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Home > Journal Archive > Growth of Platinum Reforming in Western Europe
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Read more of Vol 6 Issue 3
Platinum Metals Rev., 1962, 6, (3), 86
Growth of Platinum Reforming in Western Europe
Meeting The Demand for High-Octane Fuels and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
By B. M. Glover, B.Sc.
Industrial Division, Johnson Matthey & Co Limited
In terms of demand for petroleum products Europe differs from America in one vital respect. Consumption of fuel oil is very high, whereas American industry has available large supplies of natural gas; the refiner in the U.S.A. can therefore produce high quality fuels partly by catalytic cracking of heavy distillates, but his European counterpart has no such opportunity and must rely to a much greater extent on catalytic reforming processes to produce high quality fuels from straight-run naphthas.
Again, while demand for high-octane gasolines has increased significantly, the growth in demand for aromatic hydrocarbons in Western Europe has been phenomenal. Until fairly recently the coal industry in Europe was able to meet this demand, but this situation has changed materially and it has become an obvious move on the part of oil refiners to install capacity for the separation of benzene and other aromatics from platinum reformates by fractional or extractive distillation.
Today something between 30 and 40 per cent of the organic chemicals produced in Western Europe are derived from petroleum and the proportion is increasing rapidly.
By the beginning of the present year the number of platinum reforming plants in Western Europe had grown to sixty-three, with a capacity of 27.4 million metric tons per year. In fact nearly two-thirds of existing Western European oil refineries have a catalytic reforming unit in operation. These reforming plants are located in every country of Europe with the exception of Luxembourg, Portugal and Yugoslavia, and in the latter two countries active planning is under way for their construction. There are twenty-two in Italy, sixteen in Western Germany, nine in France and eight in the United Kingdom. In the next three years some existing plants are to be extended and at least ten new refineries with platinum reforming units will go on stream; total reforming capacity will then have increased to at least 36 million metric tons per year.
This situation of reliance upon platinum reforming processes has come about in the space of only thirteen years since the introduction by Universal Oil Products Co in 1949 of the Platforming process—a catalytic process employing a platinum catalyst. Prior to this date catalytic reforming had certainly been used to a small extent to provide improved automobile and aviation fuels for wartime purposes, but the shortcomings of the catalysts employed and the complexity of their regeneration had ruled out the process in terms of peacetime economics.
The Platforming process, then, marked the beginning of a distinct phase, and although the first installation was not followed by others until more than a year later, the feasibility of this new route to both high-octane fuels and aromatic chemicals had been clearly established and it was not long before other oil companies and research organisations began to develop broadly similar processes.
Construction of new petroleum refineries in Western Europe is proceeding at a vigorous pace. In most cases the new plants include a platinum reforming unit producing high-octane fuels and high purity aromatic hydrocarbons. The illustration shows the Universal Oil Products Platforming unit at the refinery of Condor Socicta per l'Industria Petrolifina e Chemica at Rho, Italy.
There followed rapidly, principally in the United States, a major growth in the utilisation of platinum reforming, with a very considerable usage of platinum in the form of a catalyst dispersed on an alumina support generally in the form of small pellets.
This growth reached a peak in terms of new plant construction around the year 1957, after which the building of new reforming facilities tended to slow down and to run parallel with the growth of general refining capacity.
Platinum reforming processes spread to Europe in the early fifties, but initially progress was much slower than in the United States. Today, however, and for the reasons already outlined, a very different situation exists, and the European scene presents a most active picture of platinum reforming as a means of meeting the rapidly growing demand for both high-octane fuels and petrochemical intermediates.
Catalytic reforming processes are basically continuous high temperature, high pressure processes carried out in an atmosphere of hydrogen. Generally a series of reactors is employed—usually three in number—although with some regenerative types of process an additional or "swing" reactor is installed, to be brought into play during regeneration of the catalyst in any one reactor.
The importance of catalysts to petroleum reforming lies in their highly specific ability to convert the various components present in low-octane petroleum naphthas to branched-chain and aromatic compounds of high-octane numbers. Catalysts for these processes consist of platinum on an alumina support, the latter also playing an important role in the various chemical processes taking place and aromatising long-chain saturated paraffins. The percentage of platinum is usually of the order of 0.2 to 0.75, while a small but critical amount of a halogen is also incorporated in the base to maintain the correct balance between the conversion of paraffins by dehydrocyclisation, hydro-cracking and isomerisation. From time to time improved platinum catalysts have been introduced to provide greater selectivity and longer life, particularly in view of the greater severity of operation imposed on refiners by increasing demands for higher octane ratings.
One of the three Platforming units at the Gelsenberg Benzin AG refinery at Gelsenkirchen, West Germany. In addition to high-octane motor fuel, high purity benzene is produced by separation from the reformate in a UOP Udex unit.
Platforming, now widely employed in most refineries—it accounts for 50 per cent of installed capacity of all reforming processes throughout the world—is a fixed-bed process operating at temperatures around 550°C and pressures up to 700 lb per square inch. It yields, as do other platinum reforming processes, large quantities of hydrogen which are employed either in other refining operations or for ammonia synthesis, and is able to produce a range of aromatics which may be separated from each other and from unchanged feed stock by fractional or extractive distillation.
Other platinum reforming processes employing an alumina-base catalyst impregnated with platinum and one or more halogens include Ultraforming, a process developed by the Standard Oil Company of Indiana, which is a regenerative process (that is, the catalyst is frequently regenerated in situ), and Powerforming, developed by Esso Research and Engineering, also a regenerative process using a catalyst developed by the Davison Chemical Company. Houdriforming (Houdry Process Corporation), Sinclair-Baker Reforming (Sinclair Oil Company) and Catalytic Reforming (Humble Oil and Refining Company) are again processes yielding high-octane reformates and capable of being operated to produce aromatic chemicals as well as motor and aviation fuels.
Penex-Platforming (U.O.P.), Pentafining (Atlantic Refining) and the Butamer Process (U.O.P.) all employ platinum catalysts either to produce aromatic compounds from paraffins or to isomerise straight-chain paraffins to their branched-chain isomers.
The original distinction between regenerative and non-regenerative operations with platinum catalysts requires some explanatory comment. In the Platforming process the catalyst operates over long periods without regeneration, so that for the original relatively mild operations up to about 92-93 clear octane number of product in situ regeneration was not needed or justified. For more severe operations, especially with the Middle East naphthas of low naphthene content, occasional regeneration in situ, two to four times per year depending on operating conditions and severity, is employed as being more economical than higher hydrogen circulation and a larger lock-up of platinum catalyst. Other platinum-reforming processes vary in frequency of in situ regeneration, depending on the composition of the catalyst and the operating conditions employed. Since most European operations today demand very high severity—98 to 100 clear octane number product—and use Middle East naphtha, intermittent in situ regeneration is now generally installed, although in some cases swing reactors are employed.
Apart from their use in upgrading gasoline, the major aromatic hydrocarbons produced in the platinum reforming processes—benzene, toluene and the xylenes—are widely used as solvents and as intermediates in the organic chemical industry. High purity benzene can readily be converted to cyclohexane, or to ethylbenzene for the further production of styrene. Toluene may possibly continue to be produced in excess of demand, but can be converted to benzene by hydrodealkylation; the future of the xylenes, however, could be very large, mainly for the production of terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid and phthalic anhydrine from para-, meta- and ortho-xylene respectively. The production of naphthalene from reformates by hydrodealkylation of heavy fractions—already in commercial operation in the United States—also presents considerable possibilities. In the light of steadily increasing European demand for plastics, synthetic fibres, synthetic rubbers, detergents, insecticides and lubricant additives the prospects of an enormous growth in the production of aromatic intermediates from petroleum sources are obvious.
In 1953 catalyst manufacturing facilities were set up in the United Kingdom by Universal-Matthey Products, an associated company of Universal Oil Products and Johnson Matthey, to meet the demand from European licensees of the Platforming process. The growth of this process led in 1959 to the construction of additional manufacturing plant in Cologne by a new subsidiary company, Universal-Matthey Products (Deutschland), to provide a source of supply nearer to continental refineries. Platinum reforming catalysts for other processes have also been made available from Kali-Chemie in West Germany and from the Ketjen organisation in Holland.
Production of platinum-on-alumina catalyst for European licensees of the Platforming process was begun in England in 1953 by Universal-Matthey Products Ltd. Local demand has been met by the construction of this new plant in Cologne, operated by Universal-Matthey Products (Deutschland) GmbH.
The Powerforming process, a catalytic reforming operation using a platinum-on-alutnina catalyst developed by the Davison Chemical Co, is employed in this section of the Esso Nederland refinery near Rotterdam. A large new plant is planned on the same site to produce benzene, toluene and xylenes from the reformates.
One major feature of European development in the use of platinum-reforming processes has been the entry, either alone or jointly with existing chemical producers, of oil companies into the production of organic chemicals as a distinct but allied activity to petroleum refining. For example, British Petroleum and California Chemical have announced plans to build an aromatics plant at the B.P. refinery in Kent, while another aromatics plant is planned by B.P. Benzin und Petroleum at Dinslaken in West Germany to operate on feed stock from the adjoining B.P. refinery. Esso Nederland is building a major plant on the site of its refinery at Botlek near Rotterdam for the same purpose, and the new Shell refinery at Godorf is linked by pipe-line to a petrochemical plant jointly owned by Shell and Badische Anilin. New aromatics plants are also to be built near the Mobil Chemica Italiana refinery at Naples and at the Esso refinery at Fawley, near Southampton.
The construction of a number of transcontinental pipelines for the transportation of crude oil has also given impetus to the petrochemical industry in general. Refineries can be, and in fact are being, sited inland in relation to their consuming industries while the prospect of the eventual removal of tariffs in the European Common Market has also led to an increasing number of refinery projects, for instance, along the Franco-German border. In fact more than half of all new refining capacity at present being planned or built in Europe is located at inland centres. In addition to the refineries in the Ruhr area, served already by two pipelines from Rotterdam and Wilhelmshaven respectively, five new plants will be constructed near Karlsruhe and Strasbourg close to the main terminals of the new pipeline from Lavera, near Marseilles, to be opened in January of next year, while a Swiss refinery at Aigle will receive crude oil by pipeline from Genoa.
Typical of some recent installations are the first major petroleum refinery to be built in Austria—the Oesterreichische Mineralvelver-waltungs A.G. plant at Schwechat near Vienna —with a 250,000 tons per year Platformer; the new B.P. refinery at Dinslaken in the Ruhr with a high severity Platformer of 500,000 tons annual capacity, from which a proportion of the aromatics are passed to Erdoelchemie at Dormagen to be steam-cracked and used as petrochemical raw materials; the Esso-Rotterdam refinery which includes a Powerformer, and the Shell refinery at Godorf near Cologne with a Platformer. At the Gelsenberg Benzin refinery at Gelsenkirchen-Horst a third Platforming unit has been put on stream, together with a U.O.P. Udex unit for the separation of high purity benzene from the reformate.
The general trend to be discerned in this vigorously growing European industry is towards flexibility of refinery operation—the possibility to produce high-purity aromatics according to market needs while still satisfying the increasing demand for automobile fuels of higher octane ratings. Platinum reforming processes constitute one of the most versatile tools available to the refiner, and by their more severe operation, by the development of improved platinum catalysts and by continual modification and improvement of the processes by the licensors will obviously go on playing a key role in the overall economics of European petroleum refining.


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Thursday, February 14, is Teleport Inauguration Day in Qatar, celebrating the opening of the new Es'hailSat teleport and the official opening of Es'hail-2, which carries the first geostationary Amateur Radio payload, a German P4A package. Es'hail-2 launched last November from Cape Canaveral. The two Amateur Radio transponders onboard what's now known as Qatar OSCAR 100 (QO-100) also will be made available on February 14 for general operation by radio amateurs within QO-100's footprint. Emceeing the opening ceremony will be Qatar's former Deputy Prime Minister Abdullah bin Hamad al-Attiya, A71AU, who chairs the Qatar Amateur Radio Society (QARS) and is a satellite patron.
A delegation from Germany — AMSAT-DL President Peter Guelzow, DB2OS; Achim Vollhardt, DH2VA, and Thomas Kleffel, DG5NGI, of the P4A team — will be in Qatar to set up and commission the ground segment of P4A at the QO-100 ground station. In addition to LEILA and the DVB-S2 DATV system, this also includes a club station, which will operate under the auspices of QARS as A71A. A backup station is installed at QARS headquarters in Doha.
An AMSAT-DL ground station at the Bochum Observatory in Germany is also ready for reception and transmission via QO-100, with later radio operation via the satellite carried out using the call sign DL50AMSAT. AMSAT-DL has requested that radio amateurs refrain from attempts to transmit via the new satellite until commissioning is complete.
On opening day, a video of Es'hail-2 will be transmitted in an endless loop in DVB-S2 format on the DATV beacon of the wideband transponder. Beacons will be transmitted via the narrowband transponder.
The satellite transponder offers a 250-kHz passband for modes such as SSB, FreeDV, CW, RTTY, and other modes, plus an 8-MHz wideband downlink for digital amateur TV (DATV) modes. Downlink frequencies are at 10 GHz. The uplink frequency is at 2.4 GHz.
Stations located outside of the QO-100 footprint or lacking 10 GHz receive capability can monitor the proceeding using online WebSDR resources. In cooperation with AMSAT-DL, the British Amateur Television Club (BATC) will operate a WebSDR for the narrowband segment, and a spectrum viewer for the wideband (DATV) segment. The Goonhilly Earth Station is supporting the project, providing hosting at the facility in Cornwall, United Kingdom. The IS0GRB Es'Hail-2 SAT 26E WebSDR receiver on Sardinia Island, Italy, can be accessed too.


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« Drive-by Disney "Spirit & Support" event with Antioch PD to benefit Antioch community Saturday night
2021 Contra Costa County Fair canceled »
Contra Costa Supervisors appoint Monica Nino new county administrator amid labor leaders' protests
Vaccine on the way to county; Mitchoff calls for tougher COVID fines
Newly appointed Contra Costa County Administrator, Monica Nino. Photo: San Joaquin County
By Daniel Borsuk
Against protests from labor organization leaders, Contra Costa County Board of Supervisors voted 5-0 to appoint San Joaquin County Administrator Monica Nino to become the new county administrator, replacing David Twa, who is retiring after holding the powerful position since 2007.
Nino, who topped 47 other candidates for the post, will start her new position on Jan. 4. She was given a five-year contract and will be paid $372,000 a year.
Before supervisors put their stamp of approval on an executive search firm's selection, they got an earful of complaints from labor leaders that Ms. Nino's labor track record in San Joaquin County, where she has overseen 7,500 employees in 26 departments and a $1.9 billion budget, since 2013 had them concerned.
When she takes over the reins in Contra Costa County, Nino will oversee a $3.6 billion operating budget for 7,500 employees and 28 departments and a regional hospital.
"Ms. Nino is a known union buster in San Joaquin County," said labor representative John Rowe, who was one of more than 10 labor representatives blasting the supervisors for their selection of Nino. "This person has opposed the union movement."
"You'll get inaccurate information from Ms. Nino," warned Lisa Harlow of the Contra Costa County Service Employees International Union (SEIU) clerks union, whose members, she said, earn 20 percent less than most other Bay Area county unionized clerks.
Even with the poor reviews from labor representatives, Nino received favorable endorsements from the five Contra Costa County supervisors and San Joaquin County Board of Supervisors Chair Kathy Miller, who said, "She has really set a very high standard for bringing in folks with experience and new ideas and she worked "very hard alongside the Board injecting the 21st century into the county as an organization. She is leaving the county in a very good position."
County Administrator Twa recommended Nino based on his work with her on state association projects. "She is very professional and very engaged," he said of Nino, who would be the first woman and Hispanic to hold the county's post in its 177-year history.
"She'll do an excellent job," Contra Costa County Board of Supervisors Chair Candace Andersen said. "We need to be held accountable. You cannot compare us to San Joaquin County. There's going to be some significant changes."
"I am very dissatisfied in our labor partners. Nothing was done in secrecy," said Supervisor Karen Mitchoff of Pleasant Hill. "There's no rush to judgement."
In a related matter, supervisors approved a three-month contract extension with Twa during the January through March transition period to assist Nino settle into her new job. The board approved a contract extension with him, as well as a Position Adjustment Resolution creating a second county administrator position, to provide for the transition during the three months, at a cost of $95,000.
"I always had a goal to be either in the Bay Area or Southern California with a bigger urban county," said Nino after the supervisors' vote. "It was a goal from the time I was in Stanislaus, so I am very complimented that the Board considered me."
Prior to her position in San Joaquin County, Nino was employed in Stanislaus County in various leadership positions from 1988 to 2013, and appointed to Chief Executive Officer in 2011. She has a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting and a Master's degree in Public Administration. According to her bio, Nino values "making a difference in the community, offering greater transparency within and outside the organization by ensuring local government, community, and public services are delivered efficiently and effectively."
"I thank the Contra Costa Board of Supervisors and look forward to working with them, the employees and the residents of the county," Nino said. "I look forward to working to address the opportunities and challenges for the next, several years."
"I'm very excited," she added.
Mitchoff Wants Tougher COVID Fines
An adamant Supervisor Mitchoff proposed the county look into raising code enforcement fines because there are an increasing number of businesses defying the public health shut down orders over concerns that the orders will financially shutter their businesses.
"Code enforcement and the police will have to do something different If these business owners want to illegally stay open and spread COVID. They will have to pay higher fines," said Mitchoff.
Mitchoff's request should be calendared for public hearing at next week's board meeting, the final meeting of 2020.
Currently, businesses violating county public health ordinances are subject to a first fine of $250. A second fine costs $500 and a third fine costs $1,000.
"I'd like to see $10,000, $15,000 and $20,000 fines," Mitchoff said. "We have to do something different. If these businesses want to stay open and to spread COVID, they have to pay the price."
No one from the business community spoke out either in favor or in opposition to Mitchoff's proposal, but there are an increasing number of businesses, especially restaurants and personal care – gyms and hair salons and barbershops – that are defying health code orders willing to pay the low fines in order to stay in business.
COVID-19 Vaccine on the Way
With more than 2,000 COVID-19 deaths a day nationwide, Contra Costa Health Director Dr. Chris Farnitano informed supervisors said that the countywide COVID-19 positivity rate will soon be at 11 percent to 12 percent, but hope is around the corner with the delivery of a vaccine as early as next week.
Dr. Farnitano said the county could receive less than 10,000 doses of the vaccine next week. High risk health care workers will receive the vaccine, he said. "Our health department has a vaccine branch working with local hospitals."
It will be late winter or early spring before the vaccine will become widely available for the general public, he said.
"In the meantime, hunker down and get through this winter. Stay home. Stay safe. Wear a mask," Farnitano added.
Saranap Area General Plan Approved
Supervisors approved, with no public comment, the Saranap Area General Plan. With the proposed Saranap Village mixed used project near downtown Walnut Creek that consists of 235 multifamily residential units, 30,000 square feet of street level restaurant, retail, and off space parking located in four buildings. The plan also calls for revised, improved on-road bicycle lanes, trails, and signage along Boulevard Way.
Allen Payton contributed to this report.
This entry was posted on Wednesday, December 9th, 2020 at 5:26 pm and is filed under News, Contra Costa County, Government, Supervisors. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


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Tommy Davidson's exceptional range – from stand-up comedy and acting to versatile music accomplishments – have earned him a reputation as an extraordinary performer. Best known as one of the stars of the hit television show In Living Color, his visibility has allowed him to become a household name known for his innovative talent. Tommy's film debut started opposite Halle Berry in Strictly Business. A range of feature film roles from Spike Lee's Bamboozled, where he received acclaim and praise for his turn as "Womack/Sleep 'N Eats," to Juwanna Mann (Morgan Creek) and the pivotal cameo in Jim Carrey's Ace Ventura II: When Nature Calls, followed. He starred in the 2017 landmark, award-winning documentary, I Am Comic, opposite Tim Allen, Lewis Black and in the feature doc, Dying Laughing (2018), alongside Jamie Foxx, Kevin Hart, Amy Schumer and Sarah Silverman.
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Why Assembly approved Sanwo-Olu's N85bn bond request – Lawmaker
The Lagos State House of Assembly has explained why it approved Governor Babajide Sanwo-Olu's request of N85bn special dispensation for bond redemption and for bridge loan.
The Chairman of the House Committee on Finance, Mr Rotimi Olowo, in a statement on Tuesday said the request by Sanwo-Olu would ensure continuation of capital projects in the state.
He said, "Based on briefing and documents received, the redemption of bonds will allow for extension of maturity of the same with a two years moratorium in 2031."
Olowo noted that the request from Sanwo-Olu was "an approval of bond for a bridge loan which will allow the state to access the bond market, while the second aspect is a loan from a commercial bank at the interest rate of 9.25."
"What it means is that, in the next two years, after securing the bond, we will not pay any money. We will not pay the interest and the capital; it will be like a tax holiday. It will relieve the state of the burden of sourcing for money to pay the creditors.
"When you look at our Consolidation Debt Service Account, we have about N22bn and we are talking N101.2bn in the next two or three years. It will amount to a lot of pressure on our debt obligation. So, what we thought is necessary is that we should quickly access the bond market so that we can get it at cheaper rate and it will be for 10 years with two years moratorium," he added.
Road projects created jobs for 380 persons, says Sanwo-Olu
Pictorial: 17-year-old Lagos one-day gov presides over council meeting
We'll ensure quality learning, teaching in schools – Sanwo-Olu
Why we cannot ignore water transportation – Sanwo-Olu
Lagos to construct monument in memory of ex-Gov Lateef Jakande
We're committed to safety of teachers, students – Sanwo-Olu


TOEI Animation Fathom Events brings Digital World to the special screen for one evening by FAVOR at DIGIMONPRODUCTION tri.: Colli.
TOEI Fathom and animated events will bring Digital World to the big screen for one special evening at DIGIMON ADVENTURE Three: Future, featuring all of your favorite Digimon and specialinterview with actor crew! In this finale DigiDestinedsuffered; Friends are losing, there is a new threat from the mysterious and new Digimon, and the real world is threatening to swallow its Digital World. DigiDestined must stand together to save our friends and our world.


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A simple vocabulary for generic start times, end times, start date-times, end date-times, and duration.
This vocabulary contains five datatype-properties for start time and end time (with range xsd:time), start date-times and end date-times (with range xsd:dateTime), and duration (with range xsd:duration).
Any value of these properties should be asserted to have the corresponding datatype, and should abide by the syntax for that datatype.
With the exception of duration, it is highly preferable (but not necessary) for times and date-times to have a specified timezone. Timezones are not necessary for duration.
If you want to specify a simple start date and end date, please use start date-times and end date-times with the time T00:00:00, preferably adding a suitable time-zone.
Currently, the xsd:duration range of nocal:duration is not formalised by the vocabulary. This will be added shortly.
duration – The duration of time over which something extends.
end date-time – The date-time when something ends.
The range of this property is xsd:dateTime. Preferably (but not necessarily) a timezone should be specified.
end time – The time at which somthing ends.
The range of this property is xsd:time. Preferably (but not necessarily) a timezone should be specified.
start date-time – The date-time at which something starts.
start time – The time at which something starts.


The first UWE Business Leaders' Summit, included guest presentations from UWE Bristol Professor Dylan Jones-Evans OBE and Warwick Business School Professor Stephen Roper and a participative discussion with an expert panel regarding the ways organisations can work with UWE and how UWE can meet business needs and create opportunities for organisations.
The Distinguished Executive Address with Rupert Soames OBE, CEO of Aggreko Plc, followed this session.
This event was part of the ESRC-funded ABLE Project.
Dylan is Professor of Entrepreneurship and Strategy at UWE Bristol. His main research interests are the development of world-class small firms, enterprise education for SMEs, the study of fast growth entrepreneurial businesses, and increasing linkages between academia and industry.
Stephen is Professor of Enterprise at Warwick Business School and Director of the Enterprise Research Centre.
He joined Warwick in 2008 having previously been Professor of Business Innovation at Aston Business School, Birmingham. His research interests include small business development and policy, innovation and regional development.
This event took place on Wednesday 20 November 2013 at Bristol City Hall.


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Photo of Tesla store by Zach Shahan/CleanTechnica.
Supporting EV Direct Sales, Or: "Let Drivers Buy Clean Cars!"
By Kathy Harris
As the future of transportation relies more on electricity, customers will soon have to ask themselves — "will I be able to buy the car that I want?"
President Biden has shown historic leadership on climate change, and a commitment to reducing pollution from transportation by supporting the transition to non-polluting vehicles. But while federal standards and infrastructure spending are crucial, states will play a key role in ensuring that customers are actually able to purchase electric vehicles.
Many EV companies — such as Tesla, Lucid, and Rivian — are removing the car dealership middleman and directly selling vehicles to customers (also known as "direct sales"). While this generally makes EVs more affordable and makes the experience of buying a car less painful, laws in some states have made it impossible for companies to sell directly to customers. Imagine if your state had a law that prevented you from buying an iPhone at an Apple store, forcing you to drive across state lines to get the phone you want?
Currently, only 22 states allow for all vehicle manufacturers to sell vehicles to customers. Another 11 states allow for only one manufacturer (Tesla) to sell vehicles, often in a limited number of locations throughout the state.
States that allow EV Direct Sales as of February 15, 2021. Data source: Atlas EV Hub
When looking at the growing number of EV companies entering the market, it is clear that allowing only one-manufacturer to sell vehicles directly to customers is not enough. More states need to allow people to buy EVs directly from the manufacturer. These limitations and artificial barriers will ultimately reduce customer choice, prevent certain vehicle manufacturers from entering the market, and stifle EV sales and climate goals. Luckily, several states are considering legislation that would allow for direct sales beyond just one manufacturer.
So Why Are Direct Sales So Important?
Helping States Achieve Their Climate and Air Quality Goals
Our rapidly changing climate and need for clean air means that it is imperative for states to support the sale of clean vehicles, as transportation is the largest source of carbon emissions in the U.S. Increasing the number of EVs on the road will help reduce this pollution, as battery EVs emit zero tailpipe emissions.
Meeting these climate and air quality goals means that states need to ramp up sales of these vehicles and cut dependence on outdated systems designed for companies that primarily sell gas guzzling vehicles.
Customer Choice
To increase sales of EVs, customers must be able to purchase the EV makes and models that best suit their lifestyle. Therefore, states need to ensure that residents are actually able to purchase these vehicles, and not be limited to only what is available from a traditional dealership. Direct sales allows for different vehicle manufacturers to enter the competitive market and provide these cars to customers easily and effectively.
These efforts won't stop people from purchasing vehicles from traditional dealerships — instead, they will help to enrich the market and provide customers with choice over vehicle types and how they want to purchase a vehicle.
Keeping Sales in State
In 2021, it makes no sense why states would force people to cross state borders to buy the cars that they want. Without direct sales, a driver in New York who wants to purchase a Rivian truck may have to go to Maryland to purchase the vehicle, taking money out of the state and supporting another states economy.
Increasing the Number of Stores
Some states limit the number of stores a manufacturer can sell vehicles directly to a customer from. This limitation doesn't account for the growing interest and expansion of the EV market in states, nor does it consider the distance a resident may have to go in state to purchase a specific car or "kick-the-tires" and test drive the vehicle. In New York, for example, Tesla is only permitted to have five stores throughout the whole state, which are currently mainly around New York City. With only one gallery in Western New York, this forces residents who live Upstate to travel hours to purchase the vehicle of their choosing.
For states to increase the sales of EVs, it's vital that all players in this market are able to equitably participate in the space.
Luckily, several states — such as Michigan, Washington, New Mexico, Nevada, Georgia, Connecticut and New York — are considering legislation that would expand direct sales beyond one manufacturer and allow for unlimited stores for manufacturers. Hopefully, 2021 will be the year that states realize the economic, environmental, and customer protection benefits of getting rid of outdated laws that stifle market growth.
Originally published on NRDC blog.
In this article:direct sales, lucid, Rivian, Tesla, Tesla direct sales
Written By NRDC
NRDC is the nation's most effective environmental action group, combining the grassroots power of 1.3 million members and online activists with the courtroom clout and expertise of more than 350 lawyers, scientists, and other professionals.
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Home Research > Members > 1558-1603 > R
RADCLIFFE, Alexander (d.1617), of Gray's Inn, London.
RADCLIFFE, Edward (d.1643), of Elstow, Beds.
RADCLIFFE, Sir Henry (by 1533-93), of Portsmouth, Hants.
RADCLIFFE, Sir Humphrey (c.1509-66), of Elstow, Beds.
RADCLIFFE, Sir John (1539-68), of Old Cleeve, Som.
RADCLIFFE, Thomas (d.1586), of Elstow, Beds.
RAGLAND, Sir Thomas, of Carnllwyd, Glam. Roughton Holme, Norf. and Walworth, Surr.
RALEGH, Carew (c.1550-1626), of Downton, Wilts.
RALEGH, Walter (1554-1618), of Durham House, London and Sherborne, Dorset.
RANDALL, Nicholas (d.c.1562), of Truro, Cornw.
RANDOLPH, Thomas (1523-90), of St. Peter's Hill, London and Milton, Kent.
RASHLEIGH, John (1554-1624), of Fowey and Menabilly, Cornw.
RATCLIFFE, John (c.1536-90), of Ordsall, Lancs.
RATCLIFFE, Owen (c.1541-99), of Langley, Lancs., Gamlingay and Swavesey, Cambs.
RAVENSCROFT, George (d. by 1592), of Bretton and Hawarden, Flints.
RAVENSCROFT, William (1561-1628), of Lincoln's Inn, London.
RAWLINS, Thomas (d.1605 or 1606), of Little Wakering, Essex.
RAYNSFORD, Miles (d.1604).
READE, Henry (1566-1647), of the Middle Temple, London and Faccombe, Hants.
READE, Thomas (d.1595), of Osterley, Mdx.
READE, alias KYNNERD, Sir William (d.1604), of Holy Island, Northumb.
REDGE, Robert, of the Middle Temple, London.
REVELL, Thomas (b.c.1540), of Forest, Cilgerran, Pemb.
REVELL, William, of Pembroke.
REYNELL, Carew (c.1563-1624), of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, London.
REYNELL, Richard I (1519-85), of East Ogwell, Devon.
REYNELL, Richard II (d.1631), of Creedy Wiger, Devon.
REYNOLDS, Cuthbert, of Watford, Herts. and the Inner Temple, London.
REYNOLDS, Edward (d.c.1623), of Essex House, London and Whiteparish, Wilts.
REYNOLDS, George I (by 1518-77), of Rye, Suss.
REYNOLDS, George II (d.1577), of Devizes, Wilts.
REYNOLDS, Owen (c.1519-c.77), of St. Thomas's Street, Melcombe Regis, Dorset.
RICE, John.
RICE, Walter (c.1560-?1611), of Newton, Llandefaison, Carm.
RICH, Robert (c.1560-1619), of Rochford Hall and Leighs Priory, Essex.
RIDDLESDEN, Stephen (d.1607), of St. Katherine Colman, London.
RIDGEWAY, Thomas (1543-98), of Torre Abbey, Devon.
RIDLEY, Thomas (bef.1548-1629), of Doctors' Commons, London and Owslebury, Hants.
RISELEY, William (c.1527-1603), of Chetwode, Bucks.
RITHE, Christopher (d.1606), of Lincoln's Inn, London and Twickenham, Mdx.
RITHE, George (d.1561), of Liss, nr. Petersfield, Hants.
RITHE, Marlyon (d.1627), of Lincoln's Inn and Twickenham, Mdx.
RITHE, Robert I (c.1545-c.94), of Liss, Hants afterwards of Abingdon, Berks.
RITHE, Robert II, ?of Abingdon, Berks.
RIVERS, George (c.1553-1630), of Chafford, Kent.
RIVETT, Thomas (d.1610), of Rattlesden, Suff.
ROANE, Anthony (d.1583), of Hounslow, Mdx.
ROBERTS, David, of Penhow, Mon.
ROBINS, John (b.c.1511), of Dover, Kent.
ROBINSON, William I, of Bath, Som.
ROBINSON, William II (1534-1616), of York.
ROBOTHAM, Robert (by 1522-71), of London and Raskelf, Yorks.
ROGERS, Andrew (d.c.1599), of Bryanston, Dorset.
ROGERS, Daniel (c.1538-91), of Silver Street, St. Olave's, London.
ROGERS, Edward (d.1627), of Cannington, Som.
ROGERS, George (c.1528-82), of Cannington, Som.
ROGERS, John I (c.1555-1613), of Bryanston, Dorset.
ROGERS, John II (d.1611/12), of Canterbury, Kent.
ROGERS, Richard (c.1527-1605), of Bryanston, Dorset.
ROGERS, Sir Edward (c.1500-68), of Cannington, Som.
ROGERS, Sir John (bef.1507-65), of Bryanston, Dorset.
ROGERS, Thomas.
ROKEBY, Ralph.
ROLLE, John (b.1563), of St. Giles, Great Torrington, Devon.
ROOS, John, of Laxton and ?Egmanton, Notts.
ROSE, John (d.1591), of Canterbury, Kent.
ROTHERAM, George (1541-99), of Someries, nr. Luton, Beds.
ROUS, Anthony (bef.1560-1620), of Halton St. Dominick, Cornw.
ROUS, Sir Edmund (by 1515-aft. June 1569), of Dunwich, Suff.
RUGGE, Francis (1535-1607), of Norwich, Norf.
RUSH, Anthony, of Sudbourne, near Orford, Suff.
RUSHAM, Geoffrey (d.c.1589), of London and Suff.
RUSSELL, John I (d.1584), of Blackfriars, London.
RUSSELL, John II (1551-93), of Strensham, Worcs.
RUSSELL, Sir Francis (d.1585), of Alnwick and Berwick, Northumb.
RUSSELL, Sir Thomas (c.1520-74), of Strensham and Witley, Worcs.
RUSSELL, Thomas (1577-1632), of Strensham, Worcs.
RUSSELL, William (c.1553-1613), of Thornhaugh, Northants., Northall, Bucks. and Chiswick, Mdx.
RYLEY, Hugh (c.1540-aft.1603), of Salisbury, Wilts.
RYTHER, James (1536-95), of Harewood, Yorks.


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How Detroit woos auto suppliers to build in the city
City of Detroit Flickr
Frank Orsini, executive vice president and president of seating for Lear Corp., speaks alongside Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan for a ceremonial groundbreaking for a new Lear facility in the city.
Automotive seating supplier Lear Corp. said it plans to open its new plant at the site of the former Cadillac Stamping Plant in Detroit by mid-2022 and create 450 new jobs.
At a ceremonial groundbreaking event Oct. 4, the Southfield, Mich.-based Lear provided more details about its previously reported just-in-time seating plant to supply General Motors Co.'s parts for electric vehicles being built at Factory Zero in Hamtramck.
The supplier will occupy two-thirds of a new 684,000-square-foot industrial building being developed by Riverside, Mo.-based NorthPoint Development LLC at a cost of $48 million, according to a news release from the city.
A second phase of the project will provide room for another tenant and hundreds more jobs, the city said.
Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan said during the event that he met with NorthPoint executives three or four years ago and convinced them to redevelop the site. He said that when GM committed to manufacturing EVs in nearby Hamtramck, CEO Mary Barra and President Mark Reuss promised him they would think of Detroit first for potential supplier sites.
"They made Nicole [Sherard-Freeman] and me a promise," Duggan said. "Every time they picked a parts supplier, they would call us first. Most of the time, I know who the parts supplier is before the parts supplier does, so we can get a chance to pitch them on a site."
Sherard-Freeman, who heads up the city's workforce and job training initiatives, said having a site ready for development helped attract Lear to the city.
Site preparedness has become a central economic development issue since Michigan lost out on massive EV investments announced by Ford Motor Co. in late September.
"Lear didn't have to choose Detroit, but they did," Sherard-Freeman said. "We sold Lear on having the land and the facility ready on the timeline that they asked for. We sold Lear on making it easy to do business in and with the city of Detroit, and we sold them on being inclusive and being inventive and on doing business the right way."
It was not clear how much the jobs pay or whether they will be union jobs. Frank Orsini, executive vice president and president of seating for Lear, said the jobs will be salaried and a mix of direct and indirect hires.
"We have a long standing relationship with the unions we work with," a Lear spokesperson said in an email. "We are not to the point of discussions and we cannot comment any further."
Detroit residents will be given preference for the jobs, and Detroit at Work will handle recruiting ahead of the plant's launch.
The project is being supported by an $18.4 million Brownfield tax increment financing plan recently approved by the city and an approximately $4 million Industrial Facilities Exemption tax incentive. Also, a $1 million grant for environmental cleanup and on-site storm water detention will come from the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes and Energy via Wayne County.
Lear declined to say how much it is investing in the plant.
The project is not subject to the community benefits threshold because it is less than $75 million in value, city spokesman John Roach said. At least 51 percent of workers constructing the building must be Detroit residents.
Lear said the plant will be among the most energy-efficient of its footprint.
"As one of Michigan's largest employers, Lear is excited to be opening a new state-of-the-art facility in the City of Detroit where we have had a manufacturing presence for many years," Ray Scott, Lear president and CEO, said in the release.


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Batwoman and Pennyworth pilots lead DC's SDCC premiere showcase
More info i
Credit: CW
Tag: Features
Supergirl's Nicole Maines reflects on playing TV's first transgender superhero, Dreamer
Bryan Cairns
Tag: Supergirl
Tag: Nicole Maines
Tag: The CW
Tag: LGBTQ
Nicole Maines forever changed the television landscape when she introduced the first transgender superhero, Nia Nal, aka Dreamer, in the fourth season of Supergirl. An actress and activist, who also happens to be transgender, Maines sued her school district after being refused access to the girl's bathroom at her school. That strong sense of right and wrong continues to shine brightly in Nia.
In the episode "Fallout," Nia bravely stood up to bigots harassing Brainy. She then encouraged James to pen a piece on the rising anti-alien sentiments in the city. And, in this Sunday's episode, "Bunker Hill," Nia discovers what it means to be the ancestor of The Legion of Superheroes' Dream Girl, when she experiences a prophetic dream involving Agent Liberty.
On Supergirl's bar set in Vancouver, Maines spoke to the press about the responsibility of being the first transgender hero on television, Nia's backstory, suiting up in costume and her own personal connection to Nia's journey.
In the recent episode, Call to Action, Nia talked about her narcolepsy and lied to everyone around her. Can you talk a little bit about what we'll see down the line, her struggles with sleeping at work and what that means?
After that episode, you see her get caught up in her lie and really have to explain what's going on. Her powers and her narcolepsy is another thing that Kara is really a mentor for her for. And, so, she helps her through that and helps her try to come to terms in a way with her powers. And then in future episodes, I know they just announced the casting of Nia's family and so we're going to see more of Nia's origin story — where her powers come from, the lineage behind that.
How amazing is it to spend most of your scenes just taking a nap on your desk?
It's pretty great. It's pretty fantastic. They always ask second team if they want to come in, and I'm like "I'm great where I am. I'll just take a nap. You let me know when the cameras are set up and where you want me to go. I'll just be here napping." It's pretty great.
How's the relationship evolved between Nia and Brainy?
I'm really liking it too. They're so fun and they're both so kind of oblivious to each other. One more so than the other. So that relationship is really going to evolve alongside Nia's backstory. Brainy is with Kara and Nia, trying to shape Nia's coming to terms with her powers. He really helps Kara and really helps Nia with that dynamic. And as those powers are kind of surfacing and as they're explained, Brainy is a big part of that. And, so, the journey to Nia becoming Dreamer is one with Kara and Brainy.
And what's it like flirting with someone who gives you nothing back?
Impossible! Every day we do one of those scenes, I'm going home feeling like I did absolutely terrible. Because it's like, I feel like talking to a wall was easier than trying to flirt with Brainy. Because it feels like Brainy's fighting back. Brainy is like pushing back — pushing against you — and you're like, "I have exactly nothing to work with."
Video of Supergirl 4x08 Promo "Bunker Hill" (HD) Season 4 Episode 8 Promo
Are you excited for one day getting to put on your super-suit?
I'm so excited. I'm trying to conduct myself on set in a professional manner. And kind of be like "Pfft, I'm not completely obsessed with the super-suit." But it's all I think about. Every morning I wake up and think, 'I get a super-suit." So, I'm really really excited. It's going to be gorgeous! I have the best super-suit. I do.
So, they've already let you know what it looks like?
Yeah. It's insane.
Does this mean you've actually tried it on?
What was it like putting it on for the first time?
Constricting. Tight. For the first time, it was for a fitting. And, so, you know they have the model and they have your sizes, but when you first put it on in person, they kind of realize, "OK, this needs to go up, this needs to be hemmed." Or, "Well, you can't get your arm through this." So constricting…
At what point did they tell you that your character was going to turn out to be Dreamer?
From the jump. I knew from the jump in the audition. They had me do a kind of Dreamer superhero scene, because conducting yourself as a superhero is very different from conducting yourself as a narcoleptic office worker. So, shoulders back rather than hunched over.
How do her powers actually manifest?
For Nia, it starts out with just dreaming and falling asleep at work. But as they kind of develop, we start to see more quick manifestations and more instantaneous stuff. And they go into that further in the next few episodes. But, as I said, Brainy and Kara really help her learn more about her powers. Then, with her family, you really really see where the powers come from, how the powers work, how you can interpret them and how they have really shaped her family's dynamic.
In terms of Nia's relationship with her family, are they supportive or not?
It's a really supportive one. I don't want to say too much because the whole thing will be explored and you'll really get your fingers into her backstory in this episode that we're filming now. She comes from a place and it's not just her family, the place where she grew up is very, very supportive and open-minded. And, so, when you do see it, it really makes sense. I can see kind of, "This is where Nia's whole thing, this is where her whole life comes from." And her relationship with her family is, like you said, very supportive. But it's interesting to see how the powers play into that.
How does the mentorship relationship with Kara change when it's Supergirl instead of Kara and she's mentoring Dreamer?
I think it becomes much less of Kara Season 1/Cat Grant and it becomes a lot more friends and sisterly energy. I saw someone said Alex has two Karas to look after and I think that is absolutely correct.
Video of Supergirl 4x01 kara Lena ,Nia Scene part 9
Nia identifies with the Children of Liberty's persecution of aliens. Will we see her continue to champion that cause and identity with that struggle?
Absolutely. I think Nia has a really unique take on this issue of looking through this Children of Liberty, hateful rhetoric epidemic through a trans-specific lens. I think it's really valuable to be using her experience as a member of a marginalized community to help lift up and support another marginalized community. And I think the same goes for Kara and Brainy as aliens, and then James Olsen as a black man in a position of power. Or Lena in a position of power as a woman. So, I think all of us have a unique lens to kind of bring to it and I really hope that we continue to come together.
In what ways will Nia's relationship with James change now that he's going down that Children of Liberty path?
We'll have to wait and find out. I think there will be a shift, especially when Nia becomes Dreamer. Because, of course, she didn't want James to go out as Guardian again, just as a thing for his own safety, because she didn't want something bad to happen to him. You did see it when he got tied up with the Children of Liberty and she handed him the article. It was less about, "James why didn't you listen to me?" It was more, "God, I hate it when I'm right." And, so, I think it's more going to be, "How can I prevent this? How can I stop bad things happening to people that I care about?" She was less mad at him, and more mad at herself, I think.
With your background in activism, what has it been like this season with how relevant the show is?
I feel really at home. I feel at home doing it because with my activism, I've been really fortunate to continue... My acting and activism go hand-in-hand and they really support one another. And, so, to be able to bring attention to the current political climate and current issues facing immigration or trans folks, I fell really really lucky to be able to bring my experience with activism into my acting. Like I said, I don't have a ton of experience acting, so it's good to have something I am familiar with to kind of work with.
How surprised were you to see how much the show shone a spotlight on Nia coming out to James? And will we see more of that?
Absolutely. Nia's transness is a big part of her identity. I think for all trans people, it's not our only defining feature, but it is a defining feature. So, it is a big part of...I know who I am and who is Nia is and so it would be inappropriate to completely ignore that. But like I said, it's not the only part of her identity. So not every episode or every Nia storyline is focusing on her transness, which I like. But we do have episodes coming up where her transness plays a big part. And her transness plays a really big part in her powers and how her powers kind of manifest and her relationship with her family. I'm really excited for folks to get to see that. Because now we have kind of her superheroism directly tie into her transness. So I think that will be cool. A cool little thing.
What's been the reaction to your character on social media?
That's been crazy. Growing up, I was from kind of nowhere, Maine. And, so, now having thousands of people reaching out to me via social media and thousands of people paying attention to what I say, that's really weird. That's a weird thing to get used to. But it's been so amazing seeing the outpouring of love and support, not only for me, but for Nia as well. Just the way that people have been so quick to embrace her and me as a part of the Supergirl family, and as a part of the cast, has been really assuring for me. It's hard being the new kid at school. So, it's been really comforting to see how ready people were for Nia. And how happy people were to see her storyline unfold.
As for the response from young folks, and especially young trans folks who are seeing themselves as superheroes for the first time, that has been so heartwarming. It makes me really happy to see that and to be able to go on social media and see how people are so validated and relieved and excited to have a superhero like them. Just this morning, I saw a trans man's tweet about his kids and how excited his kids were to have a trans superhero, someone who looks like their dad. It's really good, it makes me really happy. I have a hard time finding the words for it because it's just good.
This role will be a big part of the rest of your life. Did you think about that when you took this on?
Absolutely and I'm kind of really excited for it, because I feel like for everybody, whether or not you're an actor, I feel like everybody's kind like "If I can be a superhero, I can kind of be everything." Everybody loves superheroes, and so to be associated with a superhero forever is just kind of like, that's where the goalposts are. That's kind of, "Bam, you're immortalized!'" It's still very weird and I'm still really getting used to the "I'm a superhero thing," but it's been really great so far.


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Home/International, News/Export Champions 2021/2022 – Northern Powerhouse
Export Champions 2021/2022 – Northern Powerhouse
Back in February 2020, before many worldwide and market sector changes occurred, Tufcot were kindly nominated by our Department for International Trade adviser for the Northern Powerhouse as an Export Champion for 2020.
We were extremely proud to be an Export Champion for 2020. After just 3 months of being an Export Champion for the first time, the pandemic hit and therefore meetings and plans were put on hold.
Supporting Businesses Growth in Exporting and International Trade
Tufcot are now proud to announce that we have been asked to be an Export Champion for the Northern Powerhouse for 2021 and 2022.
This initiative was started in the North West in 2013 and has subsequently grown to companies who fulfil a crucial role in being a positive exporter from the UK overseas.
The Champions are Companies who have successfully sold overseas and are preparing to encourage others to attempt their own exporting growth.
This involves Tufcot and other Champions being involved in Teams discussions, contributing to the DIT's strategies on how to successfully export and assisting with advice where necessary.
Tufcot's Business Cooperation with International Customers and Partners
Tufcot are now at the forefront of international trade and advising new Companies on how best to export successfully.
We have had export values of above 85% of our turnover for many years now and put our success down to strong business co-operation with many international customers and partners.
Although the recent pandemic has slowed the plans Tufcot has for further international growth, we still plan to make new territories an important part of our International Marketing Plan.
Growing Our UK Based Sales
Although Tufcot see our International business as crucial, in 2021/2022 we are also focusing on growing our UK based sales as many companies still use conventional bearing materials in the UK when Tufcot® composite materials are an ideal replacement material.
Our Made in Sheffield membership and our close relationship with the DIT, our local Chamber of Commerce make creating UK focused work a lot easier than it once was.
Diversifying in an Ever-Changing Business Climate
Exporting and International trade has changed over the last few months with Brexit being completed and the continued implications of COVID-19 but Tufcot are ready to react and diversify where required to make sure the Tufcot brand continues to be exposed and grow.
Tufcot have seen record Quarter sales for the start of 2021. We hope that this continues as Tufcot, and the UK, push to present ourselves to the rest of the world for many years to come.
To keep up to date about Tufcot and our International work, please click here: https://www.tufcot.com/international/
By Greg Majchrzak|2021-10-22T12:05:00+01:00June 7th, 2021|


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Socialist Party of the United States, April 1917
War proclamation and program
War proclamation and program adopted at the National Convention of the Socialist Party of the United States, St. Louis, Mo., April 1917
Source: Bolsheviks and War, Lessons for today's anti-war movement, by Sam Macey 1985;
Translated: by Sam Macey;
The Socialist Party of the United States in the present grave crisis solemnly reaffirms its allegiance to the principle of internationalism and working-class solidarity the world over, and proclaims its unalterable opposition to the war just declared by the Government of the United States.
Modern wars as a rule have been caused by the commercial and financial rivalry and intrigues of the capitalist interests in the different countries. Whether they have been frankly waged as wars of aggression or have been hypocritically represented as wars of "defense," they have always been made by the [ruling] classes and fought by the masses. Wars bring wealth and power to the ruling classes, and suffering, death, and demoralization to the workers.
They breed a sinister spirit of passion, unreason, race hatred, and false patriotism. They obscure the struggles of the workers for life, liberty, and social justice. They tend to sever the vital bonds of solidarity between them and their brothers in other countries, to destroy their organizations and to curtail their civic and political rights and liberties.
The Socialist Party of the United States is unalterably opposed to the system of exploitation and class rule which is upheld and strengthened by military power and sham national patriotism. We therefore call upon the workers of all countries to refuse support to their governments in their wars. The wars of the contending national groups of capitalists are not the concern of the workers. The only struggle which would justify the workers in taking up arms is the great struggle of the working class of the world to free itself from economic exploitation and political oppression, and we particularly warn the workers against the snare and delusion of so-called defensive warfare. As against the false doctrine of national patriotism we uphold the ideal of international working class solidarity. In support of capitalism we will not willingly give a single life or a single dollar; in support of the struggle of the workers for freedom we pledge our all.
The mad orgy of death and destruction which is now convulsing unfortunate Europe was caused by the conflict of capitalist interests in the European countries.
In each of these countries, the workers were oppressed and exploited. They produced enormous wealth but the bulk of it was withheld from them by the owners of the industries. The workers were thus deprived of the means to repurchase the wealth which they themselves had created.
The capitalist class of each country was forced to look for foreign markets to dispose of the accumulated "surplus" wealth. The huge profits made by the capitalists could no longer be profitably reinvested in their own countries, hence, they were driven to look for foreign fields of investment. The geographical boundaries of each modern capitalist country thus became too narrow for the industrial and commercial operations of its capitalist class.
The efforts of the capitalists of all leading nations were, therefore, centered upon the domination of the world markets. The acquisition of colonial possessions and the extension of spheres of commercial and political influence became the object of diplomatic intrigues and the cause of constant clashes between nations.
The acute competition between the capitalist powers of the earth, their jealousies and distrusts of one another and the fear of the rising power of the working class forced each of them to arm to the teeth. This led to the mad rivalry of armament, which, years before the outbreak of the present war, had turned the leading countries of Europe into armed camps with standing armies of many millions, drilled and equipped for war in times of "peace." Capitalism imperialism and militarism had thus laid the foundation of an inevitable general conflict in Europe. The ghastly war in Europe was not caused by an accidental event, nor by the policy or institutions of any single nation. It was the logical outcome of the competitive capitalist system.
The 6,000,000 men of all countries and races who have been ruthlessly slain in the first 30 months of this war, the millions of others who have been crippled and maimed, the vast treasures of wealth that have been destroyed, the untold misery and sufferings of Europe, have not been sacrifices exacted in a struggle for principles or ideals, but wanton offerings upon the altar of private profit.
The forces of capitalism which have led to the war in Europe are even more hideously transparent in the war recently provoked by the ruling class of this country.
When Belgium was invaded, the government enjoined upon the people of this country the duty of remaining neutral, thus clearly demonstrating that the "dictates of humanity," and the fate of small nations and of democratic institutions were matters that did not concern it. But when our enormous war traffic was seriously threatened, our government calls upon us to rally to the "defense of democracy and civilization."
Our entrance into the European War was instigated by the predatory capitalists in the United States who boast of the enormous profit of $7 billion from the manufacture and sale of munitions and war supplies and from the exportation of American food stuffs and other necessaries. They are also deeply interested in the continuance of war and the success of the Allied arms through their huge loans to the governments of the Allied powers and through other commercial ties. It is the same interests which strive for imperialistic domination of the Western Hemisphere.
The war of the United States against Germany cannot be justified even on the plea that it is a war in defense of American rights or American "honor." Ruthless as the unrestricted submarine war policy of the German government was and is, it is not an invasion of the rights of the American people as such, but only an interference with the opportunity of certain groups of American capitalists to coin cold profits out of the blood and sufferings of our fellow men in the warring countries of Europe.
It is not a war against the militarist regime of the Central Powers. Militarism can never be abolished by militarism.
It is not a war to advance the cause of democracy in Europe. Democracy can never be imposed upon any country by a foreign power by force of arms.
It is cant and hypocrisy to say that the war is not directed against the German people, but against the Imperial Government of Germany. If we send an armed force to the battlefields of Europe, its cannon will mow down the masses of the German people and not the Imperial German Government.
Our entrance into the European conflict at this time will serve only to multiply the horrors of the war, to increase the toll of death and destruction and to prolong the fiendish slaughter. It will bring death, suffering, and destitution to the people of the United States and particularly to the working class. It will give the powers of reaction in this country the pretext for an attempt to throttle our rights and to crush our democratic institutions, and to fasten upon this country a permanent militarism.
The working class of the United States has no quarrel with the working class of Germany or of any other country. The people of the United States have no quarrel with the people of Germany or any other country. The American people did not want and do not want this war. They have not been consulted about the war and have had no part in declaring war. They have been plunged into this war by the trickery and treachery of the ruling class of the country through its representatives in the National Administration and National Congress, its demagogic agitators, its subsidized press and other servile instruments of public expression. We brand the declaration of war by our government as a crime against the people of the United States and against the nations of the world.
In all modern history there has been no war more unjustifiable than the war which we are about to engage.
No greater dishonor has ever been forced upon a people than that which the capitalist class is forcing upon this nation against its will.
In harmony with these principles, the Socialist Party emphatically rejects the proposal that in time of war the workers should suspend their struggle for better conditions. On the contrary, the acute situation created by war calls for an even more vigorous prosecution of the class struggle, and we recommend to the workers and pledge ourselves to the following course of action:
1. Continuous, active, and public opposition to the war through demonstrations, mass petitions, and other means within our power.
2. Unyielding opposition to all proposed legislation for military or industrial conscription. Should such conscription be forced upon the people we pledge ourselves to continuous efforts for the repeal of such laws and to the support of all mass movements in opposition to conscription. We pledge ourselves to oppose with all our strength any attempt to raise money for payment of war expense by taxing the necessaries of life or issuing bonds which will put the burden upon future generations. We demand that the capitalist class, which is responsible for the war, pay its cost. Let those who kindled the fire, furnish the fuel.
3. Vigorous resistance to all reactionary measures such as censorship of press and mails, restriction of the rights of free speech, assemblage, and organization, or compulsory arbitration and limitation of the right to strike.
4. Consistent propaganda against military training and militaristic teaching in the public school.
5. Extension of the campaign of education among the workers to organize them into strong, class-conscious, and closely unified political and industrial organizations to enable them by concerted and harmonious mass action to shorten this war and to establish lasting peace.
6. Widespread educational propaganda to enlighten the masses as to the true relation between capitalism and war, and to rouse and organize them for action, not only against present war evils, but for the prevention of future wars and for the destruction of the causes of war.
7. To protect the masses of the American people from the pressing danger of starvation which the war in Europe has brought upon them, and which the entry of the United States has already accentuated we demand –
(a) The restriction of food exports so long as the present shortage continues, the fixing of maximum prices and whatever measures may be necessary to prevent the food speculators from holding back the supplies now in their hands;
(b) The socialization and democratic management of the great industries concerned with the production, transportation, storage, and the marketing of food and other necessaries of life;
(c) The socialization and democratic management of all land and other natural resources now held out of use for monopolistic or speculative profit.
These measures are presented as means of protecting the workers against the evil results of the present war. The danger of recurrence of war will exist as long as the capitalist system of industry remains in existence. The end of wars will come with the establishment of socialized industry and industrial democracy the world over. The Socialist Party calls upon all the workers to join it in its struggle to reach this goal, and thus bring into the world a new society in which peace, fraternity, and human brotherhood will be the dominant ideals.


This Saturday is the FIRST broadcast of my new radio show!
We are so excited to be bringing this to you all. This first show is very special, because of my very special guest, John O'Dowd, who is the author of "Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye: The Barbara Payton Story." John's biography is a deeply wrenching story of a Hollywood star, who, in the end, was the agent of her own demise, through her own personal demons and lifestyle choices. We will be discussing her in depth, adding some very interesting astrology along the way. I will also be doing readings as well! You can tune/live stream our show, too!
Tune into KKNW, Alternative Talk Radio this Saturday at 11:00am pacific time, to be completely entertained!


Oracle needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
We are looking to have an image (900pixels x 150pixels) created to use on Oracleseo.co.uk.
It should include a company logo which you will create, the tagline "An oracle is a person or agency considered to be a source of wise counsel or prophetic opinion;" plus anything else you feel appropriate for the type of site it is. I don't want to restrict too much what you can/can't do, feel free to be as creative as you like.
We have recently left our jobs as in-house SEO for a major UK company to go it alone and set up our own seo company.
I am looking for a professional looking image, it needs to be 900 x 150 pixels exactly. The outside edges of it need to be white to blend in with the design. You can check the site now, there is place holder image in that place to show you where it will go.
We want the image to feature a company logo which you will create, as well as the tagline "An oracle is a person or agency considered to be a source of wise counsel or prophetic opinion;"
You can add anything else to the image you like, I'm not a design person so I feel trying to tell a designer what they should or should not do is only going to hinder them from being able to do the job well.
The design needs to look professional and modern. You can use any colours that you think will fit in - don't bother matching them to text/link colours in the site as I will change the colours of those later to match the winning design.
If you have any questions please let me know and I'll be happy to clarify anything.
- The company logo must be original, not clipart!


This study used the interpretative phenomenological analysis approach to explore how five full time Master of Business Administration (FTMBA) students experienced coaching during their studies. Life stage transition was apparent for all five students and coaching was found to help the participants to deepen their self-awareness and develop a more empowered sense of self. The safe holding space provided by coaching was a key source of support which enabled them to deal with the psychological adjustments inherent in transition and to develop new strategies to realise their future vision. Implications and recommendations for coaching theory and practice are discussed.


Welcome to the URJ Olin-Sang-Ruby Union Institute! As we prepare to celebrate our 65th summer, we look with pride on the more than 30,000 children who have passed through our gates, building lifelong friendships, exploring their Jewish identity, and having the time of their lives. In 1952, Union Institute was founded by the Reform Movement; today, URJ Olin-Sang-Ruby Union Institute serves more than 1,000 campers each summer from throughout North America and beyond.
We have programs for children of all ages and talents, with sessions ranging in length from five days to seven weeks. All of our sessions are staffed by mature college students, under the guidance of experienced senior staff members and faculty from across the country. OSRUI is proud of its commitment to providing campers with strong and encouraging Jewish role models.