Disability benefit fraud costs the DWP £80 million. Error costs the disabled/incapacitated £340 million.
3) benefit stops or reduces as a result of the review.
During 2010-11, the fraud and error rate for disability living allowance was 1.9% (£220 million), of which fraud specifically accounted for 0.5% (£60 million). The fraud and error rate for Incapacity Benefit was 2.4% (£130 million), of which 0.3% (£20 million) was due to fraud. Put together, that's £80 million. By contrast, official error costs £160 million.
However, Disability Living Allowance was underpaid by £300 million: £290 million of which was due to customer error; whilst incapacity benefit was underpaid by £40 million – all of which was due to official error.
So, in sum: fraud costs the DWP £80 million. Error costs the DWP £160 million, and costs the disabled/incapacitated £340 million.
So why isn't this fact headline news?


Are you in Manchester for ALTC 2018, and free on the afternoon of Monday 10 September? Then please consider joining me for a walking tour, taking in the Whitworth Art Gallery, and back to the Conference Venue in time to register. You will be free to go around the Gallery on your own or with others. Details of other activities, registration and Monday evening meetup are here . Currently, the weather forecast is 18 deg C, Light cloud and a gentle breeze, but you never know with Manchester.
Here is what I said my ALTC Blog Post of 2 weeks ago.
Please contact me to let me know if you will be attending, and ask any questions either via Twitter @francesbell or by completing the form below. I will share my mobile phone number if you contact me, and it would be good if you reciprocated.
I will be waiting at the entrance to Cafe Muse, right opposite the Conference venue, University Place from 1450 on Monday 10 Septemeber, hoping to set off at 1500.
There are some speaker notes here that indicate what was said along with the slides.
The presentation was in Elizabeth Gidney 1, 10.45-12.00 slot, Thursday 7 September.
I have really enjoyed writing the abstract and preparing the presentation for this ALTC conference, my first attendance since 2011, where I participated in a critical and enjoyable symposium with Cristina da Costa, Josie Fraser, Richard Hall and Helen Keegan. As I recall, there was lively debate, and that was my hope for the presentation. It was pretty clear to the audience what are my hopes and fears for learning technology practice. I acknowledge that many learning technologists will disagree with me and I hoped that those there will feel free to express their views. I want to hear them.
My current perspective on learning technology is focussed on informal learning from a largely extra-institutional perspective but via Chris Gilliard @hypervisible, I found a video about institutional adoption of technology that I hoped would provoke some interesting and diverse responses. Kate Bowles offers valuable reflections on the view of students implicit in this institutional case study.
I haven't been able to find out whether or not Curtin University regards this application of HDS technologies as research or if informed consent has been obtained from staff and students. To me this seems like human research and deserving of the regulation demanded of academic researchers at Curtin and elsewhere.
Fortunately, my hopes were realised and the audience seemed very engaged with the video. A common reaction was that it was quite scary. Someone shared that they were involved in a similar project with secondary school students. Rather than using cameras and facial recognition, students carried badges thus enabling at least the possibility of them opting out.
Another participant pointed out when an institution has made a massive financial investment in technology and system, that can inhibit the expression of critical reflection.
Several participants felt that students seemed to lack choice.
Another participant told us that he was involved in a similar project using facial analysis but the difference was that since he works in veterinary science, the subjects were animals. This links back to my earlier comments on human research.
The final comment identified the dilemma for learning technologists in that their roles as technology advocates may clash with critical reflection.
My one-line message from my presentation is my hope that resistance is included in, or at least not excluded from, digital literacies. This doesn't mean banning certain platforms or technologies but ensuring that the conversations happen about how they are used.
Hans Rosling, medical doctor, academic, statistician, public speaker and sword swallower, died yesterday 7 February. You can read more about his life and work at Wikipedia, but don't forget to visit gapminder.org, set up by Hans Rosling, his son Ola Rosling and his daughter-in-law Anna Rosling Rönnlund. Gapminder.org models Rosling's goal of active/ informed citizens/ learners engaging with data and questioning their assumptions.
Here is a brief video that shows Rosling's use of visualisation – notice how he unpicks generalisation by pricking the China bubble at the end to show regional differences.
I heard the news of Rosling's death on Twitter last night, where some of us were recalling his keynote at ALT-C 2008 , especially the stepladder teaching technology at 9.30.
Why is there so much ignorance?
The gapminder site is a treasure trove of data, software and other teaching and learning resources and I played with one example of a chart by choosing Iran, UK and USA for comparison over the lifetime of the data (Scroll back to 1995 and press play). Did you see what happened to Iran?
Rosling was not without his critics but I would like to celebrate his contribution on the ground, in the classroom, and on the web. He entertained, he provoked thought and he gave us tools to help us understand and interrogate data.


Hey, we are Developing a product where we are using CP2102N, controlling it's gpios and need some drivers to be build for linux and windows the details are mentioned in document.
Hello, ME and my friend will be taking your project and complete within time. I have rich experience in Linux with different hardware. please let me know desktop /server model. so will start preparing.


This Friday 29th August is Kosmea Australia's Makeup Free Me Day!! Which means we all get to go barefaced woohoo!
I normally don't wear makeup anyway on a daily basis. I'd rather sleep in an extra 20 minutes and sacrifice my makeup time! There was a period of my life around last year, where I used to put makeup on almost everyday. I felt as though I needed makeup to "attract boys" or make myself feel good. I'm still coming to terms with it, but I know one day I will be completely fine and happy with myself that I won't need makeup to validate my self worth.
Which brings me to a most commonly asked question - How do you keep your skin looking good without makeup?
I did a post a month ago about my travelling essentials, but here I'd like to delve deeper into the 3 main beauty products that I swear by.
1. My handy Carmex in a jar! Y'all know how much I rely on this pot of medicated goodness. I'm addicted to say the least. I have one in my handbag, one in my bedside drawer and one at my office desk. Haha not even kidding! It's pretty much my beauty essential, and I make sure I can use it anywhere, anytime hence it's always within reach no matter where I go. There's a reason why Carmex has been around for 77 years, and is sold every 29 seconds around the world. I know, I'm such a dork.
2. Kosmea Australia Rose Hip Oil - This product is my Holy Grail for dry skin. I used to have really dry skin and since using this every day and night, my face is now smooth and non-flaky. Now that my skin is back to normal, I have been cutting down on using it. I use it every other day now, alternating between this and Indeed Labs Hydroluron Moisture Jelly. I love the jelly texture and how it makes my face feels super bouncy. The only down side to the Hydroluron is that is gets used up pretty quickly (I finished my jar in about two months or less), whereas my Rose Hip Oil lasts forever!
3. Carmex Moisture Plus Lip Balm in Pink - So most of my friends have heard me gush about this product countless times - now it's your turn! :P It's seriously the best lip balm for when I have makeup on (sometimes even without makeup) as it gives a little colour to your lips. I once got so desperate and it worked doubly as a cheek stain/ blush too hehe. Who cares! No one notices!
Go home, Jo. You're drunk on Carmex.


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Home> Publications & Directories> Perspectives on History> Issues> October 2012> AHA Today> Linda Kerber on Roe v. Wade: Thinking Ahead to the 40th Anniversary
Linda Kerber on Roe v. Wade: Thinking Ahead to the 40th Anniversary
Allen Mikaelian | Oct 22, 2012
January 22, 2013, will mark the 40th anniversary of Roe v. Wade. On that day, the annual ritual of protests and counter-protests in front of the Supreme Court, just a few blocks from AHA headquarters, will likely be larger than ever before. The national conversation about this decision will ripple out from these and other demonstrations, into print, television, and online media, and even into classrooms.
The AHA would like to see those conversations grounded in an understanding of history. To that end, we are making widely available an essay by the celebrated historian and past AHA President Linda Kerber. Recently published in Perspectives on History, Kerber's essay discusses some of the best books on the history of Roe v. Wade and related topics, and goes on to offer suggestions for research.
We hope that students, teachers, researchers, journalists, librarians, and curators will find Professor Kerber's timely recommendations helpful as they prepare for an intense and heated, but hopefully productive, exchange on one of the most important decisions handed down by the Supreme Court.
From Linda Kerber's essay, "The 40th Anniversary of Roe v. Wade: A Teachable Moment":
"Every state—and indeed every locality—has its own history of abortion: every state and every locality is less than a half-century removed from a time when abortion was illegal everywhere."
"As Linda Greenhouse and Reva Siegel observe in their remarkable documentary history, Before Roe v. Wade: Voices that Shaped the Abortion Debate Before the Supreme Court's Ruling, 'the Supreme Court decision itself proved a distorting lens through which to look back on what had preceded it.' … Roe made [all the other legal] challenges unnecessary, but when those files were discarded or locked in archival cases, with them went evidence of lived experience."
"Activists in the 1960s—on both sides of the debate—are now in their 70s and 80s; activists of the 1950s are in their 90s. The time available to us is short. Most have never been interviewed; many are hungry to place their experience on the historical record."
"Many of us have already had the experience of how energized we and our students become when their work can clearly be seen to have value outside the boundaries of the course. Roe's 40th anniversary is both a warning of rapidly fading memories and an opportunity to capture a history that still shapes American lives and politics."
Additional Resources from the pages ofPerspectives on History:
Teaching Controversial Topics: Abortion
By Trysh Travis
Friends of the Court: A New Role for Historians
By Michael Grossberg
To Feel a Part of History: Rethinking the U.S. History Survey
By Kathi L. Kern
The Stateless as the Citizen's Other: A View from the United States
By Linda Kerber (presidential address delivered at the 121st Annual Meeting of the American Historical Association, held in Atlanta, Georgia 2007 )
Tags: AHA Activities AHA Today Legal History

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
People's Archive of Rural India
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People's Charter for Health
The People's Charter for Health was adopted at the People's Health Assembly on December 8, 2000, in Savar, Bangladesh. The Assembly was organised by several international organisations, NGOs and women's groups "committed to the principles of primary health care and people's perspectives."
The 14-page Charter states that governments' failure to implement the principles of primary healthcare as stated in the Declaration of Alma-Ata has significantly aggravated the 'global health crisis'. (The Declaration of Alma-Ata was adopted on September 12, 1978, at the International Conference on Primary Health Care in Alma-Ata, USSR; the conference was organised by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund.)
According to the Preamble to the Charter, "Health is a social, economic and political issue and above all a fundamental human right… Health for all means that powerful interests have to be challenged, that globalisation has to be opposed, and that political and economic priorities have to be drastically changed."
The Charter calls on the "people of the world" to support all efforts to implement the right to health; demand that governments and international organisations reformulate, implement and enforce policies and practices which respect the right to health; build movements to pressure governments to incorporate health and human rights into national constitutions and legislation; and fight the exploitation of people's health needs for purposes of profit.
What are the principles of the People's Charter for Health?
The Charter states that the attainment of the highest possible level of health and well‐being is a fundamental human right, regardless of a person's colour, ethnic background, religion, gender, age, abilities, sexual orientation or class. Policies on health should be formulated on the basis of the principles of universal and comprehensive primary healthcare, as envisioned in the Declaration of Alma-Ata.
Governments, the Charter notes, have a fundamental responsibility to ensure universal access to quality healthcare, education and other social services – as per people's needs, not their ability to pay. The participation of people and people's organisations is essential to formulate, implement and evaluate all health and social policies and programmes.
The Charter states that health is primarily determined by one's political, economic, social and physical environment. Health should be a top priority in local, national and international policy-making – along with equity and sustainable development.
What does the Charter say about broader determinants of health?
The Charter mentions economic, social and political, and environmental challenges as broader determinants of health. It also discusses war, violence, conflict and natural disasters.
Economic policies that prioritise equity, health and social well‐being can improve the health of people as well as the economy. The Charter appeals to people of the world to demand the cancellation of 'Third World debt' and the "…transformation of the World Trade Organisation and the global trading system so that it ceases to violate social, environmental, economic and health rights of people and begins to discriminate positively in favour of countries of the South." The Charter urges people to demand the regulation of transnational companies so they do not have negative effects on people's health or the environment; it calls on people to ensure that governments implement agricultural policies attuned to people's needs and not to the demands of the market.
Comprehensive social policies – observes the Charter – have positive effects on people's lives and livelihoods. The Charter calls on people to demand equal rights for men and women, free and compulsory education for all children and adults, and that the activities of public institutions – such as child care services – benefit the health of people. It urges people to pressure governments to introduce and enforce legislation to protect and promote the rights of marginalised groups; oppose the global trafficking of women and children and 'fundamentalist forces' that threaten the rights and liberties of individuals; and condemn the forced displacement of people from their lands, homes or jobs.
Environmental changes and climate change, the Charter notes, have far-reaching effects on people's health – the Charter calls on people to demand that all development projects be evaluated against health and environmental criteria, and that governments rapidly commit themselves to reducing greenhouse gases and implement measures to ensure occupational health and safety. The Charter urges people to hold transnational and national corporations, public institutions and the military, accountable for any of their destructive and hazardous activities that may impact the environment and people's health.
The Charter appeals to people to support campaigns for peace, disarmament, for the prevention of natural disasters and the reduction of any subsequent human suffering, and against the use of weapons of mass destruction and other arms. It urges people to condemn violence against women and children, demands the end of occupation and "the radical transformation of the UN Security Council so that it functions democratically."
What does the Charter say about a People Centred Health Sector?
The Charter discusses the provision of universal and comprehensive primary healthcare, irrespective of one's ability to pay. To achieve this, the Charter urges people to demand that governments promote, finance and provide comprehensive primary healthcare for all; and that governments oppose the privatisation of public health services and ensure the regulation of the private medical sector. It calls on people to demand "a radical transformation of the World Health Organization (WHO) so that it responds to health challenges in a manner which benefits the poor."
The Charter also asks people to oppose international and national policies that privatise healthcare and turn it into a commodity. People must support the rights to reproductive and sexual self‐determination, as well as traditional healing systems and practitioners and their integration into primary healthcare.
What does the Charter say about 'people's participation for a healthy world'?
The Charter states that while governments have the primary responsibility for promoting a more equitable approach to health and human rights, 'civil society groups and movements', and the media have an important role to play to ensure people's control in policy development and implementation.
The Charter urges people to build and strengthen 'people's organisations'; encourage people's involvement in decision-making in public services; demand that people's organisations be represented in local, national and international fora; and support local initiatives towards participatory democracy by establishing people‐centred solidarity networks across the world.
Focus and Factoids by Gokul K. P.
People's Health Assembly
#primary-health-centres #social-policy #WHO #universal-healthcare #healthcare-system
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The People's Archive of Rural Indiahttps://ruralindiaonline.org/


Oceanwalker Vanuatu brings you this exciting and innovative tourism experience, allowing you to explore the underwater world of tropical fish and coral reefs up close, with-out even getting your head wet. The Helmet Dive is the next step after snorkeling and is a fun way to discover what lies beneath. Your adventure in paradise starts with a short walk down a ramp into the water where the purpose built helmet is lowered on to your shoulders and in no time at all your underwater experience begins spending up to 20 minutes walking on the sea floor to a maximum depth of 4 meters. Oceanwalker is managed by the award winning adventure tourism company EDGE Vanuatu.
Pay for your tour and souvenirs on site with our mobile EFTPOS machine.
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Auburn - More than you Imagined! - Stay & Play in Auburn, Washington - Escape to Auburn! Save money at our great hotels, enjoy the state's largest casino & outlet mall, or bike, hike, golf... There's so much to do, you'll want to spend a night or two. Minutes away from Seattle, a world away from big city rates.
Bremerton-Online - everything about the city. Bremerton is a city located in Kitsap County, Washington, USA.
Issaquah - Official City site.
Issaquah's Front Street Web - Issaquah WA. Serving the Greater Eastside since 1995--The web's most comprehensive index of local links for the Issaquah community! Information on current events in Issaquah, links to Issaquah press, etc.


What do you think this USA Wrestling Rob Schoner on USAW Coaches Apprentice Program in Macon, France video?
Coach Rob Schoner discusses the opportunity to participate in the USA Wrestling Coaches Apprentice Program that traveled to the 2016 Junior World Championships in Macon, France.
Be sure to share this USA Wrestling Rob Schoner on USAW Coaches Apprentice Program in Macon, France video!


There's no limit to giving out hugs and kisses when it comes to you and your loved one. Show them your love with the "Love XO" card perfect for celebrating anniversaries and Valentine's Day. Printed illustration on luxury white linen stock with pattern backing. Printed professionally with blank interior and made in Canada. Envelopes are green-e certified, FSC certified and green seal certified.


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Water SA vol.35 no.2 Pretoria ene. 2009
Evaluation of minimum residual pressure as design criterion for South African water distribution systems
HE JacobsI, *; JL StrijdomII
IDepartment of Civil Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
IIGLS Consulting (Pty) Ltd, Stellenbosch, South Africa
The South African civil engineering fraternity has grown to accept 24 m as the design criterion for minimum residual pressure in water distribution systems. However, the theoretical peak demand in many systems has increased beyond the point where minimum residual pressure exceeds 24 m – at least according to hydraulic models. Additions of customers to existing supply systems have led to increased peak flows with time, often without infrastructure upgrades to internal reticulation. Increased flows imply reduced pressures. This is not necessarily a concern: peak flow conditions rarely occur in a supply system and also, customer complaints often act as a first sign of 'low pressures'. No complaints imply 'no low pressures'. The researchers analysed hydraulic models for 14 different towns in 5 municipal areas of South Africa, including 2 large metros, to identify the minimum residual pressures currently expected. The results include almost 55 000 model nodes and show that about 20% of the nodes in the distribution systems analysed have pressures of below 24 m, while pressures of below 14 m are not uncommon. Whether this relatively common occurrence of low pressures under modelled peak demand is found in practice is not known at this stage. A new guideline for minimum residual pressure based on previous criteria and results from this study is presented, noting that a physical lower limit of about 10 m water pressure is specified in home appliance specifications.
Keywords: water distribution system, residual pressure, peak flow, design standard
AADD
- average annual daily demand
- automatic flushing urinal
- demand driven analysis
- residual pressure head (measured in m water)
- head-dependent analysis
- instantaneous peak factor
- minimum pressure head
- peak day factor
- peak hour factor
PWF
- peak week factor
- water distribution system
- National Water Consumption Archive
The reasoning behind the stipulation of a minimum pressure requirement during water distribution system (WDS) design is customer satisfaction. A 'too low' pressure head would not be acceptable and could result in numerous customer complaints. In addition it could lead to operation and maintenance problems, with cost implications if equipment is damaged (e.g. pipe collapse due to negative pressure).
The pressure in a WDS is at a minimum when the flows and subsequent head losses in the pipes are at a maximum – a state termed 'peak demand'. On the other hand, the pressure is a maximum when the flow is at a minimum – normally at night-time while most consumers are asleep and industries are shut down. Despite pressure management initiatives and subsequently reduced leaks (McKenzie and Bhagwan, 1999) being valuable and effective, the minimum residual pressure in reticulation systems during peak demand conditions is used as a design criterion to size infrastructure. The significance of this criterion is often neglected locally in South Africa. The minimum pressure criterion is a significant driver of infrastructure cost and is the focus of this study.
Minimum residual pressure as design criterion
The residual pressure head (H), measured in metres, is used in this text to denote 'water pressure'. For the purpose of this text the minimum value of H under peak demand conditions is simply termed the 'minimum pressure head' (MPH). The minimum value of H occurs under peak demand conditions. The resulting peak-hour flow is used commonly in South African WDS design.
The MPH could be described as the lowest pressure at the most critical demand node in a WDS under maximum demand. These critical low-pressure nodes are normally the ones at relatively high elevations and relatively far from the supply points. During hydraulic modelling of water networks such critical 'low-pressure' nodes are identified and are then used by analysts as baseline values to ensure that minimum criteria for H are met throughout the entire network. Of course, high-pressure nodes are also viewed as critical nodes during system analyses, but these do not form the focus of this study.
The South African criterion for the MPH is a fixed value of 24 m. An increased MPH stipulated in design guidelines would result in an increased infrastructure capacity requirement, based on hydraulic model results, with subsequent increased capital expenditure in the construction phase. The MPH should be viewed as a critical parameter in the design – and eventual cost – of a WDS.
The results of this study are useful in view of compiling a new guideline criteria for MPH that is more appropriate for practical application in South Africa than the current 24 m. This investigation is the first report on minimum theoretical residual pressures in existing South African WDSs under peak demand.
Historical overview of South African design criteria
A brief history of design criteria for the MPH in WDSs in South Africa shows that 24 m has long since been the norm, despite some changes to the criteria over the years.
The first reported MPH criteria in South Africa, traced during this literature review, is about 50 years old (Leslie, 1957) and suggests an 'absolute minimum' of 12 m (reported as 40 ft) for low-income and 15 m (reported as 50 ft) for high-income areas. These values were apparently increased with improved standards of living during the 1970s. By the mid-1970s the MPH criterion published in various guidelines (Turner et al., 1977; Gebhardt, 1975; TPA, 1976) had increased to 25 m. The criterion of H > 24 m was included again in a popular guideline – commonly referred to as the 'Red Book' – that remains in general use to this day (CSIR, 1983; CSIR, 2003).
The wide publicity and use of the latter document series between 1983 and 2003, combined with the fact that the three last published MPH criteria prior to 1983 were either 24 m or 25 m, has resulted in the South African civil engineering fraternity generally accepting 24 m as the design criteria for MPH. Without further deliberation about whether it is the only or best value, 24 m is considered to be the most common South African design criteria for MPH in reticulation systems. It is used as a boundary point for categorising H-values in this study.
Scope and limitations of the study
Numerous South African WDSs were analysed by GLS Consulting (GLS, 2008) over the past few years as part of the drive by government to eradicate ongoing supply deficiencies. All these hydraulic models were available to the project team for further analysis. The scope of this research project was limited by financial and time constraints and only some of the systems could be scrutinised for use in this project.
Despite these constraints the hydraulic models of WDSs in 14 different towns, located in 5 municipal areas were analysed as part of this study. Some of these were split into individual pressure zones resulting in detailed statistical analyses of 35 different water distribution zones. Statistical analysis of a few large networks (e.g. Pretoria and Springs) comprised all pressure zones in one analysis, while others were split into separate pressure zones. The latter allowed the team to investigate the results for individual pressure zones even within one suburb. Not much could be learned at this stage from the analysis at the higher resolution of individual pressure zones.
The results of hydraulic network analyses comprising a total of 54 611 model nodes were included in the study. The two largest networks in the data set are Pretoria with 37 744 nodes and Springs with 6 074. The remaining 33 network zones analysed at pressure-zone scale included fewer nodes. Despite a relatively large number of nodes included in the analysis, the study is limited geographically and does not provide country-wide coverage.
Fire flow
Fire flows are often a more stringent requirement in the design of a WDS than peak demand. In this study it was considered appropriate to address the normal peak flow condition first, particularly since the resulting H-values were found to be insufficient compared to the design criteria of 24 m for peak flow. A similar approach was adopted by Buchberger et al. (2008) who considered fire flow to be exempt as the primary criterion for sizing pipes in assessing self-cleansing pipe velocities in municipal distribution systems.
The most common South African guidelines stipulate that demand for fire flow should be added to the peak hourly flow in a network. It is unlikely that a fire would occur at the same time as the peak hourly demand, but of course this would be possible. In North America, for example, this probability is deemed to be too small to be considered in design. Investigation into the financial risk due to damages and risk to human life due to fires in networks has recently been investigated (Filion et al., 2007; Jung and Filion, 2008), but its inclusion here was considered to be beyond the scope of this investigation. Future work could address fire-flow criteria for MPH in combination with the normal MPH requirement, focused on in this study.
Verification of models and possible future calibration
Models used in this study were verified by means of a monthly water balance. The process entails comparison of the monthly bulk meter readings to monthly water sales for each water zone. This is considered to be a limitation in that actual peak flow and pressure were not recorded during this study via pressure transducers and data loggers for precise model calibration. The measurement and logging of pressure at critical nodes in each network is beyond the scope of this study due to time and financial constraints. This was not considered to be a problem in view of obtaining meaningful results, because the hydraulic models and stipulated criteria for MPH are applied in the same manner in practice during the design phase of a new WDS.
To calibrate the models against measured H-values a large number of high frequency pressure and flow loggers would be required for a relatively long time period to ensure that the peak flow would be successfully recorded. A logging frequency of 2 min has been proposed before for service connections to capture the peak flow, while 30 min would suffice for bulk pipelines (Johnson, 1999).
Selection of WDS zones for analysis
The selection of WDS zones for this study was based on available data and subsequent subjective judgement by the authors and was the first step toward obtaining and comparing system results. A relatively large number of hydraulic models were available to the research team initially and could be used in future to extend the work. These hydraulic models would require future verification of model topology and loads. However, only some systems that met stringent criteria were selected for this study.
Criteria that were considered during the selection process included:
Long-term involvement by GLS (Consultants) with the particular WDS, the client(s) and the system model development
A comprehensive knowledge of the WDS topology and hydraulic characteristics
The availability of an up-to-date and accurate system model with regards to model topology
A load case that reflects the present day peak hour demand scenario as accurately as possible (derived from actual metered information)
Spatial distribution of systems covering different areas of the country, ensuring inclusion of some WDSs from the summer rainfall region in Gauteng province and some from the winter rainfall region in the Western Cape Province
Selection of WDSs from large urban metropolises (e.g. Pretoria and Springs), small towns (e.g. Malmesbury) and holiday towns with a significant influx of holiday makers and significant peak flows in relation to the AADD (e.g. Hermanus and Stilbaai)
Availability of client-feedback records with regard to complaints during times of low pressure.
Demand and peak flows
In South Africa demand-driven analysis (DDA) is the norm in hydraulic modelling of a WDS. With DDA the demand at each node is fixed. In reality, demand discharge at a node depends on the pressure head available at the node, which in turn depends on the node discharge. This non-linear coupling between demand and pressure head can be modelled with head-driven analysis models that respect the relationship between head and flow (Tanyimboh, 2008; Giustolisi and Laucelli 2007; Trifunović and Vairavamoorthy, 2008). In this study the researchers opted to use the locally conventional DDA.
The pressure head at any point in the system is a function of the flow, which in the hydraulic model is a function of the average demand and peak factor. The peak factor is the ratio of peak flow to average annual flow, termed the annual average daily demand (AADD) in South Africa. For example, designing a water network to meet the MPH criteria of 24 m at node X 'under theoretical peak demand' in the system would imply that MPH > 24 m at node X during all other flow scenarios.
The concept of an 'instantaneous' peak factor (IPF) was first published in 1983 and it remains in use locally (CSIR, 1983; CSIR, 2003). No explanation is provided in that publication as to the frequency implied by the term 'instantaneous demand'. Later studies reported that the IPFs were conservative (Van Vuuren and Van Beek, 1997; Booyens and Haarhoff, 2000). Peak factors presented by Vorster et al. (1995) for Gauteng are the only published values available in South Africa as alternative to the IPF; a table is provided with peak-week- (PWF), peak-day- (PDF) and peak-hour factors (PHF). The peak-hour flow, determined by multiplying the AADD with the PHF, is commonly used in South Africa to represent the peak flow scenario. Subsequently, these PHFs are widely used by specialist consultants instead of the IPF. The peak factors by Vorster et al. (ibid.) were used in this study to calculate the peak hour flows and are compared to the corresponding 1983 values in Table 1.
Hydraulic models
Hydraulic models chosen for this project were analysed using the commercial software package Wadiso 5.0 (GLS, 2008), which is based on the EPANET engine. All results produced were based on steady state demand-driven analysis of the peak hourly flow scenario.
Existing operational scenarios were selected for hydraulic analysis. Thus, the system load that represents the current (present day) water use was applied in each case. Vacant plots were thus considered to have no water demand. Each system was modelled at a relatively high resolution (large number of modelled nodes), with each occupied stand's measured water demand being allocated to the nearest modelled node. This results in populated nodes representing a cluster of well-distributed parcels (properties) in each pressure zone. The models contain sufficient nodes in order to ensure statistical significant coverage of the entire area. In other words, one node represents relatively few consumers that were spatially allocated to hydraulic model nodes via an automated GIS-based routine.
H-value categories
In order to investigate the distribution of pressure in the hydraulic network models, it was necessary to arbitrarily set boundaries for categorising H. This selection of boundaries was subject to sufficient data points being allocated to each category and also to upper (H < 120 m) and lower limits (H > 0 m). Although pressures in excess of 120 m are found in some extreme cases, these pressures were allocated to a single category, since high pressures were not the focus of this study. Instead, the categories were selected to examine how 'low pressures' are encountered.
It was considered appropriate to select 24 m as the starting point for categorisation, simply because this value is viewed as the local 'design standard'. It was considered a priority to become au fait with H-values slightly above and all values below 24 m. Using 24 m as a starting point, a trial-and-error process led the research team to select the boundary values of 4 m, 14 m, 24 m, 34 m, 44 m and 54 m for the purposes of this study. The selection of these boundary values enabled the research team to gain knowledge about:
H < 4 m, representing extremely low pressure that is expected to be highly unlikely or erroneous (thus requiring verification of model topology and loads)
4 m < H < 14 m, that could be viewed as 'insufficient' since the values in this range generally fall below the minimum pressure requirement of some appliances
14 m < H < 24 m – seemingly acceptable pressures, but less than the MPH criterion
H > 24 m – acceptable pressure according to existing guidelines divided into three categories.
Resolving negative values for H
In view of recent advances encouraging reliability analysis of water systems (Filion et al., 2007; Van Zyl and Haarhoff, 2007) and HDA (Tanyimboh, 2008; Giustolisi and Laucelli 2007; Trifunovic and Vairavamoorthy, 2008), the use of peak factors for estimating peak water demand in a DDA could be viewed as a limitation. However, the availability of monthly water-meter data on a large scale in the National Water Consumption Archive (NWCA), recently compiled in South Africa (Van Zyl and Geustyn, 2007), makes use of estimated peak demand based on these AADD-values the practical choice for this study. In fact the peak factors are based on the AADD, derived by taking the average of the most recent 12 months' readings. All networks analysed as part of this work make use of peak flows based on the AADD, which in turn is obtained from measured monthly water meter readings, such as those recorded in the NWCA. The method for obtaining AADD values from treasury systems has been widely employed in other studies (Jacobs et al., 2004; Jacobs, 2007; Van Zyl et al., 2008). Despite some limitations the method was considered the best choice for estimating demand and subsequent peak flows in this study.
In some of the networks analysed, application of the stipulated peak factors as per design criteria (Vorster et al., 1995) would have led to negative values for H at some points in the hydraulic models. Such cases are considered to be the result of over-estimated peak factors. To compensate for the over-estimated peak factors the latter were reduced incrementally until a 'realistic' minimum of H>0 was reached for all nodes. The latter was only done in select areas of Pretoria after careful scrutiny of the hydraulic model to ensure the accurate topological description of the actual system.
Minimum pressure requirement for some appliances
Some end-uses require a minimum pressure to operate, thus setting a physical lower limit for H in water networks. The question immediately arises, 'What is this lower limit?' If such a value were to exist it would dictate the MPH required in a system, thus justifying a brief review of appliance specifications.
Various domestic appliances require a minimum pressure to operate satisfactorily. A few examples of end-users with a minimum pressure requirement are summarised in Table 2.
Furthermore, sufficient pressure is needed to ensure that containers are filled in a 'reasonable' time when running taps are employed, e.g. for drinking water (no value is attached to this requirement for the moment due to it being somewhat subjective).
The requirement for pop-up irrigation systems tops the list with H > 20 m, but this is not considered critical by the authors in view of a minimum reticulation network pressure requirement, because such personal irrigation systems are easily boosted by small pumps at an insignificant cost to the owner. Irrigation systems are often boosted in this manner despite the availability of sufficient system pressure. This is particularly true when an alternative personal on-site water resource (e.g. borehole water, greywater or rainwater) is used for garden irrigation in addition to municipal supply.
Pressure flush toilets require about 15 m pressure to operate effectively. However, considering the fact that pressure flush toilets are not very common in South Africa and could be replaced in critical areas with cistern-type flush toilets if the need arises, the MPH-requirement for toilets could be put aside for the moment.
The 10 m requirement for washing machines and dishwashers remains. Some sources report lower H values for specific washing machines and dishwashers (H > 8 m). Also, some appliance manufacturers supply custom-designed equipment able to operate at even lower pressures, but such devices are an exception to the rule and are unlikely to be used widely by consumers in South Africa.
From the information available it is apparent that a system pressure of less than 10 m could be regarded as insufficient at present in view of appliance requirements in residential areas of South Africa.
Schools and other public buildings often make use of automatic flushing urinals (AFU) or pressure-flush toilets as is the case for domestic use. AFUs are considered to be old and are banned in many areas (e.g. Overstrand Municipality and the City of Cape Town) due to their inefficient use of water. In limited cases these devices are still operational, but are not considered a driver of the MPH-criteria for the purpose of this study.
Agricultural crop irrigation in serviced areas would require an MPH for efficient irrigation of crops. In some cases water is used for crop irrigation on either a private or commercial scale within urban areas and such areas would have to be identified separately in guidelines for MPH in networks. In such cases the irrigation system is designed to ensure a certain application rate (flow rate) and is dependent upon the supply pressure in the water system.
A head lower than required would result in two problems:
Low application rates and insufficient water reaching the crops
The irrigation radius of sprinkler systems would be reduced by the low pressure in comparison to design values resulting in crops far from the irrigation point receiving no water at all.
However, this type of water use is limited in South African urban areas and it is considered to fall beyond the scope of this study.
Statgraphics Centurion XV was used by the team to conduct the statistical analyses. Each input data file comprised hydraulic model results (node output tables) exported from the software package Wadiso Version 5.4.
Presentation of results
In presenting the results, the focus is placed on summary statistics, including the sample size, average, standard deviation, minimum- and maximum values. The frequency and cumulative relative frequency of data in different H-categories are used to illustrate how the modelled values for H relate to the MPH-design criteria. The focus of this study is on the pressure regions near or below 24 m.
Customer behaviour indicative of low pressure
A 'too low' pressure head would result in numerous customer complaints. This study identifies numerous such areas. Despite this finding few customer complaints were reported by water service providers in these particular areas and the customers seem to accept such low pressures. Presuming the hydraulic models are accurate, the lack of complaints may be a result of the following factors:
The consumers might be entirely unaware of the low-pressure state lasting for a relatively short time
They could be ill-advised on the standards of pressures that they ought to be experiencing according to the current design criteria
They are accepting the lower pressures because they simply do not need higher pressures to perform their domestic everyday water-use tasks.
Whatever the reason, the relatively low modelled residual pressures do not correlate strongly with a high number of customer complaints.
For medium- to high-income residential areas, the most likely reason for customer complaints would arise from failure of certain domestic appliances or irrigation equipment to operate, while for lower-income residential areas complaints are more likely to be filed once no water flows from the tap.
Table 3 includes the summary statistics of each model run. From the table it is clear that the selection criteria and method of analysis allowed for great variation in the number of nodes in each network zone.
Frequency histograms
A frequency histogram of the average residual system pressure under peak demand in all zones is shown in Fig. 1. The average pressure is obtained by taking the average pressure of all model nodes in each zone's hydraulic model during peak flow. Most systems analysed are found to have 30 m < Have < 40 m, with Have < 20 m and Have > 50 m being less significant. The histogram suggests a normal distribution, but this is not considered significant in view of this study and was not assessed statistically.
It should be noted that 2 systems have an average pressure of less than 20 m, both being relatively small, while 7 others have 20 m < Have < 30 m. This is considered a significant finding, because it illustrates that in some systems the average pressure head (H-value) is in the same order of magnitude as the existing guideline's criteria for MPH (H > 24 m).
With reference to the right-most column of Table 3, great variation is noted in the fraction of nodes in each system with H < 24 m, expressed as a percentage of the total nodes in the particular system. In some systems practically all nodes have pressure in excess of 24 m, while in ten of the systems more than 25% of the nodes are found with H < 24 m. In two systems about 80% of the nodes have 'insufficient pressure' (H < 24 m) during peak flow.
Cumulative relative frequency
A more accurate picture is obtained when investigating the relative and cumulative frequencies. The categories for 4 m < H < 14 m and 14 m < H < 24 m represent values of pressure at nodes in the water network that are below the MPH stated in current design guidelines. Table 4 is a summary of the relative and cumulative frequency of model nodes with pressures in those categories where H < 34 m. The values are expressed as a percentage of all model nodes in the particular system in each case. Three of the systems' results show H < 34 m for practically all nodes in the system(s).
Acceptability of pressures below design criteria
Some water consumers seem to find unacceptably low pressures (as per guideline criteria) quite acceptable. A serious look needs to be taken into current design criteria – or design philosophy for that matter. Could a more realistic approach to practical design, based on probabilistic principles be the way of the future, or will municipalities keep on spending money on unnecessary infrastructure upgrading?
The results of this study suggest that an improved comprehensive guideline for MPH is needed by the South African engineering fraternity. However, the results are not presented as a guideline per se due to the limited geographical coverage of the country, the lack of segregation by land use type and the lack of model calibration to measured peak flow. A robust interim guideline is instead presented.
The research suggests that about 20% of all nodes in a typical urban water supply system could be considered to have 'insufficient pressure' (compared to existing criteria). Thus, about 20% of all consumers in such a system could be experiencing 'insufficient pressure' during peak periods. Is this critical – would it be wise for a local authority to spend its valuable financial resources on improving the pressure in its existing water network by a few metres head to ensure that the criteria for MPH is met?
Firstly, a system pressure of less than the MPH criterion of 24 m is not considered to be a catastrophic system failure (fire-flow requirement being exempt). Colombia, for example, stipulates only 15 m as MPH criterion in that country (Saldarriaga et al., 2008). In South Africa water infrastructure expenditure is traded off between upgrading systems to meet the MPH criteria and provision of new services to those who have none. Low pressure in an existing WDS could thus rather be viewed as 'inconvenient' to the consumer in view of predetermined expectation regarding service delivery. In contrast, neglecting the provision of potable water to those who do not have it in the first instance may entail a health hazard and may even be life threatening.
Secondly, the peak flow lasts for a very short time, say maybe an hour per year (Booyens and Haarhoff, 2000). Occurrence of a peak-flow event equal to the design theoretical peak flow is, per definition, highly unlikely. Problems arising from a lack of system pressure occur only during that short time span and do not have a long-lasting impact on human behaviour or health.
A comprehensive combined interim guideline criteria for MPH
Results of this study suggest that the current criterion of 24 m for MPH is too stringent, measured by the relatively few customer complaints in regions where modelled results suggest low pressures. Since 2004 engineering consultants GLS have included a category for H<15 m in their water master plan results in addition to H<24 m due to the high number of pipe elements where the pressure is in this region between 15 m and 24 m. The selection of 15 m was based on subjective judgment at the time and triggered this investigation.
An interim guideline criterion for MPH could be obtained by integrating the following available information:
The 50-year old Leslie (1957) criteria (12 m & 15 m),
The more recent CSIR (1983) criteria (24 m) and
The physical limits placed on the system by appliance pressure (10 m)
This integration leads to a somewhat complicated criterion:
MPH < 10 m – unacceptable pressure head where some home appliances would not operate
10 m < H < 12 m – a grey area of low pressure that is probably unacceptable
12 m < H < 15 m – a grey area of low pressure
15 m < H < 24 m – a grey area of low pressure that is probably acceptable
H > 24 m – acceptable pressure head.
Bold simplification of the above is obtained by dropping some of the categories and being slightly conservative in the description, leading to the robust interim guideline criterion for MPH presented in Table 5.
Further research and collaboration with industry is under way to shed more light on the grey areas included as description in Table 5 for the category where 12 m < H < 24 m.
Future work
Based on the above it is clear that an urgent need exists for the further expansion of this study. The results are still based on theoretical analyses and is likely to differ from what is actually observed in the field. Despite this being the first study of its kind in South Africa and almost 55 000 nodes being included, the scope of this study is not representative of South Africa as a whole.
Expansion of the scope of study
More WDSs need to be included in the study. The researchers intend to expand the current scope of the study by including WDSs from all the large municipalities of at least Gauteng, the Eastern- and the Western Cape.
Categorisation according to land uses
In 1957, criteria for MPH distinguished between two types of residential areas with separate MPH criteria for low-income and high-income areas (Leslie, 1957). Perhaps a guideline based on segregation should be reconsidered. A land-use based criterion for MPH could be categorised along the lines of various different land uses – information typically available from GIS database files. A land-use based criterion would allow greater flexibility for planners and engineers when applying this criterion in future. The large number of data points (nodes) available and the existing inter-connectivity between the hydraulic model nodes and GIS shape files suggests that a robust, land-use based criterion for MPH could be produced.
It may not be politically correct having separate design criteria for low- medium- or high income residential areas. Some might view this as designers erring to the side of discrimination, others might argue that there are indeed areas where consumers are less likely to make use of the various domestic appliances that require relatively higher pressures to operate. Therefore, providing such areas with 'too high pressures' that are not required not only leads to overspending on infrastructure, but also increases water leaks and the risk of pipe bursts.
Sensitivity analyses based on peak factors
Perhaps some of the hydraulic models overestimate the peak flow due to too high peak factors and thus underestimate H. A peak factor sensitivity analyses could be performed to investigate the rate of change in MPH for subtle changes in the peak factors used. Overestimation of peak flows due to high peak factors might lead to huge over-spending on infrastructure upgrading while (for the same AADD) underestimation of peak flows due to low peak factors might result in sub-standard pressures in the field for some consumers. A detailed study is therefore required to determine exactly how sensitive this adjustment to peak factors can be on peak residual pressures.
Reproduction of results based on different MPH categories
As mentioned previously, the MPH category boundaries used for this study were H = 4 m, 14 m, 24 m and 34 m. As the possibility exists that a substantial portion of the node pressure results may fall close to MPH category boundaries, a better picture can be obtained by running repetitions of the same analyses but with different MPH category boundaries. The results can furthermore be refined by repeating the analyses with more MPH categories.
Low-pressure area detail study
Due to the fact that the study was based on the actual measured monthly water demand combined with theoretical peak factors, it needs to be confirmed that the areas that indicate low pressures from the analysis are, in fact, actually experiencing low pressures in the field. This would obviously entail more than having discussions with the water service provider as they will only be aware of low pressures once they receive formal complaints. Complaints pertaining to low pressure are not necessarily always made by the consumers.
Interaction with consumers in the theoretical low-pressure areas as well as the implementation of pressure loggers would provide verification of these theoretically-based findings in the field.
Scenario cost analysis comparison
A complete cost analysis for the infrastructural upgrading requirements for all the systems in the expanded study mentioned above could be performed. These upgrading requirements must be based on complying with the current minimum design criterion of 24 m residual pressure during peak demand. A similar cost analysis must then be repeated for infrastructural upgrading requirements based on a set of new design criteria (yet to be compiled) and compared to the first cost analysis.
The current local guideline criterion of MPH > 24 m has been in place since about 1974. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity of this criterion by scrutinizing hydraulic models of selected South African WDSs. For this purpose a detailed investigation into hydraulic model results of 14 different towns and almost 55 000 model nodes in total was conducted. About 20% of model nodes were found to have MPH below the guideline criterion of 24 m. The variation between different systems is significant. Some zones have compliance of 99% nodes conforming to this criterion, with less than 20% in other network models (implying that more than 80% of the nodes in these systems have MPH of less than 24 m during peak-hour flow periods).
Despite this study showing, for the first time, that a significant percentage of the water users in a typical South African urban water supply network may be experiencing pressures under the current guideline criteria, few customer complaints were reported by water service providers in these particular areas. Many customers seem to accept such 'low pressures'.
The first reported MPH criterion in South Africa (Leslie, 1957) suggested an 'absolute minimum' of 12 m for low-income and 15m for high-income residential areas. The results from this analysis are better described by the 50-year old criterion than the existing criterion of 24 m (that is 33-years old!).
A robust, interim guideline criterion for MPH in urban water networks is presented as a basis for further work. It could be used for immediate application in water master planning as a guideline for the MPH in a WDS.
The significant contribution to this work by Dr Leon Geustyn is greatly acknowledged. The authors also thank the various local authorities and their staff who made information available for this study and assisted with the lengthy process of data gathering, data capturing, hydraulic model compilation and the ongoing process of model verification, improvement and update. Also, credit is due to former researchers for publishing their results and in so doing providing industry with design criteria for minimum pressure over the years.
BOOYENS JD and HAARHOFF J (2000) Spitsvloei in Munisipale Waterverspreidingsnetwerke. Masters Degree Thesis. Rand Afrikaans University (now University of Johannesburg). June (2000). [ Links ]
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GEBHARDT DS (1975) The effects of pressure on domestic water supply including observations on the effect of limited garden-watering restrictions during a period of high demand. Water SA 1 (1) 3-8. http://www.wrc.org.za/downloads/watersa/1975/Vol1No1/0011%20abstract.pdf. [ Links ]
FILION YR, ADAMS BJ and KARNEY BW (2007) Stochastic design of water distribution systems with expected annual damages. J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. ASCE 133 (3) 244-252. [ Links ]
GLS (2008) Product information available online at URL: www.gls.co.za (Accessed May 19, 2008). [ Links ]
GIUSTOLISI O and LAUCELLI D (2007) More realistic water distribution network design using pressure-driven demands and leakages. In: Ulaniki et al. (eds.) Proc. Computer and Control in Water Industry (CCWI) – Water Management Challenges in Global Changes. Taylor and Francis Group, London. 177-183. [ Links ]
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VAN VUUREN SJ and VAN BEEK JC (1997) Her-Evaluering van die Bestaande Riglyne vir Stedelike en Industriële Watervoorsiening gebaseer op Gemete Waterverbruike, Fase 1: Pretoria Voorsieningsgebied. WRC Report No. 705/1/97. South African Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa. [ Links ]
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This paper was originally presented at the 2008 Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA) Biennial Conference, Sun City, South Africa, 18-22 May 2008.
* To whom all correspondence should be addressed.
+2721 808 4059; fax: +2721 808 4351;
e-mail: hejacobs@sun.ac.za


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Mmmm…this looks delicious! Love getting your blog posts right in my email….just having a coffee and thinking about you….hope you're well…would love to have a phone date sometime when you're free?
Cashews instead of eggs, I am going to try this. I wonder if the kids will dig it? I still have frozen pumpkin from the Halloween jack-o-lantern.


For the past six years I have been participating at the farmers' markets in Dimondale, Allen Street and East Lansing.
Dimondale will have their market on Thursdays from 3 - 7 p.m. starting June 6th until October when it will go from 3 - 6 p.m. It will take place as always in the parking lot across from Mike's Restaurant.
Allen Street Market is located off of Kalamazoo Street where it crosses Allen Street. Allen Street will open this year May 15th thru the end of October. The market is open from 2:30 - 7 p.m.
East Lansing Market is on Sundays from 10 a.m. - 2 p.m. from June 2nd to October 29th in Valley Court Park.
In the fall, we will have many knit items such as floral scarves, floral pins, fingerless mittens, hats, headbands, boot toppers, cowls and many more items. We will also have broom corn decorations, bittersweet branches as well as cornucopias.
Late fall we have Christmas greens, wreaths, kissing balls, advent wreaths, swags, boxwood trees and table arrangements.
All products are herb related and made on the farm by me. During the farmers' market season the farm is not open but if you cannot make it to one of the markets, let us know and we will gladly welcome you here at the farm during one of our at-home days.


Historic Downtown Statesville is the long-time cultural, business, historic, and centrally-located heart of Iredell County. However, as is the case in small towns across the country, main street had been neglected for decades, while development occurred elsewhere in the area. As part of a Land Use planning process, LandDesign established the urban design guidelines, strategies and recommendations that paved the way for the design and construction of the streetscape improvements, and acted as a catalyst for revitalization within downtown. The streetscape improvements have further contributed to Downtown Statesville becoming a destination withing the region for retail and dining.


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Earth and Environmental Sciences home
About Earth and Environmental Sciences
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Yuri Leonenko
Associate Professor, Geological Engineering
Yuri Leonenko studies how we can best capture and store CO2 into underground formations in order to limit the increasing impact of global warming. His research involves understanding the complex multi-phase flows and transport phenomena that regulate how CO2 behaves in the porous subsurface.
Professor Leonenko is cross-appointed with the Department of Geography and Environmental Management.
Office: EIT 2048
Phone: 519-888-4567, ext. 32160
Email: leonenko@uwaterloo.ca
Website: Graduate opportunities
Complex multi-phase flows and transport phenomena
Geological storage of CO2 and climate control
Emerging technologies of petroleum and energy production
Professor Leonenko focuses on the development of Climate Control technologies with an emphasis on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS).
Industrial scale CO2 storage projects, now operational or in the design phase, provide strong empirical support for the view that CO2 storage can be implemented safely. Nevertheless, significant uncertainties remain regarding the security of underground storage at the scales necessary for this technology to play a significant role in managing global emissions.
A critical issue for geological storage is to ensure that the stored CO2 does not escape from the underground formations. Current research interests are in the area of development of new approaches and technologies to mitigate the risks of CO2 leakage (along with other risks) to make CCS more feasible to implement. Modeling and numerical simulation of multiphase flow in porous media, fractures and faults; interactions between CO2 and reservoir fluids; novel technologies for in situ and ex situ dissolution of CO2, and risk assessments are among the topics of Professor Leonenko's research.
He has played significant role in establishing the Carbon Management Canada (CMC) Center of Excellence with $50 million of government funding. He is also actively involved in the development and promotion of Carbon Capture and Storage technologies, including the Shell Sequestration Project and the Wabamun Lake CO2 Sequestration Project (Phase-I, preliminary research). This research has led to more than $1 billion in commercial developments.
Professor Leonenko teaches both undergraduate and graduate courses. Current course offerings at the Unversity of Waterloo include:
SCI 201- Global Warming and Climate Change
GEOG 696 - Environmental Science Special Topics Course: Climate Control
Highlighted Publications
Professor Leonenko has published in high ranked journals such as Chemical Engineering Journal, Energy and Fuels, Environmental Science and Technology, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Chemical Engineering Science, Chemical Engineering and Technology, and Langmuir. Recent publications include:
A. Joshi, S. Gangadharan and Y. Leonenko. "Modeling of pressure evolution during multiple well injection of CO2 in saline aquifers." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 36, (2016): 1070-1079
A. Cholewinski, J. Dengis, V. Malkov and Y. Leonenko. "Modeling of CO2 injection into aquifers containing dissolved H2S." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 36A, (2016): 1080-1086.
S. Ghaderi and Y. Leonenko. "Reservoir modeling for Wabamun lake sequestration project." Energy Science & Engineering 3, no. 2 (2015): 98-114.
S. Zendehboudi, A. Shafiei, A. Bahadori, Y. Leonenko, I. Chatzis. "Droplets evolution during ex situ dissolution technique for geological CO2 sequestration: Experimental and mathematical modelling." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 13, (2013): 201–214.
S. Zendehboudi, Y. Leonenko, A. Shafiei, M. Soltani and I. Chatzis. "Modeling of CO2 droplets shrinkage in ex situ dissolution approach with application to geological sequestration: Analytical solutions and feasibility study." Chemical Engineering Journal 197, (2012): 448–458.
S. Zendehboudi, A. Khan, S Carlisle and Y. Leonenko. "Ex-Situ Dissolution of CO2: A New Technology for Enhancement of CO2 Sequestration." Energy and Fuels, 25(7), (2011): 3323–3333.
S. Ghaderi, D. Keith, R. Lavoie and Y. Leonenko. "Evolution of Hydrogen Sulfide in Sour Saline Aquifers During Carbon Dioxide Sequestration." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 5(2), (2011): 347-355.
1997 European Academy Award to Young Scientists, Achievements in Investigation of Critical Phenomena
1996 Russian Academy of Science Award, Research achievements in Thermophysics and Hydrodynamics
University of Waterloo Affiliations
Cross appointed with the Department of Geography and Environmental Management
Member, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy
Member, Interdisciplinary Centre on Climate Change
Professional Associations and Service
GHG (Green House Gas) Representative for UW Associate Membership in COSIA (Canada's Oil Sands Innovation Alliance)
1991 PhD Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Institute of Thermophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
1985 MSc Physics, Novosibirsk State University, Russia
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text:
Thomas Henshall Wilson Vallance (28 March 1924 - July 1980) was an English professional footballer who played as an outside-left.

Career
Vallance was born in Stoke-on-Trent, and was the son of Jimmy Vallance, the trainer at Stoke City. Vallance began his career at Stoke City during the Second World War. He moved to Torquay United in 1945, playing in the FA Cup First Round, second leg tie which Torquay drew away to Newport County to lose 2–1 on aggregate in November 1945 . He left Torquay before playing a league game and subsequently joined Arsenal in 1947. Mainly a reserve, he finally made his league debut on 4 September 1948 in a 1–1 draw against Sheffield United after Arsenal's regular left-winger, Denis Compton had been injured. He shared the left wing position with Ian McPherson that season, playing 14 times and scoring twice, but played just once the following season as McPherson and Compton monopolised the left wing position. After several more seasons in Arsenal's reserves, he left the club on a free transfer in 1953.

Vallance was the brother-in-law of England international Stanley Matthews — Vallance's sister, Betty, had married Matthews in 1934.

Career statistics
Source:

References

External links

1924 births
1980 deaths
English footballers
Stoke City F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Footballers from Stoke-on-Trent
Association football wingers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How do I prevent spam from appearing in Messages on iOS? The Messages app on iOS has a feature that seems intended to prevent spam messages from appearing in the list of messages I see by default: choosing to filter on "Known" senders only. I'd have thought that this would filter out spam messages from unknown numbers, but that's not what it does, so I constantly get such messages appearing as "Known":

What does "Known" actually mean? How do I use it or some other feature to prevent spam from unknown addresses from appearing in Messages?

A: It's too late for iOS to reclassify previous contacts once they are in Known. For those, make one contact called Telemarket Spam and block that contact.

*

*https://apple.stackexchange.com/a/345784/5472
As more trickle in, take manual action on them if you don't want to engage your carrier to block them.
So far, my Known hasn't been breached, so I'm crossing my fingers I can avoid SMS spam for 38 days. I've got about 125 numbers I needed to block since they got through when I had filter unknown callers off (like when I need to accept a return call from AppleCare and spam leaks in) (My email accounts x RIP, spam city due to the election funding and drama llamas and sharing lists I presume). T-Mobile USA is doing an excellent job once I enabled their free block service for spam.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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NEWS: Adam Lambert's Performance of "Believe" Brings Cher to Tears at Kennedy Center Honors
By Andrea Park | You've heard Cher's "Believe," the smash dance hit that dominated airwaves in 1998, but you haven't heard it like this before. "American Idol" alum and Queen…
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REPORTS: Brian May Talks Queen's Revival: 'We would never be doing this now if it weren't for Adam Lambert' // U2's Bono Loses Voice During Concert
Queen + Adam Lambert kick off their limited-run Las Vegas residency at the Park Theater this Saturday, Sept. 1. It's an event that has been a long time coming. Truly,…
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Aretha Franklin's signature song was a groundbreaking female empowerment anthem of the late 1960s. Originally a minor hit by Otis Redding in 1965, Aretha's "Respect" was given a new arrangement…
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text:
NBC News Signs Nicole Brown Simpson's Sister to Develop True Crime Series
by Cindy McLennan, June 2, 2016
Denise Brown, sister of murder victim Nicole Brown Simpson, has signed a development deal with NBC News' Peacock Productions, for a new true-crime TV show. NBC says Brown and a team of experts will investigate all sides of the story in cases where justice has been called into question.
Brown says she lived a normal life until June 12, 1994, when her sister — the ex-wife of NFL player OJ Simpson — was killed. NBC News might just have a hit on its hands. True-crime devotees are everywhere. What's more, the public is still intrigued by the murders of Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman. The FX anthology TV series American Crime Story, featured "The People Vs. OJ Simpson," in its first, highly successful season.
"Peacock Productions' expertise in the true-crime narrative and unscripted programming is unparalleled," said Denise Brown. "I am excited to begin working with Peacock and tell the stories of lives that have forever been changed by the criminal justice system."
Here is the NBC press release, with more details.
NBC NEWS' PEACOCK PRODUCTIONS SIGNS DENISE BROWN, SISTER OF NICOLE BROWN SIMPSON, TO DEVELOP NEW TRUE CRIME SERIES
NEW YORK – June 1, 2016 — NBC News' Peacock Productions has signed a deal with Denise Brown, sister of the late Nicole Brown Simpson whose death was at the center of the infamous O.J. Simpson murder trial, to develop a new true crime series. As part of the unscripted series, Brown and a team of experts will investigate all sides of the story in cases where justice has been called into question.
"Denise has experienced first-hand the complexities of the criminal justice system," said Melody Shafir, Vice President of Development for Peacock Productions. "She testified on behalf of her sister during one of the most high-profile murder trials in recent history and will draw on that experience throughout the series, with a deep understanding of the impact the system can have on the victim's family."
Brown describes living a normal life until June 12, 1994, when her sister, Nicole Brown Simpson, was killed. This tragic incident resulted in her commitment to raising awareness against domestic violence. Since 1995, Brown has traveled the country speaking on the epidemic of domestic violence and is the founder and president of The Elite Speakers Bureau, which provides education on issues such as abuse, school and workplace safety, mental health and more.
As part of her commitment to educate the public and improve the quality of life for victims, Brown has worked to help pass a variety of legislative solutions for domestic violence and testified to the U.S. Senate Appropriations Committee for increased funding for the Violence Against Women Act. She also assisted in the success of the Vine System, an automated victim notification service of the release of batterers from jail or prison. She is determined to end the stigma attached to domestic violence.
About Peacock Productions
Peacock Productions, a division of NBC News, is a nonfiction production company that combines the editorial expertise, technical resources, and seasoned talent of NBCUniversal to create series, events, and live specials for global audiences. Peacock Productions reaches more than 300 million people worldwide every year across broadcast, cable, syndication, and emerging platforms with its award-winning specials and series. Sharon Scott is the President and General Manager. For more information, visit: http://www.peacockproductions.tv.
Watch Denise Brown discuss domestic abuse in this 2014 interview.
What do you think? Are you a true-crime fan? Are you still intrigued by the murders of Nicole Brown and Ron Goldman? Will you check out Denise Brown's true-crime TV show, if it is ordered to series? What do you suggest for a title? Tell us!
More about: American Crime Story, American Crime Story: canceled or renewed?, NBC TV shows: canceled or renewed?
The Widower: NBC Sets True-Crime Mini-Series from Dateline NBC Producers
Law & Order True Crime: Cancelled or Renewed for Season Two on NBC?
Law & Order True Crime: No Current Plans for Season Two of NBC Series
Law & Order True Crime: NBC Showrunner Has an Idea for Season Two
Law & Order True Crime: Harry Hamlin to Recur on NBC TV Show
Law & Order True Crime: Keong Sim to Recur on NBC TV Show
Law & Order True Crime: Three TV Vets Join New NBC Series
Law & Order True Crime: NBC Releases New Fall Series Trailer
Law & Order True Crime: Josh Charles (The Good Wife) Joins NBC Series
Law & Order True Crime: Actors from Switched At Birth & Madam Secretary Join the Cast
Law & Order True Crime: Julianne Nicholson Joins Another Dick Wolf NBC Series
Law & Order: True Crime: Anthony Edwards Joins New NBC Series
Law & Order: True Crime: Lyle Menendez Role Cast for NBC True Crime Series
Law & Order True Crime: Erik Menendez Role Cast for New NBC TV Series
Law & Order True Crime: Dick Wolf Discusses Upcoming NBC Series
Law & Order True Crime: NBC Orders Menendez Murders Series
worthymagic
This is the kind of show you watch in the morning around Breakfast time, so you can have some OJ with your food.


Regain a more youthful looking smile with teeth whitening. At Manhattan Dental Design, we have different whitening techniques a patient can choose from. Maximize your whitening results with our professional help. No more empty promises from products that don't work, ill-fitting trays and burned gums.
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Your dentist will take impressions of your teeth so that custom trays can be fitted specially for your teeth. One of the products offered at Manhattan Dental Design is Opalescence take-home whitening gel. This is a professional whitener, and is available only through a licensed dental professional.
ZOOM! Whitening is a professional whitening procedure performed in-office at Manhattan Dental Design. ZOOM! is one of the more popular whitening brands offered. The Zoom! Teeth Whitening System has several steps.
The dentist evaluates the patient's pre-whitening tooth shade. Teeth are isolated with a special dental dam – this is to avoid getting the peroxide gel onto sensitive gum tissue. The hydrogen peroxide gel is then applied to the surface of the teeth. The next step is using a special light on the teeth for activating the whitening gel for around 20 minutes. The gel is then removed and fresh gel is applied two more intervals of 20 minutes, followed by the teeth receiving a thorough cleaning before the dam is removed.
Contact Manhattan Dental Design today for your informative consultation. Be on your way to a sparkling, youthful smile!


I noticed this morning that my back up drive was still powered on, even though my laptop was not docked, and it would not turn off. The drive does not show in explorer either, and does not respond to rebooting, power cycling or 'find new hardware'. I pulled the USB and power cord and noticed that there is signs of electrical arcing between the plug and DC-In port. The thing has been quietly chugging away for almost 7 years now, so maybe it was due to die anyway.
I put it in the freezer just now to see if I can bring it back to life, even temporarily.
Any suggestions for a replacement?
This is why I use carbonite for backups.
They seem pretty reliably durable over the years.
BTW... I had backed up my laptop on another drive at home last week (an ooold LaCie/Porsche Design 80GB drive) so the critical stuff is covered, but I also had archives of music/video/proposals/oft files etc. Not critical, but would be nice to have access to regardless.
When I power up the WD, it sounds like the head is trying to access the platters and you hear 10-12 taps at a consistent pace. Then silence. Does that mean anything to any of you with regards to the level of fubar that the drive has reached?
It means your harddrive has gone from SNAFU to FUBAR.
There are companies that can do recovery, but to do so is an expensive proposition.
Any old portable will work. Western Digital is fine.
I ordered the 1TB model linked above, it should show up next week.
Why don't people use this gadget?
I've had three wd mybook terrabyte drives die in the past year (each about 1 year old). Two were the versions with the external power supply, one portable fwiw. Hopefully yours works better.
Regarding data recovery I couldn't find anything that worked (made a thread here about it iirc). A little bit ago I found testdisk. AMAZING.
Steve Gibson's SpinRite is #1.
Ever listen to his podcast?
I haven't heard of him. I may subscribe to his podcast. That said testdisk is freeware. Also, that guys website is horrible.
I gave this a crack, but the drive still isn't recognized. Is this a Windows7 specific tool? I'm running XP on this machine.
I pulled it apart this morning, thinking it might be the power supply or serial/USB convertor that shat the bed. I'lll hook it up to a serial cable tonight at home to see if I can access the drive (it is just a WD internal drive with the serial/usb convertor in a plastic box).
Meanwhile, the replacement drive came in, and it is amazing how small it is compared to the old drive. It is about the size of a pack of playing cards, only slightly wider. The attached picture shows the old 250GB drive, on top of the My Book housing, next to the 1TB My Passport and a standard Sharpie for reference.
I also did what you are doing and tore the drive apart fwiw.
Yes, it ran and the screens looked pretty much like the demo showed. I think it should work on XP too though. At the source site they offer multiple versions. I'm using the "Windows" version, and also downloaded the DOS version to play with just in case.
I've looked around for some WD utilities, actually some came prepopulated on the new drive. However, the drive doesn't even show up in Windows drive management. What is encouraging though is that I can hear the drive spin up. I'm not getting any errors, it just isn't there. I have also tested the USB cable and that is good, so I'm thinking it might be the USB/Serial adapter portion of the drive that is shot...I'm hoping anyway.
If you need I have a couple spare usb/serial adapters I can send you. I have had those go bad, and the problems you describe sound exactly like what I had.
Thanks for the offer, I might take you up on it. In the meantime... sorry for the probably stupid questions, its been a while since I poked around in a desktop and messed with configuring drives.
My old XP desktop at home has a spare drive bay, spare power connector and spare connector on the IDE ribbon.
edit: poop... it booted up but it can't do anything with the WD. Even if I turn off Primary Drive 1 (WD) in the system setup (but leave it cabled up) it hangs the boot process. When I pull the WD out, it boots fine.
That's beyond my expertise. I've simply spent a lot of time recovering data when my primary and subsequently two back up drives failed within a month or so of each other.
Don't you have the Master and Slave backwards? I thought slave sits in the middle and serves data through to the Master device. Or have I gotten those mixed up and backwards since its been so many years since I tinkered?
Yeah, when the electronics go on a drive, it'll cause issues, basically sending the wrong signal to the controller regardless of how the pins are shorted.
It was possible on the older drives to unbolt the entire electronic board and bolt in a new one and be able to recover data.
It is likely very possible that your data is still there and accessible, but you may need to send it out to a professional place to recover it, if you really need it.
Or, and another thing: hard drives have spinning disks. Eventually, if they are stacked near to each other, they tend to synchronize. Thus, for example, in a small RAID setup, when the disks are right next to each other, they will fail more or less in unison. It's a weird thing but not uncommon.
Veritas - I have that exact unit, and I've used two external 3.5" hard drives for backups. One can even plug those right into an Apple Extreme wireless router (or any router that can share drives via the USB port) and access the data from anywhere in the wireless network.


At Joe Ferrante Music Academy, we encourage our students' creativity in songwriting and composition and believe they go hand in hand with excellent musical training and performance skills. For the student with a desire to learn songwriting, we have superb teachers who are professional songwriters and recording artists themselves. Our trained teachers engage our students' desire to write music in a stimulating and supportive atmosphere. A general music background is required for our songwriting lessons, although if a student is interested in songwriting without prior music training, the Joe Ferrante Music Academy can set him or her up with a songwriting teacher who can begin teaching them the essential skills of musical and instrument training and eventually progress into songwriting lessons.


text:
Licuala modesta är en enhjärtbladig växtart som beskrevs av Odoardo Beccari. Licuala modesta ingår i släktet Licuala och familjen Arecaceae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

modesta


text:
Q: Как определить входит ли дата в интервал дат? Подскажите, пожалуйста, как решить задачу?
Даны два сета данных:
Первый:
Start   End
01.03.2018  30.11.2018
01.06.2018  30.11.2018

характеристика первого сета:
Дата завершения        29051 non-null datetime64[ns]
Дата начала            29051 non-null datetime64[ns]

Второй:
Document_date
10.02.2018
10.02.2018
13.06.2018
13.06.2018
29.03.2018
19.04.2018
13.06.2018
20.03.2018
13.06.2018
25.01.2018
15.05.2018
19.04.2018

характеристика второго сета:
Дата документа            266193 non-null datetime64[ns]
Дилер                     266193 non-null object
Клиент (название)         266193 non-null object
Код товара                266193 non-null object
Количество в документе    266193 non-null float64
Регион клиента            266193 non-null object
Товар                     266193 non-null object
Month                     266193 non-null object
Year                      266193 non-null object
Система                   266193 non-null object

Посдкажите, пожалуйста, как эффективнее сделать проверку на вхождение дат из второго сета в интервал дат первого сета? На практике эти сеты размером около 200 т.строк и 10 полей.


One of major thing need to be achieved before building the construction structural would be your structural foundation. The sort of construction foundation are raft base, footing base, piling foundation. Ordinarily earlier assemble a building, we need to inspect soil state for this construction. This is accomplished by carried out land analysis (SI). The analysis of SI document can be utilized for decide form of foundation.
Being a consulting engineer, it's going to be usually that engineer need to organize RC drawings for client. Client desire it to get figures purpose. Ordinarily, SI will carry out in the subsequent stage i.e. after the earthworks completion zemní práce Praha.
As a consequence, just how do consulting engineer to perform preliminary variety of base?
can select as pad base and fill area will probably select just as pile base. When fill area is less than 1.2m, but it still can serve as base foundation because foundation desire a selected thickness for build.
Yet another procedure of determination is by on site excavation, engineer must go to web page to witness that the ground affliction. Engineer can see the method by which the excavator excavate earths. Will the excavator can easy get rid of the soil. Can soil is free at vertical sides of excavation hole. If the answer is YES, then ground is tender. It can be advocated touse pile foundation else mat base might be advocated.


A report coming out of your first class today says that you are, without a doubt, the least productive member of your class project group. The project, which constitutes a significant portion of you and your group members' final grade, is simply way above your head.
According to your group mates, they could tell from the very beginning that you bring absolutely nothing to the table. Citing that you immediately volunteered to "be the one who puts together everyone's parts," it became clear to your superior classmates that you could hardly be trusted with rudimentary tasks, let alone creating a cohesive presentation. The team says they've been successful so far in distracting you from tasks of any consequence by having you confirm the project due-date multiple times, and asking you to pick out a font. However, the report explains that their recent decision to exclude you from the team GroupMe will spare them from having to keep humoring your meager attempts to help.
At press time, you managed not to bring a single writing utensil to the fifth straight meeting.


Ecoin, Middletown's Environmental Collective Impact Network, has embraced an initiative, led by the Middletown Garden Club and former Middletown Mayor Maria Madsen Holzberg, to develop and propose a City ordinance to reduce or eliminate free single-use plastic checkout bags handed out by local retailers.
According to the film Plastic Ocean, 8 million tons of plastic are dumped into our oceans every year. Plastics not only contribute to unsightly litter that is a danger for birds and marine life, but they release toxins as they break down. Micro-particles of plastic end up in the muscle tissue of fish eaten by humans. Clearly, as a species we need to find our way to doing less damage to the biological systems we depend on, and that includes using and discarding less plastic.
Reducing our consumption of single-use plastic items — shopping bags, straws, drink containers, utensils, etc. — is something we can all do. But we need some "carrots and sticks" (incentives and regulations) from society as a whole to help us change our ways.
Similar ordinances regarding plastic bags have been adopted by cities and towns elsewhere in Connecticut and beyond. Such bags pollute the environment not only when they are discarded into a stream or get blown into trees and fields. They also consume fossil fuels in the manufacturing process and add to the waste stream that is burned, contributing to toxic air pollution.
Ecoin will discuss progress on the ordinance at its meeting on January 7, 5-6 p.m. in the deKoven House, 27 Washington Street. All members of the pubic are welcome and invited to attend Ecoin meetings.
In the meantime, we can all train ourselves to use heavier, multiple-use canvas or vinyl shopping bags. That means keeping our shopping bags handy and remembering to bring them with us as we enter the store.