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BecA – ILRI Hub Blog
Biosciences eastern and central Africa – International Livestock Research Institute
International symposium on cavies July 2016
Category Archives: Crops
Brachiaria grass, a climate-smart 'wonder grass' for livestock farmers
In this interview, Mwihaki Mundia, BecA-ILRI Hub's Communications Officer, sits down with Sita Ghimire, who heads the Brachiaria research and development program at the Biosciences eastern and central Africa – International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, to talk about the origins of this important grass and how it contributes to more milk and meat production in livestock.
Mundia: Maybe you could start by sharing a brief history of Brachiaria grass?
Sita: Brachiaria grass is a tropical forage that is native to Africa. It was introduced to America and Australia in the 1800's. Through Australia, many species were later introduced to Asia and the south Pacific region. The use of Brachiaria for commercial pasture production only began in Africa at the start of the twenty-first century.
M: How many Brachiaria species currently exist in Africa?
S: There are seven species of African origin, namely, B. arrecta, B. brizantha, B. dictyoneura, B. decumbens, B. humidicola, B. mutica and B. ruziziensis. These are all used as fodder for livestock.
Sita Ghimire, in the Brachiaria grass field at Kapiti reasearch station in Machakos county, Kenya
M: Why did BecA-ILRI Hub choose to work with Brachiaria grass as a means of improving livestock productivity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)?
S: Low livestock productivity has plagued sub-Saharan Africa for a long time, creating amongst other things, a severe food shortage for one of the fastest growing human populations in the world. Some of the major factors that contribute to these are feeds shortage and low-quality feeds. Brachiaria provides a solution because it produces a large amount of high-quality biomass that improves the availability of quality feed, its high nutrient value increases livestock productivity of meat and milk and reduces the overall carbon footprint of the livestock production system. Brachiaria additionally tolerates extreme climatic conditions and grows well in low fertile soils. It makes for a great substitute to other forage grasses such as Napier grass which is widely cultivated in sub-Saharan Africa.
M: Would you recommend Brachiaria grass over other forage crops e.g., Napier grass that has been a popular forage for a long time in East Africa?
S: Though Napier grass is very popular in East Africa, its productivity has been on the decline over the years due to smut and stunt disease attacks. The introduction of Brachiaria grass has provided an additional forage option to farmers and helped to bridge the livestock feed supply gaps especially during the dry seasons. Brachiaria grass is one of the top-ranked tropical forages for nutritive value, livestock productivity and climate change adaptation. It is suitable for both grazing and cut and carry systems.
M: What are the main activities that the Climate-smart Brachiaria program at BecA-ILRI Hub carries out?
S: The program provides technical support to National African Research Systems (NARS), non-governmental organizations, and the private sector on Brachiaria grass production and forage biosciences; carries research on Brachiaria grass diseases management; develops Brachiaria-legume cropping system for soil fertility management; identifies Brachiaria seed production niches in Africa; and discovers and uses plant beneficial microbes to enhance resilience and productivity of Brachiaria grass in sub-Sharan Africa.
Sita and an ILRI casual staff measure the length of a fully matured Brachiaria cultivar at the Kapiti research station
M: Most livestock farmers in SSA are small-scale producers who do not have much land to grow their food let alone grow fodder, how do you encourage them to adopt Brachiaria grass?
S: The transformation of the livestock sector in Africa depends on intensification of livestock production systems. Improved forages like Brachiaria grass are a great resource that play a major role as a source of high-quality feed at a low cost. Planting Brachiaria grass in farmlands improves feed availability, enhances livestock productivity, and generates income for livestock farmers. It also protects soil from erosion and sustains soil fertility. Due to these benefits many livestock farmers especially those with smaller land sizes are dedicating more land under Brachiaria grass, with some farming it in place of staple food crops.
M: How many varieties/cultivars of Brachiaria are available to farmers in Kenya and how many other countries in SSA have benefitted from the Climate-smart Brachiaria program?
S: Basilisk, MG-4, Piata and Xaraes are the Brachiaria varieties that are being promoted by ILRI and Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) in Kenya. These cultivars are currently undergoing the registration process in Kenya. The seeds of these cultivars are available in limited quantities in Kenya through KALRO. Hybrid seed cultivars like Mulato II, Cayman and Cobra are also being sold in Kenya. So far, about 40,000 farming households in 18 countries in SSA are beneficiaries of the Climate-smart Brachiaria program.
Cattle feed on Brachiaria grass at the ILRI farm on the Nairobi campus. The grass has proven to improve milk and meat production in livestock
M: How else can farmers use this "wonder grass?"
S: Brachiaria grass can be used as a bioenergy crop to produce biofuel.
It can also be used in crop protection, soil conservation and has great environmental qualities.
Farmers can use Brachiaria to generate income by producing and selling hay. Additionally, the production of rooted tillers as a means of planting materials has recently emerged as a new avenue for agro-business for youth and women in the SSA region.
M: How long does it take for Brachiaria grass to grow to its full height and nutrient potential after planting?
S: The height and time it takes for Brachiaria to attain it is influenced by various factors such as the variety, altitude, soil fertility and other agro-climatic conditions. At the ILRI Nairobi campus, the grass grows to a full height of 1.8 metres. Most varieties take about four to five months to attain their full height. The nutritive value of forage declines as it matures, it is therefore important to identify the right harvesting time with the perfect balance of biomass and nutritive value. For good quality hay, Brachiaria should be harvested prior to flowering.
M: What are some of the challenges that farmers might expect to face while growing Brachiaria grass?
S: The major challenges could be pests and diseases and a decline in soil fertility if manure and fertilizers are not applied on a regular basis.
This entry was posted in Animal Feed, Crops, Kenya, Research and tagged brachiaria, forages, ilri on February 2, 2021 by Mwihaki Mundia.
Growing climate-smart Brachiaria in Rwanda: BecA-ILRI Hub project to improve livestock production in East Africa
In the 'Land of a thousand hills' where the largely steep landscape has led to severe erosion, finding sufficient feed to support the growing dairy industry has been a major challenge to smallholder farmers.
However, a visit to farmers in Eastern and Southern provinces of Rwanda during the country's dry season in July revealed that the climate smart Brachiaria grass—or ivugbwe as it is known locally—has the potential to extend forage availability throughout the year.
Rwandan dairy farmers have been participating in a research project to assess the performance of best bet varieties of Brachiaria grass for different agro-ecological regions in Rwanda. The Swedish funded project on 'Climate smart Brachiaria grass to increase livestock production in East Africa' was led by the Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub and implemented in collaboration with the Rwanda Agriculture Board (RAB).
In this 5-minute video, the farmers talk about why Brachiaria grass has quickly become a favourite forage for their livestock.
Read original article on RAB website: Rwanda dairy farmers praise the climate smart 'Ivugbwe' grass
This entry was posted in Africa, Animal Feed, BecA-ILRI Hub, Crops, East Africa, Rwanda on July 18, 2017 by Ethel Makila.
Labs to limelight – scientists take the stage to share vision for a food secure Africa
In an unconventional approach to science communications, a diverse group of scientists at the Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub take to the stage to illustrate their role in the march towards a food secure Africa.
Performed by the BecA-ILRI Hub staff, research fellows from African national programs and international collaborators, this 25 minute skit sheds light on how technology, partnerships and increased research capabilities of national agricultural researchers and institutions can bring about agricultural development in Africa.
The play dramatizes the role of the BecA-ILRI Hub and its national and international partners in bridging high-end research with practical solutions for smallholder farmers. Established as an African centre for excellence for agricultural biosciences, the BecA-ILRI Hub supports African national agricultural research institutes and universities enhance in harnessing bioscience technologies for sustainable agricultural development in Africa.
This entry was posted in Africa, BecA-ILRI Hub, Capacity Building, Crops, Livestock, Partnerships, Research and tagged agriculture, beca-ilri hub, ilri, research for development on May 24, 2017 by Ethel Makila.
Putting East African smallholder farmers on the path to global soybean market
Written by Tony Obua, African Biosciences Challenge Fund research fellow
Since 2010, I have worked on developing soybean varieties with improved nutritional value and high yield. My passion for soybean research earned me a fellowship––the Africa Biosciences Challenge Fund (ABCF) fellowship––at the Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research (BecA-ILRI) Hub.
Through this fellowship, I am conducting in-depth analyses of five soybean varieties released by Makerere University and 95 elite soybean lines for different nutritional properties.
Owing to its increased use as human food and animal feed, soybean has great economic potential, which I want to help smallholder farmers in East Africa exploit. I am looking for a fast way of introducing good nutritional properties to existing soybean varieties and hope to develop high yielding, nutritionally superior lines.
Containing approximately 40 percent protein, 20 percent oil and an ideal supply of essential amino acids and nutrients, soybean grains are the world's largest source of animal protein feed and the second largest source of vegetable oil globally. Aside from their significance as food and livestock feed, the crop improves soil fertility by fixing nitrogen and enhancing moisture retention.
Between 2006 and 2009, earnings from the crop in Uganda rose by 288 percent, but despite the economic opportunities in production and processing, factories established to process soybean oil and soy-based products across East Africa lack adequate raw material to run at full capacity. Furthermore, increased awareness by oil consumers has increased the demand for soybean oil as they seek more nutritious alternatives.
Through my research at the BecA-ILRI Hub and my home institution, Makerere University, I hope to contribute significantly bridging the supply gap and increasing the global competitive edge of locally produced soybean.
About Tony Obua:
Tony Obua is a researcher at Makerere University in Uganda. He is currently conducting research on genetic improvement of oil quality and yield of soybean in Uganda at the BecA-ILRI Hub as an ABCF research fellow.
Read more about the ABCF fellowship program
This entry was posted in Africa, BecA-ILRI Hub, Capacity Building, Crops, Uganda and tagged article, beca-ilri hub, becahub, capacity strengthening, crops, ilri, uganda on May 12, 2017 by Ethel Makila.
Climate-smart Brachiaria grass to help Kenyan farmers withstand global warming effects
Brizantha cv. Xaraés, one of the improved varieties of Brachiaria under research for climate change mitigation (photo: BecA-ILRI Hub/Collins Mutai)
A recent study by the Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub and the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) shows that farmers in semi-arid region of Kenya could stall the adverse effects of climate change on their farms by planting drought-tolerant Brachiaria grass.
The study shows that Brachiaria grass not only improves the productivity of livestock but that it also contributes to improved soil health. Arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) make up 83 per cent of the total land area in Kenya, which have marginal to low potential for crop production. The soils in these areas are low in plant nutrients and are prone to erosion.
The report 'Effects of Brachiaria grass cultivars on soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous in soils of the semi arid eastern Kenya' is one of a compilation of 24 papers published on diverse studies carried out on Brachiaria grass with regards to its adaptation to drought; its impact on milk and meat production; its role in improving soil quality; and establishment of seed production systems for increased availability of the grass seeds and income generation.
Sita Ghimire, a co-author and co-editor of the report and senior scientist at the BecA-ILRI Hub leading the Brachiaria research, says the report is a culmination of pioneering research on the forage in East Africa.
'Brachiaria has been used to transform livestock production in South America,' says Ghimire, 'however, despite the immense benefits it demonstrated in that region, the true potential of this grass is yet to be realized in its motherland, Africa.'
Livestock production in Kenya accounts for 10 per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP). With growing population, increasing affluence and changes in food habits there is an increasing demand for livestock products. Over 70 per cent of all the livestock in Kenya is found in ASALs, necessitating research to develop forage options that will sustain increased livestock productivity in the face of climate change.
The collaborative research of the BecA-ILI Hub and KALRO demonstrates that the cultivation of Brachiaria grass improves soil quality by increasing the amount of plant available carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous.
This entry was posted in Africa, Animal Feed, BecA-ILRI Hub, Crops, East Africa, Kenya and tagged beca-ilri hub, crops, feed, ilri, research on April 20, 2017 by Ethel Makila.
My mission to unlock the potential of 'orphaned' African eggplant: Ugandan researcher at the BecA-ILRI Hub
By Fred Masika, visiting scientist at the Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub
Fred Masika at UC Davis, US during the 13th Solanaceae Conference September 12— 16, 2016
The modernization of agriculture in Africa has led to the focus on cultivation of a very limited variety of food crops. Sadly, this means we are missing out on nutritional and health benefits found in traditional plants such as the African eggplant.
The African eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum) is not only a vegetable, but also has medicinal value. Skin ailments, asthma, bronchitis, diabetes and blood cholesterol are some of the health disorders that this plant is known to alleviate. In Uganda, the local variety 'Nakati' is increasingly gaining importance as a source of income and nutrition for smallholder farmers, mostly women and youths. I want to contribute to research that will boost its production and enable it to play a role in limiting malnourishment and income insecurity in Africa.
The Africa Biosciences Challenge Fund (ABCF) fellowship offered by the BecA-ILRI Hub provided me an opportunity to study this under-researched crop. Using high throughput genotyping technologies, I will generate information that will contribute to breeding initiatives to improve this crop.
With full support from the BecA-ILRI Hub, I also had the opportunity to attend the 13th Solanaceae Conference at University of California, Davis (UC-Davis) from 12–16 September, 2016. During the meeting themed from advances to applications, I made a one-minute pitch using a poster of my work 'Generating genomic tools for efficient breeding of African eggplant'.
The career panel workshop chaired by Ann Powell from the UC Davis department of plant sciences afforded me the opportunity to learn from and interact with international professionals from the public sector and industry. I participated in discussions on cutting edge research in genomic tools, advances and applications for the Solanaceae species.
I am grateful for the research, capacity building opportunity and support I have received at the BecA-ILRI Hub. The training and mentorship has greatly increased my capacity in molecular biology, and bioinformatics. I am now also confident in communicating my research with scientific and non scientific audiences
About Fred Masika
Fred Bwayo Masika works with Uganda Christian University in The Department of Agricultural and Biological Sciences. He has a MSc. Botany (Genetics and Molecular biology) from Makerere University. Realizing that there is narrowing food diversity and recognizing the potential role of traditional vegetables in combating nutrient deficiencies, Masika is passionate about research of underutilized nutritious vegetables such as those of the Solanaceae family. His work towards generating genomic tools in African eggplant will help boost production of African eggplant and related species.
This entry was posted in Africa, BecA-ILRI Hub, Capacity Building, Crops, East Africa, Uganda and tagged Africa, article, beca-ilri hub, crops, ilri, research, uganda on January 20, 2017 by BecA-ILRI Hub Communications.
Cassava, flies and viruses: studying the role of whiteflies in cassava disease at the BecA-ILRI Hub
By William Sharpee, postdoctoral fellow, North Carolina State University
Post-doctoral scientists Gabriela Chavez from Auburn University (left) and William Sharpee (2nd right) from North Carolina State University interact with cassava farmers in the western region of Kenya during a whitefly collecting exercise
Cassava is an important food crop for millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa, but unfortunately this crop is facing a decline in production across the continent due to Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD). I came to the BecA-ILRI Hub in August to work on a project funded by the National Science Foundation Partnerships for International Research and Education (NSF-PIRE) to analyze the evolution of the viruses that cause this disease.
The purpose of this project is to understand how African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV), the causal agents of CMD, evolve during vegetative propagation of infected cassava plants versus being transmitted via whiteflies. It is our goal to understand how these viruses evolve in order to develop strategies that will hinder the development of more virulent strains and thus prevent future outbreaks of CMD.
When I first arrived in Kenya, I travelled to the shores of Lake Victoria in the western part of Kenya to collect whiteflies for the establishment of a colony at the BecA-ILRI Hub. This was a good opportunity to interact with local farmers and see the devastating effects that this disease has on cassava production in Kenya. Once the individual whiteflies were collected we set up a room dedicated to establishing a colony to be used in future experiments.
Because multiple species of whiteflies exist, my colleagues and I have focused our efforts on understanding the genetic make up of the colony to ensure that we have a single species for our experiments. Additionally, we established procedures for the propagation and growth of cassava in the greenhouse. We continue to lay the groundwork for pilot experiments that will act as the basis for our future work.
I am excited to be a part of this project and the BecA-ILRI Hub community. I am grateful for everyone's support and input and look forward to great discoveries in the future.
Read related stories:
International partnership on Cassava virus evolution launched in Africa
Gates grant boosts fight against cassava disease
Auburn University Post-Doc Tracks Cassava Virus History In East Africa
The BecA-ILRI Hub strengthens partnership with North Carolina State University
This entry was posted in Africa, BecA-ILRI Hub, Crops, East Africa, Kenya and tagged Africa, beca-hub, cassava, food crops, ilri, kenya, research on November 2, 2016 by BecA-ILRI Hub Communications.
By Gabriela Chavez, postdoctoral fellow, Auburn University based at the BecA-ILRI Hub
Gabriela Chavez poses with a cassava farmer in Kisumu, Kenya
I joined the Cassava Virus Evolution Project to study the most economically important disease in cassava in Africa. Like me, the cassava is indigenous to South America, but is now widely cultivated and adopted in Africa where it became one of the major crops for human consumption.
Cassava is a fascinating crop that is able to grow under drought conditions, high temperature, and poor soil conditions. However, its production in Africa is severely limited by viral diseases. The begomoviruses that cause Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) have a long evolutionary history in Africa, including the recent pandemic that spread across Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s and 2000s.
At the BecA-ILRI Hub I am studying how the whitefly influences the evolution of Cassava mosaic begomovirus (CMBs). Together with colleagues, I am analyzing the genetic makeup of a colony of whiteflies collected from the western part of Kenya in Kisumu and Lake Victoria surroundings. This is a critical component of the project because whiteflies exhibit an extremely high rate of differences within the species.
Working in Africa has been a life-changing multicultural experience. I have learnt that Africa is not all about catastrophes or poor infrastructure highlighted in news, but that there is on-going cutting-edge research and high-end technologies. I have also enjoyed the contemporary Kenyan music in English, Swahili and various local languages with intricate melodies that borrow from different styles of music from around the globe. I am also impressed with Kenyans' ambitions and their spirit of entrepreneurship.
This entry was posted in Africa, BecA-ILRI Hub, Crops, East Africa, Kenya and tagged becahub, cassava, ilri on October 14, 2016 by BecA-ILRI Hub Communications.
Public-private partnership for food and nutrition security: BecA-ILRI Hub–Cereal Millers Association collaboration features at continental agricultural forum
A partnership catalyzed by the Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub to improve testing for aflatoxins in maize flour will feature at a side event during the 7th Africa Agriculture Science Week and the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) general assembly, next week (from 13-14 June 2016).
The partnership brings together the Kenya Cereal Millers Association—which has over ten million customers, including the urban poor—and the Texas A&M AgriLife laboratory which is hosted at the BecA-ILRI Hub. It is enabling millers to accurately perform their own tests for aflatoxins in maize flour, reducing aflatoxin risk and improving food safety for an estimated 16 million Kenyans.
Aflatoxins are a naturally occurring carcinogenic by-product of common fungi that grow on grains and other food crops, particularly maize and groundnuts. Highly carcinogenic, aflatoxins are lethal in high doses, with chronic exposure potentially stunting infant development, blocking nutrient absorption and suppressing the immune system.
Preventing human exposure to aflatoxins involves removing crops with unacceptable aflatoxin contents from both foods and feeds.
Paloma Fernandes, the chief executive of the Kenya Cereal Millers Association, will give a presentation on industry-led approaches to controlling aflatoxin in the country's food supply chain at the 'Strengthening systems to optimize agriculture and nutrition outcomes in Africa' side event.
Read event concept note: Strengthening Systems to Optimize Agriculture and Nutrition Outcomes in Africa
For more information on the Africa Agriculture Science Week visit: http://faraafrica.org/aasw7/
Follow the event on twitter: #AASW7
Read related articles:
A vision for safe, affordable and adequate food
Providing safe maize for Africa: Aflatoxin Proficiency Testing and Control in Africa project at the BecA-ILRI Hub
Regional Aflatoxin control organization recognizes role of the BecA-ILRI Hub in fighting aflatoxins
This entry was posted in Africa, Crops, East Africa, People, Research and tagged aflatoxin, Africa, BecA, beca-ilri hub, crops, east africa, ilri, research on June 9, 2016 by Ethel Makila.
A vision for safe, affordable and adequate food – Kenya Cereal Millers Association collaborates with BecA-ILRI Hub to combat aflatoxin contamination
By Paloma Fernandes, CEO of the Kenya Cereal Millers Association
Having a milling capacity of 1.6 million tonnes of maize per year and constituting 85 percent of the commercial flour on the shelves sold to about 10 million consumers annually, the Cereal Millers Association (CMA) bears the heavy responsibility of providing safe, affordable and adequate food for their consumers. This responsibility is at the heart of our vision as an association which comprises 27 of the largest millers in the country.
Our four-year relationship with the BecA-ILRI Hub's aflatoxin research project was borne out of our quest to bridge the existing gap in best practices for diagnosis of aflatoxins at the millers' level. In efforts to find a solution, we participated in various national forums on the control of aflatoxins in the food value chain in Kenya and eventually made the connection with the project.
Through our collaboration with the BecA-ILRI Hub, CMA staff members have received training on the proper use of aflatoxin diagnostics equipment to get the most accurate results.Visits by the BecA-ILRI Hub scientists, research technicians and project collaborators to three CMA mills has helped us ascertain the levels of testing, training needs and ways in which we can improve our storage, transport and testing facilities.
In order for us to take adequate measures in providing safe food for Kenyans, we have extended
our collaboration to exploratory research on the types of aflatoxins we are dealing with at our mills and will provide samples of both wheat and maize to the BecA-ILRI Hub for analysis.
Through this partnership, we have also identified a consultant from Texas A&M University, USA, to
develop and test the feasibility of maize sampling and aflatoxin testing protocols for use in Kenyan maize mills – an initiative in which many of our mills are involved.
The dream of CMA is to have a fully-fledged laboratory for testing of aflatoxins and we believe with the support of research institutions like the BecA-ILRI Hub, this dream is not very distant. Ultimately we hope that we can achieve our goal to provide safe, affordable and adequate food for all our consumers.
This entry was posted in Africa, BecA-ILRI Hub, Crops, East Africa, Kenya, Research and tagged Africa, article, beca-ilri hub, east africa, food crops, ilri, research on June 9, 2016 by BecA-ILRI Hub Communications.
Biosciences fund brings Tanzanian researcher one step closer to unravelling the genetic diversity of the Small East African goat
Researcher using skills gained at BecA-ILRI Hub to hasten adoption of improved Brachiaria grass varieties in Tanzania
Africa Biosciences Challenge Fund fellow conducts inventive goat genetic diversity research in DR Congo
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Do you see anything unusual in this picture?
Have you ever missed an observation to the frustration of another person?
We continue thru life, tripping over things we didn't hear and things we didn't see.
Have you found the circle yet?
Sometimes it's difficult to understand scripture, other times we understand it and it frustrates us because we know it to be true. We do know we have eyes and we do not always see and we do not always listen with out ears.
One answer to these conflicts might be to SLOW down, look and listen, be more intentional. It will take a few seconds of your time to find the circle in branches and it will take a few moments of your time to read this blog, but I hope those moments will bless you.
We miss so much of knowing each other and knowing God because we won't pause.
I look out my window every morning during my devotional time at this tree. For twenty-three years, season in and season out, meaning the tree is with leaves for several months and without leaves several months. But this observation arrived on a day I needed to know God is present in each and every circumstance of my life, even when I don't see or hear Him. His presence in not based on my eyes or my ears; it is based on Him.
Posted on November 14, 2018 under He is near.
I literally just said that to my husband yesterday. "Why don't you ever remember things I tell you?" This was perfect for today. Thank you so much!!


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An Alternate Future
We exist to create an alternate future for people living with neurodegenerative diseases. An alternate, healthier life. We're here to disrupt the trajectory the world has come to accept for people with these diseases.
Improving lives.
Alterity Therapeutics was incorporated in Melbourne, Australia in 1997 as Prana Biotechnology and has offices in Melbourne, Australia, and San Francisco, USA. The Company listed on the Australian Securities Exchange in 2000 and listed on the NASDAQ in 2002.
The company operates under the ticker codes ASX: ATH and NASDAQ: ATHE
Management/Executive Team
Geoffrey Kempler
CEO & Chairman
David Stamler, M.D.
Chief Medical Officer & Senior VP, Clinical Development
Kathryn Andrews, B.Com, CPA
James Kerr
VP, Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls
Margaret Bradbury, Ph.D.
VP, Nonclinical Development
Geoffrey Kempler, CEO & ChairmanB.Sc. Grad. Dip. App. Soc. Psych
Mr Kempler has served as Chairman of our Board of Directors since November 1997, between November 1997 and August 2004 he served as our Chief Executive Officer, and in June 2005 he again assumed the position of Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Kempler is one of the founders of our company.
Mr. Kempler is a qualified psychologist with extensive experience in investment and business development, has managed our operations to date and has been responsible for the implementation of our strategic plan and the commercialisation of our technology. Mr. Kempler holds a B.Sc degree in science from Monash University, Grad. Dip. App. Soc. Psych. degree from Swinburne University, and is on the Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN) Industry Advisory Board. Mr Kempler was appointed as a Non-Executive Chairman of Opthea Limited, an ASX listed drug development company developing innovative, biologics-based therapies for the treatment of eye diseases, on November 30, 2015.
Lawrence Gozlan, Non-Executive DirectorB.Sc. (Hons)
Mr Gozlan was appointed as a director of our company on August 8, 2011. Mr. Gozlan, a leading biotechnology investor and advisor, is the Chief Investment Officer and Founder of Scientia Capital, a specialised global investment fund focused exclusively in life sciences. The Company was founded to provide high level expertise and to manage investments for high net worth individuals, family offices and institutional investors wanting exposure to the biotechnology industry.
Prior to this, Mr Gozlan was responsible for the largest biotechnology investment portfolio in Australia as the institutional biotechnology analyst at QIC ("the Queensland Investment Corporation"), an investment fund with over AU$60 billion under management. He previously worked as the senior biotechnology analyst in the equities team at Foster Stockbroking, and gained senior corporate finance experience advising life science companies at Deloitte.
Mr. Gozlan is currently a Director of AusBiotech, which is the Australian Biotechnology Industry body and a number of private biotechnology companies in the USA. He holds a Bachelor of Science with Honors in microbiology and immunology from the University of Melbourne specializing in neurodegenerative diseases.
Peter Marks, Non-Executive DirectorBEc LLB Grad. Dip. Comm. Law MBA
Mr Marks has served as a director of Alterity since July 2005. He is an experience company director with significant corporate advisory and investment experience. In his roles with these various financial institutions, Mr. Marks was responsible for advising a substantial number of listed and unlisted companies on issues ranging from corporate and company structure, to valuation, business strategies, acquisitions and international opportunities.
For over 13 years until the end of August 2014, Mr. Marks was a Director of investment bank Peregrine Corporate Ltd, and is currently a principal of Henslow Pty Ltd (formerly Halcyon Corporate Pty Ltd), a corporate and capital markets advisory firm specializing in advising small to mid-cap companies.
Mr Marks is currently a non-executive Director of Fluence Corporation Ltd, and Terragenic International Ltd, and also currently serves as Chairman of ASX listed biotechnology company, Noxopharm Ltd.
Dr David Sinclair, Non-Executive Director
Ph.D., A.O.
David A. Sinclair Ph.D., A.O. is Co-Founder at Life Biosciences. He is a tenured professor in the Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School and co-Director of the Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging Research. Dr. Sinclair is regarded as one of the world's leading researchers on aging and age-associated diseases, with key contributions to understanding why we age and how to slow and even reverse the process.
He has co-founded multiple biotechnology and genomics companies working on aging, neurological, metabolic, infectious and rare diseases. Dr. Sinclair's work has been featured in five books, two documentary movies, on CBS 60 Minutes, in Morgan Freeman's "Through the Wormhole" and more. He has received more than 35 awards for his medical research, innovation, and teaching. In 2014, he was named as TIME's "100 Most Influential People in the World", TIME's "50 Most Influential People in Health Care" in 2018 and was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia. He serves on the non-profit boards of the American Federation for Aging Research and the Sanford Lorraine Cross Award.
Dr Sinclair joined the Alterity Board in 2019.
Tristan Edwards, Non-Executive Director
B.Com, CFA, CMT, CPA
Tristan Edwards is Co-Founder, President and Chief Investment Officer of Life Biosciences. He also sits on the Boards of Continuum Biosciences, Animal Biosciences, Senolytic Therapeutics and Jumpstart Fertility. Tristan brings extensive global financial capital markets, regulatory compliance, and fiduciary oversight experience to the group, following a 16-year investment career spanning leading financial organizations across Australia, London, HK and Singapore.
Having recognized the opportunity to leverage this experience in an entrepreneurial environment, he has subsequently moved to pursue his passion for helping create a scalable platform for financing and enabling the world's best scientists and thought leaders to create change. Tristan's professional background has been in senior investment roles at leading financial groups such as Goldman Sachs, Brevan Howard, Trafalgar Capital and Mosaic Asset Management. He started his career with the Australian Commonwealth Department of Finance.
Mr Edwards joined the Alterity Board in 2019.
Brian Meltzer, Non-Executive Director
B. Com., M Ec.
Mr Meltzer has served as a director of our company since December 1999. Mr. Meltzer has over 30 years' experience in finance. Until December 2013, Mr. Meltzer was a director of Momentum Ventures Limited, licensed by the government as an Innovation Investment Fund with venture capital investments including biotechnology.
Mr. Meltzer is a non-executive director on the boards of a number of private companies. Mr. Meltzer is also a director on the board of the Australian-Israel Chamber of Commerce and is Chairman of Independence Australia (previously Paraquad). Mr. Meltzer is Chairman of our Audit Committee and Remuneration Committee.
He is Chairman of the Audit Committee and member of the Nomination Committee and Remuneration Committee
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Bacterial neuraminidase is type of neuraminidase and a virulence factor for many bacteria including Bacteroides fragilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Its function is to cleave a sialic acid residue off ganglioside-GM1 (a modulator of cell surface and receptor activity) turning it into asialo-GM1 to which type 4 pili (attachment factors) bind preferentially.

References

EC 3.2.1
Virulence factors

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Scottish Boy Band Member Passes Out On Flight After Wearing 12 Layers To Avoid A Baggage Fee
Metro- Oh, how quickly a lol can turn into a total f*cking nightmare, as young James McElvar found out this week.
The 19-year-old – who happens to be a member of Scottish boy band Rewind – thought he was getting one over on EasyJet. Unfortunately all he got was heat exhaustion.
It all started when the band tried to board an EasyJet flight from Stansted to Glasgow. While the rest of the band breezed through, James was told he had too much luggage.
Obviously, putting them all on seemed like the best option, and that's exactly what he did. All six t-shirts, four jumpers, three pairs of jeans, two pairs of jogging bottoms, two jackets and two hats of them.
The cabin crew decided the best course of action was to move James to an empty row at the back of the plane.
With the back row now spattered in vomit, the crew moved James to a seat in the centre of the plane, where he proceeded to pass out in the aisle.
Poor James commented: 'It was a nightmare. I passed out twice and was taken off the plane at Glasgow Airport to a waiting ambulance.'
He went on: 'I knew something was wrong early on as I just couldn't breathe properly. I thought I was having a heart attack.'
Damn, times are tough for foreign boy bands these days, huh? Back in the day 'NSYNC' and 'The Backstreet Boys' were simultaneously taking the music industry for every last red cent it was worth. Now 'One Direction' has flooded the 'market' (by market I mean panties) of newly pubescent females so badly, that a bunch of malnourished little Scots are damn near killing one of their band mates to avoid a baggage fee. It appears being a pop singing group of (potentially homosexual) males is a lot less glamorous than it was in the late 90's. Either that, or 'Replay' probably needs some new management.
Don't get me wrong. Paying for baggage is awful. It's something I do my best to avoid. I've stretched the definition of a 'carry-on' far more than any TSA agent that actually values their shitty job would care to know. That's why it's no wonder that his kid's music career hasn't taken off. Any cash strapped young lad that isn't creative enough to fit six t-shirts, four jumpers, three pairs of jeans, two pairs of jogging bottoms, two jackets and two hats into a a reasonably sized duffle bag doesn't have the creativity to top the charts.
Regardless, sometimes paying for bags is a necessary evil. A necessary evil that, without a doubt isn't worth your comfortability, never mind your health. Being comfortable on a plane is far more valuable than paying a 20 spot for an illegal alien to throw around, and potentially lose, your bag. Shit, I would pay double the baggage fee just to make sure I had an aisle seat. My idea of a successful plane ride is sitting down, falling asleep, and waking up when the wheels touch down at my destination. A lot of people already have an issue dozing off on planes, now imagine trying to do so in 12 layers of clothing. I would hand over my entire wallet just to throw me out of the plane at 20,000 feet after no more than an hour. Hell, I am ready to strangle a flight attendant if I wear flip-flops and it's too cold, or if I wear sweatpants and a hoodie and it's too hot. It's a goddamn wonder that more people don't lose complete control of their emotions being trapped in a climate controlled hunk of metal in the sky, and that's without some asshole wearing his entire wardrobe at once.


There was a family of rich bourgeois who lived in a suburb of Paris. They had a villa in the middle of a park, at the edge of the Seine. Their coachman was this Francois, a country fellow, somewhat dull, kind- hearted, simple and easy to deceive.
This time the master completely lost his temper and said angrily to Francois: "If you don't throw this beast into the water before--to-morrow morning, I'll put you out, do you hear?"
Add Mademoiselle Cocotte to your own personal library.


text:
Q: Why are there only three Agents at a time in the Matrix? In all of the Matrix movies, we only see three Agents at a time (Brown, Jones and Smith in the original and Jackson, Johnson and Thompson in the sequels).
Why are there only three? The Matrix being a software system, loading new instances of programs should be trivial for the machines rather than having three instances running around trying to catch both rebels and exiles. I can understand why three would be enough before Neo, but after the defeat of Agent Smith in the first movie, the machines could have increased the number.
Or, are there actually more than three, say in other parts of the world within the Matrix? If rebels show up in China, would Agents that look like Chinese secret service agents (probably called Ching, Ling and Wong) pursue them?

A: For the same reason you don't send in a SWAT team to handle a traffic violation, its expensive, disruptive overkill and people don't like it (and the US cities who do that are learning the hard way).  And the game is rigged anyway.
Expensive: The Matrix is software, and in theory they could inject as many Agents as they like, but we don't know how expensive it is to run an Agent.  The Machines have a fixed power budget and will want to be as efficient as possible with it.  (Can I hand-wave away the lavish and pointless life-styles of other programs as sequel drek? No? Ok... they're all hiding as parasitic programs...)
Disruptive: The sole purpose of the Matrix is to fool humanity into believing it is reality for the Machines to produce power.  Agents go to some length to allow plausible deniability, even fitting ideas of Human "Men In Black" conspiracy theories.  Every time an Agent takes over a body or performs a superhuman feat it risks disrupting the lie, it risks harming the "crop".
Overkill: Until Neo, nobody has ever defeated an Agent, and even Neo can barely handle one until his transformation at the end of The Matrix.  One Agent will do if all that's necessary is to fight.  Agents also search, coordinate with normal people, and chase, so just one Agent won't do.
The Game Is Rigged, Goldilocks The Machines don't want to kill The One, they need The One.  To find The One they need Zion.  The Machines must allow some humans to escape.  They can't make it too easy, or too many people will escape and the people of Zion will be suspicious.  They can't make it too hard, or not enough people will escape to form Zion and find The One.  Three Agents at a time is just enough.
The Machines would have to strike a balance between Agent effectiveness, cost of running Agents, risk of harming the crop, allowing a trickle of people to escape, and risk of killing The One.  A three person team is a very flexible unit and a likely compromise.  Once The One appeared for sure, The Machines responded with Upgraded Agents with more license to bend the rules and deal with red-pills, but remained no match for The One (a sort of trial by combat).  Even after Neo refused The Architect's offer, they still were not seriously trying to kill him.  Maybe they were hoping he would change his mind.  Maybe they were hoping to blackmail him with a defeated Zion held hostage.  Maybe they were just slow to adapt (The One refusing the Architect's offer appears to have never happened before).
(The parts of this which I consider canon are that Agents are disruptive, that three is generally more than sufficient to deal with red-pills, and that The Machines are not actually trying to kill The One for most of the trilogy.  The rest is speculation.)

A: There are more than three Agents
Although we only see three Agents at a time in the films, it does not follow that there are only three Agents in the entire Matrix. Outside of the films there are other Agents.
The following named Agents did not appear in the films but appear in The Matrix Comics:

*

*Agent Ash (appeared in "Day In...Day Out")

*Agent Bird (appeared in "Day In...Day Out")

*Agent White (appeared in "Day In...Day Out")

*Agent Finn (appeared in "A Path Among Stones")

*Agent (John) Fine (appeared in "System Freeze")

Agent Finn is notable since he worked with Agent Jones (who does appear in The Matrix). Agent Fine is notable for your question about Agents appearing in other parts of the world since he appears on Mount Everest.
The following named Agents did not appear in the films but appeared in The Matrix Online:

*

*Agent Adams

*Agent Alexander

*Agent Campbell

*Agent Davis

*Agent Gray

*Agent Griffin

*Agent Harris

*Agent Jenkins

*Agent Moore

*Agent Pace

*Agent Perry

*Agent Peterson

*Agent Skinner

*Agent Taylor

*Agent Thorne

*Agent Torman

*Agent West

This list is derived from the list of miscellaneous Agents in The Matrix Online on the Matrix Wiki. Most of these Agents existed at the same time, so there were more than three in existence at one time.
One might argue that it's possible Agents were deleted as new ones were created so that the total number of Agents never exceeded three. However, barring unusual circumstances there is no reason to delete an Agent. Agents have purpose as long as there is a need for any Agent, so all existing Agents would have a purpose and none would be flagged for deletion.
Additionally, Agents Brown and Jones existed until the events of The Matrix Online, which means they existed during the events of The Matrix Reloaded -- which in turn means that there were at least five active Agents during the events of The Matrix Reloaded even though we only saw three.
Why do we only see three Agents in the films?
Agents are tasked with eliminating threats from both Zion operatives and Exiles. There are many Zion ships -- all of which can jack crew members into the Matrix -- so there are many Zion operatives to be dealt with by Agents. Since Zion ships operate mostly independently these threats must be dealt with potentially all over the world. Exiles can also be found potentially all over the world. Agents therefore have a lot of ground to cover.
At the same time, Agents are very powerful programs and can easily fight Zion operatives or Exiles alone or in small teams (as we see in the films), especially with support from bluepill policemen. Consequently, there was no need for additional Agents to join the fight against the crew of the Nebuchadnezzar in The Matrix (it was just one Zion crew among many others). The team of three upgraded Agents was likely tasked specifically to deal with Neo in The Matrix Reloaded since they were probably the only upgraded Agents, and all the other Agents would have had no chance against Neo.
Combining these two facts, it makes sense that Agents appear to work either alone or in teams of up to three -- there are many threats to deal with, and not many Agents are needed for each threat. Thus, in The Matrix we saw one team of three led by Agent Smith and in The Matrix Reloaded we saw a team of upgraded Agents led by Agent Johnson.
Of course, out of universe, the reason is that the use of only three Agents requires only three actors.

A: Based on an answer from Why didn't the Agents take over or displace the Policemen?:

As best I remember, once a person is taken over, they're gone. If cops
  disappear every time Agents show up, it'll make it harder and harder
  to work with them. It'll lead to cops trying to handle the situations
  themselves and trying to keep Agents out of the picture.

Three agents is probably a number the Matrix came up with after some trial-and-error:  A good balance of "man"power while keeping the number of disappearing people low.
The Matrix does seem to regularly upgrade the Agents after major events:

After Neo's transfiguration into The One, the Matrix retrieves agents
  Brown and Jones and deploys the upgraded agents Jackson, Johnson, and
  Thompson. The One's special abilities make defeating any agent,
  upgraded or not, practically effortless in comparison to any redpill
  that attempts to do so.
After the Matrix rebooted, newer forms of Agents came into existence,
  including the Red-Eye Agents. Another agent that was introduced into
  the Matrix was Agent Pace, the first female agent.

A: I think it's based on the 333 concept. The fact that each agent was potentially as strong as %33.33 infinite, of Neo's strength. Meaning if all attacked him at once it would be the evil's 99.99 infinite % influence, against Neo's 99.99 infinite % influence and that it would come down to who has the more desperation and right over the instance as to who will win. Neo being a creature, is not of math and therefore has more power over math, if he so chooses and is capable. Great attention to detail fella. I had not noticed until now, having read your comment.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: ERROR:ORA-12560: TNS:protocol adapter error I have converted Hypoervisor virtual machine (win 2012 rs with oracle) to vmware fusion virtual machine. The conversion went ok.
But when i try to connect to oracle using sqlplus i get the error
ERROR:ORA-12560: TNS:protocol adapter error
but this error was not happening in the original hyper v machine.
The cloned virtual machine gives this error. I tried renaming the computer and changed all the .ora files. But still the same error.
tnsping is returning OK
any  help would be appreciated.
Thanks


text:
Ancient "Crazy Beast" With Teeth from "Outer Space"
April 29, 2020 April 29, 2020 by scott
© Denver Museum of Nature & Science/Andrey Atuchin
The oldest complete mammal fossil from the Southern Hemisphere is puzzling scientists with its mismatched body, strange skull holes and teeth that look like they're "from outer space."
The new fossil, reported today (April 29) in the journal Nature, is the oldest (and only) nearly complete skeleton from an extinct group of mammals known as Gondwanatherians. This mysterious bunch lived alongside the dinosaurs on the southern supercontinent of Gondwana. They're known from a smattering of teeth and bone fragments, a single skull and the new, remarkable skeleton of an animal whose discoverers have dubbed the "crazy beast."
The fossil is from northwestern Madagascar and dates back 66 million years, to the end of the Cretaceous period. Madagascar was already an island at the time, having drifted away from Africa by 88 million years ago, and the animals that lived there were completely bizarre, said David Krause, the senior curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science, who led the new research.
Full Story From Live Science
Categories Nature, Science Tags Adalatherium hui, Madagascar, mammal, paleontology, strange Leave a comment Post navigation
REVIEW: Isolation, by Jade Black
FOR WRITERS: Story Templates
Released 8/8/20


text:
Le Championnat de France individuel de Scrabble duplicate est un tournoi de Scrabble duplicate qui a lieu chaque année dans une ville différente. Les joueurs se qualifient pour la finale en participant à une ou plusieurs des trois phases qualificatives. Les joueurs de première série (voir classement international de Scrabble francophone) sont directement qualifiés pour la finale.

Le championnat individuel est actuellement disputé en cinq manches en deux minutes par coup (parties dites semi-rapides), durant le week-end qui suit l'Ascension et à Vichy les années paires à partir de 2014, et durant le week-end de Pâques dans un lieu variable les années impaires à partir de 2015. Des titres sont également décernés pour les vainqueurs des séries 2, 3 et 4.

Palmarès

Classement par nombre de titres

Voir aussi
 Tournoi de Scrabble
 Championnats du monde de Scrabble francophone
 Championnat de France de Scrabble classique

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Scrabblerama  édition, page 31
 Site de la Fédération Française de Scrabble
 Liste commentée de championnats de France individuels (1976-2006)

Duplicate


text:
SpaceX Will Build Floating Spaceports!
Elon Musk's SpaceX is now hiring staff for a floating spaceport! Here's a visualization of the idea:
(SpaceX floating spaceport)
Mr. Musk tweets.
SpaceX is hiring for Offshore Operations Engineers in Brownsville.
From the post: "Work as part of a team of engineers and technicians to design and build an operational offshore rocket launch facility"
With thanks to @CowboyDanPaasch for the scoop.https://t.co/S0i8BM04KL
— Gavin - SpaceXFleet.com (@SpaceXFleet) June 16, 2020
Nobody can hold Musk and SpaceX back once their launch facilities are in international waters.
Fans of scientifiction of the 1930's may recall the artificial island spaceport from Between Earth and Moon (1930) by Otfrid von Hanstein.
It was a remarkable island, circular, about half a kilometer in diameter. It rose from the sea, floating on it and fastened to the bottom only by strong anchors. It actually was a huge hemisphere of metal and concrete, open underneath. Above it was shaped to a single perfectly level platform, which rose so high above the water that it was not splashed by the waves. From this platform steps led down to the water all around. On all four sides, ribs several hundred meters long extended out into the sea, forming four harbors which could be used according to the direction of the wind.
(Artificial Island)
"Hey! Look here!"
No answer - nobody - no guard at the shore. There was only the great steel colossus, which held the upright rocket in its spidery arms as if in a tender embrace, rising up alone in the air.
Related News Stories - (" Space Tech ")
'But then... not every bulldozer operator works on the Moon.' - Pournelle and Niven, 1981.
'Jimmy Cardigan and Harlowe, staring through the darkside port, had their feet in the foot-loops...' - Murray Leinster, 1931.
'But the rising sign, as it had been designed to do, held his eyes. A vast circle of scarlet stars came up into the greenish desert dusk.' - Jack Williamson, 1939.
'A lightning pilot possibly could land that tin toy without power and still walk away from it provided he had the skill to play Skip-to-M'Lou in and out of the atmosphere...' - Robert Heinlein, 1958.


text:
#ifndef GRPC_CORE_EXT_FILTERS_CLIENT_CHANNEL_PARSE_ADDRESS_H
#define GRPC_CORE_EXT_FILTERS_CLIENT_CHANNEL_PARSE_ADDRESS_H

#include <stddef.h>

#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/uri_parser.h"
#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/resolve_address.h"

/** Populate \a resolved_addr from \a uri, whose path is expected to contain a
 * unix socket path. Returns true upon success. */
bool grpc_parse_unix(const grpc_uri *uri, grpc_resolved_address *resolved_addr);

/** Populate \a resolved_addr from \a uri, whose path is expected to contain an
 * IPv4 host:port pair. Returns true upon success. */
bool grpc_parse_ipv4(const grpc_uri *uri, grpc_resolved_address *resolved_addr);

/** Populate \a resolved_addr from \a uri, whose path is expected to contain an
 * IPv6 host:port pair. Returns true upon success. */
bool grpc_parse_ipv6(const grpc_uri *uri, grpc_resolved_address *resolved_addr);

/** Populate \a resolved_addr from \a uri. Returns true upon success. */
bool grpc_parse_uri(const grpc_uri *uri, grpc_resolved_address *resolved_addr);

#endif /* GRPC_CORE_EXT_FILTERS_CLIENT_CHANNEL_PARSE_ADDRESS_H */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
\section{Introduction}

Much of what we learnt about galaxies in the past decade has come from imaging or spectroscopic mega-surveys. Integral Field Spectroscopy (IFS) combines the best of these two age old observational techniques, adding the astrophysical diagnostic power of spectroscopy to the morphological information provided by imaging, so large scale IFS surveys are a natural next-step in extra-galactic research. CALIFA (S\'anchez et al 2012) is a pioneer in this blooming field. CALIFA is mapping the stellar populations, ionized gas and their kinematics for a representative sample of 600 galaxies in the nearby Universe ($0.005 < z < 0.03$), providing 3700--7000 \AA\ spectra for galaxies chosen to cover the color-magnitude diagram down to M$_r \leq -18$ mag  while filling the $\sim 1$ arcmin$^2$ field of view of the PPaK IFU
mounted on the 3.5m at Calar Alto.

This contribution reports some of the initial results of our stellar population analysis of CALIFA datacubes. Following the footsteps of our own previous work with galaxy spectra, we retrieve physical properties and star-formation histories from $\lambda$-by-$\lambda$ spectral fits using the {\sc starlight} code, now applied in a spaxel-by-spaxel basis. The example from spatially-unresolved spectra from the SDSS illustrates both the complexities and the benefits of the combination of large-sample statistics with the manifold of galaxy properties derived from spectral analysis. With over 1000 spectra per galaxy, CALIFA rivals in quantity with the SDSS. Qualitatively, however, it is a completely different survey, one which looks {\em within} galaxies to find out what comes from where, as opposed to the global perspective obtained from integrated surveys.

Details on the observations and data reduction are given in Husemann et al.\ (2012). The processing of the datacubes through {\sc starlight} is discussed in Cid Fernandes et al.\ (2013). In what follows we highlight some of the results obtained from 107 galaxies observed as of March 2012 (see also P\'erez et al. 2013 and Gonz\'alez Delgado et al.\ 2013 for details and more results). Of the many possible approaches, and in keeping with the spirit of this meeting, we follow the strategy of presenting the radial variations of physical properties and star formation histories sorting galaxies by their stellar mass.

\section{Physical properties and star formation histories as a function of radius and mass}

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
 \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth,angle=-90]{GonzalezDelgado_fig01.ps}
 \caption{{\em Left:} Surface stellar mass density radial profiles for 107 galaxies, as derived from the application of {\sc starlight} to the datacubes. Galaxies are vertically sorted by their total  stellar mass. {\em Middle:} Radial distributions of the luminosity-weighted mean stellar age obtained from the spectral decomposition in terms of different SSPs. {\em Right:} $\mu_\star$ and $\langle \log {\rm age} \rangle_L$ profiles obtained by stacking  galaxies in the same 7 contiguous mass intervals labeled in the left axis of the previous panels ($10^{9.1-9.9}$ \ldots $10^{11.1-11.5}$), and the histogram of the total stellar masses.
  }
   \label{fig:Fig1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The science/art of full spectral synthesis of stellar populations has progressed substantially in the past decade. In fact, it was one of the main tools employed in the exploration of the fossil record of galaxy evolution encoded in SDSS spectra (e.g., Panter et al. 2005; Asari et al. 2007; Tojeiro et al.\ 2009). The {\sc starlight} code decomposes galaxy spectra as combinations of simple stellar populations (SSP) of different ages and metallicities, providing estimates of stellar masses, mean ages and metallicities, kinematics, extinction, etc. With CALIFA, all these properties can now be mapped in $xy$ coordinates. The results shown below were obtained ensuring (by means of spatial binning, when necessary) a minimum $S/N$ ratio of 20 in the continuum at 5635 \AA, and exploring different sets of SSP models, including Bruzual \& Charlot (2003), Charlot \& Bruzual (2007, priv.\ comm.), Gonz\'alez Delgado et al.\ (2005) and Vazdekis et al.\ (2010).

Fig.\ \ref{fig:Fig1} shows azimuthally averaged radial profiles of the derived stellar mass density and the luminosity weighted mean log age. The radial coordinate is expressed in units of the galaxy's Half Light Radius (measured around the rest-frame V band) to facilitate the comparison. Note that the datacubes reach 2 to 4 HLR.
The plot shows how more massive galaxies have higher and more centrally concentrated stellar mass densities. The trend of older ages for more massive galaxies is also clearly visible, and at any $R$.

Perhaps the main appeal of spectral synthesis is its ability to recover (at least approximately) the actual time-dependent history of galaxies. With CALIFA we can now do this radius-by-radius. As an illustration, Fig.\ \ref{fig:Fig2} shows how the stellar mass grows in time, normalized such that the mass assembled up to today equals 1. Dotted and solid lines represent average curves for galaxies with masses in the $< 10^{10}$ and 5--$7 \times 10^{10} M_\odot$ ranges, respectively. Different spatial locations (defined in terms of each galaxy's own HLR) are coded by different colors. Again, the signature of downsizing is clear. Clearly, while at the lowest mass galaxies outskirts grow faster (dotted blue line steeper), at intermediate and high masses galaxies grow inside-out (full black line steeper).

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=3.0in,angle=-90]{GonzalezDelgado_fig02.ps}
 \caption{Average mass growth as a function of lookback time (in yr) for galaxies in two mass ranges: $< 10^{10}$ (dotted lines) and 5--$7 \times 10^{10} M_\odot$ (solid). Different colors correspond to different radial zones, from the nucleus (black), $R < 0.5$  (red), $R < 1$ (purple)  to $R > 1$ HLR (blue).}
   \label{fig:Fig2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Fig.\ \ref{fig:Fig3} portrays the distribution of stellar light and mass as
a function of both time and radius, for each of seven equally populated total mass bins.  Galaxies become progressively younger as their masses decrease. Note how the spatial-gradient in age (seen as the difference between inner and outer regions) is maximal for galaxies of intermediate mass. For both the most and the least massive galaxies, age gradients are very mild, as previously seen in Fig.\ \ref{fig:Fig1}. The middle panels of Fig.\ \ref{fig:Fig3} present a more detailed account of how the light and mass are distributed in space and (lookback) time.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.65\textwidth,angle=-90]{GonzalezDelgado_fig03.ps}
 \caption{Star formation history as a function of space and time, stacked in seven bins in galaxy mass (indicated in the bottom panels). {\em Top:} Fractional distribution of the optical light into populations of different age ranges: $> 2.5$ Gyr (red), 0.2--2.5 Gyr (yellow), 25--200 Myr (blue), $\leq 25$ Myr (magenta). Each panel contains one frame for the inner 0.5 HLR (left) and another for $R = 1$--2 HLR (right). {\em Middle \& bottom:}  $R$-$t$ diagrams showing the luminosity at $\lambda =$ 5635 \AA\ per unit area and stellar mass formed per unit area, resolved in space and time.}
   \label{fig:Fig3}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

By opening the spatial dimension collapsed in previous surveys, CALIFA is also opening new ways to look at galaxies. Interpreting the results squeezed above (and the many others not even mentioned here) poses challenges to both theorists and observers. In the context of current ideas, intermediate mass galaxies are less susceptible to SN and AGN negative feedback, resulting in more efficient star-formation and a peak in the proportion of stellar to halo mass. This mass range coincides with that where we see the maximum inside $\times$ outside relative growth efficiency. This looks more like a clue than a coincidence. For more tips on the life of galaxies, keep an eye on upcoming CALIFA papers.

\vspace{0.2 cm} {\footnotesize
\noindent
{\bf Acknowledgments:} This study makes use of the data provided by the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) survey (http://califa.caha.es/), the first legacy survey performed at Calar Alto. The CALIFA collaboration thanks the IAA-CSIC and MPIA-MPG as major partners of the observatory, and CAHA itself, for the unique access to telescope time and support in manpower and infrastructures. We thank  support of Spanish Ministerio de Econom\'{\i}a y Competividad through grant AYA2010-15080.}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Back in September Quiccs & the darklords over at FLABSLAB finally launched their collaboration piece "The Ghost Of Kurosawa" and sold out quicker then tickets to watch the new Star Wars The Force Awakens. Due to a few manufacturing problems the full initial release run wasn't fully completed, so now the remaining 66 will be up for grabs. Some slight modifications which FLABSLAB are known to be perfectionists at what they do. They added magnetic horns to The Ghost Of Kurosawa, possibly for better shipping or to wear it yourself?. This will be also added to subsequent editions. Hint hint nudge nudge, more colourways coming!
Priced at $300, around £197. Use http://www.worldtimebuddy.com/ to convert the appropriate time.
Approx. 10.4in from base to tip of horn. Resin cast and comes with an exclusive glow in the dark patch.
Sneak peeks at whats installed for 2016!


text:
Dyschirius arcanus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Bruneau de Mire in 1952.

References

arcanus
Beetles described in 1952


text:
Internet and TV bundles
Internet and phone bundles
Triple play bundles
Cox Bundles Review
Bundles for households of all sizes, styles, and budgets. Just be prepared to sign a contract.
Best Cox Bundles
Wide variety of plans
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140+ Up to 1000 Mbps View Plans
By Tyler Abbott
Staff Writer, Mobile & Wireless
There are some things that—no matter how much we complain—we can't avoid: paying taxes, getting wrinkles, waiting forever for the new season of Stranger Things. And, of course, paying your phone, internet, and cable bills.
Utility bills may be unavoidable, but you can make them easier to swallow by bundling them together.
Cox is one of the largest cable and internet companies in the United States, with huge customer bases in states like Arizona, California, and Virginia. While its individual services—like internet—are not usually ranked among the best, Cox is known for its bundle deals.
We've got the lowdown on Cox's different double and triple play packages (and there are a lot of them).
Cox bundles comparison
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Find the best internet service bundles in your area.
Cox internet and TV bundles
Cox is great for multitaskers. You can watch HBO on the TV and play Fortnite on your computer at the same time!
In the last ten years, I've moved a half-a-dozen times. I've changed time zones, ZIP codes, and utility companies. That means that with each move I'm looking to get internet and TV service (but not home phone1).
Cox offers some killer internet and TV bundles with a whole host of plans that pair the company's cable internet with its Contour TV service. Here are the details:
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You can party like it's 1999 with Cox's cheap starter package, which offers 10 Mbps internet speeds and just 75 channels. Or you can dive headlong into the 21st century with its more expensive bundles that offer gigabit speeds and 250 channels.
Speaking of variety, Cox offers premium channel packages that you can add onto an existing bundle (this channel lineup shows what comes standard). Throw a "sports and information pack" or a "Latino pack" onto that Bronze Double Play for just a few bucks a month. Righteous!
Cox's internet/TV bundles include some cool extra features, like the Contour TV app. As soon as you sign up for TV service with Cox, you'll get access to the app, which means you can start watching your favorite shows before your cable gets installed.
What we don't like about these Cox packages
While we love the variety of bundling options from Cox, we're not thrilled about the contracts. The company's bundles are only available with 2-year contracts, and your price will go up after the first year. In most cases, it's a $20 increase per month (that's Sunday brunch right there—minus the mimosas).
When it comes to price, Cox leaves us with mixed emotions. The company's lower-tier plans are a decent deal when compared with companies like AT&T and Centurylink. But if you're looking at higher-tier plans with 250+ channels and gigabit internet, companies like Verizon offer more for less.
Our final complaint about Cox internet and TV bundles (being nitpicky is our job after all) is the network infrastructure. Cox runs its services through a cable network.
Unlike fiber-optic networks, cable networks cannot offer symmetrical uploads, which can be a problem for gamers or home businesses that need to upload large files. Cox internet service also comes with a pesky 1 TB data cap. Bogus.
Our favorite Cox internet/TV bundle
Internet Essential 50 + Contour TV Preferred
Why we love it: Why pay for the highest-tier package when 300 Mbps of internet and 140+ channels is more than enough for the whole family? With this plan, you can easily have five devices streaming, gaming, and surfing without any lag. If you do find that you need more TV in your life, you can always tack on a channel package.
Who it's best for: Medium-sized families, college roommates, and young urban professionals
Cox internet and phone bundles
Internet and home phone: name a more iconic duo. I'll wait.
Remember the original internet and phone bundle? It sounded something like this "boop beep boop ding ding pttshhhhhh de dungdi ppppshhhhkkkaaaashhh." But just because your internet isn't run through a phone line anymore doesn't mean you can't bundle the two together.
Cox has a few options for those who want an old-fashioned landline and a state-of-the-art internet connection. Check it out.
Cox internet and phone bundles comparison
Internet Essential 100 + Voice Preferred
$69.99/mo. Up to 100 Mbps Unlimited calls to U.S., Canada, and landlines in Mexico View Plans
Cox again comes through with the variety: if all you need to do is stream Netflix and write some emails on a single device, you can choose a 30 Mbps internet plan. Or if you have a serious gaming habit, you can get gigabit internet speeds.
But for all this variety, Cox's internet and phone bundles are quite simple. There's only one home phone service called Voice Premier.
Voice Premier comes with some nifty features, like the Cox Voice Everywhere app that allows you to use you home phone and voicemail from a mobile device. It includes unlimited calls to all of the US and Canada, and to landlines in Mexico.
When it comes to pricing, these packages are more straightforward than the internet/TV packages. Each option requires a 12-month contract and the prices will not go up in that period. You can find similar bundles for similar prices from Xfinity.
As mentioned in the internet/TV bundles section, we aren't particularly impressed with Cox's internet service. It's run on a cable network and the company will cap your data at 1 TB. This won't be a problem for most casual users, but those who need the best of the best might want to look elsewhere.
Speaking of looking elsewhere: we've noticed that Verizon Fios offers internet and phone bundles that cost less than Cox's while offering even higher speeds. If you happen to be in a Fios service area, these plans are worth looking into.
Our favorite Cox internet and phone bundle
Internet Preferred 250 + Voice Preferred bundle details
Internet Preferred 250 + Voice Preferred
Why we love it: 250 Mbps is enough internet to keep your Netflix streaming while the kids are playing Xbox. Voice Premier includes everything you could want in a home phone plan. All that for the price of a nice dinner and a movie?
Who it's best for: Small-to-medium-sized families, retired couples
Cox Triple Play bundles
TV, Internet, Phone: by your powers combined, I am Captain Bundle!
So you want the works, the whole shebang, the kit and caboodle, the full Monty, the—you get my point. Here are Cox's triple play packages:
Cox Triple Play bundles comparison
$168.99/mo. 140+ Unlimited calls to U.S., Canada, and landlines in Mexico View Plans
Cox has a wide selection of Triple Play bundles. Even the company's lowest-tier package offers enough internet speed, TV channels, and phone capacity for the average family of four.
The higher-tier bundles pack in enough internet and TV to keep the whole extended family satisfied during a reunion. (Ok, Uncle Craig may never be satisfied, but there's nothing we can do about that.)
Seriously though, Gigabit internet is fast enough to simultaneously stream every single episode of Scrubs (if you happen to have 200 laptops and maybe a weird crush on Zach Braff). And 250+ channels on your TV can get you into more weird stuff (Ancient Aliens, anyone?).
Our other complaints with Cox's cable network and data caps still stand for these Triple Play packages. When you're paying for top-of-the-line services, it's frustrating to know that you're not getting the absolute best technology available.
These packages, like Cox's TV/internet bundles, require a 2-year contract. We don't like being locked in for 24 long months, and we don't like the price increases that come along after the first year.
When it comes to affordability, we'd give Cox's Triple Play bundles a solid B grade. Most of the company's plans end up being cheaper than similar offerings from AT&T, and are about the same price as Xfinity's TV, internet, and phone bundles. But once again, Verizon Fios steals the show with cheaper plans on a stronger network.
Our favorite Cox Triple Play bundle
Internet Ultimate + Contour Preferred TV + Voice bundle details
$188.99/mo. Up to 500 Mbps 140+ Unlimited calls to U.S., Canada, and landlines in Mexico View Plans
Why we love it: This package is cheaper than most Triple Plays out there, but it still has tons to offer. You get 300 Mbps internet speeds—which is enough for anyone but the most heavy users—and 140+ channels.
If that channel count feels too low, you can always add on channel packages, and you also get unlimited calling (so you can keep up that argument you started with Uncle Craig at the family reunion).
Who it's best for: Families that don't need BBC America or the Military History channel
Cox is a one-stop shop for bundles. The company has nearly everything on your shopping list, from dirt-cheap (and dirt-slow) internet plans to gigabit speeds, and from basic cable to packages with C-SPAN, C-SPAN 2, and C-SPAN 3.
But like most one-stop shops, Cox doesn't always have the highest-quality products or the best deals. We're especially wary of the company's long contracts and cable internet network.
Pros: wide variety of plans, decent prices on lower-tier plans
Cons: long service contracts, high prices on top-tier plans
Of course, the best way to figure out if Cox has a bundle for you is to check out its offerings. See what's available in your area, and mix and match bundle deals! And let us know in the comments if you end up choosing a Cox bundle.
Cox Bundles FAQ
How's Cox's customer service?
Telecommunications companies are, ironically, terrible at communication. Cox is especially not good, scoring near the bottom in every section of the American Customer Satisfaction Index's 2018 report on the industry.2 Yikes.
Do Cox bundle packages require equipment rental?
Sometimes. DVR, HD receivers, and Wi-Fi routers are available to rent with various bundles.
Do Cox bundles have hidden fees?
Hidden is in the eye of the beholder. While installation fees, cancellation fees, and price increases are detailed in all Cox contracts, they aren't always advertised prominently. These fees will depend on your location, bundle plan, and service contract. Make sure to read the fine print!
AARP, "Most U.S. Households Do Without Landline Phones"
ACSI, "ACSI Telecommunications Report 2018"
Tyler Abbott
Tyler has been obsessed with watching sports as efficiently as possible since the creation of the DVR. He is always on the lookout for the best tech in TV and wireless so he can watch all the sports and still have enough time to hang out with his baby. He has written about streaming, wireless, and TV for over three years. He hopes the Lakers will eventually get better.


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Q: How to generate thumbnails on Amazon S3? I'm stuck for ideas on this one.
I'm working on a CMS that uses a file-browser to store all media file in an S3 bucket.
I have 4 options for thumbnail sizes which generate new thumbnail images from original image.  If I'm doing this server-side in PHP it's fine - I'm just at loss as to how to do this if all the original files are stored on the bucket (I want the thumbnails to be as well).
Does any have have any ideas?  I'm using PHP5.

A: Your script'll need to pull the image down, manipulate it, and upload the manipulated version back to the bucket using the S3 API.

A: Use imagemagick for manipulating your images. Its free and great tool.


Efforts by the Georgia Senate for a State "takeover" of Atlanta's Hartsfield Jackson International Airport are firmly in the breast of the House Rules Committee. This article from the Atlanta Business Chronicle explains the situation in the House at the moment. However there is HB 417 relating to jet fuel tax that could be amended with the airport takeover language so we will be ready to oppose that amendment.
Also in the Senate is the "heartbeat" bill, HB 481, that has passed the House with the enthusiastic support of our new Governor Bryan Kemp. They will be voting on that bill either Thursday or Friday of this week.
With Crossover Day behind us, the House reconvened under the Gold Dome for the ninth week of the legislative session on Monday, March 11. We quickly got back to work this week for three legislative days and committee work days where we considered several Senate measures.
The House also unanimously passed legislation that would provide citizens with a new pathway to become an organ donor. Not only does Senate Bill 99 promote public education and awareness for the ever-increasing need for organ donors in Georgia, this measure would also allow those applying for a hunting, fishing or trapping license to have the option to register to become an organ donor through the Department of Resources' (DNR) online hunting licensing system. This legislation would enable the DNR to create an organ donor option for those applying for a hunting, fishing or trapping license online, similar to the way citizens can sign-up for organ donor status through a state driver's license application, and the DNR would be responsible for providing the appropriate organizations with the information of the organ donor. The DNR's website would also provide online resources to help citizens learn more about the organ donation process, along with the benefits of the organ donation registry. If signed into law, this bill would educate citizens about the life-saving gift of organ donation and could increase the number of donors available to help the 5,330 patients in Georgia who are currently waiting for organ or tissue transplants.
The House continued to promote greater health care opportunities for our citizens this week with the passage of Senate Bill 16. This measure would add Georgia to the list of 25 other states that are part of the Interstate Medical Licensure Compact. Taking part in this compact would allow for certain physicians moving to Georgia from a compact member state to go through an expedited licensure process to practice across state borders and become licensed in multiple states. The compact would create a pathway to licensure that would not change a member state's existing licensing process, as long as that state has equal or higher standards than Georgia. States entered into the compact are able to share information with each other regarding a doctor's disciplinary record and background check information to screen qualified doctors to protect our citizens. In order for a doctor to be admitted to practice under this act, the doctor must be licensed under the prevailing standard for medical licensure, and all applicants would be required to pay for and pass a criminal background check so our state could verify any potential licensing issues. This bill would address doctor shortages and the lack of accessible health care, especially in our rural areas, by increasing our doctor population. In turn, this legislation would expand the use of telemedicine, which is essential to developing innovative health care resources within our rural communities. SB 16 would help our state license qualified doctors more efficiently and would help all Georgians receive greater access to health care without having to travel to do so.
The House passed Senate Bill 18, or the "Direct Primary Care Act," which would give Georgians the option to keep health care directly between the patient and a doctor without requiring insurance. The Direct Primary Care Act would provide an alternative approach to affordable health care by allowing primary care providers to provide health care to a patient through a direct primary care agreement. This would allow patients to pay a monthly fee to a participating physician in order to receive care, and the agreement would not be considered insurance and therefore, would not be subject to state insurance laws or insurance billing. Under the Direct Primary Care Act, a physician that is offering, marketing, selling or entering into a direct primary care agreement would not need a certificate of authority or license other than maintaining a current license to practice medicine in Georgia. The payment agreements would include a 30-day notice for either the patient or the doctor if either party chooses to terminate the contract. Lastly, this measure would allow physicians providing health care services under a direct primary care agreement the right to decline a patient if the physician is unable to provide the appropriate level and type of health care services the patient needs. SB 18 would provide citizens with an alternative avenue towards efficient and affordable health care by removing the unnecessary red tape.


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Police say Phoenix baby bent in half by father has died
Posted 6:28 pm, December 26, 2017, by CNN Wires, Updated at 06:25PM, December 26, 2017
Police arrested Robert Anthony Resendiz, 30, on Tuesday, Dec. 19 after his 6-month-old son was taken to Phoenix Children's Hospital with injuries doctors deemed "not survivable."
Phoenix, Arizona (KPHO/KTVK) — Police say the baby boy whose father is accused of bending him in half to silence his crying has died.
Police arrested Robert Anthony Resendiz, 30, on Tuesday, Dec. 19 after his 6-month-old son was taken to Phoenix Children's Hospital with injuries doctors deemed "not survivable."
According to his court paperwork, Resendiz called 911 at 12:45 p.m. and told the dispatcher he had just woken up to find his baby son "unresponsive and not breathing."
"Upon examination, doctors observed the victim had a grade 4 liver laceration, a left lateral wrist fracture, a laceration of the pancreas, and pattern bruising to the right thigh," the probable cause for arrest statement reads.
Resendiz told police he had put the baby to bed on the sofa between 10 p.m. and 11 p.m. Monday and then claimed he did not wake up until just before calling 911 more than 12 hours later.
The baby's mom told police her son was "awake and alert" when she left for work Tuesday morning. She said she started texting Resendiz at about 9:45 a.m. "to ensure he was properly caring for their son."
She said she received a reply that the baby was fine at about 11:45 a.m., followed an hour later by another text saying the child was not breathing.
Police interviewed Resendiz again after administering the Miranda warnings and said he "admitted to pressing the infant's legs over his head and bending his body in order to stop the victim from crying. Robert stated he used approximately 65 [percent] of his strength to place pressure on the victim and did not release pressure until the victim had stopped moving and was limp."
"Robert also stated he had bit the infant two times on the body out of frustration," the probable cause statement continues.
Police said Tuesday that the baby died Thursday, Dec. 21.
Resendiz was initially booked on suspicion of felony child abuse, but the charges will likely change now that the baby has died.
At his initial court appearance, the judge set a secured appearance bond of $250,000.
Frustration was also cited in an unrelated case of child abuse that also turned deadly earlier this month. In that case, a man "held his hand over the victim's mouth when she was screaming during her diaper change," according to police. "The defendant stated he had to use force to hold the victim to change her diaper …. The defendant stated he did not mean to cause the injuries but was frustrated."
By KPHO/KTVK Digital Team
Filed in: Trending
Topics: baby, bent in half, died, father, phoenix, police
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