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définition - Darwinia (plant)
Darwinia (plant)
Darwinia leiostyla
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Tribe: Chamelaucieae
Genus: Darwinia
See text.
Darwinia hypericifolia
Darwinia taxifolia subsp. macrolaena
Darwinia (syn. Genetyllis DC.) is a genus of about 70 species of evergreen shrubs in the family Myrtaceae, endemic to southeastern and southwestern Australia.[1] The majority are native to southern Western Australia, but a few species occur in South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria. The genus was named in honour of Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of Charles Darwin. They are commonly known as Mountain Bells or simply Bells.
Darwinia leiostyla in the Stirling Range, Western Australia
The species of Darwinia grow to between 20–300 cm high, with many of the smaller species being prostrate. The leaves are opposite in decussate pairs (alternate in some species), simple, small, needle-like to oval, 4–20 mm long and 2–10 mm broad, mostly hard with a leathery texture. The flowers are grouped singly or several together, perfect, 2–30 mm long, with five red, white or greenish petals and ten stamens.
They are difficult to propagate from seed but can be cultivated from cuttings.
Many species in the genus Darwinia are threatened with extinction, being listed as Endangered or Vulnerable on the Australian National List of Threatened Flora. Land clearing and grazing practices have reduced the areas where Darwinia species grow naturally. Recovery is hindered by drought, changed fire regimes and susceptibility to infection by the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi which kills the plants.
Natural hybrids are known among darwinias, for example between D. fascicularis and D. glaucophylla where these species occur together.
The species Verticordia verticordina was placed in this genus by George Bentham, but transferred to the current arrangement in 1991.[2]
List of species
Darwinia acerosa – Fine-leaved Darwinia (endangered)
Darwinia apiculata – Scarp Darwinia (endangered)
Darwinia biflora (vulnerable)
Darwinia briggsiae
Darwinia camptostylis
Darwinia carnea – Mogumber Bell (endangered)
Darwinia chapmaniana Keighery (syn.Darwinia sp. Coorow) – Chapman's Bell or Eganu Bell[1] (endangered)
Darwinia citriodora – Lemon-scented Darwinia
Darwinia collina – Yellow Mountain Bell (endangered)
Darwinia diosmoides
Darwinia diminuta
Darwinia fascicularis
Darwinia ferricola Keighery (syn. Darwinia sp. Scott River) – Scott River Darwinia[1] (endangered)
Darwinia foetida Keighery (syn.Darwinia sp. Muchea) – Muchea Bell[1]
Darwinia glaucophylla (vulnerable)
Darwinia grandiflora
Darwinia homoranthoides
Darwinia leptantha
Darwinia macrostegia (vulnerable) – Mondurup Bell
Darwinia masonii – Mason's Darwinia (vulnerable)
Darwinia meeboldii – Cranbrook Bell (vulnerable)
Darwinia micropetala – Small Darwinia
Darwinia neildiana – Fringed Bell
Darwinia nubigena Keighery (syn.Darwinia sp. Stirling Range, Darwinia sp. Mt Success) – Success Bell[1] (vulnerable)
Darwinia oxylepis – Gillam's Bell (endangered)
Darwinia peduncularis (vulnerable)
Darwinia polychroma Keighery (syn.Darwinia sp. Carnamah) – Harlequin Bell[1] (endangered)
Darwinia procera
Darwinia purpurea – Rose Darwinia
Darwinia squarrosa – Pink Mountain Bell (vulnerable)
Darwinia taxifolia
Darwinia thymoides
Darwinia vestita – Pom-pom Darwinia
Darwinia virescens – Murchison Darwinia
Darwinia whicherensis Keighery (syn. Darwinia sp. Williamson) – Abba Bell[1] (endangered)
Darwinia wittweror (endangered)
^ a b c d e f g Keighery, G.J. (2009). "Six new and rare species of Darwinia (Myrtaceae) from Western Australia". Nuytsia 19 (1): 37–52. http://www.dec.wa.gov.au/images/stories/nature/science/nuytsia/19/1/037-052.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
^ "Verticordia verticordina (F.Muell.) A.S.George". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=65515.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Darwinia
FloraBase - Flora of Western Australia: Darwinia
Australian National List of Threatened Flora
Phillimore, R, Evans, R and Brown, A. 2001. The Interim Recovery Plan Gillham's Bell (Darwinia oxylepis) 2001-2003
Australian Plants Online - Darwinia and related genera
This Myrtaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
This Western Australian plant article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
This Australian rosid article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darwinia_(plant)&oldid=482566703"
Rosids of Western Australia
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Australian rosid stubs
Toutes les traductions de Darwinia (plant)


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TOPICS:Big PharmaConstitutionCovid-19Maryam HeneinNatural HealthReligion
By Maryam Henein
Creating criminals while glorifying crooks.
Imagine you and your family locked away as political prisoners for nearly a year and a half, without due process for crimes you haven't committed. Imagine facing charges of "conspiracy and criminal intent." But in fact, the true criminals are fake government agencies such as the DOJ, FDA, and CDC, that are complacent in this Plandemic and have violated your family's legal rights as well as the Constitution. Your transgression, selling chlorine dioxide, which even the U.S Army has used against Ebola and anthrax. It's B.S. when they say it's dangerous!
This is the reality for the Grenons. Until last year, none of the Grenons had ever been arrested in their lives and had served God as missionaries in three continents. Meanwhile, Anthony Fauci, the Plandemic Impresario with blood on his hands, roams free.
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We're creating criminals out of innocent people while glorifying evil crooks.
Chief Judge Cecile M. Altonaga upheld the prosecution's desire to hold the Grenons at FDC Miami as a "danger to society," even though the Grenons have not caused hurt to anyone whatsoever. In fact, clinical studies show that the recommended protocols of the Genesis II Church couldn't even cause damage to mice! Is the judge part of the conspiracy when she is by law required to have the prosecutors provide indisputable evidence for their accusations?
This constitutes a deprivation of rights under color of law. According to section Section 242 of Title 18, it is a crime for a person acting under color of any law to willfully deprive a person of a right or privilege protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States. For the purpose of Section 242, acts under "color of law" include acts not only done by federal, state, or local officials within their lawful authority but also acts done beyond the bounds of that official's lawful authority, if the acts are done while the official is purporting to or pretending to act in the performance of his/her official duties.
This statute applies to police officers, prison guards, and other law enforcement officials. It extends to judges, care providers in public health facilities, and others who are acting as public officials. It is not necessary that the crime be motivated by animus toward the race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, or national origin of the victim.
The offense is punishable by a range of imprisonment up to a life term, or the death penalty, depending upon the circumstances of the crime, and the resulting injury, if any.
TITLE 18, U.S.C., SECTION 242
Whoever, under color of any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom, willfully subjects any person in any State, Territory, Commonwealth, Possession, or District to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States, … shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both; and if bodily injury results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include the use, attempted use, or threatened use of a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; and if death results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both, or may be sentenced to death.
Let's take a look at Section 241 of Title 18, the civil rights conspiracy statute. Section 241 makes it unlawful for two or more persons to agree together to injure, threaten, or intimidate a person in any state, territory, or district in the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to him/her by the Constitution or the laws of the United States, (or because of his/her having exercised the same). Unlike most conspiracy statutes, Section 241 does not require that one of the conspirators commit an overt act prior to the conspiracy becoming a crime. The offense is punishable by a range of imprisonment up to a life term or the death penalty, depending upon the circumstances of the crime, and the resulting injury, if any.
If two or more persons conspire to injure, oppress, threaten, or intimidate any person in any State, Territory, Commonwealth, Possession, or District in the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to him by the Constitution or laws of the United States, or because of his having so exercised the same;… They shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years or both; and if death results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, they shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both, or maybe sentenced to death.
"Please share this info about our upcoming protest where my two sons Jonathan, 36, and Jordan, 27, have been held now for 500 days without a trial, without bail, and without evidence," says Mark Grenon, 64, who is also in the slammer but in Colombia, with his other son, 34-year-old Joseph.
Jordan and Jonathan are holed up in a windowless building. They have not seen the sun in more than a year, drink contaminated tap water from the sink, live in a moldy cell, and are fed highly processed faux food.
Listen to my chilling call with Jonathan Grenon from jail, where he is only granted seven minutes per hour to make a call.
Any person in authority such as a judge, attorney, police officer who uses a color of law to deny any Constitutional God-given right as "free exercise" of their religious beliefs is violating the Constitution.
The Grenons and thousands of others call chlorine dioxide a 'miracle cure' while the government calls it toxic bleach. They want you to think the Grenons are advising people to guzzle commercial Clorox, which is actually sodium hypochlorite. MMS is chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and has a different mechanism of action on the body.
"Chlorine dioxide has far different mechanisms of action," explains influencer Jordan Sather, who has written and defended MMS, only to be censored.
Sather writes,
"ClO2 kills bacteria, viruses, cancer cells—it will selectively target anaerobic pathogens and kill them through oxidation, an electrical reaction where one chemical steals the electrons of another. Some in the health community may be familiar with the oxidative capacity of food-grade hydrogen peroxide and ozone therapy; chlorine dioxide oxidizes similarly."
Incidentally, in April 2020, when Trump mentioned a disinfectant to help people against COVID-19, which he was later ridiculed for, many surmised he was referring to chlorine dioxide.
BACKGROUND On Operation Quack Hack
On July 8th, 2020, The Genesis II Church was raided in Bradenton, Florida, and Jonathan and Jordan were arrested in a highly publicized event.
To up the ante on the drama, a news chopper hovered above the house, while television crews filmed dozens of masked law enforcement personnel confiscating barrels of sodium chlorite used to produce chlorine dioxide. The Church house was ransacked, and computers, cell phones, and files and documents were taken. Meanwhile, the mainstream media interviewed neighbors who were clueless that a church was making their neighborhood "unsafe," which was completely untrue!
Jordan Grenon was taken from his house soon thereafter. What was their crime — trying to help people restore their health with documented testimonies over a span of a decade? How about the right of religious freedom to use chlorine dioxide?
This attack occurred when they started to help people recover from the Coronavirus, and was part of an FDA Operation called Quack Hack.
Bishop Mark S. Grenon and his son, Joseph, were arrested the following month in South America. They had been living there for nine years, helping people and broadcasting a weekly podcast since 2016, called the G2Voice, interviewing freedom fighters including Mike Adams of Natural News and Scientist Dr.Judy Mikovits.
As Mark explained to us through private communication, "Jonathan wrote Sheriff Charles R. 'Ricky' Wells of Manatee County, Florida one week before his arrest, 'kidnapping', and told him that his Constitutional rights on the 1st Amendment were being violated. There was no response from Sheriff Wells or his office! On the day of the arrest, July 8th, 2021, two deputy Sheriffs from his office were present and did nothing!"
This was pure hypocrisy. "Sheriff Wells took an oath to uphold and defend the U.S. Constitution and has full authority to arrest ANYONE that is violating it no matter whom they are, even Federal officials. Jonathan talked to a deputy and told him that they needed to stop this violation of the Genesis II Church and its Bishops. His response was, 'The Feds do what they want." Are they part of the conspiracy to silence the G2Church? They will answer for their dereliction of duty one day soon!
What did I have to say about all this? "The hypocrisy and irony are unnerving," describing not only the Grenon family arrests but also my own censorship and persecution under Operation Quack Hack. "Meanwhile, BIG PHARMA is making billions while killing people with their experimental gene therapy. They accuse others of what they do themselves."
DOES THIS LOOK LIKE A CONSPIRACY TO SILENCE A MESSAGE THAT COULD HAVE STOPPED THE PANDEMIC DEAD IN ITS TRACKS?
Mark Grenon News Stories & Articles
ABC7 – KABC Television, LLC.
Eyewitness News investigates the unorthodox underworld of Genesis II Church
By. David Ono & Lisa Bartley
Shameless: The High Priests of Snake Oil Offer Miracle Cures
By. Cindy Galli, Randy Kreider, Lisa Bartley & Brian Ross
Video Brian Ross Interviews 'Archbishop' of Fringe Church PUshing 'Miracle Cure'
By. Brian Ross
ABC Action News
20/20 Investigation into a Church accused of selling snake oil has Tampa Bay area ties By. Jarrod Holbrook
KATV ABC7
Church leader behind Miracle Mineral Solution claiming cures for autism and cancer
By Elicia Dover
KABC ABC7
'Church of Bleach': ABC News confronts founder of Genesis II Church
By David Ono & Lisa Bartley
Fringe 'Church' Founder on MMS: It's No Cure
By. Cindy Galli, Randy Kreider & Brian Ross
ABC News YouTube
Church Pushes 'Miracle Cure' That Experts Say Is Dangerous Sham: Part 1
Fringe Church Pushes 'Miracle Cure' on the Sick and Desperate
CBC (CAN)
'Miracle' tonic event in Calgary prompts probe by Health Canada
By. Bryan Labby ·
The Guardian (UK)
'Church' to offer 'miracle cure' despite FDA warnings against drinking bleach Apr 19, 2019
Newser
FDA: Church 'Miracle Cure' Is Highly Dangerous
By. Neal Colgrass
Federal judge orders Florida company to stop peddling bleach-based COVID-19 'cure' By. Sarah N. Lynch
CrimeOnline
'Miracle Mineral Solution' hawked by Florida church is no cure for coronavirus, FDA says, it's INDUSTRIAL BLEACH
By. KC Wildmoon
Unapproved FDA Medication: Judge Orders Jim Bakker's Self-Described Florida 'Church' to Halt from Selling Coronavirus Cure Due to Its Health Risk
By. CJ Robles
Revealed: leader of group peddling bleach as coronavirus 'cure' wrote to Trump this week Apr 24, 2020
Ed Pilkington New Stories & Articles
Man who peddles bleach as 'miracle cure' reportedly contacted Trump ahead of his bizarre disinfectant comments.
By. Jeva Lange
Patheos
Report: Trump Suggested 'Injecting Disinfectant' After Hearing From 'Church Of Bleach' Founder
Michael Stone New Stories & Articles
Bleach Peddler: I Wrote Trump About Coronavirus 'Cure'
Arkansas Times
Trump's bleach quackery might be worse than it already appeared.
Max Brantley News Stories & Articles
Trump Disinfectant Remarks Echo Claims by Miracle-Cure Quacks
Andrew Jacobs New Stories & Articles
Feds issue injunction against Bradenton church distributing 'Miracle Mineral Solution' 'ABC7 Staff'
Bradenton Herald
Bradenton 'church' promotes drinking bleach to cure COVID-19. They recommended it to Trump
By. Ryan Ballog
Narcity
A Florida 'Church' Selling Bleach As A COVID-19 Cure Wrote To Trump Days Before His Slip Dominique Stewart
Federal court bans Bradenton 'church' from selling bleach as miracle COVID-19 cure By. Ryan Ballog
NBCDFW
Church's Phony COVID-19 Cure Sold From North Texas
By. Scott Friedman & Jack Douglas Jr.
CBS Miami
Florida Father, Sons Accused Of Selling Toxic Bleach As COVID-19 Cure Charged In Miami Federal Court
Man who wrote to Trump peddling toxic bleach as 'miracle' coronavirus cure charged with federal crime
By. Nelson Oliveria
WPTV-TV
Florida father, sons touted toxic bleach as coronavirus cure, prosecutors say Peter Burke
South Florida Sun Sentinel
The COVID-19 'cure' sold by a Florida father and his three sons is toxic bleach, federal prosecutors in Miami say.
Wayne K. Roustan New Stories & Articles
WWSB
Federal agencies, hazmat crews respond to Florida church selling COVID-19 'miracle solution'
By. ABC7 Staff
Florida Man and His Three Sons Used Fake Church to Sell Fake Bleach Cure for COVID-19, DOJ Says
By. Jerry Lambe
Feds file criminal charges against 'church' selling 'miracle cure' for coronavirus KC Wildmoon
WSTP
Bradenton men charged, accused of selling toxic 'miracle' bleach to cure COVID-19 10 Tampa Bay
Bleach-Selling Florida Preacher and Sons Charged in COVID Conspiracy
By. Alexi C. Cardona
Leader of fake church peddling bleach as covid-19 cure sought Trump's support. Instead, he got federal charges.
By. Meagan Flynn
South Florida Business Journal
Miami prosecutors allege 'church' marketed bleach as Covid-19 cure
By. Ashley Portero
Church Of Holy Bleach Drinking Leader Will Now Have To Drink Bleach In Jail
By. Robyn Pennacchia
Feds Seize Chemicals At Florida Church Selling COVID-19 'Miracle Solution' July 9, 2020
A self-styled archbishop who got banned from YouTube has been charged with selling a toxic bleach as a COVID-19 cure
By. Tom Porter
Criminal charges brought against Bradenton family that sold toxic bleach as COVID-19 cure
The G2Church produced a documentary called "Quantumleap" that quickly spread around the world in 10 languages.
Mark has written three books documenting their journey along with an eBook.
NY Times bestseller and scientist Dr.Judy Mikovits mentions chlorine dioxide.
Donate to support the Grenon Family
Maryam Henein is an investigative journalist, and founder and editor-in-chief of HoneyColony. She is also the director of the award-winning documentary film Vanishing of the Bees, narrated by Elliot Page. Follow her on Gab: @ladybee. Email her: [email protected]
Be the first to comment on "Following The Herd: Genesis II Church Titled Quacks For Trying to Save Lives"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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How did Jesus view himself and his mission?
Short Answer: The creator of our local universe (Michael of Nebadon) came here to reveal man to God and God to man. Michael lived as the human Jesus to better understand people while living totally dedicated to doing the will of the Father.
To gain a much better understanding of this answer, read the following:
"I have come into this world to do the will of my Father and to reveal his loving character to all mankind. That, my brethren, is my mission. And this one thing I will do, regardless of the misunderstanding of my teachings by Jews or gentiles of this day or of another generation." (143:1.4)
"...my mission on earth is the revelation of the Father, and my message the proclamation of the kingdom of heaven..." (145:5.6)
"...Go and tell the people to believe in that which we have taught them and to rejoice in the liberty of the sons of God, and make ready for our departure for the other cities of Galilee, where the way has already been prepared for the preaching of the good tidings of the kingdom. It was for this purpose that I came forth from the Father..." (145:5.7)
"...my mission will not bring peace in the material affairs of men—not for a time, at least." (165:6.3)
"I have come to proclaim the establishment of the Father's kingdom. And this kingdom shall include the worshiping souls of Jew and gentile, rich and poor, free and bond, for my Father is no respecter of persons; his love and his mercy are over all." (137:8.6)
"I have come to preach the glad tidings of the kingdom. I have not come to add to the heavy burdens of those who would enter this kingdom. I proclaim the new and better way, and those who are able to enter the coming kingdom shall enjoy the divine rest. And whatever it shall cost you in the things of the world, no matter what price you may pay to enter the kingdom of heaven, you shall receive manyfold more of joy and spiritual progress in this world, and in the age to come eternal life." (137:8.14)
"...I have come to proclaim joy to the socially downtrodden and spiritual liberty to the moral captives. Need I remind you that they who are whole need not a physician, but rather those who are sick? I have come, not to call the righteous, but sinners." (138:3.6)
"Let me repeat: I have come that my brethren in the flesh may have joy, gladness, and life more abundantly." (139:6.5)
"I have not come to legislate but to enlighten. I have come not to reform the kingdoms of this world but rather to establish the kingdom of heaven. I am on earth solely to comfort the minds, liberate the spirits, and save the souls of men." (140:6.6)
"I have come into the world to proclaim spiritual liberty to the end that mortals may be empowered to live individual lives of originality and freedom before God." (141:5.1)
"I have come into the world to put love in the place of fear, joy in the place of sorrow, confidence in the place of dread, loving service and appreciative worship in the place of slavish bondage and meaningless ceremonies." (149:6.5)
"And long have you been taught that the Messiah, when he should come, would work those wonders which would make life pleasant and easy for all the chosen people. It is not strange, then, that you who have been thus taught should long for the loaves and the fishes. But I declare to you that such is not the mission of the Son of Man. I have come to proclaim spiritual liberty, teach eternal truth, and foster living faith." (153:2.6)
"And now let me declare to you, once and for all time, that I have come down upon the earth, not to do my own will, but the will of Him who sent me. And this is the final will of Him who sent me, that of all those he has given me I should not lose one. And this is the will of the Father: That every one who beholds the Son and who believes him shall have eternal life." (153:2.9)
"And mark well my words: I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners. The Son of Man came not to be ministered to, but to minister and to bestow his life as the gift for all. I declare to you that I have come to seek and to save those who are lost." (157:6.9)
"I offer you the liberty of life and the joy of salvation. I proclaim the new and living way, the deliverance from evil and the breaking of the bondage of sin. I have come that you might have life, and have it eternally." (162:2.7)
"But I also am the true shepherd who is willing even to lay down his life for the sheep. The thief breaks into the fold only to steal, and to kill, and to destroy; but I have come that you all may have life and have it more abundantly. He who is a hireling, when danger arises, will flee and allow the sheep to be scattered and destroyed; but the true shepherd will not flee when the wolf comes; he will protect his flock and, if necessary, lay down his life for his sheep. Verily, verily, I say to you, friends and enemies, I am the true shepherd; I know my own and my own know me. I will not flee in the face of danger. I will finish this service of the completion of my Father's will, and I will not forsake the flock which the Father has intrusted to my keeping." (165:2.8)
"I have come to show you that, while you are seeking to find God, God is likewise seeking to find you. Many times have I told you the story of the good shepherd who left the ninety and nine sheep in the fold while he went forth searching for the one that was lost, and how, when he had found the straying sheep, he laid it over his shoulder and tenderly carried it back to the fold. And when the lost sheep had been restored to the fold, you remember that the good shepherd called in his friends and bade them rejoice with him over the finding of the sheep that had been lost. Again I say there is more joy in heaven over one sinner who repents than over the ninety and nine just persons who need no repentance. The fact that souls are lost only increases the interest of the heavenly Father. I have come to this world to do my Father's bidding, and it has truly been said of the Son of Man that he is a friend of publicans and sinners." (169:1.2)
Although Jesus revealed the true nature of the heavenly Father in his earth life, he taught little about him. In fact, he taught only two things: that God in himself is spirit, and that, in all matters of relationship with his creatures, he is a Father. On this evening Jesus made the final pronouncement of his relationship with God when he declared: "I have come out from the Father, and I have come into the world; again, I will leave the world and go to the Father." (169:4.11)


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Vjerska arhitektura ili sakralna arhitektura (iz latinskog sacer – "sveti")  arhitektonska je praksa, koja služi za religiozne svrhe. Postoji mnogo različitih vrsta vjerske arhitekture koje služe za slavljenje Boga kao što su: crkva, katedrala, hram, džamija, sinagoga i dr. Funkcionalnost sakralnih objekata podređena je simboličnoj ulozi, koju hramovi imaju. Zbog velikog duhovnog značaja vjerske građevine najbolje su očuvani arhitektonski objekti.

Arhitekt Norman L. Koonce sugerirao je, da je cilj vjerske arhitekture da učini "transparentnom granicu između materije i uma, tijela i duha". Govoreći o vjerskoj arhitekturi, povjesničar Richard Kieckhefer sugerira, da je ulazak u vjersku zgradu metafora za ulazak u duhovni odnos. Smatra, da se sveti prostor može analizirati pomoću tri faktora koji utječu na duhovni proces: longitudinalni prostor naglašava procesiju i vraćanje sakramentalnih činova, prostor gledališta sugerira na proglašenje i odgovor, a novi oblici zajedničkog prostora dizajnirani za okupljanje služe kako bi se poboljšala intimnost i sudjelovanje u bogosluženju. Znanstvenik religioznih studija Florin George Călian potvrđuje da je "sveti prostor mjesto, gdje transcendentno postaje imanentno i gdje posvećenik može pristupiti Bogu".

Moderna vjerska arhitektura obuhvaća nekoliko stilova sličnih karakteristika što rezultira pojednostavljenjem oblika i eliminacijom ornamenata. Najutjecajniji modernistički arhitekti u ranom do sredine 20. stoljeća su: Dominikus Böhm, Rudolf Schwarz i Auguste Perret. Dok su svjetovne građevine očito imale veći utjecaj na razvoj moderne arhitekture, izvrsnih primjera moderne arhitekture može se pronaći u sakralnim građevinama 20. stoljeća poput katedrale u Los Angelesu iz 2002. godine.

Izvori

Galerija

Vjerski objekti
Crkvena arhitektura

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Assisted Living Facilities in WHEELING, WV
WHEELING Assisted Living
Assisted Living in WHEELING, WV
There are a total of 5 assisted living facilities in WHEELING, West Virginia area. This list includes WHEELING senior housing, assisted senior living communities and residential care homes for the elderly. WHEELING assisted senior living facilities also provide dementia and Alzheimer's care (also known as memory care in WHEELING, WV).
Bishop Joseph Hodges Continuous Care Center
Bishop Joseph Hodges Continuous Care Center is an assisted living community in Wheeling, West Virginia. It can house a maximum of 144 older adults at a time. It is located at 600 Medical Park, 26003 zip code in Ohio county and helps older adults who need help with daily living tasks. Bishop Joseph Hodges Continuous Care Center provides amenities that include a community kitchen, Alzheimer's care and family meetings. Bishop Joseph Hodges Continuous Care Center is a state-licensed assisted living facility with License # 68.
Welty Home
Welty Home provides senior living in Ohio county, West Virginia. It contains a total of 52 assisted living apartments for elderly adults. Welty Home provides reasonably priced, pet-friendly assisted elderly housing and is located at 21 Washington Avenue, Wheeling, West Virginia 26003. Some of Welty Home's amenities include an arts & crafts studio, weekly pill box and shuttle services.
Good Shepherd Nursing Home
Good Shepherd Nursing Home is a luxurious senior assisted living facility in Wheeling, West Virginia that provides guest parking, a gardening club, caregivers available 24/7 and other wonderful amenities. It supports a total of 192 assisted living units. Good Shepherd Nursing Home is available to all Ohio county elderly adult residents in need of assisted living. Good Shepherd Nursing Home is situated at 159 Edgington Lane in Wheeling, West Virginia.
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Guardian Elder Care At Wheeling is an elderly assisted housing facility in Wheeling, West Virginia that offers a game room, call pendants, laundry and linen service and other services. Guardian Elder Care At Wheeling is located at 20 Homestead Avenue, 26003 zip code and provides assisted living to all Ohio county older adults. It provides 150 senior living units in total.
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Mohammed Imran Khan
Postdoctoral Scholar, Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery
Postdoctoral scholar, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada, Molecular biology and functional genomics (2021)
Ph.D., Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Medical Sciences – specialization oncology (2017)
M.Sc., Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India, Bioinformatics (2011)
B.Sc., Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India, Biotechnology (2008)
Elizabeth DiRenzo, Postdoctoral Faculty Sponsor
mikhan@stanford.edu
University - Scholar Department:&nbspOHNS/Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery Position: Postdoctoral Scholar
All HPV-negative head and neck cancers are not the same: Analysis of the TCGA dataset reveals that anatomical sites have distinct mutation, transcriptome, hypoxia, and tumor microenvironment profiles ORAL ONCOLOGY Kim, H., Zeng, P. F., Shaikh, M., Mundi, N., Ghasemi, F., Di Gravio, E., Khan, H., MacNeil, D., Khan, M., Patel, K., Mendez, A., Yoo, J., Fung, K., Lang, P., Palma, D. A., Mymryk, J. S., Barrett, J. W., Boutros, P. C., Nichols, A. C. 2021; 116: 105260
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) affects various anatomical sites, which often dictates whether the cancer is managed with primary surgery or radiation. This study aimed to assess differences in single nucleotide variation (SNV), copy number, mRNA abundance, methylation, and tumor microenvironment (TME) between HPV-negative oral cavity (OC), oropharyngeal (OPC), hypopharyngeal (HPC), and laryngeal (LC) cancers within The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).We downloaded the clinical information and molecular data for the TCGA HNSCC cohort from the data portal and published literature. The TME was estimated using mRNA abundance data. We conducted our analyses within the Bioconductor statistical framework in the R environment. CNA and mRNA abundance results were correlated and grouped with SNV results for downstream pathway analysis.LC had a higher mutational burden than OC and OPC (p <10-4). LC tumors were enriched in CSMD3, NSD1, DCHS2 and ANK2 SNVs, while OC tumors were enriched in CASP8 SNVs (FDR < 0.1). LCs were enriched for neuronal and glycosylation pathways, while OCs were enriched for extracellular matrix pathways. B cells and endothelial cells were more abundant in LC while monocytes were more abundant in OC (FDR < 0.1). OPC was the most hypoxic, followed by OC then LC (FDR < 0.05). OC had greater methylation of Hox genes than LC. Subsite analysis revealed that oral tongue cancers had fewer CASP8 and FBN2 mutations and higher dendritic cell abundance than other oral cavity cancers.We identified significant genomic, transcriptional, and microenvironmental differences between HPV-negative HNSCC. Further study is warranted to determine if these findings portend differential response to specific treatment modalities.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105260
View details for Web of Science ID 000657477800015
View details for PubMedID 33725617
Analysis of the TCGA Dataset Reveals that Subsites of Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Are Molecularly Distinct CANCERS Sorgini, A., Kim, H., Zeng, P. F., Shaikh, M., Mundi, N., Ghasemi, F., Di Gravio, E., Khan, H., MacNeil, D., Khan, M., Mendez, A., Yoo, J., Fung, K., Lang, P., Palma, D. A., Mymryk, J. S., Barrett, J. W., Patel, K. B., Boutros, P. C., Nichols, A. C. 2021; 13 (1)
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) from different subsites have distinct presentations and prognosis. In this study, we carried out a multiomic comparison of LSCC subsites. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) LSCC cohort was analyzed in the R statistical environment for differences between supraglottic and glottic cancers in single nucleotide variations (SNVs), copy number alterations (CNAs), mRNA abundance, protein abundance, pathway overrepresentation, tumor microenvironment (TME), hypoxia status, and patient outcome. Supraglottic cancers had significantly higher overall and smoking-associated SNV mutational load. Pathway analysis revealed upregulation of muscle related pathways in glottic cancer and neural pathways in supraglottic cancer. Proteins involved in cancer relevant signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt/mTOR, the cell cycle, and PDL1 were differentially abundant between subsites. Glottic and supraglottic tumors have different molecular profiles, which may partially account for differences in presentation and response to therapy.
View details for DOI 10.3390/cancers13010105
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7794818
3p Arm Loss and Survival in Head and Neck Cancer: An Analysis of TCGA Dataset. Cancers Kim, H. A., Shaikh, M. H., Lee, M., Zeng, P. Y., Sorgini, A., Akintola, T., Deng, X., Jarycki, L., Khan, H., MacNeil, D., Khan, M. I., Mendez, A., Yoo, J., Fung, K., Lang, P., Palma, D. A., Patel, K., Mymryk, J. S., Barrett, J. W., Boutros, P. C., Morris, L. G., Nichols, A. C. 2021; 13 (21)
Loss of the 3p chromosome arm has previously been reported to be a biomarker of poorer outcome in both human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and HPV-negative head and neck cancer. However, the precise operational measurement of 3p arm loss is unclear and the mutational profile associated with the event has not been thoroughly characterized. We downloaded the clinical, single nucleotide variation (SNV), copy number aberration (CNA), RNA sequencing, and reverse phase protein assay (RPPA) data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and The Cancer Proteome Atlas HNSCC cohorts. Survival data and hypoxia scores were downloaded from published studies. In addition, we report the inclusion of an independent Memorial Sloan Kettering cohort. We assessed the frequency of loci deletions across the 3p arm separately in HPV-positive and -negative disease. We found that deletions on chromosome 3p were almost exclusively an all or none event in the HPV-negative cohort; patients either had <1% or >97% of the arm deleted. 3p arm loss, defined as >97% deletion in HPV-positive patients and >50% in HPV-negative patients, had no impact on survival (p > 0.05). However, HPV-negative tumors with 3p arm loss presented at a higher N-category and overall stage and developed more distant metastases (p < 0.05). They were enriched for SNVs in TP53, and depleted for point mutations in CASP8, HRAS, HLA-A, HUWE1, HLA-B, and COL22A1 (false discovery rate, FDR < 0.05). 3p arm loss was associated with CNAs across the whole genome (FDR < 0.1), and pathway analysis revealed low lymphoid-non-lymphoid cell interactions and cytokine signaling (FDR < 0.1). In the tumor microenvironment, 3p arm lost tumors had low immune cell infiltration (FDR < 0.1) and elevated hypoxia (FDR < 0.1). 3p arm lost tumors had lower abundance of proteins phospho-HER3 and ANXA1, and higher abundance of miRNAs hsa-miR-548k and hsa-miR-421, which were all associated with survival. There were no molecular differences by 3p arm status in HPV-positive patients, at least at our statistical power level. 3p arm loss is largely an all or none phenomenon in HPV-negative disease and does not predict poorer survival from the time of diagnosis in TCGA cohort. However, it produces tumors with distinct molecular characteristics and may represent a clinically useful biomarker to guide treatment decisions for HPV-negative patients.
Chromosome 3p loss in the progression and prognosis of head and neck cancer ORAL ONCOLOGY Shaikh, M., Barrett, J. W., Khan, M., Kim, H. J., Zeng, P. F., Mymryk, J. S., Nichols, A. C. 2020; 109: 104944
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is characterized by aggressive behavior with a tendency for recurrence and metastasis. Analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data and other cohort studies suggest that the loss of the chromosomal 3p arm is a frequent genetic event observed in both human papillomavirus positive and negative HNSCC. Early molecular analyses (i.e. RFLP, CGH) identified three common regions (3p14.2, 3p21.3 and 3p25) that frequently exhibited loss of genetic material on one arm of the 3p chromosome. More recently, next generation sequencing has revealed the loss of larger regions of this arm. Here we review the role of chromosomal 3p arm loss in early initiation and progression of HNSCC, and its relationship with poor patient prognosis.
Flavopiridol causes cell cycle inhibition and demonstrates anti-cancer activity in anaplastic thyroid cancer models PLOS ONE Pinto, N., Prokopec, S. D., Ghasemi, F., Meens, J., Ruicci, K. M., Khan, I. M., Mundi, N., Patel, K., Han, M. W., Yoo, J., Fung, K., MacNeil, D., Mymryk, J. S., Datti, A., Barrett, J. W., Boutros, P. C., Ailles, L., Nichols, A. C. 2020; 15 (9): e0239315
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare, but nearly uniformly fatal disease that is typically resistant to chemotherapy and radiation. Alternative strategies to target this cancer at a molecular level are necessary in order to improve dismal outcomes for ATC patients. We examined the effects of flavopiridol, a CDK inhibitor, in a panel of ATC cell lines. When cell lines were treated over a ten-point concentration range, CAL62, KMH2 and BHT-101 cell lines had a sub micromolar half-maximal inhibitory concentration, while no effect was seen in the non-cancerous cell line IMR-90. Flavopiridol treatment resulted in decreased levels of the cell cycle proteins CDK9 and MCL1, and induced cell cycle arrest. Flavopiridol also decreased the in vitro ability of ATC cells to form colonies and impeded migration using a transwell migration assay. In vivo, flavopiridol decreased tumor weight and tumor volume over time in a patient-derived xenograft model of ATC. Given the observed in vitro and in vivo activity, flavopiridol warrants further investigation for treatment of ATC.
View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0239315
Sex disparities in head & neck cancer driver genes: An analysis of the TCGA dataset ORAL ONCOLOGY Mundi, N., Ghasemi, F., Zeng, P. F., Prokopec, S. D., Patel, K., Kim, H., Di Gravio, E., MacNeil, D., Khan, M., Han, M., Shaikh, M., Mendez, A., Yoo, J., Fung, K., Gameiro, S. F., Palma, D. A., Mymryk, J. S., Barrett, J. W., Boutros, P. C., Nichols, A. C. 2020; 104: 104614
Survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has been associated with patient sex, typically with males experiencing poorer outcomes. It is unclear if this disparity is based in divergent tumor biology. We analyzed the TCGA HNSCC cohort to uncover disparities in the somatic single nucleotide variation (SNV), copy number alteration (CNA) and mRNA abundance profiles between males and females. Critically, we stratified our results by tumor HPV status to control for this significant confounder.SNV, CNA and mRNA abundance differences between males and females were compared separately for the HPV-positive (n = 67) and negative (n = 431) TCGA HNSCC cohorts. Overall survival outcomes were compared in males and females in both HPV-positive and HPV-negative subsets of patients.Females were found to have poorer overall survival than males (p = 0.048), largely due to higher rates of HPV-positive disease among men. SNV analysis revealed that in HPV-positive disease, there were no differences by sex after accounting for the false discovery rate (FDR). In HPV-negative tumors, BRWD3 mutations occurred more frequently in the tumors of female patients compared to males after adjusting for the FDR (p = 0.02). Further, HPV-negative BRWD3 mutant tumors were found to have significantly worse 5-year overall survival compared to wildtype on multivariate analysis (p = 0.02). There were 88 heterozygous deletions and 14 amplifications that were differentially altered between male and female HPV-negative tumors and associated with expression changes. Pathway analysis of these genes revealed that tumors from males were enriched in five pathways including chemokine and phosphophatidylinositol signaling.Reanalysis of the TCGA HNSCC dataset stratified by sex revealed that males in this cohort had a significant survival advantage, due to a higher proportion of HPV-positive disease. Mutations in BRWD3 were more frequent in HPV-negative tumors of females and were associated with poorer overall survival. BRWD3 may represent a novel biomarker of patient outcomes, but will require additional validation.
Renal carcinoma CD105-/CD44-cells display stem-like properties in vitro and form aggressive tumors in vivo SCIENTIFIC REPORTS Fiedorowicz, M., Khan, M., Strzemecki, D., Orzel, J., Welniak-Kaminska, M., Sobiborowicz, A., Wieteska, M., Rogulski, Z., Cheda, L., Wargocka-Matuszewska, W., Kilian, K., Szczylik, C., Czarnecka, A. M. 2020; 10 (1): 5379
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common kidney cancer. Prognosis for ccRCC is generally poor since it is largely resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy. Many studies suggested that cancer stem cells/tumor initiating cells (CSCs/TICs) are responsible for development of tumor, disease progression, aggressiveness, metastasis and drug resistance. However, tumorigenic potential of CSCs/TICs isolated from established RCC cell lines - basic ccRCC research model - has never been investigated in vivo. CD105+, CD105-, CD44+ and CD44- as well as CD44-/CD105- CD44+/CD105+ and CD44-/CD105+ cells were isolated from Caki-1 RCC cell line, confirming coexistence of multiple subpopulations of stem-related phenotype in stable cell line. Sorted cells were injected subcutaneously into NOD SCID mice and tumor growth was monitored with MRI and PET/CT. Tumor growth was observed after implantation of CD105+, CD44+, CD44-, CD44-/CD105+ and CD44-/CD105- but not CD105- or CD44+/CD105+. Implantation of CD44-/CD105- cells induced tumors that were characterized by longer T1 and distinct metabolic pattern than other tumors. All the tumors were characterized by low uptake of [18F]FDG. CD105+ and CD44- tumors expresses Nanog and Oct-4, while CD44- tumors additionally expressed endothelial cell marker - CD31.
View details for DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-62205-6
Choosing The Right Animal Model for Renal Cancer Research TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY Sobczuk, P., Brodziak, A., Khan, M., Chhabra, S., Fiedorowicz, M., Welniak-Kaminska, M., Synoradzki, K., Bartnik, E., Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska, A., Czarnecka, A. M. 2020; 13 (3): 100745
The increase in the life expectancy of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the last decade is due to changes that have occurred in the area of preclinical studies. Understanding cancer pathophysiology and the emergence of new therapeutic options, including immunotherapy, would not be possible without proper research. Before new approaches to disease treatment are developed and introduced into clinical practice they must be preceded by preclinical tests, in which animal studies play a significant role. This review describes the progress in animal model development in kidney cancer research starting from the oldest syngeneic or chemically-induced models, through genetically modified mice, finally to xenograft, especially patient-derived, avatar and humanized mouse models. As there are a number of subtypes of RCC, our aim is to help to choose the right animal model for a particular kidney cancer subtype. The data on genetic backgrounds, biochemical parameters, histology, different stages of carcinogenesis and metastasis in various animal models of RCC as well as their translational relevance are summarized. Moreover, we shed some light on imaging methods, which can help define tumor microstructure, assist in the analysis of its metabolic changes and track metastasis development.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100745
Spleen tyrosine kinase expression is correlated with human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer ORAL ONCOLOGY Black, M., Ghasemi, F., Sun, R. X., Stecho, W., Datti, A., Meens, J., Pinto, N., Ruicci, K. M., Khan, M., Han, M., Shaikh, M., Yoo, J., Fung, K., MacNeil, D., Palma, D. A., Winquist, E., Howlett, C. J., Mymryk, J. S., Ailles, L., Boutros, P. C., Barrett, J. W., Nichols, A. C. 2020; 101: 104529
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a promoter of cell survival in a variety of cell types, including normal and cancerous epithelial cells. We hypothesized that SYK would an important therapeutic target to inhibit for the treatment of HNSCC.SYK protein abundance in patient tumours was evaluated. SYK protein and mRNA abundance was used to examine patient survival and human papillomavirus (HPV) status. Small-interfering RNAs and gene editing with CRISPR/Cas9 were used to evaluate SYK expression on proliferation in HNSCC cell lines. The potency of SYK inhibitor ER27319 maleate on cellular proliferation was tested using a panel of 28 HNSCC cell lines and in vivo in HNSCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models.Moderate to high protein expression of SYK was observed in 24% of patient tumors and high SYK expression was exclusively observed in HPV-positive samples (p < 0.001). SYK inhibition with RNA interference, gene editing or a SYK inhibitor (ER27319) decreased cell proliferation and migration. Treatment of PDXs with ER27319 maleate was observed to reduce tumour burden in vivo in two of three models.HPV-positive HNSCC harbours high SYK protein levels. We demonstrate that proliferation, migration and overall burden of these tumours can be reduced by genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of SYK. Taken together, these data establish SYK as a therapeutic target for HNSCC.
Genomic and human papillomavirus profiling of an oral cancer cohort identifies TP53 as a predictor of overall survival. Cancers of the head & neck Mundi, N., Prokopec, S. D., Ghasemi, F., Warner, A., Patel, K., MacNeil, D., Howlett, C., Stecho, W., Plantinga, P., Pinto, N., Ruicci, K. M., Khan, M. I., Han, M. W., Yoo, J., Fung, K., Sahovaler, A., Palma, D. A., Winquist, E., Mymryk, J. S., Barrett, J. W., Boutros, P. C., Nichols, A. C. 2019; 4: 5
The genomic landscape of head and neck cancer has been reported through The Cancer Genome Atlas project. We attempt to determine if high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) or frequently mutated genes are correlated with survival in an oral cancer cohort.Patient demographic data along with data from final pathology was collected. Tumor DNA was analyzed using a custom Illumina targeted sequencing panel. Five high-risk HPV types were tested by qPCR. Statistical analyses were used to identify associations between patient outcome and mutational status.High-risk HPV types were identified in 7% of cases; HPV status was not associated with survival. Mutations were identified in TP53, TERT promoter, & PIK3CA. Mutations in TP53 were significantly associated with poorer overall survival on multi-variate analysis (p = 0.03).Mutations in TP53 were associated with poor patient survival. Expanding our sample size may identify further predictors of outcome to direct customized cancer care.
View details for DOI 10.1186/s41199-019-0045-0
Disruption of the RICTOR/mTORC2 complex enhances the response of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells to PI3K inhibition MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY Ruicci, K. M., Plantinga, P., Pinto, N., Khan, M. I., Stecho, W., Dhaliwal, S. S., Yoo, J., Fung, K., MacNeil, D., Mymryk, J. S., Barrett, J. W., Howlett, C. J., Nichols, A. C. 2019; 13 (10): 2160-2177
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is aberrantly activated in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) and plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis by driving Akt signaling, leading to cell survival and proliferation. Phosphorylation of Akt Thr308 by PI3K-PDK1 and Akt Ser473 by mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) activates Akt. Targeted inhibition of PI3K is a major area of preclinical and clinical investigation as it reduces Akt Thr308 phosphorylation, suppressing downstream mTORC1 activity. However, inhibition of mTORC1 releases feedback inhibition of mTORC2, resulting in a resurgence of Akt activation mediated by mTORC2. While the role of PI3K-activated Akt signaling is well established in HNSCC, the significance of mTORC2-driven Akt signaling has not been thoroughly examined. Here we explore the expression and function of mTORC2 and its obligate subunit RICTOR in HNSCC primary tumors and cell lines. We find RICTOR to be overexpressed in a subset of HNSCC tumors, including those with PIK3CA or EGFR gene amplifications. Whereas overexpression of RICTOR reduced susceptibility of HNSCC tumor cells to PI3K inhibition, genetic ablation of RICTOR using CRISPR/Cas9 sensitized cells to PI3K inhibition, as well as to EGFR inhibition and cisplatin treatment. Further, mTORC2 disruption led to reduced viability and colony forming abilities of HNSCC cells relative to their parental lines and induced loss of both activating Akt phosphorylation modifications (Thr308 and Ser473). Taken together, our findings establish RICTOR/mTORC2 as a critical oncogenic complex in HNSCC and rationalize the development of an mTORC2-specific inhibitor for use in HNSCC, either combined with agents already under investigation, or as an independent therapy.
View details for DOI 10.1002/1878-0261.12558
The dental arch dimensions in Vietnamese children at 7 years of age, and their variation by gender and ethnicity. Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research Dung, T. M., Nhu Ngoc, V. T., Khoi, T. D., Chu, D. T., Dung, D. T., Khue, L. N., Anh, L. Q., Nguyen, C. B., Khan, M. I., Gadbail, A. R., Gondivkar, S. M., Nga, V. T. 2019; 9 (3): 236-240
Dental arch dimensions are important not only in dentistry (e.g. orthodontists and prosthodontists, and forensic odontology), but also other medical fields, biology, biometrics, painting or sculpture. This study aimed to determine these dimensions in Vietnamese children and compare these measurements across four ethnic groups and genders.A cross-sectional study was conducted on 3204 Vietnamese children at 7 years of age from four major ethnic groups in Vietnam (Kinh, Tay, Thai and Muong).The means variables in study subjects were 33.72 ± 2.16 mm for upper inter-canine width (UCW); 52.74 ± 2.55 mm for upper inter-molar width (UMW); 8.69 ± 1.79 mm for upper anterior length (UAL); 29.59 ± 1.97 mm for upper posterior length (UPL); 26.94 ± 2.49 mm for lower inter-canine width (LCW); 45.89 ± 2.59 mm for lower inter-molar width (LMW); 5.04 ± 1.53 mm for lower anterior length (LAL); and 26.22 ± 2.07 mm for lower posterior length (LPL). The UCM, UMW, and LMW of Muong were significantly wider in males, but narrower in females compared with other ethnic groups. The Kinh, Tay and Thai groups had no significant differences between genders in all dimensions, but these sizes were significantly larger in males than females of Muong group.This study presents the means of dental arch dimensions in 7 year-old Vietnamese children, and there is no statistical differences in these dimensions between genders of almost studied groups, except Muong group. Ethnic differences are observed only in UCW, UMW and LMW of Muong vs other groups. Furthermore, Vietnamese children have dental arch width similar to the African and Caucasian.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jobcr.2019.06.004
Mutational analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma stratified by smoking status JCI INSIGHT Ghasemi, F., Prokopec, S. D., MacNeil, D., Mundi, N., Gameiro, S. F., Howlett, C., Stecho, W., Plantinga, P., Pinto, N., Ruicci, K. M., Khan, M., Yoo, J., Fung, K., Sahovaler, A., Palma, D. A., Winquist, E., Mymryk, J. S., Barrett, J. W., Boutros, P. C., Nichols, A. C. 2019; 4 (1)
Smoking has historically been recognized as a negative prognostic factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This study aimed to assess the mutational differences between heavy smokers (>20 pack years) and never smokers among the HNSCC patients within The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Single nucleotide variation and copy number aberration differences between heavy smokers and never smokers were compared within human papillomavirus-positive (HPV-positive) (n = 67) and HPV-negative (n = 431) TCGA cohorts with HNSCC, and the impact of these mutations on survival were assessed. No genes were differentially mutated between smoking and never-smoking patients with HPV-positive tumors. By contrast, in HPV-negative tumors, NSD1 and COL1A11 were found to be more frequently mutated in heavy smokers, while CASP8 was more frequently altered in never smokers. HPV-negative patients with NSD1 mutations experienced significantly improved overall survival compared with NSD1 WT patients. This improved prognosis was validated in an independent cohort of 77 oral cavity cancer patients and a meta-analysis that included 2 additional data sets (688 total patients, hazard ratio for death 0.44, 95% CI, 0.30-0.65). NSD1 mutations are more common in HPV-negative heavy smokers, define a cohort with favorable prognosis, and may represent a clinically useful biomarker to guide treatment deintensification for HPV-negative patients.
View details for DOI 10.1172/jci.insight.123443
ERK-TSC2 signalling in constitutively-active HRAS mutant HNSCC cells promotes resistance to PI3K inhibition ORAL ONCOLOGY Ruicci, K. M., Pinto, N., Khan, M. I., Yoo, J., Fung, K., MacNeil, D., Mymryk, J. S., Barrett, J. W., Nichols, A. C. 2018; 84: 95-103
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is frequently altered in head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC), making this pathway a logical therapeutic target. However, PI3K targeting is not universally effective. Biomarkers of response are needed to stratify patients likely to derive benefit and exclude those unlikely to respond.We examined the sensitivity of cell lines with constitutively-active (G12V mutant) HRAS and wild-type HRAS to PI3K inhibition using flow cytometry and cell viability assays. We then overexpressed and silenced HRAS and measured sensitivity to the PI3K inhibitor BYL719. Immunoblotting was used to determine activation of the PI3K pathway. MEK and mTOR inhibitors were then tested in HRAS mutant cells to determine their efficacy.HRAS mutant cell lines were non-responsive to PI3K inhibition. Overexpression of HRAS led to reduced susceptibility to PI3K inhibition, while knockdown improved sensitivity. Immunoblotting revealed suppressed AKT phosphorylation upon PI3K inhibition in both wild-type and HRAS mutant cell lines, however mutant lines maintained phosphorylation of S6, downstream of mTOR. Targeting mTOR effectively reduced viability of HRAS mutant cells and we subsequently examined the ERK-TSC2-mTOR cascade as a mediator of resistance to PI3K inhibition.HRAS mutant cells are resistant to PI3K inhibition and our findings suggest the involvement of a signalling intersection of the MAPK and PI3K pathways at the level of ERK-TSC2, leading to persistent mTOR activity. mTOR inhibition alone or in combination with MAPK pathway inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy for this subset of HNSCC tumors.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.07.010
Effect of Everolimus on Heterogenous Renal Cancer Cells Populations Including Renal Cancer Stem Cells. Stem cell reviews and reports Kornakiewicz, A., Czarnecka, A. M., Khan, M. I., Krasowski, P., Kotrys, A. V., Szczylik, C. 2018; 14 (3): 385-397
The aim of this study was to compare effect of everolimus on growth of different renal cell carcinoma (RCC) populations and develop experimental design to measure the early response of everolimus in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) cell lines including renal cancer stem cells. Effect of everolimus on RCC cell lines which include primary (786-0) and metastatic (ACHN) RCC cell lines as well as heterogenous populations of tumor cells of different histological RCC subtypes (clear cell RCC and papillary RCC) was measured when treated with everolimus in the range of 1-9 µM. Gene expression profiling using microarray was performed to determine the early response to everolimus in ccRCC cell lines after optimizing concentration of drug. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was done which mainly focused on basic genes related to mTOR, hormonal and metabolic pathways. Everolimus acts on RCC cells in a dose-dependent manner. In all examined cell lines IC50 dose was possible to calculate after the third day of treatment. In ccRCC lines (parental and stem cell) everolimus changes expression of mTOR complexes elements and elements of related pathways when treated with optimized doses of drug. Characteristic expression profile for ccRCC cells at an early exposure time to everolimus is to elucidate. Wevarie include some basic observations derived from data analysis in the context of mechanism of action of drug with a view to better understand biology of renal cancer cells.
Involvement of the CB2 cannabinoid receptor in cell growth inhibition and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest via the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 in renal cell carcinoma. BMC cancer Khan, M. I., Sobocińska, A. A., Brodaczewska, K. K., Zielniok, K., Gajewska, M., Kieda, C., Czarnecka, A. M., Szczylik, C. 2018; 18 (1): 583
The anti-tumor properties of cannabinoids have been investigated in many in vitro and in vivo studies. Many of these anti-tumor effects are mediated via cannabinoid receptor types 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), comprising the endocannabinoid system (ECS). In this study, we investigated the ECS based on CB 1 and CB 2 receptor gene and protein expression in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines. In view of their further use for potential treatments, we thus investigated the roles of CB1 and CB2 receptors in the anti-proliferative action and signal transduction triggered by synthetic cannabinoid agonists [such as JWH-133 and WIN 55,212-2 (WIN-55)] in RCC cell lines.Human RCC cell lines were used for this study. The CB 1 and CB 2 gene expression levels were analyzed using real-time PCR. Flow cytometric, immunocytochemical and western blot analyses were performed to confirm CB1 and CB2 receptor protein expression. The anti-proliferative effects of synthetic cannabinoids were investigated on cell viability assay. The CB1 and CB2 receptors were blocked pharmacologically with the antagonists SR141716A and AM-630, respectively, to investigate the effects of the agonists JWH-133 and WIN-55. Cell cycle, apoptosis and LDH-based cytotoxicity were analyzed on cannabinoid-treated RCC cells.The CB1 and CB2 genes expression was shown by real-time PCR and flow cytometric and western blot analysis indicating a higher level of CB2 receptor as compared to CB1 in RCC cells. Immunocytochemical staining also confirmed the expression of the CB1 and CB2 proteins. We also found that the synthetic cannabinoid agonist WIN-55 exerted anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects by inhibiting the growth of RCC cell lines, while the CB2 agonist JWH-133 did not. Pharmacologically blocking the CB1 and CB2 receptors with their respective antagonists SR141716A and AM-630, followed by the WIN-55 treatment of RCC cells allowed uncovering the involvement of CB2, which led to an arrest in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and apoptosis.This study elucidated the involvement of CB2 in the in vitro inhibition of RCC cells, and future applications of CB2 agonists in the prevention and management of RCC are discussed.
Effects of cell-cell crosstalk on gene expression patterns in a cell model of renal cell carcinoma lung metastasis. International journal of oncology Kaminska, K., Czarnecka, A. M., Khan, M. I., Fendler, W., Klemba, A., Krasowski, P., Bartnik, E., Szczylik, C. 2018; 52 (3): 768-786
The median survival rate of patients with metastatic renal carcinoma is approximately 10 to 12 months, with up to 50% of patients developing metastases in the lung parenchyma. The molecular basis for metastatic development remains unclear. In the present study, we used renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells and bronchial epithelial cells, representing metastasis target organ cells, conditioned medium and co-culture models to identify specific gene expression changes responsible for cancer cell viability in a metastatic microenvironment. RCC cell proliferation and migration increased when the culture was supplemented with conditioned medium from lung fibroblasts or pleural epithelial cells. Healthy epithelial cells were, in turn, also stimulated with conditioned medium from RCC cell lines. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), interleukin (IL)-6, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) signaling pathways were identified as deregulated upon cell‑cell interaction. Thus, cell-cell communication may contribute to the development of the metastatic niche. The identified deregulated signaling pathways may be considered as potential therapeutic targets in metastatic renal carcinoma.
View details for DOI 10.3892/ijo.2017.4234
Comparative Gene Expression Profiling of Primary and Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Stem Cell-Like Cancer Cells PLOS ONE Khan, M. I., Czarnecka, A. M., Lewicki, S., Helbrecht, I., Brodaczewska, K., Koch, I., Zdanowski, R., Krol, M., Szczylik, C. 2016; 11 (11): e0165718
Recent advancement in cancer research has shown that tumors are highly heterogeneous, and multiple phenotypically different cell populations are found in a single tumor. Cancer development and tumor growth are driven by specific types of cells-stem cell-like cancer cells (SCLCCs)-which are also responsible for metastatic spread and drug resistance. This research was designed to verify the presence of SCLCCs in renal cell cancer cell lines. Subsequently, we aimed to characterize phenotype and cell biology of CD105+ cells, defined previously as renal cell carcinoma tumor-initiating cells. The main goal of the project was to describe the gene-expression profile of stem cell-like cancer cells of primary tumor and metastatic origin.Real-time PCR analysis of stemness genes (Oct-4, Nanog and Ncam) and soft agar colony formation assay were conducted to check the stemness properties of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines. FACS analysis of CD105+ and CD133+ cells was performed on RCC cells. Isolated CD105+ cells were verified for expression of mesenchymal markers-CD24, CD146, CD90, CD73, CD44, CD11b, CD19, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR and alkaline phosphatase. Hanging drop assay was used to investigate CD105+ cell-cell cohesion. Analysis of free-floating 3D spheres formed by isolated CD105+ was verified, as spheres have been hypothesized to contain undifferentiated multipotent progenitor cells. Finally, CD105+ cells were sorted from primary (Caki-2) and metastatic (ACHN) renal cell cancer cell lines. Gene-expression profiling of sorted CD105+ cells was performed with Agilent's human GE 4x44K v2 microarrays. Differentially expressed genes were further categorized into canonical pathways. Network analysis and downstream analysis were performed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis.Metastatic RCC cell lines (ACHN and Caki-1) demonstrated higher colony-forming ability in comparison to primary RCC cell lines. Metastatic RCC cell lines harbor numerous CD105+ cell subpopulations and have higher expression of stemness genes (Oct-4 and Nanog). CD105+ cells adopt 3D grape-like floating structures under handing drop conditions. Sorted CD105+ cells are positive for human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers CD90, CD73, CD44, CD146, and alkaline phosphatase activity, but not for CD24 and hematopoietic lineage markers CD34, CD11b, CD19, CD45, and HLA-DR. 1411 genes are commonly differentially expressed in CD105+ cells (both from primary [Caki-2] and metastatic RCC [ACHN] cells) in comparison to a healthy kidney epithelial cell line (ASE-5063). TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenine, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), Rap1 signaling, PI3K-Akt signaling, and Hippo signaling pathway are deregulated in CD105+ cells. TGFB1, ERBB2, and TNF are the most significant transcriptional regulators activated in these cells.All together, RCC-CD105+ cells present stemlike properties. These stem cell-like cancer cells may represent a novel target for therapy. A unique gene-expression profile of CD105+ cells could be used as initial data for subsequent functional studies and drug design.
Gene set enrichment analysis and ingenuity pathway analysis of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma cell line AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-RENAL PHYSIOLOGY Khan, M. I., Debski, K. J., Dabrowski, M., Czarnecka, A. M., Szczylik, C. 2016; 311 (2): F424-F436
In recent years, genome-wide RNA expression analysis has become a routine tool that offers a great opportunity to study and understand the key role of genes that contribute to carcinogenesis. Various microarray platforms and statistical approaches can be used to identify genes that might serve as prognostic biomarkers and be developed as antitumor therapies in the future. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is a serious, life-threatening disease, and there are few treatment options for patients. In this study, we performed one-color microarray gene expression (4×44K) analysis of the mRCC cell line Caki-1 and the healthy kidney cell line ASE-5063. A total of 1,921 genes were differentially expressed in the Caki-1 cell line (1,023 upregulated and 898 downregulated). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) approaches were used to analyze the differential-expression data. The objective of this research was to identify complex biological changes that occur during metastatic development using Caki-1 as a model mRCC cell line. Our data suggest that there are multiple deregulated pathways associated with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC), including integrin-linked kinase (ILK) signaling, leukocyte extravasation signaling, IGF-I signaling, CXCR4 signaling, and phosphoinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. The IPA upstream analysis predicted top transcriptional regulators that are either activated or inhibited, such as estrogen receptors, TP53, KDM5B, SPDEF, and CDKN1A. The GSEA approach was used to further confirm enriched pathway data following IPA.
View details for DOI 10.1152/ajprenal.00138.2016
The Therapeutic Aspects of the Endocannabinoid System (ECS) for Cancer and their Development: From Nature to Laboratory CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN Khan, M. I., Sobocinska, A. A., Czarnecka, A. M., Krol, M., Botta, B., Szczylik, C. 2016; 22 (12): 1756-1766
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a group of neuromodulatory lipids and their receptors, which are widely distributed in mammalian tissues. ECS regulates various cardiovascular, nervous, and immune system functions inside cells. In recent years, there has been a growing body of evidence for the use of synthetic and natural cannabinoids as potential anticancer agents. For instance, the CB1 and CB2 receptors are assumed to play an important role inside the endocannabinoid system. These receptors are abundantly expressed in the brain and fatty tissue of the human body. Despite recent developments in molecular biology, there is still a lack of knowledge about the distribution of CB1 and CB2 receptors in the human kidney and their role in kidney cancer. To address this gap, we explore and demonstrate the role of the endocannabinoid system in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In this brief overview, we elucidate the therapeutic aspects of the endocannabinoid system for various cancers and explain how this system can be used for treating kidney cancer. Overall, this review provides new insights into cannabinoids' mechanisms of action in both in vivo and in vitro models, and focuses on recent discoveries in the field.
View details for DOI 10.2174/1381612822666151211094901
Renal cell cancer tumor initiating cells as molecular regulators of disease progression Czarnecka, A. M., Khan, M. I., Bielecka, Z. F., Matak, D., Brodaczewska, K. K., Kornakiewicz, A., Szczylik, C. OXFORD UNIV PRESS. 2015: 6
Current approaches in identification and isolation of human renal cell carcinoma cancer stem cells STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY Khan, M. I., Czarnecka, A. M., Helbrecht, I., Bartnik, E., Lian, F., Szczylik, C. 2015; 6: 178
In recent years, cancer stem cells (CSCs)/tumor initiating cells (TICs) have been identified inside different tumors. However, currently used anti-cancer therapies are mostly directed against somatic tumor cells without targeting CSCs/TICs. CSCs/TICs also gain resistance to chemotherapies/radiotherapies. For the development of efficient treatment strategies, choosing the best method for isolation and characterization of CSCs/TICs is still debated among the scientific community. In this review, we summarize recent data concerning isolation techniques for CSCs using magnetic cell sorting and flow cytometry. The review focuses on the strategies for sample preparation during flow cytometric analysis, elaborating biomarkers such as CXCR4, CD105, and CD133. In addition, functional properties characteristic of CSCs/TICs using side population selection through Hoechst 33342 dye, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, dye-cycle violet, and rhodamine 123 are also discussed. We also include a special focus on enriching CSCs/TICs using three-dimensional cell culture models such as agarose-agarose microbeads and sphere formation.
View details for DOI 10.1186/s13287-015-0177-z
Gene expression profiling of Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) derived from primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma Khan, M. I., Czarnecka, A. M., Krol, M., Helbrecht, I., Sobocinska, A., Koch, I., Lewicki, S., Zdanowski, R., Szczylik, C. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2015: 373
Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in breast and renal cancer: Current state and future approaches INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY Khan, M. I., Bielecka, Z. F., Najm, M. Z., Bartnik, E., Czarnecki, J. S., Czarnecka, A. M., Szczylik, C. 2014; 44 (2): 349-363
Cancer is a major health problem and cause of death worldwide that accounted for 7.6 million deaths in 2008, which is projected to continue rising with an estimated 13.1 million deaths in 2030 according to WHO. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-based death among women around the world and its incidence is increasing annually with a similar tendency. In contrast, renal cell carcinoma accounts for only 3% of total human malignancies but it is still the most common type of urological cancer with a high prevalence in elderly men (>60 years of age). There are several factors linked with the development of renal cell cancer only, while others are connected only with breast cancer. Genetic risk factors and smoking are the factors which contribute to carcinogenesis in general. Some evidence exists indicating that vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms are associated with both breast and renal cancer; therefore, we put forward the hypothesis that polymorphisms in the VDR gene may influence both the occurrence risks of these cancers and their prognosis. However, the relationship between VDR polymorphisms and these two specific cancers remains a controversial hypothesis, and consequently needs further confirmation via clinical research together with genetic investigations. Here, we aimed to assess the correlation between the different alleles of VDR gene polymorphisms and renal cell cancer and breast cancer risks separately through a systematic review of the present literature. In contrast, this analysis has revealed that some VDR gene polymorphisms, such as: Bsm1, poly(A), Taq1, Apa1, are to some extent associated with breast cancer risk. Other polymorphisms were found to be significantly associated with renal cell cancer. Namely, they were Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1 and Apa1, which encode proteins participating mainly in proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. However, data concerning renal cancer are not sufficient to firmly establish the VDR gene polymorphism association.
The regulation of clear cell renal cancer cells proliferation and tyrosine kinase inhibitors responsiveness by tumor micro-environmental factors. Czarnecka, A., Solarek, W., Matak, D., Khan, M., Kornakiewicz, A., Szymanski, L., Czarnecka, K., Lewicki, S., Zdanowski, R., Szczylik, C. AMER SOC CLINICAL ONCOLOGY. 2014
View details for DOI 10.1200/jco.2014.32.4_suppl.488
Metastasis-Initiating Cells in Renal Cancer CURRENT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION THERAPY Khan, M. I., Czarnecka, A. M., Duchnowska, R., Kukwa, W., Szczylik, C. 2013; 8 (3): 240-246
Metastasis is a complex process that propagates cells from the primary or initial site of the cancer occurrence to distant parts of the body. Cancer cells break from the cancer site and circulate through the bloodstream or lymph vessels, allowing them to reach nearly all parts of the body. These circulating tumour cells (CTCs) contain specialized metastasis-initiating cells (MICs) that reside in the biological heterogeneous primary tumour. Researchers have hypothesized that metastasis of renal cell carcinoma is initiated by circulation of MICs in patients' blood and bone marrow. Based on the cancer stem/progenitor cell concept of carcinogenesis, understanding the molecular phenotypes of metastasis-initiating cells (MICs) in renal cancer could play a vital role in developing strategies for therapeutic interventions in renal cancer. Existence of MICs among CTCs in renal carcinoma has not been proven in large scale. However, some studies have reported that specialized markers are found on the surface of circulating cells from the primary tumour. In mice, MICs have been isolated from CTCs using such markers, which have then been transplanted into xenograft model to show whether they give rise to metastasis in different organs. Considering these findings, in this review we have attempted to summarize the studies connected with MICs and their gene expression profiles that are responsible for metastasis in renal cancer.
Hypoxia response regulates clear cell renal cell carcinoma tumor initiating cells Czarnecka, A. M., Matak, D., Solarek, W., Khan, M. I., Szczylik, C. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2013: 12


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Texas Transportation Institute Teams with INRIX
College Station, Texas and Kirkland, Wash. – January 11, 2010 – The Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) announced today it has selected INRIX® as the exclusive private provider of traffic information for the 2010 Urban Mobility Report. TTI's 2010 Urban Mobility Report will be the most comprehensive look yet at the nation's traffic problems, incorporating more roads, more communities, and more up-to-date congestion information thanks to a new partnership between TTI and INRIX, the leading provider of traffic information and navigation services in North America.
"The new data will give us a better understanding of the congestion problems faced by America's commuters and freight shippers and help decision makers at all levels of government identify the solutions that meet their needs," said study co-author Tim Lomax.
TTI's partnership with INRIX will significantly improve the report's traffic congestion analysis for urban areas across the country in several ways:
• Increase the detailed dataset analysis from 90 cities to 100 cities. INRIX uniquely "crowd-sources" traffic information from more than 1.5 million GPS-enabled vehicles and mobile devices to reliably deliver real-time and historical traffic conditions for every major U.S. metropolitan area
• Provide congestion data analysis for 2009 nearly a year faster than previous reports. Since INRIX will provide TTI with its calendar year 2009 traffic data early in 2010, TTI can focus its research efforts on analysis rather than time-consuming process of reviewing information from many sources.
"TTI is nationally recognized as the traffic congestion research resource that government and business depend upon," said Bryan Mistele, president and CEO, INRIX. "As the Urban Mobility study enters its 20th year, we are excited to team with TTI and provide them with the data and technologies they need to analyze and report on our nation's traffic problems."
TTI's 2010 Urban Mobility Report, the 20th edition of the report since its inception in 1984, will combine INRIX real-time flow and historical data with public agency sources to produce congestion trends from 1982 to 2009. The report is expected to be released around Labor Day, 2010.
The report provides key stakeholders in transportation across the government, business and public sectors with an unrivaled source of information on congestion problems and trends for the nation's roadways. The report has evolved over the years, with several methodology and data changes, but with a consistent focus on providing technical information in an easily understood format. Study co-authors David Schrank and Tim Lomax will be joined by Senior Research Engineer Shawn Turner, an expert in the field of traffic data collection and leader of the data improvement activities.
About Texas Transportation Institute
Since 1950, the Texas Transportation Institute has sought solutions to the problems and challenges facing all modes of transportation — surface, air, pipeline, water and rail.
A member of The Texas A&M University System, the Institute annually works with nearly 200 sponsors at all levels of government and the private sector. TTI is the largest participant in the Texas Department of Transportation research program. Recognized as one of the finest higher education-affiliated transportation research agencies in the nation, TTI has made research breakthroughs across all facets of modern transportation. Virtually every mile of roadway in Texas has benefitted from TTI research.
With headquarters on the Texas A&M University campus in College Station, TTI maintains a full-service safety proving grounds facility and erosion control laboratory in Bryan, and has offices in Arlington, Austin, Dallas, El Paso, Galveston, Houston and San Antonio. At any one time, TTI has research projects in about 30 U.S. states and 20 foreign countries.
More information about the Urban Mobility Report can be found at https://mobility.tamu.edu
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