text:
IS ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM A THREAT IN KAZAKHSTAN?
Publication: Prism Volume: 4 Issue: 7
April 3, 1998 08:00 AM Age: 24 years
By Talgat Ismagambetov
The seizure of power by the Taliban in Afghanistan and the influence of Islamic parties in Tajikistan have attracted attention to the issue of Islamic fundamentalism. Is the fear of religious extremism well founded where Kazakhstan is concerned?
Like the majority of the Turkic peoples of the former Soviet Union, the Kazakhs are Sunni Muslims. As nomadic herders, however, they were relatively late converts to Islam, and the process of Islamization was interrupted by several centuries-long intervals that saw dramatic declines in Islamic influence.
The expansion of Islam occurred in three main waves: during the tenth and nineteenth centuries, and in the 1990s.
Transoxania (a translation of the Arabic Mavarannahr, denoting the area lying between the Syr-dar'ya and Amu-dar'ya Rivers) was Islamized by the Arabs in the eighth century. Islam did not reach the territory of today's Kazakhstan until a century later. The first wave of Islamization, which encompassed only the southern part of what is now Kazakhstan, began in the ninth and early tenth centuries.
Until the tenth century, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeanism, Nestorian Christianity and Buddhism all coexisted in the region alongside traditional paganism — Tengrianism — remnants of which persist to this day. Islam was brought to the region by missionaries from the already Islamized Mavarannahr. Their success was to some extent due to political considerations: leaders of the nomadic tribes saw conversion to the new faith as a way of securing the support of Mavarannahr's Muslim rulers and as an excuse to launch raids into neighboring regions under the banner of "fighting the infidel."
The Mongol conquest in the 1220s put an end to the first wave of Islamization.
The second wave, which followed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, was stimulated by predominantly political factors. Russia, which had begun to colonize the region in the late sixteenth century, originally encouraged the spread of Islam by protecting the Muslim clergy. Only later, in the mid-nineteenth century, did the Tsarist government try to curtail the expansion of Islam into the steppes. This rearguard action did not weaken the Kazakhs' adherence to their faith. Strict controls over the building of new mosques and limits on the number of clergy proved unable to counteract the consolidation of Islamic belief.
Politics also played a role in ending the second wave of Islamization: religious practice was suppressed under Communist rule.
Kazakhstan's third wave of Islamization began in the 1990s. The number of religious communities grew rapidly between 1990 and 1995. In 1989, there were 671 religious communities, belonging to twenty confessions and denominations, in Kazakhstan. By 1995, there were 1,180 registered religious communities belonging to almost thirty confessions and denominations. Muslim communities grew most rapidly. New mosques were built in virtually every city and town. Mosques closed down and confiscated during the Soviet years were returned and restored to their original purpose; and a number of buildings which were not originally intended for religious purposes were also turned over to religious communities.
The first edition of the Koran in the contemporary Kazakh script, which is based on the Cyrillic alphabet, was published in Almaty in 1992. An Islamic Institute was opened and began to train clergy. Increased interest in Islam in turn stimulated an interest in the study of Arabic literature.
Support came from several Islamic states, notably Turkey, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Egypt, for example, spent an estimated $10 million designing and building an Islamic Cultural Center in Almaty. President Nursultan Nazarbaev laid the cornerstone of this center in 1993. His words on that occasion reflected his desire to preserve the secular character of the state while fostering a single understanding of Islam in Kazakhstan: "I have seen and heard various interpretations of Islam in the enormous territory of Kazakhstan. The time has come to develop a unified, precise and coordinated body of knowledge," Nazarbaev said. (1)
Since 1995, the rate of growth of Muslim communities has dropped off in Kazakhstan. Islam has had to contend with the fact that almost half of the population of the republic hold views that can best be characterized as agnostic; that is, they are neither atheists nor do they profess any specific religion.
Logically, the next step of the third wave of Islamization would be the adoption of the norms, ideas and rites of Islam on a mass scale and, if Islamic values took root, the Islamization of political life. So far, however, Islamic fervor remains restricted to the south of the country and shows no sign of spreading to other regions of Kazakhstan.
In general, fervor among Kazakhstan's Muslims is low. Muslims in Kazakhstan tend to have relatively little knowledge of the principles of Islam and show little interest in politics. However, the amorphous structure of Kazakhstan's Muslim communities and the unpopularity of Mufti Ratbek-kazi, head of the Spiritual Board for the Muslims of Kazakhstan (DUMK), who is loyal to the present government, could encourage the emergence of competing centers of spiritual authority. (2) In this regard, the spread of the Hanbalite rite of Sunni Islam, with its strict observance of Shariah norms and its intolerance of unbelievers, deserves attention.
In a poll taken in Kazakhstan in 1996, no fewer than half of all ethnic Kazakhs questioned described themselves as believing Muslims. Fewer than four to five percent called themselves atheists; while the rest declined to specify a religious orientation.
A poll of university students in Shymkent, capital of South Kazakhstan Oblast, where ethnic Kazakhs make up a majority of the population and Islam has always been more firmly rooted than in other parts of Kazakhstan, found that students tended to be particularly religious: almost 80 percent described themselves as believers while only 11 percent did not. But this religiosity is still in the formative stage: only four percent of respondents said they went to a mosque once or twice a week; 18 percent attended mosques on religious holidays; 32 percent — once or twice a year; and 44 percent — no more than once a year. It is worth noting that many respondents described religion as a means of protecting themselves from the difficulties of life. Almost half of the students polled did not rule out the possibility that Kazakhstan might develop in an Islamic direction, and 11 percent said they considered religious fundamentalism an inevitable consequence of Kazakhstan's geopolitical closeness to Muslim countries. (3)
The influence of Islam in Kazakhstan is determined by demographic factors, the need to fill the ideological vacuum left by the collapse of communism, and the peculiarities of clan, tribal, ethnic, religious and civic identification.
In pre-revolutionary times, clan, tribal and ethnic identities were of overriding significance, with religion also playing an important role. In the Soviet period, the state-sponsored concept of a politically-monolithic, multinational Soviet people was the dominant paradigm, and the influence of religious and tribal identities tended to decline. The collapse of Soviet ideology opened the way again for the expression of ethnic, religious, civic and tribal identities. The importance of civic consolidation, which would make religious and other forms of identification less significant, is understood by the government and all the leading political groups. In the absence of a pan-national Kazakhstani civic identity, however, the prospects for such consolidation are still unclear at present.
Kazakhstan today faces an important choice: will civic or religious identification assume the leading role in coming decades?
Demographers estimate that, by 2015, Kazakhstan's population will number 18 million, up from 16 million in 1997. The proportion of ethnic Russians in the republic is expected to have fallen to 20 percent (from 38-39 percent in the early 1990s) while ethnic Kazakhs will make up over 60 percent of the population (at present, they constitute 51 percent). The rest of the population is likely to be made up of Uzbeks, Uighurs and other people of non-European, traditionally Muslim, descent.
So far, the ideological void left by the collapse of communism has been filled by a return to an undogmatic form of Islam. Prayers are gradually becoming a part of popular demonstrations demanding the payment of wage arrears. The reduction of the network of cultural institutions (museums, libraries, schools) which served for decades as the medium through which the population was introduced to knowledge and spiritual values, has left a gaping hole in ordinary people's lives. In these circumstances, the general unpopularity of the official clergy and of official Islam could open the door to other spiritual influences.
At present, the only form of identity able to compete with religion is Kazakhstani civic identity. The main obstacle to the formation of such a civic identity is the lack of a common idea around which Kazakhstani citizens of all nationalities could rally. In these circumstances, the weakness of Kazakhstan's political opposition and its failure to elaborate a strong alternative to the government's positions could facilitate the development of a radical Islamic alternative as a means of political mobilization. So far, however, the politicization of Islam remains only a remote possibility in Kazakhstan.
1. Sovety Kazakhstana, June 17, 1993
2. The establishment of DUMK in January 1990, separate from the Central Asian Spiritual Board which had determined policy on Muslim affairs until then, was one of the most important causes of the increase of awareness of Islam in Kazakhstan
3. S. B. Aidosov, "Mirovozzrencheskie orientatsii studentov: otnoshenie k
religii," in Sayasat, No. 9, 1997, pp. 48-49
Translated by Mark Eckert
Talgat Ismagambetov is an independent political researcher in Almaty.
Prism is a publication of the Jamestown Foundation. It is edited by Elizabeth Teague and Stephen Foye.
The opinions expressed in Prism are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Jamestown Foundation.
If you would like information on subscribing to Prism, or have any comments, suggestions or questions, please contact us by e-mail at <[email protected]>, by fax at 202-483-8337, or by postal mail at The Jamestown Foundation, 1528 18th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036.
Unauthorized reproduction or redistribution of Prism is strictly prohibited by law.
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The Changing Face of Islamist Militancy in North Africa contains the proceedings of a panel from Jamestown's December 2008 conference entitled "The Expanding Geography of Militant Jihad." The report includes presentations by Theresa Whelan (Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for African Affairs, Office of the Secretary of Defense); Andrew... MORE


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Why Are 40% Of Football Players Going Bankrupt?
Almost every week the same story hits the press – a mega-rich celebrity, musician or premiership footballer has declared bankruptcy. Recently both Scary Spice (net worth of over $50 million) & Boris Becker ($126 million net-worth) both ended up bankrupt.
But perhaps most disturbingly is that a reportedly 40% football players now declare bankruptcy post-retirement.1
Are ex-players simply squandering their millions? Or do similar threads exist throughout each story, that we can learn from?
So we dived in, researching a host of bankruptcies to discover why and what lessons we could learn…
Aggressive career earnings before financial wisdom
Most footballers earn in a year what many earn in a lifetime then slam into retirement a few short years later. It is as if their entire financial life is compressed into the same time it took us to graduate from university.
Good financial habits and decisions need to be made as early on as possible. However many of us are five years into a career before we consider reviewing our own financial health – pensions, investing into an ISA or even living in a surplus increasingly doesn't start until our late twenties.
If a footballer were to follow the same timeline he might well find himself in retirement before he's even started.
Lesson 1. Create good financial habit's early
As pointed out in several popular personal finance books such as How To Own The World and Why Wasn't I Taught This at School? decisions to live in a financial surplus and investing need to be made early. This is no better proved than the tale of the two investors.
Jack began investing £500 a month at aged twenty for ten years (a total of £60,000), at thirty he then never invested a penny again. Thirty-five years later (at retirement age) at a return of 10.99% (the average return of the FTSE All Share) he ended up with £5,136,211 (yes 5 million!).
Compare this to the Billy who began investing at age 30, again £500 every month, yet this time for 35 years (a total of £210,000), yet despite achieving the same rate of return at retirement age would only end up with £2.5 million, 51% less than the Jack, despite investing 250% more. This is due to the power of compound interest.
Even if you have £10 to start with, simply setting up accounts, direct debits and getting into the habit enables you to know exactly where to put your cash once it arrives and sets you up for the future.
Compound interest is the eighth wonder of the world. He who understands it, earns it … he who doesn't … pays it - Einstein Click To Tweet
'I saw wealthy players buying their designer wash bags and new cars and felt I had to keep up with them.' Danny Cadamarteri (ex-premiership football player) told FFT. 'It's easy to get caught up in it all.'2
A silent force seems to exist imploring many to match material wealth via impulse spending to those closest to us and when you're keeping up with fleets of exotic cars and mansions, debt can sometimes be the only way to keep up.
This creates an ugly situation when earnings being to decline yet car and house costs continue to grow. A perfect financial storm appears on the horizon.
Examples include Eric Dejemba-Djemba who reportedly owned 10 4×4 cars yet declared bankruptcy in 2007. 3
Lesson 2. Don't get afflicted with lifestyle creep
Investors call it 'lifestyle creep' you or I might refer to it as 'keeping up with the Joneses'. But does it actually make us happier?4
The University Of Bristol ran a research project reviewing the happiness levels of 9,000 people between 1994-1999 and found no correlation between happiness and income level relative to that of neighbors. 5
So if keeping up with the Joneses brings us no additional happiness – why do we keep trying?
Vices that cripple – a culture of gambling
In 2014 a study by the Professional Players' Federation found footballers are three times more likely to have gambling issues than the average population. 6.
So what's behind the high rate of gambling?
Doctor Henrietta Bowden-Jones a consultant psychiatrist in addictions for the Nightingale Hospital whose patients include elite sportsman spoke to Four Four Two on the issue:
'Early life events which were serious enough to make a player want to escape them are also common in players with gambling addictions. Then you've got a confident individual who believes that he will be successful in predicting the outcomes of sporting events, combined with a surplus of cash – and that's a dangerous combination of factors.' 7
Graham Law a post graduate researcher at the University of Chichester interviewed 34 current and former professional players as part of a PHD in how gambling was affecting performance on the pitch.8
Graham found players were enticed by both a betting culture and as a way to pass time when away from families.
'Players choose to gamble as a way to relieve boredom on journeys to away matches and after training sessions on pre-season tours.'
Furthermore, one premiership player told him: 'It's the culture to gamble in football and it can get dangerous when it grips you.'
Michael Chopra's (former Newcastle United, Cardiff City, and Sunderland striker) lawyer via the Independent told a court 9:
'He started gambling when he was 17 and would often wager up to £30,000 in cash with other players on the team bus on the way to matches.'
Furthermore, Dietmar Hamann admitted losing £288,000 on a single cricket match bet, after he took up gambling for a distraction from personal life problems.
Finally, Eidur Gudjohnsen said he lost £400,000 over five months after boredom crept in following an injury.
Lesson 3. Watch your vices
There seems to be an almost endless supply of footballers who've been overtaken by alcohol and gambling. Even popular Sky Sports Pundit Paul Merson lost £5m went on gambling, alcohol, and drugs and went bankrupt in 2011.
Often betting can be confused with investing and the high-risk nature of overstretching yourself with huge investments are often the reaction of a gambling mindset.
By keeping investments such as property or stocks & shares to a clear routine, getting help for your vices and avoiding cultures of gambling we can hope to avoid the same fate.
Terrible investment advice
Without a clear understanding of how to invest, aggressive career earnings and very public income levels, footballers become a clear target to agents acting on behalf of unscrupulous investments, often copying teammates by sinking large amounts of cash to investments which later come back with a bite.
Whereas an eighteen-year-old might sink his life savings of £2,000 in Cryptocurrency, see his investment plummet and then cash out at preciously the wrong moment. With such a long future ahead of him his chances of recovery are incredibly high, yet if a footballer were to do the same the result could be catastrophic as the money needed to support himself for the next 60+ years could vanish in an afternoon.
Part of the issue is no rules seem to exist around agents who take charge of players money and invest on their behalf, no formal credentials are needed and it's often the decisions the agents make that the players are unaware of that comes to haunt them.
Dean Windass – Former Hull City Striker declared bankrupcy following HMRC tax bills of £164,000 based on an investment he made which never paid him a penny.10.
Rio Ferdinand, Andy Cole, Robbie Savage, Martin Keown and Danny Murphy were also rumored to have invested in investments schemes by Kingsbridge Asset Management which earned millions in commissions before turning sour.11
The scale was astonishing with the firm admitting to having advised more than 100 players.
Lesson 4. Learn personal finance for yourself – even if using advisers
With such huge wealth footballers often become honeypots with flies all buzzing around them in the form of agents, financial advisers and estate agents who all see footballers as easy pickings.
Even using recommended advisers can become hazardous as players see them as close friends and struggle to fathom whether their advice is genuine or not.
So what can we take from this? Even if you plan on using advisers a basic sense of personal finance can safeguard yourself from bad investments.
I used to be under the assumption footballers were the lucky ones but with a reportedly 40% becoming bankrupt, a divorce rate of 33% within one year of retirement (another assassination of wealth that came up again and again) and a 80% rate of osteoarthritis, I'm starting to feel my terrible football skills were a blessing in disguise!.
That's before you combine a lack of financial knowledge, often little transferable skills and half the country wanting your cash.
But things are looking up, as charities such as Xpro have been set up to provide a safety net for player upon retirement.12
Tax advisers such as Peter Fairchild has visited in excess of 35 teams, providing teenage academy players with basic advice to lay the foundations for a sound financial future:
"I tell them what they see on their contract isn't what they'll see in their bank accounts," he tells Four Four Two before adding: "They live inside the bubble of an academy, so they're shocked to hear they might only get half of their wage after tax and national insurance contributions."13
Finally, even the Professional Footballers Association has now created a commercial arm linking up with Pro Sport Wealth Management, to provide independent financial advice.14
So with these combined networks emerging, we hope the present and future footballers will have a better financial chance than their predecessors and by analysing where they went wrong we too can hope for a more prosperous future.
Enjoyed reading this? We write articles like this twice a month. To be notified when a new one comes out enter your email in the box below:
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Gordon Taylor, OBE writing for The PFA added:
The PFA has always provided financial advice to all our members and provides a non-contributory pension scheme of over £5,000 per year for every member plus death benefit of 4 x earnings up to £600,000.
We also advised AGAINST 'film schemes' from the outset and are looking to provide with the Premier League, a savings scheme for all young professionals.
We also financially support the Sporting Chance Clinic and have a 24-hour helpline to assist all players with addictive and mental welfare issues and provide debt advice through a specialist lawyer.
1. The other side of football's coin: Divorce, dysfunction and depression, Peter Staunton, Goal.
2. Why do so many footballers end up broke, Alec Fenn, Four Four Two.
3. Eric Djemba-Djemba was on £75k-a-month at Man United.. but every penny was going on loan repayments, reveals St Mirren new boy's ex-agent, Alan Marshall, Daily Record.
4. Definition of Lifestyle Creep, Investopedia.
5. Neighbourhood Effects In Germany, Gundi Knies, University of Bristol.
6. Professional Players Federation
8. Top soccer players are under-performing because of gambling, Graeme Law, University of Chester.
9. Gambling in football premier league players underperform due to betting habits, Chris Green, Independant.
10. Dean Windass on his tax nightmare: 'People are looking at me like I have tourettes, Ian Johnson, Gazette Live.
11. Former Arsenal and Manchester United Stars Face Ruin Over Millions In Unpaid Tax, Jess Staufenberg, Independant.
12. XPro.
13. Why do so many footballers end up broke, Alec Fenn, Four Four Two.
14. Professional Footballers Association team up with Pro Sport Wealth Management, PFA.
15. Gambling Helpline.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


well said. God's ways are truly not our ways. Lately, I have been thinking of how people have a tendency to want to make God in their own image, when we are made in His. God is Holy and He calls us, to be Holy.
Every time I see your background picture of your cat, I think of my Baby, who is sleeping by me now!
Great words Sandra!! I love your blogs!!


Campsite Quinta da Cerejeira is a campsite with 30 touring pitches. During low season, between 15-03-2019 - 01-06-2019, 01-07-2019 - 15-07-2019 and 01-09-2019 - 01-10-2019, the nightly rate is €18,- at one of the 30 touring pitches at Campsite Quinta da Cerejeira in Ferreira do Zêzere (Santarém). At this campsite you can not only use your CampingCard ACSI for inexpensive camping, you can also use your ACSI Club ID (as an alternative ID).
A beautifully located campsite in a lovely garden and orchard. A campsite with good accommodation. Refurbished sanitary facilities. Friendly Dutch owners.
Arrived for couple of nights and stayed for a week. This is a very well run site, very peaceful and quiet. Set in various fruit trees. Very nice pool, with various seating arrangements. Fresh bread delivered every day.
Wij hebben zeker genoten van ons verblijf op Quinta da Cerejeira! Deze camping was precies wat wij zochten in hartje Portugal: rust, prachtige natuur, genoeg privacy maar erg vriendelijke en gastvrije eigenaars die altijd klaar stonden om onze vragen te beantwoorden. Je kunt zien dat de eigenaren de camping met veel liefde onderhouden.
De camping zelf is prachtig gelegen tussen de heuvels en de bossen, maar winkels en supermarkt zijn op loopafstand. Ook het stuwmeer Zêzere is dichtbij en absoluut de moeite waard. Verder zijn Tomar en Coimbra aanraders, en met de auto zeer makkelijk te bereiken. Een ideaal plekje om het binnenland van Portugal te ontdekken.
Would you like to book Campsite Quinta da Cerejeira or request more information? You can do both using the information below.
From the IC3 Tomar-Coimbra drive towards Ferreira do Zêzane N238, then towards Vila de Rei. Just past Ferreira do Zêzere take first left at campsite sign, then follow the signs to the campsite.
CampingCard ACSI will send your information request to "Campsite Quinta da Cerejeira".


The Aqua Lung Ergo Neoprene Sock: Low Top is designed for comfort. The ergonomic, left and right foot specific design reduces bagginess for a warm and smooth fit. The sock helps prevent blisters while wearing open heel fins and protects your feet from hot surfaces in the sun. The Ergo Neoprene Sock: Low Top is available with and without grip silicone print in sizes XS-XL.


Compared to plastic fermenting buckets and conical fermenters, glass carboys (shown in picture) are fragile, harder to clean.
They can be sanitized effectively as glass is scratch resistant, and provide a good oxygen barrier for long term storage.
Most are not available in sizes larger than 6.5 gallons.
For more information see the Ferment and package step of our Brew Day: Step by Step article.


Training start time is generally 10:00am on Sunday mornings - unless we are playing an Away Game. Please see Fixtures List elsewhere on this web site for more information on Away Games.
At Grove Juniors, the emphasis is on every child enjoying themselves and developing their skills at the game of rugby – as an individual and as part of a team.
We meet at Cane Lane Playing Fields at 10.00 each Sunday morning from the start of September to the end of April, except when we have away matches.
We have a well-run clubhouse selling bacon rolls and hot and cold drinks during training and home matches.
If the match is an away fixture the children are taken to the venue by parents, so this can mean an earlier start. Sharing lifts is often a good idea. Food is provided to the players on match days.
For youth teams, the 2018/19 season starts on Sunday 2nd September at 10am. New players are always welcome, and there is no rush to commit or pay anything. September (and training sessions, generally) are particularly good, because you can simply drop by the club at around 10am on a Sunday. This applies to Mini squads (U5-U12) all month and Juniors (U13-U17 boys and U13-U18 girls) most Sundays (check individual Junior team fixtures, in case playing an away match in the second half of the month).


During 2018 I will focus on continuing to provide you with meaningful portraits, while also creating new ways to work together. I plan to announce several new products throughout the coming year and I could not be more excited.
I look forward to spending time with you, your families, and your businesses during 2018.
I appreciate you and your business and I wish you the Happiest 2018!
One of the highlights of my year was being named one of the best photographers in DC by the DC City Paper. I am so grateful!
What is the #1 Thing You Should Do When Preparing for Your Family Photo Session?
I have a long write-up I give my clients about how to prepare for their sessions....the question I'm asked the most often is "what should I wear"....but I will tell you a secret, there is really only one important thing you need to do to make it the best photo session ever.
Just be calm. Don't worry. I am a mom, I have seen it all. I don't care how your house looks, I don't care how your children act. I know how to deal with it all.... and I know how to pose you to look your best (yes, even you, mom, who just gave birth).
So, just R E L A X.
You do not need to tell you child to look at me. You do not need to tell them to smile. You do not need to re-model and re-decorate your home before I come. You do not need to have a sleepless night before the session.
You do need to sleep. You do need to wake up with a heart full of joy, you do need to kiss and hug your family, you do need to sit back, trust me, and let me be in control. I am here to do the work and you are here to enjoy your family.
I promise you, you will love the outcome.
WOW...wow....what an honor to be able to photograph this family. The joy and love was palable.
Currently, during my sessions, I am finding myself so drawn to the mother's that I am photographing. I catch them during sessions looking at their family, in between moments, with the wind in their hair, smiling....it is incredibly natural....and special.
Please vote for Claire Harvey Photography!
I would be so appreciative if you could take 20 seconds and vote for me in this years City Paper, Best of D.C.!
I was lucky enough to make senior portraits for my amazing niece when she was visiting for Thanksgiving.... an athlete, singer, performer and all around amazing soul.
What a special time to capture these teens as they head off to a new chapter and really become adults living on their own. I think back often (maybe way to often haaa) about what a fun and exciting adventure college was. I was lucky enough to have one of the best college experiences one could ask for. I am hoping this for my sweet niece and all those embarking on this adventure, too!
This family choose one of the coolest locations in DC for their shoot and I was SO excited. I loved using this modern apartment building for the shoot. The sun was high in the sky and the love palpable.
Thank you for bringing me into your homes and hearts this year and trusting me to capture your special moments. This was an extraordinary year and I can't wait for all 2 0 1 7 will bring.
As 2 0 1 6 comes to a close, I am reflecting on how grateful I am for another year of working with amazing clients, both new and returning. I am so grateful and enthused by the growth of the business year after year; and I am launching into 2 0 1 7 with the goal to bring you quicker turnaround times, more products, additional availability, and of course, new creative ideas and the same passion I bring to every session.
I was fortunate this year to do more at-home sessions - - I really fell in love with coming into you homes. If you have not yet embarked on an at-home session, I would really encourage you to think about it. They are special and intimate. I have found a passion in newborn photography and look forward to expanding these types of sessions this coming year. I loved working with teenagers this year! Very different than toddlers, and I enjoy the differing dynamic the two types of sessions bring. I also have enjoyed doing some more editorial work this year, working with CPC Childswear, a classic children's clothing line out of Rowayton, CT. Finally, this was the year I rebranded, Claire Harvey Photography, and I am so excited to have a logo that I feel more accurately reflects my business and style.
Thank you for your trust in me and I cannot tell you how excited I am to be heading into 2 0 1 7 with a great deal of momentum and creative ambition.
oh, and this family that I hold so dear and is so very special to me.
This has been my busiest summer yet which means I have been.... sweating.... A lot.....I am so grateful for the work I have been given this summer which included awesome travel and new clients.
One thing that has stood out during the summer months and the travel - Love and support. I felt so surrounded by love and support this summer as I was joyfully hoping from place to place. I feel so fortunate. And I am so grateful.
Guys, this session just sent me over the edge..... Wait no, I mean, over the moon! This light and color tones are totally ideal and I had so much fun working with this beautiful family. There is so much good here.


text:
Q: How to set a hash key using a variable in Ruby 1.9? I have a variable that is a string. I want to create a hash using the variable as a key. In Ruby 1.8, I used the hashrocket syntax, like this:
my_key = 'arbitrary'
my_hash = {my_key => 'my_value'}

In Ruby 1.9, there is a new syntax and I can do this:
my_hash = {arbitrary: 'my_value'}

But how do I do convert the variable to a key? I tried:
my_key = 'arbitrary'
my_hash = {:my_key 'my_value'}
my_hash = {my_key.to_sym: 'my_value'}
my_hash = {:my_key.to_sym 'my_value'}
my_hash = {my_key.to_sym 'my_value'}

Do I have to continue to use the Ruby 1.8 syntax?

A: Let me introduce you two ways to do what you exactly want. If you don't want to continue using 1.8 syntax and hashrockets anymore, ruby-doc.org recommends doing it in this way in Ruby 1.9.3:
my_hash = Hash.new

my_key = "key000"
my_hash[my_key] = "my_value"

Livedemo: http://ideone.com/yqIx2M
Second one (more similar to what you are trying to achieve) is:
my_key = "key0"
my_hash = Hash[my_key, "value00"]

puts my_hash

Livedemo: http://ideone.com/HHLyAi

A: {arbitrary: 'my_value'} is syntactic sugar for {:arbitrary => 'my_value'}, and :arbitrary is syntactic sugar for 'arbitrary'.to_sym(yes, this is a lie, since :arbitrary interns when the interpreter reads the code and 'arbitrary'.to_sym interns when it executes the code, but for the sake of the explanation let's pretend they're equivalent)
So, {arbitrary: 'my_value'} can be written as {'arbitrary'.to_sym => 'my_value'}, and since you have the key in a variable, you can use:
my_key = 'arbitrary'
my_hash = {my_key.to_sym => 'my_value'}

Keep in mind though that when you use to_sym you are risking creating lots of symbols, which will stay in memory forever(ish), so you might want to consider using string-keys with your old syntax. For more info about the difference between strings and symbols read this: http://www.randomhacks.net/2007/01/20/13-ways-of-looking-at-a-ruby-symbol/

A: Ruby 1.9 syntax applies only to Symbol literals. With anything else, that is keys not being Symbol, or not being literals (like in your example), you still need to use hashrocket.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package org.elasticsearch.client.ml;

import org.elasticsearch.client.ml.job.config.Job;
import org.elasticsearch.client.ml.job.config.JobTests;
import org.elasticsearch.common.xcontent.XContentParser;
import org.elasticsearch.test.AbstractXContentTestCase;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.function.Predicate;

public class GetJobResponseTests extends AbstractXContentTestCase<GetJobResponse> {

    @Override
    protected GetJobResponse createTestInstance() {

        int count = randomIntBetween(1, 5);
        List<Job.Builder> results = new ArrayList<>(count);
        for(int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            results.add(JobTests.createRandomizedJobBuilder());
        }

        return new GetJobResponse(results, count);
    }

    @Override
    protected GetJobResponse doParseInstance(XContentParser parser) throws IOException {
        return GetJobResponse.fromXContent(parser);
    }

    @Override
    protected Predicate<String> getRandomFieldsExcludeFilter() {
        return field -> !field.isEmpty();
    }

    @Override
    protected boolean supportsUnknownFields() {
        return true;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/errno.h>
#include <sys/syscallsubr.h>

#include <fsyscall/private/fmaster.h>
#include <sys/fmaster/fmaster_proto.h>

static const char *sysname = "dup2";

static int
fmaster_dup2_main(struct thread *td, int from, int to)
{
	enum fmaster_file_place place;
	int error, lfd, refcount;

	/* The following code is needed to detect EBADF */
	error = fmaster_get_vnode_info(td, from, NULL, NULL);
	if (error != 0)
		return (error);

	if (from == to)
		return (0);

	error = fmaster_unref_fd(td, to, &place, &lfd, &refcount);
	if (error != EBADF) {
		if (error != 0)
			return (error);
		if (refcount == 0)
			switch (place) {
			case FFP_MASTER:
				error = kern_close(td, lfd);
				if (error != 0)
					return (error);
				break;
			case FFP_SLAVE:
				error = fmaster_execute_close(td, lfd);
				if (error != 0)
					return (error);
				break;
			case FFP_PENDING_SOCKET:
				fmaster_log(td, LOG_INFO,
					    "%s: closed a pending socket for du"
					    "p2(2) destination: fd=%d",
					    sysname, to);
				break;
			default:
				return (EBADF);
			}
	}

	error = fmaster_dup2(td, from, to);
	if (error != 0)
		return (error);

	return (0);
}

int
sys_fmaster_dup2(struct thread *td, struct fmaster_dup2_args *uap)
{
	struct timeval time_start;
	int error, from, to;

	from = uap->from;
	to = uap->to;
	fmaster_log(td, LOG_DEBUG,
		    "%s: started: from=%u, to=%u",
		    sysname, from, to);
	microtime(&time_start);

	error = fmaster_dup2_main(td, from, to);

	fmaster_log_syscall_end(td, sysname, &time_start, error);

	return (error);
}


The Doctoral Programme in Health Sciences is coordinated by the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra and grants degrees in the areas of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences.
The PhDHS offers a unique opportunity for highly motivated students wishing to pursue a doctoral degree in Health Sciences.
The training opportunities encompass laboratory-based research, pre-clinical and translational research, as well as clinical research.
Integrating institutions devoted to different aspects of Health research, the Programme creates a privileged environment that fosters the development of transdisciplinary projects on health sciences.
Research leading to the doctoral thesis.
The Doctoral Programme in Health Sciences enrolls 20 students per year holding a degree in Medicine, Dentistry, Biochemistry, Biology, Nursing, Health Technologies, or other areas of relevance to pursue a Doctoral degree in Health Sciences.
Equal opportunity statement: The Doctoral Programme in Health Sciences practices an affirmative action and equal opportunity policy. We value diversity and we have a strong policy against discrimination at work of any kind. Recruitment of students should reflect the diversity of the national and international community where the School is integrated.


Heating oil can be a large expense for rural homeowners, especially over the winter months. Follow these tips to save as much money possible on your heating oil bills all year round.
You can begin using less heating oil immediately by setting your thermostat to come on at least an hour before you need it. This seems counterintuitive, but setting your heating to come on early will make the house comfortable for you, making it much less likely you'll turn your thermostat up in an attempt to heat your house up quickly. Turning up the temperature in order to quickly warm your house is extremely inefficient, and should be avoided at all times if possible.
Draft excluders are a quick and affordable way of saving money on your heating bills, potentially saving you hundreds of pounds in heating costs over the years. Installing energy-saving solutions like solid-core doors and double- or even triple-glazed windows will cost more upfront, but if you're planning on staying in your house for years, they're an investment that can save you hundreds of pounds over time. They also have the added benefit of increasing your property's value, as well as insulating your home from sound.
Another way to save money on your heating costs is to have your house thoroughly insulated. This is especially important in homes which were constructed over twenty years ago, as they will not have been built to modern standards. See how much properly insulating your house could save you on the Energy Saving Trust website. As with improving your doors and windows, insulating your home will save you more the longer you stay in your current house, and will also boost the value of your property if you ever come to sell.
You can also save money on your heating oil by joining a local community group with your neighbours — we've written about how to join the Surlingham Parish Council group here. Plus, some heating oil companies, such as Rix, offer an easy payment plan, which can help you or your community group offset the upfront cost.
To make sure you're burning heating oil with maximum efficiency, be sure to regularly bleed your radiators, as well as having your oil tank serviced by an OFTEC-registered technician so it's running at maximum efficiency. You can find your nearest OFTEC-registered technician here.
It's also important to take advantage of any heating benefits which you may be entitled to in order to keep your heating expenses down to the absolute minimum. You can check which heating benefits you may be entitled on the government website.
Follow these tips, alongside common-sense tactics such as turning the heating off when there is nobody indoors and when everyone is asleep, and you'll save as much money as possible on your heating oil.


If I become ill, do I have the right plans in place to protect me, my family and my business?
If I need care in later life, can I afford it………….. and will I still be able to leave a legacy?
When I die, I want to provide for my family….. but have I thought of everything?
I want to retire while I'm still young enough to enjoy it…….. how can I achieve this?
I'm comfortable that I have savings……… but is my money actually helping me to achieve my goals?
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I have no hesitation in recommending them to anyone who values an individualised service where the client comes first.
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Both our business affairs and our personal finance are safe in Gareth's hands, and we have no hesitation in recommending him to our friends.
The whole team provide a friendly and personal service. They always explain the options clearly. I first contacted them over ten years ago on the recommendation of my brother; we both continue to seek their advice and guidance. Where ensuing circumstances have tested that advice, it has stood the test. What more could one ask.
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The yearly review of my portfolio ( with documentation) has always been useful, and knowledgeable and I have been given me clear unbiased advice at all times.
They patiently explain complex financial matters in terms and ways I can understand. Their help and advice is made and left without pressure, for my decision. Furthermore they are supported by excellent office assistants. I have real confidence in the advice!
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The team are fully committed to giving the best possible advice to their clients They are efficient & always approachable, fully informed about the current situation, & totally prepared for any consultation. It is more like discussing with a well-informed friend than consulting a business official, with the confidence of being sure they know what they are talking about.
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Wedding bells rang on Thursday for billionaire real estate magnate Harry Macklowe and French businesswoman Patricia Landeau, who tied the knot at Brooklyn's Weylin inside the former Williamsburgh Savings Bank.
Though Landeau, who is in her early 60s, skipped the traditional white wedding gown, she didn't skimp on her outfit for the nuptials. The bride wore a pink and orange tweed Chanel dress from the luxury label's resort 2019 collection that retails for $8,150, along with a matching pink scarf and statement earrings.
She also carried a custom Edie Parker clutch ($1,895) monogrammed with "HMP," the newlyweds' initials.
Landeau topped things off with a calf-length fur coat; according to Marc Kaufman of Marc Kaufman Furs, prices for Russian sable outerwear like hers can exceed $100,000, depending on the place of purchase.
Macklowe — whose long and messy divorce from Linda, his wife of 58 years, was recently finalized — wore Brioni for the occasion, and selected a pink tie and socks that matched Landeau's ensemble.
As Page Six previously reported, Macklowe surprised his new wife with an interesting wedding present ahead of their ceremony: a gigantic portrait of the couple spanning 42 feet by 24 feet, which he had plastered across the northwest corner of 432 Park Ave., his landmark residential tower.
Harry Macklowe and Patricia Landeau celebrate their recent nuptials with friends.


The War that commenced on 28th July 1914 was initially a conflict between the Triple Alliance of France, Russia and Britain and the Axis powers of Germany, Austro Hungary and Turkey. By the end of the conflict in 1918, over 100 countries big and small, had become involved, such that it could truly be called the First World War. To a casual reader of WW1 books, it may seem that this was a European Continental war fought in France and Flanders and in Russia. Certainly, the War was ultimately won on what became known as the Western Front. Much has been written about the big battles that took place there over the period from 1914 to 1918 and the battle names are now forever etched in British Military History - Mons, Ypres, Loos, Somme, Arras, Messines, Passchendaele, Cambrai, Amiens and others of 1918.
During that global war, Great Britain and her Empire had 8,689,467 men under arms, of which 62% fought in France and Flanders. If Sir Douglas Haig had had his way, especially from 1917 onwards, there would have been an even greater proportion on the 400 miles of the Western Front. The reason that 38%, some 3,289,904 men fought in other theatres of war, is a testimony to a conflict of thinking between Haig and the Western Front supporters and Lloyd George and the Easterners of whom Winston Churchill was one. As the war dragged on into 1917, with higher and higher casualty rates at Arras and Passchendaele, Lloyd George was reluctant to let Haig have all the troops he asked for and became more convinced that the war could not be won on the Western Front. Thus, during the four years of conflict, there were considerable numbers of Divisions in far off places - Mesopotamia ( Iraq ) 889,702 men ,Egypt and Palestine 1,192,511 men, Salonika ( Greece ) 404,207 men, Italy 145,764 men and Gallipoli 468,987 men. Added to these figures, were the mass of troops who were in the UK training the New Army or were performing important roles in the administration, transport and medical services of this gargantuan Army. There can also be added the untold numbers of volunteers who were rejected for military service of any kind.
I have researched 19 relatives and their involvement in WW1 of whom six served in a theatre of operation outside the parameters of the Western Front. These are their stories.
Seaford Camp in Sussex was extensively used throughout WW1 as an initial training base before postings overseas. George must have spent two months in training, during which time they the Army discovered that he could not march because of his hammer toes!
Surely there could have been another role for him in the expanding Kitchener's New Army? Instead, as I know from my father, grand-dad George went back to work in the mines. This probably meant that he never got conscripted in 1916 because he was then in a protected occupation, and being almost 6 feet tall, he never got the call to become an RE tunneler. Interestingly, his military service record has a section where a note about the 1914-15 Star has been crossed out with the result that he has no Medal Index card and therefore received no medals. Had he remained in the army, he would have been posted to Salonika in 1915 and remained there for the whole of the war, where malaria and other diseases took as much of a toll as the fighting.
Another relative whose WW1 service was somewhat limited in its activity was my maternal grand-mother's brother, Albert Jarvis. He was born on 18th March 1888 into the Jarvis family of Felsted, Essex. His father was Arthur Jarvis, a farm foreman, who together with his wife Lucy, lived on Woods Farm in Bannister Green, Felsted . By the time my grandmother was born in 1902, Arthur had gone to Canada and lived in Winnipeg working as a meat packer. Because of his age, I naturally assumed that Albert had fought with the CEF and could even have been in one of the crack battalions used so frequently by Haig when the going got tough in places like the Somme, Vimy, Passchendaele and Amiens in 1918. As the Canadian Army service records were not destroyed by fire and have been digitalized I put his name into the Ottawa database and sure enough there he was. He was called up under the Military Services Act 1917 that introduced conscription in Canada.
At the age of 29, he had not previously volunteered as had some of his cousins in the UK. According to the papers, he passed a medical examination on 26/11/1917 as A2 meaning that he was fit enough for Army training.
This meant that in the space of a year he had fallen from an A2 fit man, capable of going into the infantry, to a man only able to undertake sedentary service in a Home Camp. Presumably, by January 1919, there was not much work of this type, hence the Army dispatched Albert back to civy street.
There is much evidence that sexually transmitted diseases were rife during the war and especially amongst Dominion troops in France who were far from home and unable to see loved ones on leave. It is estimated that 416 000 men from the BEF and Dominion forces were admitted to hospitals for sexually transmitted diseases and that, across the UK, there were specialist hospitals to treat them. One source estimates that in 1915 alone, 22% of the Canadian troops on the western front had a STD. Some evidence supports the rumours that the high command organized brothels behind the front line. Mademoiselle from Armentieres was not the kind of girl to take home to see your mother. Some have even suggested that such diseases were intentionally contracted to avoid active service. Whatever the reason, Albert did not follow in the footsteps of other Winnipeg enlistees and was not amongst those crack battalions of Canadians who left their indelible mark on the history of WW1.
In 1914, the Ottoman Empire, based upon Constantinople, extended into the Arab world of what we now call the Middle East. This included Iraq or as they preferred to call it in 1914, Mesopotamia - the land between the rivers, rich in oil, which the British badly needed. Thus, only a few days after we declared war on the Turks, a force of British and Indian troops landed in Mesopotamia to protect the oil fields. This force became known as the Indian Expeditionary Force - IEF.
The Indian army elements were reinforced with Battalions from the UK, including the 2nd Battalion Norfolk regiment. The British involvement in Mesopotamia went well for a time, until in late 1915, a significant portion of the IEF found itself besieged in the city of Kut along the banks of the Tigris. General Townshend, an experienced Indian army officer, directed the defence of Kut, expecting that a relief column would arrive from the British base at Basra to the south. However, he failed to judge the food and water supplies and to take account of the fact that the Turks were commanded by a 72 year old German Field Marshall and were enhanced by the transfer of experienced Turkish troops from Gallipoli which the allies had evacuated in January 1916. A relief column under Lieutenant General Sir Fenton Aylmer, set off up the Tigris but met with stern resistance from the Turks and appallingly wet weather more akin to the Western Front. This caused the Tigris and its tributaries to flood the marshy area over which the relief column was having to advance towards Kut. Fierce fighting ensued to April 1916 when it became obvious that the Kut garrison could not hold out any longer and surrendered under Turkish terms on 29th April 1916. This was one of the worst ignominies of the Great War. Townshend and over 10000 men went into captivity of which more than 3000 died of sickness and malnutrition.
Two of my relatives spent time in Mesopotamia, although thankfully neither of them was at Kut. Samuel J. Maltby was my grandfather's older brother. Living in Cambridge, he had enlisted in the territorials long before the war began and had been called up on 8th August 1914. He spent a very brief period from March to April 1915 in the Ypres area with the 1st Battalion Suffolk regiment before a foot injury caused him to be hospitalized in the UK.
It then appears, that after recovering sufficiently to be pronounced fit for active service, he was transferred to the 3rd Bn Norfolk regiment - a home based battalion in Felixstowe. As Pte 20002, he did not have to wait long to be posted to the 2nd Battalion Norfolk Regiment. This became part of the 7th Division, 21st Infantry Brigade in a composite battalion made up of 2nd Norfolks and 2nd Dorsets.
Thus, on 19 January 1916, Samuel was sent out to Mesopotamia, where he remained until 10 May 1916. Samuel was in a section of the 2nd Battalion Norfolks that was not trapped in Kut where they had been forced to surrender to the Turks. The war diary WO95/5138 reveals some details of their activities during the period February to May 1916 when a force was gathered together in a failed attempt to relieve Kut.
4/2/16 Composite English Battn formed with detachments of 2nd Norfolks and 2nd Dorset Regt. The battn. Being detailed to the 21st Bde. Strength of the Battn on this date 45 officers 850 ORs.
29/2/16 The men were tired the Bn having had little rest since 6th of month. It started to rain at 12 noon and conditions could hardly be worse. It was found impossible to get any food or tools into the trenches that night.
31st March Between 21st and 31st March the extra vigilance necessitated by our close proximity to the enemy ( 150 yds ) rapid construction of new trenches and the large amount of digging which had fallen upon the men have undoubtedly told upon the men who are at the present moment much fatigued.
12Th April At 4pm strong northerly winds arose which brought up the marsh and flooded the trenches. At approach of darkness enemy left his trench in our front offering a fine target which was taken advantage of.
22nd April At 6 15am 19th Bde attacked and 21st Bde stood fast to await orders.
At 7 30 am 21st Bde moved in support of 19th it became evident that 19th Bde had been obliged to give way before the enemy's counter attack. We were practically powerless to assist in beating back this counter attack.
The enemy advanced and appeared to be gathering for a further counter attack this was dispersed by our artillery who inflicted heavy losses on the Turks who withdrew. About 10 30 am the enemy showed a white flag and an informal armistice took place lasting until sundown. During the armistice all our wounded were collected up to the enemy's front line. Turks would not allow our parties to cross their front line trench.
From the above account it seems as if the Mesopotamian campaign had similarities with the Western Front in the trenches with flooding and the dominance of artillery fire-power, plus the extremes of temperature and diseases of all kinds.
Contact with the Norfolk regiment museum in Norwich produced Samuel's medical record showing that he developed signs of an illness during the voyage to Mesopotamia in January 1916. In late April, 1916 he had a fever and developed colitis so badly that he was sent off to Bombay to the Gerard Freeman hospital on 11th May 1916.
The next entry shows that on 4th June 1916, he was in the 15th General Hospital Alexandria, Egypt with Enteric Fever - namely Typhoid. After that, he was sent home to the UK on 12th July 1916 in the Hospital Ship, Gloucester Castle. Arriving on 23th July 1916, he was transferred to West General Hospital in Manchester ,where he remained until the end of October 1916. The Gloucester Castle had been a hospital ship since September 1914 and had been used in the Dardenelles. She was torpedoed in March 1917 in the English Channel, but did not sink and was repaired as a merchant vessel - eventually being sunk in WW2.
On 24th October 1916 the medical board report showed that Samuel had Cardiac Dilataiois - meaning he had a weakened heart caused by the active service and climatic conditions as described in the war diary. Thus, on 14th November 1916, he was discharged as medically unfit for any further service in the Army and on 16th December 1916 he received the SWB no 104979. According to his Army service record, he also received a war pension that was annually reviewed, with the last entry dated 10 April 1918, although he probably continued to receive his war pension long after this. His experience of WW1 was almost totally confined to the inside of numerous military hospitals across the Western Front, Mesopotamia, India, Egypt and finally Manchester.
The other relative to serve in Mesopotamia was Leonard Livermore a cousin of my maternal grandmother. He had been a stockman on a farm in Essex, before enlisting in October 1915 at the age of 30. He was deemed unfit for front line duties because of a back injury, and thus spent 18 months in the UK with the RE Signals Depot at Milton Keynes. His initial war service included periods in hospital with a STD and an injury caused by falling off a wagon that he was driving - resulting in a charge of negligence, from which he was acquitted. After almost two years of doing little for the war effort, his unit was sent to Mesopotamia on 28 April 1917.
By this time, with the capture of Baghdad, the tide had turned in Mesopotamia. More troops had been sent there by Lloyd George, who was convinced that victory would not come on the Western Front. What exactly Leonard Livermore did in Mesopotamia is unknown, but like so many others, he did not escape the diseases. He contracted malaria and like thousands of others, was sent to a hospital in India on 29 June 1917. He arrived at a hill station, Deolali in July 1917 and remained there until August 1917. This hospital, N E of Bombay, was the origin of the term DOOLALLY meaning 'to go mad' - probably because so many of its occupants had intense fevers. Leonard's Army service record shows that he spent the rest of his army career in an Indian hospital!
Between 2nd and 11th April 1918 he was back in hospital with Malaria and still in India. On 29 January 1919, he was admitted to a hospital in Poona and on 1st February 1919 he was transferred to No 44 General Hospital, Deolali. On 24th February a telegram was sent from the Central Casualty Bureau in Simla to the Casualty Branch War Office, London. It stated that RE Signal Depot 73750 Livermore L. was seriously ill with a sexually transmitted disease, complicated by cystitis. It seems that they did not expect him to survive. He remained in hospital until May 1919.
Finally on 22nd July 1919, he was again admitted to hospital in Poona - this time with influenza. The Spanish flu pandemic, which was sweeping the world, killed between 20 and 50 million people. Leonard survived, being discharged from hospital on 9th August 1919 and then embarking for the UK on 11th November 1919, exactly one whole year after WW1 had ended.
On 5th January 1920 he was de-mobbed and returned to civy street, probably to a farm job. In 1921 he received the British War and Victory Medals for his rather unusual service to King and Country.
Those, like Lloyd George and Winston Churchill, who favoured the Eastern approach to victory, caused the British and Empire soldiers to pay a very heavy price for their grandiose schemes.
It has been estimated that for every front line infantryman, there were 9 support troops behind the front lines and at home in the UK.
The RAMC was responsible for operating all the Army's medical units although, as the war was prolonged, it had to be assisted by voluntary organisations like the British Red Cross, St John's Ambulance, the Friends Ambulance unit, the Voluntary Aid detachments ( VADs ) and private and charitable organisations.
As the casualty rates increased, the RAMC had to develop a complex chain that processed the casualty from the front line and back to hospitals in the UK, although not all the wounded went through all of the stages. What follows is a simplified description of the various stages as provided by the Long Long Trail website.
During Front line actions the wounded were likely to have received first medical attention at aid posts situated in or close behind the front line position.
This was a mobile medical unit, not a vehicle. Each British division had three such units, as well as a specialist medical sanitary unit. The Field Ambulances provided the bearer posts but also established Main and Advanced (that is, forward) Dressing Stations where a casualty could receive further treatment and be got into a condition where he could be evacuated to a Casualty Clearing Station.
The CCS was the first large, well-equipped and static medical facility that the wounded man would visit. Its role was to retain all serious cases that were unfit for further travel; to treat and return slight cases to their unit; and evacuate all others to Base Hospitals. It was often a tented camp, although when possible the accommodation would be in huts. CCS's were often grouped into clusters of two or three in a small area, usually a few miles behind the lines and on a railway line.
Casualties would normally be moved from the CCS to a Base Hospital by specially-fitted ambulance train or in some circumstances by barge along a canal.
Once admitted to a Base Hospital, the soldier stood a reasonable chance of survival. More than half were evacuated from a General or Stationary Hospital for further treatment or convalescence in the United Kingdom. The Stationary Hospitals, two per Division, could hold 400 casualties each. The General Hospital could hold 1040 patients. They were located near the army's principal bases at Boulogne, Le Havre, Rouen, Le Touquet and Etaples. The establishment of a General Hospital included 32 Medical Officers of the RAMC, 3 Chaplains, 73 female Nurses and 206 RAMC troops acting as orderlies, etc. The hospitals were enlarged in 1917, to as many as 2,500 beds.
Existing military hospitals were expanded; many civilian hospitals were turned over in full or part to military use; many auxiliary units opened in large houses or public buildings; and many private hospitals also operated. A number of hospitals had been identified before the war for use and operation by the Territorial Force. ( T A ).They were generally based at existing hospitals and other large facilities. For example, the 1st Southern General Hospital was based on the Great Hall at the University of Birmingham. They did not exist as such prior to the war other than for training purposes, but were mobilised in August 1914. All were expanded during war time, not only on the primary sites but with the addition of Auxiliary Hospitals and annexes. They were staffed by a mixture of TF Nursing Service personnel and volunteers from many different organisations.
One such T F hospital was the 1st Eastern General Hospital based in Cambridge.
The First Eastern General Hospital was a military hospital established by the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1908 provisional upon mobilisation. Many of Addenbrooke's medical and nursing staff served on its staff . During World War I the hospital had its headquarters in Trinity College, with beds in the Leys School and in the grounds of Trinity College, and later in temporary buildings on the cricket grounds of Clare College and King's College to the south of Burrell's Walk, with over 1,500 beds by the end of 1915. The hospital continued its war duties until 1920. Wounded soldiers were also offered beds in Addenbrooke's itself, Albert, Griffiths and Bowtell wards being commandeered for this purpose and regarded as an extension of the First Eastern. The last soldiers were withdrawn from these wards in March 1919, 2885 having been admitted since 1915.
While the building of the hospital was underway on a former cricket field belonging to King's and Clare Colleges, patients being repatriated from Europe were housed in the Leys School and Trinity College. The completed hospital, a series of pre-fabricated wooden huts, had up to 1,700 beds, operating theatres and ancillary buildings, a Post Office, shop, cinema and other recreational facilities. The First Eastern's open air wards and its curative use of direct sunlight and saline baths in the treatment of war wounds attracted a great deal of public attention. Auxiliary hospitals – for convalescents and patients with venereal disease – were also built in the city and surrounding villages.
One of the RAMC orderlies at this 1st Eastern General hospital in Cambridge was Frederick E Maltby, a cousin of my maternal grandfather. Frederick was born in 1894 and at the time of the 1911 census, he was living at 21, Broad Street, Cambridge with his father Ernest, who was a robe maker, and his mother Jane. He was17 and employed as a Museum assistant in a Botany Department, perhaps at the Fitzwilliam Museum.
His service record exists, telling us that he joined the Territorial Force on 19th April 1915 in the RAMC, possibly because he had a scientific bent from his job. He was mobilized on 19th April 1915 as Private 1816 (later 481126) R A M C and posted to 1st Eastern General Hospital at Cambridge. As has already been explained, the 1st Eastern had its HQ in Trinity College, with beds in the Leys school, in the grounds of Trinity College and in temporary buildings on the cricket grounds of Clare and Kings. Later, part of Addenbrookes Hospital was commandeered and in effect became an extension of the 1st Eastern.
According to his Army service record, Frederick spent the whole of his service from 19th April 1915 to 8Th March 1919 on the Home Front and therefore was not entitled to any War medals and has no Medal Index card. On 27th November 1915 he passed an examination to become an operating theatre attendant and on 28th March 1916 he was promoted to Corporal. He may even be in this photograph?
He appears to have been stationed in Cambridge for most of his service, although on 28Th March 1918, his record shows that he returned to the rank of Private on a change of station to Blackpool, which was a major training camp for the RAMC. I do not know how long he remained in Blackpool, but his demobilisation papers of 8th February 1919 were signed from Thetford, which suggests that he had returned to the Eastern region at some point. The hospitals at home functioned well after the war had ended and Frederick was not actually de-mobbed until 8Th March 1919, by which time he was living in Bristol, although his records show that he remained in the Territorials until 21rd March 1920.
There are no war diaries for the General hospitals and regrettably I have no written records by Frederick himself, though there are many other diaries from nursing personnel to provide us with evidence of what it was like to work in these hospitals . Fortunately, Philomena Guillebaud - a resident of Cambridge, has researched the 1st Eastern Hospital in her book FROM BATS TO BEDS TO BOOKS. In this excellent publication she tells us the history of the hospital and what became of the site, namely the present University library. She paints a picture of the conditions both for the staff and the patients there.
From this important source we know that the 1st Eastern General hospital was mobilized at the outbreak of war and was housed in various parts of Cambridge. University and school buildings were used before the huts on the Kings and Clare colleges' cricket ground were opened in October 1914, having been built at rapid speed by a local building firm, Negus. There were 1250 beds by the end of 1914. The hospital was commanded by Lt Colonel Joseph Griffiths a surgeon from Addenbrooke's Hospital, part of which was integrated into the 1st Eastern later in the war. Griffiths was extremely energetic and full of ideas. The 1st Eastern was the only hospital of the 23 Territorial Force hospitals not to be built adjacent to an existing hospital or in existing buildings. The hutted hospital was completely new and all its facilities had to be built from scratch. This gave Griffiths the opportunity to build it to his specifications, making it an open hospital with initially no sides to the huts. This, he argued, was good for the patients, with the fresh air helping them to recover - although the staff may not have thought so in the cold winter! The huts did have awnings to keep out the wet weather and the patients had a multiplicity of methods to keep them warm including blankets, hot water bottles and an early version of an electric blanket! Later in the war, most of the huts were given sides. The hospital had a special feature for open wound patients whereby they were immersed in warm circulating water that was a very effective cure. This open-air hospital did become famous and attracted a lot of visitors to see how it worked, including George V. There are many photographs of the hospital, now in the Cambridge Central Library, taken throughout its operation by a local photographer Palmer Clarke. It can be seen how much it changed, with flowers, sports and other facilities to make it as comfortable as possible for the patients. To reduce the austere look of the hutted wards, the bed covers were coloured and allied flags were hung from the beams. Fully operational, the hospital was like a small village with a population of 2000 people, a Post office, canteen and newspaper store.
As the war progressed, casualty numbers rose, and so did the number of beds. Official numbers were 1500, but at peak periods it went above this and during July 1916 there were 2434 patients admitted in one month. To ensure that beds were available at peak periods, patients were moved to convalescent units located in and around the Cambridge area, normally in large country houses.
From April 1917, many staff from the UK based TF hospitals were transferred to new Hospitals in France to meet a severe shortage of beds nearer to the front line. This created a crisis for 1st Eastern and medical students from Cambridge University were called in to to help fill the gaps.
The nursing staff was made up of Nurses, RAMC orderlies (like Frederick Maltby) and V A D s (Voluntary Aid Detachments). The female staff lived off site in college accommodation whilst the RAMC lived on site in the hutted village.
During the period from October 1914 the 1st Eastern probably had 70 to 80000 patients of whom 43% came from the B E F and 57% from the Home Based forces. 97% of the patients were other ranks and only a few were officers. Some men with serious wounds were transferred for surgery to home based hospitals such as the 1st Eastern, as it had a well equipped operating theatre in which Frederick Maltby was a theatre orderly.
Those of you to whom this is addressed have caught a venereal disease usually because you have been with a strange woman. So long as the disease is on you there is no room for you in the active service line which is entrusted with the defence of your country.
You cannot be allowed to go to the fighting line lest your disease may be spread to others and thus cause misery and trouble to those who have denied themselves.
It is expected that you will co-operate and assist to make yourselves clean and again to become men in the best sense of the word , making up your minds not to spread a loathsome disease to anyone even the vilest enemy.
One suspects that such a high moral tone did not reach the young Tommies who, faced with the ever present threat of instant death, decided to visit Mademoiselle from Armentieres and her friends.
In September 1919 the 1st Eastern General hospital closed its doors. Philomena Guillebard's excellent book tells how it became temporary housing in the 1920s, as the country tried to provide homes fit for heroes. Later, in the 1930s, the University Library was built upon the site. Nothing physical now remains of the hutted hospital in which Frederick Maltby and his RAMC and nursing colleagues looked after 80000 soldiers.
One other important section of the support troops was the Labour Corps. It was formed in January 1917 and grew to almost 400000 men, 10% of the army, by November 1918. Of this number, 175000 were working in the UK, made up of men who had been medically rated below the A1 condition necessary for the front line troops. Many of these men had been wounded and deemed fit to return to other duties. The Labour corps played a very important role, both in the battle zones and the UK, although they were always treated as a kind of second-class army. Few official records exist to tell us what the daily activities were or where the units were located.
One member of this Labouring Army was private Albert Jarvis, my maternal grandmother's cousin. He had enlisted on 31st August 1914 aged 22 and was posted to the 9th Battalion Essex regiment, part of 12th Eastern Division. He was posted to France on 30th May 1915 and took part in the later stages of the Battle of Loos . In June 1916, along with thousands of others, he moved south to be part of the Big Push at the Battle of the Somme. Fortunately the 9th Essex did not attack on 1st July, instead having to watch the disaster unfold from behind the attacking battalions. They went into action at Ovillers on July 3rd when Albert Jarvis became another casualty listed in the Times of 5th August 1916.
As Albert's army service records do not exist, I sought the assistance of Chris Baker's Fourteeneighteen Research Organization, which found out that Albert Jarvis and other returning wounded were posted to the 32nd battalion Middlesex regiment based at Gorleston, Norfolk. On 24th November 1917, about 100 men from 32nd Middlesex were transferred to the Labour Corps and subsequently posted to 660 Agricultural Company with its HQ in Norwich. Agricultural Companies were formed by the Army Council in June 1917 and men from the home-based units were drafted in to assist with the 1917 harvest and to provide labour detachments for farm work for the remainder of the war. With no further details, again we can only suppose that Albert Jarvis from rural Essex remained working on Norfolk farms for the remainder of the war. Whatever his wound, it had been serious enough to prevent his being sent back to the front. For Albert, it must have been a return to a rural farm life that he had known from child hood and a chance to make an important contribution to the war effort at home. No doubt he had leave and a chance to return home to Felsted on a regular basis until on 15th February 1919, he was transferred to Class Z Army Reserve, enabling him to return to civilian life. Albert's pension record shows that he received 12 shillings per week from 7th January 1920 and that he was recorded as having died on 16th July 1930 at the age of 38.
Trying to trace the activities of a soldier who served in a UK unit is extremely difficult without his Army service papers as there are few war diaries for such home based units. This has been the case with Leonard Shallish the older brother of my paternal grandmother Mildred Weekes nee Shallish. Leonard appears on the 1911 census as being 30, married with a baby son and employed as a carter. His Medal Index Card shows that he was private 67463 Worcestershire regiment but it does not show any medals having been issued to him.
Contact with the Worcestershire Regiment museum showed that he was called up in 1917 aged 36, probably under conscription and because he has no medals, he was most likely placed into a home based unit. The Long Long Trail Website provides a list of all the regimental battalions formed in WW1 and includes the Worcestershire regiment 15th and 16th (Transport Workers) Battalions formed in Swindon in December 1916 and Bristol in March 1917. These Battalions spent most of the war in Swindon and then in Southampton in 1918. As Leonard was a carter by trade it seems fair to assume that he was in one of these Transport Workers Battalions.
What precisely they did is well explained in the Hansard of 5th August 1919 in a House of Commons answer given by Colonel Wilson the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Shipping.
So Leonard Shallish spent his war helping to transport vital cargoes out of the docks and railway depots to wherever they were needed, filling the gaps in the labour force caused by so many men fighting at the front. Whilst not risking his life, he nevertheless made his contribution and it seems very mean of the nation not to recognize this with its War Medals!
Even those who served in fighting units sometimes found themselves based in the UK. My maternal grandfather's oldest brother Sidney Maltby, from Cambridge, was in the RGA from 1915 to 1919. For the majority of this time he was in UK depots. Sidney, married and a boot maker by trade, enlisted on 15th December 1915 at the age of 35. He did so under the Derby scheme a forerunner to conscription, whereby a man enlisted and could then await call up. Sidney was in Group 15 of this scheme and was mobilized on 12th October 1915. He became gunner 124979 in the RGA, going to one of the large training camps located at Clipstone colliery, Nottinghamshire. Following a period of initial Army training, on 16th November 1915 he was sent to the RGA depot at Southampton.
Again the Long Long Trail website has a potted history of the Royal Garrison artillery.
The Royal Garrison Artillery: developed from fortress-based artillery located on British coasts. From 1914 when the army possessed very little heavy artillery it grew into a very large component of the British forces. It was armed with heavy, large calibre guns and howitzers that were positioned some way behind the front line and had immense destructive power.
The new War Office staff proposed to raise a number of AA ( Anti Aircraft ) Sections, which would officially be Companies of the Royal Garrison Artillery. The target was to raise one Section for each of the Divisions that were going to France. In the event, this was not fully achieved until 1916. Some men were posted from all three branches of the Royal Artillery, but they were too few and new recruits would be needed to properly establish these units. In addition, they would need motorised transport to be provided by the Army Service Corps. Six Sections were formed by November 1914, each consisting of (in theory, two but in practice one) 1-pounder (1.46 inch) Vickers Pom-Pom guns, each under a Captain.They soon discovered that the 1-pounders, not having been designed for the application, were of limited value in an anti-aircraft role.
As it was becoming ever more apparent that air observation, bombing and fighting was an important aspect of this war, the demand for AA increased .At home, air defences were added to cover the vital manufacturing centres of Birmingham, Coventry and Sheffield.
So this is the unit in which Sidney Maltby spent his war. Fortunately his Army service record exists, though in a damaged condition with some pages difficult to read. The record shows that he was posted to the RGA Number 1 depot on 12th October 1916 and then in November he was sent to the Southampton depot. On 24th January 1917 he was posted to an AA unit, although we do not know where. It was probably around an industrial city, as protection from the growing German air menace. In June 1918 he was sent to AA reserve brigade. His Medal Index card shows that he received the Victory and British War medals, so he must have served in a theatre of war. His record shows this to have been France, as he was posted to the 244th AA battery on 23rd October 1918. The 244th was part of the Northern Battery protecting the BEF lines of communication during the later part of the war using 3 inch 20 cwt AA guns. I was unable to find any War diaries for this RGA unit, so I have no details as to where Sidney was located in France. However towards the end of his Army service record, we have some odd details, including a letter from his wife Ethel, which asks where her husband is because she had not heard from him since 14th March 1919.
It appears that he was granted leave to the UK on 16 February 1919 until 24th February 1919, then extended to 5th March 1919. On the 16th March 1919, he was posted to another AA battery. On 21th May 1919, he was sent to 30th General Hospital, Calais with unspecified medical problems. This might have been related to the flu pandemic that ravaged the BEF during late 1918 and early 1919 and which was especially virulent amongst the 20 to 40 year olds. Altogether he appears to have spent 46 days in hospital, ending on 15th July 1919. Finally Sidney Maltby was transferred to class Z army reserve on 14th August 1919 and returned home to the UK probably to Wisbech, where his wife was living.
In our family records survives a picture of Sidney and his younger brother Frank Maltby and their parents probably taken in 1916. You can see that Sidney on the right is wearing a RGA gunner's uniform complete with spurs suggesting that he could have been a driver. Frank was later killed in action at the Battle of Arras in July 1917.
So ends the stories of these relatives who were amongst those multi thousands of men and women who made a contribution to the war effort without being on the Western Front battle zone. In the centenary year 2014, it is right and proper to commemorate what they did, for without them, the war would not have been won on the Western Front. Some in this story received the thanks of a grateful nation via their war medals and war pensions, but for others there was no official recognition of what they had done. All who served had given up their normal lives, away from their families and friends to do 'their bit' and I personally think that they should have received some form of official recognition for doing that.


I am not going to go into enough detail to list organizations or names. There is plenty of information out there if you Google New World Order or One World Government.
The label " Conspiracy Theory " is similar to the term " Islamaphob" each term was created in order to redirect the attention of the masses away from the obvious truth.
There have always been people seeking ultimate power. Recently many of these groups of people have been working together.
They have managed to gain control of most of the elected officials in most of the developed world.
This is why the the universal response of government's to Islamic terrorist activity is to minimize percieption of the problem.
The media is also controlled by the globalists, so they either play down the impact or avoid relating it to terrorism.
The people streaming into the European Union from Seria and other Muslim countries are clearly not refugees. There would be a substantial number of woman, children and elderly if they were refugees.
They are almost all young healthy men. They are soldiers.
There elected officials seem to be blind to the fact that they are being invaded. In fact many laws are biased in favor of the soldiers. In the media political correctness is more important than the safety of the people.


"Crail is a parish and royal burgh, and a sea-port - the latter 26 miles east from Kirkcaldy, and 10 south-east from St Andrews. Its importance has greatly declined, and notwithstanding it possesses great capabilities as a port, it enjoys but very little trade; this, in some measure, may be ascribed to the inconvenience of its harbour, for it is eligibly situated. Its principal exports consist of grain & potatoes: the imports are chiefly coals. 16 vessels belong to the port. The town consists of 2 streets, and 2 or 3 lanes; of the former one is broad and spacious, containing some good houses, several of which are of that massive and antique description which indicate past wealth. Crail was erected into a royal burgh by Robert Bruce. In conjunction with St Andrews, Cupar Fife, the Anstruthers, Kilrenny and Pittenweem, it returns one member to parliament. The parish church, a free church, and an united presbyterian chapel, are the places of worship. The celebrated James Sharp, archbishop of St Andrews, was once minister of the church, and his handwriting is still to be seen in the session records." from Slater's Directory published 1852.
Crail Museum, 64 Marketgate, Crail KY10 3TL has an interesting collection of items concerning the history of the burgh, HMS Jackdaw and HMS Bruce, and also holds several manuscript and printed books of genealogical interest.
The Sexton's Book covering the years 1754-1793 is included on the OPR film (see Church Records below).
The Sexton's Books, containing burials from 1794 - 1854, have been published by the Fife Family History Society.
The Sexton's Book covering 1854 - 1923 is held by Crail Museum, 64 Marketgate, Crail, Fife KY10 3TL. An index by A J Campbell has been published by the Fife Family History Society - Publication 31, Crail Burials 1855-1923 from the Sexton Book (vol. 1 : Abbie - Lees); and Publication 32 (vol. 2 : Leslie - Yule).
A CD - Crail Curchyard Survey, vol. 1, The Old Churchyard - has been published by the Crail Preservation Society, and may be purchased from the Crail Museum.
"Churchyard Memorials of Crail", Erskine Beveridge, 1893, available in local reference libraries and at the Museum, contains much useful information.
The current lair registers (dating from 1923) are administered by Fife Council, Bereavement Services East, County Buildings, St Catherine Street, Cupar, KY15 4TA. Tel. 01334 659336. Fax 01334 412896.
Parish / district reference number for 1841 - 1901 censuses: 417. Part in 425 after 1880 (see Civil Registration).
The Isle of May is included in Anstruther Wester (no. 403) for the 1841 -1861 censuses, thereafter it is included in Crail.
The 1841 and 1851 returns can be searched on theFreeCEN website.
You can also perform a more selective search for churches in the Crail area or see them printed on a map.
In addition to the parish church, there was an Associate Session (Burgher, later United Presbyterian, and United Free - Crail West Church) and a Free Church (later United Free - Crail North Church).
Within the town there is a congregation of the Associate Synod, who have a church and minister's house surrounded by a garden.
The members of the Free Protesting Church are also building a place of worship.
The old church of Crail, which was built in 1243, was dedicated to St Malrubh with a later dedication to St Mary, and belonged, prior to the reformation, to the Cistercian Nunnery of Haddington. In 1517 the church was granted a collegiate foundation and between the years of 1600 and 1646 Crail held a second charge. In 1954, following the 1929 Union of the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church, the parish church of Crail (known after 1929 as Crail St Mary's) was joined with the former United Free church congregation of Crail St David's. After the union the session continued under the name of Crail and the former St David's church was converted for use as a church hall. In 1976 the Kirk Session of Crail, which sits within the Presbytery of St Andrews, was linked with Kingsbarns.
On 3 March 1795 a petition was presented to the Burgher Presbytery of Perth requesting sermon within Crail and the surrounding area, and as a consequence, on 16 March 1796 Crail Burgher congregation was established. The Synod, in 1797, granted £20 to the congregation to assist with the erection of their place of worship, which was opened in that same year, and in 1803 the first minister of the congregation, William Fraser, was ordained. Subsequently the congregation suffered various periods without a minister, and its numbers declined, but a new church was built in 1858. The church became part of the United Presbyterian Church in 1847. Following the union of the United Presbyterian Church and the Free Church of Scotland in 1900, the charge became Crail West, United Free Church, and in 1907 a union was established with the United Free Church congregation of Crail North, under the name of Crail United Free Church. Following the union the former West Church and manse were sold.
Immediately following the Disruption of 1843 a Free Church congregation was established in Crail with worship initially conducted in a hall in Rosewynd, and the charge was sanctioned in 1845, the same year in which the church of the congregation was opened. Following the union of the United Presbyterian Church and the Free Church of Scotland in 1900, the charge became Crail North, United Free Church, and in 1907 a union was established with the United Free Church congregation of Crail West, under the name of Crail United Free Church. Following 1907, the former West Church and manse were sold and as a result of the later union of the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church in 1929, the congregation was termed Crail St David's, Church of Scotland. A further union was established with the parish church of Crail St Mary's in 1954, under the name of Crail, and after this union the former St David's church was sold. In 1976 the Kirk Session of Crail, which sits within the Presbytery of St Andrews, was linked with Kingsbarns.
From 1685 till 1693 B. M. and D. are entered in parallel cols. of the same pages.
M. Contracts and Marriages, 1655 - 1684 inclusive, separately recorded. M. and D. are recorded in parallel cols. after 1693. Separate Record containing Contracts of M. 1685 - 1779.
D. (Burials.) Blank Nov. 1693 - Jan. 1750. After Jan. 1753, the entries occur on occasional pp. of the Record containing Contracts for same period.
1040156 Item 4 Baptisms, 1684-1725; Marriages, 1655-1725; Burials, 1684-1693.
1040157 Baptisms, 1725-1820; Marriages, 1725-1820; Burials, 1739-1741, 1783; Session book (includes Marriage proclamations) 1685-1736.
1040099 Items 1 - 3 Session book (includes Mortcloth dues [burial records], 1752-1779 and Marriage proclamations), 1736-1779; Burials, 1750-1758, 1769-1793; Baptisms, Marriages, 1820-1857.
Kirk Session records are held at the Special Collections Dept. of St Andrews University Library, with digital copies at the National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh. Some Kirk Session material is to be found in the OPR records (417/3, 417/4 and 417/5).
Heritors' Records (HR242) are at the National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh.
Minutes, 1648-1684 and 1790-1937; Baptisms, 1811-1815, 1819-1837 and 1856-1915; Marriages, 1818-1831 and 1856-1915; Accounts, 1782-1833 and 1840-1920; Church door collection, 1841-1888.
Minutes, 1807-1815, 1819-1853, 1859-1929; Cash book, 1819-1853, 1869-1927; Accounts, 1927-1929; Vouchers, 1807-1845, 1864-1867; Papers relating to transference to Church of Scotland, 1927-1929; Miscellaneous, 1815, 1819, 1903-1904, 1932; Plans of manse, 1919.
Session minutes, 1796-1907; Roll of members, 1809, 1848, 1850 and 1851; Baptisms, 1821-1838, 1840, 1847-1849 and 1852; Minutes of congregational meetings, 1842-1897; Manager's minutes, 1842-1895.
A transcript of the Associate Congregation baptisms from 1821 to 1852 (with gaps) has been published by the Fife Family History Society Baptismal Registers No. 5. It is also available on CD and on the Records pages of their website.
Session minutes, 1844-1907; Deacon's court minutes, 1852-1907.
The Crail page of the LDS Family Search Research Wiki has more information about church history and records.
Registration districts did not necessarily coincide exactly with parishes. In the 20th century especially, there were frequent changes in registration districts. The Isle of May was moved to Crail from Anstruther Wester registration district (403) before 1871 and remained there until at least 1901. Part of Crail parish was transferred to Dunino registration district in 1880.
Registers of deeds and protests, 1760-1765, 1788-1794, 1818-1841 (with warrants, 1682-1826); Services of heirs, cognitions etc, 1758-1779 (with loose, related papers, 1633-1796); Minutes books of sasines, deeds, decreets etc, 1579-1804; Court and council records, 1552-1560, 1566-1584, 1589-1592; Court minutes, 1709-1721.
On the Records pages of the Fife Family History Society website there is an index to Crail Burgh Register of Deeds (1682-1841).
Surrounding parishes: Kingsbarns, Kilrenny, Carnbee, Dunino, St Andrews and St Leonards.
Ask for a calculation of the distance from Crail to another place.
On 1st January 1891 the following places, considered by some to be part of Crail parish, were transferred to Dunino parish: part of Balkaithly, Beley, Beley Bridge, part of Chesters and New Bridge.
On 15th May 1891, East Newhall and West Newhall were transferred from the parish of Crail to the parish of Kingsbarns; Grassmiston and Lochton were transferred from Kingsbarns parish to Crail parish.
1855 -1929, covers the part of the parish outwith the Burgh; 1930 - 1975 covers the whole parish.
Protocol books, 1566-1637, nd; Register of sasines, 1672-1953; Register of sasines minute books, 1809-1953.
Ordnance Survey 6-inch, 1st edition (1855) Fife sheets 19 & 20 at the National Library of Scotland (for the best images), or at old-maps.co.uk or British History online.
The airfield at Crail was constructed in 1939 as Royal Naval Air Station HMS Jackdaw.
Prior to 1824, wills, testaments & inventories of residents of Crail may be found in either the St Andrews Commissariot (CC20) or the Edinburgh Commissariot (CC8) records. From 1824, commissary business has been conducted by the Sheriff Court of Fife at Cupar (SC20).
Local sources worth searching for deeds include St Andrews Commissary Court, Cupar Sheriff Court and Crail Burgh Register of Deeds.
Admissions Registers, 1955-2000; Log books, 1877-1919, 1938-1995.
The 'Old' Statistical Account is at The Statistical Accounts of Scotland and Google Books with an additional part here.
Crail burgh records, including: Protocol books, 1566-1637, nd; Register of sasines, 1672-1953; Register of sasines minute books, 1809-1953.
Registers of deeds and protests, 1760-1765, 1788-1794, 1818-1841 (with warrants, 1682-1826); Services of heirs, cognitions etc, 1758-1779 (with loose, related papers, 1633-1796); Minutes books of sasines, deeds, decreets etc, 1579-1804; Court and council records, 1552-1560, 1566-1584, 1589-1592; Court minutes, 1709-1721; Council and committee minutes, 1708-1969; Crail Public Library minutes, 1891-1933. Treasurer's accounts, 1682-1708, 1720-1731, 1741-1749, 1770-1780, 1789-1842, 1858-1875; Treasurer's cash book, 1858-1875; Steelyard account book, 1876-1887; Valuation of burgh rents account, 1712-1714; Cess collection, 1835; Burgh mail books, 1733-1869; Stent rolls, 1806-1860; Miscellaneous burgh accounts and vouchers, 1792-1901; Assessment roll, 1974-1975; Abstracts of accounts, undated. Inventory of burgh charters, 1829; Burgh charters and associated legal documents, 1369-1793; Papal bulls, 1510-1514; Papers concerning Crail harbour, 1819-1885; Burgess roll, 1760-1808 (including weavers' roll); Burgess tickets/warrants, 1829-1864; Papers concerning Crail church, manse, school and town hall, 1788-1886; Papers concerning prisons and crime, 1829-1867; Correspondence on various burgh matters, 1770-1879; Water supply papers, 1868-1901; Papers concerning election of MP for Fife burghs, 1780-1806; Miscellaneous legal documents concerning Crail, 1580-1839; Miscellaneous legal papers, 1788-1897; Miscellaneous papers, 18th century-1902; Plans of buildings and works in Crail, 1899-1903. Crafts of Crail court books, 1592-1743; Hammermen records, 1588-1743; Cordiners records, 1563-1743; Baxters records, 1647-1743; Squaremen records, 1688-1743; Tailors records, 1684-1743; Coopers records, 1690-1743; Weavers records, 1694-1741, 1792-1845.
Abstract of accounts, 1954; miscellaneous bundles and correspondence, 1926-1974.
Papers relating to elections of Member of Parliament for Crail, Kilrenny, Anstruther Easter and Wester and Pittenweem.


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