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LINDHOLM v. GALVIN
Thomas C. LINDHOLM and Edward Dale Griffin, Plaintiffs and Appellants, v. Gerald Thomas GALVIN and Carl L. Morrow, Defendants and Respondents.
Decided: July 26, 1979
Lindholm & Lindholm and Thomas C. Lindholm, Woodland Hills, for plaintiffs and appellants. Henderson & Smith Law Corp. and Joseph R. Henderson, Ventura, for defendants and respondents.
Plaintiffs Thomas C. Lindholm and Edward Dale Griffin sought damages as provided in Penal Code section 637.21 from defendants City of Simi Valley, Gerald Thomas Galvin and Carl Morrow. Thereafter, pursuant to stipulation, defendant City was dismissed from the action without prejudice. Defendants Galvin and Morrow answered the complaint after their demurrer was overruled.
The parties entered into a written stipulation which provided, Inter alia, that "(t)his matter shall be tried to conclusion as an arbitration proceeding under the provisions of Section 1282 et seq., of the Code of Civil Procedure."2 The stipulation also provided for the arbitrator to make findings of fact and conclusions of law. The parties also stipulated for a judgment to be rendered and entered in conformity with the arbitrator's award.
The case was tried before an arbitrator selected pursuant to the parties' stipulation. The arbitrator made findings of fact and conclusions of law in favor of defendants. A judgment in conformity with the award was signed by a superior court judge and entered accordingly. Plaintiffs have appealed from this judgment. We consider this judgment as a confirmation of the award which satisfies the provisions of Code of Civil Procedure section 1287.4.3
The Factual Background
The facts giving rise to this litigation are not in dispute. On October 2, 1973, plaintiff Griffin was arrested by Simi Valley police officers and charged with assault on a police officer. The incident had been occasioned by the fact that plaintiff Griffin had been drinking heavily on that day, and a domestic altercation ensued. The police came to subdue Griffin, and were required to use force. After treatment at a local hospital for some injuries sustained thereby, plaintiff Griffin was taken to the SimiValley Police Station and placed in the office of the Chief of Police.
Griffin was advised of his constitutional rights with respect to custodial interrogation by defendant Police Officer Morrow. Griffin indicated to Morrow that he did not wish to discuss anything with him but desired legal counsel. Morrow had a tape recorder in the Chief's office, and recorded the advisement of rights and Griffin's response. When Griffin refused to talk, Morrow turned off the tape recorder. Morrow then conferred with his supervising officer, defendant Galvin, who suggested that Morrow return to the office and engage Griffin in conversation. Morrow did so, and reactivated the tape recorder. Morrow provided Griffin with black coffee and a sympathetic ear.
Within a short period of time, the other plaintiff herein, attorney Lindholm, arrived at the police station to see Griffin, his client. Lindholm was directed to the Chief's office by Galvin. There, with Officer Morrow present, Lindholm discussed Griffin's situation with him. After Lindholm joined the conversation between plaintiff and Officer Morrow, the latter offered information to Lindholm and Griffin about bail arrangements. Unknown to either Lindholm or Griffin, however, was the fact that the tape recorder was activated and recording the three-way conversation.4
Thereafter, plaintiffs Lindholm and Griffin discovered that the conversation had been recorded, and this action against the two law enforcement officers ensued.
Penal Code Sections Providing Liability for Nonconsensual Recording of a Suspect's Jailhouse Conversation with his Lawyer
Plaintiffs sought damages against defendants pursuant to the provisions of section 637.2 of the Penal Code. Section 637.2 is a part of Chapter 1.5 of the Penal Code, entitled "Invasion of Privacy."5 The two key sections forming the thrust of plaintiffs' lawsuit are Penal Code sections 636 and 637.2.
Penal Code section 636 provides, in part pertinent to the issue here, that "(e)very person who, without permission from all parties to the conversation, eavesdrops on or records by means of an electronic or other device, a conversation . . . between a person who is in the physical custody of a law enforcement officer or other public officer, or who is on the property of a law enforcement agency or other public agency, and such person's attorney, religious advisor, or licensed physician, is guilty of a felony; . . ."
Penal Code section 637.2 provides in part relevant to the issue before us, that "(a)ny person who has been injured by a violation of this chapter (ch. 1.5 Invasion of Privacy) may bring an action against the person who committed the violation for the greater of the following amounts: (P) 1. Three thousand dollars ($3,000). (P) Three times the amount of actual damages, if any, sustained by the plaintiff. . . . (P) It is not a necessary prerequisite to an action pursuant to this section that the plaintiff has suffered, or be threatened with, actual damages."
Each plaintiff here was seeking $3,000 from each defendant or a total of $6,000 for each plaintiff. A part of the stipulation for arbitration was in accord with the limitations of Penal Code section 637.2, restricting recovery to $3,000 against each person violating a plaintiff's rights in the absence of three times actual damages in excess of this amount.
The Arbitrator's Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Award
The arbitrator made the following relevant findings of fact:
Finding 1 recited: "That on October 2, 1973 Edward Dale Griffin was taken into custody by the Simi Valley Police Department and was transported to the Simi Valley Police Department Offices."
Finding 2 recited: "That during the time Edward Dale Griffin was in custody at the Simi Valley Police Department, a conversation between Edward Dale Griffin and Thomas C. Lindholm was recorded by means of an electronic device."
Finding 3 recited: "That at the time said conversation was recorded, Thomas C. Lindholm was the attorney for Edward Dale Griffin."
Finding 4 recited: "That the parties have stipulated (1) that said conversation was non-privileged; (2) that said conversation was recorded while Edward Dale Griffin was in the custody of Simi Valley Police Officer Carl L. Morrow; and (3) that there was no actual consent by Thomas C. Lindholm or Edward Dale Griffin that said conversation be recorded."
Finding 5 recited: "That implied consent to the recording of said conversation was not given by either Thomas C. Lindholm or Edward Dale Griffin."
The arbitrator's conclusions of law were as follows:
"1. That Penal Code Section 636 applies solely to the recording of privileged conversations.
"2. That the conversation between Thomas C. Lindholm and Edward Dale Griffin which was recorded on October 2, 1973 was not a privileged conversation.
"3. That defendants Gerald Thomas Galvin and Carl L. Morrow, and each of them, are not liable to plaintiffs Edward Dale Griffin and Thomas C. Lindholm, and each of them, for the recording of said conversation on October 2, 1973."
Does Penal Code Section 636 Apply Solely to Privileged Conversations?
On this appeal, the parties have directed the main thrust of their arguments to the question of whether Penal Code section 636 which prohibits non-consensual electric recording of a conversation between a suspect in custody and his "attorney, religious advisor, or licensed physician" applies to the recording of all jailhouse conversations between a suspect and his attorney, religious advisor or physician, or only to conversations between these participants which constitute "privileged" conversations.
Since a third person Officer Morrow was present during the conversation between plaintiff Griffin and his attorney, plaintiff Lindholm, it is conceded that the statements of Griffin to his attorney would not qualify as a confidential communication between client and lawyer privileged from disclosure pursuant to the lawyer-client privilege set forth in Evidence Code section 954.6
A similar definition of a confidential communication for the physician-patient privilege is found in Evidence Code section 992, and for the clergyman-penitent privilege in Evidence Code section 1032.
In addressing the issue of the appropriate meaning to be accorded to Penal Code section 636, the parties have considered this appeal as an appeal from a judgment rendered by a regular judge in a court trial, a jury having been waived. But we must consider the matter of whether we are limited in our review of the judgment because the judgment is one that followed from a trial by an arbitrator rather than one that followed a trial by the court without a jury.
There are significant differences in the appellate review of a judgment confirming an award of an arbitrator and the appellate review of a judgment made by the court following a court trial. We now turn to a consideration of these differences.
The Limitations on Appellate Review of a Judgment Confirming an Arbitrator's Award
In the case before us, the parties were not required to submit their dispute to arbitration by reason of any arbitration agreement. However, they chose, by written stipulation, to have their dispute "tried to conclusion as an arbitration proceeding under the provisions of Section 1282 et seq., of the Code of Civil Procedure." Having voluntarily chosen this method, they are bound by the rules of law pertaining to such arbitration.
It has been aptly stated: "Arbitration is a voluntary procedure for settling disputes, leading to a final determination of the rights of the parties. The policy of the law is to favor arbitration, and every reasonable intendment is indulged to give effect to such proceedings. (Citation.) Once a valid award is made by the arbitrator, it is conclusive on matters of fact and Law and all matters in the award are thereafter res judicata." (Lehto v. Underground Constr. Co. (1977) 69 Cal.App.3d 933, 939, 138 Cal.Rptr. 419, 422.) (Emphasis added.) It is significant that "(a)rbitrators, unless specifically required to act in conformity with rules of law, may base their decision upon broad principles of justice and equity, and in doing so may expressly or impliedly reject a claim that a party might successfully have asserted in a judicial action." (Sapp v. Barenfeld (1949) 34 Cal.2d 515, 523, 212 P.2d 233, 239.)
Plaintiffs are asking us to vacate the award of the arbitrator giving judgment in favor of defendants on the ground that the arbitrator erred in interpreting Penal Code section 636 as proscribing electronic recording of a suspect's jailhouse communications to his lawyer only if the communication comes within the ambit of the lawyer-client privilege. As we shall point out, we are not free, however, to assess the validity of plaintiffs' claim of error on this appeal. To do so would transgress the limitations placed upon the appellate courts in reviewing an arbitration award.
Only "(a) limited form of judicial review of arbitration awards is provided by statute." (Lehto, supra, 69 Cal.App.3d 933, 939, 138 Cal.Rptr. 419, 422.) The only grounds upon which a court trial or appellate may vacate an arbitration award are set forth in Code of Civil Procedure section 1286.2.7 It is to be noted that an error of law made by an arbitrator is not a ground specified in Code of Civil Procedure section 1286.2 for vacating an arbitrator's award.
After delineating the special grounds for vacating an arbitration award provided by Code of Civil Procedure section 1286.2, one court concluded with this statement of what courts may Not do: "Otherwise courts may not interfere with arbitration awards. Courts may not examine the merits of the controversy, the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the award, or the reasoning supporting the decision. (Citation). A court may not set aside an arbitration award even if the arbitrator made an error in law or fact. (Citations.)" (Santa Clara-San Benito etc. Elec. Contractors' Assn. v. Local Union No. 332 (1974) 40 Cal.App.3d 431, 437, 114 Cal.Rptr. 909, 912.) (Emphasis added.)
The decisional law has consistently explained the limited judicial review of an arbitrator's award. "Although the court may vacate an award if it determines that '(t)he arbitrators exceeded their powers . . . ' it may not substitute its judgment for that of the arbitrators. (P) Arbitrators can apply both legal and equitable principles in deciding the ultimate issue submitted to them." (Morris v. Zuckerman (1968) 69 Cal.2d 686, 691, 72 Cal.Rptr. 880, 884, 446 P.2d 1000, 1004.) And, in the same vein, it has been said: "Grounds for vacation of an arbitration are strictly limited by statute (Code Civ.Proc., s 1286.2). Moreover, 'erroneous reasoning will not invalidate an otherwise proper award.' Every intendment of validity must be given the award and doubts must be resolved in its favor." (American & Nat. etc. Baseball Clubs v. Major League Baseball Players Assn. (1976) 59 Cal.App.3d 493, 498, 130 Cal.Rptr. 626, 628.)
Although it has been suggested that an award of an arbitrator may be set aside for an "eggregious error of law," the suggestion has been rejected as "contrary to the weight of precedent" (State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Guleserian (1972) 28 Cal.App.3d 397, 402, 104 Cal.Rptr. 683, 687), in light of the accepted principle that "(i)n California the applicable rule is that an arbitrator may make a binding award which a court is required to enforce, even though the award conflicts with substantive law, . . . " (Pacific Automobile Ins. Co. v. Lang (1968) 265 Cal.App.2d 837, 841, 71 Cal.Rptr. 637, 639.)
In the case at bench, the parties in their written stipulation agreed in advance to a judgment that would confirm the arbitrator's award. This is different from the usual procedure set forth in Code of Civil Procedure section 1285 which authorizes a party to an arbitration to petition the court to confirm or vacate the award, and Code of Civil Procedure section 1287.4, which provides that "(i)f an award is confirmed, judgment shall be entered in conformity therewith." However, we see no defect in the advance stipulation for judgment to be entered in conformity with what ever award the arbitrator makes. Such a stipulation does not change the basic agreement to have the controversy governed by the arbitration provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure rather than the regular trial provisions.
We conclude, therefore, that, on this appeal from a judgment confirming an arbitration award, we are unable to comply with the desires of the parties and make and independent interpretation of Penal Code section 636. We express no opinion, therefore, on the question of whether the arbitrator was correct in concluding that Penal Code section 636 applies solely to the nonconsensual electronic recording of jailhouse Privileged conversations between a suspect and his lawyer. As we have pointed out, even if an arbitrator's award has resulted from a clear case of an Error of law, made by the arbitrator, such an error cannot be reached on appeal from a judgment confirming the award.
In the parties' stipulation, it was provided that "(a)ny Judgment so entered is a final and appealable judgment." Perhaps the parties believed that this stipulation would permit of an appellate review of the judgment consistent with the review of a judgment rendered by a court following a regular judicial trial. But we know of no rule of law that would sanction such a hybrid result a trial by arbitration but an appeal from a judgment confirming an award not subject to the usual limitations on review of an arbitrator's award.
1. The section is the concluding section of Chapter 1.5 of the Penal Code, the California Invasion of Privacy Act.
2. Pursuant to the provisions of rule 12(a) of California Rules of Court, we have, on our own motion, augmented the record by having transmitted to us the superior court file containing the written stipulation executed by the parties.
3. Code of Civil Procedure section 1287.4 provides: "If an award is confirmed, judgment shall be entered in conformity therewith. The judgment so entered has the same force and effect as, and is subject to all the provisions of law relating to, a judgment in a civil action; and it may be enforced like any other judgment of the court in which it is entered."
4. A transcript of the tape recording was made available to the trial court, and is part of our record on appeal. A substantial portion of it consisted of the fragmented and incoherent utterances of the still intoxicated Griffin, who was mainly interested in expressing, in very profane terms, his extreme displeasure with his spouse.The transcript clearly shows that Morrow was present in the room during the transcription period and did, on occasion, participate in the Griffin-Lindholm conversation.
5. The Penal Code sections which make up Chapter 1.5 are sections 630 to 637.3.
6. The lawyer-client privilege applies only to a confidential communication between client and lawyer. Evidence Code section 952 limits the concept of a confidential communication to "information transmitted between a client and his lawyer in the course of that relationship and in confidence by a means which, so far as the client is aware, discloses the information to no third persons other than those who are present to further the interest of the client in the consultation . . . ."
7. Code of Civil Procedure section 1286.2 provides that an arbitrator's award may be vacated upon a determination "that: (P) (a) The award was procured by corruption, fraud or other undue means; (P) (b) There was corruption in any of the arbitrators; (P) (c) The rights of such party were substantially prejudiced by misconduct of a neutral arbitrator; (P) (d) The arbitrators exceeded their powers and the award cannot be corrected without affecting the merits of the decision upon the controversy submitted; or (P) (e) The rights of such party were substantially prejudiced by the refusal of the arbitrators to postpone the hearing upon sufficient cause being shown therefor or by the refusal of the arbitrators to hear evidence material to the controversy or by other conduct of the arbitrators contrary to the provisions of this title."
JEFFERSON, Associate Justice.
FILES, P. J., and ALARCON, J., concur.


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How was my sabbatical?
There's no way being given two months away from the responsibilities and pressures of ministry for two months isn't an incredible gift. It's an amazing privilege that I'm aware few people ever receive the benefit of in a lifetime, even amongst ministers. Megan has already said it, but it's bears some repeating: we are so grateful to staff, the congregation, elders, and especially Pastor Mark for letting us do this. How was my sabbatical? Without a doubt, good.
And yet—there's no way that simple of an answer could suffice. As people have asked me about it, I've become aware that everybody has different expectations about what a two-month sabbatical could or should look like. Is it full of travel and relaxation? Is it two months of sleeping in and lounging around in pajamas? Is it an opportunity to study, to bury myself in books and research? To pray and retreat? And because of those differing expectations, I sometimes feel, ironically, that my sabbatical (which literally means a time of rest), should have produced something. Anything. More productivity at work; a profound new theological understanding; a mountaintop experience. Something!
Time will tell what will come of this sabbatical, but what surprised me about these past two months is that it was more like a spiritual winter than a spiritual summer. If I was supposed to be productive in some way, instead I felt like a tree shedding its leaves so that the Master Gardener could get at my branches to prune them. Don't get me wrong, sleeping in, traveling, retreat, reading—all those things were indeed part of my sabbatical. It's not like I shut myself in a cave for two months, feeding on scraps of bread. But in the midst of retreating from the regular course of things God wanted to explore some parts of my heart I didn't know needed exploring. It's probably too early to say, but if there was a "something" my sabbatical produced, it was a winnowing.
How was my sabbatical? Good, with all the richness and layered meaning that word can hold.
P.S. — You might have heard the sad news that Tan Jenkins, Chapel Hill member and Young Families Coordinator in the Early Childhood department, died on December 21 after a brave fight with cancer. We are heartbroken and our prayers are with Tan's family, particularly her husband Craig, as well as their children, Noel and Ben. At the same time we celebrate that her battle is over, she is free from pain, and that she is touching the face of Jesus at this very moment. To celebrate her life, you are invited to attend a memorial service on Saturday, January 4, at 1:00 pm in the Sanctuary. Craig tells us Tan's favorite color was green, so we are encouraging everyone attending the memorial service to wear something green. We'll see you there as we say farewell and give God thanks for the opportunity we had to know Tan.
Our daughter is launched!
How to finish well
How to build living faith in the next generation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Recently, Chris Werry (CAA's new representative for the Takapuna-Deonport local board area) and I started up a new group for people who enjoy cycling in Devonport. We based the idea on the very successful Bike Te Atatu group and so, inevitably, it is called Bike Devonport.
We realise this isn't a very inclusive name for people in Takapuna, Milford or Sunnynook but we couldn't think of a more inclusive name and Devonport is a well known and strong cycling area.
If you would be interested in getting involved in Bike Devonport, whether you live in the area or not, please join up via Bike Devonport's Facebook page.
The group is very much focussed on cycling as a transport option and in particular to make cycling a safe and fun option for children. We want to see cycling as an option for the 8-80 demographic.
One of the first projects we are hoping to get support on is the micro projects initiative. Chris has already presented to the Local Board on this and has received a very positive response. The idea is to identify cheap and easy improvements to the street environment in the Takapuna-Devonport area that would encourage cycling. These are not intended to be major changes but ones that could be actioned on the next street refresh or maintenance round by Auckland Transport with some extra cost.
Please join the group and support cycling as a safe and convenient option.


Whether for a single family home, full subdivisions, or commercial developments - Land Development has been a mainstay of the Gary Davis Group for over 20 years. We understand the critical aspects of schedule, agency processing, efficient design, and communication related to all private development. Using this foundation, our project management - from initial concept through approvals, design and construction - has been the basis for a long list of repeat clients and successful projects.
Every project, from the seemingly small utilitarian, to projects which impact society for generations to come, must work within its defined scope, schedule, and budget to be a success in meeting its purpose. In the Lake Tahoe-Truckee Region, these same projects must also preserve the health, beauty and future of a treasure of nature. Gary Davis Group has provided Civil Engineering services for all types of commercial projects ranging from large grocery stores, airport facilities, ski resorts and hotels.
The overall success of projects is absolutely dependent on development plans being well thought out from the beginning, and then properly managed through the agency review and approval process. The Gary Davis Group has over twenty years experience in leading and/or assisting in the development of conceptual plans, preparing initial project applications and documents necessary for environmental review and approval by local, state and federal agencies of jurisdiction, for all types of development projects.
Best Management Practices (BMP's) are now a part of every project regardless of location. Water Quality and Clarity impacts on Lake Tahoe have become a focal point and the basis for some of the tightest regulations in the country. GDG has been successfully working in this highly regulated environment for 20 years, and is able to apply our experience on all projects, whether in the basin or elsewhere. We have certified QSD's and QSP's on staff to develop SWPPP's during the design phase or implement them during construction.


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Current: Response to Rep. Jason Lewis: Focus …
Response to Rep. Jason Lewis: Focus on Facts, Not Spin
By Planned Parenthood Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota Action Fund, Inc. | July 14, 2017, 7 p.m.
On Thursday, July 13, 2017, Rep. Jason Lewis (MN02) published an op-ed in the Pioneer Press calling for drastic Medicaid cuts that would put the health and well-being of millions of Americans in jeopardy. Let's get a few things straight and focus on facts, not spin.
FACT: The plan Rep. Lewis supports would "defund" Planned Parenthood and could roll-back ACA regulations requiring contraceptives and other preventive services to be covered at no out-of-pocket cost. This plan would make it harder to prevent unintended pregnancy, harder to have a healthy pregnancy, and harder to raise a family.
FACT: The plan that Rep. Lewis supports jeopardizes health care coverage for 23 million Americans, including 1.2 million low-income Minnesotans who rely on Medicaid for their health care coverage.
FACT: Rep. Lewis voted to defund Planned Parenthood and to risk access to life-saving cancer screenings, contraceptives, annual exams, and STD testing and treatment. The so-called "reform" he is calling for would gut essential health care for women. If Planned Parenthood were "defunded," 4,976 of constituents in Rep. Lewis' district would immediately lose access to their provider of their choice for life-saving cancer screenings, birth control, annual exams, STD testing and treatment, and more.
FACT: Rep. Lewis supports plans that would fail Minnesotan women and families by rolling back or eliminating access to services and insurance options.
The ACA was the single greatest advancement for women's health in a generation. Thanks to the Affordable Care Act (ACA), Minnesota cut its uninsured rate in half, with 96% of Minnesotans now having health insurance.
Prior to the ACA, 20% of all women, and 48% of low-income women, put off or postponed preventive services due to cost concerns.
With the ACA's requirement that preventive services are covered at no cost to patients, women can now access a full range of contraceptives, treat STDs and get routine cancer screenings without fear of high out-of-pocket costs.
FACT: 15% of Minnesota women rely on Medicaid. Low income Minnesotans, Minnesotans of color, and Minnesotans who live in rural areas — people who make up the majority of Planned Parenthood's patients – would be disproportionately impacted by the "reforms" supported by Rep. Lewis.
FACT: Planned Parenthood is the nation's leading reproductive health care provider and advocate—that's why the majority of Minnesotans, and the majority of Americans, support Planned Parenthood.
Minnesotans don't want to see Planned Parenthood defunded by the state or federal government: 69% of Minnesotans want to see funding for the family planning and contraceptive services Planned Parenthood provides stay the same or increase.
Nationally, 71% of Americans support the ACA's requirement that health insurance plans cover the full cost of birth control.
Tags: minnesota, Jason Lewis
Tell Rep. Lewis to stand with Planned Parenthood.
Call Rep. Lewis now and tell him to stand with Planned Parenthood. Tell him you're a part of the overwhelming majority that opposes defunding care at Planned Parenthood health centers. Tell him you're ready to fight like hell to protect reproductive health and rights in this country. Tell him you stand with Planned Parenthood and expect him to as well.


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Opinion: Yushchenko looses his Orange Revolution cool
MOSCOW, July 27 (RIA Novosti political commentator Peter Lavelle) - Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko's acrimonious exchange with a journalist this week is a very telling reflection of Ukraine's troubled Orange Revolution.
When challenged on his son's spending habits and lifestyle, Yushchenko launched into a diatribe that was defiant, at times confused, and directionless.
We may never really know what Yushchenko was thinking when a journalist from Ukrainska Pravda said he wanted to ask a question that "has to do with a much-talked-about issue these days. It's about the president's son - what car he is driving, and other quite expensive items [is he using]? The question has to do with morality - is it moral to use such things in such a country?" Yushchenko could have and probably should have politely declined to answer, citing family privacy. Instead, his aggressive reply touched upon more than the defense of his son - it spoke volumes about the state of the Orange Revolution.
Yushchenko was once the darling of Ukraine's free media. Those days appear to be over. When asked a hard or awkward question, Yushchenko instructed the journalist to "act as an honest journalist and not as a contract killer" and said "let me tell you, friends, such...[questions] should be humiliating for an honest journalist." Some of his strongest supporters during last year's protracted presidential election were in media, particularly journalists at Ukrainska Pravda. Yushchenko now likens some journalists to retired thugs from the security forces.
Many journalists are irresponsible, but Yushchenko's contemptuous attitude only encourages the irresponsible ones and disappoints those who are professional. The Orange Revolution sought to open the government and make it accountable to the public. Yushchenko's comments prove he not up to standard. In fact, his behavior in this case was reminiscent of his predecessor Leonid Kuchma's arrogant treatment of the media.
Yushchenko has also demonstrated that he is touchy about the issue of corruption, particularly allegations of personal wrongdoing. When directly asked about his son's spending habits and lifestyle, Yushchenko proceeded to talk about himself first, "You know, I have lived my life witnessing how people would remain at their posts for half a year and then have to go to prison, usually because these people would steal. My professional life has been in this environment and in this system; many of my colleagues are not there any longer or are still in prison."
Yushchenko's comments amount to an admission of how little has been done to deal with corrupt state officials since the Orange Revolution. Yushchenko and his family may not be corrupt, but there is an acute public awareness that state officials continue to live well at the state's expense. Yet again, the Orange Revolution has not lived up to its promise.
While defending his son, Yushchenko rattled off a rant about personal safety. "Son, I can only help you with one [piece of] advice - learn to protect yourself! Learn to protect yourself!" Yushchenko also responded to rumors that his son is protected by private bodyguards. It is not surprising that Yushchenko is very sensitive about personal safety after being poisoned during last year's presidential campaign.
However, the warning says a lot about Yushchenko's current political predicament. Often at odds with Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko over administrative and economic policies, Yushchenko will soon cede to her many of his presidential powers. Tymoshenko is a political rival and with parliamentary elections slated for March 2006, Yushchenko is finding that he has poorly protected his political options, future ambitions and legacy.
Yushchenko's outburst released an enormous sense of frustration, the same frustration many Ukrainians feel demanding justice for murdered journalist Georgy Gongadze. At the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland in January, Yushchenko promised that the Gongadze case would go to court by May. This has not happened yet and is very unlikely to happen any time soon given the collective resistance within the security forces to move on the case. The failure to finally close the Gongadze case will seriously damage the legitimacy of those who came to power through the Orange Revolution.
Maybe Yushchenko simply was having a bad day and being forced to defend his son in public sent him reeling. Nonetheless, he revealed in the most vivid way what frustrates him and what has become of the once glorious Orange Revolution.
The opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and may not necessarily represent the opinions of the editorial board.


Volatile, or essential oils are the odorous principles found in various plants and plant parts. Essential oils comprise the volatile, distillable or expressable fraction responsible for the characteristic odour found in many plants, and are mainly terpenoid in nature, though other classes of chemical substances may be present along with terpenes.
Depending on the plant family, they may occur in specialised secretory structures, such as glandular trychomes (Labiatae), modified parenchymal cells (Piperaceae), oil tubes called vittae (Umbelliferae) or in lysigeneous or schizogeneous cavities and passages (Pinaceae, Rutaceae) in the plant. Even though not enough is known about these oil secretory structures to carefully categorize them, from a practical stand point they can be divided into superficial and subcutaneous oils, and based on currently known information, it seems safe to say, that oils of the Labiatae, Verbenaceae and Geraniaceae are the only superficial oils known, while the others should be considered subcutaneous. For example, if you rub a thyme bush or a sage leaf slightly, you can smell the scent immediately and strong. That is, because the essential oil is contained in glandular hairs, trychomes, which you disrupt by touching.
A Bay laurel leaf or a myrtle leave, however, only reveals its scent when you crush the leaves, as the volatile oil is contained in oil cells within the leaf.
Volatile oils are generally mixtures of non polar mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and their polar oxygenated derivatives, like alcohols, acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones. Diterpenes are found in a few essential oils.
In some oils, the hydrocarbons predominate, while others are mainly composed of oxygenated compounds. The scent and taste of volatile oils is mainly determined by these oxygenated constituents, and even though the non- polar hydrocarbons might be present in the largest proportions, the former, along with Nitrogen containing compounds are mainly responsible for the characteristic aroma associated with a specific essential oil.
Sesquiterpenes are generally higher boiling and less volatile, however, they are an essential part of most volatile oils, subtly influencing the scent. Most oils have one to several major components, which impart the characteristic feature of the odor, but the many minor constituents play a very important part in the final product.
Essential oils can be composed of hundreds of different compounds.
Essential Oil production has in 1984 been estimated to be ca 45000 tonnes yearly. 15 products, however, account for approximately 90% of the total production, these being of the citrus family, the mints, Cymbopogon (Lemongrass, citronella) species, Eucalyptus species, lavender, clove, Litsea cubeba, sassafras, patchouli and Osmanthus. 65% of the world production stems from perennial woody species, the remaining originate from mostly cultivated herbaceous plants. Less than 1000 tonnes are obtained from plants collected in the Wild.
Generally, more than 95% of all essential oils produced worldwide are produced for the flavor, fragrance and toiletry industry.
Most natural essential oils are obtained by hydrodistillation of the plant material, however, some fragrance materials from especially flowers (jasmine, violet) are obtained by solvent extraction, and the citrus peel oils are mainly obtained by simple expression.
There are several factors influencing the yield and composition of any given oil. Apart from the plant's infra-specific variation, genotype and ontogeny, there are also several extrinsic, geographical and environmental factors influencing yield and composition, such as climate, rainfall, soil and the like However, oils found in secretory ducts, formed on roots, seeds and fruits, are least affected by these extrinsic factors, as oils produced by plants bearing these type of oil glands vary less from one season to another, and that it can be stated, that all seed planted, non vegetatively reproduced plants possess a higher degree of variability in essential oil content and composition.
On the other hand, also the harvesting, storing and processing of the material can have substantial influence. It is important to find the optimal conditions for each essential oil producing plant with respect to the desired product. Most of the techniques employed in the extraction process have a significant effect on the final composition of the product obtained. The degree of comminution, the amount of herb in the distillation vessel, extraction time, hydrolysis and decomposition of herb components and compositional changes during distillation are all aspects of the distillation process which deserve particular attention.
The use of essential oils in religious rituals, as perfumes and therapeutic agents, dates back to ancient times, and is well documented from then, through the middle ages until the 19th century. Single chemicals, as we have today were not known. Even though the invention of distillation used to be attributed to the Arabs, only 1000 years ago, today we know, that historically, the first record of distillation took place in the Indus Valley, now Pakistan, around 5000 years ago, where a terracotta still was found, revealing traces of a volatile oil. Though the earliest uses of fragrance compounds involved religious rites, this practise introduced the concept of disinfection, cleaning and refreshing the air surrounding a sick person. In many cases, recent findings on essential oils biological activity are compatible with the reported traditional uses. Especially the anti microbial and anti inflammatory activity of a wide range of essential oils is well documented.
Today natural essential oils are used increasingly as natural food flavours, meeting the growing consumer demand for natural additives in food products, and in quickly expanding phytotherapeutic systems, called aromatherapy, or aromatic medicine, while their use in perfumery today is limited, due to the increasing competition with synthetic substitutes.
Regarding the therapeutic uses of essential oils, the antimicrobal activity has already been mentioned. Essential oils are often used to treat coughs and unspecific irritations of the respiratory tract, and in clinical tests the secretolytic and secretomotoric effect of several essential oils were clearly demonstrated. Another use of essential oils is in the stimulation or tranquilization of the nervous system. This quasi thymo-leptic activity can be used to influence the psychic state of people. Anxiolytic (against phobias), spasmolytic, sedative and tranquilizing properties can be attributed to these essential oils and their components, and another modern use of fragrance materials is in the control, regulation or suppression of the appetite of overweight people.
Oils with hyperaemic properties cause a better bloodcirculation not only in the skin, but also influencing the inner organs due to a vasodilatory activity, and many oils have appetite stimulating, choleretic, cholekinetic and carminative properties- also as spices in the food. Some essential oils increase the secretion in the stomach and intestines, others stimulate the liver or gall bladder. Perhaps surprisingly, hormone like activity is wide spread in the plant kingdom. Trans-Anethole for example, is related to estrone methyl ether, a chemical with estrogenic properties found in several plants. Polymerised anethole seems to stimulate lactation, even though the hormone like action of this compound, as well as anise oil and fennel oil, demonstrated in rodents is relatively weak.
Certain oils exhibit an antifungal activity at lower concentrations than commercial fungicides.
There have been a number of attempts to identify which functional groups or spatial configurations of oil components which are responsible for these actions, for example it was found that the cis-figuration around a double bond conferred greater anti microbial activity than the trans-figuration, however, the mechanism of action of the oil components is usually poorly understood.
Essential oils in general exhibit low mammalian toxicity, and undesirable side effects have been observed mainly on mis-use of such oils for abortion, accidental swallowing by children or on application in excessive doses.
However, the internal use of essential oils should always be supervised by a health professional. The external use of essential oils, properly diluted and applied externally as in massage oils, does not generally provide any health concerns, and can be used safely even by lay persons.


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Addressing Child Protection through Child-friendly Accountability
On September 19, at Scandinavia House in New York City, Equity for Children joined ChildFund Alliance, a co-member of the Global Coalition to End Child Poverty, as they provided an update on their Child-friendly Accountability initiative one year on. Child-friendly accountability focuses on giving children a voice to identify problems and solutions in their societies. Exactly one year ago ChildFund Alliance introduced their methodology and in the past year have seen tremendous success in the four countries where they have implemented their pilot programs; Mexico, India, Paraguay, and Vietnam.
Meg Gardinier, the Secretary General of ChildFund Alliance spoke about the ways in which the organization had sought to incorporate lessons learned over the course of the year since the inauguration of the initiative last year. "When we look at the paradigm on children's rights it starts with survival, goes to development, then to protection, and then to participation." What ChildFund Alliance has found is that big strides have been made in terms of children's survival, development, and even protection. But as Gardinier explained, "the toughest has always been participation because it is linked to how cultures view children." To transform these negative social norms the alliance is focusing on a two-pronged approach of giving children the skill and opportunities to engage in the community to implement Sustainable Development Goal 16.2 to end all violence against children.
A distinguished group of speakers followed to talk more specifically about what ChildFund Alliance is doing with their pilot programs, the next steps of the 2017-18 country roll-out plans, and the vital link of child protection and child participation. One of the biggest highlights of the day, however, was hearing from Mexico pilot program participant and elected representative, 16-year old Cristal Marcos (pictured here). While unfortunately she was not able to attend the event in person, her words were particularly powerful. Cristal spoke about the need to implement Child-friendly Accountability and her personal insight and experience with the pilot project in Mexico.
Watch the video of the event in its entirety here.
Photos: Childfund Alliance
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text:
Tarteletto-Isorex ist ein belgisches Radsportteam mit Sitz in Serskamp.

Die Mannschaft wurde 2011 gegründet und nahm unter dem Namen Colba-Mercury als Continental Team an den UCI Continental Circuits teil. Manager ist Peter Bauwens, der von dem Sportlichen Leiter David Baudson unterstützt wird. 2014 wurde das Team nicht bei der UCI registriert, ist aber seit 2015 wieder als Continental Team unterwegs.

Mannschaft 2023

Erfolge
2023

2022

Saison 2021

Saison 2020

Saison 2019

Saison 2018

Saison 2017

Saison 2011 bis 2016
 Superano Ham-Isorex/Saison 2016
 Colba-Superano Ham/Saison 2015
 Colba-Superano Ham/Saison 2013
 Colba-Superano Ham/Saison 2012
 Colba-Mercury/Saison 2011

Platzierungen in UCI-Ranglisten
UCI-Weltrangliste

UCI Asia Tour

UCI Europe Tour

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

  UCI-Teamdatenbank

UCI Continental Team
Radsportteam in Belgien
Wichelen
Sport (Provinz Ostflandern)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Molecomb Corner is the most challenging of turns on the famous Goodwood Festival of Speed course. Go straight on here and you will descend gently into a valley where pheasants cluck, rabbits run riot and sheep stare soporifically into the distance. It is a quintessentially English scene, a quiet corner of a Dukedom.
A man and his dogs are heading home for tea. He walks slowly, pausing to gaze at the first green shoots of spring. This is Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, His Grace the 10th Duke of Richmond, Duke of Lennox, 5th Duke of Gordon and Duke of Aubigny. He is also a chartered accountant and chairman of the Goodwood Group of Companies.
The family has glamorous, rather racy origins. Charles Lennox, the 1st Duke of Richmond, was the illegitimate son of Charles II and his beautiful French mistress Louise de Kerouaille. At the king's demise, she was given two chateaux and some land at Aubigny in France by Louis XIV in appreciation of her alleged spying activities in the court of King Charles.
The heart and soul of the estate is Goodwood House, a feast for the eyes both inside and out. The original Jacobean house, built in 1697, was later developed by the 3rd Duke with the help of architect James Wyatt. A Palladian-style south wing was added in the 18th century as well as the round towers with their copper-covered domes.
Inside the house is a magnificent collection of paintings, furniture, porcelain and tapestries. This veritable treasure trove includes portraits by Van Dyck, Reynolds, and Romney – many of these on the walls of the splendid Regency ballroom. Goodwood is famous for its set of paintings of the Duke's horses by George Stubbs and priceless paintings by Canaletto of the Duke's London home at Richmond.
Walking through the house, you will find beautiful 18th-century French furniture in the Yellow Drawing Room while in the Card Room is a unique collection of Sèvres porcelain, much of it bought straight from the factory by the Duke when he was ambassador in Paris in 1765. In the old Jacobean part of the house are the Gobelin tapestries, a gift from King Louis XV who, it is said, ordered too many for his own country home. Don't miss the recently restored Egyptian dining room with its ornamental cobras, scarabs and crocodiles.
One of this Duke's great passions is horse racing and in the 1980s he completely modernised the famous racecourse, building new grandstands.
The Duke is proud, too, of his connections with horse racing in the USA. Goodwood has a twinning arrangement with the Oak Tree Racing Association at Santa Anita Park in Los Angeles. Trips to the sunshine of California have proved to be popular with even the most traditional of members.
During the last 15 years the Duke's son, the Earl of March, has energetically taken the baton from his father, forcefully pushing the Goodwood estate into the 21st century. The man who will be the 11th Duke has established two world famous motor sport events, the Festival of Speed and the Revival, inheriting a passion for cars from his grandfather. The renaissance of the motor circuit, founded by his grandfather in 1948, is his most spectacular achievement to date. He has also restored Goodwood House to its original Regency splendour.
Modest, charming, and very shrewd, the 10th Duke of Richmond has made a huge contribution to the stability of this great English country estate. He was the right man at the right time. The next 300 years will bring their own new challenges.


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Canonical exegesis, which insists that individual biblical texts be read in the light of the whole canon, has restored the Church's original sense that these texts form a single "book" that tells of God's plan for humanity revealed in Jesus Christ. In other words, this school of exegesis has returned us to the guiding assumptions of the earliest Christian interpreters—namely, that there is a unified, "grand narra- tive" to the Bible.Acknowledging that, however, the question then becomes: how do we best characterize that narrative; what does the Bible, taken as a whole, intend to tell us? Christopher Wright has written a big book that seeks to answer that question in two words—missio Dei,the mission of God.For Wright, the Bible tells the story of God's mission in history. What is that mission? To bestow his divine blessing on the nations of the world through a people he elected and called to be his special possession—first, Israel, and later the "new Israel," the Church.
This is not a book that seeks to articulate the biblical foundations of the Church's mission to evangelize the world. It is rather something more ambitious—a "missional hermeneutic of the Bible." Wright proposes that the divine mission of blessing is the hermeneutical key for understanding and interpreting the content and unity of Scripture. Thus, he uses this divine mission as the interpretativematrix through which to look at such foundational biblical themes as monotheism, creation, humanity, election, covenant, ethics, and future hope.Wright roots his "missiological hermeneutic" in the foundational preaching of the New Testament Church. He calls attention to Jesus' own post-resurrection interpretation of "everything written about me in the law of Moses and the proph- ets and the psalms"—that is, in the entire Old Testament. "Thus is written," Jesus said, not only that the Messiah would suffer and rise, but that repentance would be preached in his name "to all the nations" (Luke 24:44–47). St. Paul, too, in his speech to King Agrippa, likewise reads the Old Testament as foretelling a mission to the nations: "The prophets and Moses said that the Christ would 'proclaim light both to the people [Israel] and to the Gentiles'" (Acts 26:22–23).
Following the teaching of Jesus, the New Testament Church read the Old Testament as proclaiming the universal mission of God, according to Wright. At theheart of that divine mission is the call of Abraham and the subsequent Abrahamic covenants, which promise that through Abraham's seed the families of the earth shall be blessed. In his close reading of the Abrahamic materials, Wright helps us to hear an original hermeneutic of the New Testament writers, who believed the Gospel was "preached … beforehand to Abraham" (Gal. 3:8). Wright draws subtle canonical connections between the account of Abraham's call in Genesis 12 and the primordial history that goes before it in Genesis 1–11, underlining the "new creation" that Abraham represents.
In the resurrection of the Messiah, the promised restoration of David's kingdom and rebuilding of the Temple had also taken place. But since the Davidic Messiah would be king for all na- tions, and the Davidic Temple would be a house of prayer for all nations, the restoration of these things must now move forward to their appointed purpose—the ingathering of the nations as the subjects of his kingdom and the stones in his Temple. The resurrection of Jesus is not just the fulfillment of [the] words of David in the psalms, it is also the restoration of the reign and Temple of David, no longer for ethnic Israel only but for all nations.
Wright also senses that there is a liturgical consummation to the Scripture's grand narrative, marshalling a copious array of Scriptures that speak of all the nations worshipping the God of Israel.
Ultimately, however, Wright's interpretative framework does not provide the full explanatory power that it might. One can agree that themissio Dei—what St. Irenaeus and other early interpreters called the "economy of salvation"—forms the narrative of Scripture. And Wright helps us to see that the mission of God, his plan of salvation, is a plan for the blessing of the nations. But Wright does not provide an adequate explanation of either the nature of the blessing that God seeksto bestow on the nations or how he intends that blessing to be communicated to all the families of the world.
The New Testament answer would seem to be clear. St. Paul and St. John speak of the blessing in terms of divine filiation—eternal life as children of God and heirs of Abraham. Believers receive this blessing through the sacramental economy of the Church, that is, through baptism and the Eucharist. The Word of the Gospel is intended to culminate in the sacrament by which the Word is actual- ized in the life of the believer. This is what Christ commanded and this is what we see the apostolic Church doing over and over again: preaching the Gospel and baptizing those who repent and believe in the Gospel. By this movement of Word and sacrament, they are made children of God and incorporated into the Church, the "new Israel," described as the family or household of God and entrusted with carrying out the mission of God until the end of the age.
Wright, who is the author of the very helpfulKnowing Jesus through the Old Testament(1995), here too displays his impressive command of biblical motifs andintertextual connections. Yet perhaps because of Wright's own evangelical presup- positions, he never provides a coherent explanation of the identity of the Church, its relation to the kingdom preached by Jesus, or the relation of the Church to the divine mission. It is also to be regretted that not once in this more than 500-page book does he discuss baptism, the Eucharist, or the sacramental economy.
Along the way, in a measured, non-polemical fashion, Nichols takes up hot- button scholarly issues such as the hypothesis that the Bible's first five books, the Pentateuch, had four original "sources": J (the Yahwist writer), E (the Elohist), D (the Deuteronomist), and P (the Priestly).
Nichols believes that "the messianic hope, broadly conceived," is the unify- ing theme of the Old and New Testaments. And his treatment of this theme is marked by a timely retrieval of the underappreciated twentieth-century Anglican,A. G. Herbert, especially his book,The Throne of David: A Study of the Fulfillment of the Old Testament in Jesus Christ and his Church(1941).
The messianic hope that animates the Bible is expressed in various biblical subthemes. Nichols studies these: the gift of the Spirit, the restoration of Paradise, the faithful remnant of the people, the bride of the Lord, the new covenant, the servant of the Lord, the Son of David, the new Temple, and the homecoming to Mount Zion. He is especially strong in identifying God's "universalist" intentions in the election of Israel and the influence of this universal mission on the self-un- derstanding of the New Testament Church.
Adam's sleep, Noah and the flood, the sacrifice of Isaac, and the Exodus. Nichols then provides chapter-length studies of St. Augustine's exegesis of Genesis, St. Gregory the Great's reading of the Book of Job; Origen's interpretation of the Song of Songs; and Thomas Aquinas' rendering of the Torah.
The fundamental promise-fulfillment format of the Bible is why the kind of exegesis we call "typological" best befits its unique genius. That is something recognized within Scripture itself, since in the Old Testament the prophets interpret typologically the founding events of the history of Israel, and in the New Testament, the various inspired writers interpret typologically both the ancient Old Testament history and the comments on that history made by the writing prophets. The Fathers of the Church will continue this typological reading of the Bible, which was found in the official catechesis taught by the bishops, notably to those preparing for Christian initiation by baptism, chrismation (or confirmation), and first Holy Communion. Indeed, such typological exegesis is the chosen method of un- derstanding Scripture found in the liturgy itself.
Robert Louis Wilken, trans. and ed.
The Book of Isaiah has long been regarded in the Church as a sort of "fifth gospel." Already in the New Testament, we can readily see its importance for un- derstanding the person and mission of Jesus. St. Jerome called Isaiah "an evangelist and apostle" and said his prophecy "contains all the mysteries of the Lord." St. Isidore of Seville was able to create a little book on the life of Christ that was composed entirely of citations from Isaiah.
Wilken has woven a grand catena of Christian commentary and interpretation on the Greek text of Isaiah.
In bringing us the fruits of this interpretative tradition, Wilken presents an English translation of the Septuagint text along with citations of the text in the New Testament and generous selections from the four complete commentaries on Isaiah that survive from antiquity—those of Eusebius, Jerome, St. Cyril of Alexandria, and St. Theodoret of Cyrus. He also gathers shorter reflections on the text by commentators ranging from the well-known, such as Origen, to the relatively obscure likes of Venantius Fortunatus, a seventh-century Latin poet and hymn writer.
"A stone was cut without hands" (Dan. 2:34, 45). … Over the well then, was lying the spiritual stone Christ, concealing in thedepth of the mystery the washing of regeneration that needed much time—one might say a long rope—to bring it to light. And no one was able to move the stone except Israel [Jacob], who signifies the mind that sees God. He draws up the water and also gives drink to the sheep of Rachel. That is, he reveals thehidden mystery and gives water to the flock of the Church.
Elsewhere, Isaiah's reference to "a plan formed of old" (Isa. 25:1) is taken by Cyril of Alexandria to evoke "the mystery of the incarnation" referred to in Ephesians 1:9–10 ("a plan for the fullness of time"). He goes on to read Isaiah's prophecy of the redeemed drinking wine on God's holy mountain (Isa. 25:6, 9–10) as a reference to the Church and the Eucharist.
Wine refers to the mystical oblation, to the unbloody sacrifice which we celebrate in the churches. … For his plan is for all peoples. … They confess that "God will give rest on this moun- tain" (Isa. 25:10). It seems to me that here, mountain refers to the Church, for it is there that one finds rest. For we heard the words of Christ: "Come to me, all who labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest" (Matt. 11:28).
We are witnessing a tremendous period of patristic retrieval and revival. Eerdmans' The Church's Bible series now has volumes on Isaiah, Corinthians, and the Song of Songs. InterVarsity's Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture series has published volumes covering almost all of the biblical canon (to date, all but Psalms 1–50 and Jeremiah and Lamentations). In this volume, Wilken has made an important contribution to that ongoing revival, giving us a treasure trove for future scholarship, prayer, and homiletics.
Cornelius a Lapide, S. J.
Commentary on the Four Gospels, 4 vols.
Cornelius a Lapide, S. J. (1568–1637) is a giant figure in the history of Catholic bibli- cal interpretation. Born in a tiny Catholic enclave in the Calvinist Netherlands in the bloody generation after the Reformation, Lapide grew to be one of the Church's most gifted scholars and spiritual interpreters of the sacred page.
Ordained as a Jesuit priest in 1595, he became a spell-binding lecturer in Scripture and Hebrew, first at Louvain and later at the Roman College. He was known for weaving in topical allusions and references to classical literature, phi- losophy, and history, along with quotations from the Church Fathers and insights into the Greek, Hebrew, and Latin texts. These were also characteristics of his writing, which was nothing short of prodigious. Between 1614 and 1645, Lapide wrote commentaries on every book of Scripture except Job and Psalms.
Yet despite his historical importance, Lapide today is largely unknown. His works have long been out of print and hard to find; many remain untranslated. Loreto Publications has now published the first complete translation of his com- mentaries on the four gospels as the launching point for a planned thirty-volume reissue of Lapide's exegetical writings that will also be made available to subscrib- ers online.
To read Lapide four hundred years later is to enter a nearly forgotten world of biblical interpretation—where there are no clear lines between the historical, the literary, and the spiritual reading of the text; where philosophy, archeology, philology, and even the natural sciences are brought to bear in illuminating the divine meaning of the text.
The dignity, usefulness, and majesty of sacred Scripture are so great that it surpasses the books of all philosophers and theo- logians, among the Hebrew and the Greek and Latin authors, as much as divine wisdom surpasses all human wisdom. For sacred Scripture is the Word of God. It is the very utterance and speech of God, by means of which God enunciates his wisdom to us, and shows us the way to virtue, salvation, and eternal happiness. Wherefore St. Augustine (Epistle3) … as- serts that sacred Scripture is an encyclopedia of all the sciences.
… Sacred Scripture is the art of arts, the science of sciences: it is the Pandora and the encyclopedia of wisdom.
It is clear that the Fathers hold of pride of place for Lapide in his interpreta- tive work. He systematically catalogues all the Fathers' comments on individual verses of Scripture. In places, his commentary recalls the beautiful and rich chain of patristic wisdom found in St. Thomas Aquinas' famousCatena Aurea.Lapide's four-volume work should be a welcome addition to the libraries of scholars and pastors alike.
Jonathan Pennington succeeds in what he sets out to do in this book—to unsettle a long-settled scholarly consensus. From the earliest days, New Testament inter- preters have noticed that Matthew uses different terminology to describe the core of Jesus' preaching. While the other evangelists recount Jesus preaching about the"Kingdom of God," Matthew prefers the term "Kingdom of heaven." In the modern period, scholars are all but agreed that the difference is due to Matthew's sensitivity to his Jewish audience, which supposedly would have expected some reverential circumlocution to avoid pronouncing the divine name.
There have always been holes in this scholarly commonplace. What about the use of the word "God" throughout the rest of the gospels and New Testament, which presumably were also heard and read by Jews? Then there is the fact that Matthew's Jesus does use the expression "Kingdom of God" on four occasions; what explains that inconsistency? Pennington rightly sees that something deeper is going on in Matthew's Gospel.
The proclamation of God's coming is not just the Kingdom of God, it is the Kingdom ofheaven(Matt. 3:2; 4:7; 13:11). The follower of Jesus does not just have God as Father, but as his or her Father inheaven(Matt. 5:16; 6:1; 10:32). The way to practice righteousness (Matt. 6:1) is described in terms of laying upheav- enlytreasures rather than fading earthly rewards (Matt. 6:19–20). The follower of Jesus should call no oneon earthhis father; but only theheavenlyFather (Matt. 23:9). The Christian prayer is for the kingdom of the Fatherin heavento manifest itselfon earth(Matt. 6:9–10). And as the Church awaits the kingdom, they are given doctrinal and ecclesial authorityon earththat receives sanctionfrom heaven(Matt. 16:19; 18:18–19). Over and over again, Jesus' message in Matthew is put in terms of a dualistic heaven and earth contrast.
Pennington makes a good contribution in establishing persuasively that Daniel 2–7 forms the backdrop to both the heaven and earth theme and the "Kingdom of heaven" motif in Matthew. He is not, of course, the first scholar to see the influence of Daniel on Matthew, or even the influence of Daniel on Matthew'sunderstanding of the kingdom; all told, there are more than thirty allusions to the prophetic text in his gospel. But in Pennington's patient analysis, the depth of this influence is made clear. Daniel and Matthew share a preoccupation with heaven (in Daniel 2–7, the word is used twenty-eight times), and both stress the opposition between God's reign in heaven and the reign of the kingdoms of the earth.
Indeed, in Daniel, God is called "the King of heaven" (Dan. 4:37). The prophet foretells the coming of a kingdom on earth to be established forever by "the God of heaven" (Dan. 2:44–45). There are anticipations of the Lord's Prayer, asDaniel looks forward to God's "will" being done in heaven and on earth (Dan. 4:35). Then there is the oft-quoted vision of the Son of Man who is "given dominion andglory and the kingdom" (Dan. 7:13–14).
To build his case, Pennington offers a useful survey of the Kingdom of Godin the Old Testament, the Apocrypha, the Pseudepigrapha, and the documents of the Qumran. While various of these texts interweave the same themes we find in Matthew—heaven, earth, and kingdom—"no text combines and appropriates these themes to the extent and degree that we find in Daniel 2–7," Pennington concludes.
He also makes the interesting observation that the kingdom in Matthew is not understood in abstract terms of God's reign or rule. Rather, Matthew depicts the heavenly kingdom as having "spatial" dimensions as well. While acknowledg- ing that "the ancient notion of heaven as a place is to modern, 'enlightened' scholars either a source of embarrassment or derision," he argues that Matthew clearly believes heaven to be "a dwelling place distinct from the earth"—the site of God's throne (Matt. 5:34) and his angels (18:10; 22:30; 24:36; 28:2).
It is a kingdom which has not its origin in the present earthly order of things, but which comes down to earth from heaven as a new order, molded not after the pattern of this earthly life; a kingdom wherein what hitherto was heavenly and beyond this world is manifested, and to which also the future brings.
One might have hoped for Pennington to explain better the relationship between the heavenly kingdom and the earthly Church in Matthew. Nor does he sufficiently explain the "son of David" and Davidic Kingdom typology in Matthew as it might relate to the heavenly kingdom. But he does help us see how the con- flict between the heavenly kingdom and the earthly rulers begins immediately in Matthew, in the conflict between Herod and Jesus, which established the latter as "the true King of the Jews (and the world)." Pennington also does a good job of relating the Kingdom of heaven with the Church's mission to the nations.
There are quotations from Genesis (Matt. 19:4–5; 22:24), and allusions to the creation in Matthew's description of the Holy Spirit's work (Matt. 1:18–20; 3:16). Matthew's reference to the beloved son (Matt. 3:16) evokes the Abraham and Isaac story (Gen. 22), and there are other references to Abraham as well (Matt. 1:1–2; 3:9; 8:11; 22:32). Sodom (Matt. 10:15), "the days of Noah" (Matt. 24:37), and the Cain and Abel story are considered (compare Gen. 4:1–16; Matt. 5:21–5; 18:21–22; 23:34–36). The darkness of the world at Jesus' death compares to the darkness before the world was created (Matt. 27:54; Gen. 1:2). And as the gospel begins by calling Jesus the son of Abraham, it ends with an allusion to God's covenant promise to Abraham—that in him all the nations of the world would be blessed (Matt. 28:18–19; Gen. 22:18). Finally, there is Matthew's use of the rare termpalin- genesia(19:28: "rebirth," "regeneration") another sign of his concern to depict a new creation.
The prominence of heaven and earth in Genesis 1:1 (and beyond) connects with the heaven and earth theme throughout Matthew, with its climax in 28:19. … It is also very significant that the final five words of Matthew … likewise show his book-ending inten- tions. Reference to "the end of the age" seems clearly to form aninclusiowith both Matthew 1:1 and Genesis 1:1, spanning from the creation to the end. Matthew 1:1 also highlights the role ofAbraham, as does 28:19 with its reference to the Gospel going forth to "all nations." This clearly alludes to Genesis 11–12 and the introduction of Abraham as the one through whom God will bless "all the nations of the earth" (Gen. 12:2–3). This con- nection is very significant because in Genesis God's authorityas creator over heaven and earth (Gen. 1–2) is the basis for his redemptive purpose for all the nations, worked out through the person of Abraham (Gen. 12 and beyond). Matthew's structure shows sensitivity to this redemptive narrative, with its strong theme of heaven and earth throughout, culminating in Jesus' own authority over heaven and earth (God's prerogative in Gen. 1:1)with the result thathis disciples may go and bring the bless- ings of the Gospel to all nations—the purpose and zenith of the process begun in Genesis 1–2. Therefore … there is a good reason to believe that Matthew interwove his gospel with the heaven and earth theme and structured his narrative … to con- nect his own gospel with the larger narrative of Genesis, thereby proclaiming that Jesus is the one in whom God's foundational purposes are consummated.
Modern biblical interpretation is in need of new philosophical and theological foundations. The biblical-exegetical guild in the academy has for too long been dominated by a belief that the Scripture scholar's basic task is limited to re- constructing the historical origins and intentions of individual texts. This job description reflects a set of deep philosophical, epistemological, and historical assumptions—assumptions that mark a radical departure from the original and formative traditions of biblical interpretation in the Church.
At the heart of the problem is a false understanding of history, writes Matthew Levering in his fine new book. Moderns look at history as a linear succes- sion of moments continuing from the past through the present and into the future. In the modern view of history, human intention and action exist autonomously along this continuum, quite apart from any design or plans that God might have. By contrast, the "patristic-medieval" approach, which Levering seeks to retrieve in this book, sees history as a "participatory" project in which we partake of the life of God, through Christ and the sacraments of his Church, as part of the economy of God's on-going self-revelation.
Levering has written an engaging and fair-minded intellectual history which aims to return modern biblical interpretation to its philosophical and theologicalsource in the practice of the Church Fathers and medieval interpreters. The story Levering tells in this copiously annotated book is a familiar one, and he draws effectively from the best of recent scholarship on the rise of modernity, especially Anthony Levi'sRenaissance and Reformation: The Intellectual Genesis, and Louis Dupré'sPassage to ModernityandThe Enlightenment and the Intellectual Foundations of Modern Culture.
He locates the decisive moment in the "nominalist" drift in late medieval metaphysical philosophy. By the fourteenth century, as Levering explains, nominalist ways of the thinking had helped to undermine the patristic-medieval understanding of God's relationship with his human creatures and their history. St. Thomas Aquinas and earlier thinkers had proposed a radical interpenetration of the heavenly design and earthly realities, the divine will and the human will—with the human person created for the "final cause" of finding his or her happi- ness in God, and human history being a "participation" in the salvific plan of God and the very life and presence of God.
The thought of latter day "nominalists," exemplified for Levering by Blessed Duns Scotus, severed this participatory understanding of the divine-human rela- tionship. In effect, a kind of parallel universe was created with a large gulf between heaven and earth—between the plans and purposes of God and the plans and purposes of men and women.
This, in turn, changed the way people read the Bible. As Levering writes, Scripture came to be seen "primarilyas a linear-historical record of dates and places rather than as a providentially governed (revelatory) conversation with God in which the reader, within the sacramental and doctrinal matrix of the Church, is situated." To illustrate this shift, Levering makes a creative narrative move. He traces the history of the interpretation of a single passage of Scripture, John 3:27–36, through ten Catholic interpreters, ranging from the "radically participatory" ex- egesis of Aquinas in the Middle Ages to the exclusively literary and historical read- ing of Raymond Brown, the dominant figure in late twentieth-century Catholic exegesis.
Levering dramatizes a remarkable change in perspective. Aquinas reads the text in a way that reflects his belief that Scripture describes a divine reality that believers experience and participate in through their baptism. Further, his exegesis aims at inviting readers into an ever greater sharing in this trinitarian life of God through what Levering describes as the "transformative movement of deification and eschatology." By Raymond Brown's time, the job of biblical interpretation has been reduced from this kind of sublime cooperation in God's revelation, to a kind of archeological recovery of the text's "historical" meaning, understood as what the text meant for its original first-century a.d. audience. Levering wants to renew Catholic exegesis through reclaiming the approach found in Aquinas and before him in St. Augustine, especially in Augustine'sDe Doctrina Christiana(On Christian Doctrine).
This approach, as Levering synthesizes and explains it, has three prongs. The first is the return to an understanding of history as the locus of our participation in the divine life and in the economy established by God's creative and redemptive work. Second, he wants us to return to an understanding of the interpreter's task as a sharing in the divine pedagogy of "God the Teacher," and a bringing of others into "fellowship" with God through the encounter with Jesus Christ in Scripture (see 1 John 1:2–3). Finally, Levering wants to reaffirm biblical exegesis as an "eccle- sial" task in which the exegete participates in the divine mission of passing on thesacra doctrinaentrusted to the Church. Levering has thus made an important contribution to our understanding of the task of the biblical exegete. And he demonstrates how this approach does not detract from historical and literary study, rather it deepens it.
What can be learned about the ancient Near East, the trans- mission of the texts, and so forth belong to the historicity of sal- vation. The difference is simply that such historical work cannot, in the case of biblical interpretation, exhaust the meaning of the"historical," because we know in faith other realities operating in history—among them, for example, the triune God's creation of the world, the providential shaping of God's people Israel, the working of the Holy Spirit, the divinity of Jesus, the Church as Christ's Mystical Body, the spiritual mediation accomplished by the sacraments, and the eschatological promise of divinization. Without negating historical research into the biblical texts, it is these realities that guide interpretation of the historical mean- ing of Scripture, since these realities enable us to understand the historical aspects in their fullness and with proper perspective.
Levering's argument would be stronger had he offered an account of the inspiration and inerrancy of Scripture. There is no question that he presumes the central importance of inspiration and inerrancy for a true understanding of Scripture, but his theology of interpretation remains incomplete without an explanation of how, in the economy of salvation, the human authors participate with God in the "authorship" of the sacred texts, and what that cooperation means for our reading of Scripture.
One thinks, too, that Levering's account of exegesis and ecclesial authority might benefit from a deeper engagement with the early Church's establishments of apostolic succession, the canon, and the rule of faith (regula fide). And one senses, as well, that his treatment of the task of exegesis is unfinished without any accountof the liturgy and the relationship between the interpretation of Scripture and the sacraments by which the "hearers" of Scripture are brought into fellowship with God. Finally, to fully ground a new theology of biblical interpretation, we need a greater reflection on the relationship of faith and reason and the problems that stem from what Pope Benedict XVI has called "the self-limitation of reason" since the Enlightenment and Kant.
Levering is to be credited, however, with advancing a Catholic approach to Scripture within the broadly ecumenical context of the ongoing public theology debate. There is much to recommend and to think about in this book, which offers an inspiring vision that will hopefully find wide readership in the academy.
The missions of the Son and the Holy Spirit enable the Church to participate in and mediate God's salvificsacra doctrinafor the whole world. … [T]he Church, as Christ's Bride, receives interpretive authority by sharing in Christ's Spirit. Both the Church and the divinely inspired Scripture in the Church are thus "sacramental" realities whose purpose is the salvation of the human race. In the Holy Spirit, Christ the teacher gives his authority to the mediations—the interrelated offices, charisms, and vocations that form his visible Body—in and through which he is efficaciously embodied and proclaimed in the world. Christ has won historically the victory over the principalities and pow- ers; through hisdoctrina,the wisdom that is kenotic love, he frees human beings from the principalities and powers. Exegetes are called to this freedom. It is precisely the christological and pneumatological authority of the Church that allows individual exegetes the freedom of self-dispossession, the confidence that the grace of the Holy Spirit is in charge of the exegesis of the Son.
G. K. Beale and D. A. Carson, eds.
G. K. Beale and D. A. Carson have assembled a superb team of Protestant exegetes to produce this unique commentary that sets itself to the task of analyzing every Old Testament citation and probable allusion in each book of the New Testament. In addition, contributors have provided extensive bibliographies, making this an excellent reference guide to the best of current New Testament scholarship.
While the format for individual commentaries varies, each contributor was asked to systematically address the following questions: What is the context in which the New Testament writer makes use of the Old Testament reference? What is the original Old Testament context for these quotes and allusions? How were these same Old Testament passages treated in the literature of Second Temple Judaism? What are the textual sources for the citations (for example, is the NewTestament writer quoting the Masoretic or Septuagint text)? How and why is the New Testament writer using the Old Testament text? And finally, what theologi- cal purpose is being advanced by the quotation or allusion?
This background about the association of "Wisdom" and the "Temple" points further to a Temple reference in Colossians 1:19 and may even make more sense of why Colossians 1:9 alludes to Exodus 31:3; 35:31, where God filled people with the Spirit in order to have "Wisdom" to be able to build the Tabernacle. Paul may already subtly be anticipating the Old Testament Temple allusion of Colossians 1:19. … Thus, one reason why Christ should "come to have first place in everything" (Col. 1:18b) is thathe is God and is the inauguration of the eschatological Temple, in which God's fullness and Wisdom have begun to dwell.
In their excellent contribution on Revelation, Beale and Sean McDonough include a long and rich consideration of the world-Temple symbolism in Revelation 22.The rationale for the worldwide encompassing nature of the para- disal Temple lies in the ancient notion that the Old Testament Temple was a microcosmic model of the entire heaven and earth. One of the most explicit texts affirming this is Psalm 78:69: "And he built the sanctuary like the heights, like the earth which he founded forever." … Josephus and Philo discuss various waysin which the Tabernacle or Temple or parts of it symbolically re- flect the cosmos. Jospehus refers to priests as leading the "cosmic worship" [kosmikē thrēskeia]. … Likewise, both writers under- stand the garments of the High Priest to symbolize the cosmos. Philo, even says explicitly that the High Priest "represents the world" and is a "microcosm" (or "small world" [brachys kosmos]).
… Since the Old Testament Temple was the localized dwelling of God's presence on earth, the Temple's correspondence with the cosmos pointed to an eschatological goal of God's presence tabernacling throughout the earth, an eschatological goal that Revelation 21:1–22:5 appears to be developing (compare Rev. 21:3). This imagery ultimately appears to be traceable back to the garden of Eden itself (note the proliferation of Eden imagery in chaps. 21–22), if one accepts the likely argument that the garden was understood as a kind of proto-Temple that was to be expanded to cover the whole earth.
This landmark commentary promises to bring to pastors, scholars, and ordinary believers the fruits of more than a generation of intertextual scholarship. The seeds sown by C. H. Dodd and a few other scholars a generation ago haveborne their fruit. What this volume shows is how the New Testament writers were not only careful readers of the Old Testament but also profound theologians themselves.


My friend Paul Krendler over at Thinking Man's Zombie has some sobering reflections in the aftermath of the Parkland, Florida massacre.
I'm of the belief that taking away the guns does not fix the problem of broken kids. Krendler goes deeper in examining the historical shifts in our culture that have allowed politics to push us away from addressing the real problems facing the next generation.


Financials for Office 365-Why Join Marketplace?
The online marketplace has become much busier than it used to be. According to Euromonitor, internet retailing enjoys significant growth in Philippines with current value growth of 17% in 2016 valuing over PHP 28.1 billion. Large businesses such as Lazada, Zalora and Amazon creates their own e-marketplace to boost their online presence. With that, we recently launched Financials 365 Marketplace to allow business owner to find either Financials Customer or Financials Service Partner.
Apart from the obvious benefit that you will get such as convenient destination to discover and finding the right person, we list down a few other reasons below.
There are 2 metrics to keep in mind while choosing the right marketplace which are monthly unique visitors and unique visitors per seller. Marketplace tend to have large unique visitors and it could be an uphill task for the small seller to attract even a fraction of that traffic on her or his own website. This is due to the branding and marketing effort by the company that provide the platform. Furthermore, Internet and Mobile Marketing Association of the Philippines (IMMAP) states that internet users in Philippines in 2018 will double from 2014' making it 70 million users. Thus, more traffic is guaranteed and it means that there is more potential monetization or conversion which leads to higher retention rate.
Finding business' target market is easy but not the right target audience. With the clear value outlined for both sides of the market from the start, marketplace's targets specific audience. For example, Financials 365 Marketplace attracts Finacials365 users only, both who need and can help. With this, as a seller, you could understand your audience's mindset and needs. It is crucial for business to have complete information of whom they are selling to. Understanding the core values of an audience can help a brand better align and communicate with them. Thus, not only marketplace ace in quantity of traffic, it gives quality traffic as well.
When you join Financials 365 Marketplace, simply sign up using your email or Facebook account and start finding the right service partner. On the contrary, creating your own online business could be a complicated process from building and hosting website, creating marketing strategy and purchasing accounting software. Common mistake that small-business owners do in the competitive market is that trying to boost sales by rethinking their marketing campaigns, while others concentrate on increasing customer loyalty. It is without a doubt a crucial aspect of the business. However, they often overlook opportunities for growth in their own products or services. Being on marketplace would increase in operational efficiencies as some it allows you to have more time and money to improve and innovate your products or services. The better your service or product, the greater the longevity of your clients and the more profitability you will experience.
Online marketplace promotes healthy competition as it adopts transparency to the business model. Both seller and buyer can see everyone's products or services and its pricing that they offer. While it might be frightening to compete in such an open market, it is a great environment for your business to grow and succeed. Competition drives businesses to be the best they can be, brings your business outside of the comfort zone and producing better products or services. Moreover, collaboration could be made with fellow sellers to get a stronghold over the market share.
In summary, joining Financials 365 Marketplace will bring many benefits to you and your business in the long run.
And did we miss something? Tell us what you think of this article in the comment section.


When we're in the midst of pain and suffering, it can feel like we'll never be happy again, nothing good can come from our circumstances, and there's no reason to continue living. But those are lies. God can redeem, use, and work through our pain. And when he does, we eventually have the opportunity to comfort others. There is a "Fellowship of Suffering." People who've suffered are uniquely equipped and qualified to comfort people who are suffering.


NDE 2017 is one of the most important annual engineering events in India. The conference provides an effective platform for NDE professionals from all over the world to meet and exchange ideas. Eminent NDE experts from various national and international industries participate in this seminar along with research institutions and academia. The Exhibition will consist of 150 NDE manufacturers and service providers which will showcase their equipment and systems.
Visit the Simpleware booth during this event to learn more about the software.


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» Posts Tagged "Alec Baldwin Foundation"
Tag: Alec Baldwin Foundation
Alec Baldwin to Run for President?
Type Inside The Box Whereas for me, I've got a job now…I've got a good job."
Other celebs have also floated the idea of a 2020 political run—Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, who jokingly announced his presidential running mate, Tom Hanks, on SNL, and Kid Rock, who teased the website http://kidrockforsenate.com in July. leader and former TV star—and his supporters. — ABFoundation (@ABFalecbaldwin) October 21, 2017
The actor, known for his outspoken liberal views, has been among the most vocal celebrities who has openly criticized the U.S. Latest On: Dreezy Feat. "There's no age limit on running for office, to a degree," he said. They're like a guy on a date that you can tell he just can't wait to get his hand up your blouse before even the lights go out in the theater. He plays Donald Trump on TV, but does Alec Baldwin want to become the President of the United States himself one day? "If I run for a President, think of how entertaining the debates would be," said the message, posted on the Alec Baldwin Foundation's account. If I run for a President, think of how entertaining the debates would be. leader on SNL, retweeted on Friday a cryptic tweet that may or may not be a joke. Latest On: Woody Allen: "Harvey Weinstein Thing Is Very Sad for Everybody Involved"
"I give up money and fame and position and success, I give up this wonderful life I have now in exchange for the chance to really change things," he said. 6LACK & Kodak Black "Spar" Lyrics
Months later, Baldwin nixed the idea. I want a REAL president!" The post was retweeted on the Alec Baldwin Foundation's account. "I've lost my appetite," he said on his podcast, Here's the Thing With Alec Baldwin. "Something I might do, one day."
In 2011, Baldwin's rep he would not rule out the possibility of the actor running for mayor of New York City. One person tweeted on Saturday, "I don't want entertainment. In 2008, Baldwin said on CBS' 60 Minutes that he still has not given up his childhood dream of being a politician. "Plus the people that are running for mayor—I know this is terrible—I look at them and I don't see myself in that crowd. They're all just so horny for it. "Yeah, I'm not quite sure you can anymore."
Searching for more update about this? The 59-year-old actor, who last month won an Emmy for his satirical portrayal of the U.S. Horny for their own ascension. Latest On: The Kardashian Sisters Have a Fun Getaway in San Francisco and Scott Disick Shares Some Parenting Advice for Khloe Kardashian
"I have an immigration strategy: Everyone who voted for Trump, leave," read a tweet posted on the Alec Baldwin Foundation's account on Wednesday. More than 3,000 people liked the comment.
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Is the continued increase in Southern California home prices leading us to another housing bubble? We say No!
Recently, five housing experts weighed in on the question.
What we're realizing is in-line with a 5% annual price growth. The sky isn't falling nor is the market facing another apocalypse. One thing we do suggest, if you're considering selling, now… today… is the perfect time. Inventory is at an all time low. Buyers are limited in their options and your home will likely get top dollar.
Take advantage of the knowledge of your local REALTORS® professional network to determine how much you can afford.
It is important to pay attention to how prices are changing in your local market. The location of your home is not the only factor in determining how much it has appreciated over the course of the last year.
Many millennials who rent a home or apartment prior to buying their own homes. They dream of the day that they will be able to paint the walls whatever color they'd like. And, of course, renovate an outdated part of their living space.
There are some homeowners who are patiently waiting to get the price they hoped for when they originally listed their houses for sale.
Hiring a real estate professional to buy your dream home, or sell your current house, is one of the most 'educated' decisions you can make!
Empty Nesters: Is It Better to Remodel or Time to Sell?
Did You Know… 52% of Approved Loans Have A Credit Score Under 750?
The results of countless studies have shown that potential home buyers. Even current homeowners, have an inflated view of what is really required to qualify for a mortgage in today's market.
One of the main reasons why For Sale By Owners (FSBOs) don't use a real estate agent is because they believe they will save the commission an agent charges for getting their house on the market and selling it.
Why Is It Important To Use A REALTOR To sell Your Home?
Millennials are not the 'renter' generation. Millennials purchased a larger percentage (34%) of homes in the U.S.
Spring is traditionally the busiest season for real estate. Buyers, experiencing cabin fever all winter, emerge like flowers through the snow in search of their dream home.
The outlook for 2017 remains positive as well, as an additional 600 thousand properties will regain equity if home prices rise another 5% this year.
Historically Speaking, There's No Housing Bubble Coming Soon!
Let's break this down. From 1975 to 1990, home values trended at standard 5% annual growth. In 1990, when the US entered into a recession, new construction prices fell.