text:
\section{Introduction}

Most tsunamis are triggered by sudden displacements of the seabed
during earthquakes. To predict tsunami hazards in real time, actual
warning models require, first and foremost, data of the free-surface
waveform in the open seas. Buoy networks dedicated to detect tsunamis
may provide direct measurements of wave heights at fixed positions
across the oceans \cite{2012PApGe.tmp...42M}. When buoy records are
unavailable, a faster indirect method based on fault and seismic data
is used by default. The seabed displacement is computed numerically
from the fault slip using Okada's model \cite{Okada:1985uy}, and
then transferred to the ocean free surface. Unfortunately, this technique
often underestimates the surface wave amplitude (\emph{e.g. }for the
2004 Sumatra-Andaman tsunami \cite{2006SciAm.294a..56G}).

Several reasons have been proposed to explain this bias \cite{2006EP&S...58..185G,Maeda:2011cp,Tanioka:2001vu,Dutykh:2010hv,Synolakis:2002kp,Okal:2004ju,2008JFM...598..107S,Geist:2007ds},
including the seabed-kinematics role during an earthquake (\emph{i.e.}
its spatiotemporal features) \cite{Geist:2007ds,1997Sci...278..598S,Geist:1998vc,Todorovska:wf}.
Bottom displacement is considered to be instantaneous if its typical
rise time is small compared to the time scale of the generated waves
at the free surface \cite{Geist:1998vc}. Most earthquakes meet this
condition, although other remarkable tsunamigenic events barely satisfy
it: for instance, in two of the hugest tsunami ever registered, the
bottom displacements were noticeably slow \cite{1972PEPI....6..346K}.
Unfortunately, many numerical codes used in warning systems neglect
seabed kinematics (\emph{e.g.} the MOST \cite{Titov:1997vx} and the
TUNAMI \cite{UNESCO:1997vt}). Instead, they use a transfer model
that simply translates the source bottom final deformation to the
ocean surface. Although available, numerical simulations that suitably
do consider bed-sea kinematic coupling during displacements have high
computation costs (cf. \cite{Ichiye:1958ug,Aida:1969tq,Kervella:2007dc,Kakinuma:2009tu})
and require to know the bottom kinematics a priori. Strikingly, even
if the deformation happens instantaneously, the free-surface displacement
is not equal to the bottom one \cite{Kajiura:1963tn,Dutykh:2006jh}.

Laboratory experiments dealing with the influence of bed-uplift kinematics
in tsunami generation are rare and have been based on measurements
of the free-surface deformation \cite{Takahasi:1962tt,1973JFM....60..769H},
providing limited information about the fluid dynamics. Velocity measurements
in the bulk are even rarer and only concern landslide-triggered tsunamis
\cite{Fritz:2003du,Fritz:2003iu}. Furthermore, many laboratory experiments
have been performed in channels and thus tend to overlook the three-dimensional
(3D) geometry of real scenarios \cite{1973JFM....60..769H,Fritz:2003du,Fritz:2003iu,2014EL....10534004V}.

In this Letter, we analyse experimentally and theoretically the hydrodynamic
coupling between the bottom and the free-surface motion in a 3D fluid
layer, focusing on the role that the bottom kinematics plays in wave
generation. For this purpose, we performed combined measurements of
the free-surface deformation and the fluid velocity field. Our results
are then compared with a linear theory \cite{Hammack:1972wf}. We
also provide a generalized framework that can be applied systematically
to enhance tsunami warning-systems simulations.

\section{Experimental Setup}

We performed our experiments in a $110\times110\times30\,\mathrm{cm^{3}}$
Plexiglas basin filled with water to a depth of $h=2.5\,\mathrm{cm}$.
A circular region (radius $r_{2}=3.25\,\mathrm{cm}$) was carved in
the bottom centre and covered with a stretched elastic sheet. The
sheet is deformed by means of a solid flat circular piston ($r_{1}=2.5\,\mathrm{cm}$)
placed beneath the membrane and attached to an electromechanical shaker
(see Fig.~\ref{fig:setup}). As a result of the setup geometry, the
bottom vertical motion can be described as a separable spatiotemporal
function with circular symmetry, $\zeta\left(r,t\right)=\zeta_{m}\alpha\left(r\right)\beta\left(t\right)$,
where $\zeta_{m}$ is the maximal bottom deformation; $\alpha\left(r\right)$
is the spatial profile along the radial horizontal coordinate $r$
{[}see Fig.~\ref{fig:setup} (inset){]} and $\beta\left(t\right)$
is the displacement time function. The latter was arbitrary chosen
to be an exponential rise, $\beta_{\exp}\left(t\right)=1-e^{-t/\tau_{b}}$,
or a half-sine one, $\beta_{\sin}\left(t\right)=\sin^{2}\left[\pi t/\left(2\tau_{b}\right)\right]$
if $t\leq\tau_{b}$ or 1 if $t>\tau_{b}$; where $\tau_{b}$ is defined
as the rise time. To achieve this, the shaker input signal was determined
by exploiting the bottom velocity records from a laser Doppler vibrometer.
Our system can be used to study rise times from 10 to $500\,\mathrm{ms}$,
and upward bottom amplitudes from $1.5$ to $5\,\mathrm{mm}$. Typical
bottom velocities vary from $1$ to $30\,\mathrm{cm\cdot s^{-1}}$.
The basin extent  was chosen to avoid wave reflections on the lateral
walls during the generation process.

\begin{figure}
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics[width=12cm]{fig1}

\par\end{centering}

\caption{Main: Experimental setup. A layer of water is contained in a basin
where a shaker and a piston vertically deform an elastic sheet placed
at the bottom centre. The piston motion is recorded using a laser
vibrometer. Images from a sectional cut of the fluid are obtained
using a laser sheet generator and a high-speed camera. The bottom
dimensionless spatial profile $\alpha\left(r\right)$ and the time
displacement function $\beta\left(t\right)$ are also displayed.\label{fig:setup}}
\end{figure}

The velocity field in the bulk during bottom and surface deformations
is obtained using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). A laser sheet
passing through the basin centre illuminated a vertical slice of water
seeded with $50$-$\mathrm{\mu m}$ polyamide particles (see Fig.~\ref{fig:setup}).
This provided an imaging region of $71\times30\,\mathrm{mm^{2}}$
($1600\times692\,\mathrm{pixels}$) that was recorded at $500\,\mbox{Hz}$
during $1\,\mathrm{s}$. Since the system is axisymmetric, these measurements
build a 3D picture of the flow. The surface of the water layer was
blown with more particles to create an identifiable line on the images
for detection. The free-surface vertical deformation $\eta\left(r,t\right)$
was then obtained by applying a Radon transform algorithm on the images
\cite{2011ExFl...51..871S}. Finally, we applied a PIV grid-refining
scheme \cite{1997ExFl...23...20W} using an average correlation method
\cite{Meinhart:2000wc} on ten experimental runs for each set of parameters.
All the data used throughout this article is available at a public
repository at \cite{repository-tsunami}.

\begin{figure}
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics{fig2}
\par\end{centering}

\caption{Experimental velocity fields in the water during half-sine bottom
displacements for three typical $\overline{\tau}$ values. The streamlines
(set of grey curves) in (a) and (c) were computed numerically using
an asymptotic model for the $\overline{\tau}\ll1$ and $\overline{\tau}\gg1$
cases (see explanation in text). In all cases, the free-surface deformation
is significantly smoother than the bottom one.\label{fig:field}}
\end{figure}

The two time scales in our experiment are the bottom rise time $\tau_{b}$
and the typical time of the generated waves $\tau_{w}$. We defined
$\tau_{w}$ as the semi-period of the wave,\emph{ i.e.} the time between
the first maximum and minimum of the water surface deformation at
the basin centre ($r=0$). In our experiment, $\tau_{w}\simeq130\,\mathrm{ms}$
is the same for any displacement time function $\beta$ and rise time
$\tau_{b}$ (see results below). This value is related to the dominant
wavelength of the generated wave $\lambda_{w}\approx10\,\mathrm{cm}$
(according to acquired images), through the dispersion relation $\tau_{w}=\pi/\sqrt{gk_{w}\tanh k_{w}h}$.
Accordingly, the experimental time ratio, defined as $\overline{\tau}=\tau_{b}/\tau_{w}$
varies between 0.08 and 4. The relevance of the time ratio in tsunami
generation was noticed by Hammack \cite{1973JFM....60..769H}, who
suitably identified three wave-response regimes to bottom deformations:
impulsive ($\overline{\tau}\ll1$), transitional ($\overline{\tau}\sim1$),
and creeping ones ($\overline{\tau}\gg1$).

\section{Results and discussion}

Within this classification, we display in Fig.~\ref{fig:field} three
characteristic snapshots of the generation velocity fields for half-sine
type displacements. The vertical coordinate is denoted as $z$ such
that at rest, the free surface matches $z=0$, and the bottom, $z=-h$.
When $\overline{\tau}\ll1$, we observe an upward global motion during
the bottom uplift. Indeed, the velocity field just below the free
surface is vertical {[}see Fig.~\ref{fig:field}(a){]} as predicted
in \cite{2000PhFl...12.2819T}. Gravity-wave propagation  starts remarkably
after the end of the bottom motion as shown in videos
\footnote{See Supplemental Material at {[}URL{]} for velocity-field videos of
the runs depicted in Fig.~\ref{fig:field}
}. When $\overline{\tau}\sim1$, the flow resembles that of Fig.~\ref{fig:field}(a)
at short times. However, before the bottom motion ends, waves start
to propagate radially from the generation region: an oscillating flow
occurs right beneath the free surface {[}see Fig.~\ref{fig:field}(b){]}.
In this case, both bottom deformation and wave propagation occur simultaneously
suggesting that the bottom kinematics affects induced waves. For $\overline{\tau}\gg1$,
the free surface remains mostly stationary and accordingly, the vertical
component of the velocity vanishes when approaching the free surface
{[}see Fig.~\ref{fig:field}(c){]}. In this stage, the outward flow
reminds that of a moving bottom in presence of a fixed boundary at
$z=0$.

\begin{figure}
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics{fig3}
\par\end{centering}

\caption{Inset: Experimental (solid line) and theoretical (dashed line) kinetic
energy $E_{K}$ versus time. $E_{K}^{-}$ is the local minimum of
kinetic energy near $t=\tau_{b}$ and $E_{K}^{+}$ is the local maximum
of kinetic energy due to the wave propagation. Main: Experimental
(squares) and theoretical (dashed line) contrast of kinetic energy
versus $\overline{\tau}$.\label{fig:deltaE}}
\end{figure}

To quantify the transition between the slow and rapid regimes, we
compute the kinetic energy from the fluid velocity field. Figure~\ref{fig:field}
shows that the region $r<7\,\mathrm{cm}$ contains most of the kinetic
energy during the bottom deformation. As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:deltaE}
(inset), the kinetic energy within this volume, $E_{K}$, captures
also the main temporal features of the motion (see also \cite{Dutykh:2009fa}).
The bottom uplift induces an intense first maximum of $E_{K}$. As
the bottom stops afterwards, a local minimum $E_{K}^{-}$ appears
and later, a second maximum $E_{K}^{+}$ emerges induced by wave propagation.
We define the contrast of kinetic energy as $\left(E_{K}^{+}-E_{K}^{-}\right)/\left(E_{K}^{+}+E_{K}^{-}\right)$.
As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:deltaE}, the contrast is close to unity
for $\overline{\tau}\ll1$: the liquid can be considered as motionless
at the end of the bottom deformation $\left(E_{K}^{-}\approx0\right)$,
with its velocity being negligible compared to those due to wave propagation.
Inertia seems to be absent since no flow outlasts the bottom motion:
the liquid layer and the bottom behaves like a single block. For larger
$\overline{\tau}$, the wave propagation begins while the bottom is
still moving so the energy contrast decreases to zero. Furthermore,
for $\overline{\tau}\gtrapprox1.4$, the contrast is not any more
defined because the bottom deformation and the wave propagation overlap
so much that $E_{K}^{-}$ and $E_{K}^{+}$ do not exist at all. This
shows that the energy contrast depicts well the transition between
rapid and slow scenarios.

\begin{figure}
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics{fig4}
\par\end{centering}

\caption{Insets: Bottom and free-surface deformations in $\mathrm{mm}$ at
$r=0$, $\zeta_{0}$ and $\eta_{0}$, versus time ($\zeta_{0}$ in
dash-dotted lines; $\eta_{0}$ experiments in solid, theory in dashed
lines) for exponential (a and c) and half-sine (b and d) bottom displacements.
The vertical dashed lines represent $t=\tau_{b}$ for each run. The
wave time scale $\tau_{w}$ is found to be $130\,\mathrm{ms}$ in
all the cases. Main: Dimensionless free-surface maximal elevation
at $r=0$, against $\overline{\tau}$ for different bottom displacements
(see legend). Symbols are experimental data, dashed lines are theoretical
results and dotted lines are asymptotic behaviours $\left(\overline{\tau}\gg1\right)$.
\label{fig:eta_t}}
\end{figure}

Since the fluid velocity field is coupled with the free-surface deformation,
both quantities share similar spatiotemporal features. In Fig.~\ref{fig:eta_t},
we depict the bottom and the free-surface elevations at $r=0$, $\zeta_{0}$
and $\eta_{0}$, as a function of time. We observe in all cases that
the free surface and the bottom are synchronized at the beginning
of the motion. For $\overline{\tau}\ll1$ this is true throughout
the bottom uplift and regardless of the displacement time function
$\beta\left(t\right)$ as time satisfies $t<\tau_{b}\ll\tau_{w}$
{[}see Figs.~\ref{fig:eta_t}(a)-\ref{fig:eta_t}(b){]}. Besides,
the subsequent stage is independent of the displacement-time history
of the bottom. Contrariwise, for $\overline{\tau}\gtrsim\text{1}$,
exponential and half-sine bed displacements induce free-surface responses
that not only differ from rapid ones, but also from one another {[}see
Figs.~\ref{fig:eta_t}(c)-\ref{fig:eta_t}(d){]}, \emph{e.g.} the
negative part of $\eta_{0}$ is more pronounced for the half-sine
case. This evidences that for $\overline{\tau}\gtrsim\text{1}$ the
generated-wave shape  depends on the nature of $\beta\left(t\right)$
as well as on its typical time $\tau_{b}$, which confirms that the
bottom kinematics is crucial in non-impulsive wave generation.

To understand more precisely its role, we plot in Fig.~\ref{fig:eta_t}~(main)
the dimensionless maximal elevation of the free surface at $r=0$,
$\eta_{0,m}/\zeta_{m}$, as a function of the time ratio $\overline{\tau}$.
As expected, $\eta_{0,m}$ decreases with $\overline{\tau}$ and converges
to the same asymptote for $\overline{\tau}\ll1$ independently of
the nature of $\beta\left(t\right)$. For $\overline{\tau}\gg1$,
we observe two different behaviours: $\eta_{0,m}$ decreases as $\tau_{b}^{-1}$
for exponential bottom displacements and as $\tau_{b}^{-7/4}$ for
half-sine ones. This differs from 1D experiments where a $\tau_{b}^{-1}$
power law fits both cases \cite{1973JFM....60..769H}. To summarize,
when motion is transferred from the bottom to the free surface, the
fluid layer behaves as a temporal high-pass filter (cut-off at $\overline{\tau}^{-1}\approx1$).

The experimental data displayed in Figs.~\ref{fig:deltaE}-\ref{fig:eta_t}
as well as the spatial profiles (not shown herein), are all found
to be in good agreement with theoretical curves without fitting parameters.
These were calculated using the axisymmetric version of Hammack's
tsunami-generation theory \cite{Hammack:1972wf} Capillary and viscosity
effects can be neglected since $\lambda_{w}\gg2\pi\sqrt{\gamma/\left(\rho g\right)}$
($\gamma$ is the surface tension and $\rho$ the fluid density) and
$r_{1}\gg\sqrt{\nu\tau_{b}}$ ($\nu$ is the kinematic viscosity).
The flow is assumed to be irrotational and incompressible ($c_{s}\tau_{b}\gg\left\{ \zeta_{m},h,r_{1}\right\} $
where $c_{s}$ is the sound speed in water \cite{1999PCEB...24..437N}).
Hence the system can be expressed in terms of a velocity potential
$\phi$ that satisfies
\begin{equation}
\nabla^{2}\phi=0\label{eq:laplace}
\end{equation}
in the bulk. The experimental amplitude parameter $\zeta_{m}/h$ is
small enough to linearize boundary conditions \cite{Hammack:1972wf}.
Thus, if the bottom is initially flat, the dynamic condition at the
free surface as well as the kinematic boundary conditions can be written
as
\begin{eqnarray}
\left.\partial_{t}\phi\right|_{z=0}+g\eta & = & 0.\label{eq:DC_top}\\
\left.\partial_{z}\phi\right|_{z=-h}-\partial_{t}\zeta & = & 0,\label{eq:KC_bottom}\\
\left.\partial_{z}\phi\right|_{z=0}-\partial_{t}\eta & = & 0.\label{eq:KC_top}
\end{eqnarray}
To solve this system of equations, we apply the Laplace transform
in $t$ to the displacement time function, $\tilde{\beta}\left(s\right)\equiv\mathcal{L}\left\lbrace \beta(t)\right\rbrace \left(s\right)$,
and the Hankel transform of zeroth order in $r$ to the spatial profile,
$\hat{\alpha}\left(k\right)\equiv\mathcal{H}_{0}\left\{ \alpha(r)\right\} \left(k\right)\equiv\int_{0}^{+\infty}\rho J_{0}\left(kr\right)\alpha\left(r\right)\,\mathrm{d}r$,
where $J_{0}$ is the zeroth order Bessel function of the first kind.
The latter is equivalent to a two-dimensional (2D) Fourier transform
under circular symmetry. Accordingly, the Hankel transform of the
free-surface deformation may be written as \cite{Hammack:1972wf}
\begin{equation}
\hat{\eta}\left(k,t\right)=\frac{\zeta_{m}\hat{\alpha}\left(k\right)}{\cosh kh}\cdot\mathcal{L}^{-1}\left\lbrace \frac{s^{2}\tilde{\beta}\left(s\right)}{s^{2}+\omega\left(k\right){}^{2}}\right\rbrace \left(k,t\right).\label{eq:eta}
\end{equation}
where $\omega(k)=\sqrt{gk\tanh kh}$ is the gravity-wave dispersion
relation. The direct and inverse Laplace transforms in Eq.~(\ref{eq:eta})
can be evaluated in closed form for both $\beta_{\exp}\left(t\right)$
and $\beta_{\sin}\left(t\right)$. Besides, the spatial transform
$\hat{\alpha}\left(k\right)$ may be computed numerically. The spatiotemporal
free-surface deformation $\eta(r,t)=\mathcal{H}_{0}^{-1}\left\{ \hat{\eta}\left(k,t\right)\right\} $
can be found likewise using a Fourier-Bessel series representation
of $\mathcal{H}_{0}^{-1}$ \cite{Arfken2005Mathematical}. The velocity
field can also be obtained by calculating the velocity potential $\phi$
through analogous formulas.

Remarkably, the first factor in Eq.~(\ref{eq:eta}) is the Hankel
transform of the final bottom deformation but modulated with a low-pass
filter, $(\cosh kh)^{-1}$, that smooths the free surface (see Fig.~\ref{fig:field}).
The second factor is spatiotemporal and relates the time $t$ (corresponding
to $s$ in the Laplace domain) with the two characteristic times:
the wave semi-period $\tau_{w}$ (corresponding to $\omega$) and
the bottom rise time $\tau_{b}$ (contained in $\tilde{\beta}\left(s\right)$).
When $t\ll\tau_{w}$, $s^{2}+\omega^{2}\sim s^{2}$, the second factor
of Eq.~(\ref{eq:eta}) becomes simply $\beta\left(t\right)$, gravity
effects vanish yielding interface elevations instantaneously equal
to the bottom low-pass-filtered deformations. This is consistent with
the behaviour observed at short times in Fig.~\ref{fig:eta_t} (insets),
where the free surface moves synchronously with the bottom. When $t\gtrsim\tau_{b}$,
$\beta(t)$ can be considered as a Heaviside function if $\overline{\tau}\ll1$.
Hence, $\tilde{\mathrm{H}}\left(s\right)=s^{-1}$, and the second
factor in Eq.~(\ref{eq:eta}) becomes a propagation term $\cos\left[\omega\left(k\right)t\right]$.
As stated by Kajiura \cite{Kajiura:1963tn}, this is equivalent to
a Cauchy-Poisson wave problem in which only the final bottom deformation
is low-pass filtered and translated to the surface as an initial condition.
Likewise, we have shown that the fluid is motionless when the bottom
motion ends. No trace from the initial motion is left. This explains
the memory loss of the bottom-displacement history observed in our
experiments.

The impulsive limit ($\overline{\tau}\ll1$) has a striking feature:
gravity plays no role during the bottom motion ($t<\tau_{b}$). Accordingly,
we can drop the gravity term in Eq.~(\ref{eq:DC_top}), so $\left.\phi\right|_{z=0}=0$
and the free surface $\eta$ decouples from Eqs.~(\ref{eq:laplace}-\ref{eq:KC_bottom}).
This yields a decoupled boundary value problem (DBVP) for the velocity
potential $\phi$. In Fig.~\ref{fig:field}(a), we depict the streamlines
obtained from solving numerically the DBVP. This numerical method
differs from the Green function approach developed in \cite{2000PhFl...12.2819T}.
The streamlines are steady for $t<\tau_{b}$. Likewise, another DBVP
can be found for the $\overline{\tau}\gg1$ case: $g\rightarrow\infty$,
hence $\left.\partial_{z}\phi\right|_{z=0}=0$, which yields the streamlines
of Fig.~\ref{fig:field}(c). For both limits, $\overline{\tau}\gg1$
and $\overline{\tau}\ll1$, the computed streamlines fit very well
the experimental velocity field {[}see Figs.~\ref{fig:field}(a)
and \ref{fig:field}(c){]}. While for $\overline{\tau}\gg1$, $\eta\simeq0$,
for initially flat bottoms undergoing impulsive uplifts ($\overline{\tau}\ll1$),
$\eta$ can be obtained from Eq.~(\ref{eq:KC_top}). This leads to
the spatial low-pass filtered results found previously. The DBVP approach
has a great advantage: it can be adapted to arbitrary-bottom-shaped
basins by simply writing the bottom condition as $\left.\partial_{z}\phi\right|_{z=-h(x,y)}=\partial_{t}\zeta$.
We strongly recommend this method as a computationally affordable
routine in actual simulations for incorporating terrain conditions
during tsunami generation.To compare our results~$\left(^{\dagger}\right)$
with real tsunami scenarios~$\left(^{*}\right)$, consider two dimensionless
parameters: the time ratio $\overline{\tau}$ and the size scale $r_{1}/h$.
For tsunamis $\left(\zeta_{m}^{*},h^{*},r_{1}^{*}\right)\sim\left(10\,\mathrm{m},5\,\mathrm{km},80\,\mathrm{km}\right)$
and $\tau_{b}^{*}\in\left[1,100\right]\,\mathrm{s}$ \cite{1973JFM....60..769H,Geist:1998vc}.
Notice that for tsunamis and our experiments, $\zeta_{m}/h\ll1$,
so the linear theory is valid, $\eta\propto\zeta_{m}$ and $\zeta_{m}$
can be rescaled out from Eq.~(\ref{eq:eta}). Concerning $\overline{\tau}$,
the tsunami range $\overline{\tau}^{*}\in\left[0.003,0.3\right]$
is located on the left-hand side of Fig.~\ref{fig:eta_t} since here
$\overline{\tau}^{\dagger}\in\left[0.08,4\right]$. The temporal high-pass
filter becomes significant for slowest scenarios ($\eta_{0,m}^{*}/\zeta_{m}^{*}$-corrections
from $10\%$ to $40\%$ for $\overline{\tau}^{*}\sim0.3$). Although
fastest tsunamis are beyond our experimental range, the asymptote
for $\overline{\tau}\ll1$ is largely attained within it. Concerning
the other parameter, we fixed $r_{1}^{\dagger}/h^{\dagger}=1$ to
highlight the spatial low-pass filtering. For accepted tsunami values
($r_{1}^{*}/h^{*}\sim16$) these filtering effects are expected to
be weak. However, recent and more direct evidence shows that tsunami
initial waveforms have a complex spatial distribution with significantly
smaller length scales: $r_{1}^{*}/h^{*}\lesssim5$ \cite{2008EP&S...60..993F,2011EP&S...63..815F}.
For a spherical-cap deformation, this yields low-pass filtering $\eta_{0,m}^{*}/\zeta_{m}^{*}$-corrections
of $10\%$ \cite{Kajiura:1963tn}. Besides, ocean depth near subduction
tsunamigenic regions varies abruptly, \emph{e.g. }$80\%$ along $50\,\mbox{km}$
in the fault crosswise direction. Such terrain geometry provides further
significant corrections \cite{2000PhFl...12.2819T}. It is at this
point where a general-bathymetry DBVP approach will become useful.

\section{Conclusions}

In conclusion, we have investigated the generation of surface waves
by an underwater moving bottom. The experiments, which included simultaneous
measurements of fluid velocity field and free-surface displacement
in an initial flat bottom configuration, display excellent agreement
without fitting parameter with a linear theory of gravity waves. Essentially,
the fluid layer transfers motion from the bottom to the free surface
as a temporal high-pass filter coupled with a spatial low-pass filter.
Transfer models that perform a simple translation as those used by
tsunami warning systems, overlook both filters effects. Supported
on measured velocity fields, we have developed an alternative guideline
for taking into account spatial filtering in impulsive bottom uplifts.
Furthermore, we can use our model to include in situ bathymetry data
at low computational cost: a key for improving tsunami simulations
in real scenarios.

\section*{Acknowledgement}

We thank A. Lantheaume and the LIED for their technical help. T. J.
was supported by the DGA-CNRS Ph.D program and L. G., by a 2012 Postdoctoral
Fellowship of the AXA Research Fund. G. R. was supported by the program
Research in Paris 2011 of the City of Paris. This research was financed
by the ANR Turbulon 12-BS04-0005.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Wal-Mart Workers Accused of Shooting Cat
EVANSVILLE, Ind. – Two Wal-Mart (search) employees who police say followed a manager's orders to shoot and kill a stray cat have been charged with federal animal cruelty.
The men, both assistant managers at the Supercenter, were arrested and released after a court appearance Wednesday. Christopher Anderson, 29, and Jeffrey Hardin, 21, told police the store's manager ordered them to get rid of the animal that was living in a storage trailer behind their store.
All managers potentially involved in the incident have been suspended without pay pending an internal investigation and could be fired, said Wal-Mart spokeswoman Sharon Weber.
"We were outraged when we learned of this incident. This kind of action is completely inconsistent with the way we do business," she said.
A truck driver who reported the incident said he saw store employees placing what he believed to be a dead animal in shrink wrap a day after he heard workers joking about shooting the cat.
Store manager Darrel Weitzel told police he had told some of his employees to get a gun and get rid of the cat after attempts to coax it from the trailer failed, according to a police report.
Anderson and Hardin were scheduled for a hearing Jan. 4.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Q: Openshift pods are stuck in Error syncing pod Im running:

*

*OpenShift Master: v3.6.0+c4dd4cf

*Kubernetes Master: v1.6.1+5115d708d7

I had to restart the master node, and some pods are failing to start.
When I describe the problematic pods I see:
Events:
  FirstSeen LastSeen    Count   From                SubObjectPath   Type        Reason      Message
  --------- --------    -----   ----                -------------   --------    ------      -------
  3m        3m      1   default-scheduler               Normal      Scheduled   Successfully assigned mds-3-build to apps.teammachine.us
  3m        8s      15  kubelet, my.domain.com          Warning     FailedSync  Error syncing pod

No where does it provide any useful information in the describe output besides the Error Syncing Pod message.
What can I do to fix, and troubleshoot, this issue?

A: run this command:
oc get events
That should give you more useful information.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Who Runs the Asylum?
By Fred Harrison on 19 April 2012 in UK Economy, UK Politics
Four years into a depression and the politicians and their advisors are still running in circles. The Financial Times complains that there has been no satisfactory inquest into the way the West locked itself into the crisis from which governments are unable to escape. But now, in Britain at least, the knives are out…
The Bank of England was run by a "tyrant", according to David Blanchflower, a member of its Monetary Policy Committee at the height of the financial crisis. Governor Sir Mervyn King was "unprepared for the crisis," and under his command the Bank was "controlled with an iron fist. Conveniently, that lets the other economists off the hook for their failure to alert Britain.
But what of HM Treasury? It was in charge of the economy. An internal enquiry shifts much of the blame for failure on to low pay. This caused a high turnover of staff, so the institutional memory of previous economic crises was missing when house prices approached the cliff edge at the beginning of 2008.
The Treasury had only three people covering financial stability, and the average age of staff was 32 – as if being long in the tooth would have made a difference. In the US, Alan Greenspan was no spring chicken. He had lived through all the post-war booms and busts, and that did not help the Fed to avoid steering the American housing market into the buffers.
What do they Teach Them?
If young economists are not equipped to understand how the real world works, that's because the fare that's dished up in universities is as far from reality as you can get. Elegant mathematical equations are more important than the cash incentives that motivate behaviour in markets. Professional economists are trained to think about a virtual world, not the world in which you and I live. And yet, these are the people who are invited as advisors to policy-makers who shape the laws that seal all our fates.
Is it surprising that we live in a dangerous world? The inmates really do run the asylum.
About Fred Harrison
View all posts by Fred Harrison →
The Wool Over our Eyes
Banks & bonds: the Rip-Off


Fore! The LPGA is landing in Carlsbad. The stars of the LPGA are swinging by Carlsbad! With clear skies, beautiful weather and a meticulously groomed, Arnold Palmer designed, championship 18-hole golf course, can you blame them? It's the 2015 LPGA Kia Classic and it's coming to Southern California's #1 golf course, Aviara Golf Club in Carlsbad.
March 23 – 29, Anna Nordqvist will defend her 2014 championship title against Lexi Thompson, Paula Creamer, Stacy Lewis and many more. Bring the entire family to see the pros compete for this year's $1.7 million purse. Experience the excitement live over 7,007 yards of rolling hillsides, bunker and water challenges, and native Southern Californian wildflowers.
Purchase your tickets today and reserve your spot up close and personal. I'll be enjoying the action from a bird's eye view.


text:
Via Regia (Kraljeva cesta) je evropska kulturna pot, ki poteka po trasi zgodovinske ceste srednjega veka. V srednjeveškem Svetem rimskem cesarstvu je bilo veliko takih viae regiae, povezanih s kraljem.

Zgodovina

Izvor
Via Regia je potekala od zahoda proti vzhodu skozi središče Svetega rimskega cesarstva, od Rena pri Mainz-Kastel (Elisabethenstraße) do Frankfurta ob Majni, trgovskega mesta in kraja volitev rimskega kralja / cesarja, ter se nadaljevala vzdolž Hanaua, Kaiserpfalz pri Gelnhausnu, mesta Steinau an der Straße, Neuhofa, Fulde in Eisenacha do Erfurta, središča proizvodnje lesa. Potekala je naprej proti vzhodu do Eckartsberge, prečkala reko Saale med Bad Kösenom in Naumburgom in dosegla Leipzig, drugo trgovsko mesto. Vzhodni del se je nadaljeval skozi Gornjo Lužico (Via Regia Lusatiae Superioris) vzdolž Großenhaina, Königsbrücka, Kamenza, Bautzena in Görlitza do Vroclava v [[Šlezija|Šleziji]g z nadaljnjo povezavo do Krakova na Poljskem.

Srednji vek
Cesta je bila prvič omenjena kot strata regia v listini, ki jo je izdal mejni grof Henrik III. iz Meissena leta 1252, njeni začetki pa segajo v 8. in 9. stoletje. Po padcu cesarske oblasti v osrednji Nemčiji v korist saške družine Wettin po bitki pri Lucki leta 1307 je cesta izgubila svoj kraljevski status in od 14. stoletja o tej poti ni bilo več mogoče govoriti kot o »Via Regia«.

Kljub temu je pomemben odsek ceste med Frankfurtom in Leipzigom še naprej obstajal pod imenom Hohe Straße (Visoka cesta). Ostala je pod suverenim nadzorom npr. češke krone v Zgornji Lužici, saških volilnih knezov, opatije Fulda, pa tudi nadškofije Mainz in je bila zakupljena z mitnino. Tudi odcep od Frankfurta ob Majni do Kölna prek Wetzlarja se je imenoval Hohe Straße.

Cesta je imela velik gospodarski pomen za medregijsko trgovino in menjavo. Z zahoda so prihajale flamske odeje, z vzhoda les, kože, vosek in med, srednji del pa je nadzoroval nemški indigo (Isatis tinctoria) iz Turinške kotline ter rudarske izdelke Saškega rudogorja. Hohe Straße je zagotavljala tudi neposredno pot med največjima nemškima sejmoma Frankfurt in Leipzig.

Romarji, ki so se udeležili romanja v Aachensko stolnico, so v velikem številu uporabljali cesto. Do tja so zavili z glavne ceste pri Eisenachu po cesti Lange Hesse proti Marburgu in Kölnu. Pričevanja o romanju v Santiago de Compostela so znana iz Großenhaina, Leipziga, Erfurta, Gothe, Vacha, Fulde, Frankfurta ob Majni in Mainza.

Cesto so večkrat uporabljale vojske. Nekatere velike bitke so se zgodile v njenem povodju (npr. Breitenfeld 1631, Lützen 1632, Rossbach 1757, Hochkirch 1758, Jena-Auerstedt 1806 kot tudi bitke pri Bautzenu, Lütznu (Großgörschen) in Leipzigu leta 1813).

19. stoletje do danes
Po dokončnem porazu Napoleona je pomen ceste upadel, saj se zaradi zmanjšanja Kraljevine Saške za velike dele njenih lužiških ozemelj na Dunajskem kongresu cestnina v imenu Leipziga ni več pobirala.

Deli zgodovinske poti Via Regia so danes označeni z glavnimi državnimi cestami: med Eisenachom in Erfurtom z Bundesstraße 7 (B7); med Eckartsbergo in Leipzigom po B87; in med Leipzigom in Görlitzom po Bundesstraße 6 (B6) in proti vzhodu do Krakova po poljski državni cesti 94. V Hanauu se Birkenhainer Strasse odcepi od Via Regia in prečka gorsko verigo Spessart proti Gemünden am Main v Frankoniji, tudi kot glavna cesta

Turizem
Svet Evrope je Via Regia leta 2005 podelil naziv glavne kulturne poti »Sveta Evrope«. Po mnenju Sveta Evrope je to »ime najstarejše in najdaljše cestne povezave med vzhodom in zahodom Evropi. Pot obstaja že več kot 2000 let in povezuje 8 evropskih držav v dolžini 4500 km.«

Sklici

Literatura
 Ludwig Steinfeld: Chronik einer Straße. Die alte Straße von Frankfurt nach Leipzig; Geschichte, Ereignisse, Reiseberichte. Geiger-Verlag, Horb am Neckar 1994,

Zunanje povezave

VIA REGIA - Cultural Route of the Council of Europe
Third Saxon State Exhibition "via regia — 800 years of movement and mobility" May 21st to October 31st 2011 in Görlitz
 The Official Site of Radomysl Castle - the participant of the project "VIA REGIA Cultural Route of the Council of Europe"

Ceste v Nemčiji
Zgodovinske ceste
Evropske kulturne poti

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


China has the most people of any nation and also seems to have the highest percentage of people who claim no religious beliefs. Thailand is at the opposite end of the scale, with a reported 94 percent of its people claiming religious faith.
With 90 percent of the population identifying as atheist or not religious, China's population of non-believers dwarfs that of any other country on earth: approximately 1,300,000,000 people times 90 percent equals roughly 1,117,000,000 nonbelievers in the country. The study, presented by Gallup International and the WI Network of Market Research, is based on nearly 64,000 interviews covering 65 countries.
Experts with the Pew Institute of Studies note that China is one of the most difficult countries in which to accurately measure religious beliefs of the populace. With a combination of strong political and social pressure from the Communist party to underreport religious feelings, along with the general sensitivity in the country on the topic of religion, conditions in China generally make religious feeling difficult to gauge.
Europe is well represented on the list of irreligious countries. Both Sweden and the Czech Republic report that some three-quarters of their respective populations claim no religion.
With only 8 percent of Swedes reporting attendance at church services, some express surprise at the continued celebrations of Christmas and Easter, with the distinct religious themes of the two holidays. Others see no dissonance in the continued observances, noting that the commercial nature of modern celebration of the once heavily religious festivals has rendered them neutral in terms of reflecting religious faith or lack thereof.
The study showed that some 50 percent of French citizens are atheist or non-religious. Somewhat surprisingly for those who think of Israel as a religious state, 65 percent report being non-religious or atheist. Many experts report a high number of secular Jews in the country who observe some religious acts but remain non-religious in their beliefs.
Because of factors related to migration to the U.S., along with higher than average fertility rates and the youngest age for the average believer of any major religion in the country, Muslims are projected to increase their representation in America in coming decades. Anticipated to climb to a total of 2.1 percent of the population in 2050, up from 0.9 percent in 2010, the Muslim population is forecast to surpass the percentage of Jewish people in the U.S. in the middle years of the 21st century.
A Pew poll from 2013 found that some 22 percent of Jewish adults in the U.S. consider themselves atheist, agnostic, or not religious but still consider themselves Jewish. For statistical purposes, the group in this class are considered cultural or ethnic Jews but are considered unaffiliated in the religious belief study.
Some experts found correlation in the study between economic prosperity and religious faith in the country, with both the U.S. and China being exceptions to the general trend of less-rich nations being more religiously inclined in their populations.
As more people all around the world learn more of the various cultures and beliefs around them, they come to see the diverse connections between all creatures on earth. Despite differences in practices and observances and variances in faiths and creeds, people in general have more in common than they have things that separate them. Believers and non-believers, Christians, Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, Pagans, Wiccans, Universalists, and many others can believe their various views of faith and co-exist in harmony as well.


Energy infrastructure giant Kinder Morgan (NYSE: KMI) is one of those tickers that inspires heated debate in the financial media sphere, the overriding source of which stems from its distribution cut during the 2014-2016 oil & natural gas slump. Previously this was a fan favorite of the dividend growth community because it seemingly offered the dual plus of a high starting yield coupled with a relatively high rate of growth. For instance, back in late-2014 the stock was throwing off an annual forward dividend of $1.93 per share against a share price that was in the $40 region. At the time management forecasts still indicated 10% dividend growth out to 2020.
Now if you're a yield starved retiree at the time staring at 10% annual dividend growth on a 4.5%-5% starting yield then Kinder Morgan is going to look mighty attractive. Indeed that growth guidance was maintained well into 2015, even as the outlook was rapidly deteriorating. In reality the downward price action that started earlier in the year probably gave shareholders enough of a warning as to what was coming next. In any case for many investors the damage is already done: these days Kinder Morgan trades at around the $17 mark compared to its 2015 high of approximately $44, and it has become the textbook example of why folks would do well not to chase a dividend without running the numbers first.
Recent history aside I'd be wary of any analysis that automatically conflates the performance of the stock price with the underlying business. Indeed I think that the dividend debacle, and ensuing stock price carnage, was more of a valuation issue than anything else.
Speaking of the underlying business, it's worth keeping in mind that this is actually what attracted a lot of folks here in the first place. As the largest energy infrastructure company on the continent Kinder Morgan owns or has an interest in approximately 85,000 miles of pipelines and 150 terminals. In exchange for access to its infrastructure capacity it charges energy companies a fee. Basically it's a classic toll both model revolving around North American transportation and storage of things like crude oil, natural gas, carbon dioxide and refined products (gasoline, jet fuel, etc). From the conservative investor's perspective the great thing about that is it makes the company slightly less cyclical relative to other companies in the sector because it massively reduces commodity price risk.
Secondly, though a dividend cut can be a hard pill to swallow, particularly for those reliant on the income, it is often a necessary condition to getting the business back on a more stable footing. In other words, not only is it not the end of the world, but it can actually end up being a positive development down the line.
Has that turned out to be the case here? Well, on the face of it the numbers look rather better now than they did back in 2015. This year Kinder Morgan will likely bring in around $4.5 billion in what it calls distributable cash flow, or DCF for short (basically annual cash flow less maintenance capital expenditure), while spending $1.2 billion on the cash dividend. All looks pretty healthy at first glance.
The primary issue, however, remains the debt load. After all energy infrastructure tends to be a pretty asset intensive business, and over the past twenty years the company has spent north of $55 billion on investment and acquisitions. As it stands the company's balance sheet is carrying around $37 billion worth of debt net of cash and cash equivalents. Even though that figure is some $5.5-$6 billion less than its 2015 peak, and that Kinder Morgan's generally stable cash flows can support a more leveraged balanced sheet, 8x DCF still seems a rather lofty figure. In addition, over the next five or so years the company has a backlog of around $12 billion worth of growth capital expenditure commitments.
With that in mind it may seem a bit surprising that management is guiding for fairly aggressive future dividend growth going forward. Doubly so given what happened the last time dividend growth expectations were raised. Next year management forecasts a 60% bump to the current annual per-share distribution, taking it to $0.80, with further 25% increases pencilled in for 2019 and 2020 respectively. In other words by 2020 investors could be looking at $1.25 annual dividend and a yield on cost of around 7%-7.5% based on the current stock price.
In terms of how all of this will add up on a cash flow basis let's run though the rough figures. As previously mentioned the company is on track to report DCF of around $4.5 billion in fiscal year 2017, while the current distribution represents something like a $1.2 billion annual cash outflow. Once you include 2017's growth capex figure (roughly in the $3 billion region) then it appears that Kinder Morgan is currently breaking even on a cashflow basis (give or take a bit). If we then assume that the per-share figure is going to rise to $1.25 by the end of the decade, then the associated cash outflow would rise to around $2.75-$2.80 billion. If you're wondering why those figures aren't rising exactly in proportion to one another it's because the company also plans to spend $2 billion on buying back stock (thus reducing the share count).
When you place all of this extra dividend cash alongside future growth capex commitments, plus any meaningful cash flow for debt reduction, there doesn't appear to be all that much wiggle room. On the flip side this growth capex isn't being spent for fun: the company has a bunch of new cash flow generating projects that will be hitting completion in the meantime. Take the $5.5 billion Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion for instance, which is set to more than double the capacity on an existing route connecting producers in Alberta, Canada, with the refineries and terminals in British Columbia. In terms of additional DCF this will net Kinder Morgan somewhere in the region of $650 million in 2020. That's in addition to a bunch of other growth projects that will also add to DCF going forward.
The net result should be a distribution that's covered by cashflow, though perhaps at the expense of meaningful debt reduction. Clearly it's an equation with many moving parts (e.g. the impact of interest rates, funding growth via equity, future growth capex budget plans and so on). There's also fairly sizable political risk to the Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion project which could throw a spanner in future cashflow assumptions. All-in-all I still think there's a lot to like about Kinder Morgan – chiefly its collection of assets and the toll both business model, but more importantly the stock looks in a far more sensible place going forward than it did a couple of years ago.


She's been a familiar voice on Toronto modern rock radio for several years, and now the rest of the Canada is getting to know Raina Douris as the host of CBC Radio 2 Morning, heard each weekday from 6 a.m.-9 a.m.
Along with her sparkling on-air manner and infectious sense of humour, she's been a passionate supporter of new music, dating back to her first go-round with CBC as a Radio 3 host. This led to Douris joining the team that launched Toronto's Indie88 in 2013, and subsequently being named Best Radio Personality two years in a row in NOW Magazine's reader's poll.
With CBC Music's Searchlight 2017 competition having just announced its final four artists—the winner will be decided during a televised one-hour finale on Sunday, April 9 at 6 p.m.—it seemed a good time to catch up with Douris about her recent move and her thoughts on the current state of Canadian indie music.
What are some of the recent trends in Canadian music that have made you personally excited?
To me, the most exciting thing in music has ALWAYS been those artists who are doing things differently, who are breaking out of the system, who are doing things on their own, commercialism be damned. You're seeing more and more DIY collectives, independent labels, artists who are choosing their own paths. That means you're getting riskier, weirder, more experimental sounds. The fearless creativity and weirdness of artists like Dilly Dally or Weaves or Grimes or BA Johnston or Mac DeMarco... where it's not just about getting a radio single—it's about creating something new and different, and REAL.
What's been the biggest change for you moving from Indie88 to CBC?
It was a bit overwhelming going from a place with a staff of around 25 people to a place with thousands of employees that spans across the country. I still don't think I've completely gotten my head around that. There's a sense that you can really do anything at the CBC—but there's also the understanding that what you're doing needs to serve the Canadian public, not just yourself. Also, going from a hosting a local Toronto show to a national show means a shift in how you think about the music you play and the stories you tell. How do I speak to Newfoundland and Vancouver and everywhere in between so everyone feels included? You have to broaden your way of thinking—while keeping your personality.
Things like CBC Searchlight seem to be bringing new and emerging music to the forefront. What are your impressions of this and how have you been involved?
While I'm not personally involved in the Searchlight process in a hands-on way, I think it's a truly beautiful thing. I spent a lot of time looking and listening through entries this year on my own, and it's just incredible to see the level of talent and imagination in this country. It's strange, the Internet has made it both easier and more difficult for artists to have their music heard; with the sheer volume of music out there, programs like Searchlight play an important part in parsing that information, and finding the gems that you might miss if you're just Googling around on your own.
The first thing that comes to mind is being up north at our family's cabin, listening to the music my parents loved. Leonard Cohen, Tom Waits, Rolling Stones, Van Morrison, Talking Heads, Bob Dylan—they really laid the groundwork for me as a music lover. The second thing would be playing in the school band, falling in love with the trumpet and making it to first chair in high school. Being a part of a concert band connects you with a bigger experience. It shows you that you can fit into a puzzle, and shows you the power of focus. Above all, it shows you that teamwork can create something beautiful that you'd never be able to do alone.
New, fresh perspectives. I think we need more young, diverse people of all genders in positions of power at labels, festivals, radio stations, and media companies in general. The gatekeepers need to change. Risks need to be taken and rules need to be broken. Too often it seems like the music industry is trying to salvage a failed system—pushing legacy acts, leaning on already established megastars or commercial-friendly, faceless, manufactured bands with no story or lifespan or heart—and then complaining that no one buys records, or saying "music isn't what it used to be." But that's not what music was ever supposed to be about. Music is art. Art is about feeling and ideas—and young people have them.


Tunisian Foreign Minister Othmane Jarandi told Agence France Presse on Saturday that some 800 Tunisians are fighting in Islamist rebel ranks in Syria and said the country would work to repatriate its citizens taken prisoner there.
"We don't have exact numbers, since several people left the country illegally, but the most accurate estimate is a maximum of 800," fighting in Syria, he said.
Tunis has been criticized by non-government organizations and the opposition since diplomatic relations with Damascus were severed in February 2011, and has been accused of abandoning Tunisians in Syria to their fate.
"The repatriation of Tunisians can be facilitated by the embassy in Lebanon after the government makes contact with the Syrian authorities about imprisoned Tunisian citizens," Jarandi said.
In March, an inquiry was begun into Islamist networks in Tunisia that channel fighters into the ranks of Islamist groups battling forces loyal to the regime of Syrian President Bashar Assad.
The interior ministry said border controls had prevented the departure of some 1,000 Tunisians headed for Syria, where the United Nations says more than 70,000 people have been killed since the March 2011.
Local Tunisian radio station Express FM said 132 Tunisian fighters were killed in and round the northern city of Aleppo in February alone, mostly from the town of Sidi Bouzid, birthplace of the first Arab Spring uprising.
Tunisian experts say the country's mosques play a key role in spurring young jihadists to leave for the conflict in Syria, influenced by the teachings of radical imams.
Suppressed under president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, radical Islamists have grown increasingly assertive since the mass uprising that ousted him in January 2011 and have been blamed for a wave of violence that has rocked Tunisia.


text:
Q: One uppercase letter validation regex I am working on a regex validation for an alphanumeric character with a length of 4 but contains only one Uppercase letter.
This is the code I have:
NSRegularExpression *expression = [NSRegularExpression regularExpressionWithPattern:@"(?=.*[0-9])(?=.*[A-Z])[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}" options:NSRegularExpressionCaseInsensitive error:&error];

However, it does not perform the check correctly. How can I do it?

A: Change your pattern like this,
@"^(?=.*[0-9])(?=[^A-Z]*[A-Z][^A-Z]*$)[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}$"

A: I think this would be enough for you
@"^(?=.*\\d)(?=.*[A-Z]).{4}$"

Or if you want to give minimum and maximum length then use below snippet
@"^(?=.*\\d)(?=.*[A-Z]).{4,15}$"

Here 4 would be the minimum length and 15 would be maximum length for your string

A: If you need to differentiate upper- and lowercase letters, you need to remove NSRegularExpressionCaseInsensitive option. It removes the differentiation between the lower and upper case.
Once you remove it, the following regex (if you need to support Unicode letters):
@"\\A(?=\\D*\\d)(?=\\P{Lu}*\\p{Lu}\\P{Lu}*\\z)[\\p{L}\\d]{4}\\z"

Or just ASCII:
@"\\A(?=\\D*\\d)(?=[^A-Z]*[A-Z][^A-Z]*\\z)[A-Za-z\\d]{4}\\z"

See another regex demo
NSRegularExpression *expression = [
NSRegularExpression regularExpressionWithPattern:@"\\A(?=\\D*\\d)(?=[^A-Z]*[A-Z][^A-Z]*\\z)[A-Za-z\\d]{4}\\z"
   options:0
   error:&error];

Regex breakdown:

*

*\A - unambigous start of string

*(?=\D*\d) - check if there is at least 1 digit after 0 or more non-digits (\D*)

*(?=\P{Lu}*\p{Lu}\P{Lu}*\z) - check if there is ONLY 1 uppercase letter (\p{L}) in-between 0 or more any characters other than uppercase letters (\P{Lu})

*[\p{L}\d]{4} - exactly 4 characters that are either a letter (lower- or uppercase) or a digit.

*\z - match unambigous end of string.

IDEONE demo resulting in "yes":
NSString * s = @"e3Df";
NSString * rx = @"\\A(?=\\D*\\d)(?=[^A-Z]*[A-Z][^A-Z]*\\z)[A-Za-z\\d]{4}\\z";
NSPredicate * predicat = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat:@"SELF MATCHES %@", rx];
if ([predicat evaluateWithObject:s]) {
    NSLog (@"yes");
}
else {
    NSLog (@"no");
}


text:
Billy Joel & Stevie Nicks add sixth joint stadium date
Stevie: Erika Goldring/WireImage; Billy: Kevin Mazur/Getty Images
Looks like music fans are getting yet another chance to see Billy Joel and Stevie Nicks in concert together.
The two Rock & Roll Hall of Famers have just added another date on their co-headlining tour, which is billed as "two icons – one night." The latest is set to go down November 10 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Tickets go on sale January 13 at 10 a.m. local time.
This is now the sixth concert Billy and Stevie have confirmed. The others are set for March 10 in Los Angeles, April 8 in Arlington, Texas, May 19 in Nashville, August 5 in Columbus, Ohio, and August 19 in Kansas City, Missouri.


Now is a great time to search for homes. Whether you are searching for Homes for Sale in Laguna Beach, CA or for Dana Point, CA Homes for Sale, I can help you find the perfect home. As a well established real estate agent in the area, I can also help you find Laguna Niguel, CA Homes for Sale. Feel free to search my site for Homes for Sale in Laguna Beach, CA or for homes in the surrounding areas. You can refine your home search by size, location price and more to quickly find the right home listing. You can also call me directly or complete the form below and I will be happy to answer all of your real estate questions or schedule a viewing.


Note: Since early 2014 with the introduction of Gerrit this process has evolved beyond this stage, see Development/SubmittingPatches.
A recent discussion among core Wireshark developers led to the conclusion that the current patch handling policy is open for improvement. In order to get the policy change implemented this page collects all relevant information and tasks until all relevant changes have been made in the infrastructure and documentation.
The mailing list is full of people wondering if their patch is being ignored. This is bad firstly because it clutters the mailing list, but more critically it leads to resentment amongst the developer base. If you have to submit or chase your patch five times, you begin to feel that your work is unappreciated, and that it's just not worth the effort of submitting it upstream. And yes, we all know that it's not that the work is unappreciated - I'm talking about the developer's point of view here.
It's much easier to see when a patch has been overlooked - you just search for new bugs. Finding overlooked patches in the mailing list is hard, particularly if you come back to it after a few days away.
It keeps discussion of a particular patch in one place; you can see how a patch evolves, together with any review comments that get made; threading on the mailing list is woefully inadequate for this.
You could even put a bug number in the commit comment, which would allow future maintainers to see the patch history - this can be very useful when trying to understand why a particular bit of code is written the way it is.
It keeps the mailing list free for discussion of ways of fixing problems, general approaches, etc, rather than filling it up with "Here's a patch for foo"; "no really, here's a patch for foo"; "for the love of god, won't somebody review my patch"; "checked in, thank you" - which is frankly only noise.
Modify Bugzilla to handle patch submissions and review requests.
An email needs sending to wireshark-dev announcing the change of process and asking people to create bugs in future.


ice hockey « Japan, Hockey, Baseball, etc.
Oji wins 2008 AL Finals!
Congratulations to Oji Paper Ice Hockey Team, the 2008 Asia League Ice Hockey champions!
3rd place finisher in the regular season, Oji convincingly won the championship, going undefeated in the playoffs reeling off 9 straight victories. Oji let in 2 or less goals in every game but 1 (the 10-5 shootout semifinal win over High1). Goalie Haruna was outstanding throughout the playoffs, and it was no different in the deciding game as he stopped 33 of 35 Cranes shots in the 3-2 win. With a 1.89 GAA, only allowing 17 goals on 221 SOG for a very solid 92.3% save percentage, he probably deserves the finals and playoff MVPs. He outplayed McLennan in the finals, Jamie had been having an excellent playoffs up until that point with a 92% save percentage going into the finals and he had singlehandedly won games for the Cranes, but in the end Haruna was the man.
This was the first AL championship for Oji (every final before this year featured the Cranes v. Seibu/Kokudo), and the last time Oji won the league was the Japan Ice Hockey League way back in 1994. Congrats Oji!
Secondly, in 17 years as a pro hockey player I'd like to claim I've had many experiences and would say I've seen it all when it came to what this game has to offer. But I broke out laughing in amazement six minutes into the game when I spotted the goal judge behind the net, smoking, with an ashtray on the boards and carrying on like he's watching the game from his living room couch.
It was awesome. I'm not condoning the smoking issue, but it was a very unique sight to see someone involved in a sport actively lighting a dart while the play is on. There were plumes of smoke everywhere around him, like he'd actually see a goal if it went in. It was so crazy; I thought it was worth mentioning. It was one of those things that if you didn't see for yourself, you wouldn't believe.
Haha, pretty funny stuff. The level of professionalism really varies throughout the countries in this league. Looks like Jamie was needed in the second game though, as the undermanned Cranes managed to somehow lose to the lowly China Sharks by the score of 6-5 (who only won 3 out of 30 games all season to finish dead last).
The Cranes just swept Anyang Halla in 3 games (best of 5 series) to advance to the semifiinals of the AL playoffs. But all 3 games were decided by one goal, so it looks like the series could have gone either way (I didn't get to see any games, but shots on goal were fairly even). Now I'll get to see McLennan, Nash, and Co. in action against the Seibu Prince Rabbits when they open the semifinals here in Tokyo on 1 March.
The other semifinal features Oji, who handily swept the underpowered Bucks, against High1, the first non-Japanese team to finigh the regular season with such a good record (2nd). Both Seibu and High1 had byes in the first round, they should be well prepared for the semis. The Cranes fortunes rest on McLennan's shoulders, as the team's been inconsistent all season and Seibu is a solid squad with no obvious weaknesses. Oji – High1 should be a very even and interesting series. I'd like to see High1 win and become the first non-Japanese team to make it to the AL final, but this series is a real tough call.
So, ex-NHLers Jamie McLennan and Tyson Nash, who are good friends, joined the Nippon Paper Cranes of the AL. For Jamie to finish off his career in an interesting land halfway around the world, for both of them to experience Japan and East Asia, for the different culture and hockey style and hopefully bring back the AL championship trophy to Kushiro again.
McLennan has been very solid in the regular season since joining the team halfway through the season. Posting 92.05 Save % (good enough for 1st in the league among goalies who faced over 100 shots) and 2.50 GAA in 14 games (it's a 30 game regular season, but there's also an open FA Cup style knockoff championship, and national team players compete in international tournaments during IIHF international breaks. And of course, there's the playoffs too, so the season's longer than 30 games, much longer for some players, though nowhere near the unnecessarily grueling 100 game NHL schedule if you count the playoffs.) Tyson Nash injured his knee right away, so he only got into 5 games and scored 1 goal and 16 PIM while still getting accustomed to the less physical play of the league.
These two are a definite improvement upon the cheap imports that the Cranes started the season with (perhaps being perennial champions or finalists made them overconfident?) and can definitely be a force in the upcoming playoffs which follow the disappointing regular season by the Cranes.
What I didn't know was that both Jamie and Tyson have online presence (I guess this shouldn't be such a surprise these days) and are chronicling their journey through Japan and Asian hockey. These two guys seem easy going, if not a little too rambunctious for the ordinarily reserved Japanese (when not drunk), but it looks like they're fully enjoying their life in countryside Hokkaido. And this provides a nice contrast to the infamous Ballads of Jason Johnson, a pro baseball player. Perhaps "hockey players are the most down to earth big money pro athletes" isn't just Canadian propaganda 😛 After all, McLennan, Nash, and Johnson were never star players in the big leagues.
Some interesting snippets of Jamie's blog (some to The Hockey News no less) and other articles.
I was going to retire this summer and pursue other interests in hockey when I received offers in Europe and Russia. I took an offer in Russia and was there for six weeks when I decided that it wasn't for me and we parted ways (another long story but not for this article).
So, Jamie was in Russia but things didn't work out for him there (can't find his Russian stats at eurohockey.net).
And he's long time friends with Japan and Asia League veteran and erstwhile Japanese national team player Joel Oshiro Dyck (he's part Japanese descent who obtained Japanese passport a while back) from their junior days in Alberta. So, this was why McLennan and Nash came over as midseason replacement imports to the Cranes. Imports that come to play in Asia always arrive via the Asian-North American or Asian-European hockey pipelines.
McLennan says the level of hockey is surprisingly good, somewhere between the East Coast Hockey League and the American Hockey League. He doesn't want to say what he's getting paid, but I'm told it is in the neighborhood of $200,000 a year, and the team takes care of all his expenses.
Anthems aren't played for domestic matches, but that's just a minor detail. Interesting that he notices this though.
The comment about the level of play is valuable, as it is a good measuring stick (along with statistics). Though, AL probably shares the same lack of depth problem as NPB. The top players may be near AHL level (many Japanese players have succeeded in the ECHL), but the third and fourth line guys probably won't even make an ECHL roster. The money's interesting too, as it's not public information. I heard somewhere that Prpic is getting about $300,000. This is better than what these players can earn in most of Europe (maybe except for Russia, and Switzerland?).
Everyone seems to get this wrong, but "Nippon Paper" is the company and the team name is the "Cranes". Though, the paper cranes wordplay may have been involved when deciding on the nickname. And Oji really needs to be called the Eagles. Heck, one of their uniforms already features the eagle mascot (their other more traditional uni is a Habs tribute bleu, blanc, et rouge).
Joel was a master of negotiation when it came to the market and we sat back and let him work his magic. By the end of the day, the locals were none too happy with us [mostly him] as we held out for bargain basement prices and were able to come away with a few souvenirs for ridiculously cheap prices.
Hahaha, I never knew Joel was a shrewd negotiator. In fact, he's one of the more quiet Japanese-Canadian guys on and off the ice, from what I can tell by going to games and his (lack of) media exposure.
When it came to the games we won the first one and completely stunk the joint out the second one, I think the guys just took them too lightly the second game, but needless to say we lost the second game in the last minute. I did not play in either game because I hurt my hip flexor in the previous game, so I unfortunately just watched and toured the city. Overall though, a great experience.
The Cranes only took 16 skaters to Beijing and McLennan was resting, so it's obvious that the team took the Sharks way too lightly. I guess this could be one promising thing about the disastrous Sharks season, they're not complete roll overs (even with just 3 wins in 30 games this season).
Anyways, here's the totally non-pimped up ride that Nash picked up for the two of them to drive around Kushiro. From McLennan's blog entries, it seems like Nash is the rather pragmatic one in a foreign land.


Fruit lovers ourselves, we invested a lot of time and love into the most delicious fruity eliquids you have ever tasted. It's not only the unique e-liquid flavor blends, and the authentic ripe fruit kind of taste, but the gourmet technique of layering flavor so that you can feel all the different fruity notes both on the inhale and in the aftertaste. While some of the fruit inspired ejuices gives the most refreshing vape experience, the more exotic and bold flavors will give your taste buds a treat and totally satisfy your sweet tooth!


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Introduction to Sustainable Finance
Share (1) Like Download Brochure (PDF) Dates and locations
Sustainable finance refers to the process of taking environmental, social and governance (ESG) considerations into account when making investment decisions in the financial sector, leading to more long-term investments in sustainable economic activities and projects.
Explains the potential contribution of sustainable finance to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and the goals of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change;
Explains the core concepts of sustainable finance and the relevance of sustainability considerations for the key actors in the financial system;
Describes the role that regulation and industry initiatives (self-regulation) play in shaping sustainable finance;
Describes different sustainable finance products, such as bonds and loans, that may be available to provide the capital needed to support the delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals and the goals of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.
Chief accountants
Accounting managers
Senior accountants
Finance directors
Finance managers
Financial controllers
Financial accounts managers
Heads of finance departments
Credit controllers
Corporate financiers
Unit 1: Sustainable Finance in Context
Sustainable finance can play in delivering global goals on climate change and development
Efficiency and working capital management
Financing structure and risk
Unit 2: Sustainable Finance: Regulation and Self-regulation
Analysing the role that regulation and industry initiatives (self-regulation) play in shaping sustainable finance.
Rewiring risk and return
Trends, disruption, innovation, and sustainable finance
The role of the public sector in sustainable finance
Unit 3: Steering capital for a sustainable future
Renewable energy equity financing
Investigate the role of the public sector in sustainable finance
Carbon credit
Responsible Management.
Unit 4: Trends, disruption, innovation, and sustainable finance
Relationship between cost estimating and pricing
Framework for assessing a company's quality of financial reports
Potential problems that affect the quality of financial reports
Beneish model: M-score to describe the degree to which earnings are manipulated
Evaluating the earnings quality of a company
Evaluating the cash flow quality of a company
Unit 5:The role of the public sector in sustainable finance
Strategies and frameworks for responding to financial risks
Understand how finance often drives organizational decisions and evaluations of project performance.
The accounting equation- what does it mean
Finance Professionals who might benefit from a refresher
3 Jul 2023 - 7 Jul 2023
4 Dec 2023 - 8 Dec 2023
6 Mar 2023 - 10 Mar 2023


text:
Cotton Bowl: Players to watch
Matt Charboneau
MALIK MCDOWELL, DT
When Michigan State last played Alabama in the 2011 Capital One Bowl, it got dominated at the line of scrimmage. But that team didn't have the personnel this one does and a big difference-maker has been the sophomore tackle. At 6-foot-6 and 275 pounds, McDowell has been disrupting offenses all season by penetrating into the backfield for 12 tackles for loss, including 41/2 sacks. If he can have the same type of push against the Alabama offensive line, it could slow the Crimson Tide attack.
RJ WILLIAMSON, S
The fifth-year senior hasn't played since the Big Ten opener against Purdue when he suffered a torn biceps muscle, but he'll be back for this game and could be the wild card for the Michigan State defense. Demetrious Cox and Montae Nicholson likely will start, but Williamson will get his share of snaps and has the experience of playing in games against some of the best teams in the country. He could be a calming effect if the defense gives up any big plays against the Alabama offense.
JOSIAH PRICE, TE
Quarterback Connor Cook likely will have to have a big game for Michigan State to win, and it's likely the Crimson Tide will put plenty of focus on receivers like Aaron Burbridge and Macgarrett Kings. But Price can be an effective weapon, especially in the red zone as his 16 career touchdowns are the most for a Michigan State tight end. Alabama's most vulnerable position is in the secondary and there is a good chance Price can find some room to make plays down the middle of the field.
KENYAN DRAKE, RB
Heisman Trophy winner Derrick Henry will get plenty of attention and he'll carry the ball the bulk of the time for the Crimson Tide. But Drake, a senior, is the change-of-pace back who can break a big play any time he touches the ball. He ran for 77 yards and a touchdown on 10 carries in a season-opening win over Wisconsin and has the versatility to catch the ball out of the backfield, grabbing five receptions for 91 yards and a score in a victory over Middle Tennessee State. Drake has been plagued by injuries over the past two years but is expected to be 100 percent by kickoff against the Spartans.
JONATHAN ALLEN, DE
The junior is just one part of a talented defensive front, but he's been the most effective pass rusher. Allen, who has started nine of 13 games this season, was named first-team All-SEC after recording a team-high 10 sacks and notching six quarterback hurries. Allen has had the ability to take over games this season, getting three sacks in the victory over Mississippi State and recording two each in wins over Wisconsin and Texas A&M.
CALVIN RIDLEY, WR
The true freshman was a starter by the fourth game of the season and has become the top target for quarterback Jake Coker. Ridley leads the Crimson Tide with 75 catches for 893 yards and five touchdowns and was named All-SEC second team by the Associated Press. Ridley has the ability to break a game open with the big play, connecting with Coker for an 81-yard touchdown in a win over Arkansas, the same game Ridley set career-highs with nine catches for 140 yards.


text:
package com.baseframework.example.design.structural.adapter;
/**
 * 适配器模式(Adapter):将一个类的接口转换成客户希望的另外一个接口,使得原本接口不兼容而不能一起工作的那些类可以一起工作。
 * @author Administrator
 *
 */
public class Client {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This morning we transfer to the airport to board our short flight to Xieng Khouang. Upon arrival we will check in to our hotel and then begin our tour of the Plain of Jars.
We will be visiting Sites 1, 2 & 3 as well as taking a short trek to a Tai Dam and Lao Leum village along the way.
Following lunch we drive on to explore the old capital of Muang Khoun and the nearby villages, home to the Hmong hilltribe and Tai Dam people.
Today we will pay an early morning visit to the Phonsavan Central Market, an interesting market where different hilltribe people come to barter and exchange merchandise.
Leaving Phonsavan we head towards Luang Prabang, stopping along the way to see the 200 year old Buddha images at Thampra. We drive on through the spectacular scenery of the Xieng Khouang Province with it's many stunning photo opportunities and stopping a couple of times to explore hill tribe villages.
The journey will take us through the mountainous northern regions of Laos until we reach the World Heritage town of Luang Prabang in the early evening.
After breakfast we will head out to see the city's oldest temples, the magnificent Wat Xiengthong with its roof sweeping low to the ground representing classical Lao architecture, the impressive stupa of Wat Visoun and the shrine of Wat Aham.
Your evening is free to treat yourself a spa treatment or massage, do some shopping or relax at your hotel.
After breakfast we take a stroll through the Dalat Sao or morning market full of local foodstuffs from the farms and jungles surrounding Luang Prabang. From here it is a short walk to the Royal Palace Museum, which hosts a range of interesting artifacts from the Royal period in Luang Prabang.
Returning to the hotel your time is free until you are transferred to the airport for your departing flight.


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Tea Cup Cottage
Lemon Tree Cottage
Potters Nest
Self-Directed Support
High-Care Support
Day Service
HELPING YOU TO ACHIEVE YOUR DREAMS
IN-HOME SUPPORT SERVICES
HIGH CARE SUPPORT SERVICES
WE'RE SERIOUS
ABOUT HAVING FUN
FIND YOUR IDEAL
TAKE MORE CONTROL
OF YOUR LIFE
AT ME TIME,WE BELIEVE THAT IT'S ALL ABOUT YOU.
WHAT YOU WANT,HOW YOU WANT IT
MAKE A REQUEST FOR OUR SERVICES
We all know how important it is for our personal wellbeing to experience new adventures and make new friends. Tea-cup Cottage has a range of exciting programs for both children and adults that are aimed at exploring new skills while having a whole lot of fun.
THE CUBBY CLUB
Have you ever wanted to be a part of an exclusive club where you can learn a thing or two while having fun? The Cubby Club is a free Saturday morning program proudly funded by the Playlist Group. Held every Saturday from 9am-midday during school term, every session begins with music therapy with a professional music therapist. Each weekend features a different theme with activities ranging from sensory play to water play and there are regular special guests such as Queensland Fire and Rescue and Queensland Police. The club has a limit of eight children and once you become a Cubby Club member, you'll always be a Cubby Club Kid.
CUBBY CLUB HOLIDAY PROGRAM
Held during the school holidays, the Cubby Club Holiday Program offers a new adventure every day, exploring all that Brisbane has to offer. This fun program allows participants to socially interact with children for all walks of life within the community. The program runs Monday to Friday from 9am-3pm within the community and at The Cubby House Children's Respite.
Once you're a Cubby Club kid you're in the Clubhouse! Due to popular demand, The Cubby Club's previous members can now enjoy all that The Cubby Club has to offer at Clubhouse. This exclusive program runs every Saturday during school term from 12.30pm-3.30pm.
BLUE TONGUE ADVENTURE SERVICE
An adventurous life is a life worth living. The Blue Tongue Adventure Service caters for young adults with a disability under the age of 25 and wanting to explore all that life has to offer. We deliver a wide range of activities from community access to social interaction. Our goal is to teach life skills with every activity that we do so that participants can live an independent life as much as possible. The Blue Tongue Adventure Service runs Monday to Friday from 9am-3pm.
For more information on the above programs or to register your interest, contact coordinator Bradley Cresswell on 0437 500 317 or email info@tea-cupcottage.com.
PLAY LIST GROUP
FOR CARE
0409 896 311 or 1800 TEA CUP
info@tea-cupcottage.com
Supporting our community and enriching peoples lives.
We acknowledge the Turrubal, Jagera and Yaggera people, traditional custodians of the land on which Brisbane is situated.
Copyright © 2016 The Teacup Cottage. All rights reserved. Website powered by Computit


Pre-register and submit any questions you have and time permitting, Sarah will answer them. If you cannot make the live call, the calls are recorded and available for download later. Each hour long callis a mini Master Class on Astrology, energy and includes a forecast for the next cycle. You don't want to miss it! Plus as a bonus each call includes a Reiki infused guided meditation to clear blocks and help you through the new energy. Click here to buy and read more.


Different people have different traditions, so my Aloha Friday question is: What foods do you like eating during the holiday season? What foods do you like making during the holiday season?
Oh of course it's Latkes. We always look forward to them on the first day of Chanukah.
for the Christmas season I guess it would special cookies. I'm featuring them on my Kitchen site, one each day.
Since I'm of polish heritage…I love to make and eat kielbasi and saurkraut, perogis and Polish type bakery. mmmmm. Happy Chanukah!
.-= sheila´s last blog ..Aloha Friday Annoying friends. =-.
Seems like now that my kids are older, we no longer eat the items mentioned in the last two comments (minus the sauerkraut). And, since we are in mourning right now, I guess I'll just stick to the every day stuff and not venture into the holiday treats.
.-= Harriet´s last blog ..I love December Stuff- updated 12/4 =-.
well not much right now my twinkies are little and it's hard to get anything baked!We are having a Christmas dinner with a turkey !!Happy Hanukah!
.-= Olga´s last blog ..AloHa FriDaY!!! =-.
.-= TheAngelForever´s last blog ..Potty talk from the Diaper Kid =-.
My kids insist that we have those miniature size boxes of cereal on Christmas morning. I'm not sure when that became a tradition, but apparently it did. And New Years eve we always ahve the same dips, cracker and etc, with very few variations.
I like roasted pork, rice with peas and pasteles.
.-= Annie´s last blog ..Aloha Friday!!!!!!!! =-.
I love making ham, cheesy crockpot potatoes, different cookies, cakes, breads that I normally wouldn't make.
I'm famous for making my Chocolate Trifle during the holidays. Yum!
.-= kailani´s last blog ..Arm & Hammer SpinBrush Toothbrushes for Kids =-.


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Billroth, Christian Albert Theodor
(b. Bergen, on the island of Rügen; Germany, 26 April 1829; d. Abbazia, Istria, Italy [now Opatija, Yugoslavia], 6 February 1894)
pathological anatomy.
Billroth's father, Theodor, was a clergyman; his mother, Christine Nagel, was the daughter of a Berlin Kammerrat (counsellor of the exchequer). His father died when Theodor was five, and his mother then moved to Greifswald, where Billroth attended the Gymnasium. He was musically inclined (a family characteristic) and probably for that reason was not an exceptional pupil, even needing tutoring at home; he seemed unable to master languages and mathematics, was not quick-witted, and spoke slowly.
His mother and two professors of medicine in Greifswald, Baum and Seiffert, induced Billroth to become a doctor for financial reasons. He was nevertheless an artist: intuitive, humane, inventive. His home in Vienna later became a musical center where he played second violin or viola and became friends with Johannes Brahms and with the musical theorist and writer Eduard Hanslick. Two of Brahms's string quartets are dedicated to Billroth, and during his last illness Billroth was working on the physiopsychologicalbook Wer ist musikalisch?, published by Hanslick in 1896.
During his first semester as a medical student in Greifswald, Billroth studied natural sciences and began the multifaceted activity and careful use of his time that characterized his later years. He followed Baum to the University of Göttingen, where he established a lasting friendship with Georg Meissner. Like Billroth, Meissner was interested in music and a pupil of the physiologist Rudolf Wagner, who taught Billroth microscopy. With Wagner and Meissner, Billroth went to Trieste to study the origin and insertion of the nerves of the torpedo fish. In 1851 he continued his studies at Berlin with Bernard von Langenbeck, Johann Lukas Schönlein, Moritz Romberg, and Ludwig Traube. Traube taught him experimental pathology and encouraged him to write the thesis "De natura et causa pulmonum affectionis quae nervo utroque vago dissecto exoritur." On 30 September 1852 Billroth received his doctorate, and that winter he passed the state medical examination, after which he worked in the ophthalmological clinic of Albrecht van Graefe.
In order to take courses in dermatology with Ferdinand von Hebra, in pathology with Henschel, and in internal medicine with Johann von Oppolzer, Billroth went to Vienna in the spring of 1853. That fall he tried in vain to establish himself as a general practitioner in Berlin, but after a few months he was appointed assistant to Langenbeck at the surgical clinic of Berlin University. He published on pathological histology and in 1856 became Privatdozent in surgery and pathological anatomy. Later he lectured on surgery and gave practical demonstrations.
It was in Berlin that Billroth met his wife Christine, daughter of the court physician Edgar M. Michaelis and of Karoline Eunike. They were married in 1858, and of their four daughters and one son, three daughters survived.
In 1860 Billroth was nominated ordinary professor and director of the well-known surgical hospital and clinic at Zurich. He added greatly to its fame and its growth during the seven years he was its director. Modern surgery was in its infancy, and Billroth was especially interested in the causes of wound fever. He insisted on regular temperature-taking and believed that wound fever was caused by a chemical poison produced by some living organism. His Die allgemeine chirurgische Pathologie und Chirurgie in fünfzig Vorlesungen (1863) is a classic surgical textbook. Billroth collaborated with Pitha on Handbuck der Chirurgie (1865–1868) and with Lücke on DeutscheChirurgie (1879). After having declined calls to Rostock and Heidelberg, he was appointed professor of surgery and director of the surgical clinic at the University of Vienna, where he remained until his death, much beloved by his students, assistants, and patients.
Billroth excelled as a surgeon, as a teacher, and as a scientist. He performed many hazardous operations successfully because of his great ability and caution. Chirurgische Klinik (1869–1876), his collection of clinical experiences and the surgical results of his Zurich and Vienna years, is notable because it reports failures and successes alike. Billroth was one of the first to introduce antisepsis on the Continent and was the first to resect the esophagus (1872), to perform total laryngectomy (1873), and to resect a cancerous pylorus (1881), which caused a great sensation in medical circles. His methods of resection, although modified, remained in use for many years. Plastic surgery, especially of the face, was another of his specialties.
Billroth founded the House of the Society of Physicians in Vienna and the Rudolfinerhaus, a nursing school for which he wrote the handbook Ueber die Krankenpflege im Hause und im Hospitale (1881). He was a member of the Academy of Sciences in Vienna and honorary member of thirty-two scientific societies, and a member of the Austrian Herrenhaus (from 1886); he was also honored with sixteen high decorations. His bibliography contains some 150 items.
Billroth kept his robust health until February 1887, when he contracted pneumonia and suffered from cardiac weakness that increased during his last years. His pupils, who spread his teaching all over the Continent, included Czerny, Gussenbauer, Mikulicz, Eiselsberg, Wölfer, Nikoladoni, Hacker, Winiwarter, Gersuny, Salzer, Fraenckel, and Narath.
I. Original Works. A full list of Billroth's publications is K. Gussenbauer, in Wiener klinische Wochenscrift, 7 (1894), 118–120; and Mikulicz, in Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 31 (1894), 203–205. His thesis Was "De natura et causa pulmonum affectionis quae nervo utroque vago dissecto exoritur" (Berlin, 1852). His major publications include "Beobachtungsstudien über Wundfieber und accidentelle Wundkrankheiten," in Archiv für klinische Chirurgie, 2 (1861); 6 (1864); 8 (1866); 13 (1872); Die allgemeine chirurgische Pathologie und Chirurgie in fünfzig Vorlesungen (Berlin, 1863; 16th ed., 1906), translated as General Surgical Pathology and Therapy (1871; 3rd ed., 1880); and Chirurgische Klinik, 4 vols.(Berlin, 1869–1879). Billroth collaborated with Pitha on Handbuch der Chirurgie (1865–1868) and with Lücke in editing Deusche Chirurgie (1879). On the study of medicine he wrote Uber das Lehren und Lernen der medizinischen Wissenschaften (Vienna, 1876) and Aphorismen to it (Vienna, 1886). His handbook for nurses is Ueber die Krankenpflege im Hause und im Hospitale (Vienna, 1881; 7th ed., 1905), Among his special studies are Chirurgische Briefe aus den Kriegslazarethen in Weissenburg und Mannheim 1870 (Berlin, 1872); Untersuchungen über die Vegetationsformen von Coccobacteria septica (Berlin, 1874); and "Offenes Schreiben und Herrn Dr. D. Wittelshöfer" (on the stomach resection performed 29 January 1881), in Wiener medizinische Wochenschrifi, 31 (1881), cols. 161–165. Billroth's autobiography is in Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 7 (1894), 120–122, and Wiener medizinische Blätter, 17 (1894), 91–95. His last work, Wer ist musikalisch, was published by his friend Hanslick (Berlin, 1896).
II. Secondary Literature. Articles on Billroth's operations are K. Gussenbauer (on the first laryngectomy, 27 November 1873), in Archiv für klinische chirurgie, 17 (1874), 343–356; Mikulicz, "Ueber die Totalexstirpation des Uterus," in Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift, 31 (1881), cols. 241–245; and "Zur Resektion des carcinomatösen Magens," ibid., cols 634–635. J. Mundy, "Ein neues Buch von Th. Billroth," in Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift, 31 (1881), cols. 225–229 and 251–254, consists of notes on Billroth's work and a bibliography. On his Zurich period see A. Huber, "Prof. Dr. Theodor Billroth in Zürich 1860–1867," in Züricher meditinische Geschichte I (1924). On Billroth's relation to Brahms see O. G. Billroth, Billroth und Brahms im Briefwechsel (Berlin-Vienna, 1935). His genealogoy is P. von Gebhardt, "Ahnentafel berühmter Deutscher, I," in Familiengesch. Blätter, 27 (1929), 88–89. Additional correspondence is in G. Fischer, ed., Briefe von Theodor Billroth (Hannover-Leipzig, 1895; 9th ed., 1922); W. Vall Brunn, Jugendbriefe Theodor Billroth an Georg Meiszner (Leipzig, 1941); and Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 7 (1894), 122–124, 425–427.
Obituaries are K. Gusstmbauer, in Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 7 (1894), 115–117, with complete bibliography and list or honors; Jahrbuch der Universität Wien (Vienna, 1893–1894), pp. 37–46, with Gussenbauer's bibliography and list of honors; and J. Mikulicz, in Berlinerklinische Wochenschrift, 31 (1894), 199–205 based on R. Gersuny's biography in Nord und Süd, 141 (1888), with complete bibliography; see also Oehlsebläger, "Jugenderinnerungen an Theodor Billroth," ibid., 229–230; and E. van Bergmann, memorial speech, ibid., 205–207. Additional obituaries are A. von Bardeleben, in Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift, 20 (1894), 145; E. von Bergmann and E. Gurlt, in Archiv für klinische Chirurgie (1894); M. Benedikt, in International klinische Rundschau, 8 (1894), 184–189; E. Hanslick, in Deutsche Rundschau, 20 (1893–1894), 274–277; E. Kappeler, in Archiv für klinische chirurgie (1894), 161; Sozin, in Korr. bl. Für Schweizer Ärize (1894), 129; and A. Wölfer, in Archiv für klinische Chirurgie (1894), Wiener medizinische Wochenscrift (1894). 339, and Zentralblatt für Chirurgie (1894).
There is a biography by R. Gersuny (Berlin-Leipzig-Munich, 1922). See also I. Fischer, Billroth undseine Zeitgenossen (Berlin-Vienna, 1929); H. Fischer, in Medical Life, 37 (1930), 432–440; J. C. Hemmeter, in Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, 11 (1900), 297–317; R. E. Weise, in Annals of Medical History, 10 (1928), 278–286; Mitteilungen für die Geschichte der Medizin und Naturwissenschaften, 28 , 238–314; and Winiwarter, in Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 20 (1909), 309–312.
H. Engel.
Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
"Billroth, Christian Albert Theodor ." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography . . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Jan. 2020 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Billroth, Christian Albert Theodor ." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography . . Encyclopedia.com. (January 18, 2020). https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/billroth-christian-albert-theodor
"Billroth, Christian Albert Theodor ." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography . . Retrieved January 18, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/billroth-christian-albert-theodor


Charli XCX attended the Assassination Nation premiere at ArcLight Holywood wearing a Safety Pin Silk-Lined Leather Shift Dress ($329.99) and Garter Patent Boots (Sold Out) both by Helmut Lang, and Justine Clenquet Julia Earrings (€60.00).
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