I continue to mine my Lightroom catalog which goes back about 14 years for files that I think can be edited better today than when originally shot, and I have a few new images that I rather like - I am interested in other viewer's opinions about them, and serious suggestions for improvement.
Technically and artistically superb work. Congratulations!
Thank you, Tony - very kind words.
You've been holding out on us. These are great!
Love the first two raptors, but that owl steals the show!
These are amazing! The first is my favorite - it's clear the eagle is looking at and possibly diving towards something, very cool!
Oh yes, it's almost a 'Superman' pose with some serious hang time. Love it!
Dramatic bird with a dramatic background. WooHoo!
Outstanding shots and processing. Number 2 is my favorite.
Thanks Jo, I like #2 a lot also, but I like #4 equally well, or better depending on my mood. Juvenile eagles usually don't look regal when I've seen them, frequently wet, muddy or dirty as they are learning their trade in Alaska, but this one looked regal I thought.
Taz, I get where you're coming from and yet in the first image I kind of like it as a counterpoint to the juvie below and to the left of it.
In the last image I like how it is almost a mirror reflection of the V of the eagles wings. But yes, I can see that it does create tension for the viewer's eye for viewing time vs. the eagle which ostensibly is the subject of the image.
Will be interested to hear other viewer's feeling in this regard.
Love both Jim! Focus for my eye is now only on lovely creatures.... although I do agree that the dark mass was adding bit of mysterious element.....cheers!!
The Owl image is amazing - thank you for sharing!
I am pleased you like it, Jerry, especially rendered in monochrome.
Absolutely amazing captures. Love the first and third in the first post and the bald eagle in your follow on post is astounding. Looks like an amazingly detailed oil painting. I love the texture. Not sure if I prefer it with the cloud in the background or not, to be honest.


Thee free wireless community is growing and for some time I tried to keep a list of communities on the Global Newswire Site at http://global.freifunk.net/free_global_wireless_community. The bigger the community gets the more difficult it becomes. Instead of maintaining a seperate list of freifunk communities I will join the maintainers of a list of communities in the English Wikipedia, who have created a wiki page here: List of wireless community networks by region.


text:
Clarke overcomes weather, wins first British Open
SANDWICH, England — Another major goes to Northern Ireland. The surprise was Darren Clarke's name on the claret jug.
Ten years after he last contended in a major, no longer in the top 100 in the world, Clarke delivered his defining moment Sunday in the British Open when he held off brief challenges from Phil Mickelson and Dustin Johnson to win golf's
oldest championship.
The weather was so wild that heavy rain changed to sunshine, back and forth all afternoon, while the wind was relentless.
Clarke was a steady presence through it all.
A 20-foot eagle putt on the seventh hole gave him the lead for good, and he didn't drop a shot until it no longer mattered. With bogeys on the last two holes, Clarke closed with an even-par 70 for a three-shot victory over the two Americans.
"Pretty amazing right now," Clarke said, the claret jug at his side. "It's been a dream since I've been a kid to win the Open, like any kid's dream is, and I'm able to do it, which just feels incredible."
Northern Ireland had gone 63 years without a major. Now it has three of the last six — Graeme McDowell in the U.S. Open last year at Pebble Beach, followed by Rory McIlroy at the U.S. Open in a record performance last month at Congressional, and now the 42-year-old Clarke.
"Northern Ireland…… Golf capital of the world!!" McIlroy tweeted as Clarke played the last hole.
"We're blessed to have two fantastic players in Rory and GMac, and I've just come along, the only guy coming along behind them," Clarke said. "We have fantastic golf courses, we have fantastic facilities, but to have three major champions from a little, small place in a short period of time, it's just incredible."
They are so close that a week after McIlroy won the U.S. Open, Clarke pulled out of a tournament in Germany so he could return to Northern Ireland and join the celebration.
They were always for someone else. Clarke had reason to believe his best celebrations were behind him. Surely, nothing could top playing a Ryder Cup on home soil in Ireland five years ago and leading Europe to victory just one month after his wife, Heather, died of cancer.
"In terms of what's going through my heart, there's obviously somebody who is watching down from up above there, and I know she'd be very proud of me," Clarke said. "She's probably be saying, 'I told you so.'"
Indeed, this was overdue.
Printed on 07/18/2011 as: Clarke pulls in first open title after years of coming up short

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
\section{Introduction}
Dense arrays of magnetic nanoparticles contain the physical
ingredients of spin-glasses \cite{Mydosh93}. Disorder in the
positions and orientations of the particles leads to disorder and
frustration of the dipolar interactions, usually dominant, between
their magnetic moments. In contrast with "canonical" spin-glasses,
the slow magnetic relaxation introduced by interactions coexists
with the slow magnetization reversal associated with the high
anisotropy energy barriers. Many experiments performed on dense
nanoparticulate materials show phenomena, such as magnetic aging
\cite{Jonsson95} and the slowing down of the ac susceptibility
\cite{Djurberg97}, which are {\em typical} of spin-glasses
\cite{Mulder81,Souletie85,Lundgren83,Chamberlin84,Granberg88,Lefloch92,Jonason98,Jonsson02}.
However, some of these phenomena are not {\em exclusive} of the
spin-glass phase \cite{Mattsson93,Schins93}. The question is, then,
whether real nanoparticulate materials show a true (super)spin-glass
phase.

Experimental studies are often hindered by the lack of control over
the sample parameters that determine the nature and strength of
dipolar interactions, such as interparticle distances, spatial
organization, etc. This usually makes it difficult to know {\em a
priori} if a particular system is expected to show a spin-glass
phase. Perhaps the most clear-cut situation to discuss the existence
of a phase transition and its experimental manifestations is offered
by the study of a single layer of nanoparticles. In contrast with
three-dimensional systems \cite{Palassini99}, it is generally
accepted \cite{Young83,Dekker88} that the transition temperature
$T_{\rm g}$ vanishes in two-dimensions. Results of tempered Monte
Carlo simulations seem to confirm the same conclusion also for Ising
spins coupled by dipolar interactions \cite{Fernandez08}.

Based on these considerations, our work was aimed to elucidate the
nature of the glassy magnetic dynamics, i.e. whether it is
associated with a superspin-glass phase at $T_{\rm g}>0$ or if, by
contrast, $T_{\rm g}=0$, in self-organized nanoparticle arrays. For
this, we compare results obtained on very well-characterized three-
and two-dimensional arrays of Co nanospheres. Previous experiments
reveal that the superparamagnetic blocking temperature $T_{\rm b}$,
defined as the temperature of the in phase $\chi^{\prime}$ ac
susceptibility cusp, increases as additional layers are deposited on
a two-dimensional sample \cite{Luis02a,Luis02b}. Since the number of
layers modifies the number of nearest neighbors in the nanoparticle
array, that result indicates that dipolar interactions slow down the
magnetic relaxation processes. In the present study, we have
investigated how the number of layers modifies the critical slowing
down and the magnetic aging, properties that are usually associated
with the spin glass behavior \cite{Petracic06}. Our results show
that no qualitative changes in these quantities occur as the
two-dimensional limit is approached. The control over the number of
layers and their separation has also enabled us to directly probe
the magnetic correlation length and show that it is mainly
restricted to a first shell of nearest neighbors and, in any case,
shorter than what would be expected for a conventional spin glass.

\section{Experimental details}
Samples made of $N$ layers of Co nanoparticles with average diameter
$D \simeq 2.6$ nm were prepared by the sequential sputtering of $N =
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15,$ and $20$ Co and Al$_{2}$O$_{3}$ layers on
silicon substrates \cite{Maurice99,Babonneau00,Luis02a,Luis02b}. The
particle's shape and average size (thus also the average magnetic
moment $\mu_{\rm p}$ per particle), as well as the width of the size
distribution ($\sigma_{D} = 0.26 D$) are approximately independent
of $N$ \cite{Luis02b}. Nanoparticles deposited on adjacent layers
tend to self-organize in a structure that resembles a closed-packed
hexagonal lattice of nanospheres \cite{Babonneau00}. The separation
between the Co layers is determined by the thickness $t_{{\rm
Al}_{2} {\rm O}_{3}} = 3$ nm of the alumina layer. Nearest neighbors
separations are $d_{\rm nn,\|} \simeq 4.6$ nm, within a given layer,
and $d_{\rm nn,\bot} \simeq 4.2$ nm, between adjacent layers. They
correspond to dipolar energies $E_{\rm dip} = \mu_{\rm p}^{2}/d_{\rm
nn}^3 \approx 13$ K and $17$ K, respectively. As described in
\cite{Luis03}, the anisotropy energy barrier $U_{0}$ for the
magnetization reversal was estimated from ac susceptibility
experiments performed under sufficiently strong magnetic fields,
which dominate over dipolar interactions. This method gives $U_{0}
\simeq 430$ K. In the same way, we estimate an attempt time
$\tau_{0} \sim 10^{-13}$ s, of the same order of that found for
samples of very small Co nanoparticles ($D \sim 1$ nm), prepared by
the same technique \cite{Luis02a}, for which interactions are
expected to become neglibible. A multilayer with $N=20$ layers but a
larger interlayer separation $t_{{\rm Al}_{2} {\rm O}_{3}} = 10$ nm,
and thus also a much smaller interlayer $E_{\rm dip} \approx 1.6$ K,
was prepared under identical experimental conditions.

Ac susceptibility and magnetization measurements were performed with
a commercial SQUID magnetometer. Samples were rectangular plates
with approximate dimensions $9 \times 3 \times 0.5$ mm$^{3}$. Ac and
dc magnetic fields were parallel to the plane of the sample to
minimize demagnetizing effects. In our study of aging
\cite{Lundgren83,Chamberlin84}, we measured the time-dependent
relaxation of the zero-field cooled (ZFC) magnetization on samples
aged, at zero field, for a time $t_{\rm w}$ at temperatures $T_{\rm
w} < T_{\rm b}$. In addition, we employed a different method which
consists on measuring magnetization curves (zero-field and field
cooled (FC), and remanence) using the waiting time protocol
described in \cite{Mathieu01a,Sasaki05}.

\section{Results and discussion}
A typical method to characterize the spin-glass behavior is by
measuring the frequency-dependent ac magnetic susceptibility
\cite{Mulder81,Souletie85,Djurberg97}. At any fixed frequency
$\omega$ we define a characteristic relaxation time $\tau_{\rm c}$
such that $\omega \tau_{\rm c}(T)=1$ at $T = T_{\rm b}(\omega)$. For
spin glasses $\tau_{\rm c}$ diverges at $T_{\rm g}$ according to a
power law, reflecting the growth of magnetic correlations
\cite{Mulder81}

\begin{equation}
\tau_{\rm c} = \tau_{\ast}|1-T/T_{\rm{g}}|^{-z \nu} \label{tauSG}
\end{equation}

In Fig. \ref{slowingdown}, we plot $\tau_{\rm c}$  versus the
reduced temperature for $N$ ranging from $1$ to $20$ layers. The
experimental data are compatible with a critical slowing down of the
magnetization dynamics at a finite $T_{\rm g}$. In order to limit
the number of fitting parameters, we took $T_{\rm g}$, for each
sample, as the temperature of the ZFC susceptibility cusp (i.e.
equal to the $T_{\rm b}$ corresponding to a typical timescale of the
order of $170$ s). The microscopic time scale $\tau_{\ast}$ and the
dynamical critical exponent $z \nu$ are found to be nearly the same
for all samples. The critical exponent is close to typical values
found for spin glasses \cite{Souletie85} as well as for some
nanoparticulate materials \cite{Wandersman08}. The present results
are remarkable because it is generally believed that $T_{\rm g} = 0$
in two dimensions. Notice however that, as often happens with plots
of this type obtained for nanoparticles
\cite{Djurberg97,Wandersman08,Petracic02}, experiments do not
explore the close vicinity of the critical region. For this reason,
the data are relatively easy to fit. Fits of similar quality can be
obtained by scaling all $T_{\rm g}$'s by a factor in between $1$ and
$0.75$. The characteristic $\tau_{\ast}$ increases then from about
$10^{-6}$ s to $10^{-4}$ s while, at the same time, the exponent
$z\nu$ increases from $7.3$ to $14$. In fact, if one wishes to
include also in the analysis the freezing temperature extracted from
ZFC susceptibility data (getting closer to $T_{\rm g}$), the best
fits with Eq. (\ref{tauSG}) are obtained then for the largest $z\nu$
and $\tau_{\ast}$ values (thus also for the lowest $T_{\rm g}$).
Such large $z\nu$ values are not uncommon in systems of magnetic
nanoparticles \cite{Djurberg97,Petracic02} but they are
significantly larger than what it is expected for a canonical spin
glass phase transition (of the order of $z\nu=7$ \cite{Ogielsky85}).

\begin{figure}
\onefigure[width=8cm]{taucvstred.eps} \caption{(Color online).
Critical slowing down of the characteristic relaxation time
extracted from ac susceptibility experiments. Results are shown for
samples with varying number of layers $N$.} \label{slowingdown}
\end{figure}

An alternative theoretical framework to describe the
frequency-dependent susceptibility, which seems very appropriate in
the case of a layered material with a markedly two-dimensional
character, is the activated dynamics characteristic of glassy
systems undergoing a phase transition at $T_{\rm g}=0$
\cite{Mulder81,Dekker88}. In the latter situation, the critical
slowing down of $\tau_{\rm c}$ obeys the following expression

\begin{equation}
\tau_{\rm c} = \tau_{0} \exp{\left( E_{\rm a}/k_{\rm B} T
\right)^{\sigma}} \label{activatedtauc}
\end{equation}

\noindent where $E_{\rm a}$ is an effective activation energy and
$\sigma$ is a critical exponent. As it is shown in Fig. \ref{Tg0},
we find a good agreement with our data, including also the
temperature of the ZFC magnetization cusp, for $\sigma=1.3$ (to be
compared with $\sigma = 3.2$ found for $2-D$ spin-glasses
\cite{Dekker88}) and $E_{\rm a}$ gradually increasing with the
number of layers from $345$ K up to $471$ K. From these
frequency-dependent susceptibility experiments, we conclude that the
nature of the slow magnetic dynamics of two-dimensional (i.e. with
$N$ equal to or close to unity) and three-dimensional (with large
$N$) nanoparticle arrays is the same. The description based on a
zero-temperature phase transition is appealing, because it is
consistent with the behavior expected for a single layer. By
themselves, however, these experiments cannot discriminate between
the two alternatives, i.e., whether the underlying physics
corresponds to the existence of a second-order phase transition at a
finite $T_{\rm g}$ or if, by contrast, $T_{\rm g}=0$.

\begin{figure}
\onefigure[width=7cm]{taucvsT2D.eps} \caption{(Color online).
Log-log plot showing the variation with temperature of
$\ln(\tau_{\rm c}/\tau_{0})$, where $\tau_{\rm c}$ is a
characteristic relaxation time extracted from ac susceptibility data
and $\tau_{0} = 10^{-13}$ s. The lines are fits of the law
$\tau_{\rm c} = \tau_{0} \exp{\left( E_{\rm a}/k_{\rm B} T
\right)^{\sigma}}$, characteristic of a spin-glass transition at
$T_{\rm g}=0$} \label{Tg0}
\end{figure}

Aging experiments can shed some light and help deciding between
these two alternatives, since they probe how dynamical magnetic
correlations grow with time \cite{Lundgren83,Granberg88,Jonsson02}.
We have carried out two different experiments, which measure the
magnetic memory effects associated with the aging of the sample at a
given temperature. In the first of these, the quantity of interest
is the difference $\Delta M = M - M_{\rm{w}}$ between the
magnetizations (ZFC, FC or remanent) measured after cooling the
sample without or with a pause at an intermediate temperature
$T_{\rm w}< T_{\rm b}$ \cite{Mathieu01a}. Results measured for
$t_{\rm w} = 10^{4}$ s are shown in Fig. \ref{aging}. $\Delta M_{\rm
ZFC}$ shows a peak centered near $T_{\rm w}$. If $T_{\rm w}$ is
varied, the peak shifts accordingly. In addition, the relationship
\cite{Mathieu01a} $\Delta M_{\rm FC} = \Delta M_{\rm r}+\Delta
M_{\rm ZFC}$ is fulfilled, showing that they are associated with the
aging of the sample at $T_{\rm w}$ and not with experimental
artifacts.

\begin{figure}
\onefigure[width=8cm]{GLopez1.eps} \caption{ (Color online). ZFC, FC
and thermoremanence curves measured with (red crosses) and without
(black solid line) pause. The insets show absolute values of $\Delta
M_{\rm ZFC}$, $\Delta M_{\rm FC}$ and $\Delta M_{\rm r}$. Left:
sample with $N=1$; $T_{\rm w}$ was $15.8$ K. Right: sample with
$N=20$; $T_{\rm w}$ was $25$ K. The waiting time was $10^{4}$ s and
the applied magnetic field was $10$ Oe.} \label{aging}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{aging} compares results obtained on a single layer $N=1$
with those measured on a multilayer made of $N=20$ layers. The aging
was performed at $T_{\rm w} = 0.7 T_{\rm b}$ for the two samples.
Besides the obvious difference in the signal-to-noise ratios, they
look qualitatively the same. The maximum in $\Delta M_{\rm ZFC}$ vs
$T$ is just about $25$ \% larger in the case of the multilayer. A
first conclusion is, therefore, that the magnetic memory induced by
aging a nanoparticle array does not show any abrupt change as the
two-dimensional ($2D$) limit is approached. Notice also that, as we
have seen with the critical slowing down, the analogy is not
restricted to aging. The FC curves measured on the two samples show
also the same degree of ``flattening'' below $T_{\rm b}$, a property
that has been considered as a signature of the superspin glass phase
\cite{Sasaki05}.

By gradually changing the number of layers $N$ we can
study how magnetic correlations grow. In Fig. \ref{MaxHolevsN}, we
show, as a function of $N$, the relative amplitude of the magnetic
memory effect $\Delta M_{\rm ZFC} /M_{\rm ZFC}$ measured after aging
at $T_{\rm w}=15.8$ K for $t_{\rm w} = 10^{4}$ s. Within the droplet
picture of the spin-glass phase \cite{Fisher88}, this quantity is
connected with the size that domains of correlated spins attain
after time $t_{\rm w}$ \cite{Jonsson02}. We see that $\Delta M_{\rm
ZFC}/M_{\rm ZFC}$ increases rapidly when one or two layers are added
to a two-dimensional sample, nearly saturating as $N$ increases
further. The right-hand panel of Fig. \ref{MaxHolevsN} shows that,
within the relatively large experimental uncertainties, $\Delta
M_{\rm ZFC}/M_{\rm ZFC}$ is approximately proportional to the
increase in the average number of nearest neighbors $N_{\perp} =
6(N-1)/N$ that is associated with the addition of extra layers. The
same linear dependence was also found for the blocking temperature
\cite{Luis02b}. This behavior suggests that the enhancement in the
amplitude of the magnetic memory is provided mainly by correlations
with the first one or two nearest layers. Another result suggesting
that magnetic correlations remain rather short-ranged is shown in
Fig. \ref{Aging4}. There, we compare the magnetic memory $\Delta
M_{\rm ZFC}$ obtained for a single layer of $2.6$ nm particles with
that obtained for a $N = 20$ multilayer in which the interlayer
separation is $t_{\rm Al_{2} \rm O_{3}} = 10$ nm, i.e. more than
twice $d_{{\rm nn},\|} \sim 4.6$ nm. Within their respective
experimental uncertainties, these two quantities are found to be the
same. Also $T_{\rm b}$ and other quantities agree. It seems then
that no measurable magnetic correlations are established between
layers of nanoparticles located $10$ nm far form each other.

\begin{figure}
\onefigure[width=8cm]{GMaxvsN.eps} \caption{(Color online). Left:
Variation with the number $N$ of layers of the memory $\Delta M_{\rm
ZFC}/M_{\rm ZFC}$ measured after aging the sample for $t_{\rm w} =
10^{4}$ s at $T_{\rm w} = 15.8$ K ($\bullet$). Right: Same data as a
function of the average number of nearest neighbors
$N_{\bot}=6(N-1)/N$ that a nanoparticle has in adjacent layers
\cite{Luis02b}. The lines represent $0.033+0.015 N_{\bot}$.}
\label{MaxHolevsN}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\onefigure[width=8cm]{GLopez5.eps} \caption{(Color online). Magnetic
memory for a single layer of 2.6 nm particles (black thin line)
compared with data obtained for a $N = 20$ multilayer in which the
interlayer separation is $t_{\rm Al_{2} \rm O_{3}} = 10$ nm (red
thick line).} \label{Aging4}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\onefigure[width=8cm]{EZvsH.eps} \caption{(Color online). Zeeman
energies estimated from the relaxation of ZFC magnetization curves
measured after aging the sample at zero field and at $T_{\rm w} =
15.8$ K for a waiting time $t_{\rm W} = 10^{4}$ s, before the
application of a magnetic field $H$. The inset shows the time
dependence of the magnetic viscosity, defined as $\partial M/
\partial \log(t)$ with $M$ being the sample's magnetization,
measured for (from bottom to top curves) $H=5$ $15$, $20$, $30$,
$50$, $60$, and $80$ Oe. This quantity shows maxima, marked by grey
dots, at the effective age of the system that decreases with
increasing $H$. The dotted line is a guide to the eye.}
\label{EzvsH}
\end{figure}

We also studied the effects of aging using a different experimental
method, which enables a more quantitative determination of
magnetic correlation lengths. For this, we measured the magnetic
relaxation of the ZFC magnetization of a $N=15$ multilayer at
$T_{\rm w}=15.8$ K. The sample was first cooled from $100$ K to
$T_{\rm w}$ in zero field. After aging the sample for $t_{\rm w} =
10^{4}$ s, a magnetic field $H$ was applied and the ensuing
magnetization measured as a function of time. This method has been
applied to estimate the number of correlated spins in spin glasses
\cite{Joh99,Bert04}, and recently applied also to investigate the
slow dynamics of frozen ferrofluids \cite{Wandersman08}. Its basic
idea is as follows. During the waiting time $t_{\rm w}$, at zero
field, magnetic correlations between nanoparticles grow
\cite{Lundgren83}. Typical free energy barriers $\Delta (t_{\rm w})$
for the flip of $N_{\rm s}(t_{\rm w})$ correlated spins increase
also with the age $t_{\rm w}$ of the system. This growth of
dynamical correlations reflects itself in the appearance of a
maximum in the relaxation rate, defined as $\partial M_{\rm
ZFC}/\partial \log(t)$, when the experimental time $t$ approaches
the age of the system $t_{\rm w}^{\rm eff} \sim t_{\rm w}$ (see Fig.
\ref{EzvsH}). A magnetic field $H$ reduces the free energy barriers,
from its zero-field value to $\Delta (t_{\rm w})-E_{\rm Z}\left[
H,N_{\rm s}(t_{\rm w}) \right]$, where $E_{\rm Z} \left[ H,N_{\rm
s}(t_{\rm w}) \right] = \mu \left[ H,N_{\rm s}(t_{\rm w}) \right] H$
and $\mu$ is the magnetic moment of a "drop" of $N_{\rm s}$
correlated spins. The energy shift induced by this Zeeman term
effectively reduces the "age" of the system according to
\begin{equation}
t_{\rm w}^{\rm eff}(H)=t_{\rm w}^{\rm eff}(H=0) \exp
\left\{-\frac{E_{\rm Z}\left[ H,N_{\rm s}(t_{\rm w}) \right]}{k_{\rm
B}T} \right\} \label{ageeff}
\end{equation}
\noindent therefore shifting the relaxation rate maximum towards
shorter times with increasing $H$, as it is indeed observed
experimentally (Fig. \ref{EzvsH}). From a series of experiments
performed at different fields, ranging from $5$ Oe up to $100$ Oe,
we have extracted the Zeeman energy $E_{\rm Z}\left[ H,N_{\rm
s}(t_{\rm w}) \right]$, which we plot in the main panel of Fig.
\ref{EzvsH}. The field dependence of this energy can be fitted using
a quadratic function of $H$, compatible with the following
expression

\begin{equation}
E_{\rm Z}\left[ H,N_{\rm s}(t_{\rm w}) \right] = N_{\rm s}(t_{\rm
w})\chi_{\rm ZFC}H^{2} \label{EZ}
\end{equation}

\noindent which was found to agree also with experiments performed
on frozen ferrofluids \cite{Wandersman08}. Inserting in Eq.
(\ref{EZ}) the measured FC susceptibility per particle $\chi_{\rm
FC}$, we estimate the number of correlated spins $N_{\rm s}$ to be
approximately $17$, i.e., rather close to the average number of
nearest neighbors ($12$) in a multilayer of nanoparticles
\cite{Luis02b}.

Our experimental findings suggest therefore that magnetic
correlations achieved after aging the sample at low $T$ extend
mainly to nearest neighbors. The detailed characterization of our
samples enables us to make a quantitative comparison of the present
results with predictions for the growth of correlations in
spin-glasses. Theoretical considerations as well as experiments
support the idea that correlations grow approximately as a power law
of time \cite{Wandersman08,Joh99,Komori99}:

\begin{equation}
\xi(t^{*},T_{\rm w})/d_{\rm nn} \sim \left( t^{*} \right)^{\alpha
(T_{\rm w})} \label{correlation}
\end{equation}

\noindent where $d_{\rm nn} \sim 4.4$ nm is the distance to nearest
neighbors, $t^{*} = t_{\rm w}/ \tau(T_{\rm w})$ is a dimensionless
timescale, the exponent $\alpha = 0.17 (T_{\rm w}/T_{\rm g})$, and
$\tau$ is the relaxation time of individual spins at the given
temperature. We have estimated $\tau = \tau_{0}\exp{\left( U/k_{\rm
B}T \right)}$ using parameters estimated, as described above, for
the noninteracting case: $\tau_{0} \sim 10^{-13}$ s and $U \simeq
430$ K \cite{Luis03}. For $T_{\rm w} = 15.8$ K and $t_{\rm
w}=10^{4}$ s, Eq. \ref{correlation} gives $4.2 d_{\rm nn} < \xi < 7
d_{\rm nn}$, i.e., between $19$ and $31$ nm for a single layer and
$3d_{\rm nn} < \xi < 4.2 d_{\rm nn}$ ($13-19$ nm) for a multilayer.
The upper and lower limits of $\xi$ correspond to, respectively, the
lower and upper limits of the freezing temperatures $T_{\rm g}$ that
are compatible with the ac susceptibility experiments described
above. Our magnetic memory experiments point to significantly
shorter correlation lengths $\xi \sim 4.4$ nm.

\section{Conclusions}
The central result of the present study is that we observe the same
magnetic memory and critical slowing down in two-dimensional
nanoparticle arrays, as well as in multilayers, suggesting that the
underlying physical behavior is also the same. The slowing down of
the ac (and dc) susceptibility curves measured on all these samples
can, in fact, be accounted for using the activated law
[Eq.(\ref{activatedtauc})] that is typical of two-dimensional
spin-glasses. These results suggest, therefore, that the glassy
magnetic dynamics observed in these materials is associated with a
phase transition occurring at $T_{\rm g}=0$, rather than with a
conventional spin-glass transition with a finite $T_{\rm g}$. This
conclusion is supported by the results of magnetic memory
experiments, which show that dynamical magnetic correlations are
rather short ranged and, in any case, shorter than expected for
canonical spin glasses.

As mentioned in the introductory section above, the
observed facts disagree with the prediction, derived from Monte
Carlo simulations, that Ising-like spins interacting via
dipole-dipole interactions should undergo a spin-glass transition
below a finite temperature\cite{Fernandez08}. Establishing the
origin for this discrepancy is beyond the scope of the present work.
Here, we content ourselves with discussing possible deviations of
real materials from the ideal conditions set by such models. In our
opinion, an important aspect to be considered is the, unavoidable,
distribution in particle sizes. In our multilayers, the distribution
is properly described by a Gaussian function of width $\sigma_{D}
\simeq 0.7$ nm, which is equivalent to roughly $\pm 1$ atomic layer
and provides an indication of the good homogeneity of these samples.
This narrow size distribution leads, however, to an extremely large
dispersion in the relaxation times $\tau$ associated with the
magnetic anisotropy of the nanoparticles. Using the parameters $U$
and $\tau_{0}$ given above (see also the second reference in
\cite{Luis02b} for further details), it follows that intrinsic
timescales separated by more than $13$ orders of magnitude can
coexist at temperatures near or below $T_{\rm b}$. A possible
consequence of this enormous dispersion is the following. Smaller,
and therefore faster, relaxing nanoparticles are able to immediately
react to spin flips of larger (slower) ones, minimizing their mutual
interaction energy. We have previously shown that this effect
accounts for the modification of the average relaxation times by
interactions, at temperatures close to $T_{\rm b}$ \cite{Luis02b}.
We might speculate with the possibility that the disorder in
relaxation times also hinders the growth of magnetic correlations at
lower temperatures. For instance, the formation of negatively
polarized magnetic clouds surrounding the largest nanoparticles can
screen dipolar interactions between them. Clearly, further
theoretical studies that include effects of disorder and
nonequilibrium dynamics are required to clarify the nature of the
collective magnetic response in nanoparticle arrays.

\begin{acknowledgments}
This work was partly funded under grants MAT08/1077,
MAT2009-13977-C03 and "Molecular Nanoscience" (CSD2007-00010) from
Spanish MICINN and PI091/08 "NABISUP" from DGA.
\end{acknowledgments}
$^{\ast}$ Corresponding author. Email: fluis@unizar.es

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
"""
Create service files
"""

def main():
    """
    main
    """
    from pymod.csf import CreateServiceFiles

    CreateServiceFiles().run()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    import sys
    sys.exit(main())

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The CWPN, Inc., is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit educational and networking organization dedicated to meeting the needs of the greater Wiccan and Pagan community in Connecticut and surrounding areas. The goal was, and is, to help provide a forum for Wiccans and Pagans to meet others of "like mind" and to come together and worship in a safe environment. Our hope has been to construct a sense of "community" in which we can all share with and learn from one another.
In 1989, Ainsely Friedberg, a local store owner, created an organization called The Fairfield County Wiccan Network. Many of its members were located in the Fairfield County area. This group soon grew to include the entire state of Connecticut and in 1994 it changed its name to CWPN. In 2002, the CWPN became a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization dedicated to meeting the needs of the greater Wiccan & Pagan population throughout Connecticut & the surrounding areas.
We host monthly networking meetings throughout the state, open Sabbat circles, coven and study group referral service, classes/work-shops, various social events and lectures with well-known members of the Pagan community. Some of our past guests have been: Janet and Stewart Farrar, Gavin Bone, Margot Adler, Ted Andrews, Dr. Leo Louis Martello, Tzipora Klein, Laurie Cabot, Raven Grimassi, Donald Michael Kraig, Phyllis Curott, Lori Bruno, Jane Sibley and Ellen Evert Hopman.
The CWPN also likes to encourage local people to share their talents and experiences with the community.
The CWPN is an organization dedicated to meeting the educational and networking needs of the Wiccan and Pagan community in Connecticut. Our goal is to build and maintain a community in which we can all share with and learn from each other. We sponsor discussion groups, open Sabbat circles, classes and various social events.


text:
Home»Reviews»THIS IS WHAT HAPPENED
THIS IS WHAT HAPPENED
by Mick Herron | Read by Steven Crossley
Mystery & Suspense • 7.5 hrs. • Unabridged • © 2018
The audiobook begins with high tension as the listener follows young, dim-witted Maggie Barnes on her mission to infiltrate her employer's computer system. Maggie has been manipulated by a mysterious gentleman to be a hero and save England by working for MI5. Then the audio takes a sharp turn into a slow-burn psychological thriller. Narrator Steven Crossley portrays the lead male character with arrogance and self-delusion, giving him additional credibility with the different personas he assumes. But having the same deep, gravelly voice conveying the female characters is more of a stretch. There are twists and turns, some obvious, others not, that will keep the patient listener engaged through the denouement. E.Q. © AudioFile 2018, Portland, Maine [Published: APRIL 2018]
Library Ed. • Recorded Books • 2018
CD ISBN 9781501980138 $92.75 • Six CDs


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Cultivate your purpose, Deepen your practice, Advance your career and community.
Learn how to teach yoga!
Learn to share the practice you love through an unparalleled 200 hour yoga teacher training experience in Eastern Iowa's corridor. FOUNDATION is where you begin -- it's the strong and connected environment to look inward and intentionally reach out.
Sarah and Kate bring their experience as practitioners, teachers, and yoga-minded business owners to this small group training. Our well-rounded, experiential curriculum includes benchmarks that honor your independent (and collective) journey as a yogi, yoga teacher, and yoga influencer in your community so no matter what your goals are when you start, you'll find a personalized result that deepens your love for yoga.
The training site is accessible. All students are welcome to apply.
$550 the 1st of each month through November 1st.


Lying on the lower stretches of the Yangzi River, Nanjing boasts a rich and impressive historical heritage and is also one of the cleanest and best-looking cities in China.
In heaven, paradise; on earth, Suzhou and Hangzhou. Its scenic vistas draw you into a classical Chinese watercolor of willow-lined banks, mist-covered hills, and the beautiful West Lake.
The well-known the "Land of Abundance" city owns panda and its special food very much as a point of pride. Featured with laid-back pace and diversity of cultural senses, one cannot feel unengaging lingering in the city.
Guangzhou, once better known internationally as Canton, hums along at a pleasantly sedate pace, where narrow, leafy streets conceal temples and mosques, pockets of colonial-era heritage, traditional dim-sum eateries, distinctive qílóu shophouses, and Lǐngnán architecture.
Kunming has long been regarded as one of China's most liveable cities. Known as the 'Spring City' for its equable climate, it remains a very pleasant place to visit.
Known as the Switzerland of the east, Qingdao boasts European architecture, coastal landscapes, local folklore, the worldly known Tsingtao Beer and Olympic Sailing Centre.
Notable for its beautiful ice sculpture festival in winter, the "ice city" Harbin serves as an important gateway in Sino-Russian trade nowadays.


text:
Film wars
N&R film critic gives us his take on 2015's movies, plus Oscar predictions
By Bob Grimm
Bob Grimm is a longtime N&R film critic who writes reviews and features for the Reno, Sacramento and Chico News & Review newspapers.
The movie year was actually quite terrible until December … and then it exploded.
This is something I've said many times before. The movie year has become quite predictable. You get a punch up May through July and a crap load of great movies in late November and December. Many of the other months can be barren.
Rather than taking the artistically enriched fertilizer that is great movies and then spreading it out on the field we call the film year generously and evenly over 12 months, Hollywood just takes a big dump on us in December.
On top of unleashing a new Star Wars this last month that totally rocked balls, a bunch of excellent films got in before the old Dec. 31 cutoff and made the year look substantial in retrospect.
The best of the year
1. The Revenant: Leonardo DiCaprio should be getting his first Oscar this year. His mostly dialogue-free performance here is the year's best in many ways. It's a case of an actor putting his everything into a movie, and the payoff is spectacular. By my count, he should have a few Oscars already.
This is the second year in a row I'm giving top honors to a film by director Alejandro González Inárritu, who made last year's Birdman. His film about a frontier man (DiCaprio) getting his ass kicked by a bear and seeking revenge on a villainous trapper (Tom Hardy as the year's nastiest bad guy) is a note-for-note perfect film. See it on the big screen and marvel at what a real filmmaker can do.
Also marvel at the sight of vegetarian DiCaprio eating a raw bison liver on screen. It's gross.
2. Anomolisa: This is the year's most visually innovative film and, because it was written and co-directed by Charlie Kaufman (Synecdoche, New York; Being John Malkovich); easily its most bizarre. It's a stop-motion animation movie that will blow your mind. It's nothing like anything you have ever seen, and you probably will never see anything like it again.
3. Steve Jobs: Michael Fassbender had a great year with Slow West, Macbeth and this one from director Danny Boyle (127 Hours). It's an unflattering look at the guy who, with his iTunes and phone doodads, killed that thing called patience for a large percentage of humanity. I love Apple Music, and I'm married to my iPhone 6 Plus, but my ability to shop and let conversations brew over time has been decimated. Thanks, Steve Jobs!
Anyway, it's a very well-done film.
4. The Hateful Eight: After the slight step backward that was Django Unchained (good, but not great), Quentin Tarantino gets back on track with this crazy, beautiful-looking Western that is an acting showcase for everybody involved. A lot has been said about the 70mm cut for its visuals, but not enough has been said about Samuel L. Jackson doing career-best work as a Civil War soldier turned bounty hunter who crosses paths with a surly, hairy Kurt Russell.
It's time to give Jennifer Jason Leigh an Oscar. She's so good it hurts in this movie.
5. Star Wars: The Force Awakens: J.J. Abrams has achieved geek bliss. Daisy Ridley gets my vote for an Oscar nomination as Rey. Star Wars is back in a big way.
I've seen it twice. I loved it the first time. I went crazy for it the second time. That's the mark of a great Star Wars movie. Yes, it follows many of the same beats from the original. I don't have a problem with that.
Are we still in spoiler-free zone when it comes to Star Wars? No, we aren't? OK, then let me tell you about what happens to …
I'm kidding.
6. Inside Out: Pixar gave us two films in 2015, and this would be the better of the two. This would be the much better of the two. It has inventive characters, an engaging plot and a terrific voice cast, including Amy Poehler and Bill Hader. The other one has dinosaurs harvesting corn. Did you hear me? Dinosaurs harvesting corn!
7. The End of the Tour: Some of the year's best dialogue occurs between Jesse Eisenberg's reporter and Jason Segel's David Foster Wallace in this road trip movie about the book tour for Infinite Jest. Segel makes another nice foray into the dramatic, while Eisenberg gets in another good performance before putting himself under the microscope as Lex Luthor for this year's Batman v. Superman: Dawn of Justice. That's going to make or break his career.
8. Spotlight: Michael Keaton continues his return from the dead as a newspaper editor investigating some bad priests in Boston. You'll find one of 2015's best ensemble casts in this one (Keaton, Mark Ruffalo, Rachel McAdams, Liev Schreiber).
9. Beasts of No Nation: Abraham Attah and Idris Elba are astoundingly good as an African boy and his terrible commander/father figure fighting a bloody civil war. Produced by Netflix.
10. Brooklyn: A young Irish woman (Saoirse Ronan) has to choose between Ireland and Brooklyn, N.Y., in the '50s. The only problem I have with this movie is that there are too many damned Yankee fans in it.
11. Ex Machina: With this robot movie and a little thing called Star Wars, Oscar Isaac got his charismatic ass into the year's two best science-fiction offerings.
12. Love & Mercy: Whether or not you like the music of Brian Wilson and the Beach Boys, it's fascinating to watch Paul Dano's depiction of a young Wilson filling his living room with beach sand and trying to make animals sing. John Cusack does his best acting in years as an older, more scattered Wilson, while Elizabeth Banks impresses as the love interest that got Wilson away from his crazy doctor (Paul Giamatti).
13. Creed: Another great '70s franchise got its seventh chapter this year. This one finds a creative way to fire up the Rocky machine again by making Rocky Balboa (Sylvester Stallone) the mentor character, not unlike Burgess Meredith in the original series. Michael B. Jordan is impressive as the son of Apollo. He also took real punches in the face and allowed himself to be knocked out in the name of great cinema.
14. The Martian: Matt Damon won a Golden Globe for best actor in a musical or comedy in this Ridley Scott sci-fi adventure. That is a bit of a stretch, but he does have plenty of funny moments as a dude stranded on Mars eating potatoes cultivated by his own poop. Actually, maybe this is a comedy.
15. Straight Outta Compton: While Jason Mitchell is quite good as N.W.A. rapper Eazy-E in this biopic, O'Shea Jackson Jr. (son of Ice Cube) is perhaps the film's real star. There were times I was convinced I was watching his dad.
16. Room: Jacob Tremblay will break your heart as Jack, a 5-year-old captive who knows nothing beyond the small room in which he's been imprisoned his whole life. Brie Larson is equally good as Ma, who was kidnapped when she was 17 and is trying to give her son a life with meaning.
17. Sicario: Emily Blunt, Josh Brolin and Benicio Del Toro are all exceptional in this scary tale of Americans intervening in Juarez, Mexico. While it isn't a horror film, some of its scenes are certainly among the year's most frightening.
18. The Big Short: Another outstanding ensemble (Steve Carell, Ryan Gosling, Brad Pitt, Christian Bale) in the service of some good directing from Adam McKay, taking a break from his usual broad comedies to examine the housing bubble that nearly collapsed the world economy.
19. It Follows: There were many good horror films this year, and I'm going to give this nice ode to John Carpenter the edge over the likes of Bone Tomahawk, We Are Still Here and Goodnight Mommy. Expressionless people unrelentingly following you can be really scary.
20. Cop Car: Kevin Bacon stars as a creepy cop in pursuit of two stupid kids who take his patrol car for a joyride. Director Jon Watts has been handed the Spider-Man franchise, and I'm guessing some executives saw his work here and thought the guy might know what he's doing. I'm telling you, he most certainly does.
The worst of the year
1. A Walk in the Woods: Nick Nolte acts like a jackass with broken glass in his throat for nearly two hours, and Robert Redford does a lot of bug-eyed looks. This is a movie about hiking the Appalachian Trail that spends very little time on that trail and a lot of time in laundromats and diners. This might be the worst movie Redford has ever made, and he was in Indecent Proposal. Nolte needs to stop. Just stop.
2. In the Heart of the Sea/Blackhat: Chris Hemsworth sucked major ass in two lousy movies this year, and he wasn't all that good in the colossal letdown Avengers: Age of Ultron either. I recommend this movie if you like huge bullshit-looking CGI whales and fake beards chased with spazz dialogue.
3. The Good Dinosaur: This mess has dinosaurs harvesting corn! The production problems that plagued the movie are glaringly evident in the mess that wound up on screen. The dinosaurs look like salamanders. It's a blight on the cinematic rose that is Pixar.
4. The Green Inferno: Eli Roth released two movies this year. This one involved cannibals and body horror, two things very much in his wheelhouse. The other (Knock, Knock) involved Keanu Reeves getting harassed by two girls. The one with Reeves was much better. That's a big surprise.
5. Fantastic Four: Why can't anybody make a decent Fantastic Four movie? Come on! There's a rock guy, and a stretchy guy and a guy constantly bursting into flames. These should be the ingredients for never-ending excitement. Yeah, an invisible woman is kind of boring, but there's a guy constantly on fire in this franchise! How come they keep screwing it up?
6. Pixels/The Cobbler/The Ridiculous Six: Let's just stick all of the Adam Sandler movies into one foul lump. It's just safer that way. It's worth noting that Tom McCarthy, frontrunner for a directing Oscar (Spotlight) also directed The Cobbler. It's been an off-kilter year for Mr. McCarthy.
7. Fifty Shades of Grey: This movie is about as erotic and romantic as sticking your dick into a vat of hardened, moldy bacon grease and stroking your butthole with a recently deceased parakeet. I'm not saying I've ever tried such things, but I felt I should illustrate, and … well … actually … I should probably drop this subject right now.
8. Unfriended: An entire movie staring at a computer screen while a bunch of teen douchebags Skype each other. I'm not exaggerating … that's what this was about. An exercise in pure, tedious boredom. Movies now apparently cost $73 to make. You future director kids better get cracking on those iPhone cameras!
9. The Gunman: This is basically a movie with the sole purpose of showing you that a shirtless Sean Penn still looks pretty good even though he smokes 50 packs a day. He has washboard abs, and his career is in the toilet.
10. Chappie: If you need to see a robot movie made in 2015, see Ex Machina. This one's insipid nonsense. I also think its failure caused director Neill Blomkamp's star to fade, thus delaying plans for his Alien 5 where Ripley, Corporal Hicks and Newt would've come back to life in some sort of alternate universe. So, in some ways, Chappie is the film I hate most in 2015.
The year ahead
In 2016, you will be getting a lot of sequels and reboots! The already mentioned Batman v. Superman, an all-female Ghostbusters, the long-awaited and perhaps dreaded Independence Day sequel and the next Captain America are all on the way.
As for the more cerebral, the Coen Brothers will deliver Hail, Caesar! and Terrence Malick directs Knight of Cups. Jeff Nichols helms Midnight Special, and Seth Rogen gives us the animated Sausage Party. Actually, Rogen has described that last one as the dirtiest, most juvenile thing he's ever made, so don't expect it in the Oscar race.
Also, yep, another Star Wars movie in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story. I hope you kids like your Star Wars because you are getting heaping spoonfuls of it every year for the foreseeable future.
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How to check if cache is being used or not?
I am using infinispan as hibernate 2nd level cache.
I am calling above method findAll every 5 min. As alert entity is cacheable, should the values be fetched by cache instead of going to the database?
I have enabled logging of cache but I don't see any logs showing it is fetching from the cache instead of going to the database.
is there any hibernate property which i need to set ?
Are you hoping to use the query cache?
I had the problem and I used the query hint org.hibernate.cacheable from Hibernate.
JPA tells the provider (e.g. Hibernate) that you want to use this query property or hint.