text:
extern "C"
{
#include <core/try_catch.h>
#include <core/mri.h>
#include <core/cmd_file.h>
#include <core/core.h>
}
#include <platformMock.h>

// Include C++ headers for test harness.
#include "CppUTest/TestHarness.h"

TEST_GROUP(cmdFile)
{
    int  m_expectedException;

    void setup()
    {
        m_expectedException = noException;
        platformMock_Init();
        mriInit("MRI_UART_MBED_USB");
    }

    void teardown()
    {
        LONGS_EQUAL ( m_expectedException, getExceptionCode() );
        clearExceptionCode();
        platformMock_Uninit();
    }

    void validateExceptionCode(int expectedExceptionCode)
    {
        m_expectedException = expectedExceptionCode;
        LONGS_EQUAL ( expectedExceptionCode, getExceptionCode() );
    }
};

TEST(cmdFile, IssueGdbFileOpenRequest_ReturnSuccess)
{
    OpenParameters params = { 0x11111111, 0x22222222, 0x33333333, 0x44444444 };
    platformMock_CommInitReceiveChecksummedData("+$F0#");
        IssueGdbFileOpenRequest(&params);
    STRCMP_EQUAL ( platformMock_CommChecksumData("$Fopen,11111111/22222222,33333333,44444444#+"),
                   platformMock_CommGetTransmittedData() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, platformMock_GetSemihostCallReturnValue() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasControlCFlagSentFromGdb() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasSemihostCallCancelledByGdb() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, GetSemihostReturnCode() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, GetSemihostErrno() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 1, platformMock_AdvanceProgramCounterToNextInstructionCalls() );
}

TEST(cmdFile, IssueGdbFileOpenRequest_ReturnError)
{
    OpenParameters params = { 0x11111111, 0x22222222, 0x33333333, 0x44444444 };
    platformMock_CommInitReceiveChecksummedData("+$F-1,12345678#");
        IssueGdbFileOpenRequest(&params);
    STRCMP_EQUAL ( platformMock_CommChecksumData("$Fopen,11111111/22222222,33333333,44444444#+"),
                   platformMock_CommGetTransmittedData() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( -1, platformMock_GetSemihostCallReturnValue() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasControlCFlagSentFromGdb() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasSemihostCallCancelledByGdb() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( -1, GetSemihostReturnCode() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0x12345678, GetSemihostErrno() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 1, platformMock_AdvanceProgramCounterToNextInstructionCalls() );
}

TEST(cmdFile, IssueGdbFileOpenRequest_ReturnErrorAndControlC)
{
    OpenParameters params = { 0x11111111, 0x22222222, 0x33333333, 0x44444444 };
    platformMock_CommInitReceiveChecksummedData("+$F-1,12345678,C#");
        IssueGdbFileOpenRequest(&params);
    STRCMP_EQUAL ( platformMock_CommChecksumData("$Fopen,11111111/22222222,33333333,44444444#+"),
                   platformMock_CommGetTransmittedData() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( -1, platformMock_GetSemihostCallReturnValue() );
    CHECK_TRUE ( WasControlCFlagSentFromGdb() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasSemihostCallCancelledByGdb() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( -1, GetSemihostReturnCode() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0x12345678, GetSemihostErrno() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 1, platformMock_AdvanceProgramCounterToNextInstructionCalls() );
}

TEST(cmdFile, IssueGdbFileOpenRequest_ReturnInterruptErrorAndControlC)
{
    OpenParameters params = { 0x11111111, 0x22222222, 0x33333333, 0x44444444 };
    platformMock_CommInitReceiveChecksummedData("+$F-1,4,C#"); // 4 is EINTR
        IssueGdbFileOpenRequest(&params);
    STRCMP_EQUAL ( platformMock_CommChecksumData("$Fopen,11111111/22222222,33333333,44444444#+"),
                   platformMock_CommGetTransmittedData() );
    CHECK_TRUE ( WasControlCFlagSentFromGdb() );
    CHECK_TRUE ( WasSemihostCallCancelledByGdb() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( -1, GetSemihostReturnCode() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 4, GetSemihostErrno() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, platformMock_GetSemihostCallReturnValue() ); // Doesn't call in this scenario.
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, platformMock_AdvanceProgramCounterToNextInstructionCalls() );
}

TEST(cmdFile, IssueGdbFileWriteRequest_ReturnSuccess)
{
    TransferParameters params = { 0x11111111, 0x22222222, 0x33333333 };
    platformMock_CommInitReceiveChecksummedData("+$F0#");
        IssueGdbFileWriteRequest(&params);
    STRCMP_EQUAL ( platformMock_CommChecksumData("$Fwrite,11111111,22222222,33333333#+"),
                   platformMock_CommGetTransmittedData() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, platformMock_GetSemihostCallReturnValue() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasControlCFlagSentFromGdb() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasSemihostCallCancelledByGdb() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, GetSemihostReturnCode() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, GetSemihostErrno() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 1, platformMock_AdvanceProgramCounterToNextInstructionCalls() );
}

TEST(cmdFile, IssueGdbFileReadRequest_ReturnSuccess)
{
    TransferParameters params = { 0x11111111, 0x22222222, 0x33333333 };
    platformMock_CommInitReceiveChecksummedData("+$F0#");
        IssueGdbFileReadRequest(&params);
    STRCMP_EQUAL ( platformMock_CommChecksumData("$Fread,11111111,22222222,33333333#+"),
                   platformMock_CommGetTransmittedData() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, platformMock_GetSemihostCallReturnValue() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasControlCFlagSentFromGdb() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasSemihostCallCancelledByGdb() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, GetSemihostReturnCode() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, GetSemihostErrno() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 1, platformMock_AdvanceProgramCounterToNextInstructionCalls() );
}

TEST(cmdFile, IssueGdbFileCloseRequest_ReturnSuccess)
{
    platformMock_CommInitReceiveChecksummedData("+$F0#");
        IssueGdbFileCloseRequest(0x12345678);
    STRCMP_EQUAL ( platformMock_CommChecksumData("$Fclose,12345678#+"),
                   platformMock_CommGetTransmittedData() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, platformMock_GetSemihostCallReturnValue() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasControlCFlagSentFromGdb() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasSemihostCallCancelledByGdb() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, GetSemihostReturnCode() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, GetSemihostErrno() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 1, platformMock_AdvanceProgramCounterToNextInstructionCalls() );
}

TEST(cmdFile, IssueGdbFileSeekRequest_ReturnSuccess)
{
    SeekParameters params = { 0x11111111, 0x22222222, 0x33333333 };
    platformMock_CommInitReceiveChecksummedData("+$F0#");
        IssueGdbFileSeekRequest(&params);
    STRCMP_EQUAL ( platformMock_CommChecksumData("$Flseek,11111111,22222222,33333333#+"),
                   platformMock_CommGetTransmittedData() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, platformMock_GetSemihostCallReturnValue() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasControlCFlagSentFromGdb() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasSemihostCallCancelledByGdb() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, GetSemihostReturnCode() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, GetSemihostErrno() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 1, platformMock_AdvanceProgramCounterToNextInstructionCalls() );
}

TEST(cmdFile, IssueGdbFileFStatRequest_ReturnSuccess)
{
    platformMock_CommInitReceiveChecksummedData("+$F0#");
        IssueGdbFileFStatRequest(0x11111111, 0x22222222);
    STRCMP_EQUAL ( platformMock_CommChecksumData("$Ffstat,11111111,22222222#+"),
                   platformMock_CommGetTransmittedData() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, platformMock_GetSemihostCallReturnValue() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasControlCFlagSentFromGdb() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasSemihostCallCancelledByGdb() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, GetSemihostReturnCode() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, GetSemihostErrno() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 1, platformMock_AdvanceProgramCounterToNextInstructionCalls() );
}

TEST(cmdFile, IssueGdbFileUnlinkRequest_ReturnSuccess)
{
    RemoveParameters params = { 0x11111111, 0x22222222 };
    platformMock_CommInitReceiveChecksummedData("+$F0#");
        IssueGdbFileUnlinkRequest(&params);
    STRCMP_EQUAL ( platformMock_CommChecksumData("$Funlink,11111111/22222222#+"),
                   platformMock_CommGetTransmittedData() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, platformMock_GetSemihostCallReturnValue() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasControlCFlagSentFromGdb() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasSemihostCallCancelledByGdb() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, GetSemihostReturnCode() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, GetSemihostErrno() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 1, platformMock_AdvanceProgramCounterToNextInstructionCalls() );
}

TEST(cmdFile, IssueGdbFileStatRequest_ReturnSuccess)
{
    StatParameters params = { 0x11111111, 0x22222222, 0x12345678 };
    platformMock_CommInitReceiveChecksummedData("+$F0#");
        IssueGdbFileStatRequest(&params);
    STRCMP_EQUAL ( platformMock_CommChecksumData("$Fstat,11111111/22222222,12345678#+"),
                   platformMock_CommGetTransmittedData() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, platformMock_GetSemihostCallReturnValue() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasControlCFlagSentFromGdb() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasSemihostCallCancelledByGdb() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, GetSemihostReturnCode() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, GetSemihostErrno() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 1, platformMock_AdvanceProgramCounterToNextInstructionCalls() );
}

TEST(cmdFile, IssueGdbFileRenameRequest_ReturnSuccess)
{
    RenameParameters params = { 0x11111111, 0x22222222, 0x33333333, 0x44444444 };
    platformMock_CommInitReceiveChecksummedData("+$F0#");
        IssueGdbFileRenameRequest(&params);
    STRCMP_EQUAL ( platformMock_CommChecksumData("$Frename,11111111/22222222,33333333/44444444#+"),
                   platformMock_CommGetTransmittedData() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, platformMock_GetSemihostCallReturnValue() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasControlCFlagSentFromGdb() );
    CHECK_FALSE ( WasSemihostCallCancelledByGdb() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, GetSemihostReturnCode() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 0, GetSemihostErrno() );
    CHECK_EQUAL ( 1, platformMock_AdvanceProgramCounterToNextInstructionCalls() );
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


If you go to the gym or exercise a lot, Apple's stock EarPods slip out of your ear when you sweat, that's why I picked up Soul Pulse earbuds.
I tend to hit the gym pretty hard when I can. Whether it's cardio, the heavy bag, pull-ups or jump-lunge burpee combinations. If I'm not sweating, I'm not working. Simple as that.
Headphones aren't necessarily known for be good for anyone's ears, so cranking the volume up too loud is never a good idea. That's why I always enjoy it when the buds have the small silicone tips that help reduce outside noise. I can keep the volume relatively low while still being able to hear my music or Podcast and block outside noise.
The Pulse by Soul is a set of earbuds designed for folks who like to sweat. They're lightweight and constructed of silicone, making them easy to clean if need be. Water doesn't hurt them, so sweat isn't an issue, and users can literally dunk them in bowl of water after a workout to get all that leftover funk off of them.
They ship with a little fabric pouch (which seems to be microfiber) so they're easy to carry along in a gym bag or backpack without fear of them being easily damaged by other contents in the bag.
Their design allows for the wires to loop over the top of the ear, ensuring that they are secured in place. This is great for making sure they don't fall off, but it can make for a few seconds of awkwardly trying to figure out how they go on during those first few uses. It's not a huge issue, but it can be a little weird at first for those used to most other earbud designs.
Also nice is that they don't easily tangle. With fairly regular use, they won't seem to mysteriously become a huge lump of spaghetti noodles. This is because they are rubbery. It's somewhat similar to the wires on Apple's EarPods, but slightly thicker, and get tangled up less frequently.
After a few trips to the gym, some intense street workouts and a lot of sweat, the headphones haven't fallen off. Of course, this is with reasonable use. Don't get it snagged on something, and there should be no problems.
The Pulse does have a small remote that allows for answering calls or stop/start of music. The built-in microphone makes it possible to talk without having to grab the phone.
If there's one feature of the Soul I'm not a fan of, it's the headphone jack. It's one of those L-shaped jacks, that — in my experience — seems easier to accidentally jostle loose. It's only happened a few times, but I was wearing jeans that day and trying to do jump squats. In most other cases, they should be just fine.
Sure, there are newer headphones made for folks who don't like a wire (Bluetooth). Still, they tend to be a little pricier.


text:
Q: Difference between Sharepoint Foundation Server and Enterprise edition We have sharepoint 2010 foundation server for development and enterprise edition in live. We have one .NET web part which create a site based on the logic which works fine in development server(Foundation). Same code we used in live(Enterprise edition) creates the site first time but not the second time.
What is our problem here? I shared the  code which  create the site
    private void CreateNewSite(SPWeb web, string sSiteName,string sSiteTemplate)
    {
        string sSiteUrl = web.Url + "/" + sSiteName;

        if (!SiteExists(sSiteUrl))
        {
            try
            {
                web.AllowUnsafeUpdates = true;

                string url = sSiteName;
                string title = sSiteName;
                string description = sSiteName + " Site Testing";
                string type = System.Configuration.ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings["SiteTemplateId"];

                // Site creation with unique permissions
                SPWebCollection webs = web.Webs;
                SPWeb newWeb = webs.Add(url, title, description, 1033, type, true, false);

                newWeb.Navigation.UseShared = true;

                //Adds to site navigation
                SPNavigation nav = newWeb.ParentWeb.Navigation;
                SPNavigationNode node = new SPNavigationNode(newWeb.Title, newWeb.ServerRelativeUrl);
                node = nav.AddToQuickLaunch(node, SPQuickLaunchHeading.Sites);

                //Adds to top quick link
                SPNavigationNodeCollection topnav = web.Navigation.TopNavigationBar;
                node = topnav.AddAsLast(node);

                // Changing the request access email to current user
                newWeb.RequestAccessEmail = newWeb.CurrentUser.Email;

                // Save changes
                newWeb.Update();

                newWeb.Close();
                // Disposing new web object
                //newWeb.Dispose();
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                throw ex;
            }
            finally
            {
                web.AllowUnsafeUpdates = false;
            }
        }
    }

A: There's definitely no differences in this area (what I call the "core SharePoint API") between Foundation and Server.
The problem is clearly elsewhere. Do you get an error, or simply nothing happens? I bet the latter, and consequently the problem would be in SiteExists(sSiteUrl). Are you sure sSiteUrl is a different one the second run? Can't you have a IsPostBack/control initialization problem that leads to reading the same value from teh TextBox?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
David Ward Sacked as Liberal Democrat Candidate for Bradford East
April 27, 2017 admin	2017 General Election, David Ward, Liberal Democrats, Tim Farron
David Ward has been told by Tim Farron, the Leader of the Liberal Democrats, that he cannot stand as the party's candidate for Bradford East at the 2017 General Election. Ward had been the MP for the constituency from 2010 until 2015, but had become embroiled in allegations of anti-semitism.
When Ward's candidacy was announced, Farron expressed his concern but initially didn't block the decision of the local association. Following increased opposition, including from Theresa May and Eric Pickles at Prime Minister's Question Time, the party decided to take action.
Farron said in a statement:
"I believe in a politics that is open, tolerant and united. David Ward is unfit to represent the party and I have sacked him".
Ward defended himself against the allegations, saying:
"The antisemitic thing is a nonsense. It is just used, it's a well-known tactic. How do you avoid conversation or any criticism about Israel? Just say people are antisemitic. I am certainly not antisemitic".
Labour's Imran Hussein won the constituency, beating Ward, in 2015 with a majority of 7,084.
← Nestle Move 300 Jobs to Poland But Denies Brexit is to Blame
Boris Johnson Confirms that Britain May Join Future US Military Campaigns in Syria →

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
When was Jakarta the first modern-day city in Southeast Asia to hit a population of one million people?
Jakarta, Indonesia was the first modern-day city in Southeast Asia to hit a population of one million people.
It reached that mark in the mid-1900s, around the same time Indonesia gained independence.
It's still one of the 17 largest cities in the world, with a population of over nine million.
Established in the fourth century, Jakarta became an important trading port for the Kingdom of Sunda, and is located on the northwest coast of Java.
What Was the First City In the World To Have One Million People and Where Is Rome Located In Europe?
How Big Is the Population In Mexico City and Is Mexico City Larger than New York City?
Which Ancient City Was Built On the Site of Modern Day Mexico City and When Was Tenochtitlan Founded?
How Many Cities Are There In the World With a Population of More Than a Million People?
When Did the World Population First Reach 1 Billion People and and When Did the Population Reach 6 Billion?
How Did a Giant Asteroid That Hit Chicxulub Mexico 65 Million Years Ago Cause the Extinction of Dinosaurs?


text:
Stu Haycock
Abba - The Winner Takes It All
Signal 2 Breakfast with Dave Johnson
Paul Fairclough
Ray Rose
Signal Sport
Signal 2 Dating
Search Signal 2
What is Kylie up to now?
Kylie released her 14th studio album Golden on April 6, 2018 which contains the lead single Dancing.
Golden has reached number one in the UK charts - her first since 2010.
In Autumn 2018 Kylie will tour the UK, playing various venues including Manchester Arena and London's O2.
In March 2018 she returned to The Voice UK as a mentor alongside Sir Tom Jones.
The superstar was previously a coach on the 2014 series, and returned to give advice during the knockouts.
Kylie said: "I love working with Sir Tom and have been blown away by the talent in his team this series."
She is also rumoured to be a judge on The X Factor 2018 after Nicole Scherzinger was axed from the show.
Kylie's sister Dannii was a judge at the show's rating peak and mentored two winning acts - Leon Jackson and Matt Cardle.
A527 Biddulph Road coming from Brinley Ford - Chell, Stoke-On-Trent, Staffordshire
Stu Haycock playing Abba - The Winner Takes It All


One of the most famous university cities in the world, Oxford is steeped in history, with beautiful honey-coloured college buildings dotted throughout the city.
Wander the cobbled streets and peaceful courtyards and admire the famed spires reaching to the heavens as you contemplate the enormous wealth of human talent Oxford has given the world over the centuries.
Here are 10 of our favorite things to love about Oxford.
So beautiful were the views of Oxford from nearby Boar's Hill that 19th-century poet Matthew Arnold was inspired to write a poem called Thyrsis in memory of his close friend and fellow poet Arthur Hugh Clough who lived in the city of dreaming spires.
At 240 lines, Thyrsis is a long poem. Here are the first two stanzas.
Today, those spires are best appreciated from atop St. Mary's Church or Carfax Towers in the city center, or from South Park.
On this spot, where the Folly Bridge crosses the River Thames, basking in the golden glow of the evening sunlight, there was once a ford.
It was no ordinary ford. It was a ford to be crossed with a valuable cargo of oxen—"Oxnaforda" in Anglo-Saxon, from which Oxford derives its name.
Oxen were the haulage lorries (trucks) of the Middle Ages, used for hauling carts and wagons and also for ploughing.
They were a form of wealth comparable to money, and Oxford might have been a major crossing point on a cattle "drove road", along which they were driven for long distances.
Another theory about the origins of Oxford's name is that "Ox" derives from the Celtic word for river.
Either way, for history buffs, Oxford will not disappoint since centuries past remain to explore and enjoy.
It's nice to know that in this world of change, some things don't change.
The carriages may be different, the people dressed differently, but Oxford High Street looks the same now as it did at the end of the 18th century.
And that's reassuring—some things are worth preserving.
Evidence of teaching at Oxford dates as far back as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world.
Banned from attending the University of Paris by King Henry II, students flocked to Oxford instead and the university grew rapidly from 1167.
But in 1209, disputes between students and townspeople led some faculty to move north-east and establish Cambridge University.
The two universities became known as "Oxbridge" and are frequently cited in the top five in world rankings, with Oxford currently rated #1 by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2016-2017.
Oxford University has 38 constituent colleges and has educated many notable alumni, including 28 Nobel laureates, 27 British Prime Ministers, and many other heads of state.
Christ Church alone has produced 13 British Prime Minsters—more than any other Oxbridge college.
Known as the Bridge of Sighs because of its supposed similarity to the famous Bridge of Sighs in Venice, Hertford Bridge is, however, closer in appearance to the Rialto Bridge in Venice.
Built as a skyway over New College Lane, the "Bridge of Sighs" joins two parts of Hertford College and has become a city landmark.
All Souls College was founded in 1438 and is unique in having only Fellows as members of the college, and no undergraduates.
All Souls College features a magnificent quadrangle, with striking twin towers designed in the 1720s by Nicholas Hawksmoor in the Gothic style to harmonise with the medieval college chapel.
There are lots of old doors like this one all over Oxford and one thing is for certain: there's a lot of scholarly things going on behind each one.
Demonstrating noteworthy examples of every English architectural period since the late 11th century, the historic buildings in Oxford make it an ideal location for film and TV crews.
Occupied by the Carfax Tobacco Company and a branch of Lloyds Bank since first opening in 1901, the ornate Rennaissance Revival building marks the start of Oxford High Street.
Further down the adjacent Cornmarket Street on the corner of Ship Street is a 14th-century timber-framed building originally built as the New Inn and now owned by Jesus College, which restored it in 1983.
Jesus college was founded by Queen Elizabeth I in 1571.
14th-century timber-framed building in Cornmarket Street, Oxford.
The Sheldonian Theatre was built for the University of Oxford between 1664 and 1669 after a design by Sir Christopher Wren who also designed and built St Paul's Cathedral.
Named after Gilbert Sheldon, chancellor of the University from 1667 – 1669 and the project's main financial backer, it is used for music concerts, lectures and University ceremonies.
But since 2015 has it also been used for drama, with the Christ Church Dramatic Society staging a production of The Crucible.
Established in 1683, the Ashmolean Museum was the world's first university museum and is the oldest museum in the United Kingdom.
Originally housing a "cabinet of curiosities" give to the University of Oxford in 1677, it now holds significant art and archeology works by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Turner, and Picasso, as well as treasures such as the Scorpion Macehead, Parian Marble, the Alfred Jewel, and "The Messiah" Stradivarius violin—regarded by many as the world's finest.
Housed in a large neo-Gothic building in Oxford University's Science Area, the University Museum of Natural History boasts skeletons of a Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops, and the most complete remains of a dodo found anywhere in the world.
Founded in 1884, the Pitt Rivers Museum contains over 500,000 items from the University's archaeological and anthropological collections.
According to the famous 17th-century politician and diarist Samuel Pepys, the first English coffee house was established on the precise site of the Grand Café on Oxford's High Street in 1650.
This is where some of the great luminaries of the Enlightenment would meet to exchange ideas, acting as a supplementary sphere to the university.
The absence of alcohol created an atmosphere more conducive to serious conversation than an alehouse.
Coffeehouses also played an important role in the development of financial markets and newspapers, and political groups frequently used them as meeting places.
Oxford's pubs overflow with enough character and atmosphere to stimulate the minds of some of the best fiction writers of all time.
Meeting here every Tuesday morning between 1939 and 1962, C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien and other friends, popularly known as the "Inklings" would drink beer and discuss the books they were writing.
The Head of the River Pub is adjacent to Folly Bridge which crosses the River Thames at the point of the ancient ford for which Oxford is named.
For light refreshment, why not try Gee's Restaurant and bar, serving a uniquely rustic, Mediterranean dining experience set in an iconic Glasshouse.
The University Church of St Mary the Virgin is the centre from which the University of Oxford grew.
With an eccentric baroque porch, designed by Nicholas Stone, its spire is claimed by some church historians to be one of the most beautiful in England.
Designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott and constructed in 1854–60, the chapel at Exeter College, Oxford, was heavily inspired by the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris.
Oxford has 28 nature reserves within or just outside the city ring road, making it one of Britain greenest cities.
Whether you prefer a leisurely walk along one of Oxford's many footpaths, a relaxing punt ride down the river, or an invigorating cycle ride, Oxford is a magical place for all.
While away the hours in the peace and tranquility of Oxford's Botanic Gardens.
Oxford is second only to Cambridge in the popularity of cycling.
22% of Oxford's residents ride three or more times per week.
The University of Oxford maintains the largest university library system in the UK.
With over 11 million volumes housed on 120 miles (190 km) of shelving, the Bodleian group is the second-largest library in the UK, after the British Library.
Entitled to a free copy of every book published in the UK, the Bodleian is growing its collection at a rate of over three miles (five kilometres) of shelving every year.
Visitors can take a guided tour of the Old Bodleian Library to see inside its historic rooms, including the 15th-century Divinity School, medieval Duke Humfrey's Library, and the Radcliffe Camera.
Designed by James Gibbs in the neo-classical style and built in 1737–49, the Radcliffe Camera (Camera, meaning "room" in Latin; colloquially, "Rad Cam" or "The Camera") was built to house the Radcliffe Science Library.
Book lovers, be warned—you might be here a long time.
Blackwell's Bookshop has the largest single room devoted to book sales in the whole of Europe—the cavernous 10,000 sq ft Norrington Room.
Oxford was mentioned in fiction as early as 1400 when Chaucer referred to a "Clerk [student] of Oxenford" in his Canterbury Tales.
Oxford University's hallowed halls have been a source of inspiration for several authors of classic children's literature.
It was July of 1862 and a slightly eccentric young man named Charles Dodgson rowed up the river Thames with a colleague and the three daughters of the Dean of Christ Church college where Dodgson taught mathematics.
Better known today as Lewis Carroll, the young man told a story to keep the children amused during the five-mile journey to Godstow.
Star of the adventure was Alice Liddell, the ten-year-old middle sister, who, as Dodgson began, had followed a rabbit down a hole.
Much inspiration for Dodgson's story came from Christ Church.
The long-necked "firedogs" that held the logs in the fireplace gave him the idea for Alice's neck to stretch.
When Alice Liddell's father, the dean, descended a narrow spiral staircase, it reminded him of a rabbit disappearing down a hole.
And a cat perched on a mulberry tree outside the library was the inspiration for the Cheshire cat.
Studying English Literature at Oxford University when World War One broke out, J. R. R. Tolkien finished his degree before enlisting in the Oxford University Officer's Training Corps.
It was the experience at the Battle of the Somme, where one million men were wounded or killed, that helped him describe the evil barren landscape crossed by the hobbits on their way to Mordor.
The "Inspector Morse" and "Lewis" TV series were both set in Oxford as were "Brideshead Revisited" by Evelyn Waugh and the trilogy "His Dark Materials" by Philip Pullman.


PRESCHOOL helps kids become ready for school.
Public preschool is partially funded by the State of Minnesota and referred to as a "School Readiness" program.
3s Preschool is a Community Education Program for 3-4 year olds.


text:
Q: Making function waiting for args to resolve Is there anything out there already that do similar to the following.
/**
 * ex.
 * const ret = await asyncify(Math.max)(arg1, arg2);
 */
asyncify(func) {
  return async (...inputs) => {
    // wait for all inputs being resolved
    const inputsResolved = await Promise.all(inputs);
    return await func(...inputsResolved);
  };
}

/**
 * ex.
 * const ret = await execute(Math.max, arg1, arg2);
 */
async execute(func, ...inputs) {
  // wait for all inputs being resolved
  const inputsResolved = await Promise.all(inputs);
  return await func(...inputsResolved);
}

With these functions (one or the other) I can then do something asynchronous without complex code structure to make sure the tasks are executed in correct sequence and maximally in parallel.
// Task A and B can run in parallel
const retA = asyncTaskA(payloadA);
const retB = asyncTaskB(payloadB);

// Task C and D depend on A and B, but they can run in parallel as well.
const retC = asyncify(
  (payloadC1, payloadC2) => {
    asyncTaskC(payloadC1.someField, payloadC2.otherField);
  }
)(retA, retB);
const retD = asyncify(asyncTaskD)(retA, retB);

// Task A and B can run in parallel
const retA = asyncTaskA(payloadA);
const retB = asyncTaskB(payloadB);

// Task C and D depend on A and B, but they can run in parallel as well.
const retC = execute(
  (payloadC1, payloadC2) => {
    asyncTaskC(payloadC1.someField, payloadC2.otherField);
  },
  retA,
  retB
);
const retD = execute(asyncTaskD, retA, retB);

If not, is it something that worth adding to the Promise similar to Promise.all?
const retC = Promise.asyncify(asyncTaskD)(retA, retB));

Update: adding a more complex example:
/**
 * A -> B
 * B -> C
 * A -> D
 * B,D -> E
 * C,E -> F
 */
async function aComplexWorkflow() {
  const A = Lib.execute(asyncTaskA);
  const B = Lib.execute(asyncTaskB, A);
  const C = Lib.execute(asyncTaskC, B);
  const D = Lib.execute(asyncTaskD, A);
  const E = Lib.execute(asyncTaskE, B, D);
  const F = Lib.execute(asyncTaskF, C, E);
  return F;
}

A:
Is there anything out there already that do similar to the following.

No.

I can then do something asynchronous without complex code structure

I don't think your code is any less complex than just writing
const [retA, retB] = await Promise.all([
  asyncTaskA(payloadA),
  asyncTaskB(payloadB),
]);

const retC = asyncTaskC(retA, retB);
const retD = asyncTaskD(id, forecast.result);

I'd even argue that using execute/asyncify makes it harder to understand than just inlining those.

Is it something that is worth adding to the Promise similar to Promise.all?

No - and please don't modify builtins!


text:
What does Trump's CARES Act mean for you?
President Donald Trump signed the CARES Act into law on March 27. This Act includes $2 trillion to be distributed among families and businesses, making it the largest stimulus plan in US history. Photo courtesy of CNBC.
Megan Krok, Copy Editor
On Friday, March 27, President Donald Trump signed into law a $2 trillion stimulus package, known as the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. The act is the largest emergency aid package in US history, according to CNN. This signing comes after unemployment rates skyrocketed last week as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. With many businesses being forced to close, many Americans have found themselves out of work and will rely on the checks from the stimulus package in the weeks to come.
According to the Visual Capitalist, the $2 trillion from the CARES Act will be divided into five components: individuals/families, public services, small businesses, big businesses, and state and local government. Individuals and families will receive approximately a 30% share of the package, $603.7 billion. Big businesses will receive a 25% share of the package, small businesses 19%, state and local government 17%, and lastly, public services will receive 9% of the package.
What does this mean for you and your family? Individuals receiving a salary of up to $75,000 per year will receive $1,200. So, married couples will receive $2,400. Along with this, families can collect $500 per child. If the individual receives an income greater than $75,000, the amount they receive from the stimulus checks decreases. Those who receive a salary of $99,000 or more are not eligible to receive a check, even if they have children.
As of right now, the stimulus checks will be a one-time payment that individuals should receive in approximately three weeks. However, the IRS is hoping to send the payments out as soon as April 6. US Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin laid out the payment plan stating, "We expect that within three weeks that people who have direct deposit information with us will see those direct deposits in their bank accounts." He continued by explaining that there will be a web-based system where Americans can upload their direct deposit and immediately receive their money as opposed to waiting in the mail.
In the meantime, wash your hands, stay inside, and stay healthy!


Emma Watson (born 15 April 1990) is a British actress, model, and activist.
↑ Check If You're a British Citizen. United Kingdoms Government. UK Government Digital Service. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved on 23 April 2014. "(If you were born on or after 1 January 1983 and before 1 January 2006 to parents married and British 'not by descent') in most cases you'll be a British citizen 'by descent'."
Pages in category "Emma Watson"
Media in category "Emma Watson"
This page was last edited on 17 March 2019, at 12:57.


text:
Q: Is the set of binary sequences with no consecutive ones countable? A binary sequence is an infinite list of zeroes and ones, ie, $b$ is a binary sequence means that $b = b_1,b_2,b_3,...,b_i,...,$ where each $b_i \in \{0,1\}$. Let $C$ be the subset of $B$ containing only those sequences that have no consecutive ones.  Decide whether or not C is countable.
My attempt:
Consider an element $c_i \in C$ and its sequence of digits in a decimal expansion, perhaps $0.1010101.$ Although there may be no consecutive ones, there may be infinitely many ones. Thus another element $c_{i+1}$ and its sequence could be $0.1010101$. The only way a certain $c_n$ couldn't belong in $C$ is if it had at least two 1's next to each other, which simply can't be the case. This makes $C$ countably infinite.

A: No, you are wrong, $C$ is uncountable. And it's not that hard to define injective function $f:B\to C$. For instance you could insert $0$ between every consecutive digits in each sequence from $B$. Now knowing that $B$ is uncountable, $C$ is also uncountable by Cantor-Bernstein-Schroeder theorem.
Edit:
You are not removing anything. We got injection from $B$ into $C$, so $|B|\leq|C|$, which is already sufficient to conclude that $C$ is uncountable, as $B$ is uncountable. But also $|C|\leq|B|$, as $C\subset B$, hence $|B|=|C|$. And just to be precise $f$ can by defined by:
$$
f(b)(n) =
\begin{cases}
b\left(\frac n2\right),  & \text{if $n$ is even} \\
0, & \text{if $n$ is odd}  \\
\end{cases}
$$

A: You can use a Cantor diagonal argument to show that all of the sequences with blocks 00 and 01 are uncountable.  Examples of these block sequences:
0100010001.......
00000101000001.....
NO:
1000.....
These form a subset of the set you are asking about.

A: Let $a=\{a_n\}$ be a sequence of positive integers. Define $S(a)\in C$ by
$$
S(a)=(0)_{a_1}1(0)_{a_2}1(0)_{a_3}1\dots,
$$
where $(0)_k$ means $k$ consecutive $0$'s. $S$ is an injection from $\mathbb{N}^\mathbb{N}$ into $C$, so that $C$ is uncountable.

A: A hint:
Consider the subset $C'\subset C$ consisting of the sequences beginning with $1$, having infinitely many ones and only $1$ or $2$ zeros between consecutive ones. Recode the sequences $b\in C'$ in a way that makes the anser to your problem immediately apparent.

A: Use Cantor's diagonal proof with adjustment:
Observe two consecutive bits as a pair, you'll find that those bits belong to the set {01, 10, 00} . Put { 01, 10 } to group A and { 00 } to group B, and then your sequence will be ABBABA....... something like that. Ready for diagonal proof!
Thanks hardmath for pointing out the mistakes. I know that there is an accepted answer, just providing another method to deal with this problem.


text:
Järvelä is the largest village in the Kärkölä municipality and the municipality's administrative center in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. At the end of 2014, about 2,800 inhabitants lived there. As a statistical agglomeration defined by Statistics Finland, Järvelä also covers the church village of Kärkölä. Järvelä is located along the railway between Lahti and Riihimäki and by road at the intersection of main road 54 and regional road 295. All commuter trains between Lahti and Riihimäki stop at Järvelä railway station.

In addition to settlement, there are many different companies in the area, such as grocery stores, filling station, hardware store, pharmacy, Alko store, restaurants, Järvelän Kino cinema, post office, bank and car repair shops. Municipal services operating in Järvelä include a primary school, a library, a kindergarten, a youth center, a health center and an indoor swimming pool. Kärkölä High School, which operated in Järvelä, ceased operations in 2015 due to the small number of students, which is why the nearest high school is now located on the Tavastia Proper side in Hausjärvi's Oitti.

See also
 Järvelä railway station
 Kausala, a village in Iitti, Päijänne Tavastia
 Lappila

References

Kärkölä
Villages in Finland

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Franklin's Bumble Bee
Endangered Species Conservation -
Species Profiles: At-Risk Invertebrates -
Bombus franklini
U.S. State
Bombus franklini occurs only in the USA. It is found only from southern Oregon to northern California between the Coast and Sierra-Cascade Ranges, in Douglas, Jackson, and Josephine in Oregon and Siskiyou and Trinity counties in California.
Bombus franklini is readily distinguished from other bumble bees in its range by the extended yellow on the anterior top of the thorax which extends well behind the wing bases and forms an inverted U-shape around the central patch of black, lack of yellow on the abdomen, predominantly black face with yellow on the vertex (top of the head), and white at the tip of the abdomen. Other bumble bees with similar color patterns in the range of B. franklini have the yellow extending back to the wing bases or only slightly beyond and usually have one or more bands of yellow on the middle or slightly behind the middle of the abdomen (most on tergum 4). Females of most species have yellow hair on the face, in contrast to black on B. franklini. Females of B. californicus which have black hair on the face also have black hair on the vertex in contrast to the yellow hair on the vertex in B. franklini. Additionally, B. californicus have yellow on the abdomen while B. franklini does not, and have a long face in contrast to the round face of B. franklini. Females of B. occidentalis are similar to B. franklini in the round faces, and black hair on the face, but differ in having the hair on the vertex black, as opposed to yellow. Additionally, females of B. occidentalis are variable in body hair color: some have yellow on the rear end of the thorax and the second and/or third abdominal segments, and even if the abdomen lacks yellow as in B. franklini, the pale hairs near the tip of the abdomen are more prominent in B. occidentalis.
Queens & workers of B. franklini are described as follows: face round with area between bottom of compound eye and base of mandible (= malar space) shorter than wide; hair predominantly black with some shorter light hairs intermixed above and below antennal bases. Hair on top of head (= vertex) yellow. Hair of thorax (= mesosoma) on anterior two-thirds above (= scutum) yellow extending rearward laterally inside and beyond the wing bases (= tegulae) to rear third (= scutellum), but interrupted medioposteriorly by inverted U-shaped patch of black; hair on posterior third (= scutellum) black above; hair of lateral thorax (= mesopleura) black, except for small patch of yellow in upper anterior corner in area of pronotal lobes. Hair of abdomen (= metasoma) black except for whitish or silvery hair at sides and apex of 5th plate above (= tergum 5, = T-5).
Males of this species are similar to females, differing as follows: malar space as long as wide, face below antennae with predominantly yellow hair, and tergum 6 with some pale hair laterally.
Technical keys, including color pattern illustrations of B. franklini and species that it might be confused with, are presented in Stephen (1957) and Thorp et al. (1983).
Records of Bombus franklini in Oregon and California, relative to BLM and USFS land. BLM District boundaries are shown in black and Resource Area boundaries are shown in grey. A red star marks Mount Ashland, the last site where this species was seen (in 2003 and 2006).
Bombus franklini is a primitively eusocial bumble bee. Like all other bumble bees, this species lives in colonies consisting of a queen and her immature and adult offspring: sterile female workers and males. The division of labor among the three types of adult bees is as follows. Queens are responsible for initiating colonies and laying eggs, workers are responsible for most food collection, colony defense, nest construction, and feeding of the young, and males sole function is to mate with new queens produced at the end of the colony season. Bumble bee colonies depend on floral resources for their nutritional needs; nectar provides carbohydrates for adult flight fuel and basic colony energy needs and pollen provides protein primarily for offspring growth.
The nesting biology of B. franklini is unknown, but, like other members of the subgenus Bombus sensu stricto, it probably nests underground in abandoned rodent burrows, or, occasionally, clumps of grass on the ground (Plath 1927; Thorp et al. 1983; Laverty and Harder 1988, Macfarlane et al. 1994, Hobbs 1968). Colonies are annual, initiated in spring by solitary, mated queens who emerge out of hibernation to search for appropriate nesting sites. The queen collects nectar and pollen from flowers to support the production of her eggs, which are fertilized by sperm she has stored since mating the previous fall. In the early stages of colony development, the queen is responsible for all food collection and care of the larvae. As the colony grows, the workers take over the duties of food collection, colony defense, nest construction, and larval care, while the queen remains within the nest and spends most of her time laying eggs. At their peak, colonies may consist of between 50 and 400 workers and the queen (Plath 1927; Thorp et al. 1983; Macfarlane et al. 1994). Two colonies of B. franklini initiated in the laboratory and set out to complete development in the field contained over 60 workers by early September, and probably produced over 100 workers by end of season (Plowright and Stephen 1980). Near the end of the colony cycle, reproductives (queens and males) are produced. Male bumble bees patrol selected territories, producing a queen-attracting scent which they deposit in suitable places and replace if it rains. When a female locates a male patrol-area, she remains still until a male finds her, and mating usually takes place on vegetation or the ground. Queens usually mate with only one male, but males may mate with multiple queens. After mating, the queens feed to build up their fat bodies, then enter hibernation for the winter. At the end of the colony season the founding queen, all workers and males die and the inseminated hibernating new queens are left to carry on the line into the following year.
In Bombus sensu stricto, queen production is complicated, apparently depending on a switch point when the first males are produced. This switch point usually occurs when queens cease producing a pheromone that inhibits workers from laying haploid (male producing) eggs, and is followed by a competition point when some workers initiate egg laying and compete with the queen for survival of their male progeny. An early switch point results in more males and fewer queens, while a late switch point results in larger colonies, more queens, and fewer males (Duchateau and Velthius 1988).
The flight season of B. franklini is from mid-May to the end of September (Thorp et al. 1983); a few individuals have also been encountered in October (Southern Oregon University Bee Collection records).
Franklin's Bumble Bee has the most limited geographic distribution of any bumble bee in North America and possibly the world (Williams 1998). It is known only from southern Oregon and northern California between the Coast and Sierra-Cascade Ranges. Stephen (1957) recorded it from the Umpqua and Rogue River Valleys of Oregon. Thorp et al. (1983) recorded it from northern California and suggested its restriction to the Klamath Mountain region of southern Oregon and northern California. Its entire distribution, including historic populations and recent range extensions (Thorp 1999, 2001, 2004) can be covered by an oval of about 190 miles north to south and 70 miles east to west between 122o to 124o west longitude and 40o 58o to 43o 30o north latitude. It is known from Douglas, Jackson, and Josephine counties in Oregon and Siskiyou and Trinity counties in California. Elevations of localities where it has been found range from 540 feet (162 m) in the north to above 7800 feet (2340 m) in the south of its historic range. Although the number of populations that existed prior to 1998 is unknown, there are several historical records for this species, both published and in museums, including two in 1925 (Gold Hill and Roseburg, OR), one in 1930 (Roseburg, OR), two in 1950 (Gold Hill and Medford, OR), two in 1958 (Ashland, OR), two in 1968 (Mt. Ashland and near Copper, OR), one in 1980 (Ashland, OR), two in 1988 (Ashland and Merlin, OR), two in 1989 (Hilt and Yreka, CA), four in 1990 (Ashland, Ruch, Central Point, and Gold Hill, OR), one in 1992 (Ashland, OR), two in 1997 (Roxy Ann Peak near Medford and Ashland Pond in Ashland, OR), and four in 1998 (Roca Canyon in Ashland, Lost Creek Reservoir, and Grizzly Peak near Shale City, OR). Additional records with unknown dates and or localities are also available, including the 1917 type specimen whose locality (Nogales, AZ) has been determined to be erroneous. Post-1998, the numbers of populations and individuals of B. franklini have declined drastically, evidenced by intensive and extensive surveys primarily conducted by R. W. Thorp each year from 1998 through 2008 (Thorp 1999, 2001, 2004, 2005b, c, 2008). During each of the past 11 years, Dr. Thorp surveyed from nine to 17 historic sites (average 12.3 sites) some visited more than once each year with an average of 29.6 visits to historic sites per year. Dr. Thorp also made from two to 23 visits to additional sites with potential habitat for B. franklini each year (averaging 12.0 site visits per year), with some sites visited more than once per year and some visited in multiple years. Additional surveys in 2006 were conducted by the BLM; 16 sites with optimal habitat for B. franklini were each surveyed twice (Code & Haney 2006).
Between 1998 and 2005, the number of sightings of Bombus franklini declined precipitously from 94 individuals in 1998 to 20 in 1999, nine in 2000 and one in 2001. Although 20 were found in 2002 only three were sighted in 2003, all at a single locality. None were found in 2004 and 2005, and a single worker was sighted in 2006. This was at the same locality, Mt. Ashland, where the last B. franklini were found in 2003. No individuals were found in 2007 or 2008.
No B. franklini were found during the BLM search effort in 2006 (Code & Haney 2006).
Habitat Associations
B. franklini requires habitat with a sufficient supply of floral resources to provide continuous blooming throughout the colony season. Bumble bees are generalist foragers, gathering pollen and nectar from a wide variety of flowering plants. Bombus franklini have been observed collecting pollen on lupine (Lupinus) and California poppy (Eschscholzia), and nectaring on horsemint (Agastache) and mountain penny-royal (Monardella) (R. Thorp pers. obs.). They may collect both pollen and nectar from vetch (Vicia) and also rob nectar from this plant (P. Schroeder 2006 pers. comm.).
Landscape level habitat quality has been shown to influence bumble bee species richness and abundance, indicating that isolated patches of habitat are not sufficient to fully support bumble bee populations (Hatfield & LeBuhn 2007; Öckinger & Smith 2007). Additionally, since B. franklini probably requires abandoned rodent borrows or clumps of grass for nesting, population sites may be limited by the abundance of rodents and the presence of undisturbed grassland.
Bombus franklini is currently considered to be a Species of Concern by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS 2009). Species of Concern are defined as taxa whose conservation status is of concern to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (many previously known as Category 2 candidates), but for which further information is still needed. Such species receive no legal protection and use of the term does not necessarily imply that a species will eventually be proposed for listing (ODFW 2009). Bombus franklini is also included on the California Department of Fish and Game special animals list (CDFA 2009) and is listed as an interagency special status species by the USDA Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management (Forest Service/BLM 2009). The species has a NatureServe Global Status rank of G1, an Oregon state status rank of S1 and a California state status rank of SNR (NatureServe 2009). It is listed as critically imperiled by the IUCN Red List of endangered species (IUCN 2009) and the Red List of Pollinator Insects of North America, produced by the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation (Thorp 2005a).
Bombus franklini (Franklin's Bumble Bee) is in imminent danger of extinction. Extensive surveys from 1998-2008 have demonstrated that there has been a precipitous decline in the number of individuals and localities in the past decade. In 1998, 94 individuals were found at 8 sites, while in the past three years, only one individual has been observed in surveys. The threats to this species are outlined as follows:
Disease: The recent declines of Bombus franklini and its close relatives are hypothesized to be primarily due to a selectively virulent strain of the microsporidian Nosema bombi acquired from the commercially reared and closely related European Large Earth Bumble Bee, Bombus terrestris (Thorp 2003, Thorp & Shepherd 2005, National Research Council 2007). Commercially reared bumble bees frequently harbor pathogens and their escape from greenhouses can lead to infections in native species (Colla et al. 2006, Ottersttatter and Thomson 2008, Durrer & Schmid-Hempel 1994, Goka et al. 2001, 2002). Other pests and diseases found in commercial bumble bees that could be leading to the continued decline in North American bumble bees include the protozoan parasite Crithidia bombi, the tracheal mite Locustacarus buchneri, and the RNA virus known as Deformed Wing Virus (DWV).
Habitat Alteration: Any habitat alteration which destroys, fragments, degrades, or reduces food supplies, nest sites, or over-wintering sites can harm this species. In particular, agricultural intensification, livestock grazing, urban development, and road construction can fragment bumble bee habitat into pieces that are too small or too distant to support diverse bumble bee communities (Goulson et al. 2008). Fragmented habitats may not support healthy metapopulation structures and may eliminate or decrease source populations of bumble bees for recolonization (National Research Council 2007). Additionally, as small, isolated populations get smaller and more separated from adjacent populations, the pool of local genetic material shrinks and breeding between closely related individuals can result in inbreeding depression, a fitness reduction which lowers the population's ability to survive and reproduce. Inbred populations of bumble bees show decreased genetic diversity and are at a greater risk of decline (Zayed and Packer 2005; Darvill et al. 2006; Ellis et al. 2006). Small or inbred populations may also lose resilience to environmental changes, and are at risk of extirpation due to stochastic events such as fire or unusually wet or dry years.
Pesticide Applications: The National Academy of Science National Research Council's report on the Status of Pollinators in North America notes that bumble bees can be negatively affected by many pesticides and that ground-nesting bumble bees are uniquely susceptible to pesticides that are used on lawns or turf (National Research Council 2007). Foraging bees are poisoned by pesticides when they absorb the fast-acting toxins through their integument (the outer "skin" that forms their exoskeleton), drink contaminated nectar, or gather pesticide-covered pollen or micro-encapsulated poisons. Pesticide drift from aerial spraying can kill 80% of foraging bees close to the source and drift can continue to be dangerous for well over a mile (Johansen and Mayer 1990). Insecticide application on Forest Service managed public lands for spruce budworm has been shown to cause massive kills of bumble bees and reduce pollination of nearby commercial blueberries in New Brunswick (reviewed in Kevan & Plowright 1995). Insecticides applied in the spring when bumble bee queens are foraging and colonies are small are likely to have a more significant effect on bumble bee populations than insecticides that are applied at other times of the year (Goulson et al. 2008). The relatively recent and increased use of persistent neonicotinoid pesticides, known to be highly toxic to bees, may pose an increased threat to bumble bees in the subgenus Bombus (Colla and Packer 2008). These and other pesticides may be translocated through plants into the nectar or pollen. In addition to insecticides, broad-spectrum herbicides used to control weeds can indirectly harm bumble bees by removing the flowers that would otherwise provide the bees with pollen and nectar (Williams 1986; Shepherd et al. 2003, Smallidge & Leopold 1997). Bumble bees require consistent sources of nectar, pollen, and nesting material during the adult activity period, and reduction of these resources by herbicides can cause a decline in bumble bee reproductive success and/or survival rates. For example, Kevan (1999) found that herbicide applications have reduced the reproductive success of blueberry pollinators by limiting alternative food sources that can sustain the insects when the blueberries are not in bloom.
Fire suppression and natural/introduced fire: Although fire is an important natural and managed disturbance throughout natural areas in the United States, suppression of wildfire is seen as necessary to protect natural resources, homes, and businesses. Fire suppression can lead to extensive changes in vegetation structure, including degradation and loss of grasslands and herbaceous species as the shrub community matures (Panzer 2002, Schultz & Crone 1998). Continued fire suppression not only results in the reduction of bumble bee food plants at these sites, but also renders the habitat susceptible to catastrophic, large scale, and high temperature fires due to increases in combustible fuel loads, tree density, and fire intolerant species (Huntzinger 2003). Controlled burns, however, could inadvertently threaten this species, and if executed, must be done so only with extreme caution, proper timing, and expert advice.
Invasive and introduced species: Invasion and dominance of native grasslands by exotic plants is a common issue (Warren 1993, Schultz 1998), and has likely occurred at historic B. franklini locations. Introduced plants could threaten B. franklini by directly competing with plants providing nectar and pollen.
Global climate change: A changing climate may cause shifts in the range of host plant species available to pollinators, and can be especially detrimental to pollinators when combined with habitat loss (National Research Council 2007). Although the very large size of the queens suggests that the dispersal ability of this species may be greater than that of other bumble bees within its range, the patchy distribution of its remaining habitat might hinder dispersal made necessary by climate change. Additionally, increased amounts of UV-B radiation from a reduction in ozone could delay flowering in plants and reduce the amount of flowers that plants produce (National Research Council 2007), while an increase in atmospheric CO2 from global climate change may alter plant nectar production, all of which could have negative effects on the foraging success of bumble bees (reviewed in Davis 2003).
Competition from honey bees (Apis mellifera): It has long been assumed, but difficult to demonstrate, that managed honey bee colonies have a negative impact on native bees through competition for floral resources (Sugden et al. 1996; Butz Huryn 1997). Recently, Thomson (2004, 2006) conducted competition experiments on B. occidentalis colonies placed at three distances from introduced honey bee hives. Thomson found decreased foraging activity, especially for pollen, and lowered reproductive success in Bombus occidentalis colonies nearest the Apis hives. Evans (2001) found the same results in a similar study with B. impatiens colonies in Minnesota. Goulson and Sparrow (2009) found that bumble bees are smaller, and thus less fit, in areas where managed honey bees occur in Scotland.
Conservation Needs
Although B. franklini is widely recognized as a vulnerable species, it receives no formal or informal protection. Since many plants rely on bumble bees to achieve pollination, their population declines and losses have far ranging ecological impacts. An examination of the theoretical effect of removal of specialist and generalist pollinators on the extinction of plant species concluded that the loss of generalist pollinators poses the greatest threat to pollinator networks (Memmott et al. 2004). In Britain and the Netherlands, where multiple bumble bee species, as well as other bees, have gone extinct, there is evidence of decline in the abundance of insect pollinated plants (Biesmeijer et al. 2006).
The primary threat to this species is the spread of disease by bumble bees from outside of its geographic range. There are currently no federal regulations that limit the interstate transport of bumble bees even outside their native range (Flanders et al. 2003).
Management: All known Bombus franklini habitat should be protected and managed to include plentiful food (pollen and nectar resources such as Lupinus, Eschscholzia, Agastache, Monardella, Vicia), abandoned rodent burrows in which to nest, and proximity to water sources (lakes, rivers, streams, seeps) for prolongation of flowering season of plant food sources. All efforts should be made to prevent the spread of disease from commercially reared and managed bumble bee colonies to native populations.
Research: Monitor, sample, and conduct population estimates of extant populations of B. franklini. Conduct research aimed at increasing understanding of the pathology and control of Nosema bombi [Microsporidia] and other potential disease organisms (such as Locustacrus buchneri [Acarina] and Crithidia bombi [Protozoa]). Focus research on elucidating the virulence and cross-infectivity of strains of these disease organisms, especially Nosema bombi, between commercially reared and wild bumble bee species in order to better assess the ecological risks of trafficking managed crop pollinators.
Biesmeijer, J. C., S. P. M Roberts, M. Reemer, R. Ohlemiller, M. Edwards, T. Peeters, A. P. Schaffers, S. G. Potts, R. Kleukers, C. D. Thomas, J. Settele, and W. E. Kunin. 2006. Parallel Declines in Pollinators and Insect-Pollinated Plants in Britain and the Netherlands. Science 313(5785): 351-354.
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Prepared By
Original profile prepared by Dr. Robbin Thorp, University of California- Davis. This profile has been updated by Sarah Foltz, Scott Black, Sarina Jepsen, and Elaine Evans, The Xerces Society.
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