More clues about the economy's performance will come on Friday, when the Labor Department reports on monthly job creation and the unemployment rate. Economists estimate the economy created 185,000 jobs in July, according to a Bloomberg survey, a bit below the 195,000 level in June, with the unemployment rate falling to 7.5 percent, from 7.6 percent.
Article source: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/01/business/economy/us-economy-grew-by-1-7-in-2nd-quarter-faster-than-expected.html?partner=rss&emc=rss
Filed Under: Global Business Tagged With: federal reserve, government experts, pessimists
Our Generation: Reinvented in His 60s, After 26 Jobless Months
From 2001 to 2008 he was vice president of a student loan company making about $150,000 a year and also taught a few business courses at the University of Maryland. He had an M.B.A., had been previously employed by the Federal Reserve and G.A.O.; and executives in his field said he was well regarded and quite good at what he did.
The loan company gave him a $188,000 severance package, so he felt he would be fine financially. "I'd thought I'd find another job quickly and actually wind up ahead," he said then.
Not hardly. By the time I wrote about him, he'd sent out 600 résumés and had just three interviews — two by phone. It was not until March 2010, 26 months after being let go, that he finally got a job (at $75,000 a year, half his former salary) working for Merrill Lynch as a financial adviser. "I did well by focusing on people in my position who needed to preserve what was left of their savings," he said in an interview last week. "I'd been in their shoes."
What Mr. Blattman went through during the economic collapse was more extreme than the typical boomer who lost a job, but not that much more.
The unemployment rate is lower for people in their 50s and 60s than younger workers, but once they lose a job it takes them a lot longer to find one. And even with the improvement in the economy, there has been little change since the worst of the recession.
The average unemployed 55- to 64-year-old who got a job last month had been out of work for more than 11 months, versus 6 months for the average 20- to 24-year-old.
In June of 2007, when the economy was still humming along, the gap was smaller: 5 months of job searching for the 55 to 64 year olds and 3 months for the 20-24-year-olds.
At the worst of the economic downturn, it took an average of 13 months for a 55- to 64-year-old to find work, versus 7 months for a 20- to 24-year-old and 9 months for those 25 to 34. "Basically, the older you are, the longer it takes," said Steven Hipple, a Bureau of Labor Statistics economist who provided the data.
After I wrote about Mr. Blattman, he was featured on an NBC special about boomers facing hard times, which was anchored by Tom Brokaw. About a month and a half later, he got the job offer from Merrill Lynch.
He stayed there about a year, and then had an offer for a full-time position with the University of Maryland, which has programs at military installations all over the world. He now teaches business courses at the Army base in Wiesbaden, Germany. "It's my dream job," he said. "Since I was a little kid I wanted to be a professor in Europe." He won't say how much he earns but says it's five figures and "considerably less" than his position with the student loan company paid.
When the economy was healthy, he hadn't been hesitant about changing jobs. But this time, he said, he was losing sleep over telling Merrill Lynch. "I'd been out of work so long, I was very, very grateful that they'd hired me."
Mr. Blattman, who is divorced, said he has made a good group of friends in Germany and loves teaching soldiers. "They're so motivated and so appreciative about being able to take college courses on the base."
When I interviewed him in 2009 about life without work, he was filling his time writing two novels, one a thriller about a consumer loan officer, the other a romance between a 58-year-old unemployed man and a waitress who was a Holocaust survivor. (As they say in the novel business, write what you know.)
He told me that he gave the second book a happy ending because despite what he'd been through, he'd always been a big believer in happy endings.
Though he hasn't been able to sell the novels, and his savings will never be what they were, he considers himself lucky. "I'm having a happy ending as far as I'm concerned," he said. "I feel useful again."
Previous Our Generation columns can be found here.
Booming: Living Through the Middle Ages offers news and commentary about baby boomers, anchored by Michael Winerip. Sign up for our weekly newsletter here. You may also follow Booming via RSS here or visit nytimes.com/booming. Our e-mail is booming@nytimes.com.
Article source: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/29/booming/reinvented-in-his-60s-after-26-jobless-months.html?partner=rss&emc=rss
Filed Under: Economy News Tagged With: 5 months, federal reserve, severance package
Senate Scrutiny of Potential Risk in Markets for Commodities
July 23, 2013 by NewsMaker Leave a Comment
The hearing, convened by the Senate Financial Institutions and Consumer Protection subcommittee, came as Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase and others face growing scrutiny over their role in the commodities markets and the extent to which their activities can inflate prices paid by manufacturers and consumers. The Federal Reserve is reviewing the potential risks posed by the operations, which have generated many billions of dollars in profits for the banks.
The hearing followed an article in The New York Times on Sunday that explored the operations of warehouses controlled in part by Goldman Sachs. The bank's tactics, along with those of other financial players, have inflated the price of aluminum and ultimately cost consumers billions of dollars, an investigation by The Times found. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission is now gathering information on the warehouse operations.
Several witnesses at Tuesday's hearings warned that letting the country's largest financial institutions own commodities units that store and ship vast quantities of metals, oil and the other basic building blocks of the economy could pose grave risks to the financial system. The ability of those bank subsidiaries to gather nonpublic information on commodities stores and shipping also could give the banks an unfair advantage in the markets and cost consumers billions of dollars, the witnesses said.
Representatives from the financial industry did not testify on Tuesday, but Goldman Sachs for the first time addressed its role in the aluminum market. In a statement posted on its Web site, Goldman said that its ownership of aluminum warehouses did not affect prices of the metal, in part because only 5 percent of the aluminum that is used in manufacturing passes through the warehouses owned by Goldman and others. Goldman controls 27 warehouses in the Detroit area that are used to store aluminum for customers.
In addition, Goldman said, delivered aluminum prices are nearly 40 percent lower than they were in 2006. During the financial crisis, warehoused inventories of aluminum more than tripled, the company said, because of weakened consumer demand.
The Times investigation found that Goldman's warehouse subsidiary moved large amounts of aluminum among its warehouses daily, a process that lengthened the storage time and increased the premium that was added to the basic price of aluminum. The London Metal Exchange, which sets the rules under which the metals warehouses operate, said in a separate statement that it was working with the industry to amend the delivery obligations of warehouse companies with long waiting periods.
Even with the waiting periods, "there is no reported shortage of aluminum in the market," the exchange said. "Consumers can continue to buy directly from producers as they always have done."
Saule T. Omarova, a law professor at the University of North Carolina who has studied the issue, told the subcommittee that there was one other company that was an early leader in combining the practice of moving physical commodities with the financing of market activity — Enron.
The comparison was seized upon by Senator Elizabeth Warren, a Massachusetts Democrat. "The notion that two of largest financial companies are adopting a business method pioneered by Enron," she said, "suggests that this movie will not end well." Major beverage companies have complained about the maneuvers. Tim Weiner, a MillerCoors executive, told the panel on Tuesday that while consumers might not think they have much at stake from tons of aluminum bars stored in a warehouse near Detroit, the actions of Goldman and others have raised prices, cost jobs and hindered innovation.
That is in part because waiting times for customers who want to retrieve their metals purchases have grown to more than 16 months since Goldman Sachs took over the warehouses three years ago. Before Goldman arrived, the average wait was six weeks.
Imagine going to a liquor store to buy a case of beer, and taking it up to the cash register to pay, Mr. Weiner said. Then instead of taking the case of beer to your car, the clerk told you to visit the store's warehouse, where you can retrieve the beer in 16 months.
Article source: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/24/business/senate-panel-examines-potential-risks-in-big-banks-involvement-in-commodities.html?partner=rss&emc=rss
Filed Under: Global Business Tagged With: basic building blocks, federal reserve, warehouses
Home Sales Fell 1.2% in June
The National Association of Realtors said on Monday that sales fell 1.2 percent last month from an annual rate of 5.14 million in May. The association revised down May's sales, but they were still the highest since November 2009.
Despite last month's dip, home sales have surged 15.2 percent from a year earlier. Sales have recovered since early last year, buoyed by job gains and low mortgage rates.
Still, mortgage rates have increased in recent weeks over concern that the Federal Reserve could slow its bond-buying programs later this year. The Fed's bond purchases have helped keep long-term mortgage and other rates low.
Higher mortgage rates slowed sales last month of higher-priced homes in states like California and New York, the association said. The average rate nationally on a 30-year fixed mortgage jumped to 4.46 percent by the end of June from 3.81 percent at the end of May. The rate was 4.37 percent last week.
That rate increase could hamper sales in coming months, economists said. But most expect housing to continue to recover, though at a slower pace.
"There's little doubt the housing market slowed in the summer as mortgage rates rose," Daniel Greenhaus, chief global strategist at BTIG, an institutional brokerage firm, said in a note to clients. "Housing is still expected to grow and contribute to economic output. It just may not be at the pace we've seen of late."
Sales of existing homes in June reflect contracts that were mostly signed in April and May, when mortgage rates were lower. Rising rates can cause some signed contracts to fall through if buyers no longer qualify for mortgages at higher rates.
The one factor that might be holding back sales is a limited supply of homes available. Though more sellers put their homes on the market in June, the supply remained unusually low — nearly 8 percent less than a year ago.
At the current sales pace, the number of homes for sale would be exhausted in 5.2 months. That's below the six months' supply that's consistent with a healthy housing market.
Another concern is that first-time buyers, who usually drive healthy markets, are not participating as much in the current recovery. They made up only 29 percent of buyers in June, below the 40 percent that is typical. Since the housing bubble burst more than six years ago, banks have imposed tighter credit conditions and required larger down payments. That has made it harder for first-time buyers to qualify for mortgages.
The strength in housing this year has offset weaknesses elsewhere in the economy, like manufacturing and business investment. Rising home sales tend to lead to more spending at furniture and home supply stores.
Homebuilders have also stepped up construction in the last year, creating more construction jobs. In June, they applied for permits to build single-family homes at the fastest pace in five years.
Article source: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/23/business/economy/home-sales-fell-1-2-in-june.html?partner=rss&emc=rss
Filed Under: Economy News Tagged With: economic output, federal reserve, global strategist
DealBook: Goldman, After Profit Doubles, Expresses Caution on Global Growth
Brendan Smialowski/Agence France-Presse — Getty ImagesLloyd Blankfein, chief of Goldman Sachs, at the White House in February.
6:24 p.m. | Updated The country's improving economy gave a nice lift to second-quarter earnings at Goldman Sachs.
The bank posted profit on Tuesday that was twice what it reported in the period a year earlier, fueled by strong trading and investment banking results as companies looked to Goldman to arrange mergers and acquisitions.
Net income was $1.93 billion, or $3.70 a share, compared with $962 million, or $1.78 a share, in the period a year earlier. The performance beat analysts' expectations for $2.82 a share, according to Thomson Reuters. Still, the results were not enough to propel Goldman shares higher. They closed at $160.24, down $2.76, or 1.7 percent. Investors, wondering if Goldman would be able to repeat the performance in coming quarters, opted to take some profit off the table rather than stick around and find out.
Video: Wall Street Feigns Modesty
Goldman itself, while expressing optimism about the United States economy, was cautious about growth globally. Harvey Schwartz, Goldman's chief financial officer, said client activity improved during the quarter but was then damped a bit by "macro concerns" about countries like China.
"Ultimately our clients are assessing the broader global economy, specifically whether a recovering U.S. will offset potential slower growth in other economic regions," he told analysts during a conference call.
Goldman's results followed similar strong performances by JPMorgan Chase and Citigroup. Over all, Goldman's revenue in the quarter rose to $8.6 billion, from $6.6 billion in the period a year earlier.
On Wall Street, the last couple of months were dominated by a sudden and sharp rise in interest rates after the Federal Reserve indicated it might wind down its big bond purchase program, which has helped the economy recover from the financial crisis.
A rise in interest rates can both help and hurt banks, depending on the businesses they are in. As rates rise, fewer borrowers are likely to refinance or buy a house, and that reluctance can cut into banks' profit. Goldman, unlike its rival JPMorgan Chase, is not a big player in originating residential mortgages, but it does trade mortgages, and as rates increased, its revenue in this area fell. At the same time, the move by various central banks to raise rates ignited a flurry of currency trading, which helped Goldman and other banks.
On the analyst call, Mr. Schwartz, in response to a question, said investors needed to look into why rates were rising. If they are being driven by inflation, he said, that is more problematic than "returning to a normal world of more steady economic growth," as many investors believe. "That is what we are rooting for," he added.
The surge in interest rates was felt most acutely in Goldman's fixed-income, or bond, department. Net revenue in the unit was $2.46 billion, up 12 percent, reflecting what the company said was significant higher net revenue in currencies, credit products and commodities. Still, these increases were offset in part by significantly lower revenue in mortgages and interest-rate products.
The bank reduced the risk it was taking in products related to interest rates. The firm's so-called value-at-risk in rates declined to an average of $59 million in the second quarter from $83 million in the period a year earlier and $62 million in the first quarter. Value-at-risk is a yardstick of the amount of losses that could be experienced in one trading day.
The firm's annualized return on equity was 10.5 percent for the quarter, up from 5.4 percent in the period a year earlier. It was far below its performance in boom years like 2006, when its return on equity was 41.5 percent.
Revenue from investing and lending activities came in at $1.42 billion, up from just $203 million in the period a year earlier. The firm had a rather rocky second quarter in 2012, and its results in that quarter included a big loss on a significant investment in this unit.
Investment banking revenue rose 29 percent, to $1.6 billion, helped by significantly higher net revenue in debt and equity underwriting. Equity underwriting was a particular standout, jumping 55 percent, to $371 million. Debt underwriting rose 40 percent, to $695 million.
Goldman also disclosed that it had set aside $3.7 billion in the quarter for compensation, up 27 percent from the period a year earlier. The current accrual represents 43 percent of revenue, which is in line with other years. Banks like Goldman set aside compensation during the year but do not pay it out until they determine earnings for the full year.
Over the last year, Goldman has reduced its payroll to 31,700 employees, down 2 percent from the period a year earlier, as the firm continues to focus on cutting costs.
On the call, analysts also pressed Mr. Schwartz to disclose how close Goldman was to meeting leverage ratio requirements proposed recently by regulators — 5 percent for the big bank holding companies and 6 percent for insured deposit-taking subsidiaries. The leverage ratio calculates capital as a percentage of assets held as a buffer against losses when investments go bad.
"Our first assessment is we're very comfortable with where we are," Mr. Schwartz said. Not satisfied, a Morgan Stanley analyst, Betsy Graseck, took another run at the question. "What is your definition of comfortable?" she asked.
"Comfortable," Mr. Schwartz responded. "I'm not trying to be cute with you. Look, it's just come out. Our team has looked at it. Our early read is all of the things we've done on the balance sheet over the past several years have left us reasonably well positioned."
Article source: http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/07/16/quarterly-profit-doubles-at-goldman-sachs/?partner=rss&emc=rss
Filed Under: Global Business Tagged With: citigroup, federal reserve, mergers and acquisitions
Big Tech Has Helped Trash America
David Barclay, Reclusive British Business Mogul, Dies at 86
amazonausteritybailoutbank of americachief-executivedebt crisisdow jonesdow jones industrialdow jones industrial averageeconomistse maileuro zoneexpert contributorsfacebookfederal reservefinancial crisisgoldman sachsgoogleinternational monetary fundiphonejpmorgan chasenew york timesobamarecessionreuterssecurities and exchange commissionstock indextargettwitterunemployment rate
Недвижимость. Объявления.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Firefox, display issues on a input form HTML/CSS I don't know why but on firefox when I type in a input the text is hidden (but when I click out of the input the text is display), on google chrome it works well, I try to change the z-index but it doesn't change anything.
This is my HTML
<div id="searchBar" class="{% if query %}cancelable{% endif %}">
    <input class="searchInput" type="text" autocomplete="off"
        value="{{ query|default_if_none('')|escape }}"
        name="query" id="keywords"/>
    <input type="submit" value="" name="search" class="searchBtn" style="display: none;"/>
</div>

This is my CSS
#searchBar input.searchInput {
    z-index: 99;
    font-size: 22px;
    height: 26px;
    line-height: 26px;
    font-weight: 300;
    background: #FFF;
    border: 0px;
    color: #484848;
    font-family: Arial;
    width: 100%;
    margin: 8px 0 6px 0;
    padding: 0 80px 0 8px;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 0 #929292;
    -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 0 #929292;
    box-shadow: 0 0 0 #929292;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
    -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
}

#searchBar input.searchInput:focus {
    margin: 0px 0 0px 0;
    padding: 20px 40px 18px 8px;
    border: solid 1px rgba(82, 168, 236, 0.8);
    -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(82, 168, 236, 0.8);
    -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(82, 168, 236, 0.8);
    box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(82, 168, 236, 0.8);
    box-sizing: border-box;
    -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
    -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
    -webkit-transition:border linear .2s, box-shadow linear .2s;
    -moz-transition:border linear .2s, box-shadow linear .2s;
    -o-transition:border linear .2s, box-shadow linear .2s;
    transition:border linear .2s, box-shadow
}

PS : #searchBar has a z-index of 1000 I try to switch it to 10 it still has the same behavior on firefox.

A: You've large amount of padding which is causing the issue and moreover you are using height of 26px and hence the text hides
padding: 20px 40px 18px 8px;

Demo
You can remove the red border later(I've kept for test purposes)
Demo
Few tips on refactoring code

*

*This margin: 0px 0 0px 0; can be simply written as margin: 0;

*No need of any shadow in your code as they are set to 0

*z-index is not required

*line-height is not required(If you aren't using any fixed height)

*top, left not required

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Back Associate Dean
Reflections on 'Rethinking Leadership'
22/03/2017 By Julia Marsh, Associate Dean, Degree Education & Career Centre
One of the three core focus areas of our current 'Rethinking Leadership' campaign is 'putting together your dream team'. A series of very thought provoking articles from LBS faculty unpack different aspects of this topic and one of the overarching themes is the importance of diversity in teams.
Professor Randall Peterson writes: "if you want to be world-class, you need to be diverse, but be aware that it has to be well-managed to extract that value," prompting me to reflect on diversity in my team and the wider School.
Our recently published Diversity Report affirms that we are already an extremely diverse community and are becoming ever more diverse. My own department, Degree Education and Career Centre, reflects this with 32 different nationalities in our staff team of 177.
But what value is the School's diversity bringing for our students?
Some is very obvious – 'stand out' moments such as Tattoo are part of the School's annual calendar and we are now also in the middle of the student conference season. The volume and breadth of this year's conferences currently is a testament to the diverse talents and interests of the student body, not to mention conferences such as Women in Business and EurOut which directly address issues of inequality and equal rights.
Other value is less obvious but no less important. We continue to attract staff and faculty from around the globe and almost every possible sector, making us ideally placed to support our students in an ever-widening range of careers. Our recent MBA and MiM Employment Reports confirm that we are equipping increasing numbers of students for careers in new areas such as the technology sector as well as the more traditional pathways.
Find out more about Rethinking Leadership on London.edu


text:
Junior Football Success
Well done to our Junior footballers who have secured a place in the Munster Semi final, after a convincing win against Loreto Fermoy last Friday in Mallow GAA complex. Comhghairdeas libh go léir https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/e/notoemoji/15.0/1f44f/72.png" alt="72.png" />
January 31, 2023 School NewsBy News
More Athletics success for Sophie Mulcahy 3B!
Earlier this month, Sophie lined up for her first Junior Munster Championships. Junior is the u20 category, but you can compete if you are 16 and over in the year of competition. Missing out on bronze by 0.06secs in the 60m, Sophie went on to take gold in the 200m. As a result of this achievement,…
1C Online Wellbeing Posters
First years have been learning about online wellbeing. Ms O' Rourke's 1C class made posters to inform people about the importance of online wellbeing. Each poster has different information ranging from cyberbullying to reducing screen time. They are intended to help you learn how to improve your online wellbeing. 1C researched, created and designed these…
TY Student Council International Women's Day Collage
Our Senior and Junior Councils are planning a number of events to mark International Women's Day on March 8th. And would love for our school community to get involved. The day marks a celebration of achievement, a raising of awareness against bias and encourages discussion around equality and equity internationally. The international theme this year…
Gael Linn Comórtas Tráchtaireachta
Reminder – Could all second year students who are participating in the Gael Linn Comórtas Tráchtaireachta send on their recording for the competition to Ms. Ducey before Friday 27th January.
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The Courage Bracelet is cast from re-purposed military grade aluminum including Vietnam War-era bombs, plane parts, military hardware and other aluminum scrap. Courage takes many forms. Wear this bracelet to remind you of the strength and perseverance you cna find in yourself when you stand up with courage.
As part of the "Buy Back the Bombs" movement, your purchase provides fair employment for artisans in Laos and also helps clear landmines so families can safely travel around and farm their land. This bracelet = 2 square meters cleared!
Size: .25" Peacebomb metal bead on a 12" heavy silk cord.
Finished with an adjustable sterling silver bead slide closure.
Remind yourself that "A journey of 1,000 miles begins with a single step." The first half of the phrase is on the outside of the cuff, and the second half on the inside. Material: metal alloy, brass on the inside. Size: .25" x 5.75", flexible to fit most wrists.
Wear this recycled Kantha Bauble Bracelet by itself, or layer it with your other favorite bracelets - it looks great either way! Kantha beads are alternated with gold beads and kantha beads will vary. Each bracelet is unique. Handcrafted by low-income women in India. Size: beads are ½" wide **Learn more about WorldFinds and the artisans who made this product.


The BentoStack was something of a rareity. It Starting life as an Indiegogo campaign, which was not only successfully funded at $163,946 but was also delivered as promised. Taking the idea of a Bento lunch box keeping your food safe on your way to school or work, but applying it to all your Apple Essentials. Keeping them organized, both on the road and on your workspace.
The BentoStack comes in a range of "Apple" colours rose gold, silver, and space grey. The BentoStack is a case made from several different sections that allow you to organise over 10 Apple essentials in one container.
The whole BentoStack is made from plastic, which features a silicon feel, which I found added a bit of grip when placed on my table. It also feels like something that was designed at Apple.
The BentoStack dimensions are 7.4″ x 3.7″ x 3.3″. I found this was no problem for my backpack, but I don't think this would fit in a womans purse or smaller bag.
The top lid of the BentoStack is designed to hold your Apple Pencil or as I found any similarly sized pen. The lid also functions as an iPhone stand when the pen is removed, which was a nice thought.
The top section is made to hold your AirPods case or any iPhone cables that have been wrapped up. The bottom lid is designed to hold two Apple Watchbands.
The bottom section (as we mentioned earlier) is designed to accommodate Apple's wall plugs. There is also enough space for any necessary cables that are needed. The "lids" can be removed if needed in order to fit additional cables and plugs.
The big learning curve for me was packing the BentoStack. As if anything pops out to high, or isn't rolled up enough, the whole thing won't shut properly. So I found I have to see what fitted into each section best.
This is perfect for my commute to and from work, as it means I have my essentials protected and organised securely.
Similar to Bento lunch boxes, the sections and lids have no "clip" to keep them in place, all the sections are held together with the durable black silicon band included.
I really enjoyed using the BentoStack, I will say its not for a casual Apple user, and really for people using the whole Apple ecosystem and want to keep everything and spares on them at all times.
I had no problem carrying it to work from home for a month, and it now permanently lives on my desk keeping all my cables and stuff tidy.


autolike.net - autolike Resources and Information. This website is for sale!
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High quality Classified Software and PHP Classified Script. Run your own distinct classifieds site which is a powerful, scalable, secure, easy to use Classifieds Script that comes with 12 professional designs.
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text:
/*jshint globalstrict:false, strict:false, maxlen: 500 */
/*global assertEqual, AQL_EXECUTE, assertTrue, fail */

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// DISCLAIMER
///
/// Copyright 2020 ArangDB GmbH, Cologne, Germany
///
/// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
/// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
/// You may obtain a copy of the License at
///
///     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
///
/// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
/// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
/// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
/// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
/// limitations under the License.
///
/// Copyright holder is ArangoDB GmbH, Cologne, Germany
///
/// @author Markus Pfeiffer
/// @author Copyright 2020, ArangoDB GmbH, Cologne, Germany
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

var jsunity = require("jsunity");
var internal = require("internal");
var errors = internal.errors;
var db = require("@arangodb").db,
  indexId;

// This example was produced by Jan Steeman to reproduce a
// crash in the TraversalExecutor code
const collectionName1 = "collection1";
const collectionName2 = "collection2";

var cleanup = function () {
  db._drop(collectionName2);
  db._drop(collectionName1);
};

var setupData = function () {
  const c1 = internal.db._createDocumentCollection(collectionName1);
  const c2 = internal.db._createDocumentCollection(collectionName2);

  c1.save([{ _key: 1 }, { _key: 2 }, { _key: 3 }]);
  c2.save([
    { _key: 1, value: "testValue1" },
    { _key: 2, value: "testValue2" },
    { _key: 3, value: "testValue3" },
  ]);
};

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// @brief test suite
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

function undistributeAfterEnumCollRegressionSuite() {
  return {
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    /// @brief set up
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    setUpAll: function () {
      cleanup();
      setupData();
    },

    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    /// @brief tear down
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    tearDownAll: function () {
      cleanup();
    },

    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    /// @brief test whether the undistribute-remove-after-enum-coll rule
    /// messes up the execution plan badly.
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    testUndistributeRule: function () {
      const query = `
        FOR x IN @@c1
          LET gl = DOCUMENT(@c2, x._key)
          LET short = gl.value
          UPDATE x WITH { value: short } IN @@c1
          RETURN NEW.value`;
      const bindVars = {
        "@c1": collectionName1,
        c2: collectionName2,
      };

      var withRule = db._query(query, bindVars);
      var withoutRule = db._query(query, bindVars, {
        optimizer: { rules: ["-undistribute-remove-after-enum-coll"] },
      });

      assertEqual(withoutRule.toArray().sort(), withRule.toArray().sort());
    },
  };
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// @brief executes the test suite
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

jsunity.run(undistributeAfterEnumCollRegressionSuite);

return jsunity.done();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The marriage or civil union must first have been recorded in the Québec register of civil status.
Use either DEClic! (clicSÉQUR - Citoyens authentication required) or DEClic! Express.
To be able to use DEClic! Express, you must have a rapid, secure access number (RSAN, or NARS in French). This number appears in the letter of confirmation mailed to spouses whose marriage or civil union has been recorded in the Québec register of civil status. It is valid for 90 days, or until the date indicated in the confirmation letter.
Applicants who use either DEClic! or DEClic! Express can then track the progress of their application using the online service Verification of the processing status of an online application.
Together with the documents and payment required, mail the form to the Directeur de l'état civil, in Québec.
Go to a service counter of the Directeur de l'état civil or one of the offices of Services Québec that offers services of the Directeur, present the form to the clerk along with the required documents, and make the required payment.
Go to a service counter of the Directeur de l'état civil, to a office of Services Québec that offers the service DEClic! Comptoir, or to the local employment centre for Baie-James.
If you prefer, you can conclude your application at any other location with Internet access. Note that you will have 3 days in which to do so, with a maximum of 3 attempts. After 3 days or 3 attempts, if you have still not completed the process you will need to reactivate your application. To do so, call the telephone number shown on the document you received with the transaction receipt.
The cost of applying through DEClic! Comptoir is the same as for applying online.
The certificate or copy of an act of marriage or civil union will be issued within 10 working days. It will then be sent to you by regular mail.
The certificate or copy of an act of marriage or civil union will be issued within 3 working days. It will then be sent to you by Xpresspost.
Xpresspost service is only available in Canada. A certificate or copy of an act to be delivered outside of Canada can only be sent by regular mail.
If the marriage or civil union took place shortly before the application, it could take about 2 weeks longer for the application to be processed.
If applying with DEClic! Comptoir or presenting your form to a clerk at a service counter, it is preferred that you present the original two documents mentioned above. Be sure to send legible photocopies if the documents are sent by mail.
Fill out the Déclaration du répondant (in French only) form and have it signed by the guarantor.
Attach the form to the application.
Before filling out the form, it is recommended that you consult the publication General information on the guarantor's declaration.
The list of professions recognized by the Directeur is given in the publication mentioned above.


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text:
Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide.[1] Incidence varies greatly by geographic area and race. Areas of highest incidence include Japan, Korea, Chile, and parts of Eastern Europe. Seventy-three percent of gastric cancer occurs in Asia, with 50% diagnosed in China alone. In the US, it is the 15th most common type of cancer, and Black, Asian American, and Hispanic individuals have a higher incidence than other demographic groups.[2]
Prevalence has been decreasing over the last century, likely due to better methods of food preservation, improved sanitation, and lower infectious disease rates. In addition, improved screening techniques—especially in Japan and other high-risk areas—have led to a decrease in mortality. Nonetheless, gastric cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies, with the 5-year survival rate in the US less than 20%.
More than 90% of cases are adenocarcinomas, which are derived from glandular tissue. Tumors are classified as either intestinal or diffuse. In the intestinal type, which is far more common, tumors grow as discrete masses and eventually erode through the stomach wall into nearby organs. The diffuse type is less common overall but is more prevalent in younger patients and carries a poorer prognosis. Diffuse tumors are poorly differentiated cancers with little cell cohesion. As a result, they grow outward along the submucosa of the stomach, widely enveloping the stomach without producing a discrete mass.
Tumors tend to be asymptomatic until the disease is advanced. The most common symptoms of advanced tumors are weight loss, early satiety, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Less common symptoms include dysphagia, melena, a palpable abdominal mass, and ascites.[3]
Age. The disease is rare before age 40, and the incidence increases steadily thereafter.
Gender. Males have twice the risk of females.
Socioeconomic status. Lower socioeconomic status is associated with a 2-fold greater risk of distal gastric cancer.[4] However, the risk for proximal gastric cancer is higher in those with a higher socioeconomic status.[5]
Helicobacter pylori infection. Chronic infection is a strong risk factor for gastric cancer of the distal stomach and may be responsible for up to 80% of distal gastric cancers.[6]
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Worldwide, it is estimated that about 5-10% of gastric cancers are associated with EBV.[7]
Atrophic gastritis/pernicious anemia. The risk for gastric cancer is increased in individuals with atrophic gastritis with and without pernicious anemia; those who have both conditions have an even higher risk.[8]
Genetics. There is a slightly increased risk of gastric cancer in individuals who have a family history of gastric cancer. There are some rare forms of truly hereditary gastric cancer, such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach (GAPPS), and familial intestinal gastric cancer (FIGC).
The risk for gastric cancer is also increased in a number of hereditary cancer syndromes, such as Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
Environmental exposures. There is some evidence that occupational exposures in rubber manufacturing, tin and coal mining, and steel and iron processing may increase the risk of gastric cancer.[9]
Smoking. It is estimated that 18% of gastric cancer can be attributed to smoking. One study found that cancer risk was increased 1.53-fold in smokers.[10]
Obesity and overweight. Having a body mass index ≥ 25 increases the risk of gastric cancer.[11]
Abdominal radiation. Individuals who received radiation as part of cancer treatment, e.g., for testicular cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, or childhood cancers, have a greater risk for gastric cancer.[12]
Prior gastric surgery. Patients who have undergone a Billroth procedure have an increased risk for gastric cancer. The Billroth II procedure carries a greater risk than Billroth I. In addition, the risk increases as the interval since surgery increases. The mechanism is unknown, although it may be related to bile salt reflux.[13]
Diet. Factors strongly associated with an increased risk include high intake of salted, smoked, and pickled foods, and low intake of fruits and vegetables. Conclusive evidence for the role of alcohol has yet to be demonstrated. However, the concomitant use of alcohol and tobacco appears to increase the risk of gastric cancer more than use of tobacco alone.[14] (See Nutritional Considerations below.)
Some countries with a high incidence of gastric cancer, such as Japan, Korea, Chile, and Venezuela, have implemented population-based screening.[15],[16] In populations with a low incidence, selective screening is recommended for high-risk individuals, for example, those with pernicious anemia or a hereditary syndrome that carries a predisposition to gastric cancer (e.g., Lynch syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis).[17]
The two main screening tests used for gastric cancer screening are upper endoscopy and contrast radiography.
The tissue diagnosis of gastric cancer is typically made with a biopsy during upper endoscopy. The TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) classification is the preferred system for tumor staging once a diagnosis is made and is usually done with abdominopelvic CT scan and endoscopic ultrasonography.
Complete surgical resection offers the only hope for cure. Patients with gastric cancer and positive lymph nodes are usually treated with radical gastrectomy. Some patients with early disease and without lymph node involvement may be treated with endoscopic resection. The treatment of more advanced disease may also include adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy may play a role preoperatively in patients with locally advanced disease.
It is also recommended that patients with early gastric cancer receive treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection.
Nutritional Considerations
During the early 20th century, stomach cancer incidence consistently declined in countries where refrigeration supplanted other methods of food preservation. In the latter part of the 20th century and early 21st century, several dietary factors emerged as risk factors that were unrelated to refrigeration. Individuals consuming the most foods on a Western dietary pattern (including meat, eggs, high-fat dairy foods, and refined carbohydrates) were found to have a 50% higher risk for gastric cancer, compared with those eating the least. By comparison, individuals eating closest to a pattern deemed "prudent" (low in saturated fat, fried foods, and refined carbohydrates and higher in fruits, vegetables, nuts, fiber, and soy foods) were found to reduce the risk for this cancer by 25%, compared with those eating the fewest.[18] The following dietary factors are also associated with reduced risk:
Avoidance of animal products, particularly those containing nitrites. Studies have found a 45% greater risk in individuals who eat the highest amount of red and processed meats and the nitrite food preservatives these contain, compared with those who ate the least.[19] This relationship does not exist for dietary nitrates, most of which come from vegetables.[20] Higher intakes of saturated fat are associated with a roughly 30% higher risk for gastric cancer as well. In contrast, vegetable fats are associated with a significantly lower risk.[21]
Red meat contains particularly high levels of heme iron. In the the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EURGAST-EPIC) study, individuals consuming the most heme iron had a 13% higher risk for gastric cancer, compared with those consuming the lowest amount.[22]
Eating more fruits and vegetables. Consumption of certain fruits and vegetables may be particularly effective for reducing gastric cancer risk. Persons consuming the most citrus fruits have an almost 40% lower risk for gastric cardia cancers when compared with those eating the least.[23] Consumption of higher (compared with lower) amounts of cruciferous vegetables is associated with a roughly 20% lower risk for this cancer, and high intakes or serum levels of lycopene have also been associated with a significantly lower risk for gastric cancer.[24],[25] Some of the active principles that have been suggested for the apparent anticancer effects of fruits and vegetables include vitamin C and other antioxidants (due to their inhibiting effects on nitrosamine formation); vitamin A, flavonoids, and sulfur compounds in Allium species of vegetables, including garlic and onion; and the total antioxidant potential of the diet, particularly in H pylori-infected persons.[26],[27],[28],[29]
Replacing refined grains with whole grains. Higher intakes of cereal fiber are associated with a roughly 30% lower risk for gastric cancer.[30]
Avoiding highly salted foods. High (compared with low) sodium intakes are associated with a nearly 70% greater risk for gastric cancer.[31]
Maintenance of a healthy body weight. Individuals with a body mass index of 25-29.9 have a more than 20% greater risk for gastric cardia cancer, and individuals with a body mass index ≥ 30 have a more than 80% greater risk compared with normal-weight persons. Obesity was not found to increase the risk for gastric non-cardia cancers.[32] (See Obesity chapter.)
Coffee consumption. Coffee drinkers have a 7-12% lower risk for gastric cancer when compared with those drinking little or no coffee.[33]
Higher intakes of dietary selenium. Individuals who have higher serum or tissue levels of selenium have a roughly 15% lower cancer risk, compared with those having the lowest levels. Selenium supplements do not contribute to this risk reduction.[34] Plant-based sources of selenium include Brazil nuts, brown rice, enriched macaroni, sunflower seeds, beans, mushrooms, oatmeal, lentils, spinach, cashews, and bananas.[35]
Low-dose vitamin supplements. Individuals who consume vitamins A, C, or E at levels below the tolerable upper intake (UL) level were found to have an almost 25% lower risk when compared with individuals in the lowest supplemental intake group.[36]
Diet and survival in gastric cancer. Although the role of diet in gastric cancer prognosis needs further study, data indicate that patients whose diets were lower in animal fat, animal protein, and nitrosamines before diagnosis had approximately half the risk of death from this cancer, compared with other patients.[37]
See Basic Diet Orders chapter.
Limit intake of salted and pickled foods.
What to Tell the Family
Diet plays an important role in the prevention of gastric cancer, which remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Animal products are associated with increased risk of gastric cancer and other cancers. A diet that is very low in animal products (meats, processed meats, dairy, and eggs) and high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may reduce that risk, in addition to its other health benefits. Certain foods have properties that reduce gastric cancer risk such as citrus fruits, cruciferous vegetables (cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, etc.), and allium vegetables (onions, leeks, and garlic). Reducing the consumption of refined grains, processed foods, and foods high in sodium (e.g., pickles) can also reduce gastric cancer risk. The whole family would do well to incorporate these dietary changes into their lifestyle. Also, family members that live in high-risk areas should consider routine screening when appropriate.
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Jakszyn P, Agudo A, Lujan-Barroso L, et al. Dietary intake of heme iron and risk of gastric cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study. Int J Cancer. 2012;130(11):2654-63. [PMID:21717452]
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Barnard, Neal D., editor. "Gastric Cancer." Nutrition Guide for Clinicians, 3rd ed., Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 2020. nutritionguide.pcrm.org/nutritionguide/view/Nutrition_Guide_for_Clinicians/1342086/all/Gastric_Cancer.
Gastric Cancer. In: Barnard NDN, ed. Nutrition Guide for Clinicians. Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine; 2020. https://nutritionguide.pcrm.org/nutritionguide/view/Nutrition_Guide_for_Clinicians/1342086/all/Gastric_Cancer. Accessed January 27, 2023.
Gastric Cancer. (2020). In Barnard, N. D. (Ed.), Nutrition Guide for Clinicians (3rd ed.). Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. https://nutritionguide.pcrm.org/nutritionguide/view/Nutrition_Guide_for_Clinicians/1342086/all/Gastric_Cancer
Gastric Cancer [Internet]. In: Barnard NDN, editors. Nutrition Guide for Clinicians. Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine; 2020. [cited 2023 January 27]. Available from: https://nutritionguide.pcrm.org/nutritionguide/view/Nutrition_Guide_for_Clinicians/1342086/all/Gastric_Cancer.
TY - ELEC T1 - Gastric Cancer ID - 1342086 ED - Barnard,Neal D, Y1 - 2020/12/07/ BT - Nutrition Guide for Clinicians UR - https://nutritionguide.pcrm.org/nutritionguide/view/Nutrition_Guide_for_Clinicians/1342086/all/Gastric_Cancer PB - Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine ET - 3 DB - Nutrition Guide for Clinicians DP - Unbound Medicine ER -
Foodborne Chemicals
Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
Diet During Cancer Treatment
Micronutrients in Health and Disease


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Coronavirus Updates: Jammu and Kashmir to re-open tourism in phased manner from 14 July, to allow only air travel
Coronavirus Updates: Tourists must have confirmed hotel bookings, return tickets and shall get tested for COVID-19 upon arrival, according to guidelines.
Coronavirus Updates: The Jammu and Kashmir administration issued guidelines for re-opening the tourism sector in a phased manner from 14 July. According to the guidelines, only air travelers with confirmed hotel booking and return tickets will be allowed. Tourists will have to compulsorily undergo RTPCR test for COVID-19 upon arrival, stated the guidelines.
Maharashtra's COVID-19 cases rose by 7,827 to 2,54,427 on Sunday, state health department said. With 173 more patients succumbing to the infection, the number of fatalities has gone up to 10,289, the department said in a statement.
Bollywood actress Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, daughter Aaradhya have also tested positive for COVID-19, confirmed Abhishek Bachchan adding that they will be quarantining at home. He also said that the rest of the family, including his mother Jaya have tested negative.
"As more people are recovering due to all-round efforts, the recovered cases exceed active cases by 2,42,362," said the health ministry on Sunday.
Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath on Sunday directed officials to conduct 50,000 coronavirus tests in the state per day. Meanwhile, Uttar Pradesh Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Sports and Youth Welfare Upendra Tiwari has tested positive for COVID-19.
To stop the spread of COVID-19 infection, the Uttar Pradesh government has decided to implement strict lockdown across the state on weekends, a senior official said on Sunday. The markets and offices will remain closed on these days, however, the banks will remain open, said an official.
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) officials put a banner outside 'Jalsa', the residence of actor Amitabh Bachchan in Mumbai, to define it as a containment zone.
India on Sunday reports a rise of 28,638 cases in the last 24 hours, taking the total to 8,49,553. The toll is now at 22,674.
Governor of Maharashtra Bhagat Singh Koshyari, is in isolation after at least 18 people tested positive for COVID-19 in Raj Bhavan on Saturday, say reports.
Mumbai's Nanavati Super Speciality Hospital's PRO told ANI Amitabh Bachchan's condition is stable. He was diagnosed with COVID-19 and is currently kept in the isolation unit of the hospital.
With a record single-day increase of 27,114 cases, India's COVID-19 case count surged to 8,20,916 on Saturday, while the toll climbed to 22,123 with 519 people succumbing to the disease in the past 24 hours, said the health ministry in its morning update.
Lockdown restrictions were announced or extended in many areas across the country for differing time periods as many states reported record jumps in daily cases.
Veteran Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan and his son Abhishek tested positive for the coronavirus infection late on Saturday night and were admitted to Mumbai's Nanavati Hospital.
"The BMC has been in touch and we are complying with them," said Abhishek in another tweet.
Lockdown in several places
The Karnataka government in the evening announced complete lockdown in Bengaluru Urban and Rural districts for one week from 14 July.
"As COVID-19 cases are increasing in the state day by day, based on the advice of experts complete lockdown will be imposed in Bengaluru urban and Bengaluru rural for one week from 14 July 8 pm to 5 am on 22 July," Chief Minister BS Yediyurappa said in a statement, adding that detailed guidelines will be released on Monday.
As of Saturday evening, cumulatively 36,216 coronavirus cases have been confirmed in the state, which includes 613 deaths and 14,716 discharges, a government bulletin said. Bengaluru Urban district tops the list of positive cases, with a total of 16,862 infections.
In Assam, the ongoing lockdown in Kamrup Metropolitan district, under which Guwahati city falls, has been extended for a week from 12 July due to large-scale spread of the respiratory infection.
Assam chief secretary Kumar Sanjay Krishna said the 14-day lockdown in the district was scheduled to end at 6 pm on Sunday but the district magistrate reported that rising cases may be a major threat to public health, hygiene and safety of the general population.
"Due to extensive testing, isolation and other restrictive measures, community spread of COVID-19 has been contained to some extent and this necessitates further extension of prohibitory measures to contain the spread of the pandemic," he stated.
A complete lockdown was imposed in the district on 28 June as Guwahati city reported a surge of positive cases with 6,221 patients recorded since 24 June.
The lockdown in Arunachal Pradesh's capital complex too was extended for another week in view of the spurt in COVID-19 cases in the region, a top official told PTI.
The state Cabinet chaired by Chief Minister Pema Khandu took the decision to extend the total lockdown in the capital region for another week till 5 am on 20 July, Chief Secretary Naresh Kumar said.
The previous lockdown was imposed in the capital complex comprising Itanagar, Naharlagun, Nirjuli and Banderdewa on 6 July was scheduled to end at 5 pm on 13 July.
Strict lockdown restrictions were also reimposed on Saturday in parts of Jammu and Kashmir's Rajouri district following a spike in coronavirus cases. The entire Rajouri city and adjoining areas were sealed and people were asked to stay indoors as part of the efforts to slow the spread of the infection, said officials.
"The restrictions were re-imposed as a precautionary measure after some locals were tested positive for COVID-19. While in most cases the source of the infection is known, there are some cases where the source is unknown," Additional Deputy Commissioner of Rajouri, Sher Singh, said.
Rajouri recorded the highest single-day spike of 51 cases on Friday.
In Uttarakhand, a three-day lockdown was imposed from Saturday in Kashipur in Udham Singh Nagar district, which alone accounted for 41 of the 68 cases reported in the state on Friday.
Nagaland, too, decided to extend the ongoing lockdown, which was supposed to end on 16 July, till 31 July. Planning and Coordination Minister Neiba Kronu said the decision was taken after reviewing the existing measures and the rising cases of coronavirus infection in the state.
Till Friday, the number of actives cases in Nagaland was 428 while 304 patients have recovered from the disease.
The Meghalaya government announced a two-day total lockdown in capital Shillong from Monday. Chief Minister Conrad Sangma said the decision was taken to contain the spread of COVID-19, besides ensuring behavioural changes among citizens to follow coronavirus-related guidelines.
Earlier in the day, the state reported 76 new cases, taking the total to 312. There are 215 active cases in the state at present, officials said.
A lockdown with minimum exemptions in place in Thane district, excluding the city limits, was extended till 19 July due to rise in coronavirus cases over the past few days. The order for Thane district was issued by Collector Rajesh Narvekar and Municipal Commissioner AB Misal announced an extension for Navi Mumbai, said officials.
The "total" lockdown in Ulhasnagar municipal corporation (UMC) limits, also part of Thane district, has been extended by civic chief Raja Dayanidhi till 22 July.
A record spike of 2,232 COVID-19 cases took Thane district's count to 53,152 while 53 deaths caused the overall toll to rise to 1,560, an official told PTI. The rise was sharpest in Kalyan-Dombivli which added 615 cases during the day, he said.
On Friday night, a 10-day lockdown was announced in Pune, Pimpri-Chinchwad and a few other parts of the district starting 13 July. The decision was taken at a meeting chaired by Maharashtra deputy chief minister Ajit Pawar.
In West Bengal, a seven-day lockdown was clamped from Thursday on the state's containment zones, spread across 20 of the 23 districts.
The Uttar Pradesh government had re-imposed restrictions in the state from 10 pm on Friday to 5 am on Monday. Chief Secretary RK Tiwari said the curbs have been imposed to check the spread of COVID-19 and other communicable diseases.
A man rides a bike on a deserted street during fresh lockdown in Prayagraj on Saturday. AP
Recovery rate rises to 62.78 percent, says health ministry
According to news agency PTI, India recorded an increase of more than 22,000 new cases for the eighth consecutive day. It took 110 days for the number of cases in the country to reach one lakh but just 53 days more to cross eight lakh.
It took 64 days for COVID-19 cases in India to rise above one lakh from 100, and another fortnight to cross two lakh on 3 June. It took 10 days for the case count to touch the three lakh-mark and another eight days for the cases to climb above four lakh on 21 June. In another six days, the total tally raced past the five-lakh mark. Then it took 10 days to cross seven lakh.
With effective implementation of containment zones, surveillance activities, timely diagnosis and effective clinical management of cases, the total number of recovered patients has crossed five lakh on Saturday, the Union Health ministry said.
A total of 5,15,385 COVID-19 patients have recovered so far with 19,870 COVID-19 patients having been cured and discharged in the last 24 hours till 8 am.
"The recovered cases outnumber the COVID-19 active cases by 2,31,978. With this progressively widening gap, the recovery rate has further improved to 62.78 percent," the ministry said in a statement.
There are 2,83,407 active cases and all are under medical supervision, with severe cases being admitted in hospitals and pre-symptomatic patients and those showing moderate symptoms in home isolation, it said.
According to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), a cumulative total of 1,13,07,002 swab samples have been tested for COVID-19 up to 10 July, of which 2,82,511 been tested on Friday.
Of the 519 new deaths reported on Saturday, 226 are from Maharashtra, 64 from Tamil Nadu, 57 from Karnataka, 42 from Delhi, 27 from Uttar Pradesh and 26 from West Bengal. Andhra Pradesh reported 15 fatalities, Gujarat 14, Telangana eight and Rajasthan six.
Of the total 22,123 deaths reported so far, Maharashtra accounts for the highest with 9,893 fatalities followed by Delhi with 3,300 deaths, Gujarat 2,022, Tamil Nadu 1,829, Uttar Pradesh 889, West Bengal 880, Madhya Pradesh 638, Karnataka 543 and Rajasthan 497, said the health ministry in its morning update.
Maharashtra has also reported the highest number of cases at 2,38,461,followed by Tamil Nadu at 1,30,261, Delhi at 1,09,140, Gujarat at 40,069, Uttar Pradesh at 33,700, Karnataka at 33,418 and Telangana at 32,224.
"Our figures are being reconciled with the ICMR," the ministry said, adding that 3,416 cases are being reassigned to states.
Narendra Modi lauds Centre, state govt for efforts in Delhi
Prime Minister Narendra Modi appreciated the efforts of the Centre, state and local authorities in containing the COVID-19 situation in Delhi and directed that similar approach be replicated in checking the pandemic in the entire National Capital Region (NCR) area.
He made these remarks at a meeting to take stock of the COVID-19 situation in various parts of the country and the preparedness of various states, a statement from the Prime Minister's Office said.
The review meeting was attended by Union Home Minister Amit Shah, Health Minister Harsh Vardhan and the Cabinet Secretary among others.
Modi also directed that real-time national-level monitoring and guidance should be provided to all affected states and places with high test positivity rate.
Modi said awareness about the pandemic should be disseminated widely and a continuous emphasis on preventing the spread of the infection should be laid. He said there is no room for any complacency in this regard, according to the statement.
Delhi recorded 1,781 fresh coronavirus cases on Saturday, taking the total to 1,10,921 while the toll from the disease climbed to 3,334 with 34 fatalities recorded in the last 24 hours, according to the Delhi health department bulletin.
Maharashtra, West Bengal report record spikes in cases
Meanwhile, many states including Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal registered record increase in cases.
Maharashtra recorded another highest single-day spike with 8,139 new patients found on Saturday which took the case count to 2,46,600. With 223 fatalities reported during the day, the toll crossed 10,000-mark to reach 10,116, said a statement from the state health department.
Madhya Pradesh too registered its biggest single-day rise of 544 new COVID-19 cases, taking the infection count to 17,201, health officials said. With six more people succumbing to the viral infection, the toll has risen to 644, they said.
West Bengal's COVID-19 count surged to 28,453 on Saturday as 1,344 more people tested positive for the novel coronavirus, the highest single-day spike in the state so far. With 26 new fatalities, the toll rose to 906 in the state, the state health department said.
The number of coronavirus cases in Gujarat rose by 872 to 41,027 while the toll mounted by 10, including four fatalities in Ahmedabad, to 2,034, state health department said. There are now 10,308 active cases in the state, out of which the condition of 73 patients is critical, the health department said in a release.
Activist Akhil Gogoi tests positive in Guwahati jail
In Assam, peasant leader Akhil Gogoi, who was arrested by the NIA for his alleged role in violent protests against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act last year, tested positive for inside the Guwahati Central Jail on Saturday, an official said.
"Akhil Gogoi tested positive in the antigen test this evening. He will be shifted to Gauhati Medical College and Hospital (GMCH) now," Inspector General (Prisons) Dasarath Das told PTI. The health officials did three tests of Gogoi — two antigen and one swab test (RT-PCR) — and only the last antigen sample came positive, Das said.
A total of 55 inmates, including Gogoi, have tested positive at the jail, forcing the authorities to issue orders for taking samples of all the 1,069 prisoners.
Two others — Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti (KMSS) leaders Bittu Sonowal and Dhairjya Konwar — have also tested positive and are being treated at the GMCH, while Gogoi's fourth associate, Manash Konwar, has tested negative, Das said.
With inputs from PTI
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