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Comparison of Food Insecurity among Agro-Pastoralists and Pastoralists Communities in Pastoral-Livel...
Victoria Nderumaki, Francis X. Mkanda, Josephat Saria
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Vol. 4, No. 1, 2016, pp 18-26. doi: 10.12691/jfs-4-1-3 | Case Study
Comparison of Food Insecurity among Agro-Pastoralists and Pastoralists Communities in Pastoral-Livelihood Zone of Longido District, Tanzania
Victoria Nderumaki1, , Francis X. Mkanda2, Josephat Saria1
1Faculty of Science, Technology and Environmental Studies, The Open University of Tanzania
2Sustainable Land Management Project- Kilimanjaro, Regional Commissioner's Office-Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
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2. Methods
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
This paper challenges the rationale for adopting agro-pastoralism as a means of improving food security in a fragile ecosystem such as that existent in Longido District, a semi-arid zone where food availability depends on interrelated factors such as environmental conditions, food production practices, and coping mechanisms. As such, it tested the hypothesis that: there is no significant difference in the degree of food insecurity among families that merely practice pastoralism and those combining pastoralism with cultivation in pastoral zones. To this end, the study administered a semi-structured questionnaire on 165 respondents so as to examine food sources, abundance, severity of food insecurity, and coping mechanisms. Respondents were randomly selected in three strata of the study area, i.e., Lowlands, which are dominated by pastoralists, Hills mainly occupied by agro-pastoralists, and the Mountains, where farming is predominant. The study reveals that while both pastoralists and agro-pastoralists do indeed face food shortages there is, however, no significant association (X2 = 8.8, p = 0.0653) between the magnitude of severity of food insecurity with any particular livelihood type thereby validating the hypothesis. The implication of this result is that as far as food insecurity is concerned in Longido, there is no added advantage in agro-pastoralism particularly where maize and beans are the main crops and cultivated under rain-fed situation. In view of this finding, the study suggests that it would be appropriate to promote pastoralism as a long-term food security in Longido District Council by protecting and establish permanent grazing area and preventing further cultivation. Further, it would be proper if strategies aimed at reduction of food insecurity in the area which considered food crops that are tolerant to climatic conditions as those in Longido such as sorghum, millet, sweet potatoes, cassava, etc.
Keywords: food insecurity, pastoral-livelihood zone, pastoralism, agro-pastoralism, food production
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Normal Style
Victoria Nderumaki, Francis X. Mkanda, Josephat Saria. Comparison of Food Insecurity among Agro-Pastoralists and Pastoralists Communities in Pastoral-Livelihood Zone of Longido District, Tanzania. Journal of Food Security. Vol. 4, No. 1, 2016, pp 18-26. http://pubs.sciepub.com/jfs/4/1/3
Nderumaki, Victoria, Francis X. Mkanda, and Josephat Saria. "Comparison of Food Insecurity among Agro-Pastoralists and Pastoralists Communities in Pastoral-Livelihood Zone of Longido District, Tanzania." Journal of Food Security 4.1 (2016): 18-26.
Nderumaki, V. , Mkanda, F. X. , & Saria, J. (2016). Comparison of Food Insecurity among Agro-Pastoralists and Pastoralists Communities in Pastoral-Livelihood Zone of Longido District, Tanzania. Journal of Food Security, 4(1), 18-26.
Nderumaki, Victoria, Francis X. Mkanda, and Josephat Saria. "Comparison of Food Insecurity among Agro-Pastoralists and Pastoralists Communities in Pastoral-Livelihood Zone of Longido District, Tanzania." Journal of Food Security 4, no. 1 (2016): 18-26.
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This study provides evidence that agro-pastoralism, as practiced in its present form, does not provide better food security than pastoralism in Longido district, a semi-arid area in north-western Tanzania. A sustainable food production system support food security and is cultural and economical affordable while practicing environment protection [4]. The evidence of this study is essential for long-term planning to improve food security in pastoral environments as those in Longido, which is a new district that is in the process of making development strategies. The need for such long-tem planning is necessitated by several factors.
First, most often pastoralism is considered as an unsustainable system for development, hence it is replaced by other activities like cultivation [16]. However, cultivation under semi-arid or arid conditions has environmental impacts such as soil erosion because it reduces vegetative cover by uprooting the rhizome grass which recovers during short rains. Contrary to this impact, pastoralism allows the use of arid and semi arid areas as an asset in food production through herding, which allows quick regeneration of vegetation during short rains [18]. Pastoral livelihood zones, which are mainly arid and semi arid grasslands, provide important services not only as ecosystems that serve as carpets to protect soil from erosion by wind and surface runoff, but they also store up to 8% of global carbon [13]. Replacing pastoralism with other systems, therefore, can increase the risk of food insecurity and result into missing the services that semi-arid zones provide [3]. Instead, pastoralism should be viewed as a strategy that can simultaneously provide livelihood to secure food, support wildlife and ecosystem conservation, while honoring cultural and traditional values [22].
Second, irrespective of risks associated with cultivation in the pastoral zones, communities continue to cultivate as a means to increase food availability. This option is costly to farmers in terms of inputs such as labour, seed, and fertilizer, yet grazing by livestock as the appropriate land use is prevented. Fences made from branches of Acacia trees are used to protect the cultivated land to control crop damage by domestic or wild animals. Another way of preventing crop damage is to move livestock to other areas, but in the course of doing so conflicts with farmers arise because herders' sometimes tend to traverse cultivated land [27].
Third, Longido district frequently experiences food shortages, the worst years being 2007, 2008, and 2009 due to persistent drought [10]. It must be noted that pastoralism was not the reason for such food shortages, but rather lack of knowledge on environmental conditions, suitable crops, and production methods. However, the food shortages are often attributed to pastoralism because the perception is that pastoralists are rigid; they refuse to sell their cattle in exchange for cereals when such events occur. As a response to the food shortages, the Government of Tanzania has been providing food aid every year. However, the food aid reduces the capacity of the community to build resilience to food shortage because they fail to identify the level and the root cause of food-shortage [11]. This study contends that provision of appropriate knowledge on food management and food production system is a more rational approach in a fragile ecosystem as those of Longido than food aid.
In view of the situation described above, the study examined the hypothesis that: there is no significant difference in the degree of food insecurity among families that practice merely pastoralism and those combining pastoralism with cultivation in pastoral zones. The evidence from this study is essential for food security strategy through appropriate food production and management practices that match arid and semi arid conditions to complement range management and herding practices.
Longido District, covering an area of 7,782 km2 [10], is located in the north-eastern corner of Tanzania (Figure 1) in Arusha Region, on the leeward sides of Meru and Kilimanjaro mountains. Geographically, the district lies south of the Equator between latitudes 2° 20' and 3° 10' South, and between longitudes 36° 00' and 37° 3' East of Greenwich. It was formed after dividing Monduli District into two (Monduli and Longido). It borders with the Republic of Kenya in the North, and districts of Monduli the west, to the South borders Siha on the eastern side, Rombo to the north-west, Arumeru to south-east, and Ngorongoro in the West.
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Figure 1. Ecological zones of Longido District in Northern Tanzania
Administratively, Longido District has three divisions which are Longido, Ketumbeine, and Enduimet, 16 wards, 41 villages and 136 sub-villages suitable for herding activity [31]. The local community is predominantly Maasai, who live as a clan in a structure called boma, which on average has 6-9 households with 5-8 members of the family. The total population in Longido is 123,152 [31] giving an arithmetic density of 15.8 persons/sq km with a growth rate of 3.8%. The amount of arable land, according to Longido District Authority is about 102,390 ha, thereby giving an arable or nutritional density of 1 person ha-1 of arable land. Arable density is a measure of a nation's self-sustainability in terms of food [14, 24] a more refined measure of population pressure on land than arithmetic density. When compared with the nutritional density of Tanzania of about 4 persons ha-1, the pressure on land is lower in Longido, implying that the area should be more self-sustainable in terms of food. However, as stated earlier on, that is not the case.
Sarwatt and Mollel [26] stated that, in Tanzania soil types are mainly influenced by climate and topography. Volcanic soils, which are of high agricultural potential are mainly located on the eastern highlands of Longido, i.e., the mountain slopes of Kilimanjaro between 900-1200 m above sea level. This ecological zone is where crop yield are high while agriculture and grazing is predominant on the hills with elevations of between 600 and 900 metres. Pastoralism mainly takes place in the lowlands (300-600 m). Out of the Longido total land area of 7,782 km2, 82.14% (6,392.35 km2) is under grazing [31].
In terms of rainfall, Longido has two rainy seasons like any other district in Tanzania. Long rains season start from February to April while short rains begin towards the end of October and end in December. The rainfall is highly influenced by relief. Being on the leeward side of Meru and Kilimanjaro mountains, Longido is the driest district in Arusha region. Precipitation averages 341 and 890 mmyr-1 in semi-arid lower elevations and higher elevations close to Mt. Kilimanjaro respectively [21]. In terms of temperature, Longido is one of the hottest areas in Tanzania; it ranges from 20 to 35°C whereas the average temperature in Tanzania is 30°C [21]. This environmental condition gives Longido an advantage over other districts in terms of examining the relationship between food insecurity and pastoralism.
2.1. Data Collection
The study area was stratified into three strata based on its topography, namely Lowlands, Hills, and Mountains. Data were collected from respondents in each stratum using a structured and open-ended questionnaire which was designed while considering content, wording, and format, as recommended by Parfitt [23]. A questionnaire survey was preferred over other techniques, for example the Rapid Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (RRA) because it is considered to be more appropriate for such studies [23]. The structured questions were useful on issues where a specific range of known responses was expected. Such questions allow easier interpretation and analysis than open-ended ones. On the other hand, the open-ended questions were included so as to allow interviewees to construct their own accounts of experiences because the explanatory power of structured questions is limited [32]. We used the stratified random sampling method was used, whereby 165 respondents were interviewed. The sample size was determined from the 27,367 households in the whole district of Longido. Random sampling was conducted because although each stratum has a dominant socio-economic activity, e.g., agriculture, pastoralism, and agro-pastoralism, it does not mean that the activities are entirely absent. Random sampling, therefore, was used so as to give respondents in each socio-economic category an equal probability of being sampled. The formula used to calculate sample size is as follows:
Ss is the sample size
Z represents the Z value (e.g., 1.96 for 95% confidence level)
p percentage picking a choice, expressed as decimal (0.5 used for sample size)
c represents the confidence interval, expressed as decimal (e.g. 0.04 = ±4).
Using the sample size calculator [8], and "equation (1)" at a confidence level of 99%, and 10% confidence interval, the representative sample of 165 households was derived. This sample size was divided by 3 (number of strata) to come up with an equal number of 55 respondents for each stratum. The questionnaires were administered in Swahili, the lingua franca of Tanzania. Prior to the survey, a pilot study of 20 respondents was undertaken to check a number of questionnaire design aspects, such as clarity, appropriateness of the questions, and respondents' willingness to participate in the survey.
2.2. Data Analysis
Out of 165 (87%) questionnaires, only 144 were analyzed because the rest were from respondents that acted suspiciously; hence these responses were considered unreliable. It is believed that the exclusion of the questionnaires from suspicious respondents didn't influence the final results because the difference between the calculated and achieved sample sizes was minor. Analysis focussed on 3 of the following parameters considered to be the most pertinent to proving the hypothesis:
i) respondents' profile had an insight into the demography and socio-economics of the community in the pastoral livelihood zone;
ii) severity of food insecurity; and
iii) strategies to cope with food insecurity.
2.2.1. Respondents Profile
To determine the profiles of the respondents, variables such as age, level of education, main socio-economic activities, household income, and residential status were examined. Age was considered to determine the demography of the population in the study site, while level of education influences farmers' attitudes and practices [12, 5, 28]. Main economic activities typify a livelihood type, e.g., pastoralism or agro-pastoralism according to stratum. Household income was also examined so as to determine the capability of households to buy food as a coping strategy, and residential status because it is an indication of whether a household is nomadic or not, which influences the choice of food-production system. For instance, pastoralists are nomadic; their livelihood involves movement of owners with their animals in search of forage, while semi-nomadic cattle owners settle permanently, but trek their animals to distant grazing and watering areas [26]. In contrast, farming normally requires that one settles where the activity is undertaken, while agro-pastoralism tends to be semi-nomadic. Although Household food insecurity is intricately linked with poverty [9] this study did not look into level of poverty but rather economic activity employed by the respondents.
Age categories were defined according to the of Life Cycle Grouping [29] i.e., children = 0-14 years of age, youths = 15-24, adults = 25-65, and seniors = > 65. The level of education attained by the respondents was classified as Not at all = no education, Primary = grades 1-7, Secondary = grades 8-12, and Tertiary = colleges and universities. The residential status was defined as Settled = not nomadic or semi-nomadic, and Not settled = nomadic. Main socio-economic activities were grouped as Pastoralism = those predominantly grazing livestock, Farming = growing crops, and Agro-pastoralism = a combination of farming and pastoralism, and Other = petty trading and employment. Income was calculated in millions of Tanzanian Shillings (TZS){1} and categorized as < 0.10, 0.11 – 0.50, 0.51-1.0, and 1.1-5.0 per annum. For each variable, sums of the number of respondents by category and stratum were calculated. Where appropriate, statistical tests were done in order to determine if differences in response probabilities were statistically different between the respondent categories or stratum. All tests were conducted in the JMP IN Start Statistics software version 3.2.1 [25].
2.2.2. Food Insecurity
According to the United States Development Agency (USDA) [32] food insecurity is a situation whereby a household has limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally, adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways. Based on these definitions, this study considers food insecure households as those who run out of food, and cannot afford to acquire it through normal means, i.e., production or purchasing. As such, food insecurity was assessed in terms of main sources of food, its abundance, and severity of food insecurity as described in the succeeding sub-sections.
2.2.2.1. Main Sources of Food
To determine main sources of food, food sources were categorized as crops, livestock and purchasing. Sums of responses by main sources of food from each stratum were calculated and Correspondence Analysis test was used to determine if there was an association between the two variables. This test is similar to the Chi-square, but more useful for data with many levels [25] in this case 3 strata, and different sources of food.
2.2.2.2. Abundance of Main Source of Food
In pastoral livelihood zones, livestock are principally kept as asset, not as a food source. This being the case, when assessing abundance of the main food sources in terms of yield, livestock were not included. The common food item from livestock is milk, rarely meat. As such, this study did not consider it worthwhile to quantify the amounts consumed but rather ranked them in relation to other food items such as maize, beans, rice, etc., according to the perceived preferences of the respondents.
Maize and beans are the crops that are commonly grown by the respondents. The average yield of each crop per hectare in each stratum was determined and compared with the average from Arusha region for the year 2012. This region is one of the four with the highest yield of maize and beans in the country, hence it was considered as the best representative in terms of productivity. Records of yield for 2012 were used because they were the only data available from Arusha at the time of data analysis. Assessment of yield considered all agronomic practices such as early field preparation, timely planting, correct plant spacing, fertilizer-application rates, weeding, etc., as recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock.
2.2.2.3. Severity of Food Insecurity
According to literature [19], analyzing food insecurity at household level can be virtually an impossible task in a situation where household composition is variable, and the household itself is subject to varying interpretation, e.g., with more than one provider. Although there are indicators that can be used to predict food insecurity at household level, for example asset ownership, household size, and dependency ratio [19] there are, however, complexities such as intra-household dynamics, culture, age hierarchy, etc., that affect their measurement. Moreover, these are indirect indicators of food insecurity [11]. In view of such complexities, this study did not use such indicators in this study. These indicators do not contribute much in the assessment of food security [19]. To get around the complexity of use the indicators of food insecurity, the magnitude of food insecurity was determined in terms of the period when a household indicated that it ran out of food (maize or beans) after harvest season. A scale of severity of food insecurity was determined ranging from None to Very severe, where None = 0 months, Low = ≥ 9 months after harvest, Moderate = 6-8 months, Severe = 3-5 months, and Very severe = 1-2 months. Numbers of respondents in each severity category was calculated by stratum and applied and the X2 test was used to detect if there is any significant difference in the magnitude of severity between the Lowlands and Hills, which are dominated by pastoralists and agro-pastoralists respectively.
2.2.3. Strategies to Cope with Food Insecurity
As stated before, means of dealing with food insecurity in Longido involves food aid, but there are also different strategies such as selling of livestock to buy food, and borrowing food from friends or relatives. The number of respondents that use each means in each stratum were determined to identify the commonly used coping mechanism. Literature show that, stealing and abandoning family is also coping mechanism, but extreme ones[19]. For this reason and the fact that it would be impossible for any respondent to admit using such strategies, they were excluded in the questionnaire. Skipping meals and changing eating behavior, e.g., eating less than normal or eating non-preferred foods are other strategies, but used more at family than community level [5]. Considering that any plans for improving food security in Longido will be implemented at community more than family level, these strategies were also excluded in the questionnaire. The Dunnett's Method of Means Comparison with the Control was used to examine if responses under each coping mechanism were specific to a particular stratum [25]. In this context, the comparison was between the Hills (agro-pastoralists) and Lowlands (pastoralists). The Mountains were the Control because neither agro-pastoralists nor pastoralists are dominant in this stratum.
3.1. Respondents Profile
The profile of the respondents suggests that the decision to settle in a particular location is not random, neither was it made by immature or ignorant individuals, but rather by mature, knowledgeable persons with some education. A majority (84.7%) of the respondents are settled or considered semi-nomadic (Table 1). They comprised mostly adults and seniors (about 60 and 35% respectively), which is not surprising considering that in the Maasai culture, only men or heads of families are allowed to talk in any gathering. The respondents have attained formal education, at least up to primary school level; only 36.8% do not have any formal education. Just like elsewhere in Tanzania, the main economic activities are practiced in different topographic areas, e.g., agriculture is dominantly practiced in mountainous areas because of good rainfall and soils while pastoralism, agro-pastoralism, are dominant in the Lowlands and Hills respectively. The correspondence analysis test revealed that there is a highly significant association between main economic activities and strata (X2 = 107.9, p = <0.0001). This association may reflect the suitability of each stratum for a specific economic activity. The implication of this relationship is that farming, as a way to increase food supply, is merely being forced into the areas where pastoralism is the most suitable economic activity, e.g., the Hills. Under such circumstances, its contribution to food security is questionable.
Table 1. Profile of Respondents
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Considering that apart from agriculture or pastoralism, some respondents indulge in more than one economic activity, e.g., employment or petty trading, there are multiple responses (202) with regard to sources of income (Table 1). The highest earning respondents (TZS 1.1-5.0 million) are in the lowlands, where pastoralism is the mainstam, which is not surprising considering that livestock has higher returns than crops such as beans and maize For example the price of beef is TZS 7,700.00 kg-1 [2] while maize and beans fetch TZS 600.00 and TZS 1400.00 kg-1 respectively [28]. Again, the Correspondence Analysis indicates that there is a significant association between strata and level of income (X2 =15.16, p = 0.01), implying that of the three communities, pastoralists are the most suited to buy food not as a mere coping strategy in times of food shortages, but a way of life. Farmers, on the other hand, tend to rely on crop production, although they will also buy food as a coping strategy.
3.2. Food Insecurity
3.2.1. Main Sources of Food
The main sources of food are livestock, crops, and buying from markets or shops (Figure 2). Crops make the major source of food in all the three strata, but especially in the hills and mountains. Livestock keeping is highly associated with the Lowlands and Hills, while buying food is mainly done by the farmers in the Hills and Mountains. The correspondence analysis test shows that there is a significant association between strata or livelihood type and main source of food (X2 = 9.26, p = 0.05).
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Figure 2. Main Sources of Food
Maize and milk is the main food consumed daily, rice is consumed by a minority of the respondents (Figure 3). Considering that it is not one of the crops grown in the area, rice must be one of those food items that are bought. The Pearson's Chi-square test shows no significant difference in the main food consumed in the three strata (X2 = 11.82, p = 0.06), an indication that there is no food segregation or preference, which can lead to food insecurity [15]. Food insecurity in Longido, therefore, cannot be due to food preference.
Figure 3. Main Type of Food Consumed Daily
3.2.2. Abundance of Main Food
The average yield of maize and beans in Longido is 5 and 4 times respectively lower in Longido compared to Arusha region respectively (Table 2) From these results, it is evident that food is short supply in Longido, and hence it is clear that soon after harvest, the households are food insecure. The differences in crop yields between Arusha and Longido could be a result of climatic conditions, not agronomic practices. An assessment of the latter, e.g., fertilizer application, is enough reason for this assertion. Almost 80% (115 out of 144 respondents) apply 0-50 kg ha-1 of Urea as top dressing, yet the yield is low. This is further evidence of the inappropriateness of practicing agro-pastoralism, particularly growing of maize and beans as main crops in such an environment.
Table 2. Average Yield (Kg Ha-1) of Crops Grown Longido District Compared to Those from Arusha Region
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In semi-arid areas crops of choice are millet, sorghum, cassava, sweet potatoes, etc., which are tolerant to such climate. These could be cultivated as food crops, while sunflower or cotton could be cultivated as cash crops, earnings from which can be used to purchase food [7]. Sweet potatoes are mostly treated as a snack in most African communities, which could be the reason it may not be cultivated as a main food crop in Longido, but there is no good reason for not cultivating cassava. In the case of sorghum and millet, they are avoided because of damage by pests such as the Red-billed Quelea birds, Quelea quelea, which feed on the grain. However, there are cost-effective and environmentally friendly pest control methods for quelea, e.g., the "Impact" trap, mist nets, roost or basket traps as done in Zimbabwe [17] and Tanzania [19], which the Local Government in Longido or even central government could employ, through TANAPA (Tanzania National Parks), or the Game Division in the Ministry of Natural Resources. TAWIRI (Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute), which is already involved in human-wildlife conflict research in the area, is another institution that could be approached. The birds can be utilized as an additional food resource through cooking and preserving with salt [20]. In Zimbabwe, it was reported that traditionally quelea quelea have been sold on the black market, but several applications for permits to harvest large numbers have been processed by the government for export and local consumption[17]. A similar approach could be tried in Longido to encourage harvesting of birds to control crop damage.
3.2.3. Severity of Food Insecurity
All communities experienced varying degrees of severity of food insecurity (Figure 4), especially from low to moderate, which is obvious considering that crop yields are low (Table 2). However, more than half of the respondents stated that the food insecurity was not severe, most of them in the Mountains, but almost an equal number in the Lowlands and Hills (Figure 4). The Pearson's Chi-square test showed that the no significant difference in the degree of association between severity food security and pastoralism or agro-pastoralism (X2 = 8.83, p = 0.06). This is evidence that the hypothesis is correct.
Figure 4. Severity of Food Insecurity
3.3. Coping Strategies
Almost an equal number of agro-pastoralists and pastoralists sell livestock, but also depend on food aid as coping mechanisms in the Hills and Lowlands (Fig. 5). Storing and buying food are the commonest coping strategies by farmers in the Mountains. Storing food helps to reduce dampen demand when there is a surplus and bolster supply when there is a shortage. In either case, it helps to stabilize prices, which maintains farmer's income and consumer access to food. In the absence of storage facilities, there are seasonal price fluctuations [1]. Borrowing from friends or neighbours is the least preferred coping strategy in all the strata.
The Dunnett's Methods of Comparisons of Means with the Control shows no significance in the number of respondents using similar coping strategies between the Hills and Lowlands (d = 2.22, p = 0.05). However, there are significant differences (d = 2.22, p = 0.05) between the Hills and Mountains, and also the latter and Lowlands, confirming that livestock is mainstay of agro-pastoralism, just like pastoralism. Agriculture, which is practiced in agro-pastoralism, is merely a supplementary activity that is not adding value to reduction of food insecurity, as had been stated before. As such, it would be appropriate to promote pastoralism as a long-term food security in the newly-established Longido District Council by protecting and establish permanent grazing area and preventing further cultivation. This observation renders further credence to the validity of the hypothesis. Considering that food is not abundant because crop yields are low, the study contends that it must be these coping strategies that enable almost half of the respondents not to experience food insecurity (Figure 4).
Figure 5. Strategies to Cope With Food Insecurity
The study validates the hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the degree of food insecurity among families that practice merely pastoralism and those combining pastoralism with cultivation in pastoral zones, thereby suggesting that there is no advantage in cultivating in semi-arid areas, which are considered as fragile ecological systems, not suitable for such livelihood practice.
It would be appropriate if the Longido District Council used these findings for long-term planning not only to improve food security, but proper land-use in environments such as those in the study area. As such, the study suggests that it would be proper to promote pastoralism as a long-term food security in the newly-established Longido District Council by protecting and establish permanent grazing area and preventing further cultivation. Further, it would be fitting if strategies aimed at reduction of food insecurity in the area considered food crops that are tolerant to climatic conditions as those in Longido such as sorghum, millet, sweet potatoes, cassava, etc.
The authors would like to acknowledge the enumerators, i.e., Mr. Samweli Ole Lilya and Mr. Nestory Dagharo for their tireless efforts during data collection in the field. They also wish to share their profound gratitude to the various respondents that were interviewed when the questionnaire was being interviewed. Without their cooperation, this study would not have been accomplished.
The principle author is a self-financed PhD student at the Open University of Tanzania. The other authors declare that they have no competing interest.
1. 1.00 US$ was equivalent to TZS 2120.00 by October 2015.
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[16] Krätli, S., Huelsebusch, C., Brooks, S. and Kaufmann, B. (2013) Pastoralism: A critical Asset for Food Security under Global Climate Change. Animal Frontier, Vol. 3 (1). 42-50 Retrieved from https://www.animalsciencepublications.org/publications/af/articles/3/1/42.
[17] LaGrange, M. (1988). Innovative Approaches in The Control of Quelea quelea lathimii in Zimbabwe. In (A.C. Crabb and R.E. Marsh, Eds.). Proceedings of the Thirteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1988). Paper 63. p 310-314.
[18] Lynn, S (2010 ). The Pastoral to Agro-Pastoral Transition in Tanzania: Human adaptation in an ecosystem context. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265309217_The_Pastoral_to_Agro-Pastoral_Transition_in_Tanzania_Human_Adaptation_in_an_Ecosystem_Context.
[19] Maxwell, D. G (1995, December). Measuring Food Insecurity: The Frequency and severity of "Copping Strategy". Food Policy 21(3) 291-303 Retrieved from http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/42669/2/dp08.pdf.
[20] Mtobesya, Boaz Ndagabwene (2012). Non-chemical control of the Red-billed Quelea (Quelea Quelea) and use of the birds as a food resource. (MPhil thesis), University of Greenwich.
[21] NAPA (2007). Climate Change: National Adaptation Programme Of Action For Tanzania, Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/tza01.pdf.
[22] Neely, C. Bunning, S and Wilkes. A (2009). Review of Evidence on Dry Land Pastoral Systems and Climate Change: Implications and Opportunities for Mitigation and Adaptation. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/LWdisc_paper8_temp.pdf.
[23] Parfitt, J. (1997). Questionnaire Design. In Flowerdew, E. and Martin, D. (Eds.). Methods in Human Geography; A Guide for Students Doing a Research Project, pp 77-109. Longman, London.
[24] Plane, D.A. and Rogerson, P.A. (1994). The Geographical Analysis of Populations with Applications to Planning and Business. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York, Ch 2.
[25] Sall, J. and Lehman, A. (1996). JMP Start Statistics; A Guide to Statistics and Data Analysis Using JMP and JMP IN Software. SAS. Institute Inc. International Thomson Publishing Company, New York.
[26] Sarwatt, S. and Mollel, E.(2006). Country Pasture/Forage Resources Profile.(FAO Publication) Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/counprof/PDF%20files/Tanzania_English.pdf.
[27] Shah, A. (2007 December 3) Food Aid. Retrieved from http://www.globalissues.org/article/748/food-aid.
[28] Shibia, M.G. (2010). Determinants of Attitudes and Perceptions on Resource Use and Management of Marsabit National Reserve, Kenya. Human Ecology, 30(1): 55-62.
[29] Statistics Canada (2007, May 22). Age Categories, Life Cycle Groupings. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/concepts/definitions/age2.
[30] SOS SAHEL (2010) Modern and Mobile: The Future of Livestock Production in Africa's Dry Lands. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). Retrieved from http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/12565IIED.pdf.
[31] URT (2014) Longido District Council Social Economic and Investment Profile Retrieved from http://www.arusha.go.tz/Longido District Council Investment Profile.pdf.
[32] Valentine, G. (1997). Tell Me About Using Interviews as a Research Methodology. In: Flowerdew, E. and Martin, D. (eds.). Methods in Human Geography; a Guide for Students Doing a Research Project, pp 110-253. Longman, London.
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La Veta Country Store | MLS16-1099 | Capture Colorado Mountain Properties, LLC.
Conveniently located at the North Entrance to the Town of La Veta just off Highway 12 the Scenic Highway of Legends. Convenience Store has approximately 3652 square feet. Built in 1985 and has recently added a 2000 square foot canopy for the gas pumps. Sitting on a 40,000 square foot lot and zoned commercially. Store is ready for stocking and 4-sided gas pumps with 24 hour card readers, ready for operation. Priced to Sell $449,000 Motivated Seller.


text:
Home»farming
Divorce property adjustment order particularly important if you are a farmer
By Karen Walsh
Tuesday, June 11, 2019 - 03:30 PM
In the recent elections, the referendum on the Thirty-Eighth amendment of the Constitution (dissolution of marriage) Bill 2016 passed, which paves the way for the Government to legislate for a shorter period of separation between spouses before applying for divorce.
The present law is that a couple can only apply for divorce if they had been living apart for four of the last five years.
The Government will now pass legislation to reduce the period to two years.
The law in respect of marital breakdown is primarily set out in the Judicial Separation and Family Law Reform Act 1989; the Family Law Act, 1995; and the Family Law Divorce) Act 1996.
If you are not married, you may qualify as cohabitants, and would also have similar legal rights to separation and divorce, under the Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010.
In the event of a marital or relationship breakdown, there are a number of legal options that you may pursue, including the following.
A separation agreement, where both parties reach an agreement, normally signed and in writing, in relation to matters such as maintenance, access to children, the family home, farm, and division of the assets, without issuing court proceedings.
Judicial separation: where spouses cannot agree the terms of the separation, or where only one spouse seeks a separation, an application for a decree of judicial separation can be made to court. Judicial separation only requires one year living apart.
Divorce: a decree of divorce dissolves a marriage and allows both parties to remarry.
But in order to qualify for this at the date of the institution of the proceedings, the spouses must have lived apart for four years during the previous five years.
But this will soon be reduced to two years.
In a divorce, the court can make a number of orders but, when making such orders, must ensure that proper provision is made for both parties and children.
This is of particular importance when assets are being divided.
The court has the power to transfer or sell assets under a judicial separation or divorce.
This is known as a property adjustment order.
This is of particular importance if you are a farmer, who may have concerns about their farm being sold or divided up, which may lead to the farm or enterprise no longer being a viable business, or which may impact on planning of succession to the next generation.
If you are a farmer, the two main assets would normally be the family home and the farm.
It is very common that the family home will adjoin with the farm or be on the farm.
The "family home" is defined under the Family Home Protection Act, 1976 as "primarily, a dwelling in which a married couple ordinarily reside", and the family home cannot be sold without both spouses' consent.
Even if the family home is in the name of one spouse, the consent of the non-owning spouse is still required for a sale.
The court will need to make proper provision, and the court will take into consideration a number of factors, such as both parties' financial means, and the needs of the children.
The children's needs will only be considered whilst they are classified as a dependent, which is when they are under the age of 18, or 23 if in full-time education.
Before dividing the assets, the court may consider the following factors:
The value of farmland is usually significant, compared to the income generated from it. A smaller holding will not usually be viable and capable of providing an income; and accordingly, an order for division of the land may not be feasible.
Whether both parties have contributed to the day-to-day running of the farm.
Succession rights may need to be considered, and whether there are dependent children interested in farming.
Whether one of the parties will lose their income or livelihood, if the lands are sold.
Will the parties lose out on EU or Department of Agriculture subsidies or grants if there is a division of assets?
Where will the dependent children reside, if assets are sold, including the family home?
In the event of a marital breakdown, it is advisable that farmers and their spouses should take legal advice from a solicitor in order to ensure that the farm is protected, and both parties and the children are adequately provided for.
Karen Walsh, from a farming background, is a solicitor practicing in Walsh & Partners, Solicitors, 17, South Mall, Cork (021-4270200), and author of 'Farming and the Law'. Walsh & Partners also specialises in personal injury claims, conveyancing, probate and family law.
Email: info@walshandpartners.ie
Web: www.walshandpartners.ie
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Choisy-Tek International, a subsidiary of Choisy Laboratories Ltd., spearheads Choisy's international strategic positioning efforts in an era of globalization and emerging markets.
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Complete your timepiece collection with stylish watches.
Master Of The Oceans Plunge into any horizon using the steadfast guidance of the Invicta Pro Diver. Stylishly classic, internal workings are forged with variations of bold movements. Built with confident prowess, the fortitude with which these timepieces function makes the Invicta Pro Diver the quintessential in performance. Step out in style. A true classic for all occasions, the Invicta Men's Pro Diver never goes out of style and will stand the tests of time. A stellar quartz movement and solid stainless steel construction feature on the model along with a unidirectional bezel, date display, and 100 meter water resistance. An enlightened guide for any exploration, the Invicta Men's Pro Diver, the time is just right. Expectations will be surpassed; skill and style sets the standard. A true classic for all occasions, the Invicta Men's Pro Diver never goes out of style and will stand the tests of time. A stellar quartz movement and solid stainless steel construction feature on the model along with a unidirectional bezel, date display, and 100 meter water resistance. An enlightened guide for any exploration, the Invicta Men's Pro Diver, the time is just right.


commitment to human ethics, human rights and laws of Islamic republic of IRAN and laws of any country that we work with in that country.
Being a non-governmental, non-profit, non-political, non-border organization.
Holistic (Biopsychosocioenvironmentospritual) approach to community problems.
Eradication of celiac disease, alleviation of its limitations and complications.
Iranian Celiac Association as an NGO, committed to use the current knowledge, doing extensive research studies and making network to other related organizations to support patients' need for physical, mental, psychological, social, economic and cultural aspects of life; and to accelerate the prevention and treatment process of the disease. Celiac NGO wants be recognized as a partner of the World Health Organization and its Middle East Coordinator until 2025. We plan to be the most successful scientific institution in the field of Celiac disease in the Middle East until the 2025.
Giving family, medical and job consultations to try to build a better future for members.
Advocacy supports for celiac society civil rights.
Expanding branches of the society to all provinces of the country and hopefully in all surrounding countries providing primary health cares (PHC) in all branches to make sure all patients take PHC equally.
Making a universal web base registry and repository center to prepare a comprehensive data pool & biobank for researches and development.
Upgrading of industrial GFD production, Codification and legislation of the standards.
Insurance for food safety, high-quality and diversity of foods for the community.
Production of major gluten-free foods to provide essential needs of the community with lowest price to make sure everybody receives minimal needs.
Guideline development and periodic upgrading for primary prevention, lifestyle modification, diagnosis, management, follow up and rehabilitation.


text:
The 30 Best Free MMORPGs Worth Playing in 2017
Updated: 28 Apr 2017 1:34 am
Enter an online world of wonder and mystery.
BY: Christina Byers
Here are the 30 best free mmorpgs to play right now
MMORPGs offer beautiful landscapes to explore and find treasure, challenging team oriented dungeons, incentivized player killing, and diverse creatures to tame or destroy. If you desire less bloodthirsty gameplay, many mmorpgs offer the chance to simply sail the ocean, farm land, craft rare items, or become an auction house god. The best part about a mmorpg is not paying for it. With that said, we invite you to explore our list of the best free mmorpgs on the market.
1) Neverwinter
Neverwinter: The Cloaked Ascendancy – Official Launch Trailer
Neverwinter is an action combat mmorpg from the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy realm. It brings a sense of nostalgia to lore fans, and an interesting story to new followers. While playing Neverwinter you have the ability to find rewards in pve and pvp. You can create and play through your own adventures, fight your way through difficult dungeons, or participate in massive pvp battles.
You must combat the hordes of undead who wish that the city of Neverwinter never regain its past glory. Your goal is to bring back a golden age of peace and prosperity. You choose from several classes, which are: Wizard, Cleric, Fighter, Ranger, Paladin, Warlock, and Rogue. Each class has different roles that can aid your solo or group adventures. Defeat the undead with magic, martial arts, divine or primal power.
Neverwinter gameplay
Download and play Neverwinter
Collect armor and weapons to aid you in your treacherous journey around the grand town of Neverwinter.
Beasts await you and your allied companions at every corner. Do you have the courage to defeat such a monster?
mmorpg |
Christina Byers
My IGN is Kai, and I'm 22 ;D #beabae
Favorite Genre: PVP
Currently Playing: Overwatch, LoL, WoW
Top 3 Favorite Games:World of Warcraft: Warlords of Draenor, League of Legends,
Explore the vast world of Lord of the Rings.
2 Gamers Commented on this game. ADD YOURS.
You must login to post comments.
MaxwellDenton 2 years 10 months ago
I've only played a few games on this list, but I was satisfied with the gameplay of those that I was able to play. It's worth the read if you are looking for a new MMO to kill time on. I highly recommend Neverwinter and D&D Online. DC Universe online is epic if you are into creating your own superhero with a customized skill set.
sallyryder 3 years 8 months ago
Any gamers know this first person shooter (deerhunt) game? It's featured @ 3.22 mark on this video. It's not snipehunt, NES??? Gracias! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GApTdfNQBwc&t=132s
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Top 10 Skyrim Graphic Mods That Make Everything More Awesome
Skyrim was released over 7 years ago. Let that sink in. With one of the most dedicated communities in gaming, and a recent re-release on the Nintendo Switch, Skyrim is truly a modern classic. That being said, the northern wilderness of Tamriel can grow dull after a few...


The Lyrik Kabinett promotes poetry and activities involving poetry. It champions poetry of all languages and ages and creates a place for its safekeeping. Begun as a private initiative, the Lyrik Kabinett is now supported by a Foundation. As a forum devoted exclusively to poetry, it is a unique institution in Germany. Internationally, the Lyrik Kabinett is comparable with poetry centers in other countries, for instance the French Maisons de la poésie or the British Poetry Library in London. The Lyrik Kabinett is supported by an association of Friends.
The Lyrik Kabinett runs the second largest library specializing in poetry in Europe. Its current stock of around 60,000 items embraces German-language and international poetry as well as valuable artists' books, audio and video media, journals, and more. Each year the library is systematically expanded with the addition of some 2,000 items. The library is open to all free of charge.
The Foundation organizes around 45 international poetry events each year (current total approx. 1,300) in the form of readings with contemporary poets from all over the world and events on poets from Antiquity to the 20th century. All readings are audio-recorded.
The Foundation publishes selected works of poetry and on poetry in a range of editions: Edition Lyrik Kabinett bei Hanser (Carl Hanser Verlag), a bibliophile edition Die blauen Bücher, the Münchner Reden zur Poesie, the Zwiesprachen (Verlag Das Wunderhorn), and the poetry calendar zilpzalp.
Lust auf Lyrik, a model educational project enabling schoolchildren to come to grips with poetry in creative ways, has been running for over 10 years.
Further, the Lyrik Kabinett supports engagements between poets and "freie Szene" initiatives and is involved in collaborative promotions of literature. It campaigns publicly on behalf of poetry with projects such as the annual Lyrik-Empfehlungen and is available for the use of anyone interested in poetry: poets, translators, publishers, students, scholars, journalists, and poetry lovers.


We are looking for an established hair stylist to join our team with your own private room and wash station. Rent is $225/wk and you will keep 100% of your own profits including retail of your choice. The salon is charming and quaint located near Hoag Hospital in Newport Beach. There is plenty of parking for you and your clients and access is easy on ground level.


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Mexico's auto production reaches new record
The United States was destination of 76.4% of Mexican auto exports in October to 219,585 vehicles.
Auto plants in Mexico built 365,111 vehicles in October, the highest monthly figure ever, which also represents an 11.1% increase compared to the 328,490 units assembled in the same month of 2016, the Mexican Automotive Industry Association revealed last week.
From January through October 3,194,872 cars and light trucks rolled out of assembly plants established in Mexico, also a record figure and a 10% hike compared to the same ten-month period of 2016, the AMIA report says.
Auto exports totaled 287,465 units in the tenth month of 2017, a 12.7% increase and the highest figure for a month of October. Year-to-date exports through October totaled 2,575,361 vehicles, a growth of 11.7% and a record high for a ten-month period.
The United States was destination of 76.4% of Mexican auto exports in October to 219,585 vehicles. Year-to-date exports to the U.S. totaled 1,961,097 vehicles, 76.1% share.
It is worth noticing that 14,148,269 cars and light trucks were sold in the U.S. market from January through October, 1.8% less vehicles compared to same period of 2016. Mexico's auto exports to the U.S. in October represented a 16.3% of total U.S. auto sales during that month, while year-to-date Mexican exports were 13.9% of total U.S. auto sales over the same ten-month period.
Canada followed far behind as second destination for Mexico's auto exports to 20,403 vehicles in October, 7.1% of total, and 218,841 units in the firsts ten months of 2017, an 8.5% share, representing increases of 5.8% and 4.2% respectively.
Germany is now the third most important market for Mexican auto exports. In October, 10,457 vehicles were shipped to the German market, an increase of 99.5% compared to same month of 2016. Year-to-date exports to Germany totaled 76,303 units, which represents a 12.4% growth.


'Midland Red', see Birmingham and Midland Motor Omnibus Co.
-, Chance Technical Coll., see Smethwick, Municipal Coll.
-, public transport, 122; and see Smethwick, communications, rlys.
-, Anderson Rd., see Warley Rd.
-, Arthur St., see Great Arthur St.
-, Church St., see Marriott St.
-, Church St. West, see Mallin St.
-, Milton St., see Rutland Rd.
-, Park Rd., see West Park Rd.
-, St. George St., see Perry St.
-, Shireland Lane, see Waterloo Rd.
-, Slough (Sloe, Slowe) Lane, see Wellington St.
-, Sunday schs., see Smethwick, educ.
T. I., see Tube Investments Ltd.
-, public transport, 225; and see Walsall, communications, rlys.
-, Rock's Cottage, see Walsall, Folly Ho.
-, St. Patrick's Convent, see Walsall, Hatherton Hill Ho.
-, schs., see Walsall, educ.
-, Bloxwich Lane, see Stafford St.
-, Brook St., see Albert St.
-, Castle Lane, see George St.
-, Chapel St., see St. Quentin St.
-, Deadman's Lane, see Hospital St.
-, Dovegrove St., see Ward St.
-, Earl St. (Pleck), see Queen St.
-, George St. (Pleck), see Long St.
-, Hall End, see Peal St.
-, Hampton Lane, see Wolverhampton St.
-, Hole End, see Peal St.
-, Horseshoes Lane, see Wellington St.
-, James St., see Leckie Rd.
-, Lodge Rd., see Sandymount Rd.
-, Lodge St., see Sandymount Rd.
-, New Row, see George St.
-, Newgate St., see Peal St.
-, Oxford St. (Caldmore), see Carless St.
-, Park Lane, see Pleck Rd.
-, Prospect Row, see Bath St.
-, Regent St. (Pleck), see Caledon St.
-, St. George St., see George St.
-, Sandwell St., see Proffitt St.
-, Stratford St., see St. Michael St.
-, Windmill, see Sandwell St.
-, Sunday schs., see Walsall, educ.
-, schs., see Walsall Wood, educ.
-, Sunday schs., see Walsall Wood, educ.


It was just over a year ago in January 2018, that Sir Elton John announced that he would be embarking upon his "Farewell Tour" and bring his world of fans his greatest hits one last time. I've documented assorted narratives for the readership since then since in online time this feels like a forever ago but if you didn't see the initial announcement and want to just click HERE to see the scoop. Then in October 2018, we got the very first glimpse of the upcoming biopic "Rocketman" but since it was a teaser there wasn't much to it. Now, some four months later, Paramount Pictures has delivered a full on Official Trailer and if you love the music of Elton (and who doesn't in some sense), you're going to want to see this one. Let's watch.
Premise: The film tells the story of Elton John's life, from his years as a prodigy at the Royal Academy of Music, through his influential and enduring musical partnership with Bernie Taupin.
I've probably posted more than a hundred narratives since the first trailer for "Pet Sematary" was revealed to the public so please click HERE to see it first in case you are new to the website and might have missed it, or want to compare this new trailer against it. After the trailer you can examine the premise, casting and an advance visual of the official theatrical poster. Enjoy.
PiercingMetal Thoughts: I have to admit that this second trailer is a whole lot creepier than the first one was and had me startled a few times. I'm still on the fence about seeing it in the theater around the time that it opens since I'll have a busy calendar around the end of March and well into April based on events and some other films that are higher on my own list to see. Let's see what happens. What about you readers? Have you been sold on the film by this second trailer? Chime in down below in the comments section so we know that you are out there and seeing this stuff. Until we meet again.
As you've most probably surmised, today is a BIG day for movie releases because we've already announced that "Aquaman" has opened along with the recently premiered "Mortal Engines" and "Spider-Man: Into The Spider-Verse". Now I bring you the news that "Bumblebee" is opening up as well. If you've missed the trailer for this one somehow just click HERE to see that post and BTW, clicking the names of those other films will open up tabs with the related content for your added enjoyment.
The Synopsis: Twenty years before the events of the first film, in 1987, Bumblebee takes refuge in a small California beach town junkyard, where a teenage girl named Charlie Watson takes him in. However, the two of them soon find themselves hunted by a Government Agency known as Sector Seven, lead by Agent Burns. As they run from society, the two learn that Bee isn't the only Transformer on Earth, and that the others might not be as friendly. (thanks Wiki).


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Error: Transaction (Process ID 125) was deadlocked on lock communication buffer resources with another process and has been chosen as the deadlock victim. when running a gl post process"
When running a GL post process, a user may receive Error: Transaction (Process ID 125) was deadlocked on lock communication buffer resources with another process and has been chosen as the deadlock victim. Rerun the transaction. BBERR_ORIGINAL_ERROR:1205 BBERR_ORIGIANAL_PROCEDURE: BBERR_ORIGINAL_LINE_NUMBER:1.


The video was directed by Sheila Johansson and NewLand and premiered on Dazed.Speaking to Dazed about the song, Seinabo explains, "It's about wanting to be remembered for all of the good things, and hoping that you can walk out of a relationship – whether it be with myself in time, or with a person – feeling a sense of freedom." After writing the song herself, Seinabo teamed up with friend and fellow artist Jacob Banks, who transformed the track into a love song.
Seinabo recently announced her new single, "I Owe You Nothing," and accompanying b-side "Remember ft. Jacob Banks." Both are now available to buy and stream on all platforms via Virgin Records. This announcement marked Seinabo's first new music in over two years since the release of her critically acclaimed debut album Pretend in 2015.
The new music sees Seinabo crafting songs revolving around the issues about which she has been vocal on social media and in her enchanting live performances: womanhood and feminism, identity, body positivity and an adherence to loving yourself.
Seinabo rose to critical acclaim in 2015 following the release of two EPs and her debut album Pretend, which TIME magazine called "One of the Year's Best Debut Albums" and SPIN named one of the Best Albums of 2015. Certified Gold in Sweden, Pretend earned her a 2015 Swedish Grammy Award for Best Newcomer and Best Pop award the following year.
Seinabo will be releasing more music this year and will perform at Stockholm's 12,000-capacity Globe Arena on Friday, October 5.


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Il  è uno dei distretti della prefettura di Gifu, in Giappone.

Attualmente fanno parte del distretto i comuni di Sekigahara e Tarui.

Fuwa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Iván Delgado, Pérez-Llorca´s…
Iván Delgado, Pérez-Llorca´s New York resident partner
Iván Delgado: "Representing Pérez- Llorca in New York and leading our LatAm desk from here is a responsibility, an honour and a privilege"
In the context of the uncertainty created by the health crisis of the COVID-19, Iberian Lawyer wanted to recover links, build bridges with partners abroad who run offices with great strategic significance for Iberian firms. For this reason, in order to know how they are living this moment of general anxiety and how they see us from outside, we have opened this section with Iván Delgado, resident partner of the New York office of Pérez-Llorca. Because if they can't come to us, we're coming to them.
We presume that being a firm ́s "first sword" in a foreign office, in this case, in New York, is a challenge and a great responsibility, even more so in these times. Tell us how you are living the situation of COVID-19 both personally and professionally, taking into account the great impact that the coronavirus is having in the USA and your background as a resident partner in NY.
Indeed, the mere fact of representing a great firm like Pérez-Llorca in New York and leading our LatAm Desk from here is a responsibility, but also an honour and a privilege. The confinement imposed in New York caught me coming back from Madrid where I was working on an operation. On a personal level, we locked ourselves (my wife, my two children and I) in our Manhattan apartment, and I have been working from home ever since. My wife is dedicated to organizing and coordinating donations for groups and institutions affected by COVID-19, and my children attend their regular online classes at their school. The advantage of our confinement is that we can go out freely, although we must wear a mask. In the professional aspect, I have the advantage of having already lived the 2008 financial crisis as a partner at Pérez-Llorca, and that experience is helping me a lot to face this current crisis. I would summarize by saying that during the COVID-19 crisis, I have seen three stages:
1. Panic situation
Clients asked us for constant updates on the legislative measures that were being approved and on what was intended to be approved. There was confusion and panic. The days were super intense, there were no schedules or weekends, but it was understandable because the clients needed clarification and urgent responses to so many new developments.
2. Bleeding control
After a few weeks, clients were more or less clear about the situation they were facing and we started to help them implement some issues related to cost reduction, staffing, finding additional Financing, starting Refinancing and even various Bankruptcy and Litigation issues.
3. The new normality
We are now in a situation where customers are thinking about reopening and especially about the future of their employees and businesses. Everything points to the fact that the crisis will last several years and they want to adjust as soon as possible to what seems to be the new normality.
Has your work as a representative of the firm in New York changed due to the economic health crisis? Is the search for possible synergies and lines of business trying to "recover" the possible "lost ground" due to the pandemic as soon as possible, among your tasks?
The fact that we are facing a global crisis means that my work has changed in the same way as that of all my colleagues who also live in New York and represent foreign law firms
We are a very large community covering virtually every continent and several dozen countries. One of the tasks we have as representatives here is to develop new business for our firms and that, naturally, has been slowed down with this crisis by not having absolute freedom of movement, not being able to travel and not being able to meet face to face with other people. We have all reactivated our commercial action by using technological platforms and organizing webinars, among other actions, although naturally, it is not the same. We will see if this is temporary or if it is here to stay. In any case, I am optimistic and I am sure that there will be opportunities and I trust that we can take advantage of them by continuing to make use of our New York office, from which we follow the Latin American region.
Solidarity has been visible in the legal sector since the beginning of the crisis in the Iberian Peninsula. The United States has a reputation for being a much more aggressive market. Is this so? What are the main differences between how the crisis is being dealt with in the US and in Spain? Should Spain learn something from the US? And on the contrary?
The United States has both sides and both are very visible and also in their most extreme version. It is a country with very generous and supportive people, organizations and companies, but at the same time with a super competitive market. The measures adopted in the United States are generally geared towards companies and citizens, as in Spain, although in the United States they are more focused on tax incentives and financial facilities than on subsidies and public aid. The differences between the two countries are notable in the Labour system, the health system and the education system, above all. Both countries have something to learn from each other.
Is the State mandatory "interventionism" due to COVID-19 similar there? In some countries such as the UK, the legal profession is asking for this interventionism to be increased even at the legislative level in order to provide more flexible solutions. What do you think?
No. The United States is less interventionist than other countries at the legislative level and has not acted differently because of the COVID-19 crisis.
It is true that protectionist measures have been adopted in relation to immigration and foreign trade, in addition to reinforcing those already approved in terms of restrictions on foreign investment in critical sectors, but in theory, these measures are intended to protect American citizens. Without going into detail, I believe that the protectionism of countries is a recent trend at world level. Perhaps we are facing the beginning of deglobalization. Time will tell.
In the United States, smart working is generally accepted and established. Has this helped in adapting to the COVID-19 scenario?
That's right, in the United States, clients and companies have been used to doing business and working remotely for years. The adaptation has been quick and well-accepted, although it should be clarified that not many states have banned their citizens from going out on the streets. The authorities are issuing recommendations and appealing to citizens' sense of responsibility to comply with these recommendations.
Do the most affected practice areas (positively/negatively) by the crisis (either by volume of client demands or operations) in the USA coincide with those in Spain?
This COVID-19 crisis is a global crisis, so the most affected areas coincide at the moment in both countries, in my opinion. I do not think that will be the case in a few months' time, as the economic and legislative measures adopted by the two countries are not the same, and therefore the recovery may go at different rates and at different times. The areas that are growing the most are Litigation/Arbitration, Banking and Finance, Restructuring and Insolvency and Labour. There are areas that are still very active such as Regulatory and Corporate, although focused on other issues different from the COVID-19 pre-crisis phase. Finally, an area that is currently less active is the Capital Markets and, in particular, IPOs.
How is the crisis affecting Spanish firms in the USA?
Law firms suffer in crises, just like any other company, although the truth is that we suffer less than other sectors. The type of advice we provide to our clients' changes because they have other needs. As far as Pérez-Llorca is concerned, we came out of the 2008 financial crisis stronger, with more clients and a greater number of lawyers. I would love this crisis of COVID-19 to be short and give us the same opportunity so that we can leave with more clients who trust us with their issues and projects, as well as with more talent in our ranks.
By Desiré Vidal
To read the article in full please download issue N.95 here
Desire Vidal


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The Gadget Guide
SpaceX can soon offer Starlink's satellite internet to Canadians
Thread: SpaceX can soon offer Starlink's satellite internet to Canadians
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SpaceX may soon start offering Starlink's satellite internet service to Canadians. The country's regulators — the Innovation, Science and Economic Development department, in particular — have granted the company's request for regulatory approval, allowing it to offer beta access to the high-speed internet network provided by Starlink's satellite constellation.
The service's beta trials only started a few days ago after SpaceX sent out emails to people who previously signed up to receive more information about it. In the US, the service costs users $99 per month, not including the $499 upfront cost for the hardware kit needed to access the network. SpaceX called the beta program "Better Than Nothing Beta" to lower people's expectations. It explained in the email that the service will suffer from inconsistent performance and brief periods with no connectivity at first. Early testers have been sharing mostly positive results, though, with some reporting download speeds of over 100Mbps.
SpaceX always intended to include the more rural parts of Canada to the first list of locations where it plans to offer beta access. However, it could only reach a limited number of locations for now, because it still needs approval for its ground stations in the country. According to SpaceQ, that means the beta program will initially be available in areas also covered by US ground stations. Elon Musk told the publication that the company is working to make Starlink more widely available until it achieves full global coverage by the end of next year.
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