text:
New Academic Program Director for Educational Leadership
Associate professor Ide Katrine Birkeland has been appointed Academic Program Director for Educational Leadership at BI Norwegian Business School.
For the past six years, Birkeland has been researching and teaching at the Center of Innovation in Education and been involved in many of BI's school and kindergarten programs.
Since 2001, BI has developed leadership programs for schools and kindergartens for local authorities, county authorities, private kindergartens, The Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities (KS) and the Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training.
In total, more than 6000 leaders and future leaders within the education sector have studied at BI, and about 4000 of these have graduated with a Master of Management degree with specialization in school leadership.
"I am excited to perform the role as the academic partner for leadership in the education sector. Through our research-based and practical approach, I will continue the work of developing leaders who can increase quality and safety for children and adolescents, "says Ide Katrine Birkeland.
BI is experiencing growing demand for leadership programs from the educational sector and aims to deliver programs and solutions to ensure children and adolescents learning through change of practices.
"We are pleased to appoint Birkeland as an Academic Program Director for Educational Leadership, a key executive educational area for BI. Birkeland will be an important contributor in maintaining BI's leading position in the sector and continue to create new ways to enhance learning in schools and kindergartens, "says Amir Sasson, Provost at BI Norwegian Business School.


text:
What 'The Crown' Gets Right About Princess Anne's Life as a Young Woman
Amy Mackelden
From Good Housekeeping
The Crown has hit the nail on the head for just about every character in the show throughout the series' four seasons. Princess Anne, the first and only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, is no exception.
Both she and her older brother, Prince Charles, find themselves dealing with everything from complicated romantic prospects to inevitable family tension on the Netflix show, and fans are likely wondering how much of The Crown's drama is based in truth.
Here, we take a look at the key moments in Princess Anne's young life and explore what The Crown gets right.
The young princess enjoyed wearing miniskirts.
Ingrid Seward, the editor-in-chief of Majesty magazine, wrote for the Daily Mail in 2018, "Princess Anne, as a teenager, enjoyed dressing daringly, choosing to wear very short skirts, much to the chagrin of her grandmother, the Queen Mother."
Photo credit: Anwar Hussein - Getty Images
Clearly, royal rules and protocols are made to be broken. In The Crown, Anne's striking fashion sense is a real focal point, and it shows that she embraced the trends of the era.
Anne really did date Andrew Parker Bowles.
One of the more enticing plot lines from The Crown had to be the love quadrangle that involved Princess Anne, Andrew Parker Bowles, Prince Charles and Camilla Shand. But Anne's relationship with Parker Bowles apparently did happen.
Photo credit: William Lovelace - Getty Images
Biographer Penny Junor confirmed the complicated events at the Henley Literary Festival in 2016. She said of Camilla (via the Daily Mail), "When she was introduced to Charles and he thought she was pretty special … he thought she was a bit of alright and she thought, 'Andrew is at the moment off with Princess Anne, you know her brother, teach Andrew a lesson.' So she had a fling with Charles."
Camilla (who would, as we now know, go on to marry Charles eventually) and Andrew were on a break. As a result, Camilla started dating Charles while Anne was seeing Andrew. Even though Anne's fling with Andrew appears to have been short-lived, the pair remained firm friends and were regularly photographed together throughout the years.
Photo credit: Max Mumby/Indigo - Getty Images
She married a fellow equestrian.
After her romance with Andrew ended, Anne married Mark Phillips in November 1973. According to the Chicago Tribune, the couple "first met in 1968 at a party for horse lovers," and went on to have two children together — Peter and Zara Phillips.
The New York Times reported, "There were more than 500 million viewers — the most ever for a wedding," and as many as 2,000 guests attended the nuptials at Westminster Abbey.
Photo credit: Hulton Deutsch - Getty Images
However, the marriage was later plagued by rumors of distance and infidelity. Per the Chicago Tribune, "Phillips had semi-public affairs," while "Anne was linked romantically with actor Anthony Andrews, her bodyguard, and, most recently, an equerry to the queen, Cmdr. Timothy Laurence," the last of whom she'd later marry.
Anne's separation from Phillips was announced on August 31, 1989, and their divorce was finalized in April 1992.
The princess was the first British royal Olympian.
The royal family's official website confirmed that Princess Anne (who is also known as the Princess Royal) competed in the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games when "she rode the Queen's horse, Goodwill, in the equestrian three-day event."
#FBF Princess Anne training with her horse 'Goodwill' before competing in the 1976 @Olympics Three-Day Event pic.twitter.com/G9CF0szJnj
— The Royal Family (@RoyalFamily) November 13, 2015
In The Crown, Anne's love of horses is made clear, with the princess regularly wearing her riding boots around the palace. Her sporting successes have undoubtedly been a crucial part of her life. In 1988, Anne was appointed as a Member of the International Olympic Committee and continues to support Team GB athletes even now.
Photo credit: Terry Disney - Getty Images
A kidnapping attempt was made, but The Crown doesn't cover it.
While the events in The Crown involving Princess Anne are pretty juicy, apparently there's one pretty significant event that isn't covered by the show. Per Smithsonian, on March 20, 1974, Anne was traveling back to Buckingham Palace when a man with two handguns managed to overtake and stop the royal limo. Shooting Anne's bodyguard in the shoulder, assailant Ian Ball attempted to get Anne out of her vehicle.
Photo credit: Harry Dempster - Getty Images
The terrifying kidnap attempt led to several people being shot and wounded, and per Smithsonian, "Police would later find two pairs of handcuffs, Valium tranquilizers and a ransom letter addressed to the queen." Eek! Anne was apparently instrumental in stopping Ball, as she threw herself out of the opposite passenger door, knowing that Ball would attempt to run after her, only to jump back in the car and quickly lock the door. A literal action-hero princess in our midst.
The Crown Season 4 is now streaming on Netflix.
A Cleaning Expert Explains the Best Way to Clean Cloth Face Masks After You Wear Them — Good Housekeeping
35 Delicious Pantry Recipes That Use What's Already in Your Cabinets and Freezer — Good Housekeeping
The Amish keep to themselves. And they're hiding a horrifying secret. — Cosmopolitan
Spanish king's ex-lover tells court spymaster threatened her
A former friend and lover of Spain's ex-monarch Juan Carlos testified under oath on Friday that the head of the intelligence service had threatened her life as he tried to recover financial documents involving the royal family in 2012. Danish national Corinna zu Sayn-Wittgenstein told a Madrid court via a video link from London she had had a "romantic relationship" with Juan Carlos - who abdicated in 2014 and left Spain last August under a cloud of scandal - and received unspecified financial information and documents from him. The businesswoman testified in a slander trial brought by the former head of the CNI intelligence service, Gen. Felix Sanz Roldan, against former police commissioner Jose Manuel Villarejo, who is at the centre of several high-profile economic and political spying scandals in Spain.
Video game spending increased 27% in 2020
If you've been following the gaming space – or just the state of the world, generally – over the past 12 months, this shouldn't come as a major surprise. This comes in stark contrast to much of the rest of the consumer electronics space, in which economic uncertainty curtailed purchasing on non-essentials. Dec 2020 US NPD THREAD - December 2020 consumer spending across video game hardware, content and accessories reached a December record $7.7B, 25% higher when compared to a year ago.
MediaOutReach
Jacobson Pharma's Proposed Spin-off and Separate Listing of JBM (Healthcare) Limited on The Main Board of The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited
Declaration of Conditional Special Interim Dividend HONG KONG SAR - Media OutReach - 15 January 2021 - Jacobson Pharma Corporation Limited ("Jacobson Pharma" or the "Company"; Stock Code: 2633), a leading company engaged in the research, development, production, marketing and sale of generic drugs and proprietary medicines, today announced the declaration of a conditional special interim dividend by way of a distribution in specie of an aggregate of 241,777,625 JBM Shares, representing approximately 27.1% of the total number of JBM Shares in issue immediately upon completion of the proposed spin-off, to the qualifying shareholders. As of today, the total number of issued shares of the Company ("Shares") is 1,934,221,000. Assuming there is no change in the total number of shares from today up to 29 January 2021 (the "Record Date"), the qualifying shareholders will receive one JBM Share for every eight Shares held on the Record Date. The distribution is conditional on the public offer becoming unconditional in all respects. If such condition is not satisfied, the proposed spin-off will not take place and the distribution will not be made. For more details, please refer to the link of announcement: https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2021/0115/2021011501333.pdfAbout Jacobson Pharma Corporation Limited (雅各臣科研製藥有限公司;Stock Code: 2633)Jacobson Pharma is a leading generic drug company in Hong Kong. The Group also carries a portfolio of proprietary brands, notably Po Chai Pills (「保濟丸」), Ho Chai Kung TjiThung San (「何濟公止痛退熱散」), Contractubex Scar Gel (「秀碧除疤膏」), Flying Eagle Woodlok Oil (「飛鷹活絡油」), Tong Tai Chung Woodlok Oil (「唐太宗活絡油」), Doan's Ointment (「兜安氏藥膏」), Saplingtan (「十靈丹」), Shiling Oil (「十靈油」) and Col-gan Tablet (「傷風克」), which have been widely recognised by the market. In the strategic expansion of its branded healthcare business platform, the Group has introduced health and wellness brands and products such as Dr. Freeman®Flu/RSV Combo (「Dr. Freeman醫臣®流感/呼吸道合胞病毒家用式診斷套件」), SmartfishHealth Nutrition Products (「Smartfish健康營養產品」), Dr. Freeman® Infection Control Product Series (「Dr. Freeman醫臣®感染控制產品系列」) and Dr Freeman COVID-19 Rapid Test Kit (「Dr. Freeman醫臣®COVID-19快速測試套件」), among other reputable brands represented in overseas markets such as Excilor and Weisen-U. The Group aims at the continued strategic enrichment of both of its generic drug and branded healthcare portfolios through the addition of high value-added products. With its corporate headquarters based in Hong Kong, the Group has also established its operating subsidiaries in China, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore and Cambodia forming a regional commercial platform to tap the market potential in the Asia Pacific and Greater China region. Jacobson Pharma has been a constituent stock of MSCI Hong Kong Micro Cap Index since 1 June 2017. For more details about Jacobson Pharma, please visit the Group's website: http://www.jacobsonpharma.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: To "if, if, if" or to "if, else if, else if, else" I am writing some code for data analysis, and have to exclude samples based on some criteria. In practice I end up writing code such as:
bool Test(SampleType sample)
{
  if( ! SubTest1(sample) )
    return false;
  if( ! SubTest2(sample) )
    return false;
  if( ! SubTest3(sample) )
    return false;

  return true;
}

The following seems equivalent to me:
bool Test(SampleType sample)
{
  if( ! SubTest1(sample) )
    return false;
  else if( ! SubTest2(sample) )
    return false;
  else if( ! SubTest3(sample) )
    return false;
  else
    return true;
}

Is there a difference in terms of computing cost? Is there a arguable preferential one in terms of extendibility/maintainability, aesthetics, etc...?
I know this is probably an inconsequential issue, but once I get these questions stuck in my head I NEED to find the answer.
PS: in case anyone cares, my actual code as of 15/09 can be found at the following:
http://folk.uio.no/henrikq/conf.tgz

A: In terms of readability,
bool Test( SampleType sample )
{
    return SubTest1( sample )
        && SubTest2( sample )
        && SubTest3( sample );
}

is far clearer than either of your options.  Otherwise, you definitely
want the else to make it clear that once one of the conditions has
been met, none of the others will be tested.

A: Compiler generates the same code for both the versions. But the 1st version is better in maintainability aspect if you compare just with the 2nd version.
The code exits when the return statement is encountered; so there is no use of keeping else in the upcoming if. It makes the developer understand the code better.
Also, if this is the literal code then you can still shrink as,
bool Test(SampleType sample)
{
  return (SubTest1(sample) && SubTest2(sample) && SubTest3(sample));
}

A: I would do this:
return SubTest1(sample) && SubTest2(sample) && SubTest3(sample);

This won't improve performance, but what the function do may (or may not) be more obvious.

A: Both are identical. The compiler is likely to figure out how to optimize them so that identical machine code is emitted. I would prump for the 1st code as it is easier to read.

A: I can't imagine it will make any difference in performance.
I would use the first one if they were independent tests, and you just want to drop out after one them suceeds and the second one if it's choosing between a set of logical alternatives.

A: Both are completely equivalent in terms of behavior and compilers will likely emit identical machine code for both.
They don't even differ that much in terms of readability - both have the same amount of nesting. Compare this to case where no early return leads to deep nesting.

A: As far as I know, there's no difference in the resulted machine code. Besides that, who cares? Do you have a performance problem with this code? Performance is a difficult subject that usually should be left to the end of the project and only if there are performance problems they should be found and fixed WHERE THEY ACTUALLY EXIST and not where you think in advance they might be.

A: It mostly depends on how the compiler optimize the resulting code.
the if(.) is typically translated with a compare_to_zero instruction, followed by a conditional jump.
In your case, this will be
CMP(c1)
RETZ
CMP(c2)
RETZ
CMP(c3)
RETZ

or (with the else-s)
   CMP(c1)
   JNZ(a1)
   RET
a1:CMP(c2)
   JNZ(a2)
   RET
a2:CMP(c3)
   JNZ(a3)
   RET
a3:RET

A second pass of the optimizer will see the chain of jumps, invert the then/else (and Z/NZ) skip off the jumps, being at the point a "jump to next", giving exactly the previous code.

A: It depends on the language and the surrounding APIs
The first solution is an typical imperative approach, the focus is on the act of checking something: abort if a, abort if b, abort if c, success.
The second solution is a more functional aproach, one could read it as the curly brace in mathematical definitions (as in: fac(n) = { n <= 1: 1, n > 1: n * fac(n-1)).
The solution should be chosen to match the environment. In Java, Python, etc it would be the first. In ruby the second could be fine.

A: there is a good practice that is called "one point of entry, one point of exit". It means that it's better to have only one return in a function.
For now, your function is simple, but in the future, it may grow, become more complicated, allocate temporary variables which have to be freed, etc.
So it's better to use good practices everywhere. It's called "defensive programming", defense against human failures (mine and my colleagues').
I would write it this way :
bool Test(SampleType sample)
{
  bool bRet = true; // by default, set it to the most "defensive" value which will cause the less harm or make the problem evident

  // in the future, you may have inits and allocations here

  if ( !SubTest1(sample) )
    bRet = false; // don't match
  else if ( !SubTest2(sample) )
    bRet = false; // don't match
  else if ( !SubTest3(sample) )
    bRet = false; // don't match
  else
    ; // bRet stays true

  // thanks to the single point of exit, you can do things like that
  if (bRet)
     log("... match");
  else
     log("...no match")

  // here you clean temporary resources...

  return bRet;
}

If you want to improve performance, the best way is to put the SubTestX functions in the best order so that the one that doesn't match most often is first, so less tests are needed to find that it doesn't match.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Republican strategist Karl Rove says it's too early to tell whether the bungled Fast and Furious gun-trafficking operation or the national security leak scandal will end up being a factor in the November presidential election. "We really can't," Rove told Fox News' Sean Hannity Tuesday night.
But Rove said Attorney General Eric Holder's grilling earlier Tuesday by Republicans on Capitol Hill was "a pretty extraordinary event," especially the heated confrontation between Holder and Texas Sen. John Cornyn, who demanded that he resign.
Still, Rove cautioned that the economy would continue to be "a central issue of the race" because, he said, people "have lost a lot of wealth" during Obama's time in office.
"The last three or four years have been really bad for Americans in prosperity and we have an anemic recovery," Rove said.
"So, when the president says, 'We are on the right track or I've created prosperity, or we have gotten jobs' … or we'd be worse off if we hadn't spent this [bailout and stimulus] money,' the American people just don't buy those lines," he added.
Rove also described a new strategy memo urging the Obama campaign to shift the narrative away from the economy as a "pretty dire" acknowledgment by Democrats that the president is in serious trouble.


On Monday, 3 people were stabbed at the hands of a 5-year-old in Greene County. Now the child's mom tells her story to Laura French in a story you will only see on NBC29.
On Monday, two kids and an adult were stabbed at the hands of a 5-year-old at a home along Shady Grove Road in Greene County. Now the child's mother tells her story to Laura French in a story you will only see on NBC29.
The 26-year-old mother, who we are not identifying to protect the child, says it is a day she can't change but one that will hopefully lead to the help she's been crying out for for the past year. She says she takes full responsibility for Monday's fateful events but she hopes that telling her story will help prevent it from ever happening again.
The single mother of two said it happened fast and before she knew it three family members were stabbed, in a pool of blood, and her child was to blame.
The 5-year-old, who was recently expelled from Ruckersville Elementary School, struggles with a mood disorder.
His mother says "Mommy why is there blood everywhere?" were the first words out of his mouth after he stabbed three family members with a large steak knife. The first victim was his 12-year-old female cousin.
Mother: "He reached over and stabbed her in the side of the leg; by then it was not him any longer, he was like a little robot."
His mother says her son got to this robotic state after a day of feeling picked on. The final straw was not being able to play with a neighbor's football, not over a juice box, as had been reported.
Mother: "No it was not over a juice box. We had told him he could have something to drink so to say it was over a juice box is absurd. It was over many different things that compiled over an hour's time."
Mom says that is why Greene County deputies were initially called out to the home.
Mother: "Between myself and my sister-in-law we weren't able to keep him restrained so we had to call the police department."
A Greene County deputy was able to calm the 5-year-old. The family thought it worked and the deputy went outside to write out his report while the child headed to the kitchen for a drink. The deputy was outside when her child turned into someone, she says, was not her son.
Mother: "He went to the refrigerator opened it and he kind of stood there and there was this - this blank - he lost himself completely, he was not there any longer."
She says she thought her son was getting a straw from a drawer until her sister-in-laws, nieces and nephews started screaming "knife".
Mother: "My nephew, he got upset because he stabbed his sister. He kept trying to throw things at him, trying to defend his sister and we were trying to hold him back."
Mom says he stabbed his aunt in the arm while trying to get to his 11-year-old male cousin.
Mother: "When she grabbed her arm we lost control of my nephew and he fell on the floor and that's when he got my nephew in the back of the head and the neck. The rest of the police came in and they restrained him and it was like we had my son back because he said 'why is there blood everywhere?' He said 'where did it all come from.'"
Reporter: "Are you afraid of your son?"
Mother: "To say that I haven't been afraid of him at times would be lying."
Mother: "Some people watching this tonight are going to think 'how were two adults not able to stop a 5-year-old and how did three people get stabbed?' He's very quick, he's very unpredictable and he will look like he is calmed down."
His mother says she has been alerting mental health officials of this behavior since he was three. She says unfortunately it took this to get their attention.
Reporter: "Are you strong enough, do you love your son enough to let him go?"
Mother: "I do and it's not so much that I want to let him go, because I don't feel comfortable enough with him being at home. I want him to get the help. I hate that he did it, from the bottom of my heart, it's been so hard to accept. I can't say sorry enough, but I do love my child."
His mother says it took something so tragic to finally get the help she has been fighting for since her child was three and a half, and that is hospitalization. We are not disclosing where he is being treated, at the request of the family, but he is under full evaluation at this time.
His mother says she will be with him every step of the way. She says he is an extremely charming and smart kid, aside from his outbursts. She says she wants him to be the airplane pilot he yearns to be someday. She fears if they do not intervene now he will do worse and she will not be able to stop him.


text:
Garden of a Grammar Queen
Visit My First Blog!
@itsmayuuu This is... I can't stop watching this 4 days ago
Dearest John, I fear our flight is delayed, as the British are posted on the tarmac. Worry not: we have unrefrige… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 1 week ago
So did the revolutionary army take over BWI near Fort McHenry? Or was it DCA? #RevolutionaryWarAirports 1 week ago
@amynw I handpick my investments and can buy stock directly in a company with Schwab (the bank). It's turned out decently for me so far! 1 week ago
@NoelSznn omfg I can't look away 1 week ago
Follow @abigailjaffe
Short story: The Day the Axis Fell
7 killer networking tips for dummies
Down that red dirt road: reflections on 1 year in NYC
February tech roundup: From Pinterest's e-Commerce rebrand to Google's $300M for solar
3 Publicity Campaigns We're In Love With This Valentine's Day
May 31, 2015 abigailjaffe
It's fierce, tough, and competitive. It's a city that doesn't lend itself to forgiveness. All the pictures and the photos, like the one across my bed, that feature the magnificent skyscrapers grazing the drifting clouds which shelter one of the world's greatest cities, speak the glory of it. But they don't speak the unified struggle or the heartbreak or the collective triumph of its pulsing, throbbing humanity. So on my 364th day in this city, I'm going to try here.
I wouldn't dream of characterizing my year here as the hallmark of fun, but these 12 months have certainly been a life-altering, wonderful adventure, filled with magnificent ups, the best of my life, high on cloud 9 and simply gazing down at the world. And the lowest points too, which I don't particularly care to remember. I've learned valuable lessons and have acquired a fierce, steadfast independence. I'm f–kin' proud of what I've accomplished.
^tulip garden in the UWS, circa April 2015
And I've learned this too, beautifully put by a friend on Facebook a month ago: "It is a truth universally acknowledged that when one part of your life starts going okay, another falls spectacularly to pieces." I've been witness to this circumstance, and with every emotion amplified in NYC, it makes for a remarkable, emotionally charged life. The intensity of life here drives everything home so much harder. You're forced to…feel. I don't consider myself an emotional person, but some of that has changed in the past year. And it makes the tough times tougher and the good times better. And the past 12 months were full of a whole lot of both.
But it's not about the past; it's about the present and the future. Darius Rucker sums it up well: "For every stoplight I didn't make, every chance I did or I didn't take; all the nights I went too far, all the girls that broke my heart; all the doors that I had to close; everything I knew but I didn't know…thank G-d for all I missed, cuz it led me here to this." Hard to believe it's been a year, and I'm proud of the person I am today and how much I've grown in 12 months.
Highlights of the year:
The Stanley Cup playoffs (summer 2014): I arrived in NYC when the Washington Capitals had narrowly missed the playoffs in April 2014. Jumping on the bandwagon, I was pumped about landing in a hockey town, (reluctantly) rooting for the New York Rangers as they advanced to the final round of the playoffs.
The Stanley Cup playoffs (summer 2015): The tables have turned. Wearing my jersey and rooting for the Washington Capitals in two phenomenal rounds — first against the New York Islanders and then against the New York Rangers, both series going to spectacular, nail-biter game 7s. You've never lived until you're rooting for your home team in enemy territory in game 7 overtime.
Watching Grease on the beach in Coney Island
Spending weekends at my cousins because of the newfound close proximity
The entirety of summer 2014
Traveling to SF for the company's holiday week in December
Spending 70% of my weekends in my friends' Queens apartment
Listening to music on the subway that I knew would make me cry during two rough months because I'm a glutton for punishment
Going to bars alone. Highly recommended.
Learning to work hard for something you really, really want.
Elton John, it may be true that rose trees never grow in NYC, but we were never promised a rose garden. And the tulips that explode in magnificent bursts of painted streaks across the city in late April? I wouldn't trade that for anything.
#hockey#newyork#publicrelations#stanleycupmediamusicNYCtech


text:
package co.yiiu.pybbs.config;

import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.core.MybatisConfiguration;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.core.MybatisXMLLanguageDriver;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.extension.MybatisMapWrapperFactory;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.extension.plugins.PaginationInterceptor;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.extension.spring.MybatisSqlSessionFactoryBean;
import org.apache.ibatis.plugin.Interceptor;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactory;
import org.apache.ibatis.type.JdbcType;
import org.mybatis.spring.annotation.MapperScan;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.DependsOn;

import javax.sql.DataSource;

@Configuration
@MapperScan("co.yiiu.pybbs.mapper")
public class MybatisPlusConfig {

    // 配置分页插件
    //  @Bean
    //  public PaginationInterceptor paginationInterceptor() {
    //    return new PaginationInterceptor();
    //  }

    @Bean("mybatisSqlSession")
    @DependsOn("flywayConfig")
    public SqlSessionFactory sqlSessionFactory(@Qualifier("dataSource") DataSource dataSource) throws Exception {
        MybatisSqlSessionFactoryBean sqlSessionFactory = new MybatisSqlSessionFactoryBean();
        MybatisConfiguration configuration = new MybatisConfiguration();
        configuration.setDefaultScriptingLanguage(MybatisXMLLanguageDriver.class);
        configuration.setJdbcTypeForNull(JdbcType.NULL);
        //*注册Map 下划线转驼峰*
        configuration.setObjectWrapperFactory(new MybatisMapWrapperFactory());

        // 添加数据源,官方文档里没有下面这一行,启动一直报错,脑瓜疼。。。
        sqlSessionFactory.setDataSource(dataSource);

        sqlSessionFactory.setConfiguration(configuration);

        // 添加分页插件,这里有个坑
        // 在没有配置Map 下划线转驼峰这个配置之前,配置了上面注释掉的分页插件配置,结果配置了这个之后,分页就失效了
        // 找了一圈,无解,只好自己尝试解决,这个配置里就用了两个类,MybatisSqlSessionFactoryBean,MybatisConfiguration
        // 先看一下分页插件是实现的哪个接口,没错就是这货 Interceptor
        // 逐个去上面两个配置类里找,还真在MybatisSqlSessionFactoryBean类里找到了,有个plugins的字段,类型正是 Interceptor
        // 然后尝试把分页插件设置进去,启动项目,问题解决
        // 官方文档太简陋,坑新手呀!!!!!!
        PaginationInterceptor paginationInterceptor = new PaginationInterceptor();
        sqlSessionFactory.setPlugins(new Interceptor[]{paginationInterceptor});

        return sqlSessionFactory.getObject();
    }

  /*
  有群友分享了下面这种配置方法,说也可以实现分页和下划线转骆峰,我没试过,放这备忘吧!

  @Autowired
  private MybatisPlusProperties mybatisPlusProperties;

  @Bean
  public PaginationInterceptor paginationInterceptor() {
    return new PaginationInterceptor();
  }

  @PostConstruct
  public void mybatisConfigration() {
    MybatisConfiguration configuration = mybatisPlusProperties.getConfiguration();
    // 注册下划线转骆峰
    configuration.setObjectWrapperFactory(new MybatisMapWrapperFactory());
  }
  */
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Gummy Bear Bazzill cardstock is heavyweight cardstock great for misting, inks, paints, embellishments, or lots of other craft mediums. This package contains (25) 8.5x11 inch sheets of 100 lb, smooth, quality cardstock. Also available in a 10 count pack.


The result of cooperative problem-solving skills in a negotiation that uncover joint gains for both parties. Value creation is an aspect of "win-win" or "non-zero-sum" negotiation, in which both parties benefit from the agreement. (David A. Lax and James K. Sebenius, 3-D Negotiation [Harvard Business School Press, 2006], 17). See Also: Negotiation Skills: Four Steps for Changing Negotiation Practices in Your Organization, When Lose-Lose Wins, Conflict Management – Anger, the Good and the Bad.
Posted December 18th, 2018 by PON Staff & filed under Daily.
Posted July 27th, 2010 by PON Staff & filed under Business Negotiations, Daily.


text:
Science: horror fans are dealing with this better then everyone else
By MediaMonkey
Levels of dopamine that you get from food, sex...
Noisettes - Contact
Meat Loaf's Women...
We've been joking for months now that a lifetime of watching horror movies and reading the books has basically fully prepared us for this, and even if the zombies turn up we're ready.
Turns out it's not a joke.
A team from Aarhus University – specifically the Research Program for Media, Communication, and Society and the School of Communication and Culture – ran a survey of viewing habits and psychological state, and discovered horror viewers are less stressed.
"One reason that horror use may correlate with less psychological distress is that horror fiction allows its audience to practice grappling with negative emotions in a safe setting.. Experiencing negative emotions in a safe setting, such as during a horror film, might help individuals hone strategies for dealing with fear and more calmly deal with fear-eliciting situations in real life."
"Of course, if someone hates horror movies, it may simply make it worse," they explained "If emotion regulation skills are what are being improved and helping people deal with the pandemic, it may also be best to watch movies that are scary to you, not movies that are considered the scariest in general… If this is how it works, the whole point would be for you to learn to accept feeling afraid or anxious, and learn how to overcome that feeling."
Tune of the weekend: some apocalyptic fun
It was a strange weekend with a range of news stories clouding our days, so what better to spin on repeat than a disco song...
Give yourself a dopamine hit with some...
It's been twenty five years of the Foo Fighters, which is scary for those of us who bought their first records in a shop...
Liked this story? Sign up to our music newsletter and never miss out


Hair, hair everywhere! Is this a sight in your home when you wash, comb or blow dry your hair, be it in a hurry or commonly? Can you not keep your hair open at all off the fear that even that would damage your hair? Well, Why won't that be as we all know that hair breakage and hair damage are the most significant contributors to stunted growth of hair. Almost thirty million women and fifty million men across the world suffer from hair growth problems. But did you know that all that you need to do to resolve the hair issues once and for all is to eat the right food at the right time? Read on to find out more about the foods for hair growth.
The growth of hair on the scalp is the process in which the length of hair increases by about half an inch in every month. The method depends upon many different factors like genes, hormones, and the environment.
There are three stages in the growth of hair. These stages are telogen, catagen, and anagen. The first and most extended phase of hair growth is anagen which lasts for about 3-5 years. Hair grows to its maximum length in this phase. The next stage is catagen in which the growth of hair subsides. The catagen phase is the shortest and lasts for a few weeks. The last step is telogen in which hair growth stops, and the shedding of hair begins. It lasts for about 3-6 months and is succeeded by the anagen phase.
You can prolong the duration of anagen and catagen phase by providing adequate nutrition to the hair through selecting foods for hair growth.
What type of foods helps with hair growth?
The foods that are rich in the following essential nutrients are incredibly useful for the healthy growth of hair.
Vitamin B7 or Biotin is one of the most significant vitamins for hair growth.
The consumption of foods rich in biotin like bananas, peanuts, mushrooms, carrots, etc. helps in the prevention of hair fall and the regulation of hair growth.
Vitamin B5 helps in fighting against stress which is one of the major causes of stunted hair growth and hair damage.
It is incredibly useful for the formation of RBCs and antibodies. It is also good for regulation of hormonal balance and stimulation of energy.
Eat foods such as milk, legumes, peas, oranges, bananas, broccoli, etc. to aid in hair growth and prevent hair loss.
Deficiency of vitamin B12 in the diet is one of the primary causes of hair loss. It is responsible for the conversion of food into physical energy, production of red blood cells and the formation of the DNA and RNA molecules.
The consumption of foods rich in vitamin B12 like meat, fish, and eggs helps in promoting the health of hair and scalp by strengthening the hair follicles and roots.
Vitamins E, C, and A are potent antioxidants that provide strength and nourishment to the hair and scalp.
These vitamins also help in the stimulation of cellular regeneration and development of connective tissues.
Eat whole grains, green vegetables, and fresh fruits on a daily basis to gain the health benefits of the nutrients for hair growth.
Eggs are delicious, packed with nutrients, and one of the best foods for hair growth.
Begin your day with a couple of boiled eggs for breakfast on a daily basis.
You can also apply the egg whites of two eggs to your hair and scalp for the health and strength of the hair.
Eggs are rich in proteins and biotin, two of the essential nutrients for hair growth. The consumption of eggs enhances the strength of the hair follicles which helps in the prevention of hair fall and acceleration of hair growth.
Biotin is essential for the production of the hair protein keratin. The consumption of foods rich in biotin like boiled eggs contributes remarkably to the growth of hair.
Eggs are rich in selenium, zinc, and other nutrients which makes it one of the best foods for hair growth.
Berries are delicious, juicy, and remarkable for hair growth.
Have a glass of thick berry smoothie or snack on fresh and juicy berries between meals to assist the growth of hair.
You can also prepare hair masks by using berry juice and other natural ingredients to enhance the strength and growth of the hair.
Berries are rich in bioflavonoids, vitamins, and antioxidants that help in the growth of hair and aid in the protection of the scalp against oxidative stress.
Berries are rich in vitamin C which is a powerful antioxidant that works to fight against toxic free radicals that inflict oxidative damage upon the hair follicles. The vitamin C also helps in the production of collagen protein which is essential for strengthening the hair roots and preventing brittleness and hair damage.
The consumption of berries also helps in increasing the absorption of iron from the food which is useful for the prevention and cure of anemia.
Nothing works for the health and beauty of hair like a bowl of steamed spinach.
Have a bowl of steamed spinach for lunch.
Drink a glass of spinach juice or prepare green detox spinach smoothies for the healthy growth and nourishment of the hair and scalp.
Spinach is rich in essential nutrients like vitamin A, C, iron, and folate which work in unison to promote the health and beauty of hair.
Vitamin A stimulates the production of sebum in the scalp. Sebum helps to hydrate the scalp which is useful for the prevention of hair loss.
Spinach is rich in high amounts of iron which makes it one of the best foods for hair growth.
The consumption of fatty fish like herring, salmon, and mackerel is excellent for the cure of stunted hair growth.
How to use fatty fish?
The best way to have fatty fishes is to eat it baked, boiled, and steamed.
Prepare a bowl of fish stew for lunch or dinner for the daily dose of animal protein, and nutrients for hair growth.
You can also take fatty fish oil supplements on a regular basis for the health of hair.
Fatty fish is rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids which is one of the most significant compounds for hair growth.
Experts suggest that the consumption of fatty fish is excellent for the growth of hair as it contains vitamin D3, selenium, proteins, and vitamin B-complex. Eating fatty fish helps in enhancing the growth and volume of hair and makes it glow with health and beauty.
Munching on sweet potatoes is a splendid way of making the stunted hair growth, and the split ends disappear.
How to use sweet potatoes?
Peel and rinse the fresh sweet potatoes and dice them into cubes. Snack on the diced sweet potatoes during the afternoon on a daily basis to feel refreshed and nourished.
Sweet potatoes are rich in beta-carotene. On the consumption of sweet potatoes, the beta-carotene compounds get converted into vitamin A which is excellent for the health and beauty of the hair.
Vitamin A helps in promoting the secretion of sebum in the scalp which is good for the cure of dry blisters and dandruff on the scalp. It helps in accelerating the growth of hair and in preventing the regression of hair follicles.
The consumption of fresh avocado is remarkably beneficial for the natural treatment of stunted hair growth.
Eat avocado in steamed and boiled form to acquire its health and beauty benefits.
Avocados are delicious, and an excellent source of Vitamin E which promotes hair growth.
The consumption of avocado on a daily basis also helps to repair the damaged and dry scalp.
Vitamin E is a potent antioxidant that works to protect the scalp from damage and oxidative stress.
Avocado is a rich source of fatty acids, which are essential for hair growth.
If there is one thing that can fight hair damage and pamper your taste buds as well, then that is a dish of well-cooked meat.
If you are not a fan of plain boiled meat, then eat it in the form of stew and soups.
Meat is an essential part of a balanced diet, rich in proteins and nutrients.
It is rich in proteins that make it essential for repairing hair follicles and growing healthy hair. A single serving of meat could provide up to 29 grams of protein.
Red meat is an excellent source of iron which helps in delivering oxygen to the cells in the hair follicles thereby making the follicles stronger.
Snacking on nuts might just become a pastime now if you learn about its benefits for hair growth.
Sprinkle your bowl of oats or yogurt with chopped nuts, and you are good to go.
Nuts are rich in nutrients like vitamins B and E, zinc, and omega 3 and omega-6 fatty acids which work to promote the health of hair.
A serving of 28g of almonds can provide you with about 37% of the requirement of vitamin E.
A little shake of the glossy locks, a drop of curl, and a stray wisp of hair is all you need to look fantastic. Thank your hair for making you look the prettiest in the world, but then do your bit in return, and your hair will thank you too. Follow a balanced diet and drink plenty of water. Practice yoga and meditation to fight stress-related hair fall and adhere to a balanced diet packed with foods for hair growth for the health and beauty of the curls.


text:
Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement/Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment
Impact factor: 1,087 (2020)
Quality enhancement of fruits conserved with essential oils prolonging storage
View(s): 634 (18 ULiège)
Download(s): 5 (0 ULiège)
Asmaa Mziouid, Bouchra Chebli, Mohamed Berrabah, Safaâ Bounimi, Niama Heimeur, Hicham Chebli, Rachid Salghi, James Nicholas Furze, Ghita Ait Baddi & El Hassan Mayad
DOI: 10.25518/1780-4507.19951
Amélioration de la qualité des fruits conservés avec des huiles essentielles prolongeant le stockage
Description du sujet. Les framboises et les fraises sont très périssables à cause du développement fongique après récolte. De nombreuses études ont démontré que les huiles essentielles peuvent être des biopesticides prometteurs pour maintenir la qualité des fruits frais pendant le stockage post-récolte.
Objectifs. Ce travail visait à évaluer le potentiel des huiles essentielles (HEs) d'Ismelia carinata et de Cladanthus arabicus (Asteraceae) à prolonger la durée de conservation des framboises et des fraises.
Méthode. La composition chimique des huiles essentielles d'I. carinata et de C. arabicus a été analysée par CG/SM. Les effets antifongiques in vitro des HEs ont été testés contre Botrytis cinerea par les méthodes de dilution en gélose et de diffusion sur disque. Les HEs d'I. carinata et de C. arabicus ont été utilisées comme agents bioactifs pour préserver la qualité des baies pendant 15 jours en chambre froide. Le pH, l'acidité titrable, les solides solubles totaux et l'indice de maturité des baies traitées avec 400 mg·l-1 d'HE d'I. carinata ont également été analysés.
Résultats. L'analyse par CG/SM a révélé que les principaux composés d'I. carinata étaient le tau-cadinol (65,93 %) et le tau-muurolol (24,65 %) et ceux de C. arabicus étaient le β-pinène (23,58 %) et le tau-cadinol (9,54 %). Les deux HE testées ont montré les meilleurs pourcentages d'inhibition contre B. cinerea en utilisant la méthode de dilution en gélose. L'HE d'I. carinata était un agent de conservation efficace pour les framboises et les fraises pendant le stockage à 4 °C. L'indice de maturité des deux baies était significatif par rapport aux témoins non traités (p ≤ 0,05).
Conclusions. L'HE d'I. carinata est prometteuse pour l'amélioration de la qualité des fruits en chambre froide, avec un bénéfice ultérieur pour les chaines d'approvisionnement en fruits.
Mots-clés : Aptitude à la conservation, maladie postrécolte, propriété antifongique, préservation des aliments, Botrytis cinerea.
Description of the subject. Raspberries and strawberries are highly perishable due to postharvest fungal development. Numerous studies have shown that essential oils can be promising biopesticides for maintaining the quality of fresh fruit during postharvest storage.
Objectives. This work aimed to evaluate the potential of Ismelia carinata and Cladanthus arabicus (Asteraceae) essential oils (EOs) to extend the shelf life of raspberries and strawberries.
Method. The chemical composition of EOs from I. carinata and C. arabicus was analyzed using GC/MS. In vitro antifungal effects of EOs using agar dilution and disk diffusion methods were tested against Botrytis cinerea. The I. carinata and C. arabicus EOs were used as bioactive agents to preserve the quality of berries during 15 days in cold storage. Also, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, and maturity index of berries treated with 400 mg·l-1 of I. carinata EO are analyzed.
Results. The GC/MS analysis revealed that the major compounds were tau-cadinol (65.93%) and tau-muurolol (24.65%) for I. carinata, β-pinene (23.58%), and tau-cadinol (9.54%) for C. arabicus. Both EOs tested showed best inhibition percentages against B.cinerea using the agar dilution method. Ismelia carinata EO was an efficient preservative agent for raspberries and strawberries during storage at 4 °C. The maturity index of both berries was significant compared to untreated controls (p ≤ 0.05).
Conclusions. Ismelia carinata EO holds promise for extending fruit quality in cold storage, with subsequent benefit to fruit marketing supply chains.
Keywords : Keeping quality, postharvest decay, antifungal properties, food preservation, Botrytis cinerea.
2.1. Plant materials and EOs extraction
2.2. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis
2.3. Fungal culture of Botrytis cinerea
2.4. In vitro antifungal assays
2.5. Evaluation of EOs on the shelf life of raspberries and strawberries
2.6. Physical and chemical qualities of berries treated with 400 mg·l-1 of I. carinata EO
2.7. Statistical analysis
3.1. Chemical composition of EOs
3.4. Physical and chemical qualities of berries treated with 400 mg·l-1of I. carinata EO
Received 17 September 2021, accepted 6 October 2022, available online 27 October 2022.
This article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the CC-BY License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
1It is estimated that approximately one-third of horticultural products are lost after harvest reaching 1.3 billion tons of food worldwide, costing the global economy around 750 billion US dollars (Gastavsson et al., 2011; Prusky, 2011). Strawberries and raspberries are among the most rapidly perishable fruits after harvest because of their susceptibility to mechanical injury, physiological deterioration, water loss, and postharvest decay. A postharvest attack is the factor causing the most drastic economic losses, especially in the fruit marketing chain (Prusky, 2011). Botrytis cinerea, the cause of gray mold, is one of the most common postharvest decays of fresh fruit and vegetables (Romanazzi & Feliziani, 2014). Based on scientific and economic importance, this fungus ranked second into the world Top 10 fungal plant pathogens list (Dean et al., 2012). Research has shown that B. cinerea is one of the most prevalent fungi on strawberries and raspberries, reducing their shelf life after harvest (Tournas & Katsoudas, 2005; Farzaneh et al., 2015). Therefore, handling these berries from harvest to consumer represents a real challenge.
2To increase the marketability of fresh berries, the use of postharvest technologies of cold storage and modified atmosphere packaging results in maintaining the postharvest quality of raspberry and strawberry fruit for 10-12 days. However, the application of an efficient treatment significantly reducing the postharvest incidence can imply a considerable change in fruit sweetness and palatability (Agar & Streif, 1997; Zheng et al., 2007).
3Essential oils (EOs) are plant extracts composed of aromatic and lipophilic volatile compounds that plants synthesize as secondary metabolites to protect themselves from abiotic and biotic stress (Bakkali et al., 2008). Research has focused on their use as potential biopesticides to sustain fresh fruit quality during postharvest periods. Many EO treatments showed promising results in controlling gray mold of table grapes (Abdollahi et al., 2012) and apples (Lopez- Reyes et al., 2010), and their effectiveness against several other postharvest decays (Suradeep & Proshanta, 2018). Also, consumers accept EOs more readily because aromatic plants have wide use in general culinary practices (Sivakumar & Bautista-Baños, 2014; Sarkhosh et al., 2017).
4Cladanthus arabicus Cass. and Ismelia carinata Schousb. are Anthemideae species from the Compositae family (Benabid, 2000). Cladanthus arabicus is an annual plant with many erected stems and yellow flowers, growing in southern Spain and North Africa (Tutin et al., 1964). Previous studies have investigated the chemical composition of C. arabicus EO and some of its biological activities (El Hanbali et al., 2005; Aghraz et al., 2017). Ismelia carinata is a spring-flowering plant native to Morocco (El Oualidi et al., 2012). This bushy plant has fleshy-light green and lacinate leaves and its flowers are characterized by variable colors that form different concentric rings. Ismelia carinata is also known as I. versicolor Cass. or Chrysanthemum carinatum Schousb. and it represents the only species of the Ismelia genus (Turland, 2004). These species of plants are naturalized outside their native geographical sites (Buist, 1846; Soreng & Cope, 1991).
5The purpose of this study is to examine the chemical composition of EOs of two Anthemideae species and to evaluate their in vitro antifungal effect against Botrytis cinerea using two different screening assays. Also, the EOs will be tested for their ability to preserve fresh raspberries and strawberries and assessed in terms of consequences on fruit sweetness after storage.
6Aerial parts of two plants were collected between March and May 2017, from wild populations in different regions of Morocco: Ismelia carinata in Tiznit, Tifnit (geographic coordinates 30°12'0" N, 9°37'48" W) and Cladanthus arabicus in the Agadir region (geographic coordinates 30°25'12" N, 9°35'53" W). Plants were identified at the Scientific Institute of Rabat (Morocco). A voucher specimen of each plant was deposited (C. arabicus No. CA-17 and I. carinata No. IC-17) in the herbarium of the Laboratory of Biotechnology at the National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco. The plant materials were air-dried at shade and ambient temperature (25 °C) for about 4 weeks. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of the air-dried plants for 3 h using a Clevenger type apparatus as recommended by European Pharmacopoeia (Council of Europe, 1997). Essential oils were dried over anhydrous sodium and kept in the dark at 4 °C until use.
7The chemical composition of essential oils was investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using a Shimadzu system. A VB5 capillary column was used (30 m x 0.25 mm inner diameter, 0.25 µm film thickness), and Helium was the carrier gas at 1 ml·min-1. The GC oven temperature was conserved at 50 °C for 1 min and programmed to 280 °C at a rate of 10 °C·min-1, then kept constant at 280 °C for 2 min. The split flow was used; the injector temperature was 250 °C. The mass spectrometer was operating at ionization energy of 70 eV and 300 °C. The mass spectrometer range was from 20 to 350 m/z, and the interface was at 300 °C. A library search was composed using the "Wiley GC/MS Library" Nist147 database LIB (Adams, 2007).
8Botrytis cinerea was isolated directly from naturally decayed strawberries in three replicates using potato dextrose agar medium (PDA), amended with gentamycin (10 mg·l-1) to stop the growth of bacteria. Plates were incubated in the dark for five days at 25 ± 2 °C. The isolate collected was repeatedly purified before its identification. A pure culture of B. cinerea was maintained on PDA and stored at 4 °C.
9The agar dilution (Chebli et al., 2003) and disk diffusion (Znini et al., 2013) methods were adopted to evaluate the in vitro antifungal effect of I. carinata and C. arabicus EOs against mycelial growth of B. cinerea. Six concentrations of I. carinata and C. arabicus EOs, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 µl·ml-1 were tested in both antifungal assays.
10In the agar dilution method, a stock solution of EOs was prepared by dissolving pure EOs in a sterile solution of Tween 80 (2 ml·l-1). To obtain the desired concentrations, appropriate amounts of a stock solution were mixed with autoclaved potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) maintained at 45 °C just before pouring into Petri dishes. A mycelial plug, 6 mm in diameter, was excised from a pure culture of B. cinerea and placed at the center of each Petri dish. Controls consisted of un-amended PDA. The plates were sealed with parafilm and incubated at 25 °C.
11In the disk diffusion assay, Petri dishes were filled with sterile PDA medium and then inoculated with mycelial plugs, cut from a pure culture of the fungus. After solidification, Petri dishes were inverted, and according to each concentration, pure EOs were deposited in sterile filter paper disks, which then were placed on the inner surface of Petri dish lids. The plates were sealed with parafilm and incubated upside-down at 25 °C. The control consisted of sterile distilled water-soaked filter paper.
12Tests were stopped when control Petri dishes were covered by mycelial culture. Three replicates were used for each concentration. The percentage inhibition of fungal growth was determined on the growth in the test plate compared to that of the control plate according to the equation:
13where C was the diameter of fungal growth on the control, and T was the diameter on the test plate.
14The experiment was performed using Vu et al. (2011) method with slight modifications. Two concentrations (200 and 400 mg·l-1) of the EOs from I. carinata (IC200; IC400) and C. arabicus (CA200; CA400) were prepared as aqueous emulsions using a sterile solution of Tween 80 (4 ml·l-1) and distilled water under vigorous stirring. Fresh raspberry and strawberry fruits were harvested from orchards using standard culture practices in the Agadir region. The berries were commercially mature and showed no spoilage signs.
15The EO emulsions were sprayed onto fresh fruits at room temperature. The amounts sprayed were equal between treatments. After spraying, fresh fruits were allowed to dry for 15 min, and then were stored at 4 °C. Visual decay of raspberries and strawberries was evaluated for 15 days, and the contamination levels (percentage of berries showing decay signs) were observed daily during storage. Treatments and controls were performed in three replicates. To sum up, the experimental design was as follows: two concentrations of each essential oil (four modalities) are tested separately on strawberries and raspberries (two types of fruits) and three replicates of each concentration were performed. This makes that: [(4 modalities x 3 replications) x 2 (types of fruits)] + 3 replicates of the strawberry control + 3 replicates of the raspberry control = 30 trays. Each replicate involved ten raspberries and six strawberries tested separately.
16After 15 days of cold storage, each replicate of berries treated with 400 mg·l-1 of I. carinata EO was subjected to physical and chemical quality analyses. The physical and chemical measurements were realized using the method of Gunness et al. (2009). In equal weights, deionized water and berries were mixed for 30 s and the pH of the puree was measured with a calibrated pH meter. The puree was centrifuged at 4,400 rpm for 30 min, and the supernatant was refined in glass fiber. A digital refractometer was used to gauge the refractive index of berries clear juice, and the reading was taken in Brix degrees (°Bx) that give the total percentage of solids content (TSS) in fruit. Titratable acidity (TA) was measured by diluting 5 g of clear juice in 100 ml distilled water and then titrating to pH 8.1 with a solution of NaOH (4 g of NaOH·l-1 of distilled water). Citric acid is the main organic acid found in raspberry and strawberry fruit (Spanos, 1986; Watson et al., 2002); TA was expressed in g·l-1 of citric acid equivalent in juice and was calculated using the formula:
17Also, the maturity index was calculated (TSS/TA). The physical and chemical qualities of controls were taken after 12 days of storage of untreated berries.
18All data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS version 16.0 software. Means comparison was evaluated using Newman Keuls tests. The results were expressed as mean values ± standard deviation with different letters, which are statistically significant at 5% level probability.
19The average yield of I. carinata and C. arabicus EOs were 0.1 and 0.44% (w/w), respectively. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the chemical composition of tested EOs are presented in table 1.
20Ismelia carinata EO was dominated by the oxygenated sesquiterpenes, representing 90.58% of the total oil, which were tau-cadinol (65.93%) and tau-muurolol (24.65%). In C. arabicus EO, nine constituents were identified accounting for 63.89% of the total oil. It was dominated by hydrocarbon fraction (40.44%) followed by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (12.44%). Among which the major compounds were β-pinene (23.58%), tau-cadinol (9.54%), diethyl phthalate (7.88%), α-pinene (5.68%) and β-caryophyllene (4.88%).
21The inhibition percentages obtained in assays of antifungal activity at different concentrations of I. carinata and C. arabicus EOs using agar dilution and disk diffusion techniques are summarized in table 2.
22In both techniques, the results showed that the inhibition of the mycelial growth of B. cinerea was significantly influenced by the EOs concentration (p ≤ 0.05). In the agar dilution method, the EOs exhibited antifungal effect from 12.33 ± 0.57 to 86 ± 1.73% and from 1 ± 3.61 to 81.67 ± 1.44% for I. carinata and C. arabicus, respectively. In disk diffusion, at the highest concentration, the inhibition percentages were 35 ± 0.0% and 23.33 ± 25.54% for I. carinata and C. arabicus EOs, respectively. In the agar dilution technique, the IC50 values were 0.95 µl·ml-1 and 1.27 µl·ml-1 for I. carinata and C. arabicus EOs, respectively. However, in the disk diffusion method, the IC50 values were > 4 µl·ml-1. These results show that the inhibitory effect in the agar dilution technique was more prominent against B. cinerea than in the disk diffusion assay for the two EOs studied (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Antifungal effect of 4 µl.ml-1 of Ismelia carinata and Cladanthus arabicus essential oils in agar dilution (A1; B1) and disk diffusion (A2; B2) assays on mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea compared to the control (C1; C2) — Effet antifongique de 4 µl.ml-1 d'huile essentielle d'Ismelia carinata et de Cladanthus arabicus avec la dilution en gélose (A1; B1) et la diffusion sur disque (A2; B2) sur la croissance mycélienne de Botrytis cinerea par rapport au contrôle (C1; C2).
23The decay rates daily measured of EOs treated berries and their controls (untreated) during 15 days at cold storage are presented in figure 2 (raspberry) and figure 3 (strawberry).
Figure 2. The daily evolution of the decay rate of raspberries treated with Ismelia carinata (IC) and Cladanthus arabicus (CA) essential oils during 15 days at 4 °C with IC200 mg.l-1 (--), IC400 mg.l-1 (–.–), CA200 mg.l-1 (--), CA400 mg.l-1 (--). The sample of untreated raspberries was used as control (···). Mean of three replicates (mean [number] ± SD [vertical bar]) — L'évolution journalière du taux de pourriture des framboises traitées aux huiles essentielles d'Ismelia carinata (IC) et de Cladanthus arabicus (CA) pendant 15 jours à 4 °C avec IC200 mg.l-1 (--), IC400 mg.l-1 (–.–), CA200 mg.l-1 (--), CA400 mg.l-1 (--). L'échantillon de framboises non traitées a servi de témoin (···). Moyenne de trois répétitions (moyenne [nombre)] ± écart-type [barre verticale]).
Figure 3. The daily evolution of the decay rate of strawberries treated with Ismelia carinata (IC) and Cladanthus arabicus (CA) essential oils during 15 days at 4 °C with IC200 mg.l-1 (--), IC400 mg.l-1 (–.–), CA200 mg.l-1 (--), CA400 mg.l-1 (--). The sample of untreated strawberries was used as control (···). Mean of three replicates (mean [number] ± SD [vertical bar]) — L'évolution journalière du taux de pourriture des fraises traitées aux huiles essentielles d'Ismelia carinata (IC) et de Cladanthus arabicus (CA) pendant 15 jours à 4 °C avec IC200 mg.l-1 (--), IC400 mg.l-1 (–.–), CA200 mg.l-1 (--), CA400 mg.l-1 (--). L'échantillon de fraises non traitées a servi de témoin (···). Moyenne de trois répétitions (moyenne [nombre)] ± écart-type [barre verticale]).
24For raspberries (Figure 2), from day 1 to 7 the decay rates (%) of treated raspberries with the two EOs were less than the control (50 ± 4.36%) (p ≤ 0.05). During the eighth and ninth days, the decay levels of CA200 (40 ± 1.73%) and CA400 (53.33 ± 1.16%) treated raspberries were more rapidly bordered than that of the control (56.67 ± 3.8%). On day 12, CA200 and CA400 treated raspberry fruits, and control samples were completely infected (100%). At the end-storage day (day 15), the decay rates of IC200 and IC400 treated raspberries were 16.67% and 13.33%, respectively.
25For strawberries (Figure 3), from day 1 to day 7 the decay rates (%) of treated strawberries were lower than that of the control (p ≤ 0.05). From day 8 to 12, the decay rates of CA200 and CA400 treated strawberries were statistically equal to that of untreated strawberry fruits and they were all completely (100%) infected on day 12, while no decayed strawberry fruits were obtained when I. carinata EO was applied at 400 mg·l-1 and for IC200 treated strawberries, only 17% of decay rate was obtained. On the end-storage day, the decay rates of IC200 and IC400 treated strawberries were 38.67% and 33%, respectively.
26For both treated berries no significant difference was observed between 200 and 400 mg·l-1 of I. carinata EO (p ≤ 0.05). The pictures of treated berries with I. carinata EO and controls (untreated berries) are presented in figure 4. It can be observed that untreated berries (A1; A2) are largely postharvest decayed at day 12, while IC200 and IC400 treated berries (B1; B2; C1; C2) maintain good red color and aspect. Furthermore, the berries treated with IC400 (D1; D2) showed good appearance even at day 18.
Figure 4. Pictures of berries treated with Ismelia carinata essential oil (B1, B2, C1, C2, D1, D2) and untreated controls (A1, A2) — Photographies des baies traitées (B1, B2, C1, C2, D1, D2) à l'huile essentielle d'Ismelia carinata et des témoins non traités (A1, A2).
27The results of physical and chemical analyses of berries treated with 400 mg·l-1 of I. carinata EO after storage for 15 days at 4 °C compared to the control (untreated berries) are presented in table 3a (raspberries) and table 3b (strawberries).
28For raspberries, pH and total soluble solids did not differ whereas titrable acidity and maturity index were significantly different between control and treated samples ( p≤ 0.05). For strawberries, the difference between control and treated samples is significant in all quality factors (p ≤ 0.05). On both berries, the EO treatment maintained high titratable acidity compared to the control, which reduced the change in maturity index of treated berries compared to the controls.
29To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report of the chemical composition of the I. carinata EO. The EO of I. carinata contained two oxygenated sesquiterpenes as main compounds. This phytochemical profile is different from that of the other species belonging to the Chrysanthemum genus to which I. carinata was earlier grouped (Hosni et al., 2013). These results support a previous study indicating the chemotaxonomic difference of I. carinata, based on flavonoids analysis (Williams et al., 2001).
30The results of the chemical composition of C. arabicus EO showed qualitative and quantitative dissimilarities compared to previous studies using GC/MS to ascertain the composition of C. arabicus EO collected during the flowering stage in Ouarzazate and Marrakech Moroccan regions (El Hanbali et al., 2005; Aghraz et al., 2017). El Hanbali et al. (2005) have identified 36 constituents while Aghraz et al. (2017) have investigated 67 compounds. These two studies cited sabinene, β-pinene, α-pinene, myrcene as major compounds but in different fractions. The current work and the prior studies found α and β-pinene among the major constituents and highly dominance of monoterpenes hydrocarbons in the chemical composition of C. arabicus EO. Diethyl phthalate in the chemical composition of C. arabicus is considered an environmental pollutant. The mechanism of production of this compound by plants is not yet confirmed to conclude that it is a biogenic compound (Romeh, 2013). It is suggested that the plant may possess an ability to accumulate phthalate diethyl from its environment (Saeidnia & Abdollahi, 2013).
31The variations recorded in the chemical composition of C. arabicus EO, are postulated to be due to various factors related to geographical settings, plant genotype, seasonality, and physiological harvesting age (Shanjani et al., 2010; Aboukhalid et al., 2016; Angioni et al., 2006).
32In the in vitro antifungal tests, the agar dilution method presented the best inhibiting effect of EOs against Botrytis cinerea. It has been proposed that Tween 80 enables better distribution of components through the agar. Also, Alvarez-Castellanos et al. (2001) tested the fungicide effect of Chrysanthemum coronarium EO. They concluded that the volatile activity of C. coronarium EO was less persistent against fast-growing fungi as B. cinerea.
33Previous works have tested the fungicidal activity of EOs from the Asteraceae family species against B. cinerea. The reported activities depend on EO composition and especially on the main antifungal component. Liu et al. (2016) demonstrated that the vapors of Solidago canadensis L. EO rich in α–pinene (59.5%) inhibited by 42% the mycelial growth of the fungus. It has been indicated that 1.85 µl·ml-1 of Tagetes patula EO composed of nearly 50% of monoterpenes ketones, reduced by 47.4% the mycelial growth in liquid phases (Romagnoli et al., 2005). Rahman et al. (2010) showed that Erigeron ramosus EO containing 38.5% of sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons was not able to produce any growth inhibition at 1 µl·ml-1. As a result of the current study, it is suggested that liquid phases of the EOs tested have a great in vitro antifungal potential against B. cinerea. Also, the antifungal effects of I. carinata and C. arabicus EOs are related to their main components, which were reported as effective antifungal agents against phytopathogenic fungi (Hammer et al., 2003; Chang et al., 2008). Inhibitory potential of EOs depends on plant taxonomy and the types of chemical molecules in EOs (Pinto et al., 2006; Bajpai et al., 2013). Chang et al. (2008) noted that sesquiterpenes exhibited stronger antifungal effect than monoterpenes. Also, EOs have been suggested to act on cell membrane integrity of pathogens (Bajpai et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2016). Further, the minor components of EOs may interact in synergy with other active compounds linked to cellular signaling and transduction mechanisms (Znini et al., 2013).
34In the berry test, the efficiency of C. arabicus EO has not been visualized, while I. carinata EO minimized the postharvest decay of raspberries and strawberries during 15 days of storage at 4 °C. Many mechanisms of essential oils and their components to deactivate fungi were described (Freiesleben & Jager, 2014). The difference of mode of action between the main compounds of the two EOs could explain the in vivo efficiency difference (Andrade et al., 2018; dos Santos et al., 2021). The components of C. arabicus EO may be more volatile than those of I. carinata EO, as Hay & Waterman (1993) noted that sesquiterpenes are less volatile than other terpenes. This may afford for EO long-term stability under in vivo conditions. It could also be suggested that some components in C. arabicus EO had detrimental effects on sensitive berries and counteracted the fungicidal effect of other major constituents. For example, diethyl phthalate representing 7.88% of the total oil in the investigated chemical composition of C. arabicus EO should be used in limited doses to avoid its toxicological effects (Api, 2001). It is likely that a solubility problem of C. arabicus EO occurred (Demirci et al., 2008) or that the in vivo results were retained from the interactions of phenolic compounds with the food matrix (Yooussef et al., 2016). Previous works reported similar results on Lavandula angustifolia and Origanum compactum EOs, whose antifungal effect under in vivo conditions was not as strong as that in vitro (Hadian et al., 2008; Vu et al., 2011). Further, Lopez-Reyes et al. (2010) concluded that the choice of EOs for delaying postharvest decay should take into consideration the characteristics of the fruit and feasible storage time.
35Other studies have shown the efficiency of EOs, and/or their components against raspberry and strawberry postharvest decays. Allyl isothiocyanate (5 µl·l-1) and methyl jasmonate (22.4 µl·l-1) preserved fresh raspberries without fungal rot deterioration during a storage of 10 days at 10 °C (Wang, 2003; Chanjirakul et al., 2006). Carvacrol and methyl cinnamate - enriched films inhibited by 57% the postharvest decay in treated strawberries than the control (Peretto et al., 2014). Also, strawberries exposed to EOs vapors of Eucalyptus globules and Cinnamomum zeylanicum showed 57 to 63% less spoilage than unexposed fruits (Tzortzakis, 2007). Alikhani & Daraei Garmakhany (2012) noted that microencapsulated Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus vulgaris EOs were able to reduce the decay development on strawberry fruits stored at 5 °C for 9 days. Liu et al. (2016) reported the effectiveness of Solidago canadensis EO vapor to maintain the apparent quality of fresh strawberries stored at 20 °C. Although appearing as a costly option, the high commercial value of treated strawberries and raspberries would compensate for their postharvest treatment with EOs.
36As raspberries and strawberries are non-climacteric, slight changes in TSS and organic acids occurred. However, it was reported that several factors such as cultivar, storage, and fruit maturity at picking could incur fruit quality changes during the postharvest life of these berries (Shin et al., 2008). In the current study, it was observed that the postharvest treatment with 400 mg·l-1 of I. carinata EO reduced changes in physical and chemical qualities of berries compared to the control.
37The results of this work are consistent with previous works carried out on raspberries and strawberries treated with EOs on postharvest and revealing changes in fruit quality (Wang, 2003; Alikhani & Daraei Garmakhany, 2012).
38In this paper, the EOs of I. carinata and C. arabicus were evaluated for their chemical compositions and in vitro antifungal potential using two different screening assays. Furthermore, the study assessed the efficiency of EOs to preserve visual acceptance and fruit sweetness of raspberries and strawberries during cold storage. Ismelia carinata and C. arabicus EOs showed the best in vitro antifungal effect in liquid phases. Ismelia carinata EO minimized postharvest decays of both berries. The results of the current study suggest that I. carinata EO is a promising alternative in preserving fruit quality during fresh raspberries and strawberries storage and transit. Further work on other quality properties after storage of treated raspberries and strawberries is required. Cladanthus arabicus EO should be tested on other fruits as a postharvest treatment to clarify its antifungal potential under in vivo conditions.
Abdollahi A. et al., 2012. Evaluation of essential oils for maintaining postharvest quality of Thompson seedless table grape. Nat. Prod. Res., 26, 77-83, doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2010.541887
Aboukhalid K. et al., 2016. Chemical polymorphism of Origanum compactum grown in all natural habitats in Morocco. Chem. Biodivers., 13(9), 1126-1139, doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201500511
Adams R.P., 2007. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 4th ed. Carol Stream, IL, USA: Allured Publishing Corporation.
Agar I.T. & Streif J., 1996. Effect of high CO2 and controlled atmosphere (CA) storage on the fruit quality of raspberry. Eur. J. Hortic. Sci., 61(6), 261-267,
Aghraz A. et al., 2017. Chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of essential oil from Cladanthus arabicus. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants, 20(3), 601-609, doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2017.1331143
Alikhani M. & Daraei Garmakhany A., 2012. Effect of microencapsulated essential oils on storage life and quality of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa cv. Camarosa). Qual. Assur. Saf. Crops Foods, 4(2), 106-112, doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-837X.2012.00128.x
Alvarez-Castellanos P.P., Bishop C.D. & Pascual-Villalobos M.J., 2001. Antifungal activity of the essential oil of flowerheads of garland chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium) against agricultural pathogens. Phytochemistry, 57(1), 99-102, doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00461-1
Andrade A.C.M. et al., 2018. Antifungal activity, mode of action, docking prediction and anti-biofilm effects of (+)-β-pinene enantiomers against Candida spp. Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 18(29), 2481-2490, doi.org/10.2174/1568026618666181115103104
Angioni A. et al., 2006. Chemical composition, seasonal variability, and antifungal activity of Lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas essential oils from stem/leaves and flowers. J. Agric. Food Chem., 54(12), 4364-4370, doi.org/10.1021/jf0603329
Api A.M., 2001. Toxicological profile of diethyl phthalate: a vehicle for fragrance and cosmetic ingredients. Food Chem. Toxicol., 39(2), 97-108, doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00124-1
Bajpai V.K., Sharma A. & Baek K.H., 2013. Antibacterial mode of action of Cudrania tricuspidata fruit essential oil, affecting membrane permeability and surface characteristics of food-borne pathogens. Food Control, 32(2), 582-590, doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.01.032
Bakkali F., Averbeck S., Averbeck D. & Idaomar M., 2008. Biological effects of essential oils–a review. Food Chem. Toxicol., 46(2), 446-475, doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106
Benabid A., 2000. Flore et écosystèmes du Maroc : évaluation et préservation de la biodiversité. Paris : Ibis Press.
Buist R., 1846. Catalogue of horticultural and agricultural seed and implements. Philadelphia, USA: Collins.
Chang H.T. et al., 2008. Antifungal activity of essential oil and its constituents from Calocedrus macrolepis var. formosana Florin leaf against plant pathogenic fungi. Bioresour. Technol., 99(14), 6266-6270, doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.005
Chanjirakul K., Wang S.Y., Wang C.Y. & Siriphanich J., 2006. Effect of natural volatile compounds on antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes in raspberries. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 40(2), 106-115, doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2006.01.004
Chebli B., Achouri M., Hassani Idrissi L.M. & Hmamouchi M., 2003. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils of seven Moroccan Labiatae against Botrytis cinerea Pers: Fr. J. Ethnopharmacol., 89(1), 165-169, doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00275-7
Council of Europe, 1997. European Pharmacopoeia. 3rd ed. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.
Dean R. et al., 2012. The top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology. Mol. Plant Pathol., 13, 414-430.
Demirci F. et al., 2008. Antibacterial activity of two Phlomis essential oils against food pathogens. Food Control, 19(12), 1159-1164, doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.01.001
dos Santos A.L. et al., 2021. (-)-T-Cadinol—a sesquiterpene isolated from Casearia sylvestris (Salicaceae) — displayed in vitro activity and causes hyperpolarization of the membrane potential of Trypanosoma cruzi. Front. Pharmacol., 12, article 734127, doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.734127
El Hanbali F. et al., 2005. Composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of Cladanthus arabicus Cass.(Asteraceae). J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants, 8(2), 213-217, doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2005.10643448
El Oualidi J. et al., 2012. Checklist des endémiques et spécimens types de la flore vasculaire de l'Afrique du Nord. Rabat : Université Mohammed V-Agdal.
Farzaneh M. et al., 2015. Chemical composition and antifungal effects of three species of Satureja (S. hortensis, S. spicigera, and S. khuzistanica) essential oils on the main pathogens of strawberry fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 109, 145-151, doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2015.06.014
Freisesleben S.H. & Jager A.K., 2014. Correlation between plant secondary metabolites and their antifungal mechanism—a review. Med. Aromat. Plants, 3, 1-6, doi.org/10.4172/2167-0412.1000154
Gastavsson J., Cederberg C. & Sonesson U., 2011. Global food losses and food waste. Roma: FAO.
Gunness P. et al., 2009. Sensory analysis of individual strawberry fruit and comparison with instrumental analysis. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 52(2), 164-172, doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2008.11.006
Hadian J. et al., 2008. Antifungal potency of some essential oils in control of postharvest decay of strawberry caused by Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants, 11(5), 553-562, doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2008.10643666
Hammer K.A., Carson C.F. & Riley T.V., 2003. Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. J. Appl. Microbiol., 95(4), 853-860, doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02059.x
Hay R.K.M. & Waterman P.G., 1993. Volatile oil crops: their biology, biochemistry and production. New York, USA: John Wiley.
Hosni K., Hassen I., Sebei H. & Casabianca H., 2013. Secondary metabolites from Chrysanthemum coronarium (Garland) flowerheads: chemical composition and biological activities. Ind. Crops Prod., 44, 263-271, doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.11.033
Liu S. et al., 2016. Solidago canadensis L. essential oil vapor effectively inhibits Botrytis cinerea growth and preserves postharvest quality of strawberry as a food model system. Front. Microbiol., 7, 1179, doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01179
Lopez-Reyes J.G., Spadaro D., Gullino M.L. & Garibaldi A., 2010. Efficacy of plant essential oils on postharvest control of rot caused by fungi on four cultivars of apples in vivo. Flavour Fragrance J., 25(3), 171-177, doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1989
Peretto G. et al., 2014. Increasing strawberry shelf-life with carvacrol and methyl cinnamate antimicrobial vapors released from edible films. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 89, 11-18, doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2013.11.003
Pinto E. et al., 2006. Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Thymus pulegioides on Candida, Aspergillus and dermatophyte species. J. Med. Microbiol., 55(10), 1367-1373, doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46443-0
Prusky D., 2011. Reduction of the incidence of postharvest quality losses, and future prospects. Food Secur., 3(4), 463-474, doi.org/10.1007/s12571-011-0147-y
Rahman A., Hossain M.A. & Kang S.C., 2010. Control of phytopathogenic fungi by the essential oil and methanolic extracts of Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) BSP. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 128(2), 211-219, doi.org/10.1007/s10658-010-9645-6
Romagnoli C. et al., 2005. Chemical characterization and antifungal activity of essential oil of capitula from wild Indian Tagetes patula L. Protoplasma, 225(1-2), 57-65, doi.org/10.1007/s00709-005-0084-8
Romanazzi G. & Feliziani E., 2014. Botrytis cinerea. In: Bautista-Baños S. (ed.). Postharvest decay: control strategies. Elsevier, 131-146.
Romeh A.A., 2013. Diethyl phthalate and dioctyl phthalate in Plantago major L. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 8(32), 4360-4364.
Saeidnia S. & Abdollahi M., 2013. Are medicinal plants polluted with phthalates? DARU J. Pharm. Sci., 21(1), 43, doi.org/10.1186/2008-2231-21-43
Sarkhosh A. et al., 2017. Postharvest management of anthracnose in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit with plant-extracted oils. Food Packag. Shelf Life, 12, 16-22, doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2017.02.001
Shanjani P.S., Mirza M., Calagari M. & Adams R.P., 2010. Effects drying and harvest season on the essential oil composition from foliage and berries of Juniperus excelsa. Ind. Crops Prod., 32(2), 83-87, doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.03.003
Shin Y. et al., 2008. Harvest maturity, storage temperature and relative humidity affect fruit quality, antioxidant contents and activity, and inhibition of cell proliferation of strawberry fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 49(2), 201-209, doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2008.02.008
Sivakumar D. & Bautista-Baños S., 2014. A review on the use of essential oils for postharvest decay control and maintenance of fruit quality during storage. Crop Prot., 64, 27-37, doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2014.05.012
Soreng R.J. & Cope E.A., 1991. On the taxonomy of cultivated species of the Chrysanthemum genus-complex (Anthemideae: Compositae). Baileya, 23(3), 145-165.
Spanos G.A., 1986. Anthocyanin pigment, nonvolatile acid and sugar composition of red raspberry juice. Phd thesis: Oregon State University, Corvallis (USA).
Suradeep B. & Proshanta G., 2018. A review on antifungal activity and mode of action of essential oils and their delivery as nano-sized oil droplets in food system. J. Food Sci. Technol., 55(12), 4701-4710.
Tournas V.H. & Katsoudas E., 2005. Mould and yeast flora in fresh berries, grapes and citrus fruits. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 105, 11-17.
Turland N.J., 2004. (1647) Proposal to conserve the name Chrysanthemum coronarium (Compositae) with a conserved type. Taxon, 53(4), 1072-1074, doi.org/10.2307/4135582
Tutin T.G. et al., 1964. Flora Europea. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Tzortzakis N.G., 2007. Maintaining postharvest quality of fresh produce with volatile compounds. Innovative Food Sci. Emerg. Technol., 8(1), 111-116, doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2006.08.001
Vu K.D. et al., 2011. Development of edible bioactive coating based on modified chitosan for increasing the shelf life of strawberries. Food Res. Int., 44(1), 198-203, doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.10.037
Wang C.Y., 2003. Maintaining postharvest quality of raspberries with natural volatile compounds. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 38(8), 869-875, doi.org/10.1046/j.0950-5423.2003.00758.x
Watson R. et al., 2002. Influence of harvest date and light integral on the development of strawberry flavour compounds. J. Exp. Bot., 53(377), 2121-2129, doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erf088
Williams C.A., Greenham J. & Harborne J.B., 2001. The role of lipophilic and polar flavonoids in the classification of temperate members of the Anthemideae. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 29(9), 929-945, doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00039-4
Yooussef M.M., Pham Q., Achar P.N. & Sreenivasa M.Y., 2016. Antifungal activity of essential oils on Aspergillus parasiticus isolated from peanuts. J. Plant Prot. Res., 56(2), 139-142, doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2016-0021
Zheng Y., Wang S.Y., Wang C.Y. & Zheng W., 2007. Changes in strawberry phenolics, anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity in response to high oxygen treatments. LWT Food Sci. Technol., 40(1), 49-57, doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2005.08.013
Znini M. et al., 2013. Essential oil composition and antifungal activity of Pulicaria mauritanica Coss., against postharvest phytopathogenic fungi in apples. LWT Food Sci. Technol., 54(2), 564-569, doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.05.030
Asmaa Mziouid, Bouchra Chebli, Mohamed Berrabah, Safaâ Bounimi, Niama Heimeur, Hicham Chebli, Rachid Salghi, James Nicholas Furze, Ghita Ait Baddi & El Hassan Mayad, «Quality enhancement of fruits conserved with essential oils prolonging storage», BASE [En ligne], Volume 26 (2022), Numéro 4, 198-209 URL : https://popups.ulg.ac.be/1780-4507/index.php?id=19951.
About: Asmaa Mziouid
Laboratory of Mechanics, Process, Energy and Environment, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, PO Box 1136/S, Agadir (Morocco).
About: Bouchra Chebli
Laboratory of Mechanics, Process, Energy and Environment, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, PO Box 1136/S, Agadir (Morocco). E-mail: b.chebli@uiz.ac.ma
About: Mohamed Berrabah
Laboratory of Solid Mineral and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda (Morocco).
About: Safaâ Bounimi
About: Niama Heimeur
About: Hicham Chebli
About: Rachid Salghi
About: James Nicholas Furze
Laboratory of Biotechnology and Valorization of Natural Resources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Agadir, Ibn Zohr University, BP 8106, 80000 Agadir (Morocco) – Control and Systems Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Alsinaah Street, PO Box 19006, 10066 Baghdad (Iraq) – Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), 1 Kensington Gore, SW7 2AR, London (United Kingtom).
About: Ghita Ait Baddi
About: El Hassan Mayad
Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, BP 28/S, Agadir (Morocco) – Laboratory of Biotechnology and Valorization of Natural Resources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Agadir, Ibn Zohr University, BP 8106, 80000 Agadir (Morocco)
Advanced search 10 Results by page 20 Results by page 50 Results by page 100 Results by page Type : -- Tous -- Editorial Collection Image Billet Article Commentaire du document Image placée en annexe Annonce et actualité Numéro de revue Vidéo Vidéo placée en annexe Compte-rendu Rubrique Document sonore Note de lecture Sous-partie Document sonore placé en annexe Informations pratiques Annuaire de sites Fichier placé en annexe Regroupement de documents annexes Chronique Équipe Médiathèque Notice de site Objet de la recension Lien placé en annexe Notice biographique de membre Flux de syndication Image d'accroche Rubrique (d'annuaire de site) Rubrique (de médiathèque) Rubrique (d'équipe) Rubrique (d'actualités) Champ : -- Tous -- Titre Description Format Source Langue Couverture Copyrights
Special issue : 150 years of CRA-W
Numéro 1 : Protection des Plantes dans les Agroécosystèmes Méditerranéens
numéro 3 : Atelier "Fonctions agro-écosystémiques des matières organiques du sol", 18-22 mai 2015, Peyresq, France
Numéro spécial 1 : AgricultureIsLife
numéro spécial 1
Numéro 3-4


text:
Ceremony Photos at Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church
Here we have a very long shot taken about half way down the church isle inside the Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church in Los Angeles, California.
This church is massive and made the event of roughly 40 people seem tiny and extremely spread out. The lighting was very dark and it was also a pretty hot day.
The Bride and Groom at this wedding are Jack and Berenice; a very sweet couple from Long Beach who are very much in love with each other.
This was the first time I had shot at this venue and was presented with a lot of photographing restrictions, which was a lot different than just about every catholic ceremony I had ever photographed in the past. But, at the same time, there were a lot of options I did have access to being that the venue is so large. Just to give an idea to the scale of this church, it could house a wedding of 400+ and still not appear completely full.
The main challenge though was definitely the low light factor. I was shooting with two Canon 5D Mark III bodies and an Olympus EM5 mirrorless camera, which is where this image came from. The lens on my micro 2/3rd camera was a 17mm, which is the equivalent (somewhat) of a 35mm lens on a full frame DSLR. This photograph came out pretty grainy at the ISO 2000 setting but I feel that it adds to the drama of this darkened hall. I converted the image to black & white because there were some distracting colors, like red Exit signs, and then I added a sepia toner to it with a Nik filter.
1/200; f/6.3; ISO 2000; 17.0 mm.


Sandra Oh Needs to Win an Emmy for 'Killing Eve' or the Whole Night Will Be Ruined!
Sandra Oh deserves the Emmy not only for Killing Eve but for everything she's given to television over the years. Don't screw this up, Emmy voters.
This mid-'90s celebration of drag queens is now streaming on Netflix.
What do you do when it feels like everything has crumbled and you have no idea what's next? Hook up with a hot younger guy, for starters.
For the cost of a night out at the movies, you can enjoy four hours of Will & Grace's best episodes.
Could there be 'Westworld' clues hidden in this old cult classic?
Are you watching a film or television show where an older actress has found a boyfriend? Odds are, he's being played by Sam Elliott. Thank goodness.


B.3.5. "UML's arrow style for 'instantiation'" What is this arrow style? Where is it explained?
B.3.5. The notation has been adapted from standard UML notation to make it more 'business friendly'. For example, in UML, in instance ('object') would be labeled as, Canada: country.
This information does not belong here, but in Annex C.
B.3.5. "the box in box style". Where is this explained? Is it UML or CDG?
Suggested solution: when referencing UML or CDG diagramming conventions, do not attempt to be descriptive of symbols or drawing conventions, but use 'base' references instead: all the diagramming information should be in one place, ie., in Annex C or I respectively, but not in Annex B. Make sure the same format is used for all references to Annexes C and I, and that the difference between the two diagramming techniques is signposted adequately. An even better, more practical solution would be in each case to depict the symbol(s) involved and to refer to the appropriate paragraph in Annex C or I for any textual explanation. This would cause duplication of symbols between the Annexes but it would make Annex B much more helpful.


text:
Know How an IPTV Service Works
IPTV is the process of delivering content material over an IP based network which makes use of the internet. Typically this content is audiovisual although such networks can be utilized to send other info reminiscent of programme guides. To ensure that an IPTV service to perform the provider must first prepare, code and then distribute the content over their network, typically a consumer will want a set top box with the intention to view programmes although more and more, desktop computers, laptops, tablets and even mobile phones are used.
There are four primary steps which an IPTV service must observe in order to deliver content to its customers. For most television programming this will involve the provider obtaining the rights from whoever owns the programming, when it comes to motion pictures this could also be a studio and in the case of a sporting event this could also be a sports' official body. The rights obtained will typically give the IPTV provider permission to redistribute the programming.
With this content obtained the provider will then have to encode it to make sure that only those clients which might be permitted to view it do so. This encoding stage is usually carried out after the provider has acquired the content material from a satellite feed; usually this process will even change the format of the programming to make it suitable for distribution across the IP based network.
The IPTV service typically makes use of the prevailing phone based mostly broadband connections. For this process to be successful there must be enough bandwidth to provide the content to the shopper's set top box, in any other case customers may have problems in streaming the content. Bandwidth problems have gotten more prevalent in international locations with legacy phone systems that are merely incapable of carrying so much information, in such situations fibre optics are being employed to allow for faster data speeds.
The following ingredient of the service is usually termed "centerware". This is essentially the user interface that the customer makes use of and subsequently it should provide a straightforward and easy strategy to access the desired content. Typically this takes form as an EPG (Digital Programme Guide) but may also be far more interactive with picture in image or search functionality primarily based upon programme titles, actors or categories.
The final piece in the IPTV service jigsaw is the set high box. Ultimately this is the machine which brings the content material to the television, runs the middleware and decodes the information. Ultimately it must perform successfully, not be too costly and also robust enough to face up to the wear and tear of a home. Alternatively, there are some services which allow IPTV to be considered over other devices.
If you beloved this posting and you would like to receive more facts regarding IPTV SUBSCRIPTION kindly take a look at our own web-site.
| Tags: IPTV CHANNELS
Everything You Need to Know About Medical Marijuana


text:
SpaceX plans to put 12,000 satellites in orbit approved
By Sheetal Sukhija, St Louis Star
18 Nov 2018, 15:35 GMT+10
U.S. authorities approved plans by SpaceX to put a constellation of nearly 12,000 satellites into orbit
The Elon Musk-led company will have nine years to complete the satellite network
The satellite network will boost cheap, wireless internet access by the 2020s
WASHINGTON, U.S. - In a bid to provide a major boost to cheap, wireless internet access, an ambitious plan devised by Elon Musk's SpaceX received a nod from the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
The FCC announced in a statement that it has authorized SpaceX to put a constellation of nearly 12,000 satellites into orbit and that the company has nine years to complete the satellite network.
The FCC, which is responsible for giving the go-ahead to U.S. communication satellites, pointed out that it was approving the launch of 7,518 satellites by the company, which would add to the 4,425 satellites that the body has already approved.
According to FCC rules, SpaceX will now have six years to put half of the nearly 12,000 satellites in orbit, and a total of nine years to complete the satellite network.
The success of the plan by SpaceX would boost wireless internet access by the 2020s and would bring down the cost significantly too.
According to the company, it wants most of the satellites to fly in low Earth orbit but below the International Space Station, which orbits about 250 miles (400 kilometers) above Earth.
SpaceX has explained that while the low altitude plan could cause issues related to maintenance, it would also result in speeding up surfing speeds since the communication time between Earth's internet users and satellites in space would be reduced.
SpaceX is hoping to fly most of the satellites at about 208 to 215 miles (335 to 346 kilometers) high.
Get a daily dose of St Louis Star news through our daily email, its complimentary and keeps you fully up to date with world and business news as well.
Publish news of your business, community or sports group, personnel appointments, major event and more by submitting a news release to St Louis Star.
© Copyright 1999-2019 St Louis Star. All rights reserved.