text:
The Trouble With Trees
Here are 10 things scientists have learned about trees this year. Thanks to climate change, it's not a pretty picture.
Randy Rieland
A color show in Oregon. Photo courtesy of Flickr user Ian Sane
It's the time of year when trees refuse to be ignored. Behold our fabulous hues, ponder our falling leaves, they goad us. And many of us do pay attention for a bit, only to lose interest when the show is over.
We know the cycle will begin again next spring and peak again in the fall, trees being one of the truer things in modern life. I mean, what's more reliable than an oak?
But scientists will tell you that, like the oceans, the world's trees are going through some serious changes, and not in a good way.
A dry run
Consider the impact of the drought that's been desiccating America's Southwest. Two weeks ago, the Texas A&M Forest Service issued a damage report: More than 300 million trees died in Texas forests alone as a result of the 2011 drought. It killed another 5.6 million trees in Texas cities.
Then last week a study published in Nature Climate Change concluded that if current climate trends continue, forests in the Southwest will die out at an accelerating rate. And not just from rising temperatures and lack of rain, but also from invasions of tree-eating pests and more destructive forest fires, also tied to climate change.
For instance, by analyzing forest fire data from satellites for the past 30 years in parallel with data on tree ring growth over the same period, the researchers were able to see a "strong and exponential" relationship between droughts and the number of acres of forests wiped out by wildfires.
Notes A. Park Williams, a scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico and lead author of the study: "This suggests that if drought intensifies, we can expect forests not only to grow more slowly, but also to die more quickly."
Computer models suggest that for 80 percent of the years in the second half of the 21st century, America's Southwest will suffer through what the study describes as "mega-drought."
In the spirit of giving trees more than a seasonal glance, here are 10 other things scientists have learned about them this year.
1) Forest fires have become more intense and harder to control. One big factor is the rising frequency of what are known as "blowdowns." With violent storms with strong winds occurring more often, whole sections of forests are toppling over, creating, in essence, giant campfires awaiting a spark.
2) And the death of forests could double the number of big floods. A study at the University of British Columbia concluded that faster snow melts due to fewer trees creating shade will not only increase the size of floods, but could also make the really big ones happen more often.
3) Sick trees could be boosting greenhouse gas levels. Scientists at Yale University found that diseased trees can carry very high levels of methane, one of the more potent greenhouse gases. Although they appear healthy, many old trees–between 80 and 100 years old–are being hollowed out by a fungal infection that slowly eats through the trunk, creating a nice home for methane-producing microorganisms.
4) On a brighter note, palm trees once grew in Antarctica. Okay, it was 53 million years ago, back when Antarctica was still connected to Australia, but researchers drilling deep beneath the sea floor off the eastern coast of the now-frozen continent, found pollen grains from palm and macadamia trees. Scientists estimate that back then, high summer temperatures there could reach the upper 70s.
5) A handful of trees can tell the rainfall history of the Amazon. Based on measurements of oxygen isotopes trapped within the rings of only eight cedar trees in Bolivia, scientists at the University of Leeds in Great Britain say they can tell how much it has rained over the entire Amazon basin during the past century.
6) NASA technology could help save trees that look risky. The space agency is using high-tech cameras to create 3-D images of trees, a process that will help experts get a better idea of where a tree is likely to crack and how it might come down. Ideally, this could help save trees that arborists now would probably cut down.
7) Will it be smarter to grow smaller trees? Scientists at Oregon State University think so. They believe it will make sense to grow genetically-modified "semi-dwarf" trees in the future to make them better suited for drier climates and as a source of bioenergy.
8) Slow down on the maple syrup. The U.S. Forest Service says that climate change is likely to diminish production of maple syrup later this century. The reason? Habitats suitable for maple trees are expected to shrink.
9) Fossilized forests could come back to life. Forests in the Canadian Arctic that last were alive more than 2.5 million years ago could be revitalized by climate change, according to a University of Montreal scientist. Alexandre Guertin-Pasquier says that, according to climate change forecasts, temperatures could rise to levels similar to when willow, pine and spruce trees thrived in now snow-covered places such as Bylot Island.
10) Good trees make good neighbors? Studies in three American cities–Baltimore, Philadelphia and Portland, Ore.–concluded that urban neighborhoods with more trees tend to have lower crime rates. While no researcher would go so far as to say that trees reduce crime, they did find a "very strong association" between more tree canopy and less crime.
Video bonus: In case you think I've spent way too much time talking about trees, sit back and watch a year in the life of forest go by in two minutes.
More from Smithsonian.com
How Trees Defined America
The Forest of the Future
Randy Rieland | | READ MORE
Randy Rieland is a digital media strategist and contributing writer in innovations for Smithsonian.com.
Scientific Innovation


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Female Entrepreneurship, Working Mom
Simplifying Your Life with Emily Ley
"It's so valuable for us to learn how to turn down the noise."
-Emily Ley
Her Story of Success…
Overwhelmed by the stress of running a business on Etsy while raising a new baby, Emily Ley sat down to create a planner that would make her life easier. What started as a binder, paper and Sharpie evolved into Simplified, a multi-million dollar brand of planners and home organizational tools for busy women, which also includes product lines in Office Depot, Staples, Walmart and Target. Along with running her company, Emily is the author of four books, including Growing Boldly, her latest release that shares five key practices for building a life you love.
Emily has been featured in Forbes, Family Circle, Better Homes and Gardens, Glamour and Good Housekeeping. She's been honored with awards including Entrepreneur of the Year, Female Owned Business of the Year and Small Business of the Year from Studer Community Institute, and her products have won Best New Product at the National Stationery Show.
Emily shares her inspiring story of growing her business from a side hustle into a multi-million dollar brand. She also unpacks the five practices she's used to build a life she loves and explains how leaning into different areas of your life at different times can help you maintain balance.
Emily's story of starting her side hustle on Etsy while working full time (1:44)
Growing without burning out (15:00)
BUILD the life you love (18:30)
Finding balance as a busy entrepreneur (24:50)
How to imagine your dream life (32:55)
Practical advice for working moms (36:23)
Sponsor: This podcast is sponsored in part by Piccolo Marketing, providing outsourced marketing professionals for business owners. Piccolo Marketing is our go-to resource when it comes to comprehensive marketing strategies and execution. Learn more here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to get the 101 triangle in the output? been through making a few logical code just cant figure out how to get the output of 01 triangle in the desired form the triangle does print out but not according to the require output.
 import java.util.Scanner;
 import java.io.*;

 public class triangle10{
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.println("Enter a number ");
        int num =input.nextInt();
         while(num > 0){

                 for(int j=1;j<=num;j++){

                 System.out.print(num);

                }

                System.out.print("\n");

                num--;

         }

    }

     }
    ==================================================================
    if the user gives input as 6

    the out put should be :
      111111
      00000
      1111
      000
      11
      0

A: Instead of
for(int j=1;j<=num;j++){
     System.out.print(num);
}

I think you need to print either a 1 or a 0 (according to your example). So you should compute whether num is even or odd, and decide whether to print 0 or 1.  For example
for(int j=1;j<=num;j++){
     System.out.print(1 - num%2);
}

Because num%2 = 0 when num is even, and 1 if it is odd - and it seems you want the opposite. So 1 - num%2 should give you what you need.
Before:
Enter a number
6
666666
55555
4444
333
22
1

After:
Enter a number
6
111111
00000
1111
000
11
0

A: You are printing out num. Instead you should print out 1 or 0 depending on num.
Try this :
 while(num > 0){
                 for(int j=1;j<=num;j++){
                    int digit = (num + 1) % 2 ;
                    System.out.print(digit);
                }
                System.out.print("\n");
                num--;
         }

A: Change you code like this :
boolean flag = false;
         while(num > 0){
                 flag = !flag;
                 for(int j=1;j<=num;j++){
                 if(flag==true)
                 System.out.print("1");
                 else
                     System.out.print("0");

                }

                System.out.print("\n");

                num--;

         }

A: You just need to make a small change
From
  for(int j=1;j<=num;j++){

             System.out.print(num);

            }

to
  for (int j = 1; j <= num; j++) {

            System.out.print((num-1)%2);

        }

And then you will get the expected result:
Take entering 6 for example:
Enter a number
6
111111
00000
1111
000
11
0

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Home / News & Sport / Omagh £350 million development may actually cost jobs
Omagh £350 million development may actually cost jobs
One of Northern Ireland's most expensive developments planned for Omagh will harm town centre traders, its been claimed.
The warning came from the independent retail lobby group Northern Ireland Independent Retail and Trade Association, as it emerged that a £350 million scheme including a hotel, out-of-town shopping centre, and health and leisure facilities has been granted outline planning permission.
The scheme is planned for a Derry Road site near a former military base and could created up to 1,000 jobs its promoters claim.
However, Glyn Roberts, NIIRTA chief executive, said it could actually cost jobs over five years.
https://highlandradio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/glynn1pm.mp3
https://dev.highlandradio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/glynn1pm.mp3


Located just over the sand dunes, Breamlea Beach House offers plenty for your time away.
Pet friendly with a dog-off-lead beach less than a 5 minute walk from the house.
All features on offer here for a comfortable self contained holiday.
Split system air conditioner to manage those hot and cold days.
Outdoor entertaining area with BBQ & setting.


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ARTISTRY: More than 2,500 gigs as a working bassist
TECHNOLOGY: Armed with state-of-the-art event lighting and audio technology
PROFESSIONALISM: More than 20 years in global IT management, sales, engineering, and project management
The Spot On Sound Difference
For John Veit, founding SpotOnSound, LLC (dba Spot On Sound Productions) in 2013 wasn't just an opportunity to launch a new phase in his career, but a chance to combine the skills he'd developed in dramatically different settings throughout his professional life. He places an emphasis on artistry — a product of Veit's experience as a professional bass player with nearly 3000 gigs to his credit. Over time, he's also brought his engineering background to bear in a career in technical support and sales at companies handling high end IT integrations throughout Europe, Asia, and the United States in the financial, commercial, and health care sectors. Eventually, he took a management position running an IT organization focused primarily on the financial sector, but decided to make a change that would allow him to draw on his experiences as an artist, his passion for music, and his twenty-plus years in engineering, IT, and project management in equal measure.
The company name, Veit notes, comes from a phrase he picked up during his travels. "For seven or eight years I spent a considerable amount of time in London, England, and when things are done absolutely correctly, the British say, 'that's spot-on.'"
Working towards perfection is reflected in his approach to Spot On Sound. "When I talk to clients, I don't talk about the equipment or the technology," Veit said. "I talk about providing a solution to a problem and allow them to focus purely on their vision while we help out with not only production, but logistics." To that end, Veit goes beyond providing technology by getting involved in every aspect of the event to ensure the client's vision is realized on-budge. He, when necessary, works to find sponsors for an event in order to provide clients with an experience they may not be able to afford on their own.
With his initial goal being to create a full-service, live sound reinforcement, lighting, video, staging, and backline provider for what he determined to be an underserved market (200 to 2,000+ capacity venues and events in the Denver region), Veit wanted to give his clients a compelling value proposition. That prompted interest from not only his target market, but with far larger venues and events, some of which attracted between 15,000 and 20,000 people. "My business model, however, didn't involve investing a million dollars in capital in equipment and then having to refresh that again in five years," he said.
Instead, Spot On Sound partners with other regional providers when additional infrastructure and gear is required. Ultimately, the company formalized some of those relationships in 2014, creating Talent Production and Logistics (TPL), a talent acquisition, production management, and event planning company, and a partnership between Spot On Sound, Marquee Event Solutions, and Pat Emerine Productions.
"It's a one stop shop," Veit said, "like a general contractor for the event industry." The idea is to draw on his strengths as well as the strengths of his partners in order to provide more 'bang for the buck' for his clients while bringing a level of resources to the table that opens up larger events and markets for TPL.
While Veit's business model has evolved substantially since Spot On Sound began, the company hopes to make an impact on a national level by partnering with other providers in other markets. "I got into this because of the artistic side. I want to keep mixing the smaller 1,200 to 1,500-capacity gigs because that's where I get my joy. If they've got a great act and venue, it doesn't matter if they're only playing for 200 people. If everything's clicking and everybody's in the groove, it makes everything else go away."
John and Maggie Veit
Owners and Operators
Kevin Mitchell:
Kevin Mitchell discovered his love for live sound at the age of 15 in 1996 in Cape Town, South Africa while operating the sound board for his church. Already a talented musician by the time he was a teenager, sound engineering became a natural career choice. In 2001, Kevin pursued this passion by studying sound engineering at Cape Audio College. It was then that he had his first gig as a live sound engineer. The band opened for Tree 63 in a room of about 3,500 people. With the help of some talented engineers backing him up, he pulled off his first professional mix.
Kevin went on to apprentice under recording engineer David Langaman for a year. David introduced him to sound design company owner Aki Kahn. It was under Aki's guidance that Kevin really sharpened his skills in audio engineering. While working for Eastern Acoustics, Kevin mixed and worked on countless corporate events, jazz festivals, orchestras, flamenco bands, operas, and theatrical shows.
In 2006, Kevin moved to Johannesburg where he freelanced at the SABC recording studio. He also continued doing live audio for corporate events as well as operating sound for local acts, including Harris Tweed and Fevertree. Kevin also played bass for Fevertree between bass players.
In 2007, Kevin relocated again to the US where he worked as tour manager/ front of house engineer for touring band Civil Twilight. They toured every major music venue in the US and Canada from 100 seat rooms to 8,000 seat theaters and graced many outdoor festivals. Kevin decided to leave the touring life in December of 2010, after three years of working with Civil Twilight. The final show of the tour with Civil Twilight ended when they opened for Jimmy Eat World and Smashing Pumpkins in the Verizon Theater At Grand Prairie near Dallas.
Between and after touring, Kevin freelanced for AV and sound company Audio Solutions Inc. under Alan Simonton. In 2012, Kevin and his beautiful wife Heather moved to Denver where Kevin continues to work in the audio field. Kevin joined forces with John Veit, owner of Spot On Sound Productions, as Production Manager and Engineer in 2014.
As an engineer, Kevin is very easygoing and calm under pressure. He is easy to work with and at home behind the mixing board. Kevin strives for technical excellence and a creative approach.
Jared Koopman:
Jared Koopman is the General Manager of Spot on Sound Productions.
Jared Koopman started playing music at a young age picking up the trumpet and later, bass guitar. His journey into the production world began at the age of 13. His father was a worship pastor at a church, and they needed someone to help carry and set up the PA system each week as they were a mobile church. Eventually, they needed someone to figure out how to turn it on and make it work so naturally, he stepped in, not knowing anything about it, and started pushing buttons. Jared had a natural curiosity and aptitude for listening critically and continued to serve as the "sound guy" at the church while in high school.
He attended LeTourneau University studying mechanical engineering. During his time at the university, Jared became the front of house engineer for the University Singers, a 22 person choir and a five-piece band. They performed at various schools, athletic events, and churches around the country. He also served as the tour manager.
Jared transferred colleges and completed his degree in Administration of Justice. He continued to serve in various churches and schools as an audio engineer and "tech" guy.
In 2013 the itch to get into full-time production became too great and he co-founded a production company with a friend, One-Fifty Productions. It was not long after forming the company that he had the fortunate experience in meeting John Veit at Spot on Sound Productions and developed a great partnership relationship working together on various events and supporting each other with equipment needs.
In 2017, Jared was hired as the Production Manager and Front of House audio engineer for Sean Curtis and the Divide, a country band based out of Cheyenne, WY. He has had the privilege of traveling around the country, mixing audio at many great venues such as Cheyenne Frontier Days, Greeley Stampede, NFR (National Finals Rodeo) Championships in Las Vegas, and many more. The band has shared the stage with artists such as Aaron Watson, Trace Adkins, Eli Young Band, Cody Johnson and more. This truly has been an amazing experience for him.
In the fall of 2018, he was hired as a part-time technician and audio engineer at the historic Rialto Theater in downtown Loveland, CO. He continues to serve as the primary audio engineer for Rez Church, who rents the facility.
My lovely wife, Mary Lou, and I were married in 2008, and we have four beautiful children.
In 2020, Jared officially joined the Spot On Sound Productions team as their general manager and is looking forward to bringing production excellence to Colorado and beyond.
LiveSound Int. Article
© 2017 Spot on Sound Productions. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Posted inarticles, same-sex marriage
Canada's long-awaited polygamy trial begins today
by Michael Cook Apr 24, 2017 Apr 19, 2020 / 3 mins /
A photo of 124 of Winston Blackmore's 145 children. Handout photo for Daphne Bramham column on April 14. [PNG Merlin Archive]
124 of Winston Blackmore's 145 children in a photo from 2016
127 years ago, Canada passed an anti-polygamy statute. Today, for the first time, it will be tested. The nation's best-known polygamist, Winston Blackmore (27 wives and 145 children), and James Oler (4 wives) go on trial in the British Columbia Supreme Court.
Both are former bishops of a Mormon sect, the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Their families live in the exquisitely named town of Bountiful, the centre of the sect. (They are estranged and their families do not speak with each other.)
The practice of this banned practice has been no secret in Canada, but the government has always turned a blind eye to it, unless there was clear evidence of child abuse. It was only in the 1990s that police began to look into the community. They eventually recommended that charges be laid, but lawyers for British Columbia refused. They feared that the statute had been invalidated by the 1982 Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In 1993, the director of a local mental health centre wrote:
"We . . . do not view this religious community as being bizarre or particularly cult-like, but instead view it as another manifestation of multiculturalism, a different way of expressing spirituality."
In 2007 the BC attorney-general at the time, Wally Oppal, insisted that charges be laid. But a first, a second and then a third prosecutor all refused, contending that the law was unconstitutional.
This issue was clarified in 2011 when the BC Supreme Court ruled that the harms of polygamy were sufficient to justify a limitation on freedom of religion and freedom of association.
So a fourth prosecutor was appointed and Blackmore and Oler were charged in 2014.
In the trial which begins today, the judge will have to decide whether freedom of religious expression is sufficient justification for polygamy. Although Canada legalised same-sex marriage in 2005, the legal consensus is that this has no logical connection with polygamy. So Blackmore's lawyer (Oler has refused counsel), is relying on the Charter right to religious freedom.
Judging from the discussion in the Canadian press, it seems likely that the court will continue to permit polygamy as long as no child exploitation is involved.
The underlying explanation for Canada's shilly-shallying over polygamy might be that Canadians have lost faith in the institution of marriage. As one newspaper columnist wrote in a withering attack on "spineless" politicians who want the courts to solve their polygamy problem:
Surely the government cannot constitutionally criminalize consensual adult domestic relationships when the Supreme Court of Canada says they can go to clubs and engage in orgies …
This law is an unacceptable infringement on fundamental rights guaranteed by the Charter — the freedom to practise one's religion and to associate in family units with those whom one chooses.
Marriage is about progeny and property: It's a matter for family law and administrative regulation regarding inheritance and familial fiscal obligations, not the criminal law — which is a punishing broadsword, not a social-engineering scalpel.
Behind these words is ignorance of why marriage has been privileged by society for millennia – because the best place to raise and protect children is in a home with their biological parents. After decades of co-habitation and no-fault divorce and 12 years of same-sex marriage, Canadians have drifted into the belief that marriage is merely an arbitrary set of rules to regulate property rights.
With that as the starting point, how can polygamy, whether in a Mormon sect or in Muslim communities, possibly be banned?
Michael Cook is editor of MercatorNet.
mcook31@gmail.com
Michael Cook is the editor of MercatorNet.	More by Michael Cook
Tagged: bountiful, Canada, polygamy


Beautifully engraved Certificate from the famous Omnium Francais Du Film issued in 1928. This historic document has an ornate border around it with an art deco flare to its design and back print. This item is hand signed and is over 72 years old.


text:
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This Privacy Policy contains the following sections:
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B) Retention of Your Information
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The Services may integrate third-party advertising technologies that allow for the delivery of relevant content and advertising on the Services, as well as on other websites you visit and other applications you use. The ads may be based on various factors such as the content of the page you are visiting, information you enter such as your age and gender, your searches, demographic data, user-generated content, and other information we collect from you. These ads may be based on your current activity or your activity over time and across other websites and online services and may be tailored to your interests. Third parties may also place cookies or other tracking technologies on your computer, mobile phone, or other device to collect information about you as discussed above. These third parties (e.g., ad networks and ad servers such as Google Analytics, DoubleClick and others) may also serve tailored ads to you as you use the Internet and Internet-connected applications, and access their own cookies or other tracking technologies on your computer, mobile phone, or other device you use to access the Services to assist in this activity. We neither have access to, nor does this Privacy Policy govern, the use of cookies or other tracking technologies that may be placed on your device you use to access the Services by such non-affiliated third parties. If you are interested in more information about tailored browser advertising and how you can generally control cookies from being put on your computer to deliver tailored advertising, you may visit the Network Advertising Initiative's Consumer Opt-Out link, the Digital Advertising Alliance's Consumer Opt-Out link, or Your Online Choices to opt-out of receiving tailored advertising from companies that participate in those programs. To opt out of Google Analytics for display advertising or customize Google display network ads, visit the Google Ads Settings page. We do not control these opt-out links or whether any particular company chooses to participate in these opt-out programs. We are not responsible for any choices you make using these mechanisms or the continued availability or accuracy of these mechanisms. Please note that if you exercise the choices above, you will still see advertising when you use the Services, but it will not be tailored to you based on your online behavior over time.
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text:
Hermann Zemlin (* 27. März 1941 in Magdeburg) ist ein ehemaliger leitender Beamter (Ministerialdirigent) im Bundesverkehrsministerium und im Landesverkehrsministerium NRW. Er ist Honorarprofessor an der Universität Karlsruhe, Verkehrsexperte und Manager.

Leben
Nach einer Lehre als Maschinenschlosser absolvierte Zemlin ein Ingenieursstudium und schrieb 1970 an der Fakultät für Chemie-Ingenieurwesen der Universität Karlsruhe seine Dissertation zum Thema "Experimentelle Bestimmung integraler Joule-Thomson-Effekte von reinen Gasen und binären Gasgemischen".

Seine weitere berufliche Karriere wurde jedoch durch sein Interesse für den Öffentlichen Personennahverkehr (ÖPNV) bestimmt. Als bekennendes SPD-Mitglied war er unter den Ministern Kurt Gscheidle und Volker Hauff Ministerialdirigent im Bundesverkehrsministerium. Nach der Wende 1982 wurde er unter Christoph Zöpel Ministerialdirigent im Landesverkehrsministerium in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Anschließend war Zemlin bis 1993 Vorsitzender der Geschäftsführung der Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr GmbH.

Im April 1993 wechselte Zemlin als Vorstandsvorsitzender zur Wuppertaler Stadtwerke AG (heute eine Unternehmensgruppe, die aus der SW Wuppertaler Stadtwerke GmbH, der WSW Energie & Wasser AG und der WSW mobil GmbH besteht).

An seiner nächsten Station erwarteten Zemlin die gleichen Aufgaben: Von 1999 bis 2008 war Zemlin Geschäftsführer der Stadtwerke Bonn GmbH. Auch in Bonn verfolgte er die Umstrukturierung des Unternehmens vom städtischen Eigenbetrieb zu einer modernen GmbH. Obwohl seine Tätigkeit bei den Bonner Stadtwerken nur bis 2006 geplant war, um im Alter von 65 Jahren in Rente gehen zu können, verlängerte Zemlin seinen Vertrag auf Drängen der Bonner Oberbürgermeisterin Bärbel Dieckmann und des Betriebsrates um weitere zwei Jahre, bevor er dann 2008 in den Ruhestand verabschiedet wurde. Zemlin blieb jedoch weiterhin Geschäftsführer der Bonner City Parkraum GmbH, die die Innenstadt-Tiefgaragen betreibt.

Mit 70 Jahren wurde Hermann Zemlin erneut Stadtwerke-Chef. 2011 holte man ihn nach Waldbröl, um dort eine neue Stadtwerke GmbH zu gründen. Als ehrenamtlicher Gründungsgeschäftsführer der Stadtwerke Waldbröl GmbH war es zunächst nur seine Aufgabe, den Rückkauf der Stromnetze einzuleiten und einen Geschäftsführer auszuwählen. Als dieser nach nur anderthalb Jahren zurücktrat, wurde Zemlin 2013 erneut als Geschäftsführer nach Waldbröl berufen, um einen Kooperationspartner zu suchen.

Am 21. April 2015, im Alter von 74 Jahren, wurde Zemlin vom Aufsichtsrat der ESWE Verkehrsgesellschaft Wiesbaden als Geschäftsführer bestellt. Seitdem zeichnete er für die Verschmelzung der in mehrere Einzelunternehmen zersplitterten Verkehrsgesellschaften in der hessischen Landeshauptstadt verantwortlich. Als Geschäftsführer der im August 2017 von der Mainzer Stadtwerke AG und der WVV Wiesbaden Holding GmbH gegründeten CityBahn GmbH arbeitet Zemlin am Aufbau einer Citybahn genannten neuen 40 Kilometer langen Straßenbahnverbindung zwischen der Hochschule Mainz und der Innenstadt von Bad Schwalbach.

Privates
Hermann Zemlin ist als Kuratoriumsvorsitzender im "Förderverein Altes Rathaus" in Bonn aktiv. Zusätzlich ist er stellvertretender Vorsitzender des Baseball-Vereins "Bonn Capitals". Seit Anfang der 1970er Jahre ist Zemlin Ehrenbürger der Stadt Huntsville (Alabama), wo er seinerzeit mitgeholfen hatte, ein Bussystem aufzubauen.

Einzelnachweise

Ministerialdirigent (Bund)
Ministerialdirigent (Nordrhein-Westfalen)
Manager (Verkehrswesen)
Ehrenbürger in Alabama
Person (Huntsville, Alabama)
Chemieingenieur
Geboren 1941
Mann
Deutscher

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Ladd-Hanford Lifetime Advantage Program included with purchase: 1st Year Oil Changes Free, Lifetime Engine Guarantee*, Lifetime Free PA Safety Inspection, Lifetime Towing. Plus earn points through our Rewards program to redeem for parts, service or your next vehicle.
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I. The Arms Trade Trea...
1. Introduction: international security, armaments and disarmament
I. The erosion of state legitimacy
II. Security governance
III. Dynamics of peace and conflict
2. The armed conflicts in Syria and Iraq
I. The Syrian and Iraqi civil wars
II. The socio-economic impact of the Syrian civil war
III. Arms transfers and the use of force against the Islamic State
3. The Ukraine conflict and its implications
I. The Ukraine crisis: from popular protest to major conflict
II. The application of European confidence-building measures and confidence- and security-building measures in Ukraine
III. The impact of the crisis in Ukraine on arms transfers
IV. Military spending in Europe in the wake of the Ukraine crisis
4. Armed conflict
I. Gender, peace and armed conflict
II. The diversity of peace and war in Africa
III. Patterns of organized violence, 2004–13
IV. The Global Peace Index 2014
I. Global and regional trends in peace operations
II. New peace operations
III. The end of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan
6. European security
I. The European security order under strain
II. The military dimension of Euro–Atlantic security frameworks: the European Union and NATO
III. The growth in European foreign terrorist fighters
7. Trends in East Asian security
I. Defence and security cooperation in the context of the US rebalance towards the Asia–Pacific
II. Maritime disputes in the South and East China seas
III. China's security diplomacy initiatives
IV. Japan's national defence policy reforms
V. China's international counterterrorism cooperation
VI. Russia's evolving role in North East Asian security
8. Security and development: a primer
I. Beyond fragile states: understanding security and development through a systems approach
II. Violence against healthcare in fragile systems
III. Gender, security and development
II. US military expenditure
III. The availability of military expenditure data
IV. The reporting of military expenditure data to the United Nations
V. Military expenditure data, 2005–14
10. International arms transfers and arms production
II. Arms transfers and tensions in North East Asia
III. Transparency in arms transfers
IV. The financial value of states' arms exports
V. Arms production and military services
11. World nuclear forces
12. Nuclear arms control and non-proliferation
I. Iran's nuclear programme and international concerns
II. Russian–US nuclear arms control
III. Developments in multilateral arms control and disarmament
IV. International cooperation to enhance nuclear security
13. Chemical and biological security threats
I. Infectious diseases and international security
II. Biological arms control
IV. Chemical disarmament in conflict areas
14. Conventional arms control and military confidence building
I. Humanitarian arms control
II. Small arms control measures
III. Confidence- and security-building measures in Europe
II. Multilateral arms embargoes
IV. EU export control developments
Sibylle Bauer, Mark Bromley, Pieter D. Wezeman, Noel Kelly
The 2014 Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) is the first international legally binding agreement to establish standards for regulating the trade in conventional arms and preventing the illicit trade in weapons.1 The 2001 United Nations Firearms Protocol is also legally binding but only relates to controls on the trade in firearms.2 The ATT sets out controls on the trade in all conventional arms covered by the UN Register of Conventional Arms (UNROCA) as well as small arms and light weapons, with central provisions also applicable to ammunition and parts and components.3 The process of negotiating the ATT under the auspices of the UN began in 2006 and concluded in 2013.4 The final UN conference on the ATT, held in March 2013, ended without achieving consensus on the treaty text. Nonetheless, the ATT was adopted following a vote in the UN General Assembly on 2 April 2013 and opened for signature on 3 June 2013.5 Article 22 of the ATT stipulates that the treaty shall enter into force 90 days after the 50th state deposits its instrument of ratification. On 25 September 2014 a group of eight states deposited their instruments of ratification of the ATT, bringing the total number of ratifying states to 53.6 As a result, the ATT entered into force on 24 December 2014, 19 months after it opened for signature. By 31 December 2014, 130 states had signed the ATT and 61 had ratified it.7 In comparison, the UN Firearms Protocol required 40 ratifications to enter into force and this took four years to achieve.8
Bauer, Sibylle, Mark Bromley, Pieter D. Wezeman, and Noel Kelly. "15. Dual-use and arms trade controls." SIPRI Yearbook. SIPRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. Web. 17 Jul. 2019. <https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198737810/sipri-9780198737810-chapter-15-div1-2.xml>.
Bauer, S., Bromley, M., Wezeman, P., & Kelly, N. (2016). 15. Dual-use and arms trade controls. In SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2015: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 17 Jul. 2019, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198737810/sipri-9780198737810-chapter-15-div1-2.xml
Bauer, Sibylle, Mark Bromley, Pieter D. Wezeman, and Noel Kelly. "15. Dual-use and arms trade controls." In SIPRI Yearbook 2015: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). Retrieved 17 Jul. 2019, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198737810/sipri-9780198737810-chapter-15-div1-2.xml


This little gnome was painted for my son's school's holiday festival to be used for their marketing materials. It has since been a very popular print, as are most of the images I've created as gifts. The original guoache painting on board is sold.


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Elton John on pop music: "there's four or five writers… they're not real songs"
Andrew Sacher Published: August 27, 2020
Elton John in Chicago in 2019 (more by James Richards IV)
Elton John seems like the kind of forever-relevant rock lifer who would be down with current trends in pop music, especially given his appearance on Lady Gaga's new album, but it looks like even he has some trash to talk when it comes to the music on the charts.
NME reports that Elton said to BBC Radio 6 Music, "...there's four or five writers on (a track). You look at most of the records in the charts – they're not real songs. They're bits and pieces and it's nice to hear someone write a proper song."
"I like people who write songs," he continued. "And there's plenty of people that do but a lot of them don't get played on the radio because they're too sophisticated and we get songs made by a computer all the time and I'm not interested in that."
As far as people Elton does think write "proper songs," he praised Father John Misty and childhood YouTube star turned singer/songwriter Conan Gray. "[Father John Misty] reminds me a little bit of me the way he writes songs," Elton said. "Conan's from America and he's the only person in the American Spotify Top 50 to actually write the song without anybody else."
Elton also addressed his tour dates, which -- like everyone else's -- are up in the air. "Oh of course I'm going straight out there again," he said. "When and where, I don't know. I mean know where – but I don't know when. I'll definitely be out there yes." We look forward to it -- so far, his 'Farewell Yellow Brick Road Tour' has been genuinely spectacular.
Filed Under: conan gray, Elton John, Father John Misty
Cardi B claps back at Republican politician who compares her to Melania Trump
Eddie Vedder shares 'Earthling' tracklist and new single "Brother the Cloud"
Coachella 2022 lineup (Kanye, Billie Eilish, Harry Styles, Megan Thee Stallion, Phoebe Bridgers, more)
80 albums that we're anticipating in 2022
Father John Misty details 'Chloë and the Next 20th Century,' shares gorgeous "Funny Girl" video


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#### According to
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#### Published in
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#### Original name
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Occasional contributor, Patrick Taylor, sent me a good tip that I wanted to share with you so you can see how it works this weekend right along with me.
According to Patrick, using this knot on a pattern like the muddler minnow is a real killer. The basic technique is simple. After tying this knot, you throw it at a 30-45° angle downstream and let the current in the water carry the fly to its natural conclusion. During this drift, you do not strip the fly in, use the natural action induced by the current. As the fly sinks, raise your rod tip slightly to bring it back to the surface to produce the gentle "V" wake. Do not use it on a fly that is weighted like a beadhead.
You need to be aware of where you stand in relation to your fly. The hitch needs to come off the fly pointing back towards you to work properly. The links below a few ways to tie the knot. It's pretty basic - just a few half hitches.
I'll update this post next week and let you know how it works on the smallies. I've got a muddler and a small popper I'll try out using this knot.


text:
Home Blogs Health News Over 37K migrant relief camps shelter 14.3 lakh people: MHA
Over 37K migrant relief camps shelter 14.3 lakh people: MHA
New Delhi, April 10 (IANS) The Ministry of Home Affairs on Friday said that over 14.3 lakh people have been shifted to about 37,978 migrant relief camps across India amid the coronavirus crisis.
The Ministry said over one crore additional people are being provided food in various food camps in different states and Union Territories (UTs). As per the Ministry, it has been continuously monitoring the enforcement of lockdown measures across all states and UTs, asserting that the enforcement measures and the supply of essential goods and services is "satisfactory".
"As many as 37,978 migrant relief camps have been set up in states and UTs in which over 34,000 have been set up by the state governments and over 3,000 by the NGOs. Around 14.3 lakh migrant workers have been provided shelter in these camps," said a Joint Secretary in the Home Ministry in a press briefing.
Besides, 26,225 food camps have also been set up in various states and UTs out which 14,799 were set up by the government and 11,426 by the NGOs, said the officer, adding over one crore people are being provided food in these camps.
These facilities are being provided to the poor, destitute, migrant workers, those who only need food, and for those who have reached their destination, but have been quarantined due to standard health protocol, the official said.
Officials said the condition of migrant workers is "under control" and food and shelter facilities to 16.5 lakh workers are being provided by their employer and industries.
The Joint Secretary said the Home Minister on Thursday reviewed the India-Pakistan and India-Bangladesh border security with the officials of Border Security Force (BSF) and directed to increase the vigilance on border areas specifically in those areas where there is no fencing.
"The Home Minister also instructed to stop cross-border movements. He also suggested making villagers aware about COVID-19. He also directed to inform the district authorities to ensure that no one inadvertently crossed the border."
rak/prs


text:
You searched for: when was the university of karlsruhe founded germany us military base in poland We have highlighted matching words that appear in the page below.
Karlsruhe - Wikipedia
City in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
For other uses, see Karlsruhe (disambiguation).
Kallsruh (South Franconian)
Clockwise from top: Karlsruhe Palace, Schlossplatz, Crown of Baden, Konzerthaus, view over Karlsruhe
Location of Karlsruhe
Show map of Baden-Württemberg
Coordinates: 49°00′33″N 8°24′14″E / 49.00920970°N 8.40395140°E / 49.00920970; 8.40395140Coordinates: 49°00′33″N 8°24′14″E / 49.00920970°N 8.40395140°E / 49.00920970; 8.40395140
Admin. region
27 quarters
• Lord mayor (2020–2028)
Frank Mentrup[1] (SPD)
173.46 km2 (66.97 sq mi)
1,800/km2 (4,600/sq mi)
karlsruhe.de
Karlsruhe (/ˈkɑːrlzruːə/ KARLZ-roo-ə, US also /ˈkɑːrls-/ KARLSS-,[3][4][5] German: [ˈkaʁlsˌʁuːə] ( listen); South Franconian: Kallsruh), formerly spelled Carlsruhe in English,[3] is the third-largest city of the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg after its capital of Stuttgart, and Mannheim. Its 308,436 inhabitants make it the 21st-largest city of Germany. On the right bank of the Rhine, the city lies near the French-German border, between the Mannheim/Ludwigshafen conurbation to the north, and the Strasbourg/Kehl conurbation to the south. It is the largest city of Baden, a historic region named after Hohenbaden Castle in the city of Baden-Baden. Karlsruhe is also the largest city in the South Franconian dialect area (transitional dialects between Central and Upper German), the only other larger city in that area being Heilbronn. The city is the seat of the Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht), as well as of the Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof) and the Public Prosecutor General of the Federal Court of Justice (Generalbundesanwalt beim Bundesgerichtshof).
Karlsruhe was the capital of the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach (Durlach: 1565–1718; Karlsruhe: 1718–1771), the Margraviate of Baden (1771–1803), the Electorate of Baden (1803–1806), the Grand Duchy of Baden (1806–1918), and the Republic of Baden (1918–1945). Its most remarkable building is Karlsruhe Palace, which was built in 1715. There are nine institutions of higher education in the city, most notably the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Karlsruher Institut für Technologie). Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport (Flughafen Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden) is the second-busiest airport of Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart Airport, and the 17th-busiest airport of Germany.
In 2019 the UNESCO announced that Karlsruhe will join its network of "Creative Cities" as "City of Media Arts".[6][7]
1.1 Climate
2 Districts
4 Population
5 Main sights
6.1 Justice
6.2 Public health
7.1 Internet activities
8.1 Mayors
8.1.1 List of Mayors
9.1 Railway
9.2 Shipping
9.4 Streets
10 Jewish community
10.1 Karlsruhe and the Shoah
11 Historical population
12 Notable people
13.1 Technology, engineering, and business
13.2 The arts
13.3 International education
13.4 European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT)
13.5 University of Education
14 Culture
15 Twin towns – sister cities
15.1 Partnerships
16 Legacy
18 Sport
The 49th parallel north in the Karlsruhe Stadtgarten
Karlsruhe lies completely to the east of the Rhine, and almost completely on the Upper Rhine Plain. It contains the Turmberg in the east, and also lies on the borders of the Kraichgau leading to the Northern Black Forest.
The Rhine, one of the world's most important shipping routes, forms the western limits of the city, beyond which lie the towns of Maximiliansau and Wörth am Rhein in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The city centre is about 7.5 km (4.7 mi) from the river, as measured from the Marktplatz (Market Square). Two tributaries of the Rhine, the Alb and the Pfinz, flow through the city from the Kraichgau to eventually join the Rhine.
The city lies at an altitude between 100 and 322 m (near the communications tower in the suburb of Grünwettersbach). Its geographical coordinates are 49°00′N 8°24′E / 49.000°N 8.400°E / 49.000; 8.400; the 49th parallel runs through the city centre, which puts it at the same latitude as much of the Canada–United States border, the cities Vancouver (Canada), Paris (France), Regensburg (Germany), and Hulunbuir (China). Its course is marked by a stone and painted line in the Stadtgarten (municipal park). The total area of the city is 173.46 km2 (66.97 sq mi), hence it is the 30th largest city in Germany measured by land area. The longest north–south distance is 16.8 km (10.4 mi) and 19.3 km (12.0 mi) in the east–west direction.
Karlsruhe is part of the urban area of Karlsruhe/Pforzheim, to which certain other towns in the district of Karlsruhe, such as Bruchsal, Ettlingen, Stutensee, and Rheinstetten, as well as the city of Pforzheim, belong.
MiRO oil refinery
The city was planned with the palace tower (Schloss) at the center and 32 streets radiating out from it like the spokes of a wheel, or the ribs of a folding fan, so that one nickname for Karlsruhe in German is the "fan city" (Fächerstadt). Almost all of these streets survive to this day. Because of this city layout, in metric geometry, Karlsruhe metric refers to a measure of distance that assumes travel is only possible along radial streets and along circular avenues around the centre.[8]
The city centre is the oldest part of town and lies south of the palace in the quadrant defined by nine of the radial streets. The central part of the palace runs east–west, with two wings, each at a 45° angle, directed southeast and southwest (i.e., parallel with the streets marking the boundaries of the quadrant defining the city center).
The market square lies on the street running south from the palace to Ettlingen. The market square has the town hall (Rathaus) to the west, the main Lutheran church (Evangelische Stadtkirche) to the east, and the tomb of Margrave Charles III William in a pyramid in the buildings, resulting in Karlsruhe being one of only three large cities in Germany where buildings are laid out in the neoclassical style.
The area north of the palace is a park and forest. Originally the area to the east of the palace consisted of gardens and forests, some of which remain, but the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (founded in 1825), Wildparkstadion football stadium, and residential areas have been built there. The area west of the palace is now mostly residential.
Panorama of Karlsruhe, looking south from the palace tower: The Institute of Technology is on the left, the market square in the centre, the Federal Constitutional Court on the right. Wings of the palace align with streets, all radiating out from the centre of town, i.e., the palace tower.
A 180-degree panorama from atop the palace tower, facing north
Climate[edit]
Karlsruhe experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) and its winter climate is milder, compared to most other German cities, except for the Rhine-Ruhr area. Summers are also hotter than elsewhere in the country and it is one of the sunniest cities in Germany, like the Rhine-Palatinate area. Precipitation is almost evenly spread throughout the year. In 2008, the weather station in Karlsruhe, which had been in operation since 1876, was closed; it was replaced by a weather station in Rheinstetten, south of Karlsruhe.[9]
Climate data for Rheinstetten, elevation: 112 m, 1981–2010 normals,[a] extremes 1948–2013
(101.3) 40.2
(104.4)
(40.5) 6.8
(30.7) −0.3
−20.0
(−4.0) −15.0
(5.0) −14.6
(5.7) −5.3
(15.3) −18.7
(−4.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
(2.28) 55.8
(2.96) 783.4
Average precipitation days
15.4 12.2 14.3 12.9 13.5 14.6 12.1 10.3 10.7 13.5 14.0 15.6 159.1
56.7 87.8 131.2 182.7 218.4 232.1 253.9 237.3 174.4 110.9 65.5 45.6 1,796.4
Source 1: DWD[11]
Source 2: Climatebase.ru[10]
Districts of Karlsruhe
Districts[edit]
Main article: Boroughs of Karlsruhe (city)
Karlsruhe is divided into 27 districts.
According to legend, the name Karlsruhe, which translates as "Charles' repose" or "Charles' peace", was given to the new city after a hunting trip when Margrave Charles III William of Baden-Durlach woke from a dream in which he dreamt of founding his new city. A variation of this story claims that he built the new palace to find peace from his wife.
Charles William founded the city on June 17, 1715, after a dispute with the citizens of his previous capital, Durlach. The founding of the city is closely linked to the construction of the palace. Karlsruhe became the capital of Baden-Durlach, and, in 1771, of the united Baden until 1945. Built in 1822, the Ständehaus was the first parliament building in a German state. In the aftermath of the democratic revolution of 1848, a republican government was elected there.
Karlsruhe was visited by Thomas Jefferson during his time as the American envoy to France; when Pierre Charles L'Enfant was planning the layout of Washington, D.C., Jefferson passed to him maps of 12 European towns to consult, one of which was a sketch he had made of Karlsruhe during his visit.[12]
In 1860, the first-ever international professional convention of chemists, the Karlsruhe Congress, was held in the city.[13]
In 1907 the town was site of the Hau Riot where large crowds caused disturbance during the trial of murderer Carl Hau.
During the Holocaust, on Kristallnacht in 1938, the Adass Jeshurun synagogue was burned to the ground, and the city's Jews were later sent to Dachau concentration camp, Gurs concentration camp, Theresienstadt, and Auschwitz, with 1,421 of Karlsruhe's Jews being killed.[14]
Much of the central area, including the palace, was reduced to rubble by Allied bombing during World War II, but was rebuilt after the war. Located in the American zone of the postwar Allied occupation, Karlsruhe was home to an American military base, established in 1945. In 1995, the bases closed, and their facilities were turned over to the city of Karlsruhe.[15]
Population[edit]
The following list shows the most significant groups of foreigners residing in the city of Karlsruhe by country.
Population (31 December 2018)[16]
1 Romania 6,169
2 Turkey 5,618
3 Italy 4,558
4 Croatia 3,333
5 Poland 3,089
6 China 2,962
7 France 1,852
8 Serbia 1,746
9 Russia 1,712
10 Spain 1,502
11 Bulgaria 1,384
12 Greece 1,204
13 India 1,190
14 Hungary 1,171
15 Bosnia 1,166
16 Syria 1,160
Main sights[edit]
The Stadtgarten is a recreational area near the main railway station (Hauptbahnhof) and was rebuilt for the 1967 Federal Garden Show (Bundesgartenschau). It is also the site of the Karlsruhe Zoo.
The Durlacher Turmberg has a look-out tower (hence its name). It is a former keep dating back to the 13th century.
The city has two botanical gardens: the municipal Botanischer Garten Karlsruhe, which forms part of the Palace complex, and the Botanischer Garten der Universität Karlsruhe, which is maintained by the university.
Panorama of the courtyard of Botanischer Garten Karlsruhe
The Marktplatz has a stone pyramid marking the grave of the city's founder. Built in 1825, it is the emblem of Karlsruhe. The city is nicknamed the "fan city" (die Fächerstadt) because of its design layout, with straight streets radiating fan-like from the Palace.
The Karlsruhe Palace (Schloss) is an interesting piece of architecture; the adjacent Schlossgarten includes the Botanical Garden with a palm, cactus and orchid house, and walking paths through the woods to the north.
The so-called Kleine Kirche (Little Church), built between 1773 and 1776, is the oldest church of Karlsruhe's city centre.
The architect Friedrich Weinbrenner designed many of the city's most important sights. Another sight is the Rondellplatz with its 'Constitution Building Columns' (1826). It is dedicated to Baden's first constitution in 1818, which was one of the most liberal of its time. The Münze (mint), erected in 1826/27, was also built by Weinbrenner.
St. Stephan parish church
The St. Stephan parish church is one of the masterpieces of neoclassical church architecture in.[17] Weinbrenner, who built this church between 1808 and 1814, orientated it to the Pantheon, Rome.
Grand Ducal burial chapel [de]
The neo-Gothic Grand Ducal Burial Chapel, built between 1889 and 1896, is a mausoleum rather than a church, and is located in the middle of the forest.
The main cemetery of Karlsruhe is the oldest park-like cemetery in Germany. The crematorium was the first to be built in the style of a church.
Karlsruhe is also home to a natural history museum (the State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe), an opera house (the Baden State Theatre), as well as a number of independent theatres and art galleries. The State Art Gallery, built in 1846 by Heinrich Hübsch, displays paintings and sculptures from six centuries, particularly from France, Germany and Holland. Karlsruhe's newly renovated art museum is one of the most important art museums in Baden-Württemberg. Further cultural attractions are scattered throughout Karlsruhe's various incorporated suburbs. Established in 1924, the Scheffel Association is the largest literary society in Germany.[citation needed] Today the Prinz-Max-Palais, built between 1881 and 1884 in neoclassical style, houses the organisation and includes its museum.
Breweries and buildings in the Art Nouveau style were predominant in the western city.
Due to population growth in the late 19th century, Karlsruhe developed several suburban areas (Vorstadt) in the Gründerzeit and especially art nouveau styles of architecture, with many preserved examples.
Karlsruhe is also home to the Majolika-Manufaktur,[18] the only art-ceramics pottery studio in Germany.[citation needed] Founded in 1901, it is located in the Schlossgarten. A 'blue streak' (Blauer Strahl) consisting of 1,645 ceramic tiles, connects the studio with the Palace. It is the world's largest ceramic artwork.[citation needed]
Another tourist attraction is the Centre for Art and Media (Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie, or ZKM), which is located in a converted ammunition factory.
Justice[edit]
The Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
Karlsruhe is the seat of the German Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) and the highest Court of Appeals in civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof. The courts came to Karlsruhe after World War II, when the provinces of Baden and Württemberg were merged. Stuttgart, capital of Württemberg, became the capital of the new province (Württemberg-Baden in 1945 and Baden-Württemberg in 1952). In compensation for the state authorities relocated to Stuttgart, Karlsruhe applied to become the seat of the high court.[19]
Public health[edit]
There are four hospitals: The municipal Klinikum Karlsruhe provides the maximum level of medical services, the St. Vincentius-Kliniken and the Diakonissenkrankenhaus, connected to the Catholic and Protestant churches, respectively, offer central services, and the private Paracelsus-Klinik basic medical care, according to state hospital demand planning.[citation needed]
Economy[edit]
Germany's largest oil refinery is located in Karlsruhe, at the western edge of the city, directly on the river Rhine. The Technologieregion Karlsruhe is a loose confederation of the region's cities in order to promote high tech industries; today, about 20% of the region's jobs are in research and development. EnBW, one of Germany's biggest electric utility companies, with a revenue of 19.2 billion € in 2012,[20] is headquartered in the city.
Internet activities[edit]
Due to the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology providing services until the late 1990, Karlsruhe became known as the internet capital of Germany.[21] The DENIC, Germany's Network Information Centre, has since moved to Frankfurt, though, where DE-CIX is located.
Two major internet service providers, WEB.DE and schlund+partner/1&1, now both owned by United Internet AG, are located at Karlsruhe.
The library of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology developed the Karlsruher Virtueller Katalog, the first internet site that allowed researchers worldwide (for free) to search multiple library catalogues worldwide.
In the year 2000 the regional online "newspaper" ka-news.de was created. As a daily newspaper, it not only provides the news, but also informs readers about upcoming events in Karlsruhe and surrounding areas.
Rail yard, bypass road Südtangente
In addition to established companies, Karlsruhe has a vivid and spreading startup community with well-known startups like STAPPZ.[22][23] Together, the local high tech industry is responsible for over 22.000 jobs.[24]
Politics[edit]
Mayors[edit]
After the castle was founded in 1715, there was also a settlement in which a mayor was appointed from 1718. From 1812 the mayors received the title of Lord Mayor.
In addition to the Lord Mayor, there are five other mayors.
Mayor for:
Human Resources, Elections and Statistics, Citizen Service and Security, Culture
Youth and social affairs, schools, sports, pools
Finance, economy and work, city marketing, congresses, exhibitions and events, tourism, supply and ports, real estate and market affairs
Environment and climate protection, health, cemetery office, waste management, forestry, fire and disaster control
Planning, building, real estate management, people's apartment and zoo
List of Mayors[edit]
Johannes Sembach 1718–1720
Johannes Ludwig 1721–1723
Georg Adam Ottmann 1724–1733
Johannes Ernst Kaufmann 1733–1738
Johann Cornelius Roman 1738–1744
Johann Christian Maschenbauer 1746–1750
Johann Sebald Kreglinger 1753–1763
Georg Jakob Fink 1765–1773
Christoph Hennig 1773–1781
Christian Ludwig Schulz 1781–1799
Georg Friedrich Trohmann 1799–1800
Gabriel Bauer 1800–1809
Wilhelm Christian Griesbach 1809–1816
Bernhard Dollmaetsch 1816–1830
August Klose 1830–1833
Christian Karl Füeßlin 1833–1847
August Klose 1847 (May–September)
Ludwig Daler 1847–1848
Jakob Malsch 1848–1870
Wilhelm Florentin Lauter 1870–1892
Karl Schnetzler 1892–1906
Karl Siegrist 1906–1919
Julius Finter 1919–1933 DDP
Friedrich Jäger 1933–1938 NSDAP
Oskar Hüssy 1938–1945 NSDAP
Josef Heinrich 1945 (April–August)
Hermann Veit 1945–1946 SPD
Friedrich Töpper 1946–1952 SPD
Günther Klotz 1952–1970 SPD
Otto Dullenkopf 1970–1986 CDU
Gerhard Seiler 1986–1998 CDU
Heinz Fenrich 1998–2013 CDU
Frank Mentrup since 2013 SPD
Transport[edit]
Railway[edit]
The Verkehrsbetriebe Karlsruhe (VBK) operates the city's urban public transport network, comprising seven tram routes and a network of bus routes. All city areas can be reached round the clock by tram and a night bus system. The Turmbergbahn funicular railway, to the east of the city centre, is also operated by the VBK. In the downtown there is a subway, the Karlsruhe Kombilösung, which opened on 11 December 2021.[25]
A tram at the subway station Durlacher Tor.
The VBK is also a partner, with the Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft and Deutsche Bahn, in the operation of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn, the rail system that serves a larger area around the city. This system makes it possible to reach other towns in the region, like Ettlingen, Wörth am Rhein, Pforzheim, Bad Wildbad, Bretten, Bruchsal, Heilbronn, Baden-Baden, and even Freudenstadt in the Black Forest right from the city centre. The Stadtbahn is known for pioneering the concept of operating trams on train tracks, to achieve a more effective and attractive public transport system.
Karlsruhe is connected via road and rail, with Autobahn and Intercity Express connections going to Frankfurt, Stuttgart/Munich and Freiburg/Basel from Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof. Since June 2007 it has been connected to the TGV network, reducing travel time to Paris to three hours (previously it had taken five hours).
The Rhine Valley Railway is also an important freight line.[26] Freight trains can bypass Karlsuhe Hauptbahnhof via the Karlsruhe freight bypass railway.
Shipping[edit]
Oil port
Two ports on the Rhine provide transport capacity on cargo ships, especially for petroleum products.
Airport[edit]
The nearest airport is part of the Baden Airpark (officially Flughafen Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden) about 45 km (28 mi) southwest of Karlsruhe, with regular connections to airports in Germany and Europe in general. Frankfurt International Airport can be reached in about an hour and a half by car (one hour by Intercity Express); Stuttgart Airport can be reached in about one hour (about an hour and a half by train and S-Bahn).
Streets[edit]
Karlsruhe is at the Bundesautobahn 5 and the Bundesstraße 10. In the city there is a good bike lane infrastructure.
Two interesting facts in transportation history are that both Karl Drais, the inventor of the bicycle, as well as Karl Benz, the inventor of the automobile were born in Karlsruhe. Benz was born in Mühlburg, which later became a borough of Karlsruhe (in 1886). Benz also studied at the Karlsruhe University. Benz's wife Bertha took the world's first long distance-drive with an automobile from Mannheim to Karlsruhe-Grötzingen and Pforzheim (see Bertha Benz Memorial Route). Their professional lives led both men to the neighboring city of Mannheim, where they first applied their most famous inventions.
The Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof, the main station in Karlsruhe
A tram in Karlsruhe 2017
A bike street in Karlsruhe
The Bundesstraße 10 in Karlsruhe
Memorial for Baden Life Grenadiers in several wars, 1803–1918, temporarily removed in 2010
Karlsburg Castle in Durlach
Jewish community[edit]
Jews settled in Karlsruhe soon after its founding.[27] They were attracted by the numerous privileges granted by its founder to settlers, without discrimination as to creed. Official documents attest the presence of several Jewish families at Karlsruhe in 1717.[27] A year later the city council addressed to the margrave a report in which a question was raised as to the proportion of municipal charges to be borne by the newly arrived Jews, who in that year formed an organized congregation, with Rabbi Nathan Uri Kohen of Metz at its head. A document dated 1726 gives the names of twenty-four Jews who had taken part in an election of municipal officers.
As the city grew, permission to settle there became less easily obtained by Jews, and the community developed more slowly. A 1752 Jewry ordinance stated Jews were forbidden to leave the city on Sundays and Christian holidays, or to go out of their houses during church services, but they were exempted from service by court summonses on Sabbaths. They could sell wine only in inns owned by Jews and graze their cattle, not on the commons, but on the wayside only. Nethanael Weill was a rabbi in Karlsruhe from 1750 until his death.
In 1783, by a decree issued by Margrave Charles Frederick of Baden, the Jews ceased to be serfs, and consequently could settle wherever they pleased. The same decree freed them from the Todfall tax, paid to the clergy for each Jewish burial. In commemoration of these changes special prayers were prepared by the acting rabbi Jedidiah Tiah Weill, who, succeeding his father in 1770, held the office until 1805.
In 1808 the new constitution of what at that time, during the Napoleonic era, had become the Grand Duchy of Baden granted Jews citizenship status; a subsequent edict, in 1809, constitutionally acknowledged Jews as a religious group.[28][29] The latter edict provided for a hierarchical organization of the Jewish communities of Baden, under the umbrella of a central council of Baden Jewry (Oberrat der Israeliten Badens), with its seat in Karlsruhe,[28] and the appointment of a chief rabbi of Karlsruhe, as the spiritual head of the Jews in all of Baden.[27] The first chief rabbi of Karlsruhe and Baden was Rabbi Asher Loew, who served from 1809 until his death in 1837.[30]
Complete emancipation was given in 1862, Jews were elected to city council and Baden parliament, and from 1890 were appointed judges. Jews were persecuted in the 'Hep-Hep' riots that occurred in 1819; and anti-Jewish demonstrations were held in 1843, 1848, and the 1880s. The well-known German-Israeli artist Leo Kahn studied in Karlsruhe before leaving for France and Israel in the 1920s and 1930s.
Today, there are about 900 members in the Jewish community, many of whom are recent immigrants from Russia, and an orthodox rabbi.[31]
Karlsruhe has memorialized its Jewish community and notable pre-war synagogues with a memorial park.[32]
Jewish cemetery of Grötzingen
Karlsruhe Synagogue, built by Friedrich Weinbrenner in 1798, existed until 1871
The new synagogue
Public menorah on the Marktplatz
Karlsruhe and the Shoah[edit]
On 28 October 1938, all Jewish men of Polish extraction were expelled to the Polish border, their families joining them later and most ultimately perishing in the ghettoes and concentration camps. On Kristallnacht (9-10 November 1938), the Adass Jeshurun synagogue was burned to the ground, the main synagogue was damaged, and Jewish men were taken to the Dachau concentration camp after being beaten and tormented. Deportations commenced on 22 October 1940, when 893 Jews were loaded onto trains for the three-day journey to the Gurs concentration camp in France. Another 387 were deported in from 1942 to 1945 to lzbica in the Lublin district (Poland), Theresienstadt, and Auschwitz. Of the 1,280 Jews deported directly from Karlsruhe, 1,175 perished. Another 138 perished after deportation from other German cities or occupied Europe. In all, 1,421 of Karlsruhe's Jews died during the Shoah. A new community was formed after the war by surviving former residents, with a new synagogue erected in 1971. It numbered 359 in 1980.[14]
Historical population[edit]
1719 2,000[33]
1815 >15,000[33]
1901 100,000[33]
Notable people[edit]
Gottfried Fuchs
Richard Willstätter
George Bayer, pioneer in the US state of Missouri
Karl Benz (1844–1929), mechanical engineer and inventor of the first automobile as well as the founder of Benz & Co., Daimler-Benz, and Mercedes-Benz (now part of Daimler AG). He was born in the Karlsruhe borough of Mühlburg and educated at Karlsruhe Grammar School, the Lyceum, and Poly-Technical University
Hermann Billing, Art Nouveau architect, was born and lived in Karlsruhe, where he built his first famous works
Siegfried Buback (1920–1977), then-Attorney General of Germany who fell victim to terrorists of the Rote Armee Fraktion in April 1977 in Karlsruhe
Berthold von Deimling (1853–1944), Prussian general
Karl Drais (1785–1851), inventor of the two-wheeler principle (dandy horse) basic to bicycle and motorcycle, key typewriter, and earliest stenograph, was born and died in Karlsruhe
Theodor von Dusch (1824–1890), physician remembered for experiments involving cotton-wool filters for bacteria
Ludwig Eichrodt, writer
Erik H. Erikson (1902–1994), children's psychoanalyst and theoretical pioneer in the field of study of identity building, spent his childhood and school time (Bismarck-Gymnasium) in Karlsruhe.
Harry L. Ettlinger, US Army private who assisted the MFAA in the recovery of art looted by the Nazis. He was the last Jewish boy to celebrate his bar mitzvah in Karlsruhe's Kronenstrasse Synagogue, on September 24, 1938.
Clara Mathilda Faisst (1872–1948), pianist and composer
Hans Frank (1900–1946), Obergruppenführer SA, Gauleiter and governor-general of Nazi-occupied Poland; hanged at Nuremberg for his war crimes during World War II
Reinhold Frank (1896–1945), lawyer who worked for the resistance in Nazi Germany, ran a law practice in Karlsruhe; in his honour the street in Karlsruhe where the lawyer's chambers were founded bears his name
Gottfried Fuchs (1889–1972), German-Canadian Olympic soccer player
Karoline von Günderrode, poet, was born in Karlsruhe (1780–1806)
Johann Peter Hebel, writer and poet, lived in Karlsruhe for most of his life
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, discovered electromagnetic waves at the University of Karlsruhe in the late 1880s. A lecture room named after Hertz lies close to the very spot where the discovery was made.
Julius Hirsch (1892–1945), Olympian soccer player and first Jewish member of the national team, two-time Germany team champion, awarded the Iron Cross during World War I, murdered in Auschwitz concentration camp
Friedrich Hund, physicist of the pioneering generation of quantum mechanics (see Hund's rules); was born here
Hedwig Kettler (1851–1937), founded the first German Mädchengymnasium (girls' high school), located in Karlsruhe
Gustav Landauer (1870–1919), theorist of anarchism in Germany, was born in Karlsruhe
Kolja Lessing (born 1961), German violinist, pianist, composer and academic teacher
Markus Lüpertz worked and lives in Karlsruhe; he created the Narrenbrunnen (Fool's Fountain) in the city center
Composer Wolfgang Rihm is a resident of Karlsruhe.
In 1886, Joseph Viktor von Scheffel, poet and novelist, was born in Karlsruhe.
Peter Sloterdijk (born 1947), German philosopher.
Rahel Straus (1880–1963), German-Jewish medical doctor and feminist
Johann Gottfried Tulla (1770–?), instrumental in stabilizing and straightening the course of the southern Rhine; a co-founder of the Karlsruhe University (1825)
Victoria of Baden (1862–1930), born in Karlsruhe, queen consort of Sweden by her marriage to King Gustaf V of Sweden
Friedrich Weinbrenner (1766–1826), architect of neoclassicism; his tomb is situated in the main Protestant church in Karlsruhe.
Thomas Ernst Josef Wiedemann (1950–2001), German-British historian, born in Karlsruhe
Richard Willstätter, recipient of 1915 Nobel Prize for Chemistry
Sina Deinert, a member of Now United
Dennis Aogo (born 1987), football defender
Christa Bauch, female bodybuilder
Walther Bensemann, one of the founders of the first southern German soccer club Karlsruher FV and later one of the founders of DFB and the founder of Kicker, Germany's leading soccer magazine
Oliver Bierhoff (born 1968), retired football striker and former national team captain for the Germany and Italian Serie A clubs Udinese, A.C. Milan and Chievo; currently working as the German national team manager
Andi Deris (born 1964), musician and songwriter, lead singer of the power metal band Helloween
Karl Elzer, stage and film actor
Gottfried Fuchs (1889–1972), was born in Karlsruhe and holds the record of ten goals in one single international soccer match for the German national team
Regina Halmich (born 1976), retired female boxing flyweight world champion
Vincenzo Italiano (born 1977), Italian footballer currently plays for Calcio Padova
Sead Kolašinac (born 1993), Bosnian footballer who plays as a left back for Arsenal FC
Oliver Kahn (born 1969), retired goalkeeper of Karlsruher SC, Bayern Munich and Germany
Sebastian Koch (born 1962), actor
Renate Lingor (born 1975), former national football player
Pietro Lombardi (born 1992), singer
Mehmet Scholl (born 1970), retired footballer for Karlsruher SC, later Bayern Munich and the German national team
Susanne Stichler (born 1969), journalist and television presenter
Muhammed Suiçmez (born 1975), Turkish guitarist and composer for German technical death metal band Necrophagist
Eugene Weingand (1934–1986), actor and television host who claimed to be Peter Lorre Jr.
Moon Ga-young (born 1996), South Korean actress
See also: List of schools in Germany
Karlsruhe is a renowned research and study centre, with one of Germany's finest institutions of higher education.
Technology, engineering, and business[edit]
The Karlsruhe University (Universität Karlsruhe-TH), the oldest technical university in Germany, is home to the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (Karlsruhe Research Center), where engineering and scientific research is performed in the areas of health, earth, and environmental sciences. The Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule Karlsruhe-HS) is the largest university of technology in the state of Baden-Württemberg, offering both professional and academic education in engineering sciences and business. In 2009, the University of Karlsruhe joined the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe to form the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT).
The arts[edit]
The Academy of Fine Arts, Karlsruhe is one of the smallest universities in Germany, with average 300 students. The Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design (HfG) was founded to the same time as its sister institution, the Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe (Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie). The HfG teaching and research focuses on new media and media art. The Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe is a music conservatory that offers degrees in composition, music performance, education, and radio journalism. Since 1989 it has been located in the Gottesaue Palace.
International education[edit]
The Karlshochschule International University (formerly known as Merkur Internationale Fachhochschule) was founded in 2004. As a foundation-owned, state-approved management school, Karlshochschule offers undergraduate education in both German and English, focusing on international and intercultural management, as well as service- and culture-related industries. Furthermore, an international consecutive Master of Arts in leadership studies is offered in English.
European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT)[edit]
Main article: European Institute of Innovation and Technology
Karlsruhe hosts one of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology's Knowledge and Innovation Communities (KICs) focusing on sustainable energy. Other co‑centres are based in Grenoble, France (CC Alps Valleys); Eindhoven, the Netherlands, and Leuven, Belgium (CC Benelux); Barcelona, Spain (CC Iberia); Kraków, Poland (CC PolandPlus); and Stockholm, Sweden (CC Sweden).[36]
University of Education[edit]
The Karlsruhe University of Education was founded in 1962. It is specialized in educational processes. The university has about 3700 students and 180 full-time researchers and lecturers. It offers a wide range of educational studies, like teaching profession for primary and secondary schools (both optional with a European Teaching Certificate profile), Bachelor programs that specializes in Early Childhood Education and in Health and Leisure Education, Master programs in Educational Science, Intercultural Education, Migration and Multilingualism. Furthermore, the University of Education Karlsruhe offers a Master program for Biodiversity and Environmental Education.[37]
Culture[edit]
Nancy fountain
Gottesau Palace (now music college).
In 1999 the ZKM (Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie, Centre for Art and Media) was opened. Linking new media theory and practice, the ZKM is located in a former weapons factory. Among the institutes related to the ZKM are the Staatliche Hochschule für Gestaltung (State University of Design), whose president is philosopher Peter Sloterdijk and the Museum for Contemporary Art.
Twin towns – sister cities[edit]
Karlsruhe is twinned with:[38]
Nancy, France (1955)
Nottingham, England, United Kingdom (1969)
Halle, Germany (1987)
Krasnodar, Russia (1997)
Timișoara, Romania (1997)
Partnerships[edit]
Karlsruhe also cooperates with:[39]
Legacy[edit]
Ukrainian village Stepove near the city of Mykolaiv in southern Ukraine was established by German colonists as Karlsruhe.
Events[edit]
Every year in July there is a large open-air festival lasting three days called simply Das Fest ("The Festival").[40][41]
The Baden State Theatre has sponsored the Händel Festival since 1978.
The city hosted the 23rd and 31st European Juggling Conventions (EJC) in 2000 and 2008.
In July the African Summer Festival is held in the city's Nordstadt. Markets, drumming workshops, exhibitions, a varied children's programme, and musical performances take place during the three days festival.[42]
In the past Karlsruhe has been the host of LinuxTag (the biggest Linux event in Europe) and until 2006 hosted the annual Linux Audio Conference.[43]
Visitors and locals watched the total solar eclipse at noon on August 11, 1999. The city was not only located within the eclipse path but was one of the few within Germany not plagued by bad weather.
Sport[edit]
Karlsruher SC (KSC), DFB (2. Liga)
PS Karlsruhe Lions, Basketball-Pro-Liga A (second division)
Karlsruhe co-hosted the FIBA EuroBasket 1985.
TC Rueppurr (TCR), [Tennis-Bundesliga] (women's first division)
Karlsruhe Cougars, Regional League South-East (men's baseball), 1st Bundesliga South (women's softball I) and State League South (women's softball II)
Badener Greifs, currently competing in the Regional League Central but formerly a member of the German Football League's 1st Bundesliga, lost to the Berlin Adler in the 1987 German Bowl (see also: German Football League)
Karlsruhe Palace
^ Except precipitation days which are for 1980-2012.[10]
^ "Oberbürgermeisterwahl Karlsruhe" [Election of the Lord Mayor of Karlsruhe]. Staatsanzeiger.de (in German). Retrieved 17 October 2021.
^ "Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2020" [Population by nationality and sex as of December 31, 2020] (CSV). Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg (in German). June 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
^ a b "Karlsruhe". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ "Karlsruhe" (US) and "Karlsruhe". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. n.d. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ "Karlsruhe". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ "Karlsruhe | Creative Cities Network". en.unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-01-08.
^ "Zwei deutsche Städte ins Netzwerk der UNESCO-Creative Cities aufgenommen | Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission". unesco.de (in German). Retrieved 2020-01-08.
^ Rashid Bin Muhammad. "Karlsruhe-Metric Voronoi Diagram". Personal.kent.edu. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
^ "Die Wetterstationen in Karlsruhe". Wetter.im-licht-der-natur.de. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
^ a b "Карлсруэ, Баден-Вюртемберг, Германия #10727". climatebase.ru. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
^ "Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte".
^ Volker C. Ihle (2011). Karlsruhe and the United States. Sonstige. pp. 35–37. ISBN 9783881903233.
^ Ihde, Aaron J. (February 1961). "The Karlsruhe Congress: A centennial retrospective". Journal of Chemical Education. 38 (2): 83–86. Bibcode:1961JChEd..38...83I. doi:10.1021/ed038p83.
^ a b "Yad Vashem - Request Rejected". db.yadvashem.org.
^ Elkins, Walter. "U.S. Army Installations - Karlsruhe". U.S. Army in Germany. Retrieved 2012-07-21.
^ "Statistisches Jahrbuch 2019" (PDF). Retrieved 25 June 2020.
^ Southern Germany
^ Staatliche Majolika Manufaktur Karlsruhe GmbH. "Majolika-Manufaktur". Majolika-karlsruhe.com. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
^ Stadt Karlsruhe Stadtarchiv (ed.): Karlsruhe. Die Stadtgeschichte. Badenia, Karlsruhe 1998, ISBN 3-7617-0353-8, p. 591–594
^ "Financial Report 2012" (PDF). EnBW. p. 3.
^ See [1], a webpage by the Federal Foreign Office
^ "Interview mit einem Gründer aus Karlsruhe". 30 January 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-08.
^ "STAPPZ App from Karlsruhe, Homepage". Retrieved 2015-05-08.
^ "Region: Mittlerer Oberrhein Informationstechnologie, IT-Anwendungen / Unternehmenssoftware". Retrieved 2015-05-08.
^ Seinsoth, Dorothee; Bender, Markus; Essig, Jürgen. "Offizielle Eröffnung: Viele Karlsruher wollen die neue U-Bahn sehen". Swr Aktuell (in German). Südwestrundfunk. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
^ Weinrich, Regina. "Sperrung der Rheintalbahn". Eurotransport. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
^ a b c "Karlsruhe (Carlsruhe)" (1906). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Ed. Isidore Singer. Vol. 7. p. 448-449.
^ a b Dubnow, Simon (1920). Die neueste Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes (1789-1914). (in German) Translated from the Russian by Alexander Eliasberg. Vol. 1. Einleitung. Erste Abteilung: Das Zeitalter der ersten Emanzipation (1789-1815). Berlin: Jüdischer Verlag. p. 288.
^ Kober, Adolf (1942). "Mannheim." The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia. Ed. Isaac Landman. Vol. 7. New York: Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc. p. 330-332; here: p. 331.
^ Oelsner, Toni (2007). "Karlsruhe". In Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. 11 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 810–811. ISBN 978-0-02-866097-4.
^ "Aktuelles". jg-karlsruhe.de.
^ "images/Images%2021/ka%20syn". alemannia-judaica.de. Retrieved 2014-07-24.
^ a b c d e Bräunche, Ernst Otto; Koch, Manfred (2015-04-16). "Karlsruher Stadtgeschichte". Stadtarchiv & Historische Museen (in German). Stadt Karlsruhe. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
^ "Eingliederung ehemals selbständiger Gemeinden". Amt für Stadtentwicklung (in German). Stadt Karlsruhe. 2010-06-07. Archived from the original on 2011-12-22. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
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^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-22. Retrieved 2009-12-19. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Karlsruhe University of Education". ph-karlsruhe.de. Retrieved 2018-03-04.
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^ "Partneri- ja kummikaupungit". ouka.fi (in Finnish). Oulu. 20 April 2017. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
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text:
Innisfail was a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada, mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1905 to 1940 and again from 1971 to 1993.

History
Innisfail was one of the original 25 electoral districts contested in the 1905 Alberta general election upon Alberta joining Confederation in September 1905. The electoral district was a continuation of the Innisfail Northwest Territories electoral district which was formed in 1902. The electoral district was named for the Town of Innisfail in central Alberta.

The first Member of the Legislative Assembly for Innisfail was John A. Simpson who had been originally elected in the 1902 Northwest Territories general election to the Innisfail seat in the 5th North-West Legislative Assembly prior to Confederation of Alberta.

Prior to the 1940 Alberta general election Innisfail was split between Rocky Mountain House and Red Deer electoral districts. However Innisfail would be re-formed in the 1970 electoral district re-distribution.

Innisfail was dissolved again in the 1993 electoral district redistribution to form the Innisfail-Sylvan Lake electoral district.

Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs)

Election results

1905 Alberta general election

1909 Alberta general election

1913 Alberta general election

1917 Alberta general election

1921 Alberta general election

1926 Alberta general election

|-
| colspan="6" align ="center"|First count

|-
| colspan="6" align ="center"|Ballot transfer results

1930 Alberta general election

|-
| colspan="6" align ="center"|First count

|-
| colspan="6" align ="center"|Ballot transfer results

1935 Alberta general election

1971 Alberta general election

1975 Alberta general election

1979 Alberta general election

1982 Alberta general election

1986 Alberta general election

1989 Alberta general election

See also
List of Alberta provincial electoral districts
Innisfail, a town in central Alberta

References

Further reading

External links
Elections Alberta
The Legislative Assembly of Alberta

Former provincial electoral districts of Alberta


text:
Home/Nation/Via escort to Captain Ultimo. Salvini now wants to see clearly
Via escort to Captain Ultimo. Salvini now wants to see clearly
italy August 25, 2018 Nation Leave a comment
"Minister Matteo Salvini, you know of this deviant decision? The escort to Saviano yes, and to Captain Last No? "So yesterday Rita Dalla Chiesa invited the League to take charge of what he regards as an injustice, namely that the authorities decided to revoke the escort to the man who arrested the boss of the bosses, Totò Riina. Chiesa has not been left unheard, but Salvini, as was done on the occasion of the escort of Saviano, announces that he has no real power over this matter, but he will try to do something.
"The Minister of Internal Affairs can not intervene directly in the assignment of escort personnel – explains Salvini – With regard to the story of Captain Last, protagonist of brilliant and famous operations, the news did not leave me indifferent. With regard to the work and professionalism of everyone, I will ask for information to understand more ".
Ultimo will leave without escort the coming 3 September. Salvini he points out that "sIn short, a reduction of almost 600 escorts, a record at the European level, will be necessary to at least some of the 2,000 men of the police services who are involved daily in these often motivated, sometimes not recoverable. "And that will try to understand what is success in the case of Ultimo, which of course can still be in the sights of the Mafia.
The case has also intervened Giorgia Meloni. "The withdrawal of protection from Captain Ultimo scolds the memory of all heroes who have sacrificed themselves to fight the Mafia and humiliates all servants of the state who are leading the day in the fight against organized crime", writes Fb la leader of the brothers of Italy. His party will soon "ask a parliamentary question and appeal to the President of the Republic of Mattarella: intervene to put an end to this shame and give Colonel De Caprio the dignity and attention he deserves".
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Watch Violet's Sutton Foster, Joshua Henry & Colin Donnell Perform 'All to Pieces'
by Ryan McPhee • May 20, 2014
Tony winner Sutton Foster, Colin Donnell and Joshua Henry stopped by The View on May 20 to perform "All to Pieces" from Violet, now nominated for four Tony Awards (for Foster, Henry, director Leigh Silverman and Revival of a Musical). The tuner tells the story of a woman who makes a bus trip from North Carolina to Oklahoma in the hope that a televangelist can heal her disfigured face, forming an unlikely bond with two soldiers along the way. As Violet sings, we "love her all, love her all, love her all to pieces!" Take a look at the clip below, and check out Violet at the American Airlines Theatre.
This production ended its run on Aug. 10, 2014
Sutton Foster
Joshua Henry


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