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Long Title. Big Mission.
Martha Miller
Advocate for Small Business Capital Formation
Remarks to Maha Discovery Festival Entrepreneurs
Good morning everyone, and thank you to the Maha team for the opportunity to speak to you today. [1] My name is Martha Miller, and I am the first Advocate for Small Business Capital Formation at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, which is the government agency responsible for regulating our capital markets, including how companies raise capital from investors in both the public and the private markets.
Some of you may be scratching your heads wondering who invited someone from the government to an entrepreneurship conference? Or maybe you hoped I was from a different SEC and we could talk about when the Cornhuskers are going to go up against the Bulldogs or the Crimson Tide. Or you may be wondering why you didn't sneak out for an early coffee break? All valid questions. This presentation is going to look very different from what you might expect from a government official, yet surprisingly familiar. We've put together a pitch deck to introduce you to our office, why Congress created us, and why we want to hear from you as entrepreneurs.
Before I delve in, I'll offer up the standard disclaimer that the views and perspectives I share today represent my own and not necessarily those of the entire agency.
I'll start with our mission: advocacy is in our title, and it's at the core of what we do. We are focused on advocating for small businesses and their investors to foster better access to capital markets, strengthening your voice within the SEC and the broader regulatory landscape. To understand our mission, let's take a step back to where we came from.
Small businesses are big business: they create a majority of net new jobs in the country. To put a finer point on it: entrepreneurship changes lives. It creates jobs that provide for families. It creates innovation and technology that improves lives, health and opportunities for advancement. And it can create wealth for those who invest and support the growth of promising companies along their path to success.
However, small businesses face significant challenges in accessing capital to transform ideas into opportunity. Four out of five entrepreneurs do not access bank loans or venture capital in funding their companies. [2]Over two thirds of small business founders rely instead on personal or family savings for startup capital. [3] And it probably goes without saying that there are great disparities in who can afford to lean on savings as a source of capital.
In other words: there is a gap between the role we have come to expect of small businesses in creating jobs, innovations and wealth, and the accessibility of capital to do so. At the SEC, we regulate capital markets and create rules that impact how and from whom you can find investment capital. Access to capital is routinely cited as one of the top, if not the most pressing of, issues facing entrepreneurs. Yet small businesses and their investors are often underrepresented during the creation of the rules and laws that impact your access to capital. That underrepresentation isn't a surprise to me; it is rare to find an entrepreneur who simultaneously focuses on scaling their business, developing their talent, and meeting their investors' expectations to grow revenue who is also regularly carving out time to come to D.C. or work alongside regulators like the SEC to make sure that the rulebook by which their business plays makes sense.
Recognizing that we needed to do more to proactively engage with entrepreneurs and their investors to bring their perspectives into the regulatory process earlier, Congress created a new office within the SEC with legislation that was broadly supported across the aisle. I was fortunate to have been appointed by the Commissioners to serve as the first Advocate leading the new eponymous office. Put simply, we bring the voice of entrepreneurs and their investors to the table early and often.
At this point, you may be wondering "what does she mean by 'small' business," a fair question given that everyone seems to have their own definition. As we look at our target market, we segment among three general groups:
Small, emerging businesses — Generally these companies are looking at some combination of bootstrapping, self-financing, bank debt, friends and family, crowdfunding, angel investors, and seed rounds. This is the funding that gets companies off the ground or through early prototypes.
Mature and later-stage small businesses — These are the companies who are growing and looking for larger amounts of capital that can fund operations of scale, ventures into new verticals, and preparation for public markets. Most often these investors are institutional in nature, whether syndicate groups, venture capital, private equity, or even public funds.
Small reporting companies — Companies can access broad pools of investors when they go public, and our office looks at issues faced by companies with less than $250 million in public float.
In a nutshell: "small" in the context of the businesses with which our office works is relative. These businesses encompass a very broad segment of the overall market.
If you're wearing your investor hat listening to my pitch, you're wondering what the total addressable market (TAM) looks like for small businesses. In 2018, companies raised $1.4 trillion through registered IPOs and the public markets. Contrasted with the $2.9 trillion raised through offerings exempt from registration, there's been a clear shift and increase in funding through the exempt framework utilized by small businesses.[4] Anytime you quote a figure in trillions of dollars, it's hard to conceptualize the magnitude of the amount. Let's break that down further into individual companies and investors that use the most common exemption from registration for their offerings under Regulation D: Rule 506(b). Companies conducted approximately 24,300 506(b) offerings in 2018, in which approximately 874,100 investors participated with a median offering size of approximately $1.7 million.
What does that tell us about our TAM? In a nutshell, small businesses in the aggregate are big business.
The investor in you may be now wondering: how is this new office going to take such a large TAM and craft a strategy for their serviceable addressable market (SAM) and serviceable obtainable market (SOM)? Unlike a product delivered to a fixed and quantified market that starts small and scales in size, we take an inverse approach: starting with the entire marketplace or TAM as our initial customer, and building solutions that work for the broader ecosystem using feedback from our SOM. To deliver solutions to the entire small business marketplace, we must take the pulse of diverse, representative groups of thought leaders with a wide range of experience, spanning coast to coast, rural to urban, startup to IPO, angel groups to venture capital, retail investors to registered funds. So how are we doing that?
Our go to market plan requires us to use our lean resources to reach as many people as possible, the same objective that many of you may have with your own businesses. I think of our communications along three key channels:
Inbound inquiries — Our proverbial door is always open. Anyone can email, call or come visit us to talk about the small business capital issues that matter most to you.
Connections to thought leaders — We don't come to the table proclaiming to have all the answers. We're constantly looking to connect with businesses, investors and thought leaders who can add valuable perspectives to the mix and challenge the way we think about issues.
Outreach to target "customers" — Rather than attempting to create independent brand traction and grow our own network, we utilize existing networks of small businesses and their investors to not only get the message out about our office, but to also deliver solutions to our "customers" that fulfill our mission. A key example is being here today at Maha.[5] Connections through larger networks feed new inbound inquiries that expand our "customer" base.
I will tell one quick story from our visit to a 1 Million Cups event a few months ago, shortly after launching the office. After being introduced and jumping on stage, I rhetorically said to the crowd: "I bet you're wondering why I'm here today," to which a gentleman in the front shouted back: "Yeah, why ARE you here?!" I couldn't help but laugh, as it was the perfect reminder that no one in the room had a clue who I was or what we were trying to do to support the very businesses convening that day. In marketing lingo: we had zero brand awareness. Now when I meet with groups of entrepreneurs, I own our nascent brand and use it as a tool to forge connections. Hence the second slide of this deck.
We've operationalized the office at warp speed, building out our minimum viable product (MVP) and delivering on incremental and iterative programming in support of our mission. It's been a productive first 7 months, and we have challenging and exciting work ahead of us for the rest of this year and beyond.
Our key performance indicators (KPIs) are different. We're not focused on revenue, profit margin, unit economics, conversion rate, MAUs, LTV, CAC, or any other alphabet soup figure. We're interested in quality resolution of issues, engaging new voices and perspectives, bringing small business perspectives to the rulemaking process early and often, and producing practical, solution-oriented proposals for policy change. We'll report annually on our work, keeping Congress and the public informed of our progress.
I've learned a few valuable lessons along the way, and had a few others reinforced in the process, which I hope may be valuable to your entrepreneurial endeavors. The first is to get input and buy-in to your product early through feedback. Rather than just telling people what our plans were for our office, we instead asked people: "what is your biggest pain point that we can help you solve?" Those answers allowed us to hone and sometimes redirect our focus based upon the expressed customer need. If we had built out the office and stayed quiet until we had offerings ready to launch, we would have missed the mark.
The second lesson is the importance of scaling and incrementally adapting. Rather than aim for transformational adaptation out of the gate, we're learning through each step of incremental adaptation how to create a cumulatively transformational impact.
The third lesson is to know not only what you do, whether the product you sell or the service you provide, but to be comfortable knowing what you don't do. As a small scaling office, it's important for us to own our niche in small business capital formation and help others navigate to the right resources, whether they are provided by us, one of our colleagues at the SEC, or one of our partner agencies.
The last and most important lesson is that how far you go is directly proportionate to the talent of the team around you. I am lucky to be surrounded by colleagues whose passion and talent I would put up against any private company, including Julie Davis, Jenny Riegel, and Malika Sullivan.
The conventional wisdom is that the goal of the pitch deck is to get to the next meeting, not to actually raise money. My goal today is the same. I hope to have sparked your interest so that you will come talk to us, tell us about the capital formation issues you face, and help us improve the opportunities for small businesses and their investors to grow and thrive. I look forward to taking Q&A and staying in touch beyond today.
[1] Special thank you to Lauren Martin and Melanie Phelan for their support not only of our office joining Maha Discovery Festival 2019, but for their work in supporting entrepreneurs across their region.
[2] See https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/Frequently-Asked-Questions-Small-Business-2018.pdf; https://www.kauffman.org/-/media/kauffman_org/entrepreneurship-landing-page/capital-access/capital_access_lab_exec_summary_final.pdf
[4] https://www.sec.gov/rules/concept/2019/33-10649.pdf
[5] YFC Inc. d/b/a Maha Music Festival is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit whose mission is "to showcase the unique heart and soul of the Midwest, collaborate with our community to provide unforgettable experiences, and position the region as the premier place to put roots down and grow." https://www.guidestar.org/profile/06-1839109


Logan Hardware Father's Day Market features Bailiwick Clothing Company & Fast Snail Design!
If you're in the Washington DC area this Saturday, be sure to visit the Logan Hardware Father's Day Market, held on June 4 from 12-5pm at 1734 14th Street NW. You'll find great cards to send and awesome gifts to give from Fast Snail Design and Bailiwick Clothing Company, two local design companies.
Bailiwick Clothing is "dedicated to DC," and boldly displays that pride on its apparel. DC dads are gonna love these -- great job, JC Smith and Bailiwick Clothing Company!
You'll also find Washington DC celebrated in Father's Day cards created by Liz Hutcheson of Fast Snail Design.
If you can't make it this Saturday, Logan Hardware (part of Ace Hardware DC) will host another Father's Day Market on June 18. We hope to see you there soon!
Home / News / Logan Hardware Father's Day Market features Bailiwick Clothing Company & Fast Snail Design!


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Q: Some properties of Polish space Let $X$ be a separable complete metric space.
I wonder if following properties hold in ZF.

*

*Limit Compact ⇒ Compact

*Does there exist a function$f$ such that $f(E)$ is closed and $f(E)\subset E$, for every infinite set $E$ in $X$.

If 2 doesn't hold, what if $E$ is Dedekind-Infinite?
It seems if 2 holds, 1 holds immediately.
(See Constructing a choice function in a complete & separable metric space.)

A: The second answer is "no".
Consider a model in which there is an infinite Dedekind-finite set of real numbers, now consider all its subsets which are infinite.
We observe that every closed subset of a D-finite set is finite. (Not relatively closed, but really closed.) We also observe that we can always choose from finite sets of real numbers, since those are well-ordered by the natural order of the reals (every linear order on a finite set is a well-order). Therefore the existence of such $f$ implies that we can choose a point from every subset of our D-finite set, which means it is well-orderable, which means it is finite. Contradiction.

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"I'm Stan. Stan the Man," said our fishing guide Stanley Glinton as we prepared for our day fishing.Stan is the head guide at North Riding Point Club, which is located 20 miles east of Freeport down the Grand Bahamas Highway.
The North Riding Point Club is a fantastic resort located on a beautiful, secluded property right on the beach. Last year, we fished with Captain Bully, creator of the famed "Bully Fly." This year we fished with Captain Stan.
Stan likes to wade for bones and this is a big difference from fishing from the boat. Fishing from the boat gives you a height advantage on the fish so you can see a lot further out in the water. It also gives the guide a bigger field of view.
Stan trailored the boat down the Grand Bahamas Highway East from North Riding Point. We launched at a secret location and made about a 20 to 30 minute run before Stan said put on your boots.
The upside of wading is that if you're fishing with a partner, you get to continuously fish whereas fishing from the boat you have to take turns. Wading also allows you the opportunity to fish water that is shallower and more protected. This was very helpful while fishing in winds blowing 10 to 20 mph.
I should point out here that the wind was really blowing making the conditions very difficult. We had a couple of difficult shots early that we missed and then the fishing got a little slow. About two hours after we started wading, dad hooked the first fish and got the proverbial "skunk off the boat." Soon after, I hooked into a nice 4 lbs. er fish with Stan Man's help. A shark decided to swim right between Stan and I at a distance of about 10 feet.
Sharks indicate that the food chain is at work on a flat. No sharks or rays or turtles, you probably won't find bonefish either. We continued to fish for the next couple hours and finally had lunch about 3:00.After lunch, the wind kept blowing so we headed back toward the truck.
I was feeling a little discouraged at this point, I must admit. The wind was blowing a gale. Wading can be tough. And our next day was calling for more wind. Then, Stan Man powered down the boat and looked at my dad and I. "Let's try one more flat," he said.
This lifted my spirits. We got out and I pulled on my mask and put my bonefish game face on.
Not long after we started wading, I had a 40-foot shot into the wind at a fish. I took it and nailed a cast hooking up to a nice fish. He took off across the flat burning line and pulling me well into my backing. I soon landed what would be one of, if not my biggest, fish of the trip. This was a 7 lbs toad that was a great fish.
My dad had the next shot and shortly after I released my fish, he was on to a small group of fish. He made a great cast and landed another pig of a fish that took him well into his backing too. He hung in there and landed his biggest fish of the trip.
Even though we had a tough day, it was a good day. We fought the elements and landed two big fish.We persevered, and our guide persevered and gave us some extra time, to get us fish.
We loaded up and headed back to the boat each of us with big smiles on our face.
We got out and I pulled on my mask and put my bonefish game face on.


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How to travel from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence
from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence
You can get from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence by train, bus or flight.
Travel Information to Aix-en-Provence from Berlin
Available travel modes Flight or train
Ticket price range $12 - $64
Cheapest mode Flight • $12 (€10) • 16 h
Fastest mode Train • $64 (€53) • 11 h 47 min
Popular travel companies Malta Air or Deutsche Bahn with connection
Travel 719 miles (1160 km) by flight or train from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence. If speed is a priority, then a train is the best option with an average duration of 11 h 47 min; whereas, if saving money is more important, then a flight is the best option with prices starting as low as $12 (€10). The most popular travel companies which serve this trip are Malta Air or Deutsche Bahn with connection among others. Travelers can even take a direct flight or train from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence.
Travel Tips: Travel from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence
Travel to Aix-en-Provence easily. Whether you want fast, cheap or something entirely different, our travel experts have collected everything you need to know so you can find the best option from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence.
What are the COVID-19 travel restrictions for Aix-en-Provence, France if I'm coming from Berlin, Germany?
Travel between Berlin, Germany and Aix-en-Provence, France is: Partially open.
Can travelers from Germany enter France?
International entry is allowed at this time for: Entry is partially open for citizens and permanent residents of Germany.
Are there rules for self-quarantine when arriving to Aix-en-Provence from Berlin?
Conditions of entry into France:
Are there COVID-19 safety rules for social distancing and wearing face masks in Aix-en-Provence, France?
To reduce the spread of COVID-19, the government of France has imposed the following measures:
Physical distance requirement: 1 metre (s) (3 feet)
This information was last checked on 1/15/22. As this information can change due to the nature of the pandemic, make sure to review the latest COVID-19 travel safety regulations for your journey to Aix-en-Provence from Berlin.
Do I need to self-quarantine when I arrive back to Germany from Aix-en-Provence, France?
The current restriction level for returning to Berlin, Germany from France is: Partially open.
Am I allowed to reenter Berlin, Germany from Aix-en-Provence, France?
Reentering Germany is currently allowed for: Entry is partially open for citizens and permanent residents of France
Do I need to self-quarantine when I arrive back to Berlin from Aix-en-Provence?
Which rules do I need to follow in Berlin, Germany regarding COVID-19?
All travelers returning to Germany must observe the following safety measures to reduce the spread of COVID-19 in the country:
Face masks: Mandatory
The information above was last checked on 1/15/22. We do our best to keep this information up-to-date, but regulations can change due to the nature of the coronavirus pandemic, so please double check the latest COVID-19 travel safety regulations ahead of your trip back to Berlin from Aix-en-Provence here.
How do I reach Aix-en-Provence from Berlin?
There are 2 ways that you can travel from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence. You can take a flight or train.
How do I get from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence the cheapest way?
The cheapest way to travel from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence is by taking a flight with an average price of $12 (€10).
This is compared to other travel options to Aix-en-Provence:
Taking a flight is usually $52 (€43) less than taking a train to Aix-en-Provence, which costs on average $64 (€53) for the same trip.
What is the fastest way to travel from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence?
The fastest way to get to Aix-en-Provence from Berlin is by train with an average travel time of 11 h 47 min.
Other travel options to Aix-en-Provence can usually take longer:
In comparison, going by flight can take 16 h on average.
How far is it from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence?
The Berlin to Aix-en-Provence distance is around 719 miles (1160 km).
How many services a day are there between Berlin and Aix-en-Provence?
The average frequency per day from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence is:
1 train per day.
However, we recommend checking specific travel dates for your trip between Berlin and Aix-en-Provence as scheduled services by flight or train can vary by season or day of the week.
When traveling to Aix-en-Provence from Berlin, what are the departure and arrival points in Berlin and Aix-en-Provence?
These are the most popular departure and arrival points when traveling from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence:
Most travelers board their train from Berlin Hbf and arrive in Aix-en-Provence TGV.
Which travel operators can get me to Aix-en-Provence from Berlin?
If finding a good deal is your main consideration for your trip from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence, then we'll help you find the best value travel companies for you:
Malta Air can get you to Aix-en-Provence by plane. You can find a good deal for plane tickets with Malta Air from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence for $12 (€10) on Omio.
Deutsche Bahn with connection can take you to Aix-en-Provence by train. If searching for a good deal on trains, you can find tickets for Deutsche Bahn with connection from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence for $64 (€53).
Is there a direct service between Berlin and Aix-en-Provence?
Yes, there are direct routes from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence with the following travel companies:
You can find 1 direct train per day to Aix-en-Provence with.
Direct services to Aix-en-Provence tend to save you time and add more convenience as you won't need to transfer at another stop in between, so it's worth paying attention to before booking tickets for your trip.
Where else should I travel to after my journey to Aix-en-Provence from Berlin ends?
Your trip from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence doesn't have to end in Aix-en-Provence. Many of our customers like to extend their vacation to explore other popular destinations like Paris, Marseille or Nice. If you'd like to add Paris, Marseille or Nice to your Berlin to Aix-en-Provence tour, check Omio for the best and cheapest ways to travel to any of these top destinations from Aix-en-Provence today!
How far in advance should I book tickets from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence online to get the best deals?
Before traveling from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence, it's good to know what ticket you can book and how much it will cost in the next 7 days:
A plane ticket is costing on average $12 (€10) one way for this trip.
A train ticket is costing on average $64 (€53) one way for this trip.
But we recommend booking Berlin to Aix-en-Provence tickets online a few months before your planned travel date to score the best deals and save money on your trip.
Travelling from Berlin to Aix-en-Provence: related information
More information on travelling to Berlin
More information on travelling to Aix-en-Provence
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Bus Berlin-Rome
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1884-CC Morgan Silver Dollar Coin NGC MS65
The release of the Morgan Silver Dollar at the Carson City Mint in 1884 marked the penultimate strike of Morgan Dollars at Carson City during the early years of production. The Carson City Mint was the only location to issue the coins in two major waves. The first of those came between 1878 and 1885, with the latter coming from 1889 to 1893. Now, 1884-CC Morgan Silver Dollar Coins in certified condition are available to you for purchase online from JM Bullion.
Coins arrive inside NGC protective plastic slabs!
7th coin in the Morgan Silver Dollar Series!
Limited mintage of only 1,136,000 coins!
Limited availability of certified coins!
Contains .7734 Troy oz of actual silver content.
Issued a face value of $1 (USD) by the United States.
Bears a Grade of Mint State 65 from the Numismatic Guaranty Corporation.
Obverse showcases Liberty.
Reverse depicts the heraldic eagle.
CC mint mark from the Carson City Mint.
Morgan Silver Dollars were issued by the Philadelphia Mint and San Francisco Mint every year from 1878 to 1904 and again in 1921. The New Orleans Mint was the next most active mint, with coins issued from 1879 to 1904. The Denver Mint issued the coins just once in 1921, the final year of release in the series.
The Carson City Mint issued the coins from 1878 to 1885 and again from 1889 to 1893. The highest average mintages came during the latter four-year period of production, with the 1884 mintage landing sixth overall among the 13 date marks in the series.
Obverse imagery on the 1884-CC Morgan Dollars includes an image of Lady Liberty in left-profile relief with the Phrygian cap on her head. She also features with a coronet crown and laurel wreath in her hair. There are 13 stars on this field of the coin.
Reverse designs on 1884-CC Morgan Silver Dollars come with a front-facing bald eagle. The American bald eagle shown here is clutching the arrows of war and the olive branch of peace. There is a wreath of oak and laurel beneath the bird and a CC mint mark from the Carson City Mint beneath that wreath.
These 1884-CC Morgan Silver Dollar Coins are available in Mint State 65 condition. Coins in this condition have an above-average mint luster, a few small, scattered contact marks, the potential for one or two heavier marks, and small hairlines.
JM Bullion customer service is available at 800-276-6508. Our team is also available online using our live chat and email address features.
Grade Service	 NGC
Mint Mark	 CC - Carson City
Manufacturer	 US Mint
Condition	 Uncirculated
Issuing Country	 United States
Obverse Designer	 George T. Morgan
Reverse Designer	 George T. Morgan
Series	 Morgan Dollar
Packaging Type	 NGC Plastic Slab
Metal Weight	 .7734 Troy Ounce


These are some of the few select and best tailor made RTW itineraries that roundtheworldflights.co.au has to offer. Our RTW experts have especially designed these Around the World Deals and Multi Stop Trips on the basis of their own travelling experience and also on traveler feedback and suggestions. These sample RTW deals and itineraries are designed for maximum value and flexibility.
These sample RTW Deals and RTW Itineraries are pre-designed itineraries and can be easily customized and tailor made according to your needs and preferences. You can add destinations according to your choice and set foot on your own Around the World journey.
Speak to our RTW experts to know more about these deals and itineraries and how you can add a bit of color and flavor to your trip of dreams across the world.
Please note that the price quoted against each itinerary is only an indicative figure. Prices depend on a number of factors some of which include choice of destinations, dates and season of travel and availability of tickets for preference of airlines. Prices are subject to change in case routes or dates are altered.


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Flu shot, spray OK for 2019-20 season, American Academy of Pediatrics says
Mackenzie Bean (Twitter) - Friday, March 15th, 2019
Both the flu shot and nasal spray vaccine are acceptable for children during the 2019-20 flu season, the American Academy of Pediatrics announced March 14.
Three things to know:
1. The AAP and the CDC discouraged using the nasal spray during the 2016-17 and 2017-18 flu seasons. The groups cited concerns about the spray's effectiveness against H1N1, which had been the predominant flu strain during both seasons.
2. AAP recommended using the flu shot as the primary method of vaccination for children during the current flu season, but noted the nasal spray was OK for some children.
3. AAP updated its recommendation for the upcoming season after examining flu season characteristics and reviewing new data on vaccine coverage and effectiveness from the U.K . While U.K. data differs from U.S. data, officials said the data was encouraging. The AAP also looked at data involving a reformulated version of the nasal spray vaccine, which has proven more effective against H1N1.
4. The CDC's flu shot recommendations, which will be released in June, will likely be similar to AAP's guidance, the group said.
More articles on clinical leadership & infection control:
Karen Hoffmann is the 2019 APIC president
WHO: Congo's Ebola outbreak could end within 6 months
Delaying flu shots until October could prevent 22K illnesses, study finds


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Author-Talk with Lovette Jallow "Stranger in White Spaces"
Hello, and welcome to the city library, of uppsala. Our public library i'm not sure what the binocular. Is in. English. Um. I'm very. Honored. To be here today, and to lead this discussion, with. Lavette yellow. Who's joining us today. This is, the second, discussion, or the second talk in the series called svenskatan's. Field court. The terms, of, swedishness. In which we discuss kind of the thresholds. Around. How to. The exclusionary. Practices, around swedishness. Can make you feel like you're not part of sweden. So i'm very happy, and honored to have you here. It's an honor to be here. And um. So you, are, an activist. Ex-activist. Ex-activist. Of course, uh you, have won a lot of prizes. For your activism. And. You're an author, and you just came out with or you're coming out with a new book. And we will get the chance to discuss that one today. Which is, very cool and i only got a chance to start reading it last night at five o'clock. So i've read as much as i could. And i'm very happy to be able to ask some questions about it. Um, so. To start us off. I'll listen to your ted talk from 2018. In which you discuss. Your voice, in finding your voice and it made me think about. Uh arthur lord and her your silence, will not protect you. So i guess i just wanted to know like, what does, finding your voice mean for you and. How can, other people try to find their voice. Well considering. My mom is here today i think she can confirm. That, as a child, i could speak before i could even walk. Because i was so keen on communicating. And i was around a lot of adults, and i had a lot of questions. So i found my voice, very young. And i was raised in a home. Where my grandmother, was a politician. In gambia. For 30 years, working for women's, issues, and women's health, which wasn't very popular at the time. I was raised around black women who had their voices. They didn't wait for people to give them voices they just, had their voices and they used them. However they choose. And, coming to sweden, i think that's where my voice was taken, from me so i lost a lot of my voice because. I wasn't. Any longer, le vet the person. I was lavette the african. I was lovette the black girl. I was live at the activist, at some point. It was always somebody. Voicing, what i was. And at some point you start believing, that you start believing. What people define, you as rather than being. Authentically. Who you are. And. It wasn't until i left and went to england when i was about 20.
That I actually found my voice again. So when audre lorde says your silence cannot protect you it means that some of us have actually no choice. But to speak. Because being silent, does not protect you because you will be at the mercy. Of people, with limited, perceptions. Defining, who you are, constantly. And as a black. Woman. That's a problem. That's a problem because we're always defined, by someone else's parameters. Of success, parameters. Of. Life. And it's. Tragic. So you were ascribed, a lot of uh things that you don't adhere to. And, as you said it's kind of like you were silenced, by. Uh coming to sweden. Yeah and. The just. Coming to this context, made you silence. And it's interesting what you said about how um. Like. Believing. What people say about you because if you have like james baldwin in, the beginning of his, the fire next time he speaks about. Uh the danger. For. People is just believing. Other people's stories about you rather than just, the way they speak about you yeah believing it is. Believing it is the hard part, is the heartbreaking. Part. And. That has to end at some point and i think it comes with maturity. Because i think we're in a stage right now where many people are defined. By what people think they are. But we have to also accept, that. We have many different versions, of ourselves, that exist in people's minds, i've met you today, there will be a version of me, that will be in your head. And, the people that know me, in different scenarios, will have a version and we have to be okay with that as well, we don't have to believe it we don't have to love it we just have to accept, that's reality. Yeah. Yes. Of course we uh i work at friends i'm an expert, in bullying, and we work with youth a lot so, in the question of, for. Kids to find their voice or young people find it a voice do you have any like. Advice, as to how to find your voice. I think, um sometimes, people say love, speaks for the voiceless, i don't, i never have. Because every human being has a voice i have a little niece. Um skye, and she is about. A year and a half, now, she has a voice. If you give her food she doesn't want to eat she says no. You know if she wants a drink she says. Drink. Um, so i think, my advice to children, and young people is just exercise, those vocal cords. Exercise, them in class. Exercise, them at home exercise, them in the playground. Just make sure you use it so you don't lose it as they say. Yeah don't let anything silence, you. Yeah so it's more of kind of trying to maintain, the voice that you already have. Than, finding, it, and for you it was refining, it when you came to, you will lose it many times. As a young child in a classroom, teachers will silence you. Um when you come in the workplace, you will be silenced. By your bosses. But it's also knowing where your moral, compass. Lies and if you feel like something is valuable, enough to talk about. Don't, let anybody, silence you not even. You know the king and queen of sweden, should be able to silence, anybody that has something to say. Yeah. Not even me, i shouldn't silence, anybody. That's very true. And, like moving on. Uh, in your book you talk a lot about the importance. Of having. An intersectional, analysis, and that's something that's very important in the work that we're doing that i'm doing, at friends. But can you talk about what that means, in like your intersectional, positioning. In. Being a black, woman, but also with autism. And what that has meant for you. I think every human being that you meet in life has many different identities. A white woman can for example, be, gay or muslim, as much as i am. So it's important when you meet people no matter what age they are that you actually, realize that they are so much more than what you see. But when it comes to the fight that i, fight. In education. And just trying to spread knowledge with people. Is also understanding, that i have many different identities. So nobody, can ask me. For example i'll give you an anecdote. A few years ago when i was in the beginning of activism. I was invited, by quite a large swedish, institution. That does panels. And if this panel was very interesting, it was supposed to be a feminism.
Panel. And. I was the only black person. So they contact, me they want me to go and be on that panel and i say yeah i would love to. Talk about what it means to be a feminist. And everything was, going on well until the day before, they gave me a call they wanted to make sure, that i was okay. What's going to happen, and then she said something that only swedish, people, know how to do best she does this. And i go oh that comedy. You know. And she goes, oh one more thing and i said oh yeah, or what what what. Do you mean or what is it and she says, it would be very nice if you didn't talk about racism, during this panel, because. It's only about feminism. And i go. That's going to be difficult. Because you're asking me to leave my blackness, outside of the room and just coming, with my. Vagina. Um that's not gonna happen. Um, i'm black. Every part of me is black, racism, is a part of my, life, so you either take me as i am or you leave all of me out of it, and i think, the. Sherman's biscuit evening probably got her a little bit nervous because she was like. That's not how i met, and i was like you mean, you don't want me to talk about racism which impacts, sex how sexism. Manifests. Against me, if i'm out on a night out and a man attacks, me. Or says something inappropriate. They may say inappropriate. Things, to me as a woman, but they'll always, add the n-word, there, so my attacks, when it comes to sexism, will always, be. Sprinkled, with racism, it's never detached, yeah. So, intersectionality. Is very important and i think those with most privilege, in society. Have to take it more seriously, than anybody. Because they're the ones that if they're not careful, if they don't understand the identities, people have will be stepping, constantly, on people's heads, if it's not black women it's brown women if it's not brown women it's trans women, you will constantly, be, stepping on people because you want to ignore. Parts of their identity, that is integral, to who they are. Yeah. It's a very interesting, like, um. Understanding. To think that you can, fully. Detach, power structure from one another, and, that would. Be a way of, discussing, reality, kind of because, exactly it does not. Fit with how, like even in the work that we're doing with friends we know that. It's not ever, solely, that you're being, subjected, to bullying, on the basis of racism, there's more things at play. Always, yeah, or other things that will, determine, your position, yeah and i think that is also, people don't understand that we can't just talk about racism. As a separate thing sometimes, racism. Manifests, in different, different, forms and racism, i look at it like a big family. Racism. Is married to sexism. But their cousins are anti-blackness. And colorism. You know there are so many levels to this i. During the black lives matter. Movement, here um in europe, i would say that. A lot of white people are thinking. I get what racism, is and it's not, just getting it there are nuances. Within it so just because you understand racism, doesn't mean if you are in a position of power. When the time comes to pick the best person for a job you won't pick according to colorism, ideas or anti-blackness. And. Helping, or, raising the voices of poc, does not necessarily, mean that black voices are being raised as well. You know hierarchies. Exist, and, you have to understand. The whole family of racism, not just, parts of it. Very true and. In your book you discuss. Um. You discuss, autism. And, how you were subjected, to bullying. Uh, and, feeling like an outsider. A lot of time not only like in primary school but, actually later as well. Do you want to get into that and how that, affects you like intersectionally. Well is there anything, in particular, that you feel you're interested, in because i think intersectionally. My autism. Doesn't, impact, how people, see me as much as being black and woman and muslim for example. But i think autism. Is something that impacts how i see the world, you know how i communicate, with the world, and it's not always, something that makes it easy for people to understand, me, because with autism there's a thing called double empathy, which means that. I can have an easier time communicating. With another person with autism, on the scale wherever they are, than i would, with a person that doesn't have autism. Is like. Speaking to somebody who, you don't share first language, with, so i think that, creates a lot of issues for me. In various. Places, whether it's with black people or white people or brown people. People are always ready to misunderstand. Me and, analyze, who i am based on. What they, consider, to be social, codes. And i don't understand, social, codes, very well not for white people, not for black people.
Not For academia. Nowhere, so i'll always make waves and, it used to make me very sad, thinking. Oh i always cause trouble wherever i go. And. Now at 36, i'm like i wasn't the problem. Society, is the problem for wanting somebody whose brain. Works differently, in a more in a beautiful, way as well. To conform. To these ideas, that are so static. That they. Suffocate, you. Yeah and i guess what i'm mostly, interested, in like and i don't want to spoil the book but there is a part where you talk to a doctor. Um. And there's a lot of misunderstanding. As to who you are. And, what you need, kind of, and so i guess that's kind of where, the misunderstandings. In your life that's come as a result, of people not seeing the full you, yeah, not the full me and also there's no imagery. When i was diagnosed, i was in my. Early to mid. 20s. So i had never heard of autism, as being a, something that black women have. And autism, is a funny little animal, as i call it because. It was created. You can only find out about autism, if you, think about it in terms of a white, boy. Which means, white women have a difficult, time being diagnosed. But also. What if you're a black, woman. You're being diagnosed, in accordance, to rules and regulation, sex for a white man, and as hard as i try i can never be a white man. So that just means you get no representation. You grow up not knowing. How a black. Woman with autism, supposed to behave, you think you're insane. You think you're depressed, you think, the world would be so much better. If you weren't in it. And then you meet a doctor, and, you tell him i'm depressed, and you have, all of these symptoms, and he tells you. Where you from. And you say sweden, and he says no really where are you from, and you say, oh my mom's from gambia, my dad's from sierra leone, my grandmother's from mauritania. Is that what you mean, and he goes. Oh. I've been to kenya, once. And you go, i haven't. And he goes, your problem is not depression, you've eaten too much palm oil you're fat. And you have to go through this process, with him, in england. Spending money each time, you go to the doctor. And you just never get any help so you lose weight you come back and he's like. Oh you've quit eating the palm oil i see, oh, you know in kenya we call it and i'm like what are you talking about i'm depressed, i want to die help. And he just doesn't understand it until i met a black female, doctor. And she was like i don't think you're, depressed. I think. Um, you're on the spectrum, and i said, heck, no. Now the whole black community is going to say i'm insane. So it's just so many levels of. Hell, that you just can't understand. And i'm still figuring, it out and i'm still speaking to parents with black kids who have autism. Being fearful, of how the world's gonna treat them. Yeah, so it's complicated. Yeah like you said it's very layered, and, uh. The reaction. From everyone in society, is going to be different but it's. You feel like it's not going to serve you kind of no not no knowing who you are yeah. Um, so moving on yeah you gave us a lecture, this summer. When you talked about, uh call from linear who's actually from the city. And. I mean. We knew parts of it and there are some parts of his legacy, that aren't as flattering as other ones.
And So i guess. First of all i just i just wanted to, ask you, why is it important, to. Spread the word about. His involvement, with eugenics. And categorization. Of humans, into. Race, categories. Why is that important. What was important, there is that, i think we discussed this before even coming on stage is the fact that when we go to school. We learn about all the great things white men did yeah. They did so many amazing, things. But, we never actually, get to hear the full extent of what they've done, so we grow up thinking about alfred, noble, he's done this oh well by the way he was also involved in quite a lot of racist. Stuff. Uh we talked about botanics, and carl von linnea and how he used to walk in gardens and sniff. Flowers. And we don't talk about his. Most long-standing. Legacy, with race biology, where he defines, women like me. As being, over-sexualized. Creatures. Lack of intelligence. Temper, problems. Something, that has led to in, 2020. Why so easy for people to look at a passionate, black woman and call them angry black women that's from carl, we can we can thank color for that. We can thank him for many good things but. He has done far worse things. Based on his ignorance, on humanity. And, because. We don't question, like we know his botanical. You know. Uh work is very. It's a long lasting. Is the reason why we don't eat certain flowers you know, that's fine. But again. How about his work that's still living on today, and. Harming. People that look like me, by helping, create, and maintain stereotypes. That's, leading to us being killed, and raped. Why should we hide that part, if we're going to talk about how amazing, white men are in history, let's also be honest about the truth of what they have done. And that includes, genocide. Holocaust. Rape. That includes, effects that still affect. Sweden, and how we, see the word race, and the structures, that come with it, why can't we talk about all sides of humanity. And not just one part of humanity. And for speaking, about the truth of carl, led to a lot of people. Being angry with me, threatening, my life, one even tried to set my apartment, on fire, that was fun at 3am, in the morning. All because i want the truth. Of a white man's history. But every day you hear about, every. Black person's. Worst history. Through that through that same lens, why should one race. Be allowed. Forgiveness. And whitewashing, and another race is penalized. I don't understand. You know, so that was why it was important, you know flowers. But we must also talk about the effects that affect, women that look like me. And uh, as you said it's um. It's kind of like this, good bad binary, you you cannot, take in that someone's, not done everything perfectly. When you have, such an important, historic, figure as call from limia, yeah.
People Get distressed. From the fact that there might be. Parts of the legacy that's not all positive. Yeah which is a very strange way of looking at humanity, as a whole kind of because. No such thing exists really, exactly. And i feel like if we. Continue, to whitewash, history we're going to repeat it over and over again. So me walking, past a statue of carl, doesn't, evoke, any anger within me. Um it just makes me understand, why we are in the state in sweden, of denial. And i i guess that's kind of the discussion, i want to move on to, like, what does it say about sweden, and who owns, the history, and the spaces, in sweden. To have. Monuments, of people who, have. Been part of. Creating a legacy. That still affects you today in terms of racism. Yeah, what does that mean. I think we know who owns history, we know who, rewrites, history, we know who. Is orgasmic. At the idea, of being seen as a white savior. And it's not people that look like me, that's for sure, i think it says, a lot about the state we are in where people will yell black lives matter and put intersectional. Feminism. On their bio, on instagram, but do not understand. Who carl von linear, was. It's just everybody's, so. Trigger happy. To be, woke. But some people are just sleepwalking. That's where we are. Moving on then. From this, uh discussion. Uh. No but it's it's, it's all connected, of course. Uh, in this new book, that you have strangers in uh, in white rooms. I guess, if there is an english title, i think stranger in white spaces, in white spaces, of course yeah. Um. You, discuss. Colorism. A lot. And. Colorism, being, that people. Like myself. While of course, also being subjected, to racism. On a scale. Will. Be better off, and actually benefit. From racism. In terms, of in in relation, to people with a darker tone. So, do you want to. Get into why, we need to have that discussion, we had a discussion, beforehand. And, i think it would be interesting, once everybody, reads that particular, chapter, of the book because i think you have and i haven't, really. The whole entire book is i said what i said. And it was very much unapologetic. Because i as a dark-skinned. Black woman. I think the only, group of people, under me on the hierarchy. Are black, dark-skinned. Trans women. Or persons, with, disabilities. And it's very important, and it's very fascinating. To watch. Sweden, england, america. Right now have the same discussion, of colorism. Which is i don't know if anybody doesn't know what colorism. Is it means that. People of the same race and the same ethnicity. Are graded. Based on their skin tone so patrick and i have different skin tones which most of you can see. But we're also treated, differently, in society, meaning, where. In certain instances, where i'm penalized, he would get benefit, of the doubt. And that's not just between me and patrick that's between me and anybody who's lighted in me, and anybody who's docketing, me i probably have some sort of like skin privilege, over them too, so black people aren't just, one shade we're 56, different shades, some of them lighter than even white people. So it's very important to talk about because i'm seeing this conversation, happen in sweden, and i've seen it happen, for. Four years, where, persons, with lighter skin tones or mixed-race, heritage, will get really upset. At being told that you have something called like skin privilege because they don't know what that is or how it manifests. And then people with dark skin will get really angry, rightfully, so. And then the conversation, just, implodes. And then we all go quiet. And then six months again we bring it up, so i've seen this like touch and go happen touch and go where we're not meeting, each other on the same level and yes, we may all be black, mixed. Whatever. But even filipinos. The darker skin you are, the less privileges, you have, in india, we understand, that the darkest, black indians.
They Are at the bottom of the cast system the only jobs they can take, is cleansing, public toilets. So we know colorism. Exists, we know how it manifests but sweden. People aren't understanding, how it manifests, like we can look at the demographics. Of sweden. They're 400. 000 afro suites. Out of that 30 000 a mixed race. Yet when you look at the media. Landscape. 90. Are mixed race that are representing, blackness. And that becomes a problem because. Not because of them because their family at the end of the day. But. It, it, it makes you think. Who is allowed, to gay keep blackness. Not the people it affects, the worse, but the people with privilege enough to be in white rooms because white people see them as. Somewhat, better. Than, people like me, you know where, a mixed-race, person may be called in, instead of me they're thinking. Well, at least lavette's so angry, we don't want her here not that i want to be there anyway. Because i think people white people are angry, you know, um history's, taught us that. And. It just makes you think, like how. How can we not analyze, our own, customs, our own communities. And give each other space like, we want white people to give us space to speak and be who we are but we amongst ourselves, are kind of. Not giving each other the same forgiveness. And the same understanding. And the same. Challenges. Um. But i also think we have issues intercommunally. That we must bring up we must, be brave enough to talk about and not, beat each other bloody, when we talk about it. Yeah, and it's like we were saying before, that sweden is such a young country when it comes to like, having, discussions. Of race. Not a young people listen they created the discussions. I know i know i'm just saying. The rediscussion. Of this. And the discussion, of it as a social phenomenon, that still affects people, is very young. Whereas, when we get into these, discussions, around colorism, people feel like you're dividing the movement, yeah whereas now i've found a space where i can, connect with people, and now you're taking that away a little bit why would you do that not taking, well i think, i think that's one of the issues that people have had with me because, like i told you when i i have a platform, and it's. You know hundreds of thousands of people tuning, in watching, disgust. And i was like next week i'm gonna talk about colorism. With special guests. Black people were like um. Excuse, you. You're gonna do what. And one of them even said to me white people are gonna laugh at us and i said they're already, laughing. Because we. Have we have our own issues they're not laughing at us, because we want to, deal with these and discuss, these things. They're laughing because they're in power, right now, and we cannot. We are as strong as the weakest person in the group which means if we continue, to silence, dark-skinned, women who. See, and feel the brunt, of. Of white supremacy. Every day. How much better are we, because people forgetting, every hierarchy, there are many hierarchies. So in brown people's hierarchies, there's hierarchies, based on class, on race. Sorry on ethnicity. And light-skinned, privilege, there as well. So, we have to be able to talk about these things and not just in, safe rooms not just in separatist, groups, but openly, because, on my platform there are people that watch that who are heads at companies, i'm not going to mention. Who dm'd, me and said you know what you're right because every single. Model that we've hired, has been, you know mixed race and we have never understood, why we, we are doing that, but we should be thinking about that or, the hires, that they do are people, that they deem to be you know 50.
One Of us and 50, we don't know. Like, it's, they're the ones dividing. We just have to. Fix the mess now because it's affecting, us. You know. And these conversations. Aren't new black people aren't new to sweden. Listen if you can create race biology, you can you can allow black people to talk about it. We can't give them no more excuses, no more passes, we gotta fix this, yeah yeah very much true and like. It's a new one's discussion, that's, been lacking for a very long time. And it's something that. I feel, as a mixed person that we've, not taken the responsibility. Of speaking about, enough, yeah, and i would like you all to take more responsibility. So i don't get threatened, anymore. Yes yes. Thank you. Um. And. So yesterday. I watched the film. And, that was called. Mothers, of, and it's part of. Cinema africa's, festival, so shout out to, uh. Summer girmain, the people that's in africa, yeah, and it was talking about, um. Radical. Self-care. And, finding, space. To. Within your activism. And within all of the things that you're taking on. Um. Being able to find a sustainable, way of. Doing all of that. And. A few weeks back. You wrote. Or you went out on your social medias, and talked about. The end of your activism. So. I guess i want to ask you. How, does one do activism. In a sustainable, way and how, would you. Um, if you were to talk to. Young black people, yeah young black girls mainly, yeah, uh. How would you, address, them and, advise them to take on their activism. I don't think activism, for black people is sustainable. I think, the radicalism. In activism, is to be able to rest, not just go according to what capitalism, says you should do do do. Because black women. We stand up for everybody, like if you go through my platform, seven years, there isn't one group of people i haven't been at the forefront, like championing. As long as they're marginalized. I'm there. And black women do that every day we want to save every tom. Dick and harry. And their grandparents. And their grandkids. Because we're so used to being. We're so used to being, the stereotypically. Strong person. That we as black women do not understand, that it's a trap. They need us to be strong, so they can be weak. And. White people. And brown people. Need to stop, stepping, on black women's shoulders. I see that during all the years of activism, even when i'm, taking a bath and i, accidentally. Opened my mobile, phone. Someone, would will be like. Oh well. You were kim lundell, you've heard you can't brought on there i'm like andish. You know how about you do that because that's not my problem is it. But before, i would just do everything, you will send me something so-and-so, said the n-word, then it's my job to educate them, and then. Along the way you forget that you're also a human being. That you're also flesh and blood, you allow people to dehumanize. You by giving you a title of an activist. When you're also, le vet the human being. You should be able to have the freedom and the power to pick, your battles. And know when you need to take a step back. Because activism, is not a pretty sight. There are, external, factors, that affect your well-being. You also then have to go out in real life and be treated like a black woman on the streets of sweden. And then you also have a family, and you have a friend if you ask my mom. I can be in my home for weeks without seeing another human being because i'm constantly, working. My brother will call me and say let's hang out and i'll be like i don't have time, because i have a lecture then i have to do this instagram, live then to do that, it's about picking ourselves, first because nobody's, gonna pick us first. So we have to pick ourselves not even black men will pick us first. So we have to pick, ourselves, we have to set boundaries, and be radical. At the boundaries, we set and be prepared that we will be hated, for the boundaries, that we suck because i see. People in my black community, hate me, because i set clear boundaries, you mess around you get blocked.
Out Of all my spaces. You spread rumors, and lies. You get blocked, out of all of my spaces. So. It's just. I think, i wouldn't advise, any black person, to be an activist, because i also know it's not a choice. Because, we don't speak, because we want to be activists, we speak because we have to speak and survive. So for black girls, is just, always pick yourself, first, in every battle. And when you feel like you have to speak speak according to your own terms. Don't let anybody not even another black person set that standard for you. Because you know you and your limits, and the last thing we need are more black women activists, dying at 37. Killing ourselves. Because sometimes, the mental, stress is too much. And you can see statistics, upon statistics. You know from ericana's. Sister, who took up activism, when her own brother was killed, she just died. We, every week i hear about an activist, i respect. That's dying and that's what i said i'm not going to break my back anymore. For people that won't. Break a nail for me. I'll educate. And then it's up to anybody to take that info, and do it as they wish, but for black girls, for black women. Pick yourself, first, please. Yeah. Wow and, i think like. About, the. Option. To activism. Would of course be silenced, and i feel like we're almost back to your silence will not protect you, and the need for you to speak up for yourself. But doing it. At a level where you also get a respite, from time time, i think speaking, like i said i may not be an activist but that doesn't mean i'm going to be quiet about things that affect me or or people that i care about or. My country, which sweden, is. It's, almost, that you have to. Pick battles, and know that you have the energy reserves, to handle it, because i know when i finish certain battles, i'm out for the count for a month, sometimes people won't see me online for months and they'll be like i should quit, no. I, literally have nothing more to give. I have to have space, so this the opposite of activism, is not silence it's accountability.
Why Should it just be on black women, to save the world. It must be on everybody, with those, the more privileged you are have the more accountability. I demand. And we should be demanding. So when protest time comes i don't want to see just black women at the forefront. Because we know white bodies. Ain't going to get touched by the police, put yourself, there be an ally, be next to me be in front, when it's required. Don't be silent. Their silence, is not going to protect them is what i'm saying, because we're getting, tired. Yeah. Yes, all that. And. So you spoke, a little bit about it already. But. Kind of the hate that you've received, in social media. And, uh there was a quote, in your book, in which i've, translated. Um, yeah so, you, bear with me, uh you become le vet the activist, rather than levet the human. If on top of that, you're black, it makes it that much easier for people to dehumanize. You. And. So i guess i just wanted, to. Hear your thoughts on. Receiving, hate online, and what that means, for, your energy levels, and, for. I think. You know you work with bullying, issues as well i think hate online, has just become commonplace, for most people. I've had to speak to students, white black and brown, and they tell you, you know when the bullying goes on and their classmates. Put their, pictures, on snapchat, how it affects them. And they are just going to one school, and not dealing with one class, then you look at me somebody who never chose to be a public person because i'm the most antisocial. Person. You probably will find. Suddenly, people are creating, ideas, of who you are and hating you based on it. And it's not even based on facts. It can. It can drive people to suicide. It can drive people to kill themselves. And it has. We see that every day public people. Persons, killing themselves, and i'm no, different from them because i've had my moments. Where i'm like, is this even worth it. Should i just die. Because you've seen, these messages. Upon e these messages. Die, lynch yourself. Shoot yourself, you will get shot you should get raped, and you're just like, wow. One person. Can evoke, all of these. Negative, feelings, in people who, have never met you. And you ask yourself why. So, social media has made it so. Easy, to just attack. Anybody. And not think that if you met that person in real life. You would never open your mouth in the same way. I think social media has made it very easy. To spread lies, we see that with you know trump. Um, but you also see that with regular, people that, you know, you'd be surprised. And i like accountability. So when i go online and i see, a family member, or friend. Writing, things that i'm like, yo. I will call them and be like why are you writing this under, aftonblade's. Commentary, felt. You do know you have a black friend and family member right. But i don't think everybody, does that i don't think people hold. Those, around them accountable, for what they do online, either. You know i have my mom, she will, smack my mobile out of my hand, and she's logged on all of my platforms so she knows when i'm misbehaving. As in just, you know going off on a ranch or something. But most people don't have my mom, who is very you know, has oversight, on everything that's happening. And hold you accountable. And i feel that's a bit sad, because we don't know what our friends and families are doing online anymore. Until we hear someone kill themselves. And then boom, you might just realize that your family member was involved. In that, abuse that they were, receiving. What do you think it is that people are so scared of just the calling out. Of, of people. Well i can't speak for other people, i don't know what people are scared of, but i know i'm scared of some people definitely. Yeah. Because, it's interesting, because you have societies. In which like the communal. Way of raising, people is commonplace. Kind of, whereas here we have a normalized, way of just not calling people out when they do things that we, like. We will feel like it's wrong yeah but it's not worth my energy to call them out for doing so. And that becomes a danger, in the long run, yeah and i think i write that in my book because there's a social. Psychological. Theory called the spiral of silence by elizabeth. Newman. And, i think that's what happens, a lot in sweden because we're ruled by young. Which is you know nobody's better than anybody else but also if you see somebody being hum, keep your mouth and keep walking because you don't want, the smoke. And the spiral of silence is basically, that. People who say, and write destructive, things online, say it because. Even people who seek and remain silent, are giving them power, to continue. But when you actually. Ask the question like why are you talking.
Like That about patrick. What proof do you have, you're making them have to prove, what they're saying. And that stops, people a lot more than if you just let someone say oh patrick's, horrible at his job, and patrick, is this and patrick, is nine foot eight or whatever. If you don't question, people. On why they're writing and saying certain things you're also giving them you know, a laissez pass, to continue. Doing what they're doing, and that's, something i have been, you know, a victim, of, where someone will say oh. Lovette is this. And. Nobody will say anything against, it and then it will spiral, and spiral, and spiral until it reaches a point where. Now they're claiming, levat. Has put babies, in a container, and taken them to, ex-country. And still nobody's questioning, it, are they just like. Yeah you know maybe i'm not going to talk about it because also in our community. People understand, that if you. Defend, the vet or if you defend this person, you're next. They're going to turn it on you, and nobody wants to be in that position, of. Just getting, hate, and hate and hate and accusations. For nothing. It's uh, like. Sarah ahmed wrote about, uh if you name the problem you become the problem. Which is, kind of what this is and in bullying research we talk a lot about. Bystander, effects. Which is, that people feel like if no one else is speaking up then i don't have to either. And um, like the way i'd normally describe, school, culture is around. Uh so if you have a group of friends standing around. One of them cracks a racist joke. And the rest of them. No one else like intervenes. Or says anything that means that it's accepted within the school culture, to crack, racist jokes, exactly, but if people, will endorse this. By. Laughing along, and so on that means that it's something that's actually. Giving you social status, yeah so more and more people will do so and that goes into social medias as well. If there is a way for you. To put a comment, on lovett's. Instagram. That's hurtful, in some way and people, like that and means people more people do it yeah, so. And i used to i noticed something funny, back in the day when i started social media, seems like a million years ago. If i get like a hate mail. I would post it just to show people that this is not acceptable. The more i post it and show the hate i got the more people sent hate. And then came a moment when my mom was like give me the job i will scan your your instagram, and your facebook, and your twitter. 6am, every morning so you wake up at 7 30 all the hate mail is gone. So that's what my mom used to do she would actually wake up and do that because it was getting to me then we started getting to her then i had to bring in an assistant, she's like. It's bad enough to know that you get hay but as your mum, i still see you as my baby, and i see people want to hurt my baby. So i was just like yeah, we get assistant. They're not connected to us by blood, they'll just, block and delete. Yeah, so that was the, solution. Um. And the fact that you have to like have, someone. Be the kind of, the wall in between or the shield, before, you even, wake up in the morning is. Part of a bigger problem in sweden, and in the world, yeah. And i think amnesty. Released a report, i think it was called troll patrol. And it shows that women like myself, who, are public people, on online. We get 85, percent, more hate than. White women who do, anything else in a public. So a white woman with the same amount of platform, of like half a million spread out. I get 85, percent, more hate than her. Simply for being black and female. And people, when you see activists, and white activists in sweden, write, their insander. Articular. They're just saying oh. No they don't say many finns, there's levels of hell to this which means if i. Get this much hate. Black women get, even more, 85. More so people aren't being honest about the reality, either people i expect to be.
Truthful. Are not when they get the opportunity, to, disseminate, this information. Um in media, they will make it always me as a woman, rather than realizing, different women, have different world as me. As well, so it becomes. Denial. And that's where intersectionality. Comes in, because if i'm supposed to write an article, about anything. I'm always going to add that but also, trans, women who are dark skinned, are less, privileged, than me. Because. There's levels, to it, it's nuanced. And people don't want that nuance. Yeah, yeah. It's really interesting, and. Yeah. So we had a, quick discussion, beforehand. About. Kind of. A lacking discussion. In. In sweden, about, race, being. Situational. And being contextualized. And how. We, having. Grown up in different contexts. Like i myself. Mostly grew up in. Sweden, but lived in kinshasa, for a while during my upbringing. And. Coming across and understanding, myself. In those racial terms, changed me kind of yeah so, do you want to get into what that means as a contextual. You want to give me more of an apple to go by because this could just get smaller. Like, yeah. Less limited, for my autistic, brain please. Okay, um. The problem is that sometimes you will feel like okay so you're black and you're always black, but there are layers to this. And you, are. Of course in terms of colorism, that we've discussed, kind of but colorism, for me made something meant something different when i came to congo yeah because. I was. Instantly. I understood, that i was more, privileged, in this context, yeah in terms of like meeting my cousins, i understood. Yeah, that they look up to me and they value me more because of my lighter. Shade, what you just said is profound, for me. Because i have cousins, who moved to gambia, when i was young. And i saw how our teachers at school, treated, my mixed race um, cousins. Where in school, if i got less on a mat like the rule was if you got below 50, you're gonna get kinked, which means you get hit on the hang, and i always wondered how come my mixed race cousins who are in the same class never get caned. So me being a loudmouth, girl i was like. Sir. Why didn't they they got 42, per stack. I wanted them to get caned. Um and the teacher was like their skin is more sensitive. They could not afford to, beat the mixed race kids, because they would get really wrecked. And i was like. Hey. I'm also pink on the inside. Like what are you saying. And i complained to my grandmother, because i was like the white kids we had four of them in mrs nause in gambia. They don't get caned, they never get hit, they never had to do the monkey dance, which was you have to do, um, sit-ups. Like at school you would have to cross your hands, and then you bend up and down like 300, times. Like things that gymnasts. Don't even have to do. You know i was just like why don't the white kids get that and the mixed kids get that but we get that because our teacher who was blacketing, me, was valuing, people based on race, so things like that. Always made me question because as an autistic, child. I never look up or look down on anybody, but i like to analyze, why, people do the things they do. Much to the annoyance, of my teachers because i want to question, everything. And. I remember speaking to my grandmother, about it and she was very. Like my grandmother, doesn't, she work with swedish people back in the you know 50s. So she definitely, does not value whiteness, as anything, special. And she was just like i will speak to mrs now who is the, principal, because if you get king for, 45. They should all get king or nobody gets king, so she took up that conversation, and i was never caned. Since. I got like skin. Privilege. So that's the anecdote, i would like to share with you today. Thank you but but everything else was it was a mess because i think even, in, when we were like in our early teens. My mixed-race, cousins, would get boyfriends. And all of that whilst i was always like you know, the third wheel which suited me just fine. Um but it was peculiar, to see, the desirability. Politics, of they had nice, hair. And i had you know like. 4c, type hair which is amazing, by the way. But i just didn't see how people could value all of these things then i came to sweden, and it clicked. It didn't click in gambia, it clicked here. When i realized, that, this social construct, that my grandmother, told me about, because when i was leaving.
Gambia. And i always talk about this my grandmother, said something at the airport she said. All my cousins went in and she pulled me back she was like you're going to sweden, you're going to be with your mom. I want you to remember one thing and i was like what. What, and she says no matter how, long. A stick is in the river. It will never be a crocodile. So what she meant was. You is black. You will remain black. You will die black. So don't try to be a white person. And that was a lesson i lost. Coming to sweden, because. I. Internalized. A lot of the hatred, i got i bleached my skin for 10 years. To be lighter. Without really understanding, what that really meant. So when i came out of that i made a video that went viral and was played on bbc, africa. Talking about how it impacts your mind. Being around. White people all the time. But white people never get. That. It's not con, contextualized. For them because they go to africa they're looked, upon as higher, in sweden they're already higher, they're using any country in the world that doesn't value, whiteness, as a sign of beauty, or. Gives you privilege, so that's why reverse racism, doesn't exist as well but it's really hard for white people to understand. Yeah. Very, very hard. So it's contextualized. For us. But whiteness, wherever, it goes asia, africa. Middle east, is always higher up. Yeah, right. I'm opening up for questions from, floor. And also thank you, for, thank you patrick this won't be the last conversation, we have i'm sure. We're glad. So any questions, and make it hard. We have to repeat the questions as well, yeah. So. I have, a daughter. Um. That's six years old, and she does not want to be black. Because she's been told, that. Black people are. Ugly. And. And therefore, she does not want to be black, so the question is. How do i deal with this, yeah. First of all i don't have any kids but i love kids. Um, i think this is where i feel like, people like you and my mom. This is. Having to, protect your child from, whiteness, as a parasite. And i'm not saying white people are parasite, i'm saying whiteness, as a social construct. Is parasitic. It enters your mind, and it makes you hate everything, that you are, you as a black mother. Have to make sure your entire, house. Is filled with books of dark-skinned, beautiful, black. Children. Um, you have to monitor what she watches on that television, show because. Trust me even bobby, sneaks in a little bit of anti-blackness. There every now and then, you have to make sure every single day she doesn't leave your house without you telling her, how beautiful. Her black skin, is, you have to be her barrier. Against all the hate, because, when you have a child. Which is why i don't have some. This is your full-time, job now until, she actually. Manifests, her own personality. And understanding. You have to sit down and talk to her about. Whiteness, as a social construct, you have to, explain to her how whiteness. As a social construct needs every single human being, who is not white to be on their knees, so it can feel tall. And it only does that by erasing, your history. By erasing, and disintegrating. Everything that your daughter is. Other than that, you're gonna have big problems the older she gets because that self-hatred. Only gets stronger. So you have to be, the mother. That. You know. You can be. And when in doubt, until the vet's always ready to pop it, you know tell me what school she said like text me.
I'll Have a word or two, yeah, yeah and i feel like for myself, that i was blessed with the fact that my family. Started this, african film association, when i was a kid so i was able to see black faces, i was around to be around. A lot of people, that valued, these things and, saw that it was necessary, for us to have that around us and i think that that is something that could also be like helpful, to have, yeah uh so again shout out to cinema africa, yeah definitely. So we just go, all black. All day, every day. Like only gambians, can do sometimes. Just make your house. All black making her safe space. Let her watch youtube videos, of, little dark-skinned, girls doing their hair. You literally have to over feed her to overcompensate. For what, society. Teaches, us. You know. Control what she consumes. And have a work with that school please. Yeah. Yeah, and also like in terms of how, uh. I guess this question wasn't really addressed to me but yeah i work with bullying so. Just go. Like it's a good thing that she's telling you this. Not a lot of people do. Like sometimes you will internalize, it and feel like this is something that i had to bear myself. And coming to your own family, and telling them that someone said that blackness, is ugly. Will be a slide on your whole family as well, so people will feel reluctant, to coming home and talking about, the racism, that they are treated, yeah but, yeah so. Next question. So the question i got now is since you've lived in other european, countries, how do you rate. Being black in different cities. Um i'll tell you that it's, um if i compare sweden to england, it's definitely, worse being in sweden, because in england. Which is history, of transatlantic. Slave trade and actually, building a whole. Empire. On black bodies. There is more of a willingness, to have that conversation. In sweden, we try to say well we've never had slaves, we didn't have colonies, so. We we don't have the word race even though we created race biology. Um, like there's a lot of things swedish people. Do as a culture, not individuals, but as a culture, that makes it difficult. For a black person to even say, ouch. That hurts. Like there is no um. The moment you try to talk about race, you become the problem. So people say oh. I don't see color. And you go then you don't see me. But it just continues, i think if i have to rank living in sweden, compared to england, compared, to, germany, or paris. Sweden takes the cake. And denmark, takes the cake, fin like the nordic countries save the cake, because here, we are so used to the whole world seeing us as, better than in socialism, for example. That we can't imagine, that black people aren't happy here. Are we like, what. We have high taxes, and you get free, schooling, and you get free, healthcare. Racism, doesn't happen here you should be happy you should be grateful, and shut up, so i think that's more of the attitude, in sweden where you should just shut up and take it because you should be grateful, that you're even here whether.
Than Than somewhere else, but i left sweden, when i was 19, and a half, because. Sweden, was. Whiteness, as a construct, was strangling. All of the air in my body my lungs, my soul. I had to go to, the closest, country i could run to. England, and i stayed there for 10 years. Because i saw people that looked like me. And i don't mean. Me as in light skin, versions, i saw. Versions, of me in all shades 56, shades, being lawyers, being doctors, being barristers. Being. Their authentically. Black, selves, something that i. Never saw in sweden. I never turned on a tv and saw anybody that looked like me, growing, up not even alice. To be honest. They don't look like me, they don't, speak like me they don't think like me i was a stranger, in sweden, from day. The playing landed, until i left england, is now that i'm making sweden. My bi2ch. Like is now i'm saying. I don't need swedish, people to accept, me i'm, here. And i'm going to continue, to be here, and you'll take my taxes. So you're going to like me here, that's where i am now nicole ellis. Reagan but i'm still going to be here. The new year vogue. I cannot say yeah. Yeah. Any more questions. Yeah. Yeah, what are your thoughts on the blackout tuesday, in sweden and how it came across. I think it's very performative. I think it was very much a let's do a blackout tuesday, then we don't have to do any more work, we don't have to hire black people, we can just say we did blackout tuesday. Typical, swedish. Yeah. So i don't see, a lot of effects the effects are coming now that people are calling out companies, who black out tuesday. And having. Looked over, the. Homogenous. Workplace, they've created, or how they interact, with black people or black suites. I think the effects, are coming now, where people are like okay. What happened after the black square what happened after blackout, tuesday. Are you educating, yourself, because everybody went out and bought anti-racist. Books. Nobody's, read it. They just put it to the best seller list but nobody's read it, so it's a lot of performative. And smoking mirrors, whilst we need people to do, more, and we've been asking. For allies, for 400, years. We're not asking for allies anymore, because, if in 2020, you're not an ally. You are like 300, years. Past. We need accomplices. We need people to stand up, and feel what we're feeling and, not just empathize, but do something about it, so, i mean i think allies is a word that we should just remove because we don't need allies anymore we need people to, clean up their. Yeah. Yeah. I agree. On. On a big but then i, what i've seen in my work, space, is that. Um. Come, june. A lot of kids, who had been subjected, to, racist bullying in school, started speaking up and writing to us. And came in with their stories. And that is because. Adults, were now, well, discussions, were forced kind of yeah so it. For a little, while, created a space, where, people were emboldened, to actually speak up about the racism, that they received so i feel like i think that is the only positive, effect but again it's on us the marginalized. To continue, speaking out even louder. Like i've seen a lot of uh, marginalized, communities, um and especially, marginalized, black communities. Speak out after blackout tuesday, because, we are emboldening. We've been more emboldened, than ever before because we're realizing this is a global, scale there's a global problem, we're not alone if your child is going through that in school, they know that a child in america, and england, and denmark, is going through it because they've seen the protest. So i think it's more of. We're realizing, that we're all as black people interconnected. Despite. Any. Country. Divisions. And that is emboldening, us we're knowing we're not alone, globally, exactly, yeah well. This might spiral. But just, go out. Just go on if they're tired they can just switch off the cameras but, you can leave if we get too ready yeah if you want to leave it's fine just you could just like so what i want to say is yeah what forces, this is a black man in the united, states. Dying at the hands of the police. And, i feel like it being in the united states, made it safe for people to, take part in this, if this was something that happened in sweden, people would be more reluctant, to take part of this because it becomes. A bigger issue, it comes too close to yourself. I don't know if i agree with that because i remember.
I Think it was. 2019. January. There was a pregnant, eight month old, eight month pregnant woman janine. And. That spiraled. All over istanbul. That spiraled, to germany that spiral to england. Everybody, knew what was happening in sweden. Because of that incident that i was. The the manager, of or project manager i was involved in it basically. The legal work behind it, and the social media, strategy, as well. So i don't know if it's because it's america, because we have examples, in england. We've been we've been marching for shukri, abdi. A young school girl that went to school and was killed in a racist, attack. And the police didn't want to investigate, it she was a young somali, girl, so there are many names, i don't think it's just one name that sparked, it, because the blm, has been gaining, momentum. Yeah. And uh patrice, has been doing an amazing, job she started. You know blm. In america. And i just feel like the whole world, is now seeing that black lives need to matter, black lives need to matter. And you don't want us to get any louder because we've been asking. To value our life same as white people. But now that is gonna, change to be like it must. Be, as important, as, all lives. We i mean the discussion is just going to get more and more. So all the, good companies, and the blackout, tuesday, participators. That want to do, something, they better do something, tangible. In real life not just a symbolic. One, yeah, yeah. Anybody, else, any white people want to ask a question. Uh. I'm a makeup artist, and, uh, a lot of the work that you are basing, on is, sorry. You wanted to know about your academic background. Yeah, okay so i mean how far back do i go, in gambia. I was i have a very high privilege, in gambia, my grandmother, we're upper middle class, so i had private, education, in gambia so i went to private schooling. And when i came home i had quran, school, and i had you know sunday, school and i also had maths because i was terrible at that so i had private, tutors.
As Well as school, and then i had afternoon, studies so my whole. Upbringing to 11 years old was basically, study study study, because my grandmother, said, beauty fakes. Intelligent, stays. And i said look i got both. But she never thought that was a funny joke so i don't even know why i took that again. But, she was very much invested, in my education. I came to sweden, and it turned out i was far ahead. Than any of my classmates, so they put me a few classes, higher. And, everybody just wanted to play in sweden but i wanted to study so i graduated, quite early than my class because i was bumped up a class as well. And then i chose international, baccalaureate. Because i wanted to. Get out of sweden. As soon as i could, so i picked an english. College, level. And then i went to stockholm's, university, i did psychology, and a little bit of law. And then i quit that and i went to england, where i did property. And law. So that goes together which means i'm not a lawyer. As in human rights but i am very, knowledgeable, i'm a lawyer in terms of property. Commercial, property like this and negotiations. And then i have several diplomas. Makeup artistry, is one of them, but i also have diplomas. A few in human rights and some in property rights as well, so i continued, educating, myself, and, next year i'm hopefully going back to university, to get my law degree. Here. In human rights, finally. Geez, yeah so that's why that's my background, ish. What do you suggest people study that want to make a change. Law. It's good to know the law, because we know. We need more lawyers. Yeah, we need more people of color in every sphere, so if you want to be a psychologist. Kudos to you, we have a we need you, um but i would say. To make a change you can be a dishwasher. And you can be a barrister. Making a change in the world is not based on your academic, background, because i've seen a lot of people, who've never set foot in school. Being written down in history, as people that make changes. If you look at tony morris and maya angelou a lot of us have, had difficulties. In academia. Because of one thing or another, so don't. Don't buy the lies that white people tell you that you need degrees, because you can be successful, and make lots of changes. Without, one degree. Just read a lot educate yourself. That's all i can say i know schools won't like me saying that but you know um yeah it's the truth. I would be doing what i'm doing if i wasn't, didn't go to university. Because i've. Changed careers. Dramatically. You know. What do you, have to say about the relationship. Between, racism, and capitalism. I think um, capitalism. Enables, racism, just like every, other problematic. Structure in society, does, capitalism. Just. It makes us work, to the bones but who works the most. You know i think we were discussing, this because my mom used to work in a camus. And. She was underpaid. And she had to go through. Racist. People, day in and day out, so when she finally, got you know psychologically. Utmarked. Exhausted. Um and quit the job they had to hire three white people to do her, one black woman's job and pay them twice the amount that she was being paid, that shows you how capitalism, kills us from the day we were, cutting picking up until now. Black people, and brown people are going into positions, of work being underpaid. And if your woman is even worse so what does that tell you capitalism, is a structure. Just like, you know racism, and sexism. They all sleep in the same bag each night and have a threesome. Yeah. So, how do i ask. A person who came from africa. Five or six years ago, find my space within the discussions, around racism, in sweden. Is that it, yes. Okay oh and you did mention you like you know you're coming into contact with this for the first time one thing, being. An african, myself, um, who has spent 10 years in africa. 10 years in sweden 10 years in england. Racism, exists, in africa. White people are still plundering, you know from the mobiles we use to everything. It's just that maybe we, are blinded, by you know the white privilege, that we, are not having these discussions.
I Know this because a few weeks back i was working in lebanon, and getting home gambian, people back to, gambia who were, trafficked. And i remember speaking about the racism, lebanese, people, enact, in gambia. And i realized, how, how scared, the lebanese, people were in gambia that i was talking about, how many, women they rape how many people they they plunder, and they're still making money in businesses. Yet when black women go to lebanon. We are sold. Into slavery, pretty much. So when i was getting, my people home. I realized. How little. How my video of 40 minutes educated. I think that video made the rounds of 780. 000. People. 90, of them were from the african continent. People started speaking, out so when you ask me where do i stand i look at it as where do you stand as a black man. Which should be always supporting. Our liberation. Because our liberation. Is your liberation. Um it's always, not. Waiting to speak about because if you're new to sweden, or you came here four years ago. Structures, are still punishing you every day whether you see them or you don't, it unilaterally. Affects all black people. It's not a choice, so, i would say don't, don't ask where do i fit in you see something you say something, you want to talk about something. Be in the middle of the party and be like, shut down the music i just want to say structural, racism. Is can you hear me yeah structural, racism. Is the reason w
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text:
Dáil Éireann divides on the Treaty
One hundred years ago this week Dáil Éireann voted on the Treaty and divided just as the Cabinet had already divided and as the IRA was shortly to do also. It was a division that would lead eventually to armed conflict, but not for another six months, with many other factors contributing to the outbreak of the war. Free article
Liam Mellows defends the Irish Republic
Dáil Éireann debated the Treaty in December 1921 and early January 1922. One of the most enduring speeches is that of Liam Mellows, senior IRA officer, former envoy in the United States, 1916 Rising leader in Galway, former Fianna Éireann organiser. He argued that the Republic existed and that the Treaty surrendered it. He warned prophetically of what would happen when politicians took power in the Free State and his message was strongly anti-imperialist, pointing to the crimes of the British Empire across the globe. The speech was delivered 100 years ago on 4 January 1922 and we carry key extracts here. Free article
Centenary of a catastrophe - the signing of the Treaty
The 'Articles of Agreement' commonly known as the Treaty were signed in London in the early hours of the morning of 6 December 1921. They were signed by a divided Irish delegation under threat of an immediate resumption and escalation of the British government's war of terror in Ireland. Free article
Máire Comerford - inspiring revolutionary
Book review by Mícheál Mac Donncha:'On Dangerous Ground - a Memoir of the Irish Revolution' by Máire Comerford. Published by Lilliput Press. Free article
Tadhg Barry - 100th anniversary
This is an edited version of an article by Trevor Quinn of Cork SIPTU, first published in An Phoblacht, November 2011 Free article
Defence of the Realm Act
The Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) introduced by the British government in late 1914 gave the Dublin Castle authorities widespread draconian powers for Ireland. Free article
Centenary of the Truce of July 1921
In July 1921 Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces in Ireland Nevil Maready led the British Army delegation into Dublin's Mansion House to meet the representatives of the Irish Republican Army to arrange a Truce between the two forces. Free article
Last prison executions of the Tan war
The first week of June 1921 saw the last of the 24 prison executions of IRA prisoners by the British regime during the Tan war, which had begun with Kevin Barry on 1 November.
As the number of trials by British military courts increased in the first half of 1921 so also did the number of death sentences. On 4 and 7 June the last three executions were carried out, just a month... Free article
Centenary of the Burning of the Custom House
The burning of the Custom House in Dublin on 25 May 1921 was one of the largest operations ever carried out by the IRA. It struck at the centre of British administration in Ireland as the building housed nine separate government departments including tax and local government records. The operation fully achieved its objective, though at a heavy cost to the IRA, and its consequences are still debated today. Free article
The Partition Election, 'Northern Ireland' and the Second Dáil
100 years ago this week the election to the new 'Northern Ireland' Parliament marked the beginning of the Orange state Free article


text:
Ivindomyrus est un genre de poissons de la famille des Mormyridés. Ce genre se rencontre en Afrique.

Liste des espèces
Selon :

 Ivindomyrus marchei (Sauvage, 1879)
 Ivindomyrus opdenboschi Taverne & Géry, 1975

Notes et références

Liens externes

Osteoglossiformes
Mormyridae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


OVF generated by VMWare Workstation 9, windows xp sp3 guest, windows 7 sp1 host.
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