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The "White Christmas" Ethics Guide (REVISED And UPDATED)
December 7, 2018 December 7, 2018 / Jack Marshall	/ 8 Comments
I'm looking at some holiday movies to add to the Ethics Alarms library of annotated classics—no, ethics and "A Christmas Story" are irrelevant, it being a child's remembrance and hardly literal–but I might as well begin with revising and revisiting the "White Christmas" guide, which first appeared in 2012.
I still like the film—my wife hates it—being a fan of all four stars, especially Bing and Danny, as well as the director, Michael Curtiz. I do like it a bit less each time I see it, mostly from an ethics perspective, and the successive revisions reflect that.
I still get misty when the old general, played by Dean Jagger, gets saluted by his reunited army unit, which has gathered at his struggling, snowless, Vermont inn on Christmas Eve to remind him that he is still remembered and loved. Nonetheless, "White Christmas" is by far the strangest of the Christmas movies, and also the most unethical. Though everything works out in the end, the characters in the sloppy plot spend the whole movie lying, extorting, betraying, manipulating and generally mistreating each other, always with no recriminations at all, and usually with no consequences either.
In his addendum last year to my original post, Michael West found the film foundering from the second the opening credits ended. He began with the script for the opening scenes—General Waverly* is played by Dean Jagger; Captain Bob Wallace is Bing Crosby, and Private Phil Davis is Danny Kaye:
Opening Scene in the Jeep as they hear the Entertainment show.
GEN CARLTON (To Adjutant): What's this all about, Captain?
ADJUTANT: A little entertainment for the men, sir. Tonight's Christmas Eve.
GEN CARLTON: These men are moving up tonight, General Waverly. They should be lined up for full inspection!
GEN WAVERLY (To Carlton): You're absolutely right. (To Adjutant): There's no Christmas in the Army, Captain.
ADJUTANT: Yes, sir.
GEN WAVERLY (To Carlton): There's always a slip-up or two during a change in command. The men get a little loose. But I know I'm leaving them in good hands.
GEN CARLTON: (To Waverly): Thank you, General. (To Driver): Sergeant, take me to headquarters immediately! We'll have those men turned out on the double!
The Sergeant looks at General Waverly.
GEN WAVERLY: Goodbye, Sergeant. Take the short cut.
SERGEANT: Yes, sir!
The jeep pulls off and makes a half circle. The Adjutant makes a gesture, as if to stop it. Waverly stops him. The Adjutant turns to him.
ADJUTANT: That's not the way back to headquarters!
GEN WAVERLY: Joe, you know that, and I know that, but the new General doesn't know it. Or he won't for about an hour and a half.
ADJUTANT: That Sergeant'll be a private tomorrow!
GEN WAVERLY: Yes… isn't he lucky?
SCENE CHANGE TO ENTERTAINMENT SITE:
CAPTAIN BOB WALLACE and PRIVATE PHILIP DAVIS are doing a number on stage to entertain a mass of 200 or so soldiers. GENERAL AND ADJUTANT just starting to take seats, off to one side where they are not noticed by the performers. ABOUT 6 SOLDIERS seated in audience. They look off, see General, start to rise. The General notices them – motions for them to sit down again, indicating he doesn't want attention called to himself. Captain Wallace sings "White Christmas".
CPT WALLACE: Well that just about wraps it up, fellas. It's certainly too bad General Waverly couldn't be here for this little yuletide clambake 'cause we really had a slam bang finished cooked up for him. I guess by now you know the Old Man's being replaced by a new Commanding General fresh out of the Pentagon…it's not a very nice Christmas present for a division like us that's moving up. The Old Man's moving toward the rear. That's a direction he's never taken in his entire life. Well all I can say is we owe an awful lot to General Waverly and to the way…
GEN WAVERLY: ATTENTION!
Every man is at attention and every head has turned to where General Waverly has taken up a position near the front of the platform.
GEN WAVERLY: Captain Wallace, who's responsible for holding a show in this advanced area?
CPT WALLACE: Well sir as a matter of fact it was…
PVT DAVIS: …me Sir! It was my idea sir. Uh, I mean when you gotta entertainer sir of the caliber of Captain Wallace, sir…I mean sir…it's Christmas Eve, sir. And well, sir, I mean that if you were in New York, Sir, you'd have to pay six sixty or even eight eighty to hear a great singer like Captain Wallace, sir.
GEN WAVERLY: I'm well aware of Captain Wallace's capabilities. Who are you?
PVT DAVIS: Er…Phillip Davis, sir. Private First Class, sir.
GEN WAVERLY: Well, at ease, Davis.
DAVIS: Yes, Sir!
WAVERLY: I said, At Ease!
DAVIS: Oh, uh, Yes, sir, thank you sir.
WAVERLY: This division is now under the command of General Harold G. Carlton, and I don't want anyone to forget it — not that he'll let you. He's tough — just what this sloppy outfit needs. He'll have you standing inspection night and day — you may even learn how to march. And if you don't give him everything you got, I may come back and fight for the enemy. Merry Christmas!
ASSEMBLED MEN: Merry Christmas!
GEN WAVERLY: Well, I guess, all I can say is, how much I…what a fine outfit…How am I going… (to Wallace) don't just stand there, how am I going to get off…?
CPT WALLACE: We happen to have a slam-bang finish…He turns to the musicians, gives the downbeat.
They play "THE OLD MAN," which is sung by the entire outfit.
ARTY FALLS IN VICINITY…Soldiers crouch…then finish singing.
GENERAL AND ADJUTANT DEPART.
MORE ARTY FALLS, ON SITE…Men scatter. Captain Wallace and Private Davis try to get men to cover. Private Davis man handles the Captain to cover as a wall collapses where he had just been standing.
For starters, we see a mass of soldiers in an open air situation within effective range of enemy artillery fire. A single well-placed artillery round could eliminate approximately 200 soldiers — more than an entire World War 2 Infantry Company (whose authorized strength is about 190-195 men; but given this stage of the war and attrition, this could easily be 2-3 companies of EXPERIENCED soldiers). Someone in the chain of command KNOWS this to be true and authorized this gathering despite the obvious danger. We know for certain that the Adjutant knows what the gathering is, as he answers in line #2 precisely what is going on. But an Adjutant has no command authority, so someone else authorized the gathering. We have to assume General Waverly didn't know until the Adjutant answered General Carlton's inquiry based on General Waverly's later questioning of Captain Wallace. We can't ever be sure who actually made the decision to have the entertainment occur at that location since Private Wallace, breaking an incredible number of military bearing protocols, interrupts a Captain, to answer a General. This Private, Private Davis, accepts all responsibility for the decision to expose upwards of 2 companies-worth of men to devastating artillery fire.
This information leaves us with two options: Either it really was Private Davis's idea to have the venue at that location, in which case, Private Davis's commanding officer and the various commanding officers AND EVERYONE ELSE in their chain of command are colossally INEPT for agreeing to the idea. The second option is that Captain Wallace DID indeed make the decision to have the venue at that site, and now he's standing there like a lump allowing a subordinate to cut him off mid-sentence, a military no-no, and then allowing the subordinate to take the heat of any potential censure that was forthcoming. Of course, since he's a Private trying to cover for his boss, he'll say anything, so I won't even ding him for the horrible excuse that 200 men should be exposed to German artillery fire because CPT Wallace is a famous singer – we all know it's worth dying to hear Bing sing…
But of course, even General Waverly doesn't seem to mind that 200 of his soldiers are idling around with a population density rivaling that of Bombay, just one artillery strike away from having more in common with mist than with humanity. When HE discovered what was going on by the Adjutant's answer in line #2, he should have immediately ordered the soldiers disperse and had about two dozen commissioned officers who had every ability to stop the farce standing in his headquarters receiving the most royal dressing down of their careers and maybe a few firings.
What possibly does General Waverly think outweighs the need to disperse a mass of soldiers within effective range of artillery? Why, a Christmas music concert of course! It is Christmas Eve, after all! Now, the Army does a really good job bending over backwards for the morale, welfare, and recreation of soldiers, much more than was ever considered a military precedent. BUT, we learn from the dialogue, the entire division is on orders to "move up tonight." This somewhat vague description could range anywhere from simply occupying a section of the line to relieve a unit coming back or it could mean they are initiating a major offensive operation. We learn, however, that this movement, whatever it is, is occurring in mere hours. Having experienced large movements of soldiers myself, I know that if a Division is stepping off in a few hours, the men down to the platoon level are ALREADY in their assembly areas doing final preparations. This is apparent to the new commander, General Carlton, who is astonished that the men aren't doing their final checks of equipment and gear.
Which leads us to the next bit: General Waverly is none too concerned about the unjustifiable exposure he's tolerating of his…well, now General Carlton's men…as we know Waverly has just been replaced by General Carlton, who, trope-tastically, we learn is one of those wretched new leaders who is probably horribly incompetent. The movie lets us know early on that he's a despicable piss-and-vinegar type when he is mad that the men are having Christmas entertainment. Never mind that we now know that Carlton is severely concerned about a huge mass of men within artillery range open and exposed as well as not anywhere near where they ought to be to initiate movement of the entire Division.
The movie also lets us know he's a jerk because it pushes the whole "fresh out of ________" trope. The usual way this plays out is the "fresh out of West Point" or "fresh out of ROTC" smear applied to new Lieutenants who assume Platoon Leadership with little to no actual experience. Unfortunately, this doesn't exactly play out on the General level. Yes, the General ranks expanded rapidly during World War II, but an individual didn't become one by being a complete buffoon (and yes there are always exceptions — but General Carlton, who seems to have a sense of urgency that no one in Waverly's sphere of influence seems to possess, does not seem to be the exception).
Never mind, we'll go on with the traditional "smearing of the new guy who replaces the beloved experienced leader." In the original script I copied and analyzed, the dialogue was OVERTLY insubordinate and actively undermining of the men's confidence in their new commander. In the corrected dialogue, though cleaned up a lot, there are still hints of undermining the new guy's authority before he even makes a decision as the commander. There's General Waverly's smart-ass "There's no Christmas in the Army" jab as a response to Carlton's concern about the location and timing of the entertainment event — which he says "knowingly" to the Adjutant, who, we must remind ourselves no longer works for the Waverly but for Carlton.
There is the extra-rotten move when Carlton, recognizing the imminent danger as well as the horrifying breach of schedule in implementing the plan of operations, indicates he plans to move to Headquarters immediately to begin rectifying the situation and is undermined either by the Sergeant driving Carlton or by General Waverly himself. The driver decides to undermine Carlton's ability to fix the problem by taking an extra long route back to headquarters. Between a driver and a singing-private, this division is apparently full of the lowest-ranking guys thinking they know best when to leave a behind-the-schedule division exposed to enemy fire just so they can catch a few tunes from Bing. The only other possible explanation is that General Waverly, himself, with a nod-nod wink-wink, authorized the driver to follow the reckless plan to take an hour-and-a-half detour, which we assume will require another hour-and-a-half correction before Carlton can get to Headquarters. Just as with the Adjutant before, let's again consider that this driver no longer works for Waverly, but for Carlton The Sergeant is being openly insubordinate.
Even if Waverly was not responsible for the three-hour diversion, he immediately became complicit when the Adjutant, in an apparent realization who his new boss is (Carlton), moved to correct the driver but was stopped from doing so.by General Waverly
The last bit of insubordination and undermining the chain of command comes from the subtle digs Captain Wallace makes during his speech. His "Fresh out of the Pentagon" disdain undermines faith that Carlton may be a good commander, followed by the snide "not a nice Christmas present" for the division is enough to get any soldier censured. Soldiers and peers WILL whisper about their leaders, but an open act of insubordination like that? Stamped out like a spark in a dry forest… I won't even address the fact that it's a COMMISSIONED OFFICER making the openly insubordinate comments and a CAPTAIN no less. He would be dismissed and transferred immediately.
But hey, I suppose Waverly recognized all their rotten conduct when he feebly tried to make things right by saying "hey guys, he's a good commander, never mind all the stuff we said before and our attitudes we displayed before!" A few moments later, just to do Carlton some justice, the artillery shelling arrives.
Then the movie moves into its funny guilt extortion phase. Army private Phil Davis (Danny Kaye) rescues his smooth-singing captain, Bob Wallace (Bing Crosby) from being crushed by a falling wall in a World War II bombing raid, and injures his arm in the process. (It's not a plot feature, but the battlefield set for the entire opening sequence is itself unethically unprofessional by being chintzy even by musical standards: it looks like they are filming a skit for a Bob Hope Christmas Special. I thought it was lousy when I saw it as a kid. Michael Curtiz deserved better; the man directed "Casablanca." Show some respect.) Phil then uses Wallace's debt of gratitude to coerce him into accepting the aspiring comic as a partner in Wallace's already successful civilian act. This is obviously unfair and exploitative, but Bing accepts the ploy with good spirits, and the next we see the new team of Wallace and Davis knocking 'em dead and rising in the ranks of stage stars.
The act looks terrible. Bing was never much of a dancer, a game hoofer at best, and you don't feature the greatest voice in the history of American popular music by having him sing exclusively duets. Nevertheless, all we see of the team's rise is both of them singing and corny dancing inferior to what Bing did with Bob Hope in the "Road" movies.
Never mind. They have a show on Broadway, and as a favor to a mutual army buddy, they agree to watch the boonies nightclub act of "The Haynes Sisters" (Rosemary Clooney as Betty, and Vera-Ellen, of wasp-waist fame, as kid sister Judy. Did you know that in the "Sisters" number, Clooney sang both parts? ). Bing is immediately smitten with older sister Rosemary, but there is a tiff over the fact that younger sister Judy fooled them into seeing their act: she, not her brother, had sent the letter asking for a "favor."
This is the first revealed of many lies woven into the script. This one is a double beach of ethics: Judy uses her brother's name and contacts without his permission or knowledge, and lures Wallace and Davis to the night club under false pretenses.
Bing dismisses Judy's cheat by noting that everyone "has an angle" in show business, so he's not angry. Rosemary is, though, and reprimands Bing for being cynical. That's right: Vera/Judy uses their brother's name to trick two Broadway stars into watching their little act, and Rosemary/ Betty is annoyed because Bing/Bob (Bing's bandleader, look-alike, sound-alike brother was also named Bob) shrugs off the lie as show business as usual. True, Betty is technically correct to flag the Everybody Does It rationalization, but shouldn't she be grateful that Bob isn't reaming out the Haynes sisters and leaving the club in a huff? OK, nice and uncynical is better than nice and cynical, but Bob is still giving her and Judy a break. As the beneficiary on Judy's angle, Betty is ethically estopped from complaining that Bing/Bob's reaction was "I don't expect any better." I can, she can't. He should expect better: accepting unethical conduct allows it to thrive.
As we soon find out, however, Betty often flies off the handle.
Halloween Ethics! Facebook Ethics! Political Ethics! Blackface Ethics! It's Tennessee's Aunt Jemima Affair, the Ethics Controversy That Has Everything!
November 8, 2010 November 8, 2010 / Jack Marshall	/ 7 Comments
It's just after Halloween, and followers of the ethics wars know what that means: somewhere, somebody is in trouble for their choice of costume.
Actually, in this case it's someone in trouble for her choice of someone in costume to pose with: Tennessee Republican state Rep. Terri Lynn Weaver posted a picture on the Internet of her standing with her pastor, who had dressed up as Aunt Jemima—of syrup fame and black stereotype infamy— for some Halloween festivities. Her caption to the photo:
"Aunt Jemima, you is so sweet."
Weaver has apologized, swearing that when she posed for the picture with her pastor, she did not know the photo would upset anybody. "It was fun, done in innocence. My friend is dressed up as syrup. He wife was going to be a pancake," said Weaver. "I never intended to offend anyone. I took the picture off my Facebook. I apologize if it ever meant to offend anyone." Weaver,who apparently has lived in a cave since 1957, also said she was not aware that Aunt Jemima represented black stereotypes to many people, and was unaware that wearing blackface was also considered offensive to the vast majority of Americans. Yes, she really did. (Note: I know Aunt Jemima as a brand of pancake mix; I did not think the logo gracee any syrup containers. I assumed Weaver confused confused the good Aunt with her white rival. Mrs. Butterworth, who is a syrup brand. Aunt Jemima obviously hangs out with pancakes, so the pastor's wife was on firm ground, no matter what. But thanks to a syrup-minded reader, I have been set straight: there is Aunt Jemima syrup, too)
State Sen. Thelma Harper, an African-American, said she and members of the Black Caucus want to put Harper before the House Ethics Committee."This is what we have had to live with, making a mockery of being black and copying the language that Aunt Jemima used," said Harper.
This controversy has everything! Halloween ethics! Blackface ethics! Facebook ethics! Political ethics! Syrup ethics!
Let's go through them, shall we? Continue reading →


It's the end of a long work day, and you're sitting at your computer, mindlessly clicking away. Maybe you're doing a little shopping, maybe you're about to watch Netflix: Odds are, no matter what you're doing, it's not that great for your brain.
We can't hand you a jigsaw puzzle through the screen, but we do have a tricky word search for your consideration. Don't dismiss this one: It's actually a lot harder than you might think. Solve it, and a few other puzzles, below.
This puzzle tends to make people very frustrated, but has quite a simple answer. To start, look at this block of text, and see if you can find your name.
Can't find it? Don't worry: Most people have the same problem.
Hint: If you were looking for your actual name, you're going about it all wrong. Don't scroll down to the next picture until you're ready for the answer.
Yes, you were supposed to actually find the phrase "YOUR NAME" in the puzzle. However, since most people spend time trying to find their own name, it gets the wheels turning in their brain and they end up moving away from mindless activities like watching TV or shopping.


Jarred King is an entrepreneur, father, husband, and Swagger founder—not always in that order and depending on the day or cash flow.
If you're a small business and you're trying to grow, there are several tools at your disposal. You can grow your customer base, raise equity, acquire another business in your space or even develop a network of strategic partners. If you're attempting to grow through debt (borrowing money from a lending institution), here are some things you need to know and how to increase your chances that a lender will provide with your funding.
Before you get into what type of lending you need (line of credit, term loan, SBA loan, equipment financing, etc.), you first need to organize and prepare some key financial documentation that all lenders will ask for, regardless of your financial position and need. They include the previous three years of personal and business tax returns, a balance sheet and income statement from the last three years, a schedule of any current debt/liabilities (here is a template), a personal financial statement, your current yearly financials including a balance sheet and income statement, and a current accounts receivable report.
It's also wise to develop a one- to three-year financial projection assuming you get funding. Remember, any lender is taking on risk when providing a small business with capital. Your past financials will frame the current level of risk while the vision will help paint a better picture of the upside and return on that investment. If you don't understand your financials or aren't sure how to answer any clarifying questions, it will inspire less confidence in the lender.
Unless your business has enough hard assets to cover the amount of funding you need (machinery, inventory, real estate), the lender will want to know your monthly cash flow. In other words, how much are your customers paying you on a monthly basis for your goods or services? The lender will compare that amount of cash flow against your monthly expenses. In an ideal world, your cash flow exceeds your expenses and is recurring, meaning that it's consistent each month. In reality though, if you're in the position of raising debt, you're likely suffering from periods of great cash flow paired with periods of low or no cash flow. Lender funds are a great way to provide you with a runway to bridge those high cash flow periods. The better your cash flow, the greater the chances a bank will lend you money. If sales are slow or you suffered an extreme loss, your accounts receivable report will tell the story of what the next few months will look like.
Large retail banks like Wells Fargo, Citi and Bank of America are great for personal banking or large companies who need the scale of these institutions. Their online banking provides a great user experience for mobile banking, moving money between accounts, integrating payroll and handling the day-to-day needs of a business. Unfortunately though, they are too risk-averse to support the needs and volatility of a small business.
The better lending partner is a local or regional bank. They will often take on riskier loans, provide competitive terms and, in some cases, won't require a personal guarantee. Smaller banks want to place bets on small- to medium-size businesses in order to strengthen their position in that community. They don't have the number of deposits that a large bank will have, so in order to grow as a business, they must find revenue in the form of business lending. You will also typically get a quicker answer to your loan request by dealing with the decision maker and build an actual relationship with the bank representative.
The first step in finding a banking partner should always be leveraging your personal network for relationships with the banks in your area. You will not only identify the best possible banks based on your situation, but a personal introduction could set you apart from other business competing for those same funds. In business, like in life, relationships are everything.
First, make a list of banks in your area. Then jump on LinkedIn and using, their filtering tools, search through your network for anyone who has a first- or second-degree connection to someone at the banks you've found. Ideally, you want to go as high up in the decision making process as possible (Vice President level). Make the introduction and set a time to meet with them so you can present your case and needs.
In order to properly illustrate why you need to secure debt from a bank, it's important to develop a narrative around your entrepreneurial journey, your business growth plans and how the bank's money will play an integral role in that success. My mentor gave me a great piece of advice: Start with the bad news. Like anyone entertaining a risky proposition, the bank will be waiting for the other shoe to fall. Instead of avoiding the potential risk, highlight the issues in your current situation and what you've learned as a result. Leading with the bad news does a few things to help. You establish that you understand the risk involved in lending your business money, you gain credibility through an understanding of your business and the market and, most importantly, you build trust with the bank.
Securing a loan, in whichever form you seek out, can be meaningful (and even lifesaving) to your business. It's not without risk though. Rates are high, banks are lending at reduced rates and increasingly risk-averse institutions are slowing or freezing a process that used to be completed over a quick review of the financials and a handshake. If your business is growing and your reserve accounts are overflowing, do your future self a favor by building a war chest with at least six months of operating capital. Otherwise, get your financial documents in order and begin building relationships with banks in your area. You never know when you'll need that lifeline.


The AGV Pista GP Rossi Soleluna is a limited edition full carbon fibre helmet that has been specifically designed for racing. This end product has been the result of the AGV Extreme Standards Helmets project; this has made it one of the most innovative helmets seen on the market for many years. It was designed, developed and tested by AGV and Valentino Rossi himself with one single aim; to create a helmet that offers the ultimate protection for racing. Using Finite Elements Analysis (FEM) enabled developers to reach previously unseen standards in terms of protection, comfort and ergonomics. The new integrated Ventilation system (IVS) provides an improved airflow of over 193% compared to its predecessor the GP-Tech. The addition of the rear spoiler and a smaller frontal section has maximised high speed aerodynamic performance. The helmets visor has a front micro-lock system that reduces the risk of opening in the event of a crash, it has a 15 degree larger peripheral vision for optimised vision whilst in the tucked position, and the visor mechanism is 71% smaller than its predecessor.


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What Are Bylaws for a Corporation?
Starting or Buying
Laws and Taxes
All Business Law & Taxes
Business Law & Taxes Glossary
••• Sofie Delauw/Getty Images
By Jean Murray
Corporate bylaws (sometimes spelled "by-laws") are the rules of a corporation, established by the board of directors during the process of starting a corporation. When a corporation is formed (a process called incorporation), one of the first tasks of the new corporation is to have corporate bylaws formed.
Bylaws are the rules that direct the operations of the corporation. Specifically, the bylaws direct the board of directors in their work to oversee the corporation. One of the first actions of the board of directors of a new corporation is to adopt the bylaws.
In the process of creating a corporation, the company files Articles of Incorporation with the state in which it wants to do business. Articles of incorporation are formation documents; they contain only a few pieces of basic information about the company as needed to be registered with the state.
After the company is formed, its board of directors is established. The board decides on bylaws to help direct its operations over the life of the corporation.
How are the Bylaws Created?
Corporate bylaws are written by the owners of the corporation at the time of its founding. Sometimes the bylaws are written by the person in charge of setting up the corporation (called an incorporator); in other companies, the bylaws are written by the board of directors, with the help of an attorney.
The articles of incorporation need to be filed with the state in which you incorporate, but the bylaws do not need to be filed with the state or federal government (unless the corporation is applying for non-profit status), but they should be kept with other corporate records in case of an audit.
The bylaws should include:
The corporation's identifying information: name, address, and principal place of business; designation of the corporation as public or private (selling stock to the public or keeping the stock shares between just a few people)
The board of directors, including the number of board members, the general powers and duties of the board, tenure of board members, what number of directors is considered a quorum (the number that must vote for a resolution to be valid)
If the corporation is a stock corporation, information about stockholders and voting of shares of stock, the bylaws also show the number and type of shares and stock classes that the corporation is authorized to issue
Information about shareholder meetings, including notification of a meeting and proxy voting
Annual meeting procedures and requirements for notifying members. Every corporation must have at least an annual meeting, so this is an important part of the bylaws
Board meetings information, including frequency, location, and protocol
Procedure for corporate record-keeping, including rules for preparation and inspection of records and location of the corporate record book
Procedure for amending articles of incorporation and bylaws
Corporate board officers, including a description of their duties, how they are elected, and their terms of office
Information on how to replace a board member or corporate officer
The fiscal (financial) year of the corporation
Rules on approval of contracts, loans, checks, stock certificates, and other types of corporate resolutions (see below)
Financial audits and inspection of the corporate records, mostly for public corporations, but really for all corporations
After you or another corporate director or a committee of your board of directors has prepared the corporate bylaws, they must be approved by the board. The bylaws are part of your corporate records and must be in a place where they can be viewed by the Internal Revenue Service or your state or other entity which might want to audit your records.
What Is a Corporate Resolution?
One of the most important duties of a board, as described in the bylaws, is to enact resolutions. These resolutions are decisions made by the board. These decisions must be in a specific format and must be recorded in board meeting minutes.
Do Partnerships and LLCs Have Bylaws?
Every business needs rules and guidelines to operate. Partnerships and LLCs have similar types of rules. For a partnership, this set of rules is a partnership agreement; for an LLC the rules are an operating agreement. The contents are similar to bylaws.
Do I Need an Attorney?
Bylaws are not a DIY project. Bylaws are complex documents and they contain many pitfalls and requirements in order to comply with tax and legal requirements of the state in which the business is located and also with tax and regulatory requirements. Using an attorney to prepare corporate bylaws will save you money and legal issues later.
How to Create a Corporate Resolution - What to Include
What Does a Corporate Board of Directors Do?
All About Your Corporation's Board of Directors
Learn All About the Bylaws for a Nonprofit
What a Corporate Records Book Is and How to Keep It Updated
Avoid Making These Company Board Meeting Minutes Mistakes
Responsibilities of Corporate Board Officers
Selecting a Business Organization Type
What Is the Difference Between a Public Company and Private Company?
LLC or Corporation - What's the Right Choice?
Learn What a Stock Corporation Is and How and Why to Form One
Why Your Nonprofit's First Board of Directors Is So Important
What Are Articles of Incorporation for a Nonprofit?
Forming a C Corporation - The Basics
What Happens at the Annual Meeting of a Corporation
How Do I Change My Corporate Articles of Incorporation?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Le syndrome de Marfan, ou maladie de Marfan, est une maladie génétique, à transmission autosomique dominante, des tissus conjonctifs. Elle atteint l'ensemble des organes du corps humain, avec des degrés très variables dans ses manifestations cliniques. Les organes les plus touchés sont : l'œil, le squelette et le système cardio-vasculaire.

Historique
Il doit son nom au , un pédiatre français, qui le décrivit en 1896 en le découvrant chez une enfant de cinq ans à partir d'une dolichosténomélie qui, plus tard, sera renommée syndrome de Marfan.

En 1968,  fait la première intervention, qui porte son nom, sur un patient souffrant de cette maladie. Elle consiste en un remplacement de l'aorte ascendante et de la valve aortique par un tube valvulé, avec réimplantation des artères coronaires.

Un traitement par médicaments bêta-bloquants a été proposé dès 1971.

Le substrat génétique a été identifié en 1991.

Épidémiologie
Le syndrome de Marfan est une maladie génétique rare. Elle touche une personne sur . C'est une maladie héréditaire autosomique dominante, ce qui signifie qu'un enfant sur deux risque d'être atteint, quel que soit son sexe, si l'un de ses deux parents est atteint, mais un tiers des cas est dû à des mutations spontanées (non héréditaire). Dans les formes non familiales, un âge paternel avancé semble être un facteur de risque peu prononcé.

La principale cause de morbidité et de mortalité est en rapport avec l'atteinte des vaisseaux : dilatation de l'aorte, dissection de l'aorte, prolapsus de la valve mitrale avec ou sans insuffisance mitrale, prolapsus de la tricuspide, dilatation de l'artère pulmonaire.

Avec une prise en charge correcte, l'espérance de vie de ces patients ne diffère pas de celle de la population générale.

Cause

Le syndrome de Marfan est en rapport avec une mutation du gène fibrilline-1 (FBN1) se manifestant parfois dès la naissance avec des signes évidents et une progression rapide de la maladie jusqu'à une manifestation unique de la maladie. Le gène dont la mutation provoque la maladie est situé sur le chromosome 15.

On a décrit près de  différentes sur ce gène entraînant des maladies plus ou moins graves. Il semble également exister une augmentation de l'activité de la TGF bêta (en ), dont le dosage sanguin montre des taux élevés en cas de Marfan, ce qui présente un intérêt comme test diagnostic potentiel.

Ainsi une anomalie des tissus conjonctifs, constitués du collagène, est due à une anomalie des microfibrilles participant à la cohérence des tissus conjonctifs.
Les conséquences résultant de cette anomalie se traduisent par une altération de la media.

Une mutation du gène TGFBR2, codant le récepteur de la TGF bêta, donne un syndrome apparenté, parfois appelé , dont l'évolution et le pronostic est proche du syndrome classique.

Physiopathologie

Le syndrome de Marfan est une affection des tissus conjonctifs qui jouent un rôle prépondérant dans l'organisme. C'est une maladie pouvant  affecter tout le corps.

La protéine codée par le gène FBN1 muté est l'un des composants des micro-fibrilles intervenant, avec les intégrines dans l'adhésion à la matrice extracellulaire. Il existe un modèle animal de souris génétiquement modifié porteur d'un déficit en fibrilline-1, chez laquelle on retrouve une expression anormalement élevée d'un facteur de croissance, le TGF-β ( β) qui pourrait être responsable des signes de la maladie<ref>  Neptune ER, Frischmeyer PA, Arking DE, et al. [http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v33/n3/abs/ng1116.htmlDysregulation of TGF-β activation contributes to pathogenesis in Marfan syndrome], Nat Genet, 2003 ; 33:407-411.</ref>.

 Vaisseaux

Le syndrome de Marfan attaque la media résistante à l'état naturel qui s'affaiblit à la suite d'une fragmentation des fibres élastiques ou d'une mort de cellules musculaires lisses. On parle parfois de nécrose kystique de la media. Cet aspect est très spécifique du Marfan mais peut se voir parfois lors d'autres maladies.

 Cœur

La maladie affecte les valves cardiaques, notamment la mitrale et l'aortique. Le prolapsus de la valve mitrale est présent dans plus de la moitié des cas et se présente comme une forme particulière d'insuffisance mitrale où la valve fuit par excès de tissu valvulaire. Cette fuite est le plus souvent minime mais peut être, parfois, plus importante, nécessitant une réparation chirurgicale.

En dehors de toute atteinte valvulaire, l'électrocardiogramme montre souvent des anomalies non spécifiques. Des troubles du rythme d'origine ventriculaires peuvent provoquer des morts subites.

 Symptômes
Le syndrome de Marfan se manifeste avec des degrés de sévérité différents selon les individus. La liste, non exhaustive, des symptômes les plus fréquemment rencontrés est :

 grande taille ;
 croissance anormale des os, ectasie durale et maigreur ;
 subluxation du cristallin ;
 hyperlaxité ligamentaire ;
 anévrisme de l'aorte initiale (à son émergence du cœur) et dissection aortique ;
 prolapsus de la valve mitrale ;
 des pneumothorax spontanés ;
 présence très fréquente de vergetures à localisation atypique (haut des épaules ou milieu du dos).

La myopie est la manifestation oculaire la plus constante. L'ectopie du cristallin est une caractéristique de la maladie et atteint 60 % des malades. Il existe aussi un risque accru de décollement de la rétine, glaucome, et de cataracte précoce.
La manifestation la plus fréquente est la subluxation du cristallin.

L'atteinte du squelette est caractérisée par une croissance exagérée des membres avec, aux mains, une arachnodactylie caractéristique et une hyperlaxité des articulations. Les membres sont disproportionnés par rapport au tronc (dolichosténomélie). Les cartilages costo-sternaux poussent le sternum en avant (pectus carinatum) ou en arrière (pectus excavatum).

La scoliose serait volontiers présente (entre un et six cas sur dix), volontiers thoracolombaire de courbure moyenne à sévère avec hyperlordose ou cyphose (parfois majorée après grossesse). Instabilité cervicale supérieure et spondylolisthésis sont décrits. L'ectasie durale lombosacrée, critère important, serait le reflet de l'effet de la gravité sur une dure-mère anormale.

Il existe dans un quart des cas des anévrismes artériels, hors aorte, dont la localisation la plus fréquente est les artères iliaques.

 Diagnostic
Le diagnostic inclut l'intervention d'un certain nombre de praticiens, notamment l'orthopédiste, l'ophtalmologue, le chirurgien-dentiste, le cardiologue ainsi que le médecin généraliste.

L'examen comprend entre autres : l'interrogatoire, recherche de signes physiques et fonctionnels et l'analyse génétique.

Des critères cliniques ont été définis à Gand (Belgique) en 1996.

 Pronostic
Il est essentiellement lié aux problèmes de l'aorte avec un risque de dilatation (anévrisme) ou de dissection aortique (déchirure de la paroi interne), voire de rupture. Le risque est d'autant plus grand que son diamètre est élevé, ce dernier pouvant être mesuré lors d'une échocardiographie, lors d'un scanner ou lors d'une IRM.

Sans traitement médical, l'espérance de vie atteignait . Elle est proche de la durée de vie normale avec l'arsenal thérapeutique actuel.

D'autres complications graves, mais plus rares, peuvent survenir : insuffisance cardiaque sur une insuffisance mitrale, troubles du rythme cardiaque…

La grossesse majore le risque de complications et doit donc être soigneusement surveillée.

 Traitement
 Traitement médical
Les médicaments bêta-bloquants amortissent l'impact du flux systolique sur la média affaiblie de l'aorte. Ils diminuent la progression de la dilatation de l'aorte et pourraient diminuer le risque de complications bien que cela ne soit pas prouvé explicitement.

Le losartan, un antagoniste des récepteurs de l'angiotensine II, semble être prometteur dans un modèle animal de la maladie puisqu'il inhiberait le TGF-β. Une première évaluation chez l'enfant semble prometteuse, mais le médicament est plus décevant chez l'adulte. Le losartan semble avoir une action comparable aux bêta-bloquants quant à la limitation de la dilatation aortique. Par contre, un autre antagoniste des récepteurs de l'angiotensine 2, à durée de vie plus prolongée, permet de ralentir la dilatation aortique.

La combinaison bêta-bloqaunt et antagoniste des récepteurs de l'angiotensine II a un effet additif sur le ralentissement de la progression de la dilatation de l'aorte ascendante.

La pratique d'un sport de type statique (musculation) ou d'un sport d'endurance à un haut niveau est déconseillée.

 Traitement chirurgical
 Après consultation dans un service de chirurgie cardio-vasculaire, on propose au patient la pose d'une prothèse (annulo-)aortique lorsque le diamètre de l'aorte atteint 5 centimètres. Dans ces conditions, les résultats sont excellents. L'opération est bien supportée et améliore l'espérance de vie des patients atteints de Marfan. Il est possible d'y associer, dans le même temps, le traitement chirurgical du pectus excavatum ou carinatum.
 De même, en cas de déviation rachidienne majeure, une réduction et une fixation s'impose dès que le caractère évolutif de la déviation est confirmée. L'opération améliore sans doute aussi l'espérance de vie, mais la fixation est volontiers délicate (finesse des lames et pédicules, ectasie durale)

 Cas probables ou confirmés

 Après des analyses génétiques il apparaît qu'aucun membre de la famille de Toutânkhamon (-1345 ; -1327) n'ait été atteint du syndrome de Marfan.
 Talleyrand (1754-1838) pourrait également en avoir souffert, ce qui expliquerait son pied-bot.
 Niccolò Paganini (1782-1840), le  grand violoniste, aurait été atteint du syndrome, ce qui expliquerait en partie son incroyable virtuosité technique.
 Le président américain Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) et le musicien Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847) en auraient souffert.
 Il est possible que le compositeur et pianiste Serguei Rachmaninov (1873-1943) en ait été atteint avec les mêmes conséquences (mains d'une très grande longueur expliquant sa virtuosité et sa faculté de plaquer des accords très espacés).
 Le président français Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970) en aurait également souffert et est mort d'une rupture d'anévrisme, complication fréquente de cette maladie.
 L'écrivain Dominique de Roux.
 Le compositeur anglais John Tavener (1944-2013).
 Joey Ramone (1951-2001), le chanteur du groupe Ramones, était atteint du syndrome.
 On soupçonnait la maladie chez Oussama ben Laden (1957-2011).
 Le matador américain David Renk (1963-2018).
 Le footballeur anglais Peter Crouch (1981- ) serait atteint du syndrome.
 Le musicien Bradford Cox (1982- ) du groupe rock expérimental Deerhunter, connu aussi sous le pseudonyme Atlas Sound, est atteint de ce syndrome.
 L'humoriste français Greg Romano, parrain de l'association française Marfans www.assomarfans.fr.
 Le basketteur américain Isaiah Austin a dû arrêter deux ans sa carrière après le diagnostic de la maladie. Le même syndrome est décelé en  chez le basketteur français Jonathan Jeanne.
 Le chanteur du groupe de Metalcore américain Of Mice and Men, Austin Carlile .
 L'acteur espagnol Javier Botet.
 L'acteur américano-britannique Peter Mayhew (1944-2019) qui tient le rôle de Chewbacca dans Star Wars.
 L'acteur et chanteur australien Troye Sivan.
 L'écrivain Marie Vareille, qui a publié en 2020 un roman jeunesse inspiré par son histoire, Le syndrome du spaghetti''.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
  Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, OMIM (TM). Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. MIM Number:154700
  Harry C Dietz, Marfan Syndrome in GeneTests: Medical Genetics Information Resource (database online). Copyright, University of Washington, Seattle. 1993-2005 :
 De Paepe A, Devereux RB, Dietz HC, Hennekam RC, Pyeritz RE (1996) Revised diagnostic criteria for the Marfan syndrome. Am J Med Genet 62:417-26

Liens externes

 Site en français de renseignement sur les maladies rares et les médicaments orphelins
 Open Directory Project : Marfan syndrome
 Fiche explicative du Syndrome de Marfan sur Orphanet
 Association de patients française Marfans

Marfan
Maladie cardiovasculaire
Maladie de l'aorte
Maladie rare

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home / Film / Feature Articles / Gothic Madmen: John Brahm's Forgotten Horror Trilogy
Gothic Madmen: John Brahm's Forgotten Horror Trilogy
Posted by: Samm Deighan in Feature Articles, Slider July 8, 2016 0
The Undying Monster (1942)
Like so many other European talents from the first part of the twentieth century, German director John Brahm was forced to flee his home country thanks to the rise of Nazism, and eventually found his way to the United States, where he began a career with Fox. His horror films for the studio, primarily The Undying Monster (1942), The Lodger (1944), and Hangover Square (1945), represent some of the studio's genre output — which was quite limited compared to competitors like Universal — that remains sadly neglected. Though Brahm would go on to dabble in film noir with The Locket (1946) and Raymond Chandler adaptation The Brasher Doubloon (1947), and even worked with Vincent Price on the zany 3-D effort, The Mad Magician (1954), his horror trilogy for Fox represents his finest work. Not only do these films deserve more attention, but they can be seen as the superior precursors to his enjoyable directorial work on genre television shows like Suspicion, Johnny Staccato, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Thriller, Naked City, The Outer Limits, The Twilight Zone, The Man from U.N.C.L.E, and many more.
The first film in Brahm's horror trilogy, The Undying Monster (1942), is one of a handful of so-called werewolf films to come in the wake of Universal's Werewolf of London (1935) and The Wolf Man (1941). But it borrows equally from something like the Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce version of The Hound of the Baskervilles (1939), which also concerns a family curse, more mystery than outright horror, and a decidedly nebulous use of the supernatural that turns out to be a MacGuffin. These themes also connect The Undying Monster to two slightly later, but equally neglected gems: the similarly plotted Le loup des Malveneur (1943), made during the Nazi occupation of France, and Universal's She-Wolf of London (1946).
The Undying Monster follows the illustrious Hammond family who are allegedly victim to an ancient curse. The heir, Oliver (John Howard of The Invisible Woman), is attacked by a strange creature one night out on the foggy moors and falls into a coma. Though his sister Helga (Heather Angel of Gothic melodrama The Mystery of Edwin Drood) insists that there must be a rational explanation, the family servants believe the attack is linked to the centuries old curse that dictates male family members will eventually commit suicide or die suspiciously. Scotland Yard Inspector Robert Curtis (James Ellison of I Walked with a Zombie) attempts to solve the case, despite resistance from the Hammonds, their servants, and the local doctor.
Despite how enjoyable it is, this film is probably the least interesting in Brahm's trilogy, as it lacks the effective psychosexual terror of the latter two efforts, not to mention the weighty presence of the star of those films, Laird Cregar, and I suspect it suffered from some studio interference on a script level. Penned by Lillie Hayward (Lady Killer), who would later go on to work with Disney, and based on a novel by Jessie Douglas Kerruish, the film has some effectively dark moments, but dips into a dizzying number of genres. It is at once a horror film, an atmospheric, supernatural murder mystery, a mad scientist movie, dialogue-heavy parlor room drama, and even at times a slapstick comedy with the presence of a male and female detective team always at odds with each other.
The film does make some good use of the horror tropes popularized by Universal a decade earlier, such as a suspiciously locked room, strange footprints, and oppressive fog. There is the strange intrusion of the legal system — something that happened often in Universal's Frankenstein films — where a nurse, who was attacked at the same time as Oliver, dies and it is ruled that her death was the result of unknown circumstances. There are also some unusual, Sherlock Holmes-like clues in the form of a wolf hair on one of the victims and evidence that someone has been injected with cobra venom (like you do), and the conclusion involves a standard Gothic horror trope. The heroine is kidnapped and the detective must rescue her before she becomes the next victim, something that would be repeated for The Lodger (and dozens of other horror films from the period). But while the film seems to be leading us towards a human perpetrator (as with She-Wolf of London), the surprise twist is that the supernatural elements aren't a MacGuffin at all; there is an actual werewolf, though we see little of him/her and the ending is rather ludicrously explained away.
Brahm's genre follow up is the far more fascinating The Lodger (1944), a remake of Hitchcock's 1927 silent film; itself adapted from Marie Belloc-Lowndes' novel of the same name. Hitchcock's film followed his beloved "wrong man" premise and, as with Fritz Lang's pivotal serial killer film M (1931), is concerned less with personal psychopathy and more with social hysteria and mob violence. Brahm's take on the material is more akin to Hitchcock's Shadow of a Doubt (1943), about a teenage girl discovering that her beloved uncle is a murderer, or even producer Val Lewton's bleak The Leopard Man (1943), about a killer preying on vulnerable young woman and pawning his crimes off on an escaped panther.
In The Lodger, an up-and-coming singer, Kitty Langley (Merle Oberon), lives with her aunt (Sara Allgood) and uncle (Cedric Hardwicke). They have recently fallen on hard times and decide to supplement their income by taking on a lodger. They welcome a scientist, Mr. Slade (Laird Cregar), into their home. He comes and goes at odd hours, and is reserved, polite, and awkward, paying particular attention to Kitty. Meanwhile, Jack the Ripper is butchering women on the streets of London and the police are at a loss. It soon becomes clear that Slade is the killer, though Kitty and her family ignore the signs. Inspector Warwick (the dashing George Sanders), who is in charge of the case, falls for Kitty, but it may be too late to protect her from the murderous advances of Mr. Slade.
The hulking Cregar is particularly memorable as Mr. Slade. A large man, both in terms of height and girth, Cregar struggled with his weight his entire life and was frequently cast as a villain, though he sought leading roles. The crash diet he would use for his next film, Brahm's similarly plotted Hangover Square (1945), sadly led to his early death at just age 31. Cregar is perfect as Slade: psychopathic, pathetic, sympathetic, he seems to wander much of the film in a hypnotic state. The use of low angled shots makes him overwhelm nearly every frame and key lighting gives his eyes an insane, almost mystical glow.
Though the signs are evident, no one recognizes Slade's psychosis until it is nearly too late. Edgar G. Ulmer's serial killer film Bluebeard (1944), about a murderous painter in Paris, shares many of these details, including a nearly identical ending with Brahm's The Lodger. The Leopard Man, The Lodger, and Bluebeard also all include the theme that members of the community are complicit in the killings; guilt is a contagion. While The Lodger's screenwriter Barré Lyndon presents Slade as a sympathetic, doomed figure, there is never any doubt that he is the antagonist. He gives one particularly chilling speech about cutting the beauty out of women and is obviously obsessed with Kitty. Surprisingly, Slade's incestuous, homosexual obsession with his dead brother slid right past the Production Code. His brother's death at the hands of a beautiful actress ("actress" is often a stand-in for "prostitute" in this film, as references to the latter did not make it past the censors) is Slade's reason for killing female entertainers.
Cregar was cast in a similar role in one of the earliest examples of film noir, I Wake Up Screaming (1941), as well as Brahm's follow up, Hangover Square, which also reunited the director and star with George Sanders. In this similar tale of obsession, madness, and serial murder, Cregar stars as the delightfully named George Bone, a London composer, who fears he may be a murderer when he has periods of blackout. He solicits the help of a Scotland Yard professional, Dr. Middleton (Sanders), who keeps an eye on him along with Barbara (Faye Marlowe), the pianist daughter of his mentor, Lord Henry (Alan Napier). Though Barbara wishes for a romantic arrangement between herself and Bone, he becomes obsessed with Netta (Linda Darnell), a cabaret singer. Netta begins cruelly manipulating him, dangerously triggering his blackouts.
Hangover Square (1945)
Unlike I Wake Up Screaming or The Lodger, Hangover Square boasts one of Cregar's most sympathetic roles. Bone is the synthesis of psychopathic killer and sensitive artist. The fact that he is unaware of his violent deeds for much of the film further emphasizes this divide and implies that perhaps these murderous impulses are dormant until stimulated by trauma or sexual frustration. And again, the aspect of communal violence is present, here symbolized in Bone's first conscious body disposal and his later suicide. When he finally strangles Netta — after much callous manipulation where she accepts his gifts and promises undelivered sexual favors — he carries her body to the town square to a parade procession. In a nightmarish scene full of masked revelers, he dumps her body on top of a bonfire of effigies meant to be burned during the Guy Fawkes Day celebration.
Fawkes, a famous seventeenth century British traitor who meant to blow up King James and the House of Lords, escaped execution by preemptively killing himself. Bone follows suit. Once he has remembered his deeds, he is unable to escape from his own conscience — the police — so he sets the building on fire during the performance of his moving new symphony. He continues to play the piano as the building burns down around him in a truly bleak and affecting ending that has few equals in '40s horror.
The success of these films, particularly The Undying Monster and The Lodger, is due to the cinematography from Brahm's regular partner Lucien Ballard. All three works are full of expressionistic, fog drenched, and almost Gothic imagery. For The Lodger in particular, Ballard turns what looks like an indoor, studio set into an expressionistic nightmarish version of Jack the Ripper's London. Ballard, who was also married to The Lodger's Merle Oberon for a time, is one of the least praised heroes of American cinematography and would go on to work with everyone from Otto Preminger on the seminal film noir Laura (1944), Sam Peckinpah on films like The Wild Bunch (1969), Jacques Tourneur, Robert Wise, Franz Lang, Jean Renoir, and many more. He effectively helped shape the look of film noir and though his work with Brahm is so under-appreciated, it represents some of the most beautiful cinematography in '40s horror.
40s horror Alfred Hitchcock American Gothic classic horror Gothic horror John Brahm Lucien Ballard Serial Killers 2016-07-08
Samm Deighan
Tagged with: 40s horror Alfred Hitchcock American Gothic classic horror Gothic horror John Brahm Lucien Ballard Serial Killers
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About Samm Deighan
Samm Deighan is Associate Editor of Diabolique Magazine and co-host of the Daughters of Darkness podcast. She's the editor of Lost Girls: The Phantasmagorical Cinema of Jean Rollin from Spectacular Optical, and her book on Fritz Lang's M is forthcoming from Auteur Publishing.
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Actress Jolene Purdy On Her New Show, CBS's 'Under the Dome,' and Invaluable Advice from Jake Gyllenhaal
Jul 26, 2013 | Entertainment | 1
When Jolene Purdy was in second grade, her mother brought her to a musical theater class and introduced her to acting. By the time she was in high school, Purdy landed her first role in the film Donnie Darko, opposite Jake Gyllenhaal.
"I definitely credit my acting career to my mother, who brought me to my first musical theater class. But growing up in California, a lot of kids didn't understand musical theater and judged me for it. I knew I wanted to act. I pointed to the TV screen and said to my mother, 'I want to do that.' I love the idea of transporting people," the 29-year-old half-Japanese and half-Caucasian actress says.
She recalls the day that she got the part in "Donnie Darko" as one of her happiest days, celebrating with her mother at Universal Studios.
Today, Purdy stars in the CBS show "Under the Dome," a mystery and sci-fi drama written by Stephen King and produced by Stephen Spielberg. In the show, she plays Dodee Weaver, a tech-savvy computer engineer who investigates and communicates the purpose of the dome to the townsfolk.
"The show takes place in a seemingly perfect town, but when a mysterious force field or "dome" descends upon it, people's relationships change. It truly captures the human spirit. My character Dodee is not a people person like me, but she is incredibly smart and comes up with a way to speak to those outside of the dome," Purdy says.
As an Asian American actress, Purdy interestingly doesn't get cast for the stereotypical shy or kung fu-kicking Asian female role. She says most of the roles that are offered to her are for indie rock characters.
"It's strange for me because I'm ethnic, so when I'm not right for something, I'm definitely not right for it. I really have to fight for the roles I want and help people embrace different looks. It's funny that I get cast for indie rock characters because I grew up in musical theater, and indie rock characters are not cookie cutter," Purdy laughs.
And her most memorable role? Purdy says her most fun and interesting role so far was her guest appearance on the Fox comedy "Raising Hope," where she got to play a gothic character. But the acting bug didn't stop biting her there. Purdy also got to play a small part in Fox's "Glee" in the "The Asian F" episode and two other episodes following it.
"I got to work with Eric Stoltz, who was so sweet and energetic. I think the entire 'Glee' cast is incredibly talented and hard working. They're there until 5 am. While I didn't get to sing on the show, I sang Adele's 'Rolling in the Deep' for my audition," Purdy smiles.
Purdy says she would like to do more films, as well as continue to work in TV in the future. Working on a TV set with a live audience is very different from a film set. "With television, you get instant gratification with a live audience, and you have to think on your feet. With film, you know the beginning, middle, and end."
For any young Asian American girls who long to be an actress one day, Purdy says devoting more time to perfecting your craft will ultimately help you land a role. For Purdy, acting is more than just a glamorous lifestyle, it's a lot of hard work that can sometimes lead to rejection, but through passion and dedication, your passions will find a way to come to you.
"Jake Gyllenhaal gave me some really good advice a few years ago that really stuck with me. With acting, you have to think of the bigger picture and how people think and feel the moment they hear you speak. Acting transports us to different places, through different emotions, and you never know how much you can change someone's life."
You can catch Purdy in "Under the Dome" on CBS every Monday 10 pm EST/9 pm CST and follow her on Twitter.
Photo credit: Vince Trupsin Photography
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Q: Django superuser not having all permissions While trying to create a Django Rest Framework endpoint for displaying a users permissions, I encountered a problem when it comes to superusers.
I thought superusers had all permissions by default, but when I tried to get all permissions for any user through the Permission-model, I got a length difference between the lists.
# User is a superuser
> len(user.get_all_permissions())
516
> len(Permission.objects.all().distinct())
519

Since get_all_permissions() returns a list of strings which are some permutation of data from a permission instead of a QuerySet, I am unable to see exactly which permissions the superuser lacks.
Am I wrong in my impression that a superuser has all permissions? Are there other ways to get all permissions for a user in the form of a Permission QuerySet?
I could always just return the list given by user.get_all_permissions() instead of a QuerySet, but this confuses DRF-Swagger when it comes to the format of possible responses.

A:
Since get_all_permissions() returns a list instead of a QuerySet, I am unable to see exactly which permissions the superuser lacks.

How so? Something like
all_permission_ids = {
  f'{app_label}.{codename}'
  for (app_label, codename)
  in Permission.objects.values_list('content_type__app_label', 'codename')
}
missing_permissions = (
  all_permission_ids -
  set(user.get_all_permissions())
)

should get you going.

Am I wrong in my impression that a superuser has all permissions?

No, you're not. Superusers do have all permissions, and this is generally short-circuited, i.e. you'd only check whether the user is a superuser, and if so, no more permission checking should be done.

Are there other ways to get all permissions for a user in the form of a Permission QuerySet?

Kind of. Something like
user_permissions_qs = Permission.objects.filter(id__in={p.id for p in user.get_all_permissions()})

could work, but is really not optimal performance-wise.

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Home > Do You Know > The Very First Of Everything Part-I: Do You Know These 18 Ancestors Of Your Very Known Things?
The Very First Of Everything Part-I: Do You Know These 18 Ancestors Of Your Very Known Things?
by Abhisikta Ganguly - March 1, 2017 0
First Official Cricket Ball
The first official cricket ball was used during an interstate cricket match played way back in the 18th century ie. in 1856.
First X-ray
On 8th November, 1895, physicist Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen (1845-1923) becomes the first person to observe X-rays, a significant scientific advancement that would ultimately benefit a variety of fields, most of all medicine, by making the invisible visible. The very first X-ray image was of Rontgen's wife's hand and ring.
First Mobile Phone
The first mobile phone was released over 40 years ago, by early pioneer of Motorola in 1973. The first call was made on April 3, 1973, when Martin Cooper, a senior engineer at Motorola, called a rival telecommunications company and informed them he was speaking via a mobile phone. The phone Cooper used, if you could call it that, weighed a staggering 1.1kg and measured in at 228.6x127x44.4mm. With this prototype device, you got 30 minutes of talk-time and it took around 10 hours to charge.
First Photograph
The first photograph, or more specifically, the earliest known surviving photograph made in a camera, was taken by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1826 or 1827. The image depicts the view from an upstairs window at Niépce's estate, Le Gras, in the Burgundy region of France.
First Engine Train
James Watt, a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer patented a design for a steam locomotive in 1784. His employee William Murdoch produced a working model of a self-propelled steam carriage in that year. The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built in the United Kingdom in 1804 by Richard Trevithick, an English engineer born in Cornwall.
First Car
The first stationary gasoline engine, developed by Carl Benz, was a one-cylinder two-stroke unit which ran for the first time on New Year's Eve 1879. The major features of the two-seater vehicle, which was completed in 1885, were the compact high-speed single-cylinder four-stroke engine installed horizontally at the rear, the tubular steel frame, the differential and three wire-spooked wheels. The engine output was 0.75 hp (0.55 kW). Details included an automatic intake slide, a controlled exhaust valve, high-voltage electrical vibrator ignition with spark plug, and water/thermo siphon evaporation cooling. On January 29, 1886, Benz applied for a patent for his "vehicle powered by a gas engine." The patent – number 37435 – may be regarded as the birth certificate of the automobile. In July 1886 the newspapers reported on the first public outing of the three-wheeled Benz Patent Motor Car, model no. 1.
First Soccer Ball
in 1872, the English Football Association (FA) officially declared that the ball should be spherical and between 27 and 28 inches in circumference. It remains the official soccer ball size today.
This specification coincided with the Charles Goodyear rubber ball. Therefore Goodyear can be considered as the inventor of the modern soccer ball. The establishment of the English Football League in 1888 spurred the first mass-production of leather soccer balls.
First Liquid Fueled Rocket
Modern rockets originated when Robert Goddard attached a supersonic nozzle to the combustion chamber of a liquid-fueled rocket engine. These nozzles turn the hot gas from the combustion chamber into a cooler, hypersonic, highly directed jet of gas, more than doubling the thrust and raising the engine efficiency from 2% to 64%. On 16 March 1926 Robert Goddard launched the world's first liquid-fueled rocket in Auburn, Massachusetts.
First Telephone
One precursor to the development of the electromagnetic telephone originated in 1833 when Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Eduard Weber invented an electromagnetic device for the transmission of telegraphic signals in Göttingen in Lower Saxony, helping to create the fundamental basis for the technology that was later used in similar telecommunication devices. Gauss's and Weber's invention is purported to be the world's first electromagnetic telegraph.
First Video Game
The ancestors to the modern video games include the cathode-ray tube amusement device, the earliest known interactive electronic game as well as the first to incorporate a cathode ray tube screen. The player simulates an artillery shell trajectory on a CRT screen connected to an oscilloscope, with a set of knobs and switches. The device uses purely analog electronics and does not use any digital computer or memory device or execute a program. It was patented by Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr. and Estle Ray Mann in 1947. While the idea behind the game was potentially to use a television set as the display and thus sell the invention to consumers, as Goldsmith and Mann worked at television designer DuMont Laboratories, the patent, the first for an electronic game, was never used and the device never manufactured beyond the original handmade prototypes. The first publicly demonstrated electronic game was created in 1950 Bertie the Brain was an arcade game of tic-tac-toe, built by Josef Kates for the 1950 Canadian National Exhibition.
First Stethoscope
The stethoscope was invented in France in 1816 by René Laennec at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris. It consisted of a wooden tube and was monaural. Laennec invented the stethoscope because he was uncomfortable placing his ear on women's chests to hear heart sounds.
First YouTube Video
On 23rd April, 2005, a guy named Jawed Karim posted the first-ever video to YouTube. The 18-second video, entitled "Me at the zoo", features Karim, a YouTube co-founder, at the San Diego Zoo standing in front of a bunch of elephants.
First Computer Virus
The first computer virus was developed for MS-DOS in 1986 by two Pakistani brothers in Lahore Pakistan. The first computer virus named "Brain" was designed by Amjad Farooq Alvi and Basit Farooq Alvi with the intention of determining the piracy of a software written by them.
First Helicopter
On 14th September, 1939, the VS-300, the world's first practical helicopter, took flight at Stanford, Connecticut. Designed by Igor Sikorsky and built by the Vought-Sikorsky Aircraft Division of the United Aircraft Corporation, the helicopter was this first to incorporate a single main rotor and tail rotor design. Piloted by Sikorsky, the September 14 tethered flight lasted just a few seconds.
First Robot
In 1928, one of the first humanoid robots was exhibited at the annual exhibition of the Model Engineers Society in London. Invented by W. H. Richards, the robot Eric's frame consisted of an aluminium body of armour with eleven electromagnets and one motor powered by a twelve-volt power source. The robot could move its hands and head and could be controlled through remote control or voice control.
First Paper Money
The earliest recorded use of paper currency can be traced back to the Song dynasty (960-1279) in China when it was utilized by a group of wealthy merchants and businessmen in Sichuan, the same place where the art of printing was invented. Each banknote issued had printed on it pictures of houses, trees and people in red and black ink. The seals of the issuing banks were then applied and confidential marks were made on each bill in order to prevent counterfeiting.
First Guitar
Before the development of the electric guitar and the use of synthetic materials, a guitar was defined as being an instrument having "a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. A 3300-year-old stone carving of a Hittite bard playing a stringed instrument is the oldest iconographic representation of a chordophone and clay plaques from Babylonia show people playing an instrument that has a strong resemblance to the guitar, indicating a possible Babylonian origin for the guitar.
First Motorcycle
Gottlieb Daimler (who later teamed up with Karl Benz to form the Daimler-Benz Corporation) is credited with building the first motorcycle in 1885, one wheel in the front and one in the back, although it had a smaller spring-loaded outrigger wheel on each side. It was constructed mostly of wood, with the wheels being of the iron-banded wooden-spoked wagon-type, definitely a "bone-crusher" chassis.
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Q: How to create a SQL table using php IF date is equal to X I'm trying to create a MySQL table using a PHP IF statement. I am able to create the table using an IF statement; although the problem I am running into is that the table only gets created when the date is >= to X, as opposed to how I would like to specify the statement; IF the date is == X.
How can I automatically create this SQL table IF the date is == X,
and, is there a way to create this table without having to go to the page where the table data will be displayed and refresh the page?
Here is my code:
$timezone       = date_default_timezone_set('America/Chicago');
$TheDate        = time("F j, g:i a");

$servername = "server";
$username = "user";
$password = "pass";
$dbname = "db";
$conn = mysqli_connect('server', 'user', 'pass');
(!$conn->set_charset("utf-8"));

if (!$conn) {
    die("Connection failed: " . mysqli_error());
}
mysqli_select_db($conn, $dbname);

if ($TheDate == strtotime("April 24, 9:53 pm")) {

$CreateTable = "CREATE TABLE issue11 (
ID INT(5) UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
First VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
Last VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
Title VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
StoryLink VARCHAR(140) NOT NULL,
Genre VARCHAR(11) NOT NULL,
About VARCHAR(2000) NOT NULL,
Link VARCHAR(125) NOT NULL,
Picture VARCHAR(500) NOT NULL,
ALT VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL
)";

mysqli_query($conn, $CreateTable);
mysqli_close($conn);
}

A: Actually there is no problem with the above code ,

The main problem is

The code in the if condition will only work if you run this page at
  "April 24, 9:53 pm" (the date you specified for equality).How can you do that , I mean the time is constantly changing and you can't do this checking each time when time changes using php alone.

Idea is by using ajax call

Using ajax
one way is to make an ajax request to run the above code each second , and its not an effective and efficient way to do.

Another way would be to do the checking at the client side and do the operation (create table) only when the if returns true using an ajax call to the page where you wrote the above code.


Having done a lot of applied I think both Spanos and the jokey correlation website miss the boat on a couple things here.
Many of the situations being called spurious are not "spurious" at all, but non-random correlations due to a common cause, just not the cause in question (usually a direct effect on one correlate to the other).
The "de-trend the mean" suggestion further muddies the waters. What's the distinction between the variation that needs to be "de-trended" and one that doesn't? It's fundamentally a causal distinction.
There is a well known distinction between high correlation as a result of joint dependence on an omitted variable and what Yule called "nonsense" correlations arising especially from correlating serially correlated variables, where there is no real relation between the variables at all. Granger and Newbold famously showed how two random walks could show high correlation even though, by construction, they were unrelated. I am sure that the latter is a significant potential problem, especially in time series analysis.
vl54321: I have to admit that I did miss one boat. The boat of confusion between statistical and substantive adequacy the permeates your comment. Correlation is primarily a statistical concept, and hence, one needs to establish its statistical meaningfulness first [by validating the probabilistic assumptions that render it meaningful] before embarking on substantive interpretations like a causal claim. A trend provides a generic way one can use to account for heterogeneity in the data in order to establish statistical adequacy. The latter ensures that one's estimators and tests do have the error-probabilistic properties claimed; consistent estimators, UMP tests, etc. Once that is secured, one can then proceed to consider the substantive question of interest, such as a common cause. The latter can be shown by pinpointing to a substantively meaningful variable z(t) that can replace the trend in the associated regression and also satisfies the correlation connections with y(t) and x(t) required for a common cause. This is the reason I brought out the connection between correlation and linear regression in my note above.
Caution: For those who might consider a trend as a common cause, I urge them to reconsider by consulting informed books on probability and statistics that explain why one cannot condition on a deterministic variable by treating it as a random variable; it is not!
If z(t) = x(t) was deemed 'substantively meaningful' in explaining y(t), would you still conclude 'There is no statistical correlation between these two variables afterall!'.
Furthermore, I assume you would refuse to set up some sort of errors-in-variables or latent variable model and condition on the latent process (e.g. the mean of x(t))?
on the spurious correlation page and almost all applications where investigators search for correlations the data arise from non-randomized, observational data.
In such contexts, "random" variation is only an approximation for missing information regarding the underlying dependency structure. There is no demarcation between so-called systematic and random variation.
The end result is simply that the non-systematic components of y_t and x_t are not related, right? What's to block the conclusion that the variation in the mean of x_t is driving the changes in the mean of y_t etc?
omaclaren: anybody who indulges in statistics and cannot distinguish between heterogeneity [e.g. a deterministic trend] and dependence [e.g. correlated error structure] should change hobbies.
But anyway, what I see here is – a choice to work in terms of relatively arbitrary 'de-trended' variables and an apparent conclusion – that the variables x and y are unrelated because their de-trended versions x* and y* are unrelated – that depends on this choice.
Fine if all of this is supposed to be purely manipulation of a cause-free statistical model in order to put it in some canonical econometric form or whatever, but this then by definition cannot address whether the common linear increasing trend in time is a 'spurious' result or not.
Furthermore, I can imagine many simple examples of dynamical systems – e.g. from first year physics – where a common trend is causal and intervening on one variable would affect the other, and many others where it is not and intervening on one would not affect the other. I'm not sure how to address the concept of a 'spurious' correlation or relationship – as per the title of the post – without some sort of causal assumption/model or intervention.
I don't mean this to be too aggressive in tone and I understand this is a relatively quick, simple example, but – what are we actually supposed to take away from this example?
omaclaraen: The example was just to illustrate a "common cause" of spurious correlations, and how it may be unearthed.
omaclaren: what one is supposed to take from this example is the following: any form of statistical inference, including estimation and testing, depends crucially on the probabilistic assumptions one imposes on the data (implicitly or explicitly); the assumed statistical model. When any of these assumptions are invalid for one's data, the resulting inferences are spurious (invalid) to a greater or a lesser degree. In the above example, the assumption of a constant mean (a component part of the ID assumption) is invalid for the particular data, and thus the inference result of a highly significant correlation is spurious. This is demonstrated by showing that when the trending mean is accounted for, the resulting inference is totally different; the "apparent" high correlation is a mirage created by invoking false assumptions when estimating and testing the significance of the correlation coefficient.
Given two relationships with linear trend in time, y = at, x = bt, obviously one can re-write this as y = (a/b)x. Hence the existence of possible 'spurious relationships' between any two trending variables. To me, though, the question of whether this relation between y and x is causal or spurious is related to how these relations vary or not under a range of 'different' conditions.
For example, suppose we change some external conditions previously held constant and suppose we already know that this gives a new b, b' = b/2. If we re-run the regressions and find a also changes as a'=a/2, then the relation y = (a/b)x = (a'/b')x remains the same. I would say this captures some idea of causality (as opposed to spurious relation or correlation) – 'a relation or correlation that is invariant under the set of conditions T is causal with respect to T'. Or something.
This would mean e.g. conservation laws (mass, momentum, energy etc) are 'causal' under an extremely wide range of conditions, but spurious correlations are only 'causal' under a very restricted set of conditions. Causality is then a matter of degree and this can only be determined by examining a range of conditions.
The reason for disbelieving particular relationships is then doubt that they will hold under some 'intervention' or change in conditions – they only hold for this particular dataset. Re: John Byrd's comment: we imagine that we could hold back some kids from advancing in school and watch them still gain weight etc. I note that this is not too dissimilar to the idea of severity – ask how robust a fit is with respect to variations in conditions/parameters.
Anyway, thanks for the responses. It's been a useful exercise for me to think these things through a bit.


I think our son has set some kind of a record.....not a record anyone would want to hold, mind you, but a record none the less. Number of consecutive years spent in orthodontia! Some kids will go two years, a few stalwart souls will hang on for three or four, but it takes true grit and stamina (and very bad luck) to be a metal mouth for SEVEN years!
So, he's been in some phase of ortho for a long, long time, with the actual braces starting at age 10. He's had a palatal expander, extractions of deciduous molars and canines, headgear, rubber bands going every which way, and has basically experienced the whole orthodontic enchilada. In addition to the missing teeth, he also had a rotated tooth and a retained baby tooth. His orthodontist dubbed his mouth, "as complicated as it gets" and said that it would take "heroic" measures to give him a beautiful smile.
The missing teeth that were most problematic, at least appearance-wise, were the lateral incisors. Sometimes with missing laterals, doctors will move over the canines and shave them down to look like laterals. Lyle didn't like that option, so Bruder's canines were moved back and forth across the top of his mouth to help develop the bone that will eventually hold implants. Through all of this, Bruder went through many stages that even a loving mother would call awkward.
fake teeth were tied into the braces.
The photo below was taken on Saturday.
....without metal in his mouth!
which is kind of creeping him out.
It will take some getting used to, but we all agree that he looks fantastic.
I can't say that he's completely done; he has fake teeth attached to a clear retainer and will get implants in a few years when we're sure he's done growing, but for the first time ever, he looks done.
I'm pretty sure it was worth it.
Hi- I finally just found your blog again. I would love to chat with you about your time with Dr. Murray and all that comes along with it. My daughter goes to her and I would love to hear some of your thoughts and experiences.
That really is a million dollar (and 7 year) smile!
Tell him from Sid..."Looking good!"
He's looking good! 7 years is a long time and it seems like a long journey of missing teeth and braces. Congrats to your kid! False teeth or not, he has a great smile!


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Yemen: It's What They Do Up There
June 30, 2010: Police have made over 30 arrests because of the June 19th raid on a prison in Aden. Al Qaeda did not take credit for this, but the prisoners busted out of that jail were al Qaeda or supporters of the group. Al Qaeda is believed to be cooperating with local separatists, who wish to revive South Yemen, which united with northern Yemen to form a united Yemen in 1990. A major problem for the southern separatists is factionalism, and several factions are currently feuding (as in gun battles and dead bodies).
Tribal elders of the Abida and Bilharith tribes have settled a dispute over land rights, which recently led to fighting that left nine dead. The dispute was triggered when oil exploration was conducted in land claimed by both tribes. Since control of oil field land gives a tribe dibs on jobs and other economic benefits, it's something worth fighting for.
The government is building a coast guard base on Perim island (which is in the Bab Al Mandab strait, in the Gulf of Aden, between Yemen and Djibouti and astride the shipping lanes leading to the Red Sea). Construction will begin in six months.
Western donors (from Europe and North America) are offering hundreds of millions of dollars to rehabilitate Yemen. The goal is to try and eliminate the social and economic problems that have created so much poverty and animosity. That won't be easy. Tribalism is strong and many men are addicted to Khat. This is a major problem in the south, where Khat (or Qat) is grown, consuming 40 percent of the water supply, and smuggled quickly to Saudi customers each day. Khat is illegal in Saudi Arabia. In Yemen and Somalia, Khat chewing has made armed tribesmen more surly and trigger happy than they would normally be. Most Yemeni adult males use Khat, which must be relatively fresh when chewed, or else it loses its effect. About 40 percent of Yemeni women use it as well. Khat gives you more of a buzz than caffeine or nicotine, but less than stronger drugs. In some countries it is legal, but regulated. Many do not consider it a dangerous drug, but Yemenis spend over a billion dollars a year on it, and cultivation of Khat has ruined Yemeni agriculture and caused a worsening water shortage. Khat production has increased over 50 percent in the last five years. There's big money in Khat, and that money buys cooperation from corrupt government officials. So efforts to impose a legal ban on Khat growing have failed. You won't fix the Yemeni economy until you fix the Khat problem.
British commandos are believed to be in Yemen, assisting in the hunt for Islamic radical cleric Anwar al Awlaki, who is believed to be encouraging British Moslems to become terrorists. The Yemeni government refuses to attempt arresting Awlaki (an American citizen of Yemeni descent who has been connected with many recent Islamic terror attacks in the West). The government has asked Awlaki to surrender, but has stated that Awlaki would not be extradited to the United States, because Yemen does not extradite its citizens. The government also does not want to trigger a widespread tribal uprising in the south. But the government has quietly called on the British in the past, to provide SAS commandos for delicate operations. SAS has apparently been in Yemen for a while assisting in locating al Qaeda members.
In the north, the Shia rebels are sounding more rebellious week by week. The ceasefire is holding, but the rebels appear to be getting ready for another round of fighting. It's what they do up there.
June 29, 2010: The courts are active, and the death penalty is liberally applied for murder and drug cases. Today, five Yemenis and three Africans (from Kenya, Tanzania and Somalia) were sentenced to death for smuggling 1.7 tons of drugs into the country. In another case, six Somalis received twelve year sentences for piracy. Earlier in the month, the courts abandoned the prosecution of 33 journalists, who were being attacked for reporting things government officials disagreed with. This raised a stink both locally and internationally.
June 25, 2010: Police arrested a man who recruited over a hundred Yemenis to sell organs (usually kidneys or part of their liver) to an Egyptian gang that performed the operation (paying the donor $6,000) and reselling the organ (for ten times as much). Somali pirates have offered captured sailors (who no one would ransom) as involuntary organ donors.
In the past few days, there have been several clashed with armed southern separatist tribesmen. Three soldiers, and an unknown number of tribesmen have died in these skirmishes and ambushes.
June 24, 2010: Police are questioning four men (a German, whose mother is Yemeni, an Iraqi and two Yemenis) about involvement in an assassination attempt against the British ambassador last April.
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