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Native American Tribes & the Indian History in Rye, Colorado
Native Americans in Colorado
Way before the terms Native American or Indian were created, the tribes were spread throughout the Americas. Before any white man set foot on this territory, it was settled by the forefathers of bands we now call Sioux, or Cherokee, or Iroquois.
For thousands of years, the American Indian grew its traditions and legacy without interference. And that history is captivating.
From Mayan and Incan ruins, from the mounds left in the central and southern regions of what's currently the U.S. we have learned quite a bit. It's a story of beautiful artwork and deep spirituality. Archaeologists have unearthed highly advanced structures and public works.
While there was inescapable tribal conflict, that was nothing more than a slight blemish in the tale of our ancestors. They were at peace with this beautiful continent and intensely connected to nature.
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The European Settler Arrives
When European leaders dispatched the first ships in our direction, the plan was to explore new resources – but the quality of climate and the bounty of everything from timber to wildlife subsequently changed their tune. As those leaders heard back from their explorers, the drive to colonize spread like wildfire.
The English, French and Spanish rushed to carve up the "New World" by sending over poorly prepared colonists as fast as possible. At the outset, they skirmished with the surprised Indians of America's eastern seaboard. But that soon gave way to trade, because the Europeans who arrived here understood their survival was doubtful with no native help.
Thus followed decades of comparative peace as the settlers got themselves established on American soil. But the pressure to push inland came soon after. Kings and queens from thousands of miles away were restless to locate even more resources, and some colonists came for independence and adventure.
They wanted more space. And so began the process of driving the American Indian out of the way.
It took the form of cash payments, barter, and famously, treaties that were nearly consistently neglected once the Indians were moved off the territory in question.
The U.S. government's policies towards Native Americans in the second half of the nineteenth century were motivated by the desire to expand westward into areas inhabited by these Native American tribes. By the 1850s virtually all Native American tribes, roughly 360,000 in number, lived to the west of the Mississippi River. These American Indians, some from the Northwestern and Southeastern territories, were confined to Indian Territory situated in contemporary Oklahoma, while the Kiowa and Comanche Native American tribes shared the land of the Southern Plains.
The Sioux, Crows and Blackfeet dominated the Northern Plains. These Native American groups experienced adversity as the continuous flow of European immigrants into northeastern American cities delivered a stream of immigrants into the western lands already populated by these diverse groups of Indians.
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The early nineteenth century in the United States was marked by its steady expansion to the Mississippi River. However, due to the Gadsden purchase, that lead to U.S. control of the borderlands of southern New Mexico and Arizona as well as the authority over Oregon country, Texas and California; America's expansion wouldn't end there. Between 1830 and 1860 the United States practically doubled the amount of acreage within its control.
These territorial gains coincided with the arrival of hordes of European and Asian immigrants who wanted to join the surge of American settlers heading west. This, combined with the discovery of gold in 1849, presented attractive opportunities for those willing to make the long quest westward. Consequently, with the military's protection and the U.S. government's assistance, many settlers started establishing their homesteads in the Great Plains and other areas of the Native American tribe-inhabited West.
Native American Policy can be defined as the laws and procedures made and adapted in the United States to outline the relationship between Native American tribes and the federal government. When the United States initially became a sovereign country, it adopted the European policies towards these native peoples, but over two centuries the U.S. tailored its own widely varying policies regarding the changing perspectives and requirements of Native American supervision.
In 1824, in order to execute the U.S. government's Native American policies, Congress made a new agency within the War Department referred to as Bureau of Indian Affairs, which worked closely with the U.S. Army to enforce their policies. At times the federal government recognized the Indians as self-governing, distinct political communities with varying cultural identities; however, at other times the government attempted to force the Native American tribes to abandon their cultural identity, hand over their land and assimilate into the American traditions.
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With the steady flow of settlers into Indian "" land, Eastern newspapers printed sensationalized reports of cruel native tribes committing widespread massacres of hundreds of white travelers. Although some settlers lost their lives to American Indian attacks, this was certainly not the norm; in fact, Native American tribes repeatedly helped settlers cross the Plains. Not only did the American Indians sell wild game and other necessities to travelers, but they served as guides and messengers between wagon trains as well. Despite the friendly natures of the American Indians, settlers still feared the likelihood of an attack.
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To quiet these anxieties, in 1851 the U.S. government presented a conference with several local Indian tribes and established the Treaty of Fort Laramie. Under this treaty, each Native American tribe consented to a bounded territory, allowed the government to construct roads and forts in this territory and agreed to not go after settlers; in return the federal government agreed to honor the boundaries of each tribe's territory and make gross annual payments to the Indians. The Native American tribes responded quietly to the treaty; in fact the Cheyenne, Sioux, Crow, Arapaho, Assinibione, Mandan, Gros Ventre and Arikara tribes, who entered into the treaty, even agreed to end the hostilities amidst their tribes to be able to accept the conditions of the treaty.
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This peaceful accord between the U.S. government and the Native American tribes did not stand very long. After hearing reports of fertile land and tremendous mineral wealth in the West, the government soon broke their assurances established in the Treat of Fort Laramie by allowing thousands of non-Indians to flood into the area. With so many newcomers moving west, the federal government established a policy of confining Native Americans to reservations, modest swaths of acreage within a group's territory that was set aside exclusively for their use, in order to offer more territory for "" non-Indian settlers.
In a series of new treaties the U.S. government compelled Native Americans to surrender their land and move to reservations in exchange for protection from attacks by white settlers. In addition, the Indians were allocated a yearly stipend that would include cash in addition to foodstuffs, livestock, household goods and farming tools. These reservations were created in an effort to clear the way for increasing U.S. expansion and involvement in the West, as well as to keep the Native Americans separate from the whites in order to lessen the potential for friction.
History of the Plains Indians
These deals had many complications. Most importantly many of the native people did not altogether grasp the document that they were confirming or the conditions within it; further, the treaties did not consider the cultural norms of the Native Americans. In addition to this, the government departments responsible for applying these policies were plagued with awful management and corruption. In fact most treaty provisions were never carried out.
The U.S. government rarely held up their side of the deals even when the Native Americans migrated quietly to their reservations. Unethical bureau agents frequently sold the supplies that were intended for the Indians on reservations to non-Indians. Additionally, as settlers required more land in the West, the federal government constantly decreased the size of reservation lands. By this time, most of the Native American people were dissatisfied with the treaties and angered by settlers' constant appetite for territory.
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Angered by the government's dishonorable and unjust policies, some Native American tribes, including bands of Cheyennes, Arapahos, Comanches and Sioux, fought back. As they fought to maintain their lands and their tribes' survival, more than one thousand skirmishes and battles broke out in the West between 1861 and 1891. In an attempt to make Native Americans onto the reservations and to end the violence, the U.S. government reacted to these incursions with costly military campaigns. Clearly the U.S. government's Indian policies required an adjustment.
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Native American policy changed considerably after the Civil War. Reformers felt that the policy of driving Native Americans inside reservations was far too severe even though industrialists, who were concerned with their land and resources, viewed assimilation, the cultural absorption of the American Indians into "white America" to be the only permanent means of assuring Native American survival. In 1871 the government approved a pivotal law proclaiming that the United States would no longer treat Native American tribes as independent entities.
This law signaled a major change in the government's relationship with the native peoples – Congress now considered the Native Americans, not as countries outside of its jurisdiction, but as wards of the government. By making Native Americans wards of the U.S. government, Congress concluded that it was better to make the policy of assimilation a widely recognized part of the cultural mainstream of America.
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Many U.S. government representatives considered assimilation as the most practical remedy for what they deemed "the Indian problem," and the sole permanent means of protecting U.S. interests in the West and the survival of the American Indians. In order to accomplish this, the government pushed Native Americans to move out of their traditional dwellings, move into wooden homes and turn into farmers.
The federal government handed down laws that required Native Americans to abandon their traditional appearance and way of living. Some laws banned common spiritual practices while others required Indian males to cut their long locks. Agents on more than two-thirds of American Indian reservations organized tribunals to impose federal regulations that often restricted traditional cultural and spiritual practices.
To boost the assimilation process, the government started Indian facilities that tried to quickly and forcefully Americanize Indian kids. According to the director of the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania, the schools were created to "kill the Indian and save the man." In order to make this happen goal, the schools forced pupils to speak only English, dress in proper American attire and to substitute their Indian names with more "American" ones. These new regulations brought Native Americans closer to the conclusion of their traditional tribal identity and the beginning of their existence as citizens under the complete control of the U.S. authorities.
Native American Treaties with the United States
In 1887, Congress passed the General Allotment Act, the most important part of the U.S. government's assimilation platform, which was designed to "civilize" American Indians by educating them to be farmers. In order to accomplish this, Congress wanted to increase private ownership of Indian property by dividing reservations, which were collectively held, and allowing each family their own stretch of land.
Additionally, by forcing the Native Americans onto small plots of land, western developers and settlers could purchase the remaining land. The General Allotment Act, also referred to as the Dawes Act, required that the Indian lands be surveyed and each family be given an allotment of between 80 and 160 acres, while unmarried adults received between 40 to 80 acres; the remaining territory was to be sold. Congress was hoping that the Dawes Act would break up Indian tribes and increase individual enterprise, while reducing the cost of Indian administration and providing prime land to be purchased by white settlers.
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The Dawes Act proved to be disastrous for the American Indians; over the next generations they existed under policies that outlawed their traditional way of living yet failed to supply the crucial resources to support their businesses and families. Splitting the reservations into small parcels of land led to the significant reduction of Indian-owned land. Inside three decades, the people had lost in excess of two-thirds of the region that they had controlled before the Dawes Act was passed in 1887; the majority of the remaining land was purchased by white settlers.
Regularly, Native Americans were duped out of their allotments or were forced to sell their land in order to pay bills and provide for their families. Consequently, the Indians were not "Americanized" and were routinely unable to become self-supporting farmers or ranchers, as the makers of the policy had desired. It also generated resentment among Indians for the U.S. government, as the allotment method often ruined land that was the spiritual and societal location of their activities.
Between 1850 and 1900, life for Native Americans changed significantly. Through U.S. administration regulations, American Indians were forced from their homes because their native lands were parceled out. The Plains, which they had previously roamed alone, were now filled with white settlers.
The Upshot of the Indian Wars
Over these years the Indians ended up defrauded out of their territory, food and approach to life, as the federal government's Indian policies shoved them on to reservations and tried to "Americanize" them. Many American Indian bands could not endure relocation, assimilation and military defeat; by 1890 the Native American population was reduced to less than 250,000 people. Due to generations of discriminatory and dodgy policies implemented by the United States government between 1850 and 1900, life for the American Indians was changed permanently.
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Collection Number: 20176
Collection Title: McKellar Israel Collection of North Carolina Field Recordings, 1972-1975
This collection has access restrictions. For details, please see the restrictions.
This is a finding aid. It is a description of archival material held in the Wilson Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Unless otherwise noted, the materials described below are physically available in our reading room, and not digitally available through the World Wide Web. See the Duplication Policy section for more information.
Archival processing of the McKellar Israel Collection of North Carolina Field Recordings was made possible through a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.
Expand/collapse Collection Overview
Size .5 feet of linear shelf space (approximately 50 items)
Abstract Field recordings of ballads, children's games, hymns, spirituals, recollections, and other spoken and sung material collected by McKellar Israel, a white music instructor of Southern Pines, N.C., and his students at Sandhills Community College in Pinehurst, N.C. The collection contains dubs of field recordings created by McKellar Israel as part of his 1972 fieldwork project on "The Folk Songs of Dawes B. Graybeal and Marinda Dunnigan McPherson", as well as dubs of field recordings and oral histories created by McKellar Israel's students in eastern and central North Carolina, including the counties of Ashe County; Chatham County; Harnett County; Hoke County; Iredell County; Lee County; Moore County; and Sampson County. Of particular note is McKellar Israel's recordings of Marinda Dunnigan McPherson, an African American educator and singer from Hillsborough, Orange County, N.C., and her husband David McPherson, of Chatham County, N.C. In these recordings, Marinda Dunnigan McPherson, who taught in Orange County for more than forty years, recollects and sings children's games, play party songs, spirituals, and other traditional songs that she learned from family members. The collection also contains supporting documentation, such as tape logs, transcriptions, and scattered correspondence, that relate to the field recordings found in the collection.
Creator Israel, McKellar.
Expand/collapse Information For Users
Restrictions to Access
Access to audio materials may require production of listening copies.
Copyright is retained by the authors of items in these papers, or their descendants, as stipulated by United States copyright law.
[Identification of item], in the McKellar Israel Collection of Field Recordings #20176, Southern Folklife Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Acquisitions Information
Acquisitions information unknown (Acc. 103752).
Sensitive Materials Statement
Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, the North Carolina Public Records Act (N.C.G.S. § 132 1 et seq.), and Article 7 of the North Carolina State Personnel Act (Privacy of State Employee Personnel Records, N.C.G.S. § 126-22 et seq.). Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g., a cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning an individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill assumes no responsibility.
Expand/collapse Subject Headings
The following terms from Library of Congress Subject Headings suggest topics, persons, geography, etc. interspersed through the entire collection; the terms do not usually represent discrete and easily identifiable portions of the collection--such as folders or items.
Clicking on a subject heading below will take you into the University Library's online catalog.
African American children's games--North Carolina.
African American--Teachers--North Carolina.
African Americans--Education--North Carolina.
African Americans--North Carolina--Folklore.
Ballads, English--North Carolina.
Children's songs--North Carolina.
Children--Folklore--North Carolina.
Coal miners--Tennessee--Songs and music.
Company towns--North Carolina.
Education--North Carolina.
Field recordings--North Carolina.
Folk music--North Carolina.
Folklore--North Carolina.
Gospel music--North Carolina.
Gospel musicians--North Carolina.
Graybeal, Dawes B., 1929-2019.
Hymns, English--North Carolina.
Israel, McKellar.
McPherson, David.
McPherson, Marinda Dunnigan, 1904-1995.
Primitive Baptists--North Carolina.
Sandhills Community College--Students.
Songs, English--North Carolina.
Songs, English--Tennessee.
Spirituals (Songs)--North Carolina.
Story telling--North Carolina.
Tales--North Carolina.
Teachers--North Carolina.
Textile industry--North Carolina--Interviews.
Textile industry--North Carolina--Social conditions.
Textile workers--North Carolina--Social conditions.
Textile workers--North Carolina--Songs and music.
Women singers--North Carolina.
Women textile workers--North Carolina.
Expand/collapse Related Collections
Connie Jean Stone Collection (# 20247)
Expand/collapse Biographical Information
McKellar Israel, of Southern Pines, N.C., is a white music and piano instructor who taught courses at Sandhills Community College in Pinehurst, N.C. In the summer of 1972 McKellar Israel attended a folklore class taught by Dan Patterson at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. As part of his class term paper, "The Folk Songs of Dawes B. Graybeal and Marinda Dunnigan McPherson", McKellar Israel recorded traditional songs and interviews with both Dawes B. Graybeal, a white Primitive Baptist preacher of Ashe County, N.C., and Marinda Dunnigan McPherson, an African American educator of Orange County, N.C. According to a note found in his collection, McKellar Israel would occasionally donate field recordings that his Sandhills Community College students made to the Southern Folklife Collection.
Expand/collapse Scope and Content
Field recordings of ballads, children's games, hymns, spirituals, recollections, and other spoken and sung material collected by McKellar Israel, white music instructor of Southern Pines, N.C., and his students at Sandhills Community College in Pinehurst, N.C. The collection contains dubs of field recordings that McKellar Israel created as part of his 1972 term paper on "The Folk Songs of Dawes B. Graybeal and Marinda Dunnigan McPherson", as well as dubs of field recordings made by McKellar Israel's students of their family members and neighbors. Dubbed field recordings are on audiocassette and 1/4" open reel audio. The collection also contains supporting documentation, such as tape logs, transcriptions, and scattered correspondence, that relate to the field recordings found in the collection.
Series 1 contains field recordings, 1972-1973, related to McKellar Israel's 1972 term paper on "The Folk Songs of Dawes B. Graybeal and Marinda Dunnigan McPherson", which he completed as part of a folklore class taught by Dan Patterson at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Audiocassettes FS-20176/1240, FS-20176/1241, and FS-20176/1242 include live recordings of Marinda Dunnigan McPherson, African American teacher and singer from Hillsborough, Orange County, N.C., recollecting and singing children's games, play party songs, and spirituals she learned from family members, and an interview with her and her husband, David McPherson of Chatham County, N.C., about their memories of community events and history. These field recordings were collected by McKellar Israel in the fall of 1972 and fall of 1973. According to biographical information found in folder 1, Marinda Dunnigan McPherson's "father's name was Arthur Dunnigan, son of Jerry and Carrie Dunnigan, tenants for the Bacon farm in Orange County. Her mother's maiden name was Mildred Cameron. Marinda's grandfather's name was Noah Latta, whose family worked for the Camerons in Hillsborough and Raleigh. Her grandmother's name was Marinda Hart, who was approximately 80 years old in 1920 when Marinda Dunnigan McPherson first recalls hearing her sing "Lord, I Ain't No Ways Weary".
Audiocassettes FS-20176/523 and FS-20178/1243 include live recordings of Reverend Dawes B. Graybeal (1929-2019), a white Primitive Baptist preacher and ballad and hymn singer from Eagle Springs, N.C., performing hymns and ballads he learned from members of his family and at community events. Dawes B. Graybeal preached for over 40 years throughout the state of North Carolina; they include Pine Hall, Sandy Ridge, Bensalem, Denver, Leaflet, and Raven Rock Presbyterian churches.
Series 2 contains field recordings, 1974-1975, created by McKellar Israel's students at the Sandhills Community College in Pinehurst, N.C. Student fieldworkers represented in the collection include Monica Braddock, Josephine Flowers, Frances Frazier, Eunice Edwards Gillmore, Thelma Hicks Rouse, Betty Hoyle, Raymond McCleaod, Lessie Millhouse, Pauline Morrison, Gene Oldham, and Connie Jean Stone. Students recorded their family members, neighbors, and/or selves performing ballads, children's games, dance calls, tales, gospel songs, and other spoken word material. Students recorded this material in Lansing, Ashe County; Chatham County; Harnett County; Raeford, Hoke County; Iredell County; Sanford, Lee County; Eagle Springs, Moore County; and Rockingham, Sampson County N.C.
Audiotape FT-20176/434 contains a 1974 performance by Solomon Worley, an African American singer and storyteller originally from Marion County, S.C., and living in Moncure, Chatham County, N.C. McKellar Israel's student, Pauline Morrison of Aberdeen, N.C., made the field recording, which includes gospel songs within an oral history interview, in which Solomon Worley also discusses biblical tales, riddles, and life stories.
Audiotape FT-20176/431 includes an interview with Lenoir Hale, a white textile worker of Rockingham, Richmond County, N.C., where she lived most of her life in the Pee Dee Mill village, working for the local textile mill. The interview, which was conducted by McKellar Israel's student, Monica Braddock of Rockingham, N.C., includes reminiscences about life in a mill village with songs and a comic skit performed by Hale. Supporting documentation for this recordings includes transcriptions of the songs and notes taken by Monica Braddock.
Audiotape FT-20176/433 consists of live recordings of Thelma Hicks Rouse, a white ballad singer born in Rich Mountain, Tenn., and living in Eagle Springs, N.C., performing ballads and parlor songs she learned from family members and from growing up in a coal mining camp. Supporting documentation for this recording, which was created by Themla Hicks Rouse herself, includes lyrical transcriptions of the songs annotated by Rouse. Each annotation gives information about the history of the song and how Rouse learned it.
Audiotape FT-20176/436 is a dubbed compilation of fieldwork made by McKellar Israel's students at Sandhills Community College in Pinehurst, N.C., of their family members and neighbors performing ballads, children's games, dance calls, and gospel songs in 1975. This material was recorded in Lansing, Ashe County; Harnett County; Raeford, Hoke County; Sanford, Lee County; Rockingham, Sampson County; and Chatham County, N.C. Includes field recordings made by Lessie Millhouse, Gene Oldham, Raymond McCleaod, Frances Frazier, Josephine Flowers, Eunice Edwards Gillmore, and Betty Hoyle.
Contents list
Expand/collapse Series Quick Links
1. "The Folk Songs of Dawes B. Graybeal and Marinda Dunnigan McPherson", 1972-1973.
2. Sandhills Community College Student Fieldwork, 1974-1975.
Expand/collapse Series 1. "The Folk Songs of Dawes B. Graybeal and Marinda Dunnigan McPherson", 1972-1973.
About 30 items.
Arrangement: Chronological.
Processing information: Titles compiles from SFC database and supporting documentation.
Field recordings related to McKellar Israel's 1972 term paper on "The Folk Songs of Dawes B. Graybeal and Marinda Dunnigan McPherson", which he completed as part of a folklore class taught by Dan Patterson at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Documentation: FS-20176/1240-1242 #20176, Series: "1. "The Folk Songs of Dawes B. Graybeal and Marinda Dunnigan McPherson", 1972-1973." Folder 1
Formerly folder 160 within Southern Folklife Collection Field Notes (#30025)
Includes tape logs; biographical information on Marina Dunnigan McPherson; and transcriptions.
SFC Audio Cassette FS-20176/1240
Marinda Dunnigan McPherson interview, recorded by McKellar Israel, 1972, tape 1 #20176, Series: "1. "The Folk Songs of Dawes B. Graybeal and Marinda Dunnigan McPherson", 1972-1973." FS-20176/1240
Documentation: FS-20176/523 #20176, Series: "1. "The Folk Songs of Dawes B. Graybeal and Marinda Dunnigan McPherson", 1972-1973." Folder 2
Formerly found in folder 30 within Southern Folklife Collection Field Notes (#30025)
Includes note on McKellar Israel by unidentified source; and transcriptions presumably by McKellar Israel.
SFC Audio Cassette FS-20176/523
Dawes B. Graybeal of Ashe County, N.C., singing, recorded by McKellar Israel, circa 1973 #20176, Series: "1. "The Folk Songs of Dawes B. Graybeal and Marinda Dunnigan McPherson", 1972-1973." FS-20176/523
Documentation: FT-20176/1243 #20176, Series: "1. "The Folk Songs of Dawes B. Graybeal and Marinda Dunnigan McPherson", 1972-1973." Folder 3
Includes tape logs prepared by former SFC staff; correspondence from McKellar Israel to Dan Patterson; and a copy of McKellar Israel's Folklore 199 term paper on "The Folk Songs of Dawes B. Graybeal and Marinda Dunnigan McPherson" (August 1974).
Dawes B. Graybeal, songs, recorded by McKellar Israel, 30 August 1973 #20176, Series: "1. "The Folk Songs of Dawes B. Graybeal and Marinda Dunnigan McPherson", 1972-1973." FS-20176/1243
Expand/collapse Series 2. Sandhills Community College Student Fieldwork, 1974-1975.
Field recordings created by McKellar Israel's students at the Sandhills Community College in Pinehurst, N.C. Student fieldworkers represented in the collection include Monica Braddock, Josephine Flowers, Frances Frazier, Eunice Edwards Gillmore, Thelma Hicks Rouse, Betty Hoyle, Raymond McCleaod, Lessie Millhouse, Pauline Morrison, Gene Oldham, and Connie Jean Stone. Students recorded their family members, neighbors, and/or selves performing ballads, children's games, dance calls, tales, gospel songs, and other spoken word material. Students recorded this material in Lansing, Ashe County; Chatham County; Harnett County; Raeford, Hoke County; Iredell County; Sanford, Lee County; Eagle Springs, Moore County; and Rockingham, Sampson County N.C.
Documentation: FT-20176/434 #20176, Series: "2. Sandhills Community College Student Fieldwork, 1974-1975." Folder 4
Includes transcriptions.
SFC Audio Open Reel FT-20176/434
Solomon Worley, interview and songs, Moncure, N.C., recorded by Pauline Morrison of Aberdeen, N.C., 20 October 1974 #20176, Series: "2. Sandhills Community College Student Fieldwork, 1974-1975." FT-20176/434
1/4" Open Reel Audio
Includes tape log prepared by former SFC staff and handwritten transcriptions by Monica Braddock.
Lenoir Hale of Rockingham, N.C., songs and reminiscences of life in the Pee Dee mill village, recorded by Monica Braddock of Rockingham, N.C., 1975 #20176, Series: "2. Sandhills Community College Student Fieldwork, 1974-1975." FT-20176/431
Includes tape log prepared by former SFC staff and transcriptions.
Thelma Hicks Rouse of Eagle Springs, N.C., songs, recorded by Thelma Hicks Rouse, 1975 #20176, Series: "2. Sandhills Community College Student Fieldwork, 1974-1975." FT-20176/433
Includes tape log prepared by former SFC staff and Connie Jean Stone's Folklore 187 term paper "Witch Tales from Iredell County N.C." (April 1975).
Ollie and Roy Coleman, ghost, witch, supernatural stories, Iredell County, N.C., recorded by Connie Jean Stone, March 1975 #20176, Series: "2. Sandhills Community College Student Fieldwork, 1974-1975." FT-20176/435
Includes tape log and transcriptions.
Sand Hill Community College students, dubbed songs submitted to McKellar Israel's Sandhills Community College course, 1975 #20176, Series: "2. Sandhills Community College Student Fieldwork, 1974-1975." FT-20176/436
Includes field recordings made by Lessie Millhouse, Gene Oldham, Raymond McCleaod, Frances Frazier, Josephine Flowers, Eunice Edwards Gillmore, and Betty Hoyle.
Expand/collapse Items Separated
Audiocassettes (FS-523, FS-1240-1243)
Audiotapes (FT-431-436)
Processed by: Anne Wells, January 2020
Encoded by: Anne Wells, January 2020
Since August 2017, we have added ethnic and racial identities for individuals and families represented in collections. To determine identity, we rely on self-identification; other information supplied to the repository by collection creators or sources; public records, press accounts, and secondary sources; and contextual information in the collection materials. Omissions of ethnic and racial identities in finding aids created or updated after August 2017 are an indication of insufficient information to make an educated guess or an individual's preference for identity information to be excluded from description. When we have misidentified, please let us know at wilsonlibrary@unc.edu.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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New Balance Goes 3D
Products, Retail Technology
Footwear brand launches TripleCell, a premium 3D printing platform.
New Balance this week launched a platform, created with 3D printing technology from Formlabs, that delivere components that are closer to traditional performance cushioning than ever before. This new platform, called TripleCell, launched with the 990 Sport on June 28. The FuelCell Echo will lanch September 15. Both feature TripleCell technology, with the expected retail value of $185 and $175, respectively.
In 2017, New Balance and Formlabs, a Massachusetts-based provider or 3D printing systems, entered into an exclusive relationship to develop high-performance materials, hardware and a manufacturing process for athlete footwear. Through this relationship, a new proprietary photopolymer resin was created called Rebound Resin. Rebound Resin is designed to create springy, resilient lattice structures with the durability, reliability, and longevity expected from an injection molded thermoplastic.
"TripleCell will deliver the industry's pinnacle expression of data to design with seamless transitions between variable properties underfoot," says Katherine Petrecca, New Balance GM, Innovation Design Studio. "This new, cutting edge, digitally manufactured technology is now scaling exclusively within New Balance factories in the U.S., further establishing us as a leader in 3D printing and domestic manufacturing.
"Formlabs has been an integral partner to bring this to life," she adds. "We're really going to be able to disrupt the industry not only in performance, but also in athlete customization and speed to market."
"3D printing is changing how companies approach manufacturing, with this announcement New Balance is pioneering localized manufacturing," says Dávid Lakatos, chief product officer at Formlabs. "By eliminating the dependence on molds and direct printing for both prototyping and production, their team shifts from months to hours in the development and production cycles.
"We're moving towards a world where design cycles are closing in on the whim of the consumer and it's exciting to be on the frontlines of this with New Balance."
New Balance chose the 990 Sport to launch the TripleCell platform to reimagine a classic and venerable silhouette. TripleCell technology in the heel seamlessly delivers the cushioning experience found in the classic style, but is 10 percent lighter than the 990v5 and maintains the Made in the USA designation.
The New Balance Innovation Design Studio dropped TripleCell into the forefoot of the FuelCell Echo based on the growing focus of forefoot technology and the learnings taken from the recent launch of the FuelCell platform. The 990 Sport with TripleCell is Made in the USA at the New Balance Lawrence factory and the FuelCell Echo with TripleCell is assembled in the USA.
Hot on the Runway
Hemp-Derived Sarco Skin Unveiled


text:
Information circulated on the cambridge-conference network is for
scholarly use only. The attached text may not be reproduced
or transmitted without prior permission of the copyright holder.
CCNet DIGEST 13 July 1998
(1) FRENCH CONVINCINGLY CORRECT ENGLISH IMPACT PREDICTION
Alain Maury <maury@obs-azur.fr>
(2) SPACEGUARD UK
Jonathan TATE <fr77@dial.pipex.com>
(3) DON'T BE CRUEL TO AMERICANS
Andrea Milani Comparetti <milani@copernico.dm.unipi.it>
(4) TSUNAMI INSURANCE
Duncan Steel <dis@a011.aone.net.au> wrote:
(5) ASTEROID 239 ADRASTEA
Alan W. Harris <awharris@lithos..jpl.nasa.gov>
(6) GREENLAND IMPACT
Henrik Persson <henrikp@image.dk> [as posted on the meteorite-list]
(7) X-RAY SPECTRA OF COMETS
M. Uchida et al., OCHANOMIZU UNIVERSITY, JAPAN
(8) NO DEATH STAR - FOR NOW
J.A. Frogel & A. Gould, OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
From Alain Maury <maury@obs-azur.fr>
1978 Argentina Argentina 1986
1974 Germany Germany 1990
1970 Brazil Brazil 1994
1966 England FRANCE !!! 1998
Sorry. Couldn't resist.
From Jonathan TATE <fr77@dial.pipex.com>
INTRODUCTION TO IMPACT 4
Welcome to the fourth edition of "Impact". After the rather busy time
following the XF11 affair, I had hoped that things would calm down a bit.
However, to the despair of my lords and masters at work, nothing could be
further from the case!
The opening of Steven Spielberg's "Deep Impact" has generated a rash of
interest in the impact hazard, and also considerable ramblings in various
Internet newsgroups on the scientific accuracy (or otherwise) of the film.
I have seen it twice now, and I can honestly say that it's very good! OK,
there are some technical bloopers, but remarkably few. And, after all, it's
designed as entertainment and not a science lecture. As a piece of
entertainment it is first class, and as a carrier of the Spaceguard message
it will be excellent.
Apart from the smashing special effects, I felt that the film was also very
thoughtful, raising some interesting issues, (which is possibly why the
critics are not too happy with it – not enough blood). One of the most
important, and current, is the morality of concealing news of an impending
impact from the public. While I think that it would be impossible to conceal
the facts for the length of time postulated in the movie, I am also less
confident in human nature than a lot of the scientific community who
advocate complete openness. Should an early announcement be made of a
definite event (assuming such calculations are possible to the necessary
levels of accuracy), I think it unlikely that the human race will quietly
settle down to straighten out its affairs before catastrophe. A fuller
examination of the film, and the issues that it raises can be found later in
this issue. Let's hope that we can be as enthusiastic about the next
Hollywood offering, "Armageddon", due to be released in July.
Spaceguard UK is in good fettle at the moment. There have been a couple of
good "airings" on the television over the past couple of months, and I have
been travelling the country lecturing to astronomy clubs and societies. The
message seems to be getting across, and membership is rising steadily!
Other news from abroad is good. In the Unite States NASA has decided to
double its NEO budget from $1.5 million to $3 million per year. An extra
$1.5 per year may not be a lot, but it's certainly a step in the right
direction, and the ball has begun to roll. The news from Japan is even
better with the funding of their new telescope for NEO/debris studies at a
cost of about $15 million.
Sadly of course, the British government still has its head firmly embedded
in an uncomfortable part of its anatomy. I sometimes despair of our elected
leaders!
However, all is not lost! There are a number of ongoing initiatives both
here and abroad. Here, Sir Crispin Tickell has written to the Prime
Minister, encouraging him to look at the threat posed to the United Kingdom
by impacts, and, in the United States there are further moves afoot to
persuade Congress and the Pentagon to take the problem seriously. Let's
hope that some or all of these initiatives manage to produce some results.
Jay Tate
DEEP IMPACT – MYTH OR REALITY?
For the past few months the NEO community has been waiting with some
trepidation for the release of the latest Spielberg blockbuster, "Deep
Impact". The story line is based on the impending impact of a large (seven
mile diameter) comet on the Earth, and the measures taken to prevent or
mitigate the effects of the catastrophe.
Contrary to the natural concerns of the real experts, the science is
surprisingly good. Before descending to the level of minor "nit-picking
detail", the first thing to appreciate is that the film was made to
entertain, and not to educate. That being the case, I believe that the
scientific inaccuracies contained in the piece are almost insignificant,
except for the most rabid critic. The overall picture presented in the film
is very realistic, and portrays the threat in a balanced and cogent fashion.
This is definitely a film to see, and to encourage others to see.
The first question that anyone seeing the film is likely to ask is "could
this really happen?" The answer is clear – not only could it happen, but it
will happen. It has happened before, and the statistical probability of it
happening again is exactly one.
The threat portrayed in the film – that of a long period comet approaching
the Earth, giving us only two years warning of impact – is completely
realistic. In fact, it is the worst case scenario. The threat from
asteroids and short period comets is likely to be easier to deal with as,
once detected, these bodies are likely to orbit the Sun a number of times
before becoming a direct threat. For example, with Asteroid 1997 XF11 we
would have had thirty years to prepare for impact. In addition, asteroids
and short period comet orbits are confined to a band of sky close to the
plane of the ecliptic, making search programmes significantly simpler.
Assuming that these bodies can be detected in good time (a rather optimistic
assumption at present) there should be plenty of time to prepare counter
measures. The original Spaceguard Survey proposed by Eugene Shoemaker in
1994 was designed to catalogue all Earth threatening objects within 25
years, so, even in the worst case we would have that much warning, and at
best, up to 100 years (beyond that, orbits become increasingly less
predictable).
On the other hand, the long period comet can come from any direction, with
typical warning times of 18 months to two years. Since their arrival in the
inner solar system is completely unpredictable, this poses a serious problem
for Spaceguard-type surveillance programmes.
In "Deep Impact" the news of the impending collision is withheld from the
public, while the United States and Russia plan their countermeasures. In
real life, as shown during the XF11 affair, it would be virtually impossible
for any government to conceal the facts. The expanding use of the Internet
for the passage of astronomical data makes the keeping of secrets almost
impossible. The requirement for follow-up observations of a suspect object
would involve a considerable number of individuals and organisations
worldwide, any one of which could (and probably would) blow the whistle.
After the XF11 affair, the International Astronomical Union Working Group on
Near Earth Objects (IAU WGNEO) studied in some detail the passage of
information that led to the press release. A concurrent study, commissioned
by NASA, concluded that there should be a short delay in the publication of
any warning, to allow for the confirmation of the data. The wording of this
proposal is somewhat suspect, as it implies United States government control
over the data. The thought of any "censorship" or concealment of truth is
abhorrent to the vast majority of the scientific community, and there has
been considerable opposition to the NASA proposal. An alternative solution
would be to have another, non-governmental institution conduct the peer
review and confirmation, such as the IAU WGNEO. Whoever is selected will
have to have the trust and respect of the scientific community, and the
resources to carry out its task in a very short time.
But why should the news be delayed in the first place? Deep Impact
portrayed, albeit briefly, a world that had lost hope, that had lost all
sense of civilised responsibility, had lost all moral decency; all in the
panic caused by impending mass death. Sadly this portrayal is likely to be
nearer to the truth than most of us would like to believe. Is it the act of
a responsible profession to precipitate mass panic and hysteria without
being absolutely sure of the accuracy of its data? The XF11 affair clearly
demonstrated that the less responsible sections of the press are more than
willing to whip themselves into a frenzy at the slightest excuse, and with
no regard for the accuracy of their statements. The main lesson learned is
that any data released to the media, and thence to the public, must have
been checked scrupulously beforehand. Later retractions will be too late.
So, do we opt for honesty and openness, thereby risking mass hysteria (with
the possibility of serious social unrest, casualties and loss of
credibility) for no reason, or do we agree to delay publication (by 48 to 72
hours) until the data has been thoroughly checked and verified? It is a
Catch-22 situation, but one that must be resolved by astronomers in
particular, and the scientific community as a whole before the next incident
occurs.
So, could "Deep Impact" really happen? The simple answer is "possibly." In
the situation of a long period comet being discovered on a collision course,
and with only two years warning, it is unlikely that there is anything that
we could do, except hunker down, and hope to ride out the impact. The
technology to deflect an approaching comet exists – the launch vehicles, the
spacecraft, the guidance systems and the nuclear weapons – but there are no
integrated systems available, and the technology is largely untested. The
US Air Force had planned to send its Clementine 2 spacecraft to rendezvous
with two near Earth asteroids, and to fire instrumented penetrators into
them. This mission would have "space rated" the technology required for
interception, but the mission was curtailed by Mr. Clinton last autumn.
With more warning time, missions such as "Messiah" could doubtless be
mounted, and the ground preparations could be made.
The devastation wrought by the comet fragment that strikes the Earth is very
accurately portrayed in "Deep Impact". Indeed, it was perhaps somewhat
understated. The massive risk posed by tsunami effects is still not well
understood, but since any impact has a 70% chance of occurring at sea, the
threat is very real. The longer term effects of the impact were not
detailed, but it should be remembered that it is these later effects,
including the loss of light at the Earth's surface, the acidification of
land and sea, the mixing of warm and cold ocean layers and the toxification
of the atmosphere that are the chief killing mechanisms. The "Deep Impact"
tsunami may have looked good, but the slower acting, more insidious after
effects of the impact would be the real villains of the piece.
The theme that runs through any discussion about Planetary Defence is the
prime requirement for surveillance. Without the ability to detect a
threatening object before impact there is no chance of doing anything about
it. The ability to deflect an incoming impactor is directly proportional to
the warning time available, so surveillance is of paramount importance. At
the moment, there are simply not enough people searching for NEO's, and, all
things being equal, the warning time that we can reasonable expect is about
six seconds. The late Gene Shoemaker recommended the Spaceguard Project to
the US Congress in 1994. This consisted of a global network of six
ground-based telescopes, and a data processing centre. The total cost? $50
million (£32 million) to establish, and $10 million (£6.25 million) per year
to run. Now that sounds like a lot of money, but think on. Firstly, the
programme must be international, so the total amount will be spread amongst
the participating countries. Secondly, in government terms, £32 million is
not a lot, especially when you consider that the British government is
willing to spend £758M on the Millennium Dome - more than enough to pay for
the entire global surveillance programme twenty times over.
In fact, governments other than ours are taking the threat very seriously,
and things are beginning to happen abroad. In the USA, NASA has announced a
doubling of its NEO budget, from $1.5 million per year to $million. This
may still not be a lot, but at least it is a step in the right direction.
In Japan, the construction of a dedicated NEO/space debris search telescope
and a radar system has recently been announced, at a cost of 2 billion yen
(around $15 million). In the UK, a proposal has been submitted to the
Particle Physics and Astronomical Research Council for £2 million to fit a
sophisticated CCD camera system to the UK Schmidt Telescope, which is
located at the Anglo-Australian Observatory. The UKST is about to be
decommissioned, and donated to Australia. However, used for surveillance,
this system would be the most powerful search tool in the world, and the
only one in the Southern Hemisphere. Again, £2 million is a lot of money,
as is the £450,000 per year that it would cost to run, but when compared
with the actuarial cost (the cost of doing nothing, and accepting the
inevitable devastation) to the UK of £120 million per year (in lives only,
not property or heritage), it doesn't seem so much! The proposal has been
shelved. The United Kingdom is doing nothing to protect itself from the
inevitable threat, but according to a government spokesman, "the Government's
view is that the scale of action taken so far is commensurate with the
known threat". The current scale of action (none) can only mean that there
is no threat in the government's view.
Spaceguard UK has been working with the scientific community for nearly two
years to persuade the "establishment" that the impact threat is real, and
deserves some action. Our message is clear. Asteroidal and cometary
impacts are rare, but are unlimited in their destructive potential.
However, one thing sets this potential catastrophe apart from other natural
disasters like earthquakes, volcanoes or floods – it is avoidable.
So far the message has fallen on deaf ears, despite the clarity of the data.
Nothing is likely to be done until one of two things happens – either a
major impact somewhere on the Earth, involving the massive loss of life
and/or property, or a groundswell of public concern over the government's
lack of responsible action.
"Deep Impact" is going to bring the threat of cosmic impacts into sharp
relief, so help us to persuade the government to face up to their
responsibilities and to do something about it. Write to your local MP,
requesting a statement of his or the government's policies on the impact
threat (contact Spaceguard UK for a draft letter if you wish). Do not be
fobbed off by talk of ESA contributions (that was worth £5928.57p), "plans
made by the emergency planning community" (there are none for the scale of
potential damage), or claims that this is an international problem that can
only be dealt with by international bodies (other countries are forging
ahead with national programmes that all contribute to the international
effort). We at Spaceguard UK would be most interested to hear about any
replies that you may receive.
In the next issue, I hope to publish an up to date membership list. It does
not appear in this issue due to something of a "surge" in membership that
would render any list out of date within a day of printing.
From Andrea Milani Comparetti <milani@copernico.dm.unipi.it>
Dear Dr. Tate,
Yes, I am willing to become a Visiting member of Sapceguard UK. Although,
as you can imagine, I can not take very strict commitments, I am willing
to contribute, at least with my advice, to your work and public action,
since it is not in my style to be a purely passive member of any society.
Thus, let me start now.
I have been appalled, in reading the Cambridge Conference mailings (which
are otherwise very useful), by the lack of attention to the events concerning the
research on NEO which have taken place in Great Britain. First, the UK has
cancelled the actual effort to track NEO at the anglo-australian observatory; it
needs to be stressed that the recovery/follow up work done there was vital, as
the 1997 XF11 event (where the opportunity to improve the orbit by finding
observations at another opposition was critical) should have taught. Among the
disgusting results of this insane decison, D. Steel has been fired and there is
now no NEO search/follow up telescope in the southern hemisphere.
More recently I understand that the British government is threatening once more
the dissolution of the Nautical Almanac Office; Andrew Sinclair has now been
pushed to early retirement. I know that the people interested in the NEO threat
are inclined to give more value to the observational work rather than to
computations, but they are wrong. There is no purpose in being able to collect
data if the culture and know how for processing them is not available; the
process leading from raw observations to asteroid/comet orbits, and to assessment
of risk, is far from trivial. Just to collect data without understanding them,
and then sending the raw data to some processing center overseas, is not really
taking part in the research on NEO. Now A. Sinclair is (was?) the leading UK
expert of orbit determination for celestial bodies, with a precious experience
not inferior to the one of B. Marsden; if anything, if Brian does not take
offence, I would say that the experience of A. Sinclair was broader in scope,
since he has also been in charge of processing the satellite laser ranging data,
including the one of the UK station (which is now left useless, since who is
going to use the data)? And this is happening in Cambridge; I believe it would be
appropriate for a mailing list referring even in the name to Cambridge to take
notice of what is happening at home!
This, in my opinion, should replace a little bit of the 'bash the americans'
attitude which has been common in the public statements of both you and B.
Peiser. The americans are hatefully arrogant, NASA wants to control everything,
this is true, but they are doing it: something like 95% of the present effort to
detect hazardous NEO's is done in the USA and with US taxpayer dollars. If we
want the Spaceguard Survey to be truly international in nature, it is our
responsability to be up to the challenge, and yes, maybe even defy the americans
on their own ground by attempting to be competitive with them in our research. If
we fail to do this, our statements on what they should do appear frankly useless,
and the UK involvement will be represented by the idiotic statement by one UK
junior minister, to the effect that in case a 1 mile asteroid hits the Earth, the
UK government will then take appropriate action (given the long standing
tradition of the UK government in preparations for the nuclear war, as reported
in D. Campbell's "War plan UK", this probably means keeping law and order so that
people can die in a an orderly fashion).
Having requested action from others, I feel it is my duty to show what I am
personally doing to improve the situation. I have just completed a paper (with
G.B. Valsecchi) to reassess the 1997 XF11 case, and more to the point to make
sure that we are not caught imprepared by another similar event which sooner or
later will return. The paper is available in my preprint home page at
http://copernico.dm.unipi.it/~milani/preprints/preprint.html
the last paper which I was mentioning is at
http://copernico.dm.unipi.it/~milani/ident3/ (HTML)
http://copernico.dm.unipi.it/~milani/preprints/ident3.ps.gz (PostScript)
Both the paper and the free software announced therein are recommended to those
wishing to maintain, and even reintroduce after the destructive action of the
british governments, the capability to understand the problems posed by the NEO
threat in the UK. Frankly, I would have liked more the partecipation to the
intense debate on 1997 XF11 by people who could claim to have performed their own
computations, rather than being just willing to argue about other people's work.
The availability of free software, distributed on internet, allowing to compute
asteroid orbits (with an estimation of the uncertainty), and even to analyse in
real time the impact risk, should be considered a step in the right direction.
Andrea Milani
Dipartimento di Matematica
Via Buonarroti 2
56127 PISA ITALY
tel. +39-50-844254 fax +39-50-844224
E-mail: milani@dm.unipi.it
WWW: http://virmap.unipi.it/~milani/homemilani.html
From Duncan Steel <dis@a011.aone.net.au> wrote:
Dear Benny,
I note the interesting message from Ted Bryant of the University of Wollongong
regarding recent (on the geological and astronomical time-scales) tsunamis
afflicting the coasts of Australia. Of course members of this list
have previously been alerted to his interesting web pages on this topic.
I wonder how many readers have house and contents insurance policies which
mention tsunamis? I do. The policy DEFINES a tsunami as:
"An unusually high wave or series of high waves caused by an earthquake or
volcanic eruption."
Thus if there were an impact-induced tsunami (like that/those Bryant believes may
have occurred ~400 years ago) then the surviving residents of Wollongong, Sydney,
Newcastle, Brisbane, and all around the coasts of Australia and elsewhere, would
have no claim on the losses of their houses: the event would be due to neither
earthquake or volcano.
From Alan W. Harris <awharris@lithos..jpl.nasa.gov>
Dear Duncan,
RE. your note on naming Earth-interior asteroids, there already is one named
Adrastea, with the embarrassingly low number of 239. Interesting suggestion,
none the less.
From Henrik Persson <henrikp@image.dk> [as posted on the meteorite-list]
>(1) GREENLAND IMPACT ZONE OF GIANT METEORITE CONFIRMED
> CNN Interactive
> http://cnn.com/TECH/space/9807/08/metorite.dust/index.html
Hi Lew,
This is a mild exaggeration by the press, I believe. The Danish scientists
involved have stated that a relation between the December meteorite and the
meteoritic dust sampled from the ice is suspected but *not* confirmed.
For more information check the homepage of Tycho Brahe Planetarium at:
http://www.astro.ku.dk/tycho/tbe98/english/
Unfortunately they are reconstructing their English pages right now, so
unless you understand Danish.....
However the link might come in handy, since the Planetarium organizes the
search expedition that leaves Copenhagen on July 22nd and probably will post
news here.
It is rumoured that Danish television (DR) will transmit a 5 minute status
report each day. My source has also mentioned negotiations between DR and
BBC and/or Discovery Channel, but I don't know the outcome. Sometimes DR
puts a program on the net. If this happens, I'll post the URL here.
In the meantime you can find the information DR has at:
http://www.dr.dk/ddr/color/meteor/eng/meteor.htm
Holger Pedersen, a member of the scientist team involved, maintains a
regularly updated site at:
http://www.astro.ku.dk/~holger/
On behalf of Copenhagen Astronomical Society I maintain some pages at:
http://www2.dk-online.dk/users/hpersson/meteor/meteor.htm
These pages are not updated anymore, but they contain some eyewitness
reports and drawings, if you have not seen them already.
M. Uchida*) M. Morikawa, H. Kubotani, H. Mouri: X-ray spectra of comets.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 1998, Vol.498, No.2 Pt1, pp.863-870
*) OCHANOMIZU UNIVERSITY, DEPT PHYS, BUNKYO KU, TOKYO 112, JAPAN
X-rays from a comet have been discovered for the first time in C/Hyakutake by
Lisse et al. We discuss the excitation mechanism and the energy source of these
cometary X-rays. We compute the intensity and the spectrum of bremsstrahlung
X-rays and characteristic X-rays induced by nonthermal energetic electrons in the
coma Our results are compared with the X-ray data of C/Hyakutake, and the number
density and kinetic energy of the electrons are evaluated. The electron density
is found to be consistent with the in situ observation of P/Halley. The energy
flux required to generate the observed X-ray luminosity is well explained by the
solar-wind power falling on the coma. Hence, we suggest that the nonthermal
electrons accelerated by the interaction of the comet with the solar wind are
responsible for the X-ray emission. Copyright 1998, Institute for Scientific
Information Inc.
J.A. Frogel & A. Gould: No death star - For now. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 1998,
Vol.499, No.2 Pt2, pp.L219-L222
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, DEPT ASTRON, SMITH LAB 5040, 174 W 18TH AVE,COLUMBUS, OH,
A star passing within similar to 10(4) AU of the Sun would trigger a comet shower
that would reach the inner solar system about 0.18 Myr later. We calculate an a
priori probability of similar to 0.4% that a star has passed this close to the
Sun but that the comet shower has not yet reached the Earth. We search the
Hipparcos catalogue for such recent close-encounter candidates and, in agreement
with Garcia-Sanchez et al., find none. The new result reported in this Letter is
an estimation of the completeness of the search. Because of the relatively
bright completeness limit of the catalogue itself, V similar to 8, the search is
sensitive to only about half the stars that could have had such a near encounter.
On the other hand, we show that the search is sensitive to nearly all of the past
encounters that would lead to a major shower in the future and conclude that it
is highly unlikely that one will occur during the next 0.5 Myr. Copyright 1998,
Institute for Scientific Information Inc.
THE CAMBRIDGE-CONFERENCE NETWORK (CCNet)
The CCNet is a scholarly electronic network. To subscribe, please
contact the moderator Benny J Peiser at <b.j.peiser@livjm.ac.uk>.
Information circulated on this network is for scholarly and educational
use only. The attached information may not be copied or reproduced for
any other purposes without prior permission of the copyright holders.
The electronic archive of the CCNet can be found at
http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/cccmenu.html
CCCMENU CCC for 1998


text:
Home » Long Reads
What Brexit? London Remains 'undisputed tech capital of Europe'
Long ReadsPopular
By Ellie Burns 20 Jan 2017
Despite fears of Brexit, the UK is continuing to attract investors and big name talent
In a year which saw the UK vote to leave the EU, many in the tech industry warned of the departure of talent, money and status in the UK tech sector. However, data from London & Partners, the Mayor of London's promotional company, found that the UK tech sector drew more investment than that of any other European country in 2016.
Measuring activity across private equity and venture capital deals, more than £6.7 billion ($9.5bn) was invested into UK tech firms in 2016, with the good news extending regionally to London too.
The capital city retained its status as the tech capital of Europe, accounting for more than a third of the total invested into UK tech firms and attracting more money than any other European city.
Despite Brexit, investors were found to be keen on investing in the UK, with UK tech firms receiving more venture capital investment than any European country post-referendum.
London received a lion's share of investment, with firms securing around £1.4 billion ($1.9bn) of the total £1.9 billion ($2.6bn) raised by UK tech firms in 2016. VC investors continued to pump money into London tech companies following the EU referendum, with London companies raising over £668 million ($862m) during the second half of the year.
2016 was also a record year for M&A activity, with British companies seeing more investment than any other European country after the 23rdJune.
In total, over £71 billion ($98bn) of M&A deals were completed in the UK in 2016, over five times the total amount of completed deals in 2015 and 2014. Leading deals in 2016 included SoftBank's takeover of UK chip maker ARM £24.3 billion ($32bn) and telecommunications services firm, EE's £12.5 billion ($16bn) acquisition by BT.
"With our unbeatable blend of talent, creativity and access to finance, it is not surprising that London continues to go from strength to strength as the undisputed tech capital of Europe," said the Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan.
"Despite the Brexit vote, the capital continues to attract record levels of investment and remains the best place in the world to grow a business. I have no doubt that this important sector of our economy will continue to generate jobs, investment and world-leading technology for decades to come."
The Brexit vote also raised fears over an exodus of big name tech firms from the UK, a fear which seems to have failed to materialise in 2016. A number of tech giants have invested in the UK, with Google putting forward a £1 billion investment plan for a new headquarters in King's Cross. Facebook pledged an additional 500 jobs for London and Apple revealed its plans for new headquarters in Battersea. This trend seems to have continued into 2017 with Snap Inc, the company behind messaging app Snapchat, recently announcing an international hub in London.
READ: What Brexit means for fintech
The London & Partners research also highlighted London's key strengths, with adtech, e-commerce and big data firms attracting increasing amounts of investment in 2016. Artificial Intelligence companies also benefitted from a sharp rise in venture capital investment in 2016, with London based AI companies receiving a record £100 million last year, more than three times the £27 million raised in 2014 and almost double the £52 million raised in 2015.
"The UK is undeniably a leading destination for investors, entrepreneurs and businesses alike. With a diverse talent pool, global financial centre and a strong culture of innovation, it is no surprise to see that the London has attracted more investment than any other major European city in 2016," said Eileen Burbidge, Partner at London venture capital firm, Passion Capital.
"The UK continues to lead the way in the development of cutting edge technologies and areas such as big data, cybersecurity and ecommerce, are creating exciting opportunities for investors from all over the world. Recent investments announced by the likes of Facebook and Google further demonstrates the strength of London's tech sector and shows that London is still very much open for business and investment."


text:
GAMEDAY Mens Basketball
Alabama 85, Missouri 64
By DAVID SOLOMON
COLUMBIA, Mo. - Noah Clowney and Mark Sears each scored 17 points, and No. 4 Alabama beat Missouri 85-64.
Alabama (17-2, 7-0 Southeastern Conference) remained undefeated against unranked teams this season. Freshman Brandon Miller added 15 points and eight rebounds, and reserve Jahvon Quinterly scored 13 points.
"Give our guys a lot of credit because I thought we played hard for the majority of the game," Alabama coach Nate Oats said. "We took care of the ball, a big point of emphasis coming in. Missouri's No. 1 in the country in turnover rate on defense."
Clowney also had 14 rebounds, and Sears finished with eight rebounds and three steals.
"Probably his best numbers at 17 and 14," Oats said about Clowney. "He's had some pretty good games though. He's obviously shot 3s for us at a high clip before. He's played really well for us. There's a reason he's been playing as many minutes as he's been playing this year."
Isiaih Mosley led Missouri (14-5, 3-4) with 19 points. Mohamed Diarra had eight points and 12 rebounds.
The Tigers shot 33% (23 for 70) from the field, including 3 for 28 from 3-point range. The Crimson Tide went 10 for 35 from beyond the arc.
"No. 1 team in the country, Alabama," Missouri coach Dennis Gates said. "I said it all along. They have the length. They have the athleticism. They have the shooting ability which I thought we stifled in the first half because they rely on it."
Alabama broke the game open with a 17-6 run over the first 4:28 of the second half.
Missouri's Nick Honor hit a jump shot to tie it at 23 with 5:14 remaining in the first half. But Alabama responded with a 15-5 run for a 38-28 halftime lead.
"They go on a run at the end of the first and the beginning of the second consistently," Gates said about Alabama. "That is consistently how they have played, and we didn't mitigate it at all, and it's hard when you see a team shoot the ball the way that they do, and you hold them to a sort of low standard, meaning a lower average, and they get those shots off in that timeframe."
Alabama has won each of its two games, both on the road, since junior Darius Miles was dismissed from the team following his arrest on capital murder charges.
AILING
Missouri forward and leading scorer Kobe Brown was scratched with an ankle injury. He got hurt during Wednesday night's game versus Arkansas.
"Our student-athletes' health is our top priority," Gates said in a pregame statement. "For Kobe's long-term future and success, I have elected to rest him tonight and not risk any further injury by allowing his ankle to properly heal."
Missouri guard Kaleb Brown, Kobe's brother, also did not dress because of a non-COVID-19 illness.
Alabama: The Crimson Tide has won its first seven SEC games by double figures. It is 7-0 in conference play for the second time under Oats. Alabama also won its first seven SEC contests in 2020-21.
Missouri: The Tigers lost against a ranked Alabama team for the first time after winning its first three contests against ranked Crimson Tide squads.
B. Miller F 35 4-12 4-6 3-8 0-8 0 1 0 0 1 15
N. Clowney F 28 6-11 5-7 0-1 5-14 1 0 1 0 3 17
C. Bediako C 16 1-2 0-0 0-0 1-2 1 0 0 1 4 2
M. Sears G 33 4-12 8-9 1-7 1-8 3 0 3 1 2 17
J. Bradley G 24 1-5 6-8 0-0 1-3 3 0 0 4 1 8
J. Quinerly 24 5-10 0-0 3-7 1-4 3 0 1 3 1 13
D. Welch 15 0-4 0-0 0-4 1-4 1 0 0 0 2 0
R. Griffen 12 3-8 0-0 3-6 0-0 0 0 0 0 0 9
N. Gurley 6 1-2 2-2 0-1 1-2 0 0 0 1 2 4
N. Burnett 5 0-2 0-0 0-1 1-2 0 0 0 0 1 0
A. Cottrell 0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0 0 0 0 0 0
D. Heard 0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0 0 0 0 0 0
J. Quinerly 0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N. Carter F 17 1-2 2-2 0-1 0-6 1 1 0 0 3 4
A. Shaw F 17 1-1 0-0 0-0 1-3 0 2 1 0 3 2
N. Honor G 31 1-9 2-2 0-4 1-2 1 0 1 0 2 4
D. Hodge G 22 1-9 2-2 1-5 1-5 0 2 1 2 2 5
T. Gomillion G 9 1-3 2-2 0-1 0-2 0 0 0 0 2 4
I. Mosley 33 9-18 0-0 1-8 1-4 1 2 0 4 1 19
S. East II 27 4-13 0-0 0-4 0-1 4 0 1 1 2 8
D. Gholston 23 3-9 3-4 1-4 1-5 0 0 0 0 5 10
M. Diarra 15 2-6 4-7 0-1 7-12 0 1 2 2 0 8
R. DeGray III 5 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-1 0 0 0 0 1 0
(.107) 14-45 7 8 6 10 21 64
Officials: Steve Anderson, Jason Baker, Vladimir Voyard-Tadal


text:
Bears shutout Gators, share district crown
By USA TODAY High School Sports November 6, 2015 12:13 am
By USA TODAY High School Sports | November 6, 2015 12:13 am ET
ARNAUDVILLE — After scoring only three points in the first half, Carencro Bears head coach Rip Eveland said at halftime, the coaching staff had to remind the players that they were playing for a share of the district 4-4A title.
That speech worked.
The Bears (7-3, 4-1) scored four touchdowns in the second half on the way to a 31-0 win over Beau Chene (5-5, 1-4) Thursday night at Gator Stadium in Arnaudville.
"We put a lot of pressure on them (team) because of the game moving up (to Thursday)," Eveland said. "It messed up the preparation. I don't know if we were quite prepared. They (Beau Chene) did a good job defensively and I thought our defense played well."
A 27-yard field goal by Gabe Duffy on Carencro's first drive were the only points of the first half. Duffy had his second field goal attempt blocked in the first quarter.
It didn't take long for the Bears to get things started in the second half. Tyriek Campbell scored on a 32-yard run, capping off a two-play drive for the 10-0 lead.
A bad snap from Beau Chene's own 20-yard line was recovered in the endzone by Blakeston Noel to give Carencro a 17-0 advantage less than five minutes into the third quarter.
Duffy tacked on another third-quarter score on a 12-yard run as part of another quick two-play drive.
At the start of the fourth, the Gators woes continued with a bad snap on a punt that Kendarius Poullard recovered in the endzone for another score.
Duffy finished the game with over 60 yards and a score on 12 carries. The Gator defense held Campbell to 43 yards and a touchdown on 18 attempts.
"I can't be more proud of my guys and I can't ask anything more of them," said Beau Chene coach Josh Guidry. "I had guys toughing it out tonight, playing through injuries that most kids wouldn't even think about playing through.
"When you look at a kid like Tyriek Campbell, I think we held him to under 100 yards rushing," Guidry continued. "Not many teams in this area have done that all year. We came out with a good gameplan and gave it our best fight, but like we've done all year with a young team, we keep finding ways to shoot ourselves in the foot."
The Bears' defense held the Gators to 28 yards of total offense, holding leading rusher Deontrae Eaglin to 15 yards on 19 carries.
"Our team had to generate their own momentum and energy because you couldn't feel any out there," Eveland said. "Our fans came out and supported us well and the defense played good. We just have to get better everyday, hopefully we get a good draw and get to go a couple of more games."
Heading into Thursday night's game, Beau Chene was ranked No. 30 in the Class 4A power rankings. Guidry said he will be cheering on other teams Friday night.
"We'll be Deridder and Lagrange's biggest fans going into tomorrow (Friday) night," he said. "If both of those teams do their jobs and barring any monumental upsets, I think we'll get in at No. 32 and look at going play Neville."
The 2015 LHSAA prep pairing show will air Sunday at 10:30 a.m. on Fox Sports New Orleans.
Football action Thursday between Carencro High School and Beau Chene High School.
Action between Beau Chene High School and Carencro High School Thursday night.
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Carencro earns share of district title with win Thursday night


text:
African partners FIC´s partners in Kenya and Tanzania
Through the Decent Work and Labor Rights Program, FIC collaborates with two types of organizations:
- Unions
- Youth organizations
The Decent Work and Labor Rights Program started in 2015 and was primarily focused on strengthening partner organizations capacity to create better working conditions in the labor market and better job opportunities for young people in Kenya and Tanzania. We are currently working on Phase II of the program, that is planned to be completed until 2019. The activities of this second phase are built upon the results of Phase I and they aim at improving or continuing to better working conditions and young people´s job opportunities in Kenya and Tanzania.
The partners are:
TAMICO (Tanzania Mines, Energy, Construction and Allied Workers Union): TAMICO was registered as a trade union in 2000 and has been one of FIC's partners since 2008. TAMICO has about 10,595 members and organizes members employed in the mining, energy and construction industry.
KUDHEIHA (Kenya Union of Domestic, Hotels, Educational Institutions and Hospital and Allied Workers): KUDHEIHA's members are mainly employed in service jobs in the hospitality and educational sectors. KUDHEIHA was established in 1951 and has been one of FIC's partners since 2016. The majority of KUDHEIHA's members are in Mombasa.
KSCWWU (Kenya Shipping, Clearing and Warehouse Workers Union): KSCWWU was established in 1989 and has been one of FIC's partners since 2012. KSCWWU organizes members engaged in shipping, clearing and warehousing in the import and export of goods. KSCWWU has its head office in Mombasa and the trade union has around 750 members.
SUK (Seafarers Union of Kenya): SUK was founded in 1958 and has been one of FIC's partners since 2012. SUK organizes seafarers and has about 100 active members.
TYVA (Tanzania Youth Vision Association): TYVA was founded in 2002 and constructing a free, fair, democratic and peaceful society where young people participate actively and effectively is at the core of TYVA's vision. TYVA has about 400 members - primarily in Dar es Salaam.
OMT (Open Mind Tanzania): OMT was founded in 2006 and has the mission to transform the world into a better place for people by strengthening unity that will ensure a moral and economic development for everybody but especially for young people. OMT members count around 50 young entrepreneurs.
YOA (Youth for Africa): YOA's mission is to support and promote young people's potentials in personal development. This will improve the accessibility of young people for the labor market.
YAK (Youth Alive! Kenya): YAK's vision is to construct a free and equal world. YAK is working for the independence of young generations in Kenya, and it especially aims at empowering and giving more choices for their future.
AYT (Africa Youth Trust): AYT was founded in 2005. AYT's mission is that the youth's productive energies become the driving force for peace, equality and prosperity within and across peoples in Africa.


BEHOLD THE SUN: Would you like to see fiery prominences and new-cycle sunspots with your own eyes? On sale now: Personal Solar Telescopes.
ASTEROID IMPACT--UPDATE: Asteroid 2008 TC3 hit Earth this morning, Oct. 7th, and exploded in the atmosphere over northern Sudan. An infrasound array in Kenya recorded the impact. Dr. Peter Brown of the University of Western Ontario has inspected the data and he estimates that the asteroid hit at 0243 UTC with an energy between 1.1 and 2.1 kilotons of TNT. Most of the 3-meter-wide space rock should have been vaporized in the atmosphere with only small pieces reaching the ground as meteorites.
"Half an hour before the predicted impact of asteroid 2008 TC3, I informed an official of Air-France-KLM at Amsterdam airport about the possibility that crews of their airliners in the vicinity of impact would have a chance to see a fireball. And it was a success! I have received confirmation that a KLM airliner, roughly 750 nautical miles southwest of the predicted atmospheric impact position, has observed a short flash just before the expected impact time 0246 UTC. Because of the distance it was not a very large phenomenon, but still a confirmation that some bright meteor has been seen in the predicted direction. Projected on an infrared satellite-image of Meteosat-7 of 0300 UTC, I have indicated the position of the plane (+) and the predicted impact area in Sudan (0)."
2008 TC3 was discovered on Oct. 6th by astronomers using the Mt. Lemmon telescope in Arizona as part of the NASA-funded Catalina Sky Survey for near-Earth objects. Asteroids the size of 2008 TC3 hit Earth 5 to 10 times a year, but this is the first time one has been discovered before it hit.
Graphic artist Patrick Vantuyne created the anaglyph by combining right- and left-eye images from Opportunity's stereo camera. The complete panorama, showing the entirety of Victoria crater in the background, is a must-see.
Next stop: Endeavor, a 14-mile wide crater some 20 times larger than Victoria. To get there, Opportunity will have to drive seven miles, matching the total distance it has traveled since landing on Mars in early 2004. The journey could take two years. "We may not make it, but scientifically speaking that's the right direction to go," says Steve Squyres of Cornell University. "Endeavour is staggeringly large compared to anything we've seen before." Squyres and colleagues hope that peering into the depths of Endeavour will yield new secrets from Mars' wet and wild past--and, oh, the 3D!
On October 7, 2008 , there were 988 potentially hazardous asteroids.


text:
How Did Malcolm Storer Die? What was the Cause Of His Death Know Everything About Him
It is with great sadness that we announce the passing of Malcolm Storer, a renowned face in the non-league world and known for his "OnTheRoadBlog". He was from Hucknall, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom. He was a season ticket holder at Greenwich Avenue for many years, a passionate groundhopper. In honor of his memory and contributions to the footballing community, we take a look back on his life and career. Keep reading more
Who was Malcolm Storer?
Malcolm Storer was born in 1981 in Hucknall, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom. He attended school there before moving to London to pursue an education in journalism at University College London. It was during this time that he developed his passion for non-league football as he began attending matches at Greenwich Avenue Stadium every week as a season ticket holder. After graduating with a degree in Journalism, he began writing about non-league football for various publications, including The Guardian and The Non-League Paper.
OnTheRoadBlog & Contributions to Footballing Community
In 2013, Malcolm started OnTheRoadBlog which quickly became one of the most popular blogs dedicated to non-league football. He wrote extensively about the fans as well as teams from all over the United Kingdom who were often overlooked by mainstream media outlets. His blog also featured interviews with players and managers from all levels of the game which helped bring even more attention to smaller clubs who would otherwise go unnoticed. Not only did Malcolm use his blog as an avenue for reporting but also as a platform for raising awareness about mental health issues within the footballing community which he himself struggled with for many years.
How did Malcolm Storer die ? What was the cause of his death?
The news of Malcolm Storer's death has left the community reeling with shock and this sentiment has been echoed across the entire nation. While there have been plenty of speculations from members of the community, the exact cause of death remains a mystery as none has been released. This causes enormous grief for his friends and family; despite his absence, his memory will remain in everyone's hearts.
Malcolm Storer Obituary
Malcolm's passion for non-league football shone through everything he did and it will be sorely missed in the footballing community. His tireless work on "OnTheRoadBlog" brought much needed attention to small clubs around the United Kingdom and it is no exaggeration to say that without him these teams would have gone completely unnoticed by many people outside their local area.
Tributes Pour to Malcolm Storer Death
Very sad news about Malcolm Storer today. His @ontheroadblog was the first site I checked on getting home from the match on a Saturday.
It was only on Sunday I messaged him to mention he had the wrong KO time for Long Eaton v Carlton & he mentioned he was poorly.
RIP pic.twitter.com/x4Q0V2rOJ8
— Steve Mack (@stevemack2017) January 4, 2023
Radford [email protected]
Radford FC are saddened to hear of the passing of Malcolm Storer. Malcolm was a local legend and passionate supporter of our beautiful non-league game we all love. Condolences to family and friends. RIP Malcolm.
RIP Malcolm Storer. Passion for non league football best blog in business! Legend and very good friend known him for years absolutely gutted news this morning🙏☹!!
— 🥊 (@NFFCRED) January 4, 2023
Absolutely devastated this morning to hear that Malcolm Storer has passed away, Malc was an absolute pleasure to have around with a massive heart and I will miss our conversations at @NFFCWomen First or Reserve fixtures, my condolences go out to his family and friends 🙏 pic.twitter.com/tG6hEgjm5d
— Steve Gray (@SteveGray87) January 4, 2023
We extend our condolences to his family and friends during this difficult time and thank him for all that he has done for non-league football over the years. May he rest in peace knowing that his legacy will never be forgotten by so many people around Britain who love their local clubs just like he did!
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