text:
Europe's fastest-growing startup of all time Hopin raises its fifth round in 2 years at a $7.75 billion valuation
Callum Burroughs
Johnny Boufarhat Hopin founder and CEO.
Hopin
Digital events startup Hopin has raised its fifth funding round in two years.
The company, founded in 2019, has now raised over $1 billion in venture funding.
Hopin's $450 million Series D was co-led by Arena Holdings and Altimeter Capital.
Hopin, Europe's fastest-growing startup of all time by valuation, has just raised its fifth funding round in two years.
The digital events startup, founded in June 2019, has raised a fresh $450 million at a valuation of $7.75 billion.
Hopin has been a winner through the pandemic as events organizers scrambled to move conferences online.
The London-based company provides software to bring conferences and live events online and says it is bringing thousands of new organizations in each day. It counts the likes of the United Nations, Slack , and Twitch among its customers.
Hopin's 27-year-old CEO, Johnny Boufarhat, said the funding round took two weeks to close.
Hopin now boasts around 100,000 customers, approximately $100 million in annual recurring revenue (ARR), and around 800 employees, Boufarhat added.
He said the company is no longer profitable, as it spends more on an aggressive growth strategy.
Bourfarhat declined to comment on burn rate but added the company was trying to innovate "as much as possible, so the goal is to continue doubling down on our product."
"If there is an acquisition that is a great product then we will go for it, if not we won't," he said. If there is something we're interested in, we will be aggressive."
Insider exclusively reported Hopin's first institutional round in February 2020, when the company had barely launched a product. The startup's valuation went up to $350 million just four months later when Silicon Valley growth fund IVP led a $40 million Series A into the business. Investors continued to pile in and Hopin raised again last November to reach a $2.1 billion valuation after a $125 million round led by Tiger Global and Coatue.
In March, Hopin raised $400 million in a capital injection led by Silicon Valley giants Andreeseen Horowitz and General Catalyst at a $5.65 billion valuation.
This latest raise means the business has raised more than $1 billion in the past 12 months as technology investors seek to place bets on firms that can survive and grow during the COVID-19 pandemic.
In December, Hopin made its first acquisition in the form of New York networking app, Topi, before following that up with a $250 million deal to buy live streaming platform StreamYard in January 2021.
Since then, the company has added a further four transactions with deals to buy Attendify, Boomset, Streamable, and Jamm. Recent purchase Boomset helps Hopin provide more on-site services such as kiosks and badges as it looks to transition into hybrid events.
Boufarhat acknowledged a dropoff in virtual only events as COVID-19 vaccinations allow for more in-person meetings. He added that this had been offset by the general rise of hybrid events. "The events business is moving to a wider base which means there's more opportunity," he said.
This Series D round was co-led by Arena Holdings, founded by former Tiger Global partner Feroz Dewan, and Altimeter Capital, a recent backer of payments infrastructure startup Plaid, with participation from new investors Adam Street Partners, Untitled Investments and XN Capital.
More: Hopin fundraise Unicorn
Arena Holdings
Altimeter Capital


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Dental implants and diabetes mellitus—a systematic review
Hendrik Naujokat1Email author,
Burkhard Kunzendorf1 and
Jörg Wiltfang1
International Journal of Implant Dentistry20162:5
© Naujokat et al. 2016
Received: 24 October 2015
Dental implant surgery has developed to a widely used procedure for dental rehabilitation and is a secure and predictable procedure. Local and systemic risk factors can result in higher failure rates. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that goes in with hyperglycemia and causes multifarious side effects. Diabetes as a relative contraindication for implant surgery is controversially discussed. Because the number of patients suffering from diabetes increases, there are more diabetic patients demanding implant procedures. We aimed to answer the PICO question "Do diabetic patients with dental implants have a higher complication rate in comparison to healthy controls?" by a systematic literature search based on the PRISMA statement. We identified 22 clinical studies and 20 publications of aggregated literature, which were quite heterogeneous concerning methods and results. We conclude that patients with poorly controlled diabetes suffer from impaired osseointegration, elevated risk of peri-implantitis, and higher level of implant failure. The influence of duration of the disease is not fully clear. The supportive administration of antibiotics and chlorhexidine seems to improve implant success. When diabetes is under well control, implant procedures are safe and predictable with a complication rate similar to that of healthy patients.
Implant survival
Glycemic control
Peri-implantitis
Systemic disease
Today, dental implants are one of the restorative methods to replace missing teeth. Improvements in implant design, surface characteristics, and surgical protocols made implants a secure and highly predictable procedure with a mean survival rate of 94.6 % and a mean success rate of 89.7 % after more than 10 years [1]. Implant survival is initially dependent on successful osseointegration following placement. Any alteration of this biological process may adversely affect treatment outcome. Subsequently, as an implant is restored and placed into function, bone remodeling becomes a critical aspect of implant survival in responding to the functional demands placed on the implant restoration and supporting bone. The critical dependence on bone metabolism for implant survival leads us to evaluation of certain risk factors. One of the controversial discussed diseases is diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that leads to hyperglycemia, which raises multiple complications caused by micro- and macroangiopathy. Diabetic patients have increased frequency of periodontitis and tooth loss [2], delayed wound healing [3], and impaired response to infection. In 1980, more than 150 million people worldwide were affected and that number had grown to 350 million by 2008 [4]. This trend highlights the need for better understanding of diabetes and its therapy and its impact on dental implant rehabilitation. In the past, diabetes was long time seen as a relative risk factor to dental implants. In contrast, today, there is a change in paradigm. Recent studies offer indirect evidence for diabetes patients benefiting from oral rehabilitation based on dental implant therapy. After tooth loss, patients avoid food which needs more effort to masticate which can lead to an adverse nutrition with poor metabolic control. A sufficient dental rehabilitation allows the patient to improve nutrition and the metabolic control. On the other hand, it is still unclear how quality of diabetes therapy and duration of disease influence the success of dental implants. The ability to anticipate outcomes is an essential part of risk management in dental implant surgery. Recognizing conditions that place the patient at a higher risk of complications will allow the surgeon to make informed decisions and refine the treatment plan to optimize the outcomes [5].
Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of published clinical studies to investigate whether dental implant placement in diabetic vs. non-diabetic patients yields any detrimental effects on postoperative complications, peri-implantitis, and implant failure rate. The main goal is to get a more detailed view on the influence of quality of glycemic control and duration of disease to give recommendation for treatment options and surgical protocols.
The substructure of the systematic review is based on the PRISMA statement [6]. The focused question according to the PICO schema is: "Do diabetic patients with dental implants have a higher complication rate in comparison to healthy controls?"
The systematic literature search was performed by an independent scientist (Burkhard Kunzendorf). The following databases were incorporated in the systematic search for relevant literature: PubMed, Embase, AWMF Online, National Guideline Clearinghouse, Guidelines International Network, and Cochrane Library. The following search terms were used: dental implants AND diabetes, transgingival implants AND diabetes, maxillary augmentation AND diabetes, mandibular augmentation AND diabetes, peri-implantitis AND diabetes, Zahnimplantate AND Diabetes, Kieferkammaufbau AND Diabetes, Periimplantitis AND Diabetes. Electronic search was complemented by an iterative hand-search in the reference lists of the already identified articles. The time period of the literature search was between 10 April and 7 May 2015. Endnote X7 was used for the electronic management of the literature.
Study inclusion and exclusion criteria
During the first stage of study selection, the titles and abstracts were screened and evaluated according to the following inclusion criteria: English or German language, retrospective and prospective clinical trials, observational studies, cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, and case series. During this procedure, the pre-selected publications were evaluated according to the following exclusion criteria: in vitro studies, animal studies, case reports with less than 10 patients, and publications older than 15 years.
Quality and risk of bias assessment of selected studies
A quality assessment of all selected full-text articles was performed. It made no sense to use the Cochrane collaboration tool for assessing risk of bias for randomized controlled studies since the majority of the included studies were not randomized or retrospective case series. Instead, a system modified from the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Methods Guide for Comparative Effectiveness Reviews was used, which asked for the sources of possible bias [7]. The criteria were each judged with low, medium, high, or unknown risk of bias: case selection bias and confounding, attrition bias (loss of participants), detection bias (reliable measures), and reporting bias (selective or incomplete reporting), followed by a summary of the risk.
Study selection
There are no guidelines existing to the topic of dental implants and diabetes mellitus. A total of 327 potentially relevant titles and abstracts were found by the electronic search and additional evaluation of reference lists. During the first screening, 230 publications were excluded based on the title and keywords. Additionally, 24 titles were excluded based on abstract evaluation. Seventy-three full-text articles were thoroughly evaluated. A total of 51 papers had to be excluded at this stage because they did not fulfil the inclusion criteria of the present systematic review. Twenty-two articles went into qualitative assessment (Fig. 1). Because of too few studies, heterogenic study design, and incompletely reported data like type of diabetes therapy, quality of glycemic control, and duration of disease, the quantitative data synthesis could not be performed in the way necessary for meta-analysis. Additionally, we identified 20 reviews and meta-analyses. They are excluded from our results.
Selection process of the included literature
Evaluation of study quality and risk of bias
The majority (n = 12) of the 22 studies were prospective and one of these studies was a multicenter study. Eight were retrospective and two were cross-sectional studies. Randomization of patients was not readable in any of the studies (Table 1). Despite a low evidence level in terms of study design, there were no major concerns about risk of bias; 13/22 studies were rated with a low risk of bias, 9/22 had a medium risk. No study had a high risk of bias, and consequently no further study was excluded at this stage because of bias (Table 2).
List of the included studies and its main characteristics
Diabetes therapy
Glycemic control [HbA1c %]
Duration of diabetes (years)
Number of patients
Number of implants
Duration of study (years)
Implant survival [%]
Alsaadi
Type II
Non-diabetes
2004 (overall)
96.4 (global)
Diabetes does not cause higher failure rate in the first 6 months.
Aguilar-Salvatierra
3 groups (HbA1c)
6–8 (well), 8–10 (moderately), >10 (poorly)
100 vs. 96.6 vs. 86.3
Patients with diabetes can receive implant-based treatments, providing they present moderate HbA1c values. Peri-implantitis increases with elevated HbA1c.
Anner
49 diabetes, 475 overall
3 ± 2
97.2 vs. 95
Diabetes was not related to implant survival in this patient cohort.
Busenlechner
>10,000
Diabetes does not have any influence on implant survival after 8 years, if blood sugar is effectively controlled.
Daubert
8 diabetes, 96 overall
Significant associations between implant failure and diabetes (relative risk 4.8 and 3.3) and peri-implant diseases and diabetes (relative risk 4.1).
Dowell
Diet, oral, insulin and combination
25 diabetes, 10 non-diabetes
Diabetes has no negative influence; the quality of glycemic control has no effect on implant success.
Mean 6.8
12 diabetes, 12 control
No significant difference for wound healing, radiographic findings, implant success and volume of augmentation (guided bone regeneration with bone scrapes and bone substitute material).
Blood sugar >126 mg/dl or diabetic medication subscribed
212 (overall)
6 months–5 years
Risk for peri-implantitis in "uncontrolled" diabetes is 1.9 times higher compared to the non-diabetes group.
Types I and II
"Proper levels of glycemic control"
8.9 ± 14.3
Survival rate is lower than for general population, but there is still a reasonable success rate. Most implant failures are in the first year after loading.
Ghiraldini
<8 (better) >8 (poorly)
10.7 ± 5
16 better, 16 poorly, 19 control
Poor glycemic control negatively modulated the bone factors during healing, although diabetes (regardless of glycemic control) had no effect on implant stabilization.
Gomez-Moreno
<6 (healthy), 6–8 (well), 8–10 (moderately) >10 (poorly)
Elevated HbA1c causes more bone loss (not significant) and significantly higher BOP. Probing depth is not influenced by glycemic control.
2 different types of implants
7.5–11.4 (poorly controlled)
Successful implant therapy in patients suffering poorly controlled diabetes. No difference between the two implant systems.
255 diabetes, 2632 non-diabetes
92.2 and 93.2, respectively
Diabetic patients tend to have more failures than non-diabetic patients. The use of CHX resulted in a slight improvement in survival in non-diabetic patients and in a greater improvement in type II patients, the same effect for antibiotic use.
48 diabetes, 1140 overall
Significantly increased relative risk for implant failure (relative risk = 2.75).
Patients with poorly controlled HbA1c have lower stability in the first 2–6 weeks, but it reaches the baseline in the following weeks. But reaching the baseline takes two times the duration it needs in the non-diabetic group.
6–8 (well), >8 (poorly)
44 well, 19 poorly, 49 control
The initial implant stability is lower in diabetic patient, but 1 year after insertion there in so difference even in the poorly controlled group. Diabetes has no influence on implant survival.
Prospective, multicenter
91 vs. 88
Implants in mandibular symphysis in diabetic patient are a predictable procedure. Duration of diabetes may be associated with implant failure, CHX improves implant survival.
Peled
"Well-controlled," no data for HbA1c
97.3 vs. 94.4
No correlation was found between failed implants and glucose level. The clinical outcome of dental implants in a selected group of patients with well-controlled type II diabetes mellitus is satisfying and encouraging.
Tawil
<7 (well), 7–9 (moderately), >9 (poorly) mean 7.2
255 diabetes, 244 control
No significant difference for implant survival between the groups and no difference between good and medium glycemic control for bone resorption. Augmentations caused no complications. Duration of diabetes was no confounder.
Tatarakis
The clinical, microbiological, salivary biomarkers and psychosocial profiles of patient with diabetes under good control are very similar to those of non-diabetes.
Turkyilmaz
No evidence of diminished clinical success, BOP negative, no pathological probing depth, marginal bone loss 0.3 ± 0.2 mm.
Zupnik
25 diabetes, 316 non-diabetes
Implant failure (explantation) is 2.57 times higher for patient with diabetes than patients without diabetes after 4 years.
n.d. no data provided
Risk of bias of the included studies
Selection bias (homogeneity and confounders)
Performance bias (fidelity to protocol)
Attrition bias (loss of participants)
Detection bias (reliable measures)
Reporting bias (selective reporting or conflict interests)
Summary assessment risk of bias
L low, M medium, H high, U unknown risk of bias
Diabetes and osseointegration
Osseointegration describes the process of formation of a direct interface between the implant and bone, without intervening soft tissue. This process is prerequisite for implant stability and inflammation-free survival. It includes remodeling of the surrounding bone with migrations and proliferation of osteoblasts and supporting connective tissue. We identified two prospective studies investigating the influence of type II diabetes on osseointegration. They are published by the same author but are independent studies from different years [8, 9]. In both studies, the patients included were stratified by HbA1c levels as well-controlled (HbA1c 6.1–8 %), moderately controlled (HbA1c 8.1–10 %), and poorly controlled (HbA1c ≥10 %). The healthy control had HbA1c ≤6 %. Patients with poorly controlled diabetes have lower stability at the first 2 to 6 weeks. In the following weeks, stability reaches the baseline again, but reaching baseline takes two times the duration it needs in the healthy treatment group. Looking at the implant stability 1 year after implantation, there is no difference between the groups, not even to the poorly controlled HbA1c.
Diabetes and peri-implantitis
We found two prospective, two cross-sectional, and one retrospective study examining the influence of diabetes on peri-implantitis. The conclusions are quite heterogeneous. The study of Aguilar-Salvatierra [10] started to evaluate 2 years after insertion and found that the number of patients suffering from peri-implant inflammation increases with elevated HbA1c values. The population was divided into well-controlled (HbA1c 6–8 %), moderately controlled (HbA1c 8–10 %), and poorly controlled (HbA1c >10 %), but there was no healthy control. The two cross-sectional studies yield an elevated relative risk for peri-implantitis of 1.9 and 4.1 caused by diabetes [11, 12]. The duration of these studies was 6 months to 5 years and 10 years, respectively. On the other hand, the retrospective study of Turkyilmaz [13] showed no evidence of diminished clinical success 1 year after implantation, defined by negative bleeding on probing, no pathological probing depth, and a marginal bone loss of 0.3 ± 0.1 mm in a population of type II diabetics. The results in the prospective study of Gomez-Moreno [14] show that elevated HbA1c causes more bone resorption after 3 years, but this effect is not significant. The bleeding on probing is more often in the poorly controlled population, but the probing depth is not increased.
Diabetes and implant survival
Implant survival is an easily defined and measured endpoint for dental implant therapy. Nearly every study reports its implant survival rate. Our literature search identified 18 publications with these data. We divided them into two groups: the first one covers 7 studies with observation time up to 1 year (6 prospective, 1 retrospective studies), the second one longer periods (4 prospective, 1 cross-sectional, and 6 retrospective studies). In the short-time group, 5 of the studies had a healthy control group. The result for implant survival in diabetics is 100 to 96.4 %, which does not differ from the healthy control [9, 15–18]. The 2 studies without control group report a 100 % survival rate 4 months and 1 year after implantation [13, 19]. The time periods in the long-time group differ from 1 year up to 20 years and are very heterogeneous. We found 4 prospective, 6 retrospective, and 1 cross-sectional study. Seven studies compared the diabetic survival rates to healthy population, and results are equivocal. On the one hand, survival rates of diabetics are similar to healthy control: 95.1 vs. 97 %, 97.2 vs. 95 %, 92 vs. 93.2 %, and 97 vs. 98.8 % [20–23]. On the other hand, there are 2 studies reporting relative risk for implant failure in diabetic patients elevated to 4.8 and 2.75, respectively [11, 24]. The studies without a healthy control present survival rates from 100 to 86 % [10], 97.3 and 94.4 % after 1 and 5 years [25], and 91 to 88 % after 5 years [26], which are comparable to survival rates in healthy individuals. There is one work that demonstrates survival rate of 85.6 % after 6 years, which is lower than that in healthy population. The most implant failures were observed in the first year after prosthetic loading [27].
Diabetes and bone augmentation
We identified two prospective studies that evaluated "advanced" implant surgery covering sinus lift procedure and guided bone regeneration. The study of Erdogan consists of type II diabetics moderately and well-controlled (HbA1c 6–7.5 %) with a mean duration of disease of 7.5 years and a healthy control group. Augmentation of the maxilla was performed by guided bone regeneration with autologous bone from the mandibular ramus harvested by bone scrapers, a synthetic bone substitute, and collagen membrane. The result after 1 year is that patients with HbA1c levels <7.5 % may undergo staged guided bone regeneration securely [16]. The other study consisted of a larger group of type II diabetic patients and healthy control which were treated with simple or advanced implant therapy. The authors conclude that well- to fairly well-controlled diabetic patients with a mean HbA1c of 7.2 % had the same overall survival rate as controls in conventional and advanced implant therapy. No difference was seen when looking at bone resorption [23].
Influence of quality of glycemic control
When looking at the question, if diabetes is a risk factor for dental implants, it is not sufficient to decide having diabetes or not. The greater the impact of diabetes, the worse the patient handles with glycemic control. In international studies, the percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin is an indicator for glycemic levels from previous 6–8 weeks. Unfortunately, many studies do not provide data of HbA1c. Some authors call their patient "under well control" or "poorly controlled," without representing any definition. Our search identified seven studies with a clear definition of different qualities of glycemic control by HbA1c. Three defined HbA1c 6–8 % as good, 8–10 % as moderately, and >10 % as poorly controlled. Two studies called HbA1c <8 % better and >8 % poorly controlled and another <7 % well, 7–9 % moderately, and >9 % poorly controlled. While four studies conclude better implant survival and less peri-implant complications in the well-controlled group [8, 10, 14, 17], the three others see no difference in implant success even in the poorly controlled patients [9, 15, 23]. The study of Khandelwal treated exclusively patients with poor glycemic control (HbA1c 7.5–11.4 %) and had 98 % implant survival, after 4 months; therefore, he concluded that implant therapy is successful even in poorly controlled diabetes [19].
Influence of duration of diabetes disease
It is plausible that with extended duration of diabetes, the systemic side effects increase. However, the influence of duration of the disease on implant surgery outcome is only very little examined. Most of the included studies (17 of 22) provided no data about duration since diagnosis of diabetes. In five studies, these data were given, but only two of them analyzed the influence on the implant survival. While Olsen concludes that the duration of diabetes may be associated with implant failure [26], Tawil says that implant survival is independent from diabetes duration [23].
Influence of supportive therapy
Although there is some controversy over the use of antibiotics in healthy patients, these are recommended in diabetic patients in implant surgery. The reason is the impaired immune system, which can lead to wound infections and healing complications. Some authors indicate the administration of antibiotics for 5–7 days postoperatively; others support the view that there is no significant reduction of wound infection when using antibiotics more than 1 day after surgery. Our literature search resulted in one prospective study that shows a clear benefit using preoperative antibiotics in both type II diabetics and non-diabetics. For implants in the non-type II diabetic group, survival for those implants placed with preoperative antibiotics was 4.5 % higher than implants not provided coverage at placement surgery. This improvement in survival was even greater (10.5 %) for those in the type II diabetic group. These outcomes are clinically important and should be considered clinically significant [22]. But the authors do not describe which antibiotic they used and how long it was administered.
There was a large improvement in implant survival in the type II diabetic patients when chlorhexidine (CHX) (95.6 %, 4.4 % failures) was used at the time of implant placement, as compared to when CHX was not used (86.5 %, 13.5 % failures). This difference in survival (9.1 %) was large enough to be considered clinically significant but was not found in the non-type II diabetic patient. For the non-diabetic group, survival increased only slightly when CHX was used (94.3 %, 5.7 % failures), compared to when CHX was not used (91.8 %, 8.2 % failures) [22, 26].
The literature included to this review is very heterogeneous concerning the investigated objects, methods, and conclusions. Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. When looking at the complications and side effects resulting from diabetes, it is important to know which type of diabetes the patient suffers from, if there is any therapy, which kind of therapy, the grade of glycemic control, and duration of the disease. The previously described micro- and macroangiopathies develop with the duration and repetitions of elevated glycemic periods. In most studies, these information are missing and there is only a dichotomy classification of diabetes or healthy. Most studies include patients with well-controlled diabetes, and there is no or little effect on implant survival. Many authors conclude that prospective long-time studies are needed to answer the issues. On the other hand, it would be non-ethical to observe patients with poor glycemic control, because health-threatening systemic side effects developed.
Analyzing the available studies, we conclude as follows:
Dental implants are safe and predictable procedures for dental rehabilitation in diabetics. The survival rate of implants in diabetics does not differ from the survival rate in healthy patients within the first 6 years, but in the long-term observation up to 20 years, a reduced implant survival can be found in diabetic patients. Patients with poorly controlled diabetes seem to have delayed osseointegration following implantation. After 1 year, there is no difference between diabetic and healthy individuals, not even to the poorly controlled HbA1c. Therefore, we recommend avoiding immediate loading of the implants. In the first years after implant insertion, there seems to be no elevated risk of peri-implantitis; but in the long-term observation, peri-implant inflammation seems to be increased in diabetic patients. Therefore, a risk-adapted dental recall is helpful to detect early signs of gingivitis, which can easily be treated by dental/implant cleanings to avoid serious peri-implant infection. We found some hints that good glycemic control improves osseointegration and implant survival. Therefore, and to avoid other long-term side effects, the practitioner should ask for the HbA1c and if necessary improvement of antidiabetic therapy should be aimed. In the literature, we found no evidence that bone augmentation procedures like guided bone regeneration and sinus lifts have a higher complication and failure rate in patients with well- to fairly well-controlled diabetes. To improve implant survival and reduce postoperative complications, supportive therapy consisting of prophylactic antibiotics and chlorhexidine mouth rinse is recommended.
The authors appreciate the technical support by Andreas Reinhardt, Department for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University Hospital Kiel.
The study is funded by the German Association of Dental Implantology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Implantologie im Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferbereich e.V.).
Hendrik Naujokat, Burkhard Kunzendorf and Jörg Wiltfang declare that they have no competing interests.
HN has done the data analysis and has written the manuscript. BK has managed the literature search and collected the original literature. JW is the head of the project and developed the project. He revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Klinik für Mund- Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Moy PK, Medina D, Shetty V, Aghaloo TL. Dental implant failure rates and associated risk factors. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2005;20(4):569–77.PubMedGoogle Scholar
Peled M, Ardekian L, Tagger-Green N, Gutmacher Z, Machtei EE. Dental implants in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical study. Implant Dent. 2003;12(2):116–22.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Olson JW, Shernoff AF, Tarlow JL, Colwell JA, Scheetz JP, Bingham SF. Dental endosseous implant assessments in a type 2 diabetic population: a prospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2000;15(6):811–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
Fiorellini JP, Chen PK, Nevins M, Nevins ML. A retrospective study of dental implants in diabetic patients. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2000;20(4):366–73.PubMedGoogle Scholar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
module ApplicationHelper

  def title(page_title)
    content_for(:title) { page_title }
  end

  def flash_class(level)
    case level
    when :notice then "flash"
    when :success then "flash flash-success"
    when :error then "flash flash-error"
    end
  end

  # Can return four different sizes from Twitter API
  # :original - size is undefined, whatever user uploaded
  # :mini - 24px by 24px
  # :normal - 48px by 48px
  # :bigger - 73px by 73px
  def mailer_unfollower_details(size, id, options={})
    if options[:style]
      style = options[:style]
    end
    src = Twitter.user(id).profile_image_url(size)
    handle = '@' + (Twitter.user(id).screen_name).downcase
    cursor = "-1"
    user_followers = []
    while cursor != 0 do
      followers = Twitter.follower_ids(@user.uid.to_i, {:cursor => cursor})
      cursor = followers.next_cursor
      user_followers << followers.ids
      sleep(2)
    end
    user_followers.flatten!
    unfollower_status =
      if user_followers.include?(id)
        content_tag(:span, "Following", :class => 'status', :style => "font-size:0.9em;line-height:2em;color:#6cd4ff;")
      else
        content_tag(:span, "Not Following", :class => 'status', :style => "font-size:0.9em;line-height:2em;color:#999;")
      end
    details =
      content_tag(:li, handle, :class => 'handle', :style => "line-height:1.3em;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;list-style:none;font-weight:400;font-size:17px;color:#444;margin-left:0px;") +
      unfollower_status
    content_tag(:img, nil, :src => src, :class => 'avatar', :style => style) +
    content_tag(:ul, details, :style => "padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;")
  end

  def mailer_unfollower_link(id, options={})
    link_to(mailer_unfollower_details(:normal, id, options), "http://twitter.com/#{Twitter.user(id).screen_name}", :target => '_blank', :style => "display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;") + "</br>".html_safe
  end

  # Can return four different sizes from Twitter API
  # :original - size is undefined, whatever user uploaded
  # :mini - 24px by 24px
  # :normal - 48px by 48px
  # :bigger - 73px by 73px
  def unfollower_details(size, id)
    src = Twitter.user(id).profile_image_url(size)
    handle = '@' + (Twitter.user(id).screen_name).downcase
    cursor = "-1"
    current_user_followers = []
    while cursor != 0 do
      followers = Twitter.follower_ids(current_user.uid.to_i, {:cursor => cursor})
      cursor = followers.next_cursor
      current_user_followers << followers.ids
      sleep(2)
    end
    current_user_followers.flatten!
    unfollower_status =
      if current_user_followers.include?(id)
        content_tag(:span, "Following", :class => 'status following')
      else
        content_tag(:span, "Not Following", :class => 'status')
      end
    details =
      content_tag(:span, handle, :class => 'handle') +
      unfollower_status
    content_tag(:img, nil, :src => src, :class => 'avatar') +
    content_tag(:div, details)
  end

  def unfollower_link(id)
    link_to unfollower_details(:normal, id), "http://twitter.com/#{Twitter.user(id).screen_name}", :target => '_blank'
  end

  def welcome_new_user_btn(user)
    return unless user.waitlist?
    button_to "Activate", :controller => 'admin', :action => 'activate', :user => user
  end

  def deactivate_user_btn(user)
    return if user.waitlist?
    button_to "Deactivate", :controller => 'admin', :action => 'deactivate', :user => user
  end

  def active_user_ticker
    ticker = User.where(:waitlist => false).count.to_s + ' ' + 'Users'
    content_tag :li, ticker, :id => 'ticker'
  end

  # Users still on the waitlist
  def inactive_user_ticker
    ticker = User.where(:waitlist => true).count.to_s + ' ' + 'Requests'
    content_tag :li, ticker, :id => 'requests'
  end

  # Users who opted out of the daily email
  def active_user_daily_opt_out_ticker
    ticker = User.where(:waitlist => false, :mail_opt => false).count.to_s + ' ' + 'Opt Outs'
    content_tag :li, ticker, :id => 'opt_outs'
  end

  # Total unfollower mail ("requests") sent via Sendgrid
  def mail_sent_ticker
    # Instantiate the Statistics object
    statistics = SendgridToolkit::Statistics.new
    begin
      # Retrieve statistics from API
      stats = statistics.retrieve_aggregate :category => "Unfollower Mail"
    rescue => e
      logger.error "#{ e.message }"
    end
    if stats.nil?
      ticker = '! Mails'
    else
      ticker = stats.parsed_response[0]["requests"].to_s + ' ' + 'Mails'
    end
    content_tag :li, ticker, :id => 'mail_sent'
  end

  def admin_stats
    content_tag :ul, (active_user_ticker + active_user_daily_opt_out_ticker + inactive_user_ticker + mail_sent_ticker), :class => 'stats'
  end

  def unfollowers_counter(user)
    text = (user.unfollowers.count == 1) ? "unfollower" : "unfollowers"
    counter = "You have #{ user.unfollowers.count } #{ text }."
    counter
  end

end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Ellsworth On Course for More Big Finishes
By Chris Dobrowolski
ELLSWORTH — Running fever is running rampant in Ellsworth, and it's got quite a grip on the small Antrim County school.
Despite having fewer than 100 students in their high school, the Lancers' boys and girls cross country teams thrive on a statewide level, thanks to nearly two dozen runners who grace the team's roster — a number that holds pretty steady from year to year.
"I like to believe I don't do any recruiting," said head coach Ruben Oviedo, in his sixth year leading Ellsworth's program. "I simply invite kids. Honestly, I just want our kids doing something."
Running is the avenue that many at the school elect to take. Sometimes they're just following in the footsteps of an older sibling. Some start with other sports but become drawn in by friends who are on the cross country team. Others are persuaded into giving running a try by Oviedo, who has even sought out kids who aren't involved in anything as they're heading to the bus after school to see if they're interested.
"It's fun to try to get kids who wouldn't be invited to a high school varsity sport," said Oviedo. "It's fun when they say, 'I hate running.' It's fun to say, 'You're the kid I want' and to challenge them."
What all of them discover is a family atmosphere that welcomes each of them with open arms, and where they get an opportunity to develop and compete on a perennially strong squad.
"I think a lot of people just like being a part of something," said senior Isaiah Romeyn, the top runner on the Lancers' boys team. "Cross country is a lot different from other sports, where it's more of a family environment. It's a lot more like an actual family."
That kind of vibe is what drew Oviedo to running in his own right. The 2008 Ellsworth graduate joined the cross country team his sophomore year and helped the Lancers reach the MHSAA Lower Peninsula Division 4 Finals three straight years, highlighted by a sixth-place finish in 2007.
"That's what kind of roped me in was so many friends and people were doing it," remembers Oviedo. "Why not? (Former head coach) Kirk (Ikens) just made it all about being a team and making it fun."
Oviedo has carried over that philosophy since taking over for Ikens in 2013.
"They let me punish them into running, but I like to say that running isn't punishment," said Oviedo. "I've never used running as a punishment. Most of the time I like to use it as an escape. Hey, we're stressed out. We're having a bad day. Let's go run and lose our minds in the woods. That's one of the things I've tried to put into place. We try to get out of Ellsworth, and we try to go somewhere else to run different places just so it's not the same place all the time."
The Lancers often have ended the season in the same place, however — the Division 4 Finals. The boys squad has put together a string of four straight Finals' appearances, with last year's fourth-place finish the school's highest. They were the only team among the top five with an enrollment under 100 students.
The girls team has qualified for the Finals in back-to-back years, last year tying for 17th. Both teams have the capabilities to return to Michigan International Speedway — the annual site of the Finals — again this year, too. Ellsworth's boys have six of their top seven back, while the girls return four of the top seven.
Romeyn earned all-state honors a year ago when he finished 13th at the state meet. His older brother Winter, a redshirt junior on the men's cross country team at Michigan State, was a two-time all-stater in 2013 and 2014, finishing ninth and eighth, respectively, at the Finals. Winter also proved to be a big influence on getting Isaiah into running.
"He started me with running, and he encouraged me to join the team," said Isaiah. "I ran because he was on the team. It was mainly because he was there. I wanted to be with him."
Isaiah remembers watching his brother's success, but also seeing what a tight-knit group the Lancers were and feeling connected himself.
"I could see that family aspect," he said. "Everyone just kind of bonds and accepts one another. I really wanted to be part of that. I would watch his race, then go to the Ellsworth tent and just hang out with the kids — tried to be part of that. So, when I actually got the chance to be part of it, I definitely wanted to join."
Romeyn is getting his biggest push within the team from junior Robbie Wise, who was Ellsworth's fifth counter at last year's Finals, but has seen his performance jump so far this season. A good summer of work equated to a fast start to the season and vaulted Wise into the company of Romeyn.
"I can't believe how much effort I put into it," said Wise, a football player who converted to cross country as a freshman. "My first year I would remember all these insane runs. Ruben would say, 'OK we're going out for six miles.' Just one mile sounded insane. Now, as somebody who runs over the summer — I got over 150 miles in over the summer — six miles doesn't sound near as bad."
Seniors Lucas Sweet, Richard Adams, Alex Adams, and junior Caleb Godwin give Ellsworth a formidable veteran lineup that has shown it can compete with anyone in the state.
The girls team is anchored by a pair of sophomores in Christy Figueroa and Judy Veldboom. Figueroa has competed at the Finals the past two years, including with a 38th place as an eighth grader that was Ellsworth's best individual finish in a 19th-place team performance.
"It was really stressful being in my shoes (as an eighth grader), but I enjoyed it," said Figueroa, who started participating in the sport as a sixth grader and quickly proved to be a natural.
Veldboom burst onto the scene last season as a freshman and created a dynamic duo with Figueroa. The two were separated by six places and a total of 14 seconds at the Finals and have a healthy competitiveness between them.
"When she's in front of me, it just pushes me to do better and pushes me to go harder," said Figueroa.
This season Figueroa and Veldboom have seen eighth grader Maia Romeyn, the younger sister of Winter and Isaiah, enter the picture to give the Lancers even more depth at the top.
"She's pushes me and Christy to keep going," Veldboom said. "She's one of my best friends, so she inspires me to run faster. She's a great asset."
Seniors Sarah Sitzema and Ana Oviedo provide additional Finals experience to the lineup.
Ellsworth is one of the few schools in the Northern Lakes Conference that has enough runners to earn a team score in league meets, which it's dominated in recent years. On the Regional level the Lancers have formed a rivalry with East Jordan, a school just a few miles down the road but with more than twice as many students.
"I think we can get first place in the Regional and make it to states," said Veldboom. "That's my goal for this team. I think we have a really strong team."
Ellsworth is undaunted about running against the Red Devils or any of the other larger schools it races. Those are the kinds of tests Oviedo likes to give his runners as they navigate through the season, and the Lancers have shown they're capable of holding their own.
"It shows that we really put in the effort and want it," said Wise, who has the bar set as high as possible for his team. "I hope this year we can win states. We got fourth place last year. I think it's within our grasp."
Chris Dobrowolski has covered northern Lower Peninsula sports since 1999 at the Ogemaw County Herald, Alpena News, Traverse City Record-Eagle and currently as sports editor at the Antrim Kalkaska Review since 2016. He can be reached at sports@antrimreview.net with story ideas for Manistee, Wexford, Missaukee, Roscommon, Ogemaw, Iosco, Alcona, Oscoda, Crawford, Kalkaska, Grand Traverse, Benzie, Leelanau, Antrim, Otsego, Montmorency, Alpena, Presque Isle, Cheboygan, Charlevoix and Emmet counties.
PHOTOS: (Top) The Ellsworth boys and girls cross country teams after a Northern Lakes Conference meet this season. (Middle) Judy Veldboom, right, tries to get past a St. Ignace runner near the finish line of the House on the Hill Invitational. (Below) Isaiah Romeyn runs with a pack during the Central Lake Invitational. (Top two photos by Olivia Adams; below photo by Chris Dobrowolski.)
St Francis, Benzie Built to Contend Again By Dennis Chase Special for Second Half TRAVERSE CITY – "Begin with the end in mind." Those words were at the heart of Julie Duff...
Longtime Coach Lober Steps Away from XC By Dennis Chase Special for Second Half TRAVERSE CITY – When the Traverse City Central boys cross country team opened practice last Wednesday,...
Northern Stars Seek Elusive D1 Title By Dennis Chase Special for Second Half TRAVERSE CITY – After dominating the Big North Conference, and running away with Regional crowns, Alpe...
Northern Lower Peninsula, Ellsworth


text:
A Copa Petrobras Santiago é uma competição de tênis masculino, no programa Copa Petrobras de Tênis, válido pelo ATP Challenger Tour realizado em piso de saibro, de 2004 a 2010, em Santiago, Chile.

Edições

Simples

Duplas

Ligações externas
 Site oficial

Torneios de tênis no Chile
ATP Challenger Tour

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Lucas Testro is an award-winning filmmaker, writer and producer. Critics have called his work "brash", "hilarious", "mind-melting" and "fabulous intelligent, funny & moving".
His credits include the award-winning short films I'm You Dickhead, Capes, Street Angel and Jigsaw Girl, and the television drama series Neighbours and Winners & Losers. In 2013, he made his theatre directing debut in 2013 with the critically-acclaimed Melbourne Fringe Festival hit Songs For Europe.
In the corporate world he has worked with businesses such as Disneyland Paris, Lumo Energy, Gumbuya World, Telstra, Yahoo7, Clickview Australia, Headstart International and Melbourne Star Observation Wheel - creating video content; writing copy for print, radio & TV advertisements, as well as websites and marketing collateral; and providing general creative strategy advice.
He is also producer and host of the podcasts Doctor Who and the Episodes of Death, and the award-nominated podcast The Radioactive Lounge.


I was born with several defects in my spine, pelvis, leg, knee, and foot. I have had many surgeries, beginning when I was 6 weeks old. When I was 9 years old, I was facing total reconstruction surgery on my hip and knee, along with a leg lengthening surgery. I made the decision to amputate my leg at that time. I've been an amputee for a year and a half now.
2. What is your specific involvement with dare2tri?
I've been to the dare2tri kids camp and adult camp. I've competed in several triathlons with dare2tri.
3. How long have you been involved with dare2tri?
I was introduced to dare2tri in the summer of 2013, so about a year. Five months after my amputation, Melissa Stockwell came to my town to do a presentation on paratriathlon. At the time, I was having a lot of problems with my recovery and prosthetic, so doing a triathlon was not on my priority list. I am a swimmer and never thought I could do a sport that included running. Melissa was very encouraging and promised me that things will work out with my recovery and prosthetic. She invited me to the kids camp. Even though I really wasn't interested in triathlons, I went to camp. I had so much fun and loved the triathlon at the end of the camp. The first few triathlons I did, I used a hand cycle and a racing wheelchair. Once I got a leg to bike with and a running leg, I was hooked.
4. Why did you get involved with dare2tri?
Initially, I knew nothing about paratriathlons, so I got involved with dare2tri because I needed help and equipment to compete. After I got my own leg to bike and run with, I continued with dare2tri because I like the coaching I get. I love the dare2tri family and the opportunity to work with other athletes like me.
5. Is there a specific moment with dare2tri that sticks out in your mind? If so, what is it?
The Wauconda triathlon in the summer of 2014. It was the first triathlon I did with an upright bike and my running leg. I felt like the king of the world because I felt so free and fast. The able-bodied kids considered me an equal competitor that day. I won first place in the paratriathlete division and everyone was so supportive and encouraging. It was awesome.
Coach Dan said to me that day, "You are just like Melissa Stockwell. You show up and compete. You beat everyone, collect your bling and go home." That was one of the best things anyone has ever said to me.
6. What would you like others to know about dare2tri?
The coaches at dare2tri want to help everyone meet their goals. So, if you just want to have fun, they'll make sure you have fun. If you want to be the next world champion, they will do everything they can to get you there.
7. What does dare2tri mean to you?
The world. Really. I love dare2tri. I would do anything I can for the people of dare2tri.
Everyone at dare2tri makes me feel so good about myself. Even though I am only 11 years old, the dare2tri coaches understand that I am there to compete. I feel like the coaches have a lot of respect for me, and that encourages me to push myself. Because of dare2tri, I have role models that love me as much as I love them. I tell myself, "If Melissa can do an Ironman, I can do this."


text:
Q: Change active view's link's colors UI-Router I am using the hack to get the current view as the active state. Seen here:

    Myanmar

My css looks like this:
.navlinks1{
    margin:0;
    padding:0;
    border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6;
    font-size:14px;
    margin-left:0px;
}

.navlinks1.active {
    background-color: #bdecff;
    color:#ffffff !important;
}

.navlinks1 a:active {
    color:#ffffff !important;
}

So that works to change the background. What isn't changing are the link colors. I suspect the a:active is not working.
Does anyone know how to change active link colors with UI-Router such that the links to the current view are a different color?
Thanks.

A: This should work fine, I think the issue is your style for the link:
.navlinks1 a:active {
    color:#ffffff !important;
}

If you want these link colors to change when $state.includes('myanmar'), your css rule should look like this:
.navlinks1.active a {
    color:#ffffff !important;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


When you think of online dating, the first thing that likely comes to mind is Match.com. And while that will always be "the original", kids these days aren't using the site to meet singles. In fact, they're mostly not using anything that starts with "www." The digital dating scene for 20-somethings is pretty much app based. It's become more superficial (look through pictures and then click "X" or "Heart") and easier than ever to connect with friends of friends of friends. Oh, and hooking up is now the main priority over finding a committed partner.
But with so many choices out there, it's hard to keep track of what app is meant for what. For example, Coffee Meets Bagel is for those seeking a relationship, while Down is for, well, it pretty much says it all in the name. So if you're a Millennial trying to figure out which crazy dating app is for you, or a parent who just found out what Tinder is, check out this rundown of the best dating apps out there. We break down how each app works and what kind of outcome you'll get from each.


text:
Stéphan Geonget (né en 1973 à Bordeaux) est un universitaire français, ancien élève de l'ENS Fontenay / Saint-Cloud, Professeur des Universités (HDR, 2014) à l'université de Tours, qui enseigne notamment au Centre d'études supérieures de la Renaissance. Il est membre junior de l'Institut universitaire de France depuis 2009.

Ses recherches portent sur la littérature de la Renaissance et prennent pour objet l'étude des questions éthiques et juridiques (La notion de perplexité à la Renaissance, Droz, 2006) telles que les œuvres littéraires les mettent en scène. Il travaille particulièrement sur Rabelais, Montaigne et Marguerite de Navarre et sur le corpus des « juristes lettrés » : Jean Papon, Jean de Coras, Claude Le Brun de la Rochette, Louis Le Caron dit Charondas (à l'œuvre duquel il a consacré son travail d'Habilitation), Guy Coquille, Jean Imbert, Étienne de La Boétie, Michel de Montaigne, Claude Expilly… Un autre de ses domaines de recherche est la littérature grotesque de la Renaissance.

Il collabore par ailleurs depuis 1998 au site Epistemon (université de Poitiers) devenu depuis, sous l'impulsion de Marie-Luce Demonet, les Bibliothèques virtuelles humanistes (université de Tours).

Il participe enfin depuis la création du Festival en 2015 à la programmation scientifique des Nourritures élémentaires, festival consacré à l'œuvre de François Rabelais et qui a lieu tous les ans à Chinon.

Ouvrages parus
Pour une présentation plus complète, voir la page HAL.
La notion de perplexité à la Renaissance, Genève, Droz, 2006, « Travaux d'Humanisme et Renaissance », , 488 p.
 Les grands jours de Rabelais en Poitou, actes du colloque, en collaboration avec M.-L. Demonet, Genève, Droz, 2006, « Travaux d'Humanisme et Renaissance », 448 p.
 Littérature et Droit, du Moyen Âge à la période baroque : le procès exemplaire, en collaboration avec B. Méniel, Paris, Champion, 2008, 278 p.
 Droit et justice à la Renaissance, en collaboration avec J.-P. Pittion, Paris, Champion, 2009, 376 p.
 Rabelais et la question du sens, en collaboration avec J. Céard et M.-L. Demonet, Genève, Droz, 2011, 306 p.
 Montaigne, Essais, Livre 1, actes du colloque (Tours, ), en collaboration avec M.-L. Demonet, Bulletin de la Société Internationale des Amis de Montaigne, Paris, Champion, 2011, n° 53, 107 p.
 Bourges à la Renaissance, hommes de lettres, hommes de lois, Paris, Klincksieck, 2011, « Jus&litterae », 528 p.
 Amitié & compagnie, actes du colloque La Boétie (Sarlat, ), en collaboration avec L. Gerbier, Paris, Garnier, « Perspectives humanistes », 2012, 214 p.
 Un joyeux quart de sentences, actes du colloque Rabelais, Quart Livre, en collaboration avec M.-L. Demonet, Genève, Droz, 2012, « Travaux d'Humanisme et Renaissance », , « Études rabelaisiennes », n° 52, 192 p.
 Des "arrêts parlans". Les arrêts notables à la Renaissance, entre droit et littérature (actes du colloque Arrêts notables, arrêts mémorables à la Renaissance de Tours, ), en collaboration avec G. Cazals, Genève, Droz, 2014, 269 p.
 Dissensus. Pratiques et représentations de la diversité des opinions (1500-1650), en collaboration avec F. Alazard, L. Gerbier et P.-A. Mellet, Paris, Honoré Champion, 2016, 256 p.
 Montaigne, Essais, Livre III, actes du colloque (Tours, ), Bulletin de la Société Internationale des Amis de Montaigne, Paris, Classiques Garnier, 2017,  65.
 Sébastien Castellion, Conseil à la France désolée, [Bâle, Oporin], 1562, édition critique en collaboration avec Florence Alazard, Laurent Gerbier, Paul-Alexis Mellet et Romain Menini, Genève, Droz, 2017.
 Les recueils de "Plaidoyez" à la Renaissance, dir. G. Cazals et S. Geonget, Genève, Droz, 2018.
« Ces belles billevesées », études sur le Gargantua, actes du colloque (Tours, ), Études rabelaisiennes, Genève, Droz, 2019, « Études rabelaisiennes », n° 58.
« Le mariage de l'Estude du Droict avec les Lettres humaines ». L'œuvre de Louis Le Caron Charondas, Genève, Droz, 2021, « Travaux d'Humanisme et Renaissance », 560 p.
Le réseau de Marguerite de Navarre, en collaboration avec Anne Boutet, Louise Daubigny et Marie-Bénédicte Le Hir, Genève, Droz, 2022, « Cahiers d'Humanisme et Renaissance », n° 182, 488 p.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en août 1973
Historien des idées
Agrégé de lettres
Enseignant à l'université de Poitiers
Enseignant à l'université de Tours
Naissance à Bordeaux


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text:
Karnabo
Variations: Carnabot
The Karnabo is found on the Rocroi plateau, near Regniowez in France. It is an Ardennes bogey, comparable to the Mahwot but with a more restricted distribution. Belief in it may trace back to some forgotten historical event. It lives in an abandoned, sealed-off slate quarry.
In appearance the Karnabo is hideous to behold. It is almost human in shape, but it has basilisk eyes and a long, trunk-like nose. It is believed to have come from Rièzes, and to be the offspring of an itinerant sorcerer and a 67-year-old female ghoul. Its evil deeds are numberless.
The horrible nasal whistling of the Karnabo is enough to paralyze or asphyxiate anyone foolish enough to wander within range of the quarry. Livestock are killed outright. While the Karnabo may have inherited its father's diabolical powers, it also learned from him how to cure paronychia by chanting magical phrases. It works its curative powers on Good Fridays.
Once a young girl dared to play in the vicinity of the slate quarry. As soon as she came near the entrance of the tunnel, the Karnabo pounced on her and dragged her underground. Since then neither her nor the Karnabo have been seen, and the entrance has been sealed off. On stormy nights the sobbing of the girl and the nasal roars of the Karnabo can still be heard.
Lambot, J. (1987) L'Ardenne. Pierre Mardaga, Brussels.
Meyrac, A. (1890) Traditions, coutumes, légendes et contes des Ardennes. Petit Ardennais, Charleville.
Bogeys, Deadly gaze, Desert and Cave, Forest and Mountain, France, Healers, Humanoids, K
Bogeys, French folklore, Humanoids
Kusa Kap
The tale of Kusa Kap is told on the islands of Dauan and Mabuiag in the Torres Strait. The primary difference is the setting of the events and the name of the fisherman – Maiwasa in Mabuiag, Kaudab in Dauan. Of the two, the Dauan account is more detailed and is the primary source here.
Kaudab was a successful and handsome young dugong hunter from Dauan. He was recently married to Bakar, a woman so beautiful she was expected to never leave the house. But he had also attracted the attention of Giz. Giz was a dogai, a cunning female spirit with long ears and the ability to shapeshift. Giz would spend long hours desiring the beautiful red-headed man for herself, and she was so jealous that she wouldn't leave him out of her sight. Giz could not tolerate Bakar's existence.
One day, as Bakar was looking for octopus, Giz dove into a rockpool and turned herself into an octopus. Bakar had never seen an octopus before, and she leaned over the pool to try to grab it, only for Giz to grab her in her tentacles and pull her underwater. Bakar knew immediately that this was no ordinary octopus, but a dogai in disguise, and screamed to Kaudab for help – but alas, he was too far away to hear her.
This was only the beginning of Giz's revenge. She pulled Bakar through Apangabia-taian, the tunnel beneath the sea, and took her to the island of Kusar, near New Guinea. There she abandoned the young bride before returning to Kaudab's home and transforming into Bakar herself. When Kaudab came home, Giz tried to prepare food for him, but she did not know how to do so, burning her fingers on the coals, cackling wildly, and breaking wind crudely with every movement. Thus Kaudab knew his wife had been replaced by a dogai.
Bakar, meanwhile, was alone on a deserted island. There was nothing to eat beside kusa seeds (kapul). She became pregnant as a result, and eventually laid an egg like that of a sea-eagle's. It hatched into a baby eagle that she cared for with as much love as if it had been a human child. She named the bird Kusa Kap after the kusa seeds that had conceived him.
With Bakar's care Kusa Kap grew quickly. His first attempts to fly were clumsy, but soon his wings were strong enough to carry him to the tops of trees. In time he was strong enough to fly to Daudai and bring back coal, string, bark, and a bamboo knife, which Bakar used to get a fire going so she could start cooking food.
The next day Kusa Kap saw a dugong for the first time. He seized it in his talons and carried it off for Bakar to cook. In time he was capturing many dugong, sending the surplus to Pösipas.
Finally Bakar told her son to go to Dauan, and gave him directions to find Kaudab's house. He informed him of Bakar's plight by responding to his questions with nods, and directed Kaudab to Bakar's island by alighting on the mast of his canoe and guiding him. Before long Bakar and Kaudab were joyfully reunited again.
The only thing left was Giz, and Kusa Kap swooped onto her and carried her off in his talons. After torturing her at length by dropping and recapturing her, he let go of her far away from Dauan. She plunged into the sea and turned to stone, becoming Dogail Malu, the dogai sea.
There is a final twist to the tale of Kusa Kap. In the account of New Guinea given by d'Albertis, he is informed by his traveling companions of a gigantic bird, some 16 to 22 feet in wingspan, whose wings make a noise like a steam engine. It lives around the Mai Kusa river. He adds that the natives have seen it carry dugongs into the air. He rejects the claims and later shoots a red-necked hornbill, which is a large bird that makes a strange noise in flight; he succeeded in convincing two or three of his companions that this was, in fact, the bird in question.
Either way, despite Kusa Kap being described as an eagle, Haddon identifies the red-necked hornbill as the origin of the Kusa Kap legend on the basis of its dugong-snatching activities.
d'Albertis, L. M. (1881) New Guinea: What I Did and What I Saw, v. I. Houghton, Mifflin, and Company, Boston.
d'Albertis, L. M. (1881) New Guinea: What I Did and What I Saw, v. II. Houghton, Mifflin, and Company, Boston.
Haddon, A. C. (1904) Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits, v. V: Sociology, Magic, and Religion of the Western Islanders. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Lawrie, M. (1970) Myths and Legends of Torres Strait. University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia.
Air and Sky, Australia, Birds, Islands, K, Ocean and Sea
Australian folklore, Bird folklore, Birds
Kurrea
The Kurrea is an enormous reptilian creature from the Boobera Lagoon, the Barwon River, and the Narran River in New South Wales, Australia. It may be considered the local variant of the rainbow serpent, although the lumping of such entities may be overzealous. The term kurrea, a Euahlayi word, has also been translated as "crocodile" in the one Narran River account, but a "serpent" interpretation is probably more correct. A 39-foot carving of the kurrea is clearly snake-shaped.
The deepest part of the Boobera Lagoon is bottomless and that is where the kurrea lives. An enormous serpentine creature, it is incapable of moving on dry land. When a kurrea wants to travel, it tears up the ground on the banks of the lagoon, excavating channels along which it can swim. The many shallow channels around the lagoon are evidence of the kurrea's movements.
Anyone who dared fish, swim, or paddle in the Boobera Lagoon would immediately be attacked and devoured by the kurrea. This hostile behavior could cause serious shortages, as the lagoon had large flocks of waterfowl and schools of fish.
Once a man called Toolalla, of the Barwon River, decided to rid his people of the kurrea. He was a skilled hunter and, armed with his sharpest and strongest weapons, he stood on the bank of the lagoon. Before long the kurrea had noticed him and swam towards him. But despite all his preparations, Toolalla discovered that even his best weapons could not even injure the kurrea.
Toolalla made the wise decision to flee for his life. The kurrea followed him, gouging out a channel at high speed and rapidly gaining on his prey. Toolalla managed to climb up a tall bumble tree where the snake could not reach him. The bumble tree is also the kurrea's mother-in-law, and the only thing it fears. Eventually, frustrated and disappointed, the kurrea returned to the Boobera Lagoon, where it continued to be a threat to all who trespassed on its domain.
Today the kurrea is harder to see. Its descendants are the gowarke, the giant, black-feathered, red-legged emus of the Baiame swamps.
Buchler, I. R. and Maddock, K. (eds.) (1978) The Rainbow Serpent: A Chromatic Piece. Mouton Publishers, The Hague.
Mathews, R. H. (1907) Notes on the Aborigines of New South Wales. William Appleworth Gullick, Sydney.
Reed, A. W. (1982) Aboriginal Myths, Legends, and Fables. Reed, Wellington.
Australia, K, Lake monsters, Pond and River, Reptiles, Snakes
Australian folklore, Lake monsters, Reptile folklore, Reptiles, Snake folklore, Snakes
Kuyūtha
Variations: Behemoth; Leviathan; Kuyūban, Kuyoota, Kuyūta, Kuyootan, Kuyūtan, Kuyoothan, Kuyūthan, Quyuta; Kujata (erroneously based on mistranslation from Spanish), Rakaboûnâ (erroneously based on mistranslation from Arabic)
Early Islamic cosmology tells that when God created the Earth, he saw it to be wobbly as a ship in a stormy sea. To support it he created an angel who held it by the east and west. But there was nothing below the angel, so he created a red ruby rock (or a green gemstone rock, according to al-Wardi) a with 7,000 perforations in it, from each of which issues a sea whose breadth God only knows, and the angel stood on the rock.
Then God created (or brought down from Heaven) a great bull to support the rock. This bull is enormous beyond comprehension. Al-Qazwini describes the bull as having 40,000 eyes, 40,000 noses, 40,000 ears, 40,000 mouths, 40,000 tongues, and 40,000 legs. Al-Damiri's list gives the bull 4,000 of each of these features instead. Al-Wardi refers only to 40,000 horns and 40,000 legs. The distance between each of the bull's pairs of legs would take 500 years to cover. The spread of his horns goes beyond the boundaries of the Earth. He breathes twice a day; as his nose is in the water, this causes the tides to ebb and flow. When he shifts he causes earthquakes.
The bull held the rock on his back and horns, and he stands on the back of a great fish (with or without a layer of sand between the bull and the fish). The fish is so large that all the seas would be like a grain of mustard in his nostril. Below the fish are varying combinations of water, earth, suffocating wind, sand, darkness, and mist, and that is as far as human knowledge goes.
Spectacular as it may be, this cosmology was apparently never taken too seriously. Al-Qazwini relegates it to his section on "Differing Opinions of the Ancients on the Shape and Location of Earth"; the cosmological sections of the Wonders of Creation are much less poetic. It inspired the Persian expression az mah ta mahi, "from the moon to the fish", i.e. the whole of creation.
What are the names of the bull and the fish? Logically, a giant land creature and a giant sea creature in an Abrahamic religion would be Behemoth and Leviathan, respectively. Indeed, Guest and Ettinghausen attribute the oldest rendition of this cosmology to Ahmad-e Tūsi's Wonders of Creation, where the bull is Behemoth and the fish Leviathan. But textual corruption sets in around the time al-Qazwini cites Wahb bin Munabbih in his own Wonders of Creation, and by then the two godbeasts had swapped names. The fish became Behemoth (Bahamut or Bahemut in Arabic) while the bull was saddled with increasingly garbled misreadings of Leviathan – Kuyūban or Kuyūthan in al-Qazwini, Kuyūtha or Kuyūthan in al-Damiri, Kuyūthan in al-Abshihi, and so on.
Older English translations of Borges' Book of Imaginary Beings incorrectly translate the bull's name to "Kujata". Borges apparently would have pronounced "j" as "y", so newer editions of the Book use the more accurate "Quyuta".
Perron gives the name of the bull as Rakaboûnâ, a hilarious but entirely understandable translation error.
al-Abshihi, C. (2008) Al-Mustatraf fi kul Fann Mustadhraf. Dar Al-Marefah, Beirut.
Borges, J. L.; trans. di Giovanni, N. T. (1969) The Book of Imaginary Beings. Clarke, Irwin, & Co., Toronto.
Borges, J. L.; trans. Hurley, A. (2005) The Book of Imaginary Beings. Viking.
Al-Damiri, K. (1891) Hayat al-hayawan al-kubra. Al-Matba'ah al-Khayriyah, Cairo.
Guest, G. D. and Ettinghausen, R. (1961) The Iconography of a Kashan Luster Plate. Ars Orientalis, v. 4, pp. 25-64.
Lane, E. L. (1883) Arabian Society in the Middle Ages. Chatto and Windus, London.
Al-Mundir; Perron, N. trans. (1860) Le Nâċérî: La Perfection des Deux Arts. Bouchard-Huzard, Paris.
Al-Qazwini, Z. (1849) Zakariya ben Muhammed ben Mahmud el-Cazwini's Kosmographie. Erster Theil: Die Wunder der Schöpfung. Ed. F. Wüstenfeld. Dieterichsche Buchhandlung, Göttingen.
Al-Wardi, S. (2007) Kharidat al-'ajaib wa faridat al-gharaib. Maktabat al-Thaqafa al-Diniyya, Cairo.
Arabia, Cosmos and Void, Iran, K, Mammals, Middle East
Mammalian folklore, Mammals, Middle Eastern folklore
Kludde
Variations: Kleudde, Kleure
The first notable record of Kludde's appearance was penned in 1840 in Ternat, by the Baron of Saint-Genois. This back-riding shapeshifter appears in Brabant and Flanders, notably in Merchtem and in Dendermonde, where he lives in the Dendre. In Ostend he is considered a necker or nix, and the flat country knows him as a werewolf. He causes fear and confusion and drinks green pond-water, but avoids crosses and consecrated areas.
Kludde comes out at night in the Flemish mists. He has earned his name from the call he cries while fleeing – "Kludde, Kludde"! As a shapeshifter, he has no fixed appearance, and Kludde has been encountered in the forms of a great black dog with a rattling chain around its neck, a half-starved horse, a sheep, a cat, a bat, a frog, or even a tree. The only constant in Kludde's transformations is the presence of two dancing blue flames that flit ahead of him. These are Kludde's eyes.
The pranks Kludde plays are mischievous but not deadly. In the guise of a black dog or werewolf he will jump onto a person's neck, and vanish after wrestling his victim to the ground. As a horse, he tricks people into riding him, only to gallop full-tilt and fling his rider into a body of water. As his erstwhile jockey flounders in the water, Kludde lies on his belly and laughs loud and long, vanishing only when the victim emerges from the water. As a tree, Kludde appears as a small and delicate sapling, before growing to such a height that his branches are lost in the clouds. This unexpected event shocks and unnerves all who see it, and amuses Kludde.
It is foolish to evade Kludde, as he can wind like a snake in any direction, foiling attempts to outmaneuver him. Trying to seize him is like grabbing air, and it leaves burns behind. He can also make himself invisible to some people and not to others, driving travelers out of their minds as they try to describe the protean creature tailing them – yet when their companions look behind, they see nothing but an empty road.
de Blécourt, W. (2007) "I Would Have Eaten You Too": Werewolf Legends in the Flemish, Dutch, and German Area. Folklore 118, pp. 23-43.
van Hageland, A. (1973) La Mer Magique. Marabout, Paris.
de Plancy, J. C. (1863) Dictionnaire Infernal. Henri Plon, Paris.
Thorpe, B. (1852) Northern Mythology, v. III. Edward Lumley, London.
Back-riders, Belgium, Darkness and Night, K, Plains and Fields, Pond and River, Shapeshifters, Water-horses
Back-riders, Belgian folklore, Shapeshifters, Water-horses
Kongamato
The Kongamato, "overwhelmer of boats", is a river-shutter of Kasempa District in northern Zambia. It is known from Kaonde folklore, and the Jiundu Swamp is one of its favorite haunts. The fact that the Jiundu has historically been a haven for thieves, murderers, and assorted lowlifes is probably relevant.
A kongamato is a kind of bird, or rather a lizard with the membranous wings of a bat. It has a wingspan of 4 to 7 feet across and lacks feathers, its body covered in skin. It is mostly red in color. The beak is armed with sharp teeth. Claims that the kongamato is a surviving pterosaur are best forgotten.
Kongamatos live downstream of river fords. There they cause the river to stop flowing and the water level to rise, overwhelming and tipping over canoes. Sometimes a canoe will slow down and come to a dead stop despite the paddler's best efforts; this is because a kongamato has seized the boat from underneath the water.
Few people see a kongamato and live, and the kongamato itself is invulnerable and immortal, eating any projectile thrown at it and leaving no physical trace of itself behind. When it kills people it devours only the two little fingers, the two little toes, the earlobes, and the nostrils. That said, four deaths attributed to the kongamato in 1911 did not record any such mutilation; more likely, then, that a kongamato caused their deaths by the flooding of the Mutanda River near Lufumatunga.
To ward off kongamato attack, the charm known as muchi wa kongamato is used. This consists of mulendi tree root ground and mixed with water. The resulting paste is placed in a bark cup. When crossing a dangerous ford, the mixture is sprinkled onto the water using a bundle of mulendi bark strips. This wards off the kongamato and its floods.
Melland, F. H. (1923) In Witch-bound Africa. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
Birds, Dragons, Jungle and Rainforest, K, Pond and River, Reptiles, River-shutters, Sub-saharan Africa, Zambia
African folklore, Bird folklore, Birds, Dragons, Reptile folklore, Reptiles, River and lake monsters, River-shutters
Kamikiri
Variations: Kami-kiri, Kami Kiri, Kamikiri-ma, Kamikiri-mushi, Kami Kiri Mushi; Amikiri (probably)
Hair has been of historical importance in Japan. During the Edo period, the chonmage or topknot in men was a status symbol. In women, long hair indicated beauty and wealth, with differing hairstyles communicating age, rank, and availability. Cutting one's hair was a solemn and drastic step associated with religious vows.
Cutting someone's hair without their consent, therefore, was a spiteful and criminal act, even more so if it seemed to happen without reason. Inexplicable and sudden hair-cutting was known as Kamikiri, "hair cutter". Most kamikiri incidents happened at twilight, and the victims were usually young women. Matsuzaka City was especially plagued by kamikiri. Often the hair was snipped off while the victim was walking, with the crime noticed only upon returning home.
Who was to blame for kamikiri? Demonic winds could have been the culprit, and they were countered with prayers written on papers and placed in hairpins. Kitsune were also blamed; after three women fell victim in one area, a fox was cut open and long hair found inside.
The phenomenon has also been attributed to a yokai, the kamikiri, kamikiri-ma ("hair-cutting demon"), or kamikiri-mushi ("hair-cutting insect"). It may have been a large longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae), but Edo scrolls elaborate that into a small humanoid creature with pincer hands and a birdlike face. The insect features may be due to kamikiri's similarity with kamakiri, "praying mantis".
Toriyama Sekien's yokai compendia do not include the kamikiri, but rather the scorpion-like amikiri or "net-cutter". This may be an error, or Sekien's own spin on the scissors-handed yokai.
Foster, M. D. (2015) The Book of Yokai. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Hepburn, J. C. (1872) A Japanese-English and English-Japanese Dictionary. American Presbyterian Mission Press, Shanghai.
Thunberg, C. P. (1796) Travels in Europe, Africa, and Asia, v. III. F. and C. Rivington, London.
Darkness and Night, House and Home, Humanoids, Insects, Japan, K, Yokai
Insect folklore, Japanese folklore, Yokai
Kăk-whăn'-û-ghăt Kǐg-û-lu'-nǐk
Variations: Akhlut (erroneously)
Around the coastlines of the Bering Strait, pack ice constantly breaks off and floats away. If there are wolf tracks on the ice, and a chunk of that breaks loose, then it looks as if the prints lead into the water's edge, or as if a wolf came out of the sea. Yupik folklore holds that this is evidence of the Kăk-whăn'-û-ghăt Kǐg-û-lu'-nǐk.
A kăk-whăn'-û-ghăt kǐg-û-lu'-nǐk is a killer whale (akh'-lut) that can shapeshift at will into a wolf (kǐg-û-lu'-nǐk) to hunt on land. The name of kăk-whăn'-û-ghăt kǐg-û-lu'-nǐk is applied to those creatures when in wolf form. They are aggressive and will kill humans if given the chance.
The kăk-whăn'-û-ghăt kǐg-û-lu'-nǐk is typically depicted as halfway through its transformation – whale at one end and wolf at the other. The beluga whale and caribou are a similarly symbiotic pair, becoming a whale in the sea and a reindeer on land.
Nelson, E. W. (1900) The Eskimo about Bering Strait. Extract from the Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Government Printing Office, Washington.
K, Mammals, North Pole, Ocean and Sea, Shapeshifters, Whales, Yupik
Mammalian folklore, Shapeshifters, Yupik folklore
Kranokolaptes
Variations: Kephalokroustes, Sklerokephalon
Nicander classified the Kranokolaptes, the "Head Striker", as a phalangion or spider. This is all the more puzzling because the description has nothing arachnoid about it. No doubt its deadly bites were seen as reason enough to list it after wolf spiders and malmignattes.
The kranokolaptes is an insect found in Egypt, and which develops in the persea tree (perhaps Mimusops). It has the appearance of a moth, with four downy felt-textured wings that leave an ashy dust behind. Philoumenos described it as green in color, but that is apparently a misreading of Nicander. The head of the kranokolaptes is hard, heavy, and nodding; its abdomen is thick and fat. It has a deadly stinger located below its head.
A kranokolaptes will use its stinger to attack the heads and necks of humans and cause instant death. Kranokolaptes stings are deadly unless victims are treated with its antidote – a kranokolaptes drowned in oil.
It has been suggested that hawkmoths (Sphingidae), with their impressive sizes, thick abdomens, and prominent probosces, are at the root of the kranokolaptes tale. The vampire moth Calyptra thalictri is even more compelling. Having evolved from fruit-piercing moths, vampire moths use the same methods to puncture skin and drink blood – and they rock their heads back and forth as they penetrate, explaining the "nodding" aspect. The similarities end here, however, as a bite from Calyptra merely causes swelling and irritation.
Air and Sky, Darkness and Night, Egypt, Greece, House and Home, Insects, K, Poison and venom, Vampires
Greek mythology, Insect folklore, Vampires
The Cuiva of Colombia and Venezuela tell of the Kori, a destructive aquatic monster. It has the appearance of a giant anteater, except far larger, and it lives underwater in the rivers. It uses its large claws to dig under riverbanks, causing their collapse, and that is why this is such a common occurrence in the rainforest. A kori can also cause strong gales to destroy constructions, and can turn soil into water to drown people.
A kori once collapsed a riverbank near a Cuiva village, killing most of the inhabitants. Only one man managed to escape by transforming himself into a howler monkey and climbing to the top of a tree, where he sat trembling and watching the kori. Even that wasn't enough, as the kori eventually knocked down the tree and killed the monkey hiding there.
Word of the massacre reached the Cuiva, and after mourning the dead they set out to avenge them. The father of the howler-monkey man led the hunt, armed with a harpoon, while the others followed with poisoned arrows. Once found, the kori was riddled with harpoons and arrows while it was too weakened to fight back. It tried transmuting the ground to water, but it was only shallow water, and the warriors continued firing poisoned arrows until the enormous anteater died. The leader of the hunt chopped off the kori's claws and made them into a necklace as payment for his son. The rest of the anteater's body was left for the vultures.
Arcand, B.; Coppens, W.; Kerr, I.; and Gómez, F. O.; Wilbert, J. and Simoneau, K. eds. (1991) Folk Literature of the Cuiva Indians. UCLA Latin American Center Publications, University of California, Los Angeles.
Colombia, Jungle and Rainforest, K, Mammals, Venezuela
Mammalian folklore, South American folklore


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Socrates is a Namibian Warmblood with very wide shoulders. He is 5 years old and doing Elementary dressage. He has uneven muscling along the whole of his right side and muscle wastage behind both shoulders. I changed his saddle to a Barefoot and his muscling has become more even and the wasted areas are filling in very quickly, of course his movement improved too. I just love watching him float along now.
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On December 6th, 70 participants, representing the diversity of the stakeholders in our network, gathered at the World Resources Institute for a day-long Dialogue to take stock of the pricing carbon movement and to consider how to optimize our work over the coming year. The agenda featured a hard look at the implications of the election results as well as reports and commentary on the just-completed U.N. climate talks in Marrakesh; November's carbon tax ballot initiative in the state of Washington; and other state, national and international pricing carbon initiatives. There was also a short presentation on the legal viability of the lawsuit by "Our Children's Trust", Juliana v. United States, that emphasized the legal substance, the significance and the overall importance of this inspired action.
The major takeaway from our concluding discussions was a shared conviction that, despite a prevailing sense of shell shock and an awareness of the considerable challenges involved in making headway with the new Administration and Congress, our role in the pricing carbon movement is now more important than ever, and our quarterly dialogues are all the more timely and needed. We were also encouraged to step up our collaboration with various sectors, with particular emphasis on center-right Republicans, business, and environmental justice; to further our engagement with state-based initiatives; and to disseminate useful information via the PCI website, which so far has been relatively dormant as most of our work has involved confidential meetings.
At our September 12th Dialogue at the U.N. Foundation, 62 PCI participants met for a half day to discuss international efforts to price carbon, U.S. election-year developments (from the perspectives of various stakeholders), and progress on moving businesses toward climate solutions that integrate pricing carbon. Several participants commented that they found the panel on business (which included presentations from Ceres, the Business Council for Sustainable Energy, and the Partnership for Responsible Growth) to be especially valuable. It set the framework for a sub-group meeting the following afternoon where participants discussed potential business-related projects and further collaboration.
Our June 22nd day-long Dialogue at Brookings Institution involved 80 participants, with an agenda that included review and discussion of international and U.S. climate actions, policy options, and political dynamics. We were also briefed on recent polling data about public concern for climate and pricing issues, on efforts to promote soil re-carbonization through sustainable farming practices, and on work analyzing the economic impact of ocean acidification (not currently factored into government and most academic metrics on the social cost of carbon). Following the day's meeting, key participants met for an engaging dinner, also funded by the Walker grant.
As we will explain further in our full report, due on January 31, 2017, in addition to our quarterly DC-based dialogues (two half-day and two full-day dialogues per year), we are discussing other potential projects with our steering committee and other active participants that could include: 1) strengthening our connections with selected sectors, opinion leaders, and governments officials, especially Members on the Hill, 2) disseminating information via the PCI website (work has started on this, but much more is required for it to become a useful platform), and 3) non-Chatham House Rule events that could include public meetings, forums, conferences, briefings, etc. We can see value in all these ideas, but above all we are mindful of the value of our quarterly dialogues and do not wish to dilute the attention we now give them.
Our three most immediate projects are: 1) a comprehensive report that assesses our progress and our projected role and value added to the climate/pricing carbon movement over the coming months. To this end, we are currently conducting interviews by phone with about a hundred of our most active participants. We plan to complete the confidential report for our network participants by the end of January; 2) completing the legal work involved in obtaining PCI's incorporation papers and tax-deductible status (we've grown beyond the point where it made sense to operate as an ad hoc association with fiscal sponsors); and 3) more broadly, moving forward on the work and challenges we've set for ourselves in the coming months in our ongoing effort to coalesce national support for the most effective, viable solution to climate disruption: a price on carbon emissions.
Our readiness to meet these challenges has been greatly enhanced by the generous support from the Walker Foundation, for which we are profoundly grateful.
PIC's progress report, Report on the Pricing Carbon Dialogues: July 2011 through March 2017 and Beyond, was completed on April 12, 2017. The Report documents and evaluates the achievements of the Dialogues, and will help guide us in the coming months. It is also a reflection on the value of the Walker Foundation grants in 2011, 2014, 2015 and 2016 that has enabled PCI to convene two 3-day retreats, many of our quarterly Dialogues, and numerous smaller meetings, all of which have contributed to our success in helping to advance pricing carbon as a viable solution to climate change.
Given our Chatham House Rule confidentiality guidelines, the Report is only available to our Dialogue participants (which includes the Walker Foundation and several of our colleagues who have also received Walker Foundation funding). As stated above (on our 12/31/16 posting), we had planned to issue the Report at the end of January, 2017. But given the disruptive political turmoil in Washington DC, we decided instead to first have an additional Dialogue on March 2nd and a meeting of our Pricing Carbon Dialogue Steering Committee on March 3rd. The March dialogue focused on the Climate Leadership Council's carbon tax plan, which is supported by a number of prominent Republicans. The Steering Committee reviewed the findings of the survey and the contents of the Report, which was still being drafted.
The Report summarized the results of our survey, which involved in-depth interviews with 44 of our active Dialogue participants. Although we had initially planned on about 100 interviews, as we proceeded we found that it was far more valuable to have fewer but in considerable more depth. Rather than conducting the interviews in the 15 to 20 minute we had projected, they averaged about 50 minutes. Our findings from the survey were consistent with feedback from our last two Dialogues (on December 6th and March 2nd) and from numerous other discussions with colleagues in our network. Just as confidentiality has been an important ingredient to the success of the Pricing Carbon Dialogues, the same guidelines apply to the survey and report. Hence, we are restricted here from including details covered in the Report. In general, the Report summarizes aspects of the Dialogues that work best for our participants, their suggestions on how to adjust and recalibrate, and which additional projects (including those mentioned above on 12/31/16) are of interest. Most importantly, we found strong affirmation for the value of the Dialogues and for their continuation, especially now, as we face daunting and uncertain political circumstances.
While the scope of this project is national, we are also continuing to build on our efforts to foster better communication between state-based pricing carbon initiatives, who are the likely forerunners of much needed national legislative solutions. PCI is also attentive to international pricing initiatives, such as the Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition, spearheaded by the World Bank and the IMF, that are a growing influence in the aftermath of last December's Paris Agreement.


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Christopher Bowman
Christopher Bowman (M. Mus Memorial University, B. Mus Mount Allison University) enjoys making music in many forms – as a conductor, solo and choral singer, educator, and composer. He is full-time Minister of Music at First United Church in Truro, Nova Scotia, and Artistic Director of the Cantabile Society of Truro, where he conducts the Cantabile Singers and co-conducts the Cantabile Boys' Choir. He also sings with the Juno-nominated Canadian Chamber Choir and takes great delight in the fact that choral music has given him the opportunity to sing in every Canadian province. Chris is active as a baritone soloist; his debut CD "Over Hill and Valley" with pianist David Chafe won Music NS and Music NL awards, and was nominated for an East Coast Music Award.
Chris loves working with choral singers of all ages and stages, and has conducted community, church, school, and university choirs in Atlantic Canada and Ontario. He is sought after as a clinician, adjudicator, and lecturer, and has taught in various university music departments in Atlantic Canada as a sessional instructor. As time permits, he is a composer/arranger of choral music, and in recent years has become interested in hymn writing; along with Valerie Kingsbury they have formed Tidal Bore Music to further this venture – their music can be found at www.tidalboremusic.ca.
Chris and his wife Laura are incredibly proud parents of Erica and Meredith, and live in Valley, Nova Scotia.
You may reach Chris at: chris@firstunitedtruro.ca
Photo by Michael Mugford