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Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/10539.html
Political Budget Cycles in New versus Established Democracies
Adi Brender
Allan Drazen
Like other recent studies, we find the existence of a political deficit cycle in a large cross-section of countries. However, we find that this result is driven by the experience of new democracies'. The strong budget cycle in those countries accounts for the finding of a budget cycle in larger samples that include these countries; when these countries are removed from the larger sample, so that only established' democracies remain, the political budget cycle disappears. The political deficit cycle in new democracies accounts for findings in both developed and less developed economies, for the finding that the cycle is stronger in weaker democracies, and for differences in the political cycle across governmental and electoral systems. Our findings may reconcile two contradictory views of pre-electoral manipulation, one arguing it is a useful instrument to gain voter support and a widespread empirical phenomenon, the other arguing that voters punish rather than reward fiscal manipulation.
Adi Brender & Allan Drazen, 2004. "Political Budget Cycles in New versus Established Democracies," NBER Working Papers 10539, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:10539
Note: EFG IFM
File URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w10539.pdf
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D72 - Microeconomics - - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making - - - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
E62 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Fiscal Policy
NEP-POL-2004-06-07 (Positive Political Economics)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Heading into his semi-final with top seed Novak Djokovic, Andy Murray had nothing but doubt surrounding his game in big matches. Murray has struggled to compete in Grand Slam play against the top players in world and hence has never been considered to be a true threat to the big three. Clearly, that is no longer the case. While he did end up on the losing end of their marathon five-set match, 6-3, 3-6, 6-7, 6-1, 7-5, he proved to the tennis world that he does have another level and the will to compete against the best players in the world.
Edmonton - January 27, 2012 - Heading into his semi-final with top seed Novak Djokovic, Andy Murray had nothing but doubt surrounding his game in big matches. Murray has struggled to compete in Grand Slam play against the top players in world and hence has never been considered to be a true threat to the big three. Clearly, that is no longer the case. While he did end up on the losing end of their marathon five-set match, 6-3, 3-6, 6-7, 6-1, 7-5, he proved to the tennis world that he does have another level and the will to compete against the best players in the world. There is no shame in losing to the best player on the planet in what was nearly a five hour long battle. Djokovic will now square-off against Rafael Nadal for the third consecutive Grand Slam final and look to defend his Australian Open championship.
Even though these two are great friends and have played each other on many occasions, the first set was essentially, a feeling out process and Djokovic made the first move. The top seed broke the Scottish-man early on to jump out to a 3-1 lead but the number four seed would break right back to get the proceedings back on serve. Unfortunately for Murray, Novak broke him a second time in the very next game but this time it was at love. Not exactly the cleanest of starts for either man but the Serb took advantage of his opportunity and held on to take set number one 6-3. Though it was a struggle for both men, Djokovic did manage to hit 70% of his first serves, which makes beating the best returner in the game nearly impossible.
The top seed would start off set two in fine form, as he broke Murray in the opening game and jumped out to an early 2-0 lead but that lead did not last long. Murray would take the next four games to go up a service break and would break his rival one more time before cruising to a 6-3 victory. In fact, that final break came in a game that saw Murray lose a point on a 41 shot rally, which in previous matches, would deflate the two-time Australian Open runner-up. However that wasn't the case on this night, as Murray continued to battle and earned the crucial break of serve. As good as Novak's serve was in the opening set, it suddenly abandoned him in set two, as served a dreadful 40%. Not surprisingly, Murray got himself back into the match.
Set three was when this one started to look like it could be something special. Djokovic saved five break points in an 18 minute game to start the set and both men were starting pound the ball with much more authority. After failing to convert on his opportunities in the opening game, Murray would earn three more break chances and this time converted to grab the early 2-1 lead. Novak looked to be struggling physically but the Serb always seems to get that second wind and tonight would be no different. Just like set number one, Djokovic would immediately break back to get things back on even terms and things stayed that way heading into the pivotal tenth game. With Djokovic up 5-4 and Murray serving to stay in the set, he had two set points but Murray was able to fight them off and hold serve, as both players made sensational shots for winners. With a tiebreaker looming, Murray does the unthinkable and breaks the Serb. After exchanging numerous ground strokes during several rallies, the fourth seed played a marvelous final point, going side to side on a number of occasions before Djokovic finally sent the ball long. Murray had the set on his racket but the two-time Australian Open champion would break back to force a tiebreak. Andy would take the tiebreak 7-4 in a third set that was a match in itself, lasting 88 minutes. This physical battle was starting to take it's toll on Murray as he was starting to look worn down. Whereas Djokovic, had rebounded from his earlier struggles and looked fresh heading into set number four.
Novak started the fourth off in the same fashion as the second, by breaking Murray but this time the Serb did not let up. He broke him again in the third game and jumped out a 4-0 lead and cruised to 6-1 victory in only 25 minutes. It was clear that Murray pretty much gave up after falling down by two breaks and decided to just let this one go and conserve energy for set number five.
This one was turning out to be a classic. In my previous piece on the Nadal vs Federer semi-final, I said the one thing you could always count on seeing, when those two play each other, was great theatre. Through four grueling sets, these two men were producing their own spectacle and it was undoubtedly the centre piece of this year's championships...could they push it even further?
Murray looked spent after being destroyed in the third but still manged to stay on serve early on in the final set. However, Djokovic would break him midway through the fifth and then hold his serve to take a commanding 5-2 lead. Murray held to make it 5-3 but with Novak serving at 5-3, it looked to be all but over. Since the fourth set, the top seed had lost only six points on his serve and Andy seemed to have nothing left in the tank...or so it seemed.
The Scottish-man won the opening point in a tough 20 shot rally which took something out of the twenty-four year old Serb. He then missed a backhand, Murray hit a winner and suddenly it's triple break point! He would get his break on the very next point and Rod Laver Arena was in hysterics. They were back on serve and Murray had new life. He would hold his serve to square things up at five all and then it went to whole another level.
After dominating on his serve for nearly two full sets, Novak found himself down two break points and staring at the possibility of Murray serving for the match. After saving one point with a service winner, Djokovic pulled off a brilliant forehand winner on stroke number 29, of a wonderful rally, to get things back to deuce. He would save one more break point before holding and going up 6-5, with Murray next to serve to stay in the match. Like his counterpart, Andy fell behind 15-40 but unlike Djokovic, he could not save himself.
Four hours and fifty minutes after starting the proceedings we finally had a winner and both men were exhausted. There are very few things in sport that can match a battle between great rivals on a tennis court. The levels that players push themselves to compete in such matches, is simply astonishing. In certain situations, the physical sacrifice they must make, in order to win a Grand Slam title, is staggering. The fans of this great game are the true winners and let us hope there is still one more memorable moment to come at this year's Australian Open.


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var _extends = Object.assign || function (target) { for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { var source = arguments[i]; for (var key in source) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) { target[key] = source[key]; } } } return target; };

var _slicedToArray = function () { function sliceIterator(arr, i) { var _arr = []; var _n = true; var _d = false; var _e = undefined; try { for (var _i = arr[Symbol.iterator](), _s; !(_n = (_s = _i.next()).done); _n = true) { _arr.push(_s.value); if (i && _arr.length === i) break; } } catch (err) { _d = true; _e = err; } finally { try { if (!_n && _i["return"]) _i["return"](); } finally { if (_d) throw _e; } } return _arr; } return function (arr, i) { if (Array.isArray(arr)) { return arr; } else if (Symbol.iterator in Object(arr)) { return sliceIterator(arr, i); } else { throw new TypeError("Invalid attempt to destructure non-iterable instance"); } }; }();

import { slidingWindow } from "../utils";
import { Change as defaultOptions } from "./defaultOptionsForComputation";

export default function () {
	var options = defaultOptions;

	function calculator(data) {
		var _options = options,
		    sourcePath = _options.sourcePath;

		var algo = slidingWindow().windowSize(2).sourcePath(sourcePath).accumulator(function (_ref) {
			var _ref2 = _slicedToArray(_ref, 2),
			    prev = _ref2[0],
			    curr = _ref2[1];

			var absoluteChange = curr - prev;
			var percentChange = absoluteChange * 100 / prev;
			return { absoluteChange: absoluteChange, percentChange: percentChange };
		});

		var newData = algo(data);

		return newData;
	}
	calculator.undefinedLength = function () {
		return 1;
	};
	calculator.options = function (x) {
		if (!arguments.length) {
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package com.intellij.codeInsight.documentation;

import com.intellij.codeInsight.CodeInsightBundle;
import com.intellij.codeInsight.TargetElementUtil;
import com.intellij.codeInsight.hint.HintManagerImpl;
import com.intellij.codeInsight.hint.ParameterInfoController;
import com.intellij.codeInsight.lookup.Lookup;
import com.intellij.codeInsight.lookup.LookupElement;
import com.intellij.codeInsight.lookup.LookupEx;
import com.intellij.codeInsight.lookup.LookupManager;
import com.intellij.ide.BrowserUtil;
import com.intellij.ide.DataManager;
import com.intellij.ide.actions.BaseNavigateToSourceAction;
import com.intellij.ide.util.PropertiesComponent;
import com.intellij.ide.util.gotoByName.ChooseByNameBase;
import com.intellij.lang.Language;
import com.intellij.lang.LanguageDocumentation;
import com.intellij.lang.documentation.*;
import com.intellij.openapi.actionSystem.*;
import com.intellij.openapi.actionSystem.ex.AnActionListener;
import com.intellij.openapi.application.ApplicationManager;
import com.intellij.openapi.command.CommandProcessor;
import com.intellij.openapi.components.ServiceManager;
import com.intellij.openapi.diagnostic.Logger;
import com.intellij.openapi.editor.Editor;
import com.intellij.openapi.extensions.Extensions;
import com.intellij.openapi.preview.PreviewManager;
import com.intellij.openapi.project.IndexNotReadyException;
import com.intellij.openapi.project.Project;
import com.intellij.openapi.roots.OrderEntry;
import com.intellij.openapi.roots.libraries.LibraryUtil;
import com.intellij.openapi.roots.ui.configuration.ProjectSettingsService;
import com.intellij.openapi.ui.popup.JBPopup;
import com.intellij.openapi.ui.popup.JBPopupFactory;
import com.intellij.openapi.util.*;
import com.intellij.openapi.vfs.VirtualFile;
import com.intellij.openapi.wm.IdeFocusManager;
import com.intellij.openapi.wm.ToolWindowId;
import com.intellij.openapi.wm.ex.WindowManagerEx;
import com.intellij.psi.*;
import com.intellij.psi.presentation.java.SymbolPresentationUtil;
import com.intellij.psi.util.PsiTreeUtil;
import com.intellij.psi.util.PsiUtilCore;
import com.intellij.ui.ListScrollingUtil;
import com.intellij.ui.content.Content;
import com.intellij.ui.popup.AbstractPopup;
import com.intellij.ui.popup.PopupPositionManager;
import com.intellij.ui.popup.PopupUpdateProcessor;
import com.intellij.util.Alarm;
import com.intellij.util.BooleanFunction;
import com.intellij.util.Consumer;
import com.intellij.util.Processor;
import com.intellij.util.containers.ContainerUtil;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.NonNls;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.TestOnly;

import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.List;

public class DocumentationManager extends DockablePopupManager<DocumentationComponent> {
  @NonNls public static final String JAVADOC_LOCATION_AND_SIZE = "javadoc.popup";
  public static final DataKey<String> SELECTED_QUICK_DOC_TEXT = DataKey.create("QUICK_DOC.SELECTED_TEXT");

  private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getInstance("#" + DocumentationManager.class.getName());
  private static final String SHOW_DOCUMENTATION_IN_TOOL_WINDOW = "ShowDocumentationInToolWindow";
  private static final String DOCUMENTATION_AUTO_UPDATE_ENABLED = "DocumentationAutoUpdateEnabled";

  private Editor myEditor;
  private final Alarm myUpdateDocAlarm;
  private WeakReference<JBPopup> myDocInfoHintRef;
  private Component myPreviouslyFocused;
  public static final Key<SmartPsiElementPointer> ORIGINAL_ELEMENT_KEY = Key.create("Original element");

  private final ActionManager myActionManager;

  private final TargetElementUtil myTargetElementUtil;

  private boolean myCloseOnSneeze;

  private ActionCallback myLastAction;
  private DocumentationComponent myTestDocumentationComponent;

  @Override
  protected String getToolwindowId() {
    return ToolWindowId.DOCUMENTATION;
  }

  @Override
  protected DocumentationComponent createComponent() {
    return new DocumentationComponent(this, createActions());
  }

  @Override
  protected String getRestorePopupDescription() {
    return "Restore popup view mode";
  }

  @Override
  protected String getAutoUpdateDescription() {
    return "Refresh documentation on selection change automatically";
  }

  @Override
  protected String getAutoUpdateTitle() {
    return "Auto-update from Source";
  }

  @NotNull
  @Override
  protected AnAction createRestorePopupAction() {
    AnAction restorePopupAction = super.createRestorePopupAction();
    ShortcutSet quickDocShortcut = ActionManager.getInstance().getAction(IdeActions.ACTION_QUICK_JAVADOC).getShortcutSet();
    restorePopupAction.registerCustomShortcutSet(quickDocShortcut, null);
    return restorePopupAction;
  }

  @Override
  protected void restorePopupBehavior() {
    if (myPreviouslyFocused != null) {
      IdeFocusManager.getInstance(myProject).requestFocus(myPreviouslyFocused, true);
    }
    super.restorePopupBehavior();
    updateComponent();
  }

  /**
   * @return    true if quick doc control is configured to not prevent user-IDE interaction (e.g. should be closed if
   *            the user presses a key);
   *            false otherwise
   */
  public boolean isCloseOnSneeze() {
    return myCloseOnSneeze;
  }

  public static DocumentationManager getInstance(Project project) {
    return ServiceManager.getService(project, DocumentationManager.class);
  }

  public DocumentationManager(final Project project, ActionManager manager, TargetElementUtil targetElementUtil) {
    super(project);
    myActionManager = manager;
    final AnActionListener actionListener = new AnActionListener() {
      @Override
      public void beforeActionPerformed(AnAction action, DataContext dataContext, AnActionEvent event) {
        final JBPopup hint = getDocInfoHint();
        if (hint != null) {
          if (action instanceof HintManagerImpl.ActionToIgnore) {
            ((AbstractPopup)hint).focusPreferredComponent();
            return;
          }
          if (action instanceof ListScrollingUtil.ListScrollAction) return;
          if (action == myActionManager.getAction(IdeActions.ACTION_EDITOR_MOVE_CARET_DOWN)) return;
          if (action == myActionManager.getAction(IdeActions.ACTION_EDITOR_MOVE_CARET_UP)) return;
          if (action == myActionManager.getAction(IdeActions.ACTION_EDITOR_MOVE_CARET_PAGE_DOWN)) return;
          if (action == myActionManager.getAction(IdeActions.ACTION_EDITOR_MOVE_CARET_PAGE_UP)) return;
          if (action == ActionManager.getInstance().getAction(IdeActions.ACTION_EDITOR_ESCAPE)) return;
          if (ActionPlaces.JAVADOC_INPLACE_SETTINGS.equals(event.getPlace())) return;
          if (action instanceof BaseNavigateToSourceAction) return;
          closeDocHint();
        }
      }

      @Override
      public void beforeEditorTyping(char c, DataContext dataContext) {
        final JBPopup hint = getDocInfoHint();
        if (hint != null && LookupManager.getActiveLookup(myEditor) == null) {
          hint.cancel();
        }
      }

      @Override
      public void afterActionPerformed(final AnAction action, final DataContext dataContext, AnActionEvent event) {
      }
    };
    myActionManager.addAnActionListener(actionListener, project);
    myUpdateDocAlarm = new Alarm(Alarm.ThreadToUse.POOLED_THREAD,myProject);
    myTargetElementUtil = targetElementUtil;
  }

  private void closeDocHint() {
    JBPopup hint = getDocInfoHint();
    if (hint == null) {
      return;
    }
    myCloseOnSneeze = false;
    hint.cancel();
    Component toFocus = myPreviouslyFocused;
    hint.cancel();
    if (toFocus != null) {
      IdeFocusManager.getInstance(myProject).requestFocus(toFocus, true);
    }
  }

  public void setAllowContentUpdateFromContext(boolean allow) {
    if (hasActiveDockedDocWindow()) {
      restartAutoUpdate(allow);
    }
  }

  public void updateToolwindowContext() {
    if (hasActiveDockedDocWindow()) {
      updateComponent();
    }
  }

  public void showJavaDocInfoAtToolWindow(@NotNull PsiElement element, @NotNull PsiElement original) {
    final Content content = recreateToolWindow(element, original);
    if (content == null) return;

    fetchDocInfo(getDefaultCollector(element, original), (DocumentationComponent)content.getComponent(), true);
  }

  public void showJavaDocInfo(@NotNull final PsiElement element, final PsiElement original) {
    showJavaDocInfo(element, original, null);
  }

  /**
   * Asks to show quick doc for the target element.
   *
   * @param editor         editor with an element for which quick do should be shown
   * @param element        target element which documentation should be shown
   * @param original       element that was used as a quick doc anchor. Example: consider a code like {@code Runnable task;}.
   *                       A user wants to see javadoc for the {@code Runnable}, so, original element is a class name from the variable
   *                       declaration but 'element' argument is a {@code Runnable} descriptor
   * @param closeCallback  callback to be notified on target hint close (if any)
   * @param closeOnSneeze  flag that defines whether quick doc control should be as non-obtrusive as possible. E.g. there are at least
   *                       two possible situations - the quick doc is shown automatically on mouse over element; the quick doc is shown
   *                       on explicit action call (Ctrl+Q). We want to close the doc on, say, editor viewport position change
   *                       at the first situation but don't want to do that at the second
   */
  public void showJavaDocInfo(@NotNull Editor editor,
                              @NotNull final PsiElement element,
                              @NotNull final PsiElement original,
                              @Nullable Runnable closeCallback,
                              boolean closeOnSneeze)
  {
    myEditor = editor;
    myCloseOnSneeze = closeOnSneeze;
    showJavaDocInfo(element, original, closeCallback);
  }

  public void showJavaDocInfo(@NotNull final PsiElement element,
                              final PsiElement original,
                              @Nullable Runnable closeCallback) {
    if (!element.isValid()) {
      return;
    }

    PopupUpdateProcessor updateProcessor = new PopupUpdateProcessor(element.getProject()) {
      @Override
      public void updatePopup(Object lookupItemObject) {
        if (lookupItemObject instanceof PsiElement) {
          doShowJavaDocInfo((PsiElement)lookupItemObject, false, this, original, null);
        }
      }
    };

    doShowJavaDocInfo(element, false, updateProcessor, original, closeCallback);
  }

  public void showJavaDocInfo(final Editor editor, @Nullable final PsiFile file, boolean requestFocus) {
    showJavaDocInfo(editor, file, requestFocus, null);
  }

  public void showJavaDocInfo(final Editor editor,
                              @Nullable final PsiFile file,
                              boolean requestFocus,
                              @Nullable final Runnable closeCallback) {
    myEditor = editor;
    final Project project = getProject(file);
    PsiDocumentManager.getInstance(project).commitAllDocuments();

    final PsiElement list =
      ParameterInfoController.findArgumentList(file, editor.getCaretModel().getOffset(), -1);
    PsiElement expressionList = null;
    if (list != null) {
      LookupEx lookup = LookupManager.getInstance(myProject).getActiveLookup();
      if (lookup != null) {
        expressionList = null; // take completion variants for documentation then
      } else {
        expressionList = list;
      }
    }

    final PsiElement originalElement = getContextElement(editor, file);
    PsiElement element = assertSameProject(findTargetElement(editor, file));

    if (element == null && expressionList != null) {
      element = expressionList;
    }

    if (element == null && file == null) return; //file == null for text field editor

    if (element == null) { // look if we are within a javadoc comment
      element = assertSameProject(originalElement);
      if (element == null) return;

      PsiComment comment = PsiTreeUtil.getParentOfType(element, PsiComment.class);
      if (comment == null) return;

      element = comment instanceof PsiDocCommentBase ? ((PsiDocCommentBase)comment).getOwner() : comment.getParent();
      if (element == null) return;
      //if (!(element instanceof PsiDocCommentOwner)) return null;
    }

    final PopupUpdateProcessor updateProcessor = new PopupUpdateProcessor(project) {
      @Override
      public void updatePopup(Object lookupIteObject) {
        if (lookupIteObject == null) {
          return;
        }
        if (lookupIteObject instanceof PsiElement) {
          doShowJavaDocInfo((PsiElement)lookupIteObject, false, this, originalElement, closeCallback);
          return;
        }

        DocumentationProvider documentationProvider = getProviderFromElement(file);

        PsiElement element = documentationProvider.getDocumentationElementForLookupItem(
          PsiManager.getInstance(myProject),
          lookupIteObject,
          originalElement
        );

        if (element == null) return;

        if (myEditor != null) {
          final PsiFile file = element.getContainingFile();
          if (file != null) {
            Editor editor = myEditor;
            showJavaDocInfo(myEditor, file, false);
            myEditor = editor;
          }
        }
        else {
          doShowJavaDocInfo(element, false, this, originalElement, closeCallback);
        }
      }
    };

    doShowJavaDocInfo(element, requestFocus, updateProcessor, originalElement, closeCallback);
  }

  public PsiElement findTargetElement(Editor editor, PsiFile file) {
    return findTargetElement(editor, file, getContextElement(editor, file));
  }

  private static PsiElement getContextElement(Editor editor, PsiFile file) {
    return file != null ? file.findElementAt(editor.getCaretModel().getOffset()) : null;
  }

  private void doShowJavaDocInfo(@NotNull final PsiElement element,
                                 boolean requestFocus,
                                 PopupUpdateProcessor updateProcessor,
                                 final PsiElement originalElement,
                                 @Nullable final Runnable closeCallback) {
    Project project = getProject(element);
    if (!project.isOpen()) return;

    storeOriginalElement(project, originalElement, element);

    myPreviouslyFocused = WindowManagerEx.getInstanceEx().getFocusedComponent(project);

    JBPopup _oldHint = getDocInfoHint();
    if (PreviewManager.SERVICE.preview(myProject, DocumentationPreviewPanelProvider.ID, Couple.of(element, originalElement), requestFocus) != null) {
      return;
    }

    if (myToolWindow == null && PropertiesComponent.getInstance().isTrueValue(SHOW_DOCUMENTATION_IN_TOOL_WINDOW)) {
      createToolWindow(element, originalElement);
    }
    else if (myToolWindow != null) {
      Content content = myToolWindow.getContentManager().getSelectedContent();
      if (content != null) {
        DocumentationComponent component = (DocumentationComponent)content.getComponent();
        boolean sameElement = element.getManager().areElementsEquivalent(component.getElement(), element);
        if (sameElement) {
          JComponent preferredFocusableComponent = content.getPreferredFocusableComponent();
          // focus toolwindow on the second actionPerformed
          boolean focus = requestFocus || CommandProcessor.getInstance().getCurrentCommand() != null;
          if (preferredFocusableComponent != null && focus) {
            IdeFocusManager.getInstance(myProject).requestFocus(preferredFocusableComponent, true);
          }
        }
        if (!sameElement || !component.isUpToDate()) {
          content.setDisplayName(getTitle(element, true));
          fetchDocInfo(getDefaultCollector(element, originalElement), component, true);
        }
      }

      if (!myToolWindow.isVisible()) {
        myToolWindow.show(null);
      }
    }
    else if (_oldHint != null && _oldHint.isVisible() && _oldHint instanceof AbstractPopup) {
      DocumentationComponent oldComponent = (DocumentationComponent)((AbstractPopup)_oldHint).getComponent();
      fetchDocInfo(getDefaultCollector(element, originalElement), oldComponent);
    }
    else {
      showInPopup(element, requestFocus, updateProcessor, originalElement, closeCallback);
    }
  }

  private void showInPopup(@NotNull final PsiElement element,
                           boolean requestFocus,
                           PopupUpdateProcessor updateProcessor,
                           final PsiElement originalElement,
                           @Nullable final Runnable closeCallback) {
    final DocumentationComponent component = myTestDocumentationComponent == null ? new DocumentationComponent(this) :
                                             myTestDocumentationComponent;
    component.setNavigateCallback(new Consumer<PsiElement>() {
      @Override
      public void consume(PsiElement psiElement) {
        final AbstractPopup jbPopup = (AbstractPopup)getDocInfoHint();
        if (jbPopup != null) {
          final String title = getTitle(psiElement, false);
          jbPopup.setCaption(title);
        }
      }
    });
    Processor<JBPopup> pinCallback = new Processor<JBPopup>() {
      @Override
      public boolean process(JBPopup popup) {
        createToolWindow(element, originalElement);
        myToolWindow.setAutoHide(false);
        popup.cancel();
        return false;
      }
    };

    ActionListener actionListener = new ActionListener() {
      @Override
      public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
        createToolWindow(element, originalElement);
        final JBPopup hint = getDocInfoHint();
        if (hint != null && hint.isVisible()) hint.cancel();
      }
    };
    List<Pair<ActionListener, KeyStroke>> actions = ContainerUtil.newSmartList();
    AnAction quickDocAction = ActionManager.getInstance().getAction(IdeActions.ACTION_QUICK_JAVADOC);
    for (Shortcut shortcut : quickDocAction.getShortcutSet().getShortcuts()) {
      if (!(shortcut instanceof KeyboardShortcut)) continue;
      actions.add(Pair.create(actionListener, ((KeyboardShortcut)shortcut).getFirstKeyStroke()));
    }

    boolean hasLookup = LookupManager.getActiveLookup(myEditor) != null;
    final JBPopup hint = JBPopupFactory.getInstance().createComponentPopupBuilder(component, component)
      .setProject(element.getProject())
      .addListener(updateProcessor)
      .addUserData(updateProcessor)
      .setKeyboardActions(actions)
      .setDimensionServiceKey(myProject, JAVADOC_LOCATION_AND_SIZE, false)
      .setResizable(true)
      .setMovable(true)
      .setRequestFocus(requestFocus)
      .setCancelOnClickOutside(!hasLookup) // otherwise selecting lookup items by mouse would close the doc
      .setTitle(getTitle(element, false))
      .setCouldPin(pinCallback)
      .setModalContext(false)
      .setCancelCallback(new Computable<Boolean>() {
        @Override
        public Boolean compute() {
          myCloseOnSneeze = false;
          if (closeCallback != null) {
            closeCallback.run();
          }
          if (fromQuickSearch()) {
            ((ChooseByNameBase.JPanelProvider)myPreviouslyFocused.getParent()).unregisterHint();
          }

          Disposer.dispose(component);
          myEditor = null;
          myPreviouslyFocused = null;
          return Boolean.TRUE;
        }
      })
      .setKeyEventHandler(new BooleanFunction<KeyEvent>() {
        @Override
        public boolean fun(KeyEvent e) {
          if (myCloseOnSneeze) {
            closeDocHint();
          }
          if (AbstractPopup.isCloseRequest(e) && getDocInfoHint() != null) {
            closeDocHint();
            return true;
          }
          return false;
        }
      })
      .createPopup();

    component.setHint(hint);

    if (myEditor == null) {
      // subsequent invocation of javadoc popup from completion will have myEditor == null because of cancel invoked,
      // so reevaluate the editor for proper popup placement
      Lookup lookup = LookupManager.getInstance(myProject).getActiveLookup();
      myEditor = lookup != null ? lookup.getEditor() : null;
    }
    fetchDocInfo(getDefaultCollector(element, originalElement), component);

    myDocInfoHintRef = new WeakReference<JBPopup>(hint);

    if (fromQuickSearch() && myPreviouslyFocused != null) {
      ((ChooseByNameBase.JPanelProvider)myPreviouslyFocused.getParent()).registerHint(hint);
    }
  }

  static String getTitle(@NotNull final PsiElement element, final boolean _short) {
    final String title = SymbolPresentationUtil.getSymbolPresentableText(element);
    return _short ? title != null ? title : element.getText() : CodeInsightBundle.message("javadoc.info.title", title != null ? title : element.getText());
  }

  public static void storeOriginalElement(final Project project, final PsiElement originalElement, final PsiElement element) {
    if (element == null) return;
    try {
      element.putUserData(
        ORIGINAL_ELEMENT_KEY,
        SmartPointerManager.getInstance(project).createSmartPsiElementPointer(originalElement)
      );
    } catch (RuntimeException ex) {
      // PsiPackage does not allow putUserData
    }
  }

  @Nullable
  public PsiElement findTargetElement(@NotNull final Editor editor, @Nullable final PsiFile file, PsiElement contextElement) {
    return findTargetElement(editor, editor.getCaretModel().getOffset(), file, contextElement);
  }

  @Nullable
  public PsiElement findTargetElement(final Editor editor, int offset, @Nullable final PsiFile file, PsiElement contextElement) {
    try {
      return findTargetElementUnsafe(editor, offset, file, contextElement);
    }
    catch (IndexNotReadyException inre) {
      LOG.warn("Index not ready");
      LOG.debug(inre);
      return null;
    }
  }

  /**
   * in case index is not ready will throw IndexNotReadyException
   */
  @Nullable
  private PsiElement findTargetElementUnsafe(final Editor editor, int offset, @Nullable final PsiFile file, PsiElement contextElement) {
    TargetElementUtil util = TargetElementUtil.getInstance();
    PsiElement element = assertSameProject(getElementFromLookup(editor, file));
    if (element == null && file != null) {
      final DocumentationProvider documentationProvider = getProviderFromElement(file);
      if (documentationProvider instanceof DocumentationProviderEx) {
        element = assertSameProject(((DocumentationProviderEx)documentationProvider).getCustomDocumentationElement(editor, file, contextElement));
      }
    }

    if (element == null) {
      element = assertSameProject(util.findTargetElement(editor, myTargetElementUtil.getAllAccepted(), offset));

      // Allow context doc over xml tag content
      if (element != null || contextElement != null) {
        final PsiElement adjusted = assertSameProject(util.adjustElement(editor, myTargetElementUtil.getAllAccepted(), element, contextElement));
        if (adjusted != null) {
          element = adjusted;
        }
      }
    }

    if (element == null) {
      final PsiReference ref = TargetElementUtil.findReference(editor, offset);
      if (ref != null) {
        element = assertSameProject(util.adjustReference(ref));
        if (ref instanceof PsiPolyVariantReference) {
          element = assertSameProject(ref.getElement());
        }
      }
    }

    storeOriginalElement(myProject, contextElement, element);

    return element;
  }

  @Nullable
  public PsiElement getElementFromLookup(final Editor editor, @Nullable final PsiFile file) {

    final Lookup activeLookup = LookupManager.getInstance(myProject).getActiveLookup();

    if (activeLookup != null) {
      LookupElement item = activeLookup.getCurrentItem();
      if (item != null) {

        int offset = editor.getCaretModel().getOffset();
        if (offset > 0 && offset == editor.getDocument().getTextLength()) offset--;
        PsiReference ref = TargetElementUtil.findReference(editor, offset);
        PsiElement contextElement = file == null? null : file.findElementAt(offset);
        PsiElement targetElement = ref != null ? ref.getElement() : contextElement;
        if (targetElement != null) {
          PsiUtilCore.ensureValid(targetElement);
        }

        DocumentationProvider documentationProvider = getProviderFromElement(file);

        PsiManager psiManager = PsiManager.getInstance(myProject);
        return documentationProvider.getDocumentationElementForLookupItem(psiManager, item.getObject(), targetElement);
      }
    }
    return null;
  }

  private boolean fromQuickSearch() {
    return myPreviouslyFocused != null && myPreviouslyFocused.getParent() instanceof ChooseByNameBase.JPanelProvider;
  }

  private DocumentationCollector getDefaultCollector(@NotNull final PsiElement element, @Nullable final PsiElement originalElement) {
    return new DefaultDocumentationCollector(element, originalElement);
  }

  private DocumentationCollector getDefaultCollector(@NotNull final PsiElement element, @Nullable final PsiElement originalElement, String ref) {
    return new DefaultDocumentationCollector(element, originalElement, ref);
  }

  @Nullable
  public JBPopup getDocInfoHint() {
    if (myDocInfoHintRef == null) return null;
    JBPopup hint = myDocInfoHintRef.get();
    if (hint == null || !hint.isVisible() && !ApplicationManager.getApplication().isUnitTestMode()) {
      myDocInfoHintRef = null;
      return null;
    }
    return hint;
  }

  public void fetchDocInfo(final DocumentationCollector provider, final DocumentationComponent component) {
    doFetchDocInfo(component, provider, true, false);
  }

  public void fetchDocInfo(final DocumentationCollector provider, final DocumentationComponent component, final boolean clearHistory) {
    doFetchDocInfo(component, provider, true, clearHistory);
  }

  public void fetchDocInfo(final PsiElement element, final DocumentationComponent component) {
    doFetchDocInfo(component, getDefaultCollector(element, null), true, false);
  }

  private ActionCallback queueFetchDocInfo(final DocumentationCollector provider,
                                           final DocumentationComponent component,
                                           final boolean clearHistory) {
    return doFetchDocInfo(component, provider, false, clearHistory);
  }

  public ActionCallback queueFetchDocInfo(final PsiElement element, final DocumentationComponent component) {
    return queueFetchDocInfo(getDefaultCollector(element, null), component, false);
  }

  private ActionCallback doFetchDocInfo(final DocumentationComponent component, final DocumentationCollector provider, final boolean cancelRequests, final boolean clearHistory) {
    final ActionCallback callback = new ActionCallback();
    myLastAction = callback;
    boolean wasEmpty = component.isEmpty();
    component.startWait();
    if (cancelRequests) {
      myUpdateDocAlarm.cancelAllRequests();
    }
    if (wasEmpty) {
      component.setText(CodeInsightBundle.message("javadoc.fetching.progress"), null, clearHistory);
      final AbstractPopup jbPopup = (AbstractPopup)getDocInfoHint();
      if (jbPopup != null) {
        jbPopup.setDimensionServiceKey(null);
      }
    }

    myUpdateDocAlarm.addRequest(new Runnable() {
      @Override
      public void run() {
        if (myProject.isDisposed()) return;
        final Throwable[] ex = new Throwable[1];
        String text = null;
        try {
          text = provider.getDocumentation();
        }
        catch (Throwable e) {
          LOG.info(e);
          ex[0] = e;
        }

        if (ex[0] != null) {
          //noinspection SSBasedInspection
          SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
              String message = ex[0] instanceof IndexNotReadyException
                             ? "Documentation is not available until indices are built."
                             : CodeInsightBundle.message("javadoc.external.fetch.error.message");
              component.setText(message, null, true);
              callback.setDone();
            }
          });
          return;
        }

        final PsiElement element = ApplicationManager.getApplication().runReadAction(new Computable<PsiElement>() {
          @Override
          @Nullable
          public PsiElement compute() {
            return provider.getElement();
          }
        });
        if (element == null) {
          return;
        }
        final String documentationText = text;
        //noinspection SSBasedInspection
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {
          @Override
          public void run() {
            PsiDocumentManager.getInstance(myProject).commitAllDocuments();

            if (!element.isValid()) {
              callback.setDone();
              return;
            }

            if (documentationText == null) {
              component.setText(CodeInsightBundle.message("no.documentation.found"), element, true);
            }
            else if (documentationText.isEmpty()) {
              component.setText(component.getText(), element, true, clearHistory);
            }
            else {
              component.setData(element, documentationText, clearHistory, provider.getEffectiveExternalUrl(), provider.getRef());
            }

            final AbstractPopup jbPopup = (AbstractPopup)getDocInfoHint();
            if(jbPopup==null){
              callback.setDone();
              return;
            }
            jbPopup.setDimensionServiceKey(JAVADOC_LOCATION_AND_SIZE);
            jbPopup.setCaption(getTitle(element, false));
            callback.setDone();
          }
        });
      }
    }, 10);
    return callback;
  }

  @NotNull
  public static DocumentationProvider getProviderFromElement(final PsiElement element) {
    return getProviderFromElement(element, null);
  }

  @NotNull
  public static DocumentationProvider getProviderFromElement(@Nullable PsiElement element, @Nullable PsiElement originalElement) {
    if (element != null && !element.isValid()) {
      element = null;
    }
    if (originalElement != null && !originalElement.isValid()) {
      originalElement = null;
    }

    if (originalElement == null) {
      originalElement = getOriginalElement(element);
    }

    PsiFile containingFile =
      originalElement != null ? originalElement.getContainingFile() : element != null ? element.getContainingFile() : null;
    Set<DocumentationProvider> result = new LinkedHashSet<DocumentationProvider>();

    final Language containingFileLanguage = containingFile != null ? containingFile.getLanguage() : null;
    DocumentationProvider originalProvider =
      containingFile != null ? LanguageDocumentation.INSTANCE.forLanguage(containingFileLanguage) : null;

    final Language elementLanguage = element != null ? element.getLanguage() : null;
    DocumentationProvider elementProvider =
      element == null || elementLanguage.is(containingFileLanguage) ? null : LanguageDocumentation.INSTANCE.forLanguage(elementLanguage);

    result.add(elementProvider);
    result.add(originalProvider);

    if (containingFile != null) {
      final Language baseLanguage = containingFile.getViewProvider().getBaseLanguage();
      if (!baseLanguage.is(containingFileLanguage)) {
        result.add(LanguageDocumentation.INSTANCE.forLanguage(baseLanguage));
      }
    }
    else if (element instanceof PsiDirectory) {
      final Set<Language> langs = new HashSet<Language>();

      for (PsiFile file : ((PsiDirectory)element).getFiles()) {
        final Language baseLanguage = file.getViewProvider().getBaseLanguage();
        if (!langs.contains(baseLanguage)) {
          langs.add(baseLanguage);
          result.add(LanguageDocumentation.INSTANCE.forLanguage(baseLanguage));
        }
      }
    }
    return CompositeDocumentationProvider.wrapProviders(result);
  }

  @Nullable
  public static PsiElement getOriginalElement(final PsiElement element) {
    SmartPsiElementPointer originalElementPointer = element!=null ? element.getUserData(ORIGINAL_ELEMENT_KEY):null;
    return originalElementPointer != null ? originalElementPointer.getElement() : null;
  }

  void navigateByLink(final DocumentationComponent component, final String url) {
    component.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.WAIT_CURSOR));
    final PsiElement psiElement = component.getElement();
    if (psiElement == null) {
      return;
    }
    final PsiManager manager = PsiManager.getInstance(getProject(psiElement));
    if (url.startsWith("open")) {
      final PsiFile containingFile = psiElement.getContainingFile();
      OrderEntry libraryEntry = null;
      if (containingFile != null) {
        final VirtualFile virtualFile = containingFile.getVirtualFile();
        libraryEntry = LibraryUtil.findLibraryEntry(virtualFile, myProject);
      }
      else if (psiElement instanceof PsiDirectoryContainer) {
        PsiDirectory[] directories = ((PsiDirectoryContainer)psiElement).getDirectories();
        for (PsiDirectory directory : directories) {
          final VirtualFile virtualFile = directory.getVirtualFile();
          libraryEntry = LibraryUtil.findLibraryEntry(virtualFile, myProject);
          if (libraryEntry != null) {
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      if (libraryEntry != null) {
        ProjectSettingsService.getInstance(myProject).openLibraryOrSdkSettings(libraryEntry);
      }
    }
    else if (url.startsWith(DocumentationManagerProtocol.PSI_ELEMENT_PROTOCOL)) {
      String refText = url.substring(DocumentationManagerProtocol.PSI_ELEMENT_PROTOCOL.length());
      int separatorPos = refText.lastIndexOf(DocumentationManagerProtocol.PSI_ELEMENT_PROTOCOL_REF_SEPARATOR);
      String ref = null;
      if (separatorPos >= 0) {
        ref = refText.substring(separatorPos + DocumentationManagerProtocol.PSI_ELEMENT_PROTOCOL_REF_SEPARATOR.length());
        refText = refText.substring(0, separatorPos);
      }
      DocumentationProvider provider = getProviderFromElement(psiElement);
      PsiElement targetElement = provider.getDocumentationElementForLink(manager, refText, psiElement);
      if (targetElement == null) {
        for (DocumentationProvider documentationProvider : Extensions.getExtensions(DocumentationProvider.EP_NAME)) {
          targetElement = documentationProvider.getDocumentationElementForLink(manager, refText, psiElement);
          if (targetElement != null) {
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      if (targetElement == null) {
        for (Language language : Language.getRegisteredLanguages()) {
          DocumentationProvider documentationProvider = LanguageDocumentation.INSTANCE.forLanguage(language);
          if (documentationProvider != null) {
            targetElement = documentationProvider.getDocumentationElementForLink(manager, refText, psiElement);
            if (targetElement != null) {
              break;
            }
          }
        }
      }
      if (targetElement != null) {
        fetchDocInfo(getDefaultCollector(targetElement, null, ref), component);
      }
    }
    else {
      final DocumentationProvider provider = getProviderFromElement(psiElement);
      boolean processed = false;
      if (provider instanceof CompositeDocumentationProvider) {
        for (DocumentationProvider p : ((CompositeDocumentationProvider)provider).getAllProviders()) {
          if (!(p instanceof ExternalDocumentationHandler)) continue;

          final ExternalDocumentationHandler externalHandler = (ExternalDocumentationHandler)p;
          if (externalHandler.canFetchDocumentationLink(url)) {
            fetchDocInfo(new DocumentationCollector() {
              @Override
              public String getDocumentation() throws Exception {
                return externalHandler.fetchExternalDocumentation(url, psiElement);
              }

              @Override
              public PsiElement getElement() {
                return psiElement;
              }

              @Nullable
              @Override
              public String getEffectiveExternalUrl() {
                return url;
              }

              @Nullable
              @Override
              public String getRef() {
                return null;
              }
            }, component);
            processed = true;
          }
          else if (externalHandler.handleExternalLink(manager, url, psiElement)) {
            processed = true;
            break;
          }
        }
      }

      if (!processed) {

        fetchDocInfo
          (new DocumentationCollector() {
            @Override
            public String getDocumentation() throws Exception {
              //noinspection deprecation
              if (url.startsWith(DocumentationManagerProtocol.DOC_ELEMENT_PROTOCOL)) {
                final List<String> urls = ApplicationManager.getApplication().runReadAction(
                  new NullableComputable<List<String>>() {
                    @Override
                    public List<String> compute() {
                      final DocumentationProvider provider = getProviderFromElement(psiElement);
                      return provider.getUrlFor(psiElement, getOriginalElement(psiElement));
                    }
                  }
                );
                String url1 = urls != null && !urls.isEmpty() ? urls.get(0) : url;
                BrowserUtil.browse(url1);
                return "";
              }
              else if (BrowserUtil.isAbsoluteURL(url)) {
                BrowserUtil.browse(url);
                return "";
              }
              else {
                return CodeInsightBundle.message("javadoc.error.resolving.url", url);
              }
            }

            @Override
            public PsiElement getElement() {
              //String loc = getElementLocator(docUrl);
              //
              //if (loc != null) {
              //  PsiElement context = component.getElement();
              //  return JavaDocUtil.findReferenceTarget(context.getManager(), loc, context);
              //}

              return psiElement;
            }

            @Nullable
            @Override
            public String getEffectiveExternalUrl() {
              return url;
            }

            @Nullable
            @Override
            public String getRef() {
              return null;
            }
          }, component);
      }
    }

    component.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.DEFAULT_CURSOR));
  }

  void showHint(final JBPopup hint) {
    final Component focusOwner = IdeFocusManager.getInstance(myProject).getFocusOwner();
    DataContext dataContext = DataManager.getInstance().getDataContext(focusOwner);
    PopupPositionManager.positionPopupInBestPosition(hint, myEditor, dataContext);
  }

  public void requestFocus() {
    if (fromQuickSearch()) {
      myPreviouslyFocused.getParent().requestFocus();
    }
  }

  public Project getProject(@Nullable final PsiElement element) {
    assertSameProject(element);
    return myProject;
  }

  private PsiElement assertSameProject(@Nullable PsiElement element) {
    if (element != null && element.isValid() && myProject != element.getProject()) {
      throw new AssertionError(myProject + "!=" + element.getProject() + "; element=" + element);
    }
    return element;
  }

  public static void createHyperlink(StringBuilder buffer, String refText,String label,boolean plainLink) {
    DocumentationManagerUtil.createHyperlink(buffer, refText, label, plainLink);
  }

  @Override
  public String getShowInToolWindowProperty() {
    return SHOW_DOCUMENTATION_IN_TOOL_WINDOW;
  }

  @Override
  public String getAutoUpdateEnabledProperty() {
    return DOCUMENTATION_AUTO_UPDATE_ENABLED;
  }

  @Override
  protected void doUpdateComponent(PsiElement element, PsiElement originalElement, DocumentationComponent component) {
    fetchDocInfo(getDefaultCollector(element, originalElement), component);
  }

  @Override
  protected void doUpdateComponent(Editor editor, PsiFile psiFile) {
    showJavaDocInfo(editor, psiFile, false, null);
  }

  @Override
  protected void doUpdateComponent(@NotNull PsiElement element) {
    showJavaDocInfo(element, element, null);
  }

  @Override
  protected String getTitle(PsiElement element) {
    return getTitle(element, true);
  }

  @Nullable
  public Image getElementImage(@NotNull PsiElement element, @NotNull String imageSpec) {
    DocumentationProvider provider = getProviderFromElement(element);
    if (provider instanceof CompositeDocumentationProvider) {
      for (DocumentationProvider p : ((CompositeDocumentationProvider)provider).getAllProviders()) {
        if (p instanceof DocumentationProviderEx) {
          Image image = ((DocumentationProviderEx)p).getLocalImageForElement(element, imageSpec);
          if (image != null) return image;
        }
      }
    }
    return null;
  }

  @TestOnly
  public ActionCallback getLastAction() {
    return myLastAction;
  }

  @TestOnly
  public void setDocumentationComponent(DocumentationComponent documentationComponent) {
    myTestDocumentationComponent = documentationComponent;
  }

  private interface DocumentationCollector {
    @Nullable
    String getDocumentation() throws Exception;
    @Nullable
    PsiElement getElement();
    @Nullable
    String getEffectiveExternalUrl();
    @Nullable
    String getRef();
  }

  private class DefaultDocumentationCollector implements DocumentationCollector {

    private final PsiElement myElement;
    private final PsiElement myOriginalElement;
    private final String myRef;

    private String myEffectiveUrl;

    private DefaultDocumentationCollector(PsiElement element, PsiElement originalElement) {
      this(element, originalElement, null);
    }

    private DefaultDocumentationCollector(PsiElement element, PsiElement originalElement, String ref) {
      myElement = element;
      myOriginalElement = originalElement;
      myRef = ref;
    }

    @Override
    @Nullable
    public String getDocumentation() throws Exception {
      final DocumentationProvider provider = ApplicationManager.getApplication().runReadAction(
          new Computable<DocumentationProvider>() {
            @Override
            public DocumentationProvider compute() {
              return getProviderFromElement(myElement, myOriginalElement);
            }
          }
      );

      if (provider instanceof ExternalDocumentationProvider) {
        final List<String> urls = ApplicationManager.getApplication().runReadAction(
            new NullableComputable<List<String>>() {
              @Override
              public List<String> compute() {
                final SmartPsiElementPointer originalElementPtr = myElement.getUserData(ORIGINAL_ELEMENT_KEY);
                final PsiElement originalElement = originalElementPtr != null ? originalElementPtr.getElement() : null;
                if (((ExternalDocumentationProvider)provider).hasDocumentationFor(myElement, originalElement)) {
                  return provider.getUrlFor(myElement, originalElement);
                }
                return null;
              }
            }
        );
        if (urls != null) {
          for (String url : urls) {
            final String doc = ((ExternalDocumentationProvider)provider).fetchExternalDocumentation(myProject, myElement, Collections.singletonList(url));
            if (doc != null) {
              myEffectiveUrl = url;
              return doc;
            }
          }
        }
      }
      return ApplicationManager.getApplication().runReadAction(
          new Computable<String>() {
            @Override
            @Nullable
            public String compute() {
              final SmartPsiElementPointer originalElement = myElement.getUserData(ORIGINAL_ELEMENT_KEY);
              return provider.generateDoc(myElement, originalElement != null ? originalElement.getElement() : null);
            }
          }
      );
    }

    @Override
    @Nullable
    public PsiElement getElement() {
      return myElement.isValid() ? myElement : null;
    }

    @Nullable
    @Override
    public String getEffectiveExternalUrl() {
      return myEffectiveUrl;
    }

    @Nullable
    @Override
    public String getRef() {
      return myRef;
    }
  }
}


text:
Max Parrot
TEAM CANADA SNOWBOARDER - OLYMPIAN - CANCER SURVIVOR
SOCIAL MEDIA REACH 339 314
GALLERY VIDEOS (6)
Based in: Bromont, Canada
Born and raised near Bromont ski area, Max Parrot is a natural on mountains. He began snowboarding when he was only 9 years old. His parents (both skiers) believed snowboarding was too dangerous. Max decided he would mow lawns all summer long until he had enough saved to buy one. He never looked back.
His 18th birthday marked the moment he was recognized as a professional, jumping on the podium at the X-Games. In less than 3 years, he became World Snowboard Tour Big Air Overall Champion in 2014.
In 2018, Max put down a final run that made him slopestyle Olympic silver medalist in PyeongChang. It was only a few months later Max would face what he calls his hardest "competition" yet. After noticing severe itching on his neck and a swollen ganglion in September of 2018, Parrot underwent a biopsy on December 11 to figure out the root of the cause. His diagnosis came ten days later, on December 21, just before the holiday break — it was Hodgkin's lymphoma. For Parrot, his "training program" was simple, but aggressive: 12 sessions of chemotherapy by infusion every two weeks.
In June 2019, Max announced to the world that he was cancer free. After two months of hard work in the gym and on his board, Parrot felt physically ready to compete Max did not hold back when he made his return. He claimed big air gold at the X Games in Oslo, Norway.
He wasn't done there, in his next two competitions; he captured gold once again at the Beijing World Cup and most recently at the X Games in Aspen exactly one year after his diagnosis.
Throughout his journey, Max was committed to giving back and joined the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society of Canada as their official ambassador. Parrot has pledged to donate $1,000 for each of his circuit victories.
Making history one trick after another:
2013: Did the first backside triple cork in an X-Games Slopestyle event
2014: Landed consecutive triple jumps in a slopestyle run at the X-Games
2015: Accomplished the very first switch quadruple
2016-2017: Won back to back big air silver medals at the X-Games in Norway
2017: Landed the first ever switch quadruple underflip in a big air competition
2019: Landed first-ever frontside triple cork 1620 in big air competition
Reference: Olympic.ca
Thomas Houlton
Sports & Entertainment Agent
Thomas@dulcedo.com
AGENT :
The brand/company you represent *

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Victoria Lopyreva, which now holds maternity leave in Florida was first published on his page on the father of the unborn child. The model not only lazy reproached that she destroyed the family of his beloved, does not boast of a new relationship, steadfastly overcoming negativity in his address. However, in all probability, have angelic patience lopyrevoy there is a limit. Recently, she delicately hinted to all the haters that they have finished their attacks. In his Instagram the beauty posted a photo where noticeable as Igor Bulatov photographing both of them on the phone.
The intrigue succeeded. All noticed that Lopyreva not sad, alone, and waiting for the happiest moment in my life together with my beloved man. Recall that Lopyreva for a long time hid the pregnancy and determine the exact time of your child's light can now only herself. Fans are looking forward to the good news.


text:
Epischnia leucoloma is een vlinder uit de familie snuitmotten (Pyralidae). De wetenschappelijke naam is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1849 door Herrich-Schäffer.

De soort komt voor in Europa.

leucoloma
Dier uit het Palearctisch gebied

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Opposition activist in Belarus faces 3 years in prison
Posted: Jun 9, 2020 / 12:03 PM CDT / Updated: Jun 9, 2020 / 12:03 PM CDT
MINSK, Belarus (AP) — A Belarusian opposition activist who has rallied against the re-election of authoritarian President Alexander Lukashenko could face years behind bars, officials said Tuesday.
Belarus' state Investigative Committee said that popular blogger Sergei Tikhanovski could be sentenced to three years in prison if convicted on charges of violating public order and assaulting police.
Tikhanovski has been in custody since being detained May 31 during a rally in Grodno, western Belarus. He was collecting signatures for his wife's nomination as a presidential candidate.
The Viasna human rights center said that some 100 opposition activists have been detained across the country.
Lukashenko, who has relentlessly suppressed opposition and independent news media during more than a quarter-century in power, is seeking a sixth term in an election scheduled for Aug. 9. The 65-year-old leader appears certain to secure an easy victory despite opposition protests.


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Q. How long has pinecone extract been used?
A. There is a long history of pinecone extract use in Japan and around the world. Pinecone extract has proven to be extremely safe.
A. Immunophen™ is an all-natural dietary supplement containing LignaPlex™, a botanical extract derived from scots pine cones.
A. Immunophen™ is a super charged complex pine cone extract rich in polysaccharides, polyphenols, and lignins. It also contains absorbic acid (vitamin C).
Q. Are there any known side effects?
A. Immunophen™ has been sold world wide with no reported side effects.
Q. Is it all natural?
A. Yes, Immunophen™ is 100% all-natural.
Q. Should I take Immunophen™ everyday?
A. Immunophen™ has been designed to take everyday. As a dietary supplement, take 20 drops (1mL) once per day.
Q. Where is Immunophen™ manufactured?
A. Immunophen™ is manufactured in a Canadian site licensed facility.
Q. Can I take Immunophen™ with my other dietary supplements?
A. Yes, Immunophen™ has been designed to take with other dietary supplements.
Q. Can I take Immunophen™ with prescription medications?
A. We recommend that you consult with your physician if taking medication or have a medical condition.


The Industrial Districts – Distretti Industriali – play a relevant social and economic role in Italy's industrial organization. As is stated in the literature, industrial districts are networks of businesses, involving mainly small and medium-sized companies as well as other social and economic agents, organized in communities that are well-defined geographically, historically and culturally. Considering, on the other hand, the role of technology for the success of business, both individually for each economic agent, and collectively for the industrial district, the present study was planned to identify the characteristics of the dynamics of the business and the way in which they influence, or are influenced, by the management factors of the technological innovation process in that environment. It is an exploratory study of an empirical nature, with a research plan based on the review of the literature, an examination of institutional documents, and interviews with managers of organizations that are part of Italian industrial districts, as well as Italian researchers working on the subject of the present study. The guidelines for the research regarding the aspects of management of innovation, in the environment under investigation, were based on a management model that is appropriate for environments in which there is cooperative interaction between the constituent agents. The field research was concentrated on the Italian districts of Sassuolo, Modena Area, Emilia-Romagna Region (ceramics) and Lumezzane, Brescian Valley, Lombardy Region (metals-mechanics). The results obtained have allowed us to define several elements that are typical of the organization of business and of the process of technological innovation, in an industrial district. Among the management factors that were identified in the cooperative action for technological innovation, it was possible to identify the one directly associated with the cultural characteristics that are specific of the districts, i.e. the background of social and personal relationships.
GRANDO, A.; BRUNO, M. A. C.; VASCONCELLOS, E. P. G.; BAGLIERI, V. Technology innovation and business organization in the Italian industrial districts. Revista de Administração e Inovação, v. 5, n. 2, art. 83, p. 112-131, 2008.
Grando, A., Bruno, M. A. C., Vasconcellos, E. P. G., & Baglieri, V. (2008). Technology innovation and business organization in the Italian industrial districts. Revista de Administração e Inovação, 5(2), 112-131.


In our efforts to increase connections among the fine citizens of Cedar Rapids, Team Crunchberry has decided to integrate our efforts with a cool-as-hell new way to leverage social networks, Facebook Connect.
For instance, when a user makes a comment, we'll push it to their Facebook feed. Will you be more likely to comment if you know your friends will see what you have to say? Will you be less likely to act like a jackass?
We're betting that we can increase the quantity and quality of conversations by bringing them into to your network. Why would I comment in a vacuum? I want my friends to hear what I have to say. And when they do, maybe they'll back me up. And since I'm being heard, maybe I'll think twice before being a jerk.
Yay, props! Yay, shame! It's almost like a real world argument. All we need now is a pitcher of beer and a table to pound on. Is there a django plugin for that??
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged comments, conversation, Crunchberry, django, Facebook, Facebook Connect by Brian Boyer. Bookmark the permalink.
fact fruitful in support of me, keep up posting such posts.


ePortfolio is a way for you to demonstrate what you are learning inside and outside the classroom while a student at John Jay. Whether you are introduced to ePortfolio through a professor in a class, by participating in a program where you will showcase what you're doing as a member of that program, or if you've just seen some of the vibrant ePortfolios that your peers have created and want one for yourself too, an ePortfolio is a way for you to demonstrate online on your own web site the successes that you achieve offline!
Register for one of the courses where the professors will have you create an ePortfolio. See a list of courses using ePortfolio (coming soon).
Contact us at eportfolio@jjay.cuny.edu to get your account information.
Spring '19 ePortfolio Community Hour Workshop | The ePortfolio Program offers support to help you get started with the creation of your ePortfolio and how to edit it, and add content to it. Sign up online.
As a current John Jay student who created an ePortfolio recently, you are invited to participate in our 3rd Annual ePortfolio Showcase! Use this opportunity as a way to share with your community the great work and experiences that you are having inside and outside the classroom.
This is a session that provides information on all the resources provided by the ePortfolio Program that's available for John Jay students. Come see the ePortfolio Lab and meet our eTerns and other support staff.


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text:
Professor Lift Band
Band World Jam
Share Professor Lift Band's EPK!
The best kept secret in music
Another Ring on the Tree is is available through the band's website, and CD Baby.
Rob Probst brought his seasoned guitar and mandolin playing to bands such as Hypnotic Clambake, Zydeco Vacation, New York Klezmer Orchestra and One Road, and even performed as a cantorial soloist before forming a project of his own. The bandleader, songwriter, mandolinist, guitarist and singer serves up original groove jam music and non-traditional arrangements of traditional music from other cultures, from ballads to Irish jigs and Bulgarian dance tunes. Lift and his band have been touring the Northeast and songs from their first cd, "Another Ring On The Tree" have been on rotation at many college and local radio stations, including "The Upper Room with Joe Kelley", which in March 2004, became the first radio show to have been featured on Rock 'n Roll Hall of Famer PRINCE'S official web site. Professor Lift Band has been on WROC Channel 8 "Wake Up Rochester", and pictured in "Discovering Rochester" magazine, targeting college students and visitors to Rochester. So who is Professor Lift? The music has influences from jazz to funk and blues, and from newgrass to worldbeat, but we just call it great, up "lifting" music that has a little something for everyone.


2 company profiles found for Business To Business in Blenheim, South Carolina(SC).
American Shipping And Logistics, Cherokee Truck Brokers, etc.
1 "Business To Business" business profiles are rated as good, 2 "Business To Business" companies in Blenheim are rated as acceptable. 49% of Blenheim consumers were satisfied with Blenheim "Business To Business" businesses' performance. That is 7% higher compared to "Business To Business" in Canadys, SC.
Blenheim Forum is currently viewed by 8 visitors. Blenheim Blog received 13 comments last month. American Shipping And Logistics was rated as Good, Cherokee Truck Brokers as Very good. Reviews on "Business To Business" Blenheim Blog are posted daily.


Steven Curtis Chapman chose to mark his 30th anniversary in the music industry in a couple of ways. First, the Kentucky native, who released his first album in 1987 and went on to become the most awarded artist in Christian music history, decided to write a memoir. Now, he's getting ready for a solo tour that also takes a look back at his life—through music.
Chapman's music story began more than five decades ago in his hometown of Paducah.
Chapman, his older brother, Herbie, and his father all played together in church. After graduating from high school, Chapman ended up getting a summer job with his brother at the former Opryland theme park in Nashville. While it opened some doors for Chapman, even then he felt himself being pulled in a different direction. He wanted to write music about his faith.
"It's just what flowed out of me most naturally," he explains.
He recalls having a conversation with his dad, who said that if Chapman was already experiencing opportunities in the country music world, perhaps he might want to continue in that direction. His faith still would be the most important thing in his life, but he might possibly be able to reach more people from a larger mainstream music platform.
"I remember saying, 'Dad, I'm not opposed to that, but if I do what comes natural, it ends up being this music that's about my faith,' " he says.
Chapman attended Georgetown College as a pre-med student, and then later transferred to Anderson University in Indiana after learning about a music business program there that had been set up with the help of Christian music artists Bill and Gloria Gaither. It was at Anderson that Chapman met a young woman with the same last name, as the two shared a mailbox. Ohio native Mary Beth Chapman later would become his wife.
Chapman took classes at Anderson and continued writing songs on the side. Soon, one of his songs, "Built to Last," was recorded by the Imperials. He slowly began making inroads in songwriting, and he and Mary Beth eventually moved to Nashville. As he worked on writing songs, he also began pursuing his dream of becoming a recording artist. He ran into some setbacks along the way. As he recounts in his book, Between Heaven and the Real World, he was told more than once he might not have "the voice" for performing. But despite those early rejections, Chapman held fast to the belief that God had given him the songs, the passion and a gift for communicating, so he persevered. Eventually, he got a recording deal.
In the years that followed, Chapman not only would break into the Christian music industry, he would take it by storm. He had a steady stream of hits on the contemporary Christian charts, including "Weak Days," "His Eyes" and many others, and he soon began getting attention from a more mainstream audience in the 1990s with "Great Adventure," "Dive" and more, garnering 48 No. 1 hits. Chapman has recorded more than 20 albums over the past three decades with sales totaling more than $11 million. He's also won an unprecedented 58 Dove Awards, along with five Grammys and an American Music Award.
Even Chapman finds some of his achievements a bit overwhelming. He recalls a trip to New York several years ago. He was there to play Carnegie Hall and if that wasn't astounding enough, he found himself walking through the city and thinking back some 15 years earlier when he had walked those same streets.
Chapman says writing his memoir allowed him to go back and relive some of those experiences. The book, co-written with author Ken Abraham and released in March, details many of Chapman's professional challenges and successes, but also some of his most painful personal experiences. He says he had been approached by publishers to write his story before but wasn't ready yet.
"I felt like enough time had passed since the tragic loss of our daughter, which is obviously a big part of our story as a family, and my story, and wanting to share that in a way to let people know what the journey has been like," he explains.
The Chapmans had three biological children—a daughter and two sons—before adopting three daughters from China. In 2008, the youngest child, Maria, was just 5 when she ran, out of the range of sight, into the path of an SUV driven by her 17-year-old brother, Will.
His book details his family's journey through faith through the loss of Maria, as well as the intensely difficult time that followed for Will after the accident.
Chapman also touches on other periods in his life, when he and others turned to faith in the face of tragedy. He describes returning to Paducah in 1997 after 14-year-old gunman Michael Carneal opened fire on a group of students praying at Heath High School. The shooting left three students dead and five others injured, including Missy Jenkins, who was paralyzed from the chest down. As a graduate of the school, Chapman was asked to sing at the combined funeral for the students who died. He says it was one of the most challenging things he's ever done, but remembers noting the power of God's promises on display at the service that day.
Musician and fellow Kentuckian Ricky Skaggs describes Chapman as one of his dearest friends and a man who doesn't just talk about his faith; he lives it.
Skaggs says he enjoys singing with Chapman every chance he gets and adds that Chapman's contribution to Christian music is immeasurable.
"I mean his list of songs—the body of work he's done so far—and there's still great stuff yet to come from him, but his body of work has been amazing," Skaggs says.
Close friend and fellow musician Geoff Moore says it's Chapman's honesty that has resonated with fans over the years and given him such longevity.
Moore, who has known Chapman since both arrived in Nashville more than three decades ago and co-wrote a number of songs with him, including "Great Adventure," adds that Chapman is also "an amazing musician" who continues to work hard at his craft.
He also says, despite Chapman's many years in Nashville, that Chapman has never strayed far from his Kentucky roots.
"He's extremely proud of being from Kentucky. He still loves and embraces where he's from. He's one of the Bluegrass State's good ones, I'll tell you that," Moore says.
Chapman credits growing up in Paducah with laying the foundation for the man he is today. His parents still live there, and he and his family have a home in Benton.
As he looks back over his career, Chapman remains grateful for what he's accomplished but says he hopes people will look beyond the awards and instead see the blessings.