text:
\section{Introduction}\label{sec1}
The cislunar space is gaining traction as increasing numbers of both human and robotic exploration missions are being planned and launched in the coming years.
With greater traffic in the cislunar space, the need for space domain awareness (SDA) extended further out of the Earth-orbit region is primordial.
While the Low-Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), and Geosynchronous/Geostationary Earth Orbit (GSO/GEO) regimes are well-understood and regulated through existing infrastructures, these existing techniques are not always extendable to the cislunar domain \cite{Holzinger2021_report}; one primary contributor to this difficulty is the nature of the dynamics significantly affected by both the Earth and the Moon's gravitational forces; the motion of objects in the three-body problem, even in the case of simplified models, are well-known to be chaotic \cite{Frueh2021}.
From the perspective of sensor tasking, the challenge also rise from the vast volume that a cislunar SDA architecture must cover compared to an Earth-orbit SDA architecture.
In terms of orders of magnitude, the Earth-Moon distance is roughly 10 times the GEO altitude, while low-energy transfers may have apogees extending to around 1.5 million km, roughly five times the Earth-Moon distance. Traditional Earth-based sensors have difficulty covering such a large volume, particularly the region near the direction of the Moon; rather, spacecraft tasked with performing observations of targets need to be placed into appropriate orbits.

Several previous studies proposed approaches for studying architectures tasked for cislunar SDA.
While earlier works have concentrated on the coverage of the lunar surface \cite{Grebow2008}, the past few years saw a rapid growth in the number of works focusing on detecting, tracking, and maintaining custody of both cooperative and non-cooperative assets in the cislunar region \cite{Fowler2020,Cunio2020,Bolden2020,Dao2020,Thompson2021,Frueh2021b,Vendl2021,Wilmer2022,Dahlke2022,Fedeler2022,Klonowski2022}.
The vastness of the cislunar space necessitates the use of orbits that extend beyond the region between LEO and GEO, where traditional surveillance and tracking architectures currently reside.
The region \textit{outside} GEO, commonly referred to as xGEO in the US Defense sector, typically results in two types of orbital locations that may be used: the prior are highly elliptic Earth orbits that exhibit resonance with the Earth-Moon system, and the latter are libration point orbits (LPOs) that revolve around any of the five Lagrange points of the Earth-Moon system.

Some variation in the definition of the cislunar ``domain'' of interest is seen in literature, and this has a direct impact on the type of orbit(s) that may be useful.
For example, the works by Wilmer et al \cite{Wilmer2022} and Dahlke et al \cite{Dahlke2022} study SDA activities for the vicinity of Earth-Moon L1, L2, or L3 points; hence, these are done by employing LPOs about these points.
In contrast, there are also numerous studies considering vast, cislunar \textit{regions} of interest.
For example, Vendl and Holzinger \cite{Vendl2021} considered a trapezoidal region of interest lying in the Earth-Moon orbital plane, extending from GEO to the far side of the Moon, in this case, the authors have considered the use of LPO families in the vicinity of L1 and L2.
An even larger area of interest is considered in the works of Cunio et al \cite{Cunio2020}, Bolden et al \cite{Bolden2020} and Frueh et al \cite{Frueh2021b}, where the entire region engulfed by the orbit of the Moon is to be monitored. In this case, Earth-Moon resonant orbits are promising candidates as their tracks span over large volumes of the cislunar space.
Some other works have considered simulating the tracking performance of actual, flown, planned, or hypothetical translunar trajectories or cislunar spacecraft.
The works of Dao et al \cite{Dao2020}, Fowler et al \cite{Fowler2020}, and Thompson et al \cite{Thompson2021} combine sensor models with candidate observer orbits to conduct a high-fidelity simulation of tracking cislunar objects.

For cislunar SDA scenarios involving coverage of regions in the cislunar space, observation limitations using single spacecraft have been identified \cite{Vendl2021}.
Recent work \cite{Badura2022} has shown the importance of having sufficient geometric diversity between multiple observers in order to obtain high observability.
Nonetheless, questions regarding the optimal number and distribution of observers in space still remain unanswered.

This paper's focus is on optimizing the multi-satellite architecture for cislunar SDA. Optimizing the design of such an architecture that ensures performance while also minimizing the cost involved in its maintenance is a challenging task, where a varying number of spacecraft must be considered online.
In particular, the main complexity in choosing the appropriate architecture is in the combinatorial nature of the problem, as the number of spacecraft considered and the choice of orbits have infinite possibilities.

To allow for a variable number of observers trading off the overall architecture cost and effectiveness, an algorithm capable of handling a variable-length decision vector must be considered.
In this work, a multi-objective variant of the hidden-genes genetic algorithm (HGGA) \cite{Gad2011,Abdelkhalik2016,Abdelkhalik2018} is employed. HGGA allows for the exploration of the entire design space in one search, simultaneously varying the continuous variables, the periodic orbits periods and  phases angles, as well as the discrete variables such as the choice of orbits considered and the number of spacecraft required.
Through the use of the multi-objective HGGA, we are able to obtain Pareto front solutions corresponding to a variety of cislunar SDA architectures, providing insights into the trade-offs between performance and costs for this problem.

This paper is organized as follows: firstly, Section \ref{sec:simulator} introduces the simulation environment, including the dynamical system, definitions of the target distribution, and measures to quantify the performance of a cislunar SDA architecture.
Then, in Section \ref{sec:optim_hgga}, the multiobjective optimization problem formulation, along with the multi-objective HGGA algorithm, are introduced.
This is followed by Section \ref{sec:numerical_results}, where the proposed formulation is employed to obtain Pareto front solutions of cislunar SDA architectures.
Finally, Section \ref{sec:conclusion} concludes this work.

\section{Simulation of Cislunar Space Domain Awareness Architecture}
\label{sec:simulator}
The problem of cislunar space domain awareness requires the development of a dedicated simulation environment that tracks the location of the Earth, Moon, Sun, observer(s), and target(s).
To this end, the Earth-Moon circular restricted three-body problem (CR3BP), along with the associated Earth-Moon rotating frame, is particularly advantageous as it provides a reference frame in which the Earth and Moon may be assumed to be constant.
In this work, the targets are considered to be stationary points distributed in cislunar space, while

\subsection{Dynamical System}
The study of motion in the Earth-Moon system using the CR3BP has been highly successful due to the relatively low eccentricity of the Moon's orbit and the small effect of the Sun's gravitational effect, especially in the vicinity of the Earth or Moon \cite{Frueh2021}.
The CR3BP equations of motion are given by
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
    \ddot{x} - 2\dot{y} &= \dfrac{\partial U}{\partial x}
    \\%\,, \,\,
    \ddot{y} + 2\dot{x} &= \dfrac{\partial U}{\partial y}
    \\%\,, \,\,
    \ddot{z} &= \dfrac{\partial U}{\partial z}
\end{aligned}
\label{eq:eom_CR3BP}
\end{equation}
where $U$ is the pseudo-potential given by
\begin{equation}
    U = \dfrac{x^2 + y^2}{2} + \dfrac{1-\mu}{r_1} + \dfrac{\mu}{r_2}
    \label{eq:cr3bp_pseudoPotential}
\end{equation}
and $\mu$ is the mass-parameter of the CR3BP system, given by
\begin{equation}
    \mu = \dfrac{{M}_2}{M_1 + M_2}
\end{equation}
where {$M_1$} is the mass of the primary body, and {$M_2$} is the mass of the secondary body.
The corresponding state-transition matrix (STM) can be propagated along with the states through the initial value problem
\begin{equation}
    \left\{\begin{array}{l}
        \dot{\Phi} (t) = \boldsymbol{A} (\boldsymbol{x}) \Phi(t)
        \\
        \Phi(0) = \mathbf{I}_{6 \times 6}
    \end{array}\right.
\end{equation}
where $\boldsymbol{A}$ is the Jacobian of the dynamics.

\subsection{Periodic Orbit and Database}
Periodic orbits about libration points of the CR3BP (LPOs) are promising candidates for cislunar SDA architectures due to their positioning within the cislunar space. Specifically, the L1 and L2 Lyapunov and halo families, as well as the distant retrograde orbit (DRO) family offer both favorable geometric coverage within the space of interest and are known to have acceptable or high stability properties suitable for long-term use.

A periodic orbit must obey the relation
\begin{equation}
    \boldsymbol{x}(t + P) = \boldsymbol{x} (t)
\end{equation}
where $\boldsymbol{x}$ are the states, and $P$ is the period. In the context of the LPOs of the selected families, they are known to exhibit a symmetry about the $xz$-plane in the Earth-Moon rotating plane; leveraging this result, the well-known single-shooting scheme \cite{Howell1984}
\begin{equation}
    \begin{aligned}
        & X_{k+1} = X_{k} - \left[\dfrac{\partial F(X_k)}{\partial X}\right]^{-1} F(X_k)
    \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
where the residual $F$ is defined by
\begin{equation}
    F = \begin{bmatrix}
            y(P/2) \\ \dot{x}(P/2) \\ \dot{z}(P/2)
        \end{bmatrix}
\end{equation}
and the design vector $X$ contain 3 out of the 4 free variables, namely $x(0)$, $z(0)$, $\dot{y}(0)$, and the period $P$, can be employed. The Jacobian $\dfrac{\partial F(X_k)}{\partial X}$ can be simply constructed from combinations of the entries of the STM and the equations of motion if $T$ is included in $X$.
The choice of variables to be included in $X$ is application dependent; in the context of creating a database of LPOs, the choice is made based on the ease of convergence to the LPO in the desired range of $X$. For example, low-amplitude halos are difficult to obtain unless $z(0)$ is fixed to a desired non-zero value.

Once an LPO is obtained, its linear stability index $\nu$ can be defined by evaluating the eigenvalues of its monodromy matrix, which corresponds to the STM at $t=P$. Specifically, $\nu$ is given by \cite{Grebow2008}
\begin{equation}
    \nu = \dfrac{1}{2} \left( \lambda_{\max} + \dfrac{1}{\lambda_{\max}} \right)
\end{equation}
where $\lambda_{\max}$ is the largest eigenvalue of $\Phi(P)$.

A finite number of periodic orbits belonging to the selected families are first calculated using a single-shooting method. Figure \ref{fig:lpo_families} shows a sample set of the LPOs constructed for this work.
This results in a database that can be interpolated against properties such as the $x$-axis crossing points on the $xz$-plane, or the periods, of each LPO.
This database can then be linearly interpolated to yield an initial guess of an arbitrary $x$-axis crossing or period, which can then rapidly converge to the corresponding LPO.

\begin{figure}[ht!]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{Figures/lpo_families_crop.pdf}
    \caption{Example Libration Point Orbits for the Earth-Moon system studied in this work}
    \label{fig:lpo_families}
\end{figure}

When considering the location of a spacecraft in LPOs, its position along the orbit at a given time must also be considered due to the revolution of the Sun. We define an initial phase angle $\phi \in [0,2\pi]$ such that the spacecraft's initial position along an LPO is given by
\begin{equation}
    \boldsymbol{x}(t_0) = \boldsymbol{x}\left( \dfrac{\phi}{2\pi} P \right)
\end{equation}

\subsection{Sun-Direction}
Along with the state of the observer spacecraft and the location of the observing targets, the location of the Sun is a fundamental quantity that must be identified when simulating SDA activities. In the context of trajectory design, the bi-circular restricted four-body problem (BCR4BP), which considers the Sun's motion to be along a circular path on the $xy$-plane of the Earth-Moon rotating frame, is an insightful model to generate transfers that leverage gravitational effects of all three bodies, such as low-energy transfers \cite{Koon2001,belbruno2002analytic,jpl-monograph-series12,Boudad2020}.
However, for the purpose of analyzing SDA architectures, it is important to consider the offset between the Earth-Moon and Sun-Earth planes.
As such, in this work, JPL NAIF's SPICE data is used to obtain the vector from the Earth-Moon barycenter to the Sun.
During the simulation, an arbitrary reference epoch is chosen, and this Sun-direction vector is extracted at each time step where the observation is to be simulated.

As an example, the Sun-direction is plotted for a 180 days period in the Earth-Moon rotating frame in Figure \ref{fig:sun_dirs}, starting on 2024 MAR 25 07:12:36.633.
This reference epoch has been chosen simply as a future date where the Sun lies on the $xz$-plane of the Earth-Moon rotating frame.
Note that the scattered circles do not represent the actual position of the Sun, but rather its direction in the Earth-Moon rotating frame.
It is possible to observe the Sun's helical path, which results in a variation of the direction of the illuminating source in cislunar space.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.99\linewidth]{Figures/sun_dirs.pdf}
    \caption{Sun directions over 180 days, in the Earth-Moon rotating frame}
    \label{fig:sun_dirs}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Observation Targets and Metric}
Comparing different cislunar architectures requires the definition of metrics. Based on \cite{Vendl2021}, we consider an observation metric allowing for the comparison of the persistent detection of the cislunar space for a given mission horizon.
To this end, we define a spatial observation zone as global as possible so that any trajectory of a spacecraft leaving earth for the vicinity of the moon or the surrounding would have its trajectory entirely included in the volume defined. Within this zone, a discrete number of targets are placed in a gridded fashion.
Then, based on the locations of the observer(s), targets, and the Sun, the \textit{observability metric} $\Gamma$ is defined as a scalar value that quantifies the viability of a given SDA architecture.

\subsubsection{Target Distribution}
A set of static targets that encompasses the cislunar space are considered in this work. The targets are equispaced in Cartesian space within a truncated cone of interest that encompasses the region between the GEO belt and Earth-Moon L2.
The choice of this set of targets is motivated by the so-called ``cone of shame'', which is the lunar exclusion zone identified by the Air Force Research Laboratory to be an area of high interest for monitoring \cite{afrl2020}.
Targets used in this work are shown in Figure \ref{fig:targets}.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{Figures/targets_crop.pdf}
    \caption{Equispaced targets distributed in cislunar space in the Earth-Moon rotating frame}
    \label{fig:targets}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{Observation Metric}
The visibility of an object is measured by the apparent magnitude, which is a relative scale for quantifying the brightness of objects.
This work follows the model used by Vendl and Holzinger \cite{Vendl2021}, which is presented here for completeness.
Suppose the target has a diameter $d$ and is at a range $\zeta$ from the observer.
The apparent magnitude of a target is given by
\begin{equation}
    m_{\mathrm{target}} = m_{\mathrm{S}} - 2.5 \log_{10} \left( \dfrac{d^2}{\zeta^2} \left[
        \dfrac{a_{\mathrm{spec}}}{4} + a_{\mathrm{diff}} p_{\mathrm{diff}} (\psi)
    \right] \right)
\end{equation}
where $m_{\mathrm{S}} = -26.74$ is the apparent magnitude of the Sun, $\psi$ is the solar phase angle given by
\begin{equation}
    \psi = \arccos{
    \left(
        \dfrac{
            \boldsymbol{r}_{\mathrm{OT}} \cdot \boldsymbol{r}_{\mathrm{ST}}
        }{
            \| \boldsymbol{r}_{\mathrm{OT}} \|
            \| \boldsymbol{r}_{\mathrm{ST}} \|
        }
    \right)
    }
\end{equation}
where $\boldsymbol{r}_{\mathrm{OT}}$ is the relative position vector from the observer to the target, $\boldsymbol{r}_{\mathrm{ST}}$ is the relative position vector from the Sun to the target, and $p_{\mathrm{diff}} (\psi)$ is the diffuse phase angle function for a diffuse sphere, given by
\begin{equation}
    p_{\mathrm{diff}} (\psi) = \dfrac{2}{3\pi} \left[ \sin(\psi) + (\pi - \psi) \cos(\psi) \right]
\end{equation}

Evaluating the apparent magnitude of a target at all time steps over the mission duration yields a distribution function. The value of apparent magnitude $m(\alpha)$ in the distribution function is such that for $\alpha$\% of the time steps, the target is brighter than this value is extracted  and compared to a cutoff magnitude $m_{\mathrm{co}}$. The target is then deemed visible if
\begin{equation}
    m (\alpha) \geq m_{\mathrm{co}}
    \label{eq: visibility}
\end{equation}

Using the dynamics presented in the previous sections, candidate observers are placed in LPO families; examples of LPOs considered in this work are shown in Figure \ref{fig:lpo_families}.

Given a set of observers $\mathcal{O}$, a set of targets $\mathcal{T}$, the duration of the observation campaign $\Delta T$, and a time-step $\Delta t$, the simulation computes an observability metric $\Gamma$, which corresponds to the percentage of targets inside the grid that are deemed visible by (\ref{eq: visibility}), using Algorithm \ref{alg:simulator_base}.
\begin{algorithm}[h!]
\caption{Computation of observability metric for a given architecture}
\label{alg:simulator_base}
\begin{algorithmic}
\Require Observer set $\mathcal{O}$, target set $\mathcal{T}$, observation campaign duration $\Delta T$, time-step $\Delta t$
\State $N = \Delta T / \Delta t$
\For{$i = 1$ to $N$}  \Comment{for each time-step}
    \For{$o$ in $\mathcal{O}$}   \Comment{for each observer}
        \For{$t$ in $\mathcal{T}$}  \Comment{for each target}
            \State Update position of observer $o$
            \State Compute visible magnitude of $t$ from $o$
        \EndFor
    \EndFor
\EndFor
\State Compute $\Gamma$ as average number of visible targets over $N$ time-steps
\end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm}

In practice, the algorithm is implemented via vectorization to avoid performance degradation due to the nested for-loops.

\section{Optimization of Cislunar Monitoring Architecture}
\label{sec:optim_hgga}
Leveraging the simulation environment for cislunar SDA, we consider a multiobjective optimization problem that simultaneously seeks to maximize the coverage and minimize the operational cost of the SDA architecture.
First, this section introduces the optimization problem that is to be solved.
Then, we introduce the HGGA, which enables the optimization of the SDA architecture without prescribing a constant number of observers a priori.

\subsection{Optimization Problem Formulation}
The multiobjective optimization problem is formulated as follows:
\begin{equation}
    \min_{\mathbf{X}} \left( -\Gamma ,\,\, \sum_{j=1}^n i_j \nu_j , \,\, N_{\mathrm{spacecraft}} \right)
    \label{eq:objectives}
\end{equation}
Here, the objectives are to maximize the coverage, minimize the total stability index of all LPOs used, and minimize the total number of spacecraft.

The decision vector $\mathbf{X}$ consists of a list of observers:

\begin{equation}
    [\mathrm{Observer}_1,...,\, \mathrm{Observer}_{N_{\mathrm{spacecraft}}}]
\end{equation}

where an observer is defined by the 3 following variables:

\begin{equation}
    [\mathrm{Orbit\,Family},  P, \phi]
\end{equation}

and orbit families considered are

\begin{equation}
    [\mathrm{L1\,\,Halo_S, L2\,\,Halo_N, DRO, L2\,\,Lyap, L1\,\,Lyap}]
\end{equation}

A more detailed description of the variables of this problem is given in Table \ref{tab:variables}. Design variables that are traded off in this work are the total number of satellites, their respective allocated orbit family, their orbit period, and the initial phase angle along the orbit.
We can further decompose the variables into two distinct categories, discrete variables which are used to represent the orbit families. The rest of the variables will be treated as continuous variables.

\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\caption{Variables for the Cislunar SDA problem}
\begin{tabular}{@{}llll@{}}
\toprule
Discrete Variables & Continuous Variables  \\
\midrule
Orbit Family: $L1\,Halo_S^1,\cdots,L1\, Halo_S^{i_1}$  & Orbit Period: $P_{L1\, Halo_S^{i_1}},\cdots,P_{L1\,Halo_S^{i_1}}$ \\
\hspace{2cm} \vdots \hspace{1.4cm} \vdots  & \hspace{2cm} \vdots \hspace{1.5cm} \vdots \\
\hspace{1.7cm} $L1\,Lyap^1,\cdots,L1\,Lyap^{i_n}$ & \hspace{1.7cm} $P_{L1\,Lyap^1},\cdots,P_{L1\, Lyap^{i_n}}$  \\
\\
& Phase Angle: $\phi_{L1\, Halo_S^{i_1}},\cdots,\phi_{L1\,Halo_S^{i_1}}$\\
& \hspace{2cm} \vdots \hspace{1.5cm} \vdots \\
& \hspace{1.7cm} $\phi_{L1\, Lyap^1},\cdots,\phi_{L1\,Lyap^{i_n}}$\\
\botrule
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:variables}
\end{center}
\end{table}

As a consequence of this formulation, the total number of spacecraft is an
intrinsic variable comprised in the orbit family variable as follows.
\begin{equation}
    N_{\mathrm{spacecraft}} = \sum\limits_{j=1}^{n} i_j \,\,\,\,  (n = 5)
\end{equation}

\subsection{Hidden-Genes Genetic Algorithm}
\label{sec:hgga}

 Given the above formulation, discrete variable values are directly influencing the number of continuous variables, creating what's called a Variables-Size Design Space (VSDS) problem\cite{Gad2011,Abdelkhalik2018}. Traditional algorithms are not suited for the search of this type of design space.\

A relatively novel type of optimization algorithm, Hidden-Genes Genetic Algorithm (HGGA)\cite{Gad2011,Abdelkhalik2016,Abdelkhalik2018,Ellithy2022} allows in this work for the integer variable to enter as a design variable thus exploring the VSDS.

Studies on metaheuristic algorithms with variable-length chromosomes go back to the late 1990s \cite{Kajitani1996,Kim2005}.
Specifically, the hidden-genes genetic algorithm (HGGA) have been recently investigated to use in the Multi Gravity Assist trajectory optimization problem tackling the complexity of assessing the optimal number of planets and the sequence of flybys.

The HGGA method considers a fixed length of chromosome $L_{max}$, which contains the maximum number of design variables. In this case the maximum length would correspond to two times the total number of spacecraft given that each spacecraft is assigned two variables. As seen on Figure \ref{fig:Hidden_Gene}, a tag, associated to each gene, assesses if the gene is active or hidden. Hidden genes are not considered in the evaluation of the objective function.
Chromosomes with lower number of spacecraft are designed by switching genes to hidden genes in order to have the right number of active design variables that will be used to calculate the objectives to minimize.

\begin{figure}[ht!]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{Figures/Hidden_Gene.png}
    \caption{Chromosome with hidden genes \cite{Abdelkhalik2018}}
    \label{fig:Hidden_Gene}
\end{figure}

In practice, tags evolve using stochastic processes. Some mechanisms can be found in \cite{Abdelkhalik2018}, while this works uses classical probability-based one-point crossover and bit-flip mutation operations for the tags. It is important to note that those operations are independent from the genes' mutation and crossover operations that take place in the regular genetic algorithm as can be seen in \ref{alg:HGGA}.

The multi-objective HGGA in this study is built upon the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) multi-objective genetic algorithm \cite{Deb2002}, using simulated binary crossover and polynomial mutations, akin to the implementation by Ellithy et al \cite{Ellithy2022}.
Each operation on the genes and the tags is performed sequentially starting with the genes when creating a new generation of chromosomes, following Algorithm \ref{alg:HGGA}.

\begin{algorithm}[h!]
\caption{Overview of the Hidden-Genes NSGA-II crossover and mutation mechanisms}
\label{alg:HGGA}
\begin{algorithmic}
\Require Parent population $\mathcal{P}$
\State Children population $\mathcal{C}$ = [ ] \Comment{Initialize list of children}
\While{Number of children $\neq$ Number of parents}
    \State Select two parents randomly
    \If{random(0,1) $>$ Gene Crossover Probability}
        \State Perform gene crossover
    \EndIf
    \If{random(0,1) $>$ Tags Crossover Probability}
        \State Perform tags crossover
    \EndIf
    \If{random(0,1) $>$ Gene Mutation Probability}
        \State Perform gene mutation
    \EndIf
    \If{random(0,1) $>$ Tags Mutation Probability}
        \State Perform tags mutation
    \EndIf
    \For{Both children}
        \For{Genes in children chromosome}
            \If{Tag associated to gene $\neq$ 0}
                \State Use gene in objective function evaluation
            \EndIf
        \EndFor
    \EndFor
    \State Add both children to $\mathcal{C}$
\EndWhile
\State Return $\mathcal{C}$
\end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm}

\section{Numerical Results}\label{sec:numerical_results}
The proposed Cislulnar SDA simulation framework is solved using the HGGA.
Table \ref{tab:problem_parameters} presents the parameters used for the simulation and the optimization.
We first conduct parametric studies for multiple values of $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ then analyze some of the best architectures extracted from the design space. The $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ limits were picked based on two reasons, the upper limit was chosen as the first apparent magnitude where literature's architectures' observability begin to decrease \cite{Holzinger2021_report}. The lower limit is the highest limiting magnitude attainable by state-of-the-art Cubesats telescopes for which the apparent magnitude usually ranges from 12 to 15 \cite{ashcraft2021versatile,aperture_optical_science_2021}.

\begin{table}[]
    \centering
    \caption{Cislunar SDA Simulation and Optimization Parameters}
    \begin{tabular}{@{}lll@{}}
    \toprule
    Category  & Parameter & Value \\ \midrule

    \multirow{9}{*}{Simulation}
    & Initial epoch     &  2024 MAR 25 07:12:36.633 \\
    & Campaign duration $\Delta T$, day     &   1825    \\
    & Time-step $\Delta t$, day    &   2    \\
    & Number of targets &   1107        \\
    & Target diameter, $\mathrm{m}$   &   $1$  \\
    & Target specular reflectance $a_{\mathrm{spec}}$ &   $0$   \\
    & Target diffuse reflectance $a_{\mathrm{diff}}$ &    $0.2$   \\
    & Cut-off magnitude $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ &   18, 17, 16, 15    \\
    & Fractional visibility requirement, $\alpha$  & 0.9   \\
    \hline

    \multirow{8}{*}{Optimizer}
    & Number of generations &  100     \\
    & Chromosomes per generation &  100 \\
    & Maximum chromosome length, $L_{max}$ & 30\\
    & Gene crossover probability &  0.95    \\
    & Distribution index for gene crossover &  10    \\
    & Gene mutation probability &  1/15   \\
    & Distribution index for gene mutation &  50    \\
    & Tag crossover probability &  0.8    \\
    & Tag mutation probability &  0.2    \\
    \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \label{tab:problem_parameters}
\end{table}

\subsection{Overview of Pareto Front}
 As aforementioned, it is known there exists a gap in single spacecraft observability access \cite{Holzinger2021_report}, particularly for low apparent magnitudes. Figure \ref{fig:pareto_combine} shows that below a cutoff magnitude of 18, performances start degrading and $\Gamma$ drops to 0\% for magnitudes of 16 and below, when considering a single LPO.

The multi-spacecraft architectures in this work aim at filling this gap.
The multi-objective HGGA extracts the Pareto front for the given objectives from all the possible solutions.
As an example, Figure \ref{fig:pareto_evolve} presents the evolution of this Pareto front along the 100 iterations of the algorithm for the $m_{\mathrm{co}} = 16$ case, underlining the apparent competitiveness between the stability index and $\Gamma$ objectives.
It is also possible to note the nature of the optimization problem with respect to the three objectives; the projections indicate the optimizer is able to reduce both the total stability index and $\Gamma$ while maintaining the same number of spacecraft.

\begin{figure}[ht!]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{Figures/pareto_combine_front.pdf}
    \caption{Pareto solutions of SDA architectures for $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ between $18$ and $15$}
    \label{fig:pareto_combine}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[ht!]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{Figures/mco_16_evolution.pdf}
    \caption{Evolution of the Pareto front for 3 objectives optimization with HGGA, $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ = 16. Black dots correspond to the projection of each solution across the three 2D planes.}
    \label{fig:pareto_evolve}
\end{figure}

As previously mentioned, for $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ of 16 and 15, the single spacecraft solutions only minimize the stability index metric.

The set of nondominated solutions for each $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ comprises many points. Some patterns are nonetheless visible.
For $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ = 18, single spacecraft solutions are already performing well, and adding new observers shifts the $\Gamma$ towards better solutions without greatly modifying the overall stability index. This shift continues as the number of spacecraft increases but full observability is quickly attained and the nondominated set, for the larger numbers of observers, therefore, contains $\Gamma=1$ solutions with lower stability indices.

Looking at the $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ = 17 plot, the shift is visible again.
An observability of around 95\% is attained for 2 observers, representing an improvement of 24\% compared to single spacecraft architectures.
The gap to reach full observability is almost filled again while being larger. However, architectures seem unable to attain full observability. This is due to a certain percentage of points of the grid of targets never reaching an apparent magnitude of 17 since some of those points are simply too far away to be visible to the observers. This phenomenon becomes even more visible for lower cutoff magnitudes.

Figure \ref{fig:pareto_combine} shows, for $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ = 16, a sizeable augmentation of the $\Gamma$ between 1 and 2 observers, going from 1\% observability to approximately 44\%. This improvement is also seen from 2 to 4 observers, increasing to 63\%. Again, the flattening of the Pareto front, described for $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ = 17, is visible. In fact, for a higher number of spacecraft, the gain in $\Gamma$ is reduced, while the stability indices rise rapidly.

Finally, with $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ = 15, increasing the number of spacecraft has limited improvement on $\Gamma$.
The maximum $\Gamma$ attained is 33\% and the total stability index is 2267.48, highlighting fairly unstable orbits.
This drop in $\Gamma$ between $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ of 16 and 15 is once again due to the percentage of targets that never exceed an apparent magnitude of 15 given the observers position becomes too important, in particular in the near-Earth areas of the grid where the LPO become too distant to perceive the target spacecraft.

The best results in terms of $\Gamma$ for each $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ and the related number of spacecraft and stability indices are given in Table \ref{tab:results}.

\begin{table}[]
    \centering
    \caption{Cislunar SDA results}
    \begin{tabular}{@{}llllllll@{}}
    \toprule

    & \multicolumn{3}{l}{Single Spacecraft} & \multicolumn{4}{l}{Multi Spacecraft}\\
    \cline{2-4}
    \cline{5-8}

    $m_{\mathrm{co}}$  &  $N_{\mathrm{spacecraft}}$ & $\Gamma$ & Total $\nu$ & $N_{\mathrm{spacecraft}}$ & $\Gamma$ & Total $\nu$ & Average $\nu$\\ \midrule

    \multirow{2}{*}{18}  & \multirow{2}{*}{1} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.95}   &  \multirow{2}{*}{55.18}  & 2 & 0.98 & 56.29 & 28.14\\
     &  &     &   & 3 & 1.0 &  57.33 & 19.11\\
    \hline
    \multirow{3}{*}{17}  & \multirow{3}{*}{1} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.73 }   &  \multirow{3}{*}{55.18}  & 2 & 0.92 & 100.17 & 50.08\\
     &  &     &    & 3 & 0.94 &  119.66 & 39.89\\
    &  &     &    & 7 & 0.96 & 163.25 & 23.32\\
    \hline
    \multirow{6}{*}{16}  & \multirow{6}{*}{1} & \multirow{6}{*}{0.03 }   &  \multirow{6}{*}{1.00}  & 2 & 0.44 & 51.11 & 25.55\\
     &  &     &    & 4 & 0.63 &  58.06 & 14.52\\
    &  &     &    & 6 & 0.67 &  1419.99 & 236.67\\
    &  &     &    & 8 & 0.72 & 1095.21 & 136.90\\
    &  &     &    & 10 & 0.76 & 604.79 & 60.48\\
    &  &     &    & 12 & 0.77 & 720.87 & 60.07\\
    \hline
    \multirow{6}{*}{15}  & \multirow{6}{*}{1} & \multirow{6}{*}{0.01 }   &  \multirow{6}{*}{536.80}  & 2 & 0.04 & 1790.04 & 895.02\\
    &  &     &    & 4 & 0.15 &  701.61 & 175.40\\
    &  &     &    & 6 & 0.25 &  1137.78 & 189.63\\
    &  &     &   & 8 & 0.30 & 2261.87 & 282.73\\
    &  &     &    & 10 & 0.31 & 2181.53 & 218.15\\
    &  &     &   & 13 & 0.33 & 2267.48 & 174.42 \\

    \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \label{tab:results}
\end{table}

\subsection{Analysis of Architectures}
Among all the architectures selected by the HGGA, an evolution in the allocation of spacecraft to orbit families is clearly visible when varying the $m_{\mathrm{co}}$. Figure \ref{fig: Distribution} shows the number of times a particular orbit is utilized by the Pareto front solutions for all values of $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ considered.

Overall, apart from an $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ value of 18, the L1 Lyapunov family is used by any value of $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ at roughly equal frequencies. This can be explained by the family being at the center of the target grid, thus offering an effective position for covering large portions of the region of interest. For $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ = 18,  single spacecraft architectures are already nearly optimized using a single L1 Lyapunov orbit and closing the gap only requires DROs, which are the most stable option.
Meanwhile, it is also possible to observe that as the $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ is reduced, the architecture begins to also require an observer at the vicinity of L2 dedicated to targets on the far end.
Also, the low $\nu$ of DROs make them a particularly attractive family vis-a-vis the second objective of the problem from \eqref{eq:objectives}, resulting also in their relative frequent use.

\begin{figure}[ht!]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{Figures/Ditribution_Observers_Percentage.pdf}
    \caption{Relative distribution of spacecraft among orbit families for different $m_{co}$}
    \label{fig: Distribution}
\end{figure}

For each value of $m_{\mathrm{co}}$, it is also possible to observe intuitive variations of family allocations as the number of spacecraft increases.
As  $m_{\mathrm{co}}= 16$ offers the largest changes in $\Gamma$ when adding new spacecraft and overall the most important increases in performance, we focus further on analyzing different architectures for this particular cutoff magnitude. We select architectures encompassing various total number of spacecrafts, while having reasonable total $\nu$. For those reasons, 2-, 3-, 5- and 7-spacecraft architectures with the highest $\Gamma$ are selected from the Pareto front, at the exception of the 7-spacecraft solution where a more stable one is selected with a slightly lower observability metric.

Table \ref{tab:results_Period} summarizes the information of the LPOs used by these architectures.

Architecture A and B on Figure \ref{fig: Combined Architectures} shows the low number of spacecraft solutions that achieved the highest $\Gamma$.
Directly, as opposed to higher $m_{\mathrm{co}}$ minimal spacecraft number architectures, the L1 Lyapunov orbits have been replaced by L2 Lyapunov orbit which confirms the trend discussed previously.

Another interesting thing to notice is that from 2 to 3 spacecraft, the orbits family and orbits periods variables are close to unchanged and the optimized solution simply is derived by the optimizer using an offset of the initial phasing of the L2 Lyapunov orbit observers while enabling an increase in approximately 24\% of the observability.

Also, in both cases, the L2 Lyapunov orbits use 1:1 synodic resonant orbits, combined with an initial phase angle close or equal to zero, hence aligned with the original sun-earth-moon positions as discussed in Section \ref{sec:simulator}. Resonance with the synodic period has been proven to provide particularly beneficial light conditions throughout the mission horizon \cite{Holzinger2021_report}.

When augmenting the number of spacecraft per architecture, the variability in the combinations of orbit families assigned to spacecraft augments as well.

This is particularly noticeable for architectures C and D on Figure \ref{fig: Combined Architectures} where the 5-spacecraft architecture already differs considerably from the low number of spacecraft combinations in terms of orbit families considered.
Although the architecture C only considers two orbit families, we can notice a 120° off-set between the 3 DRO observers that allows for continuous monitoring, even in the varying light conditions, as there are higher chances that one of the three will have good alignment with regards to the sun. This can be seen as similar mechanism as the resonant period, adapted to the DROs for which resonant orbits are not particularly suited, given the great variability in size for adjacent orbit periods.
Again, it is possible to observe 2:1 and 1:1 resonance with close to 0° initial phasing for the L1 Lyapunov families. This architecture on the other hand presents poor stability characteristics, especially when compared to other solutions with more spacecraft.

The 7-observers configuration offers a great geometrical diversity in terms of orbit, while resulting in a lower total $\nu$ and an even more reduced average $\nu$ than some of the other combinations considering fewer spacecraft.
The particular 3 DROs configuration has been preserved for lower number of spacecraft solutions as well as the 1:1 resonant L1 Lyapunov.
Added to this is an approximate 2:1 south L2 Halo. The last two orbits don't exhibit any particular geometry characteristics of their own but are efficient when associated to the rest of the orbits.

\begin{figure}[ht!]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{Figures/Combined_Architectures.pdf}
    \caption{Example Pareto solutions with 2-, 3-, 5- and 7-spacecraft architectures for $m_{\mathrm{co}}$  = 16}
    \label{fig: Combined Architectures}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[ht!]
    \centering
    \caption{Period and initial phase angle from selected solutions}
\begin{tabular}{@{}lllll@{}}
\toprule
Solution           & Orbit Family & Orbital period $P$, days & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}} Fraction of \\ synodic period \end{tabular}
& Phase angle $\phi$, deg \\ \midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{A} & L2 Lyapunov  & 29.54         & 1.00                & 0.00                     \\
                   & DRO          & 2.54          & 0.09                & 0.00                     \\
                   \hline
\multirow{3}{*}{B} & L2 Lyapunov  & 29.48         & 1.00                & 347.44                   \\
                   & L2 Lyapunov  & 29.50         & 1.00                & 322.05                   \\
                   & DRO          & 2.51          & 0.09                & 353.20                   \\
                   \hline
\multirow{5}{*}{C} & L1 Lyapunov  & 14.78         & 0.50                & 328.72                   \\
                   & L1 Lyapunov  & 29.48         & 1.00                & 341.01                   \\
                   & DRO          & 16.55         & 0.56                & 117.14                   \\
                   & DRO          & 17.14         & 0.58                & 240.06                   \\
                   & DRO          & 16.55         & 0.56                & 353.83                   \\
                   \hline
\multirow{7}{*}{D} & L1 Lyapunov  & 29.47         & 1.00                & 344.40                   \\
                   & L2 Lyapunov  & 23.03         & 0.78                & 245.00                   \\
                   & L1 Halo (S)  & 11.62         & 0.39                & 204.20                   \\
                   & L2 Halo (N)  & 14.32         & 0.49                & 226.08                   \\
                   & DRO          & 16.47         & 0.56                & 120.85                   \\
                   & DRO          & 16.47         & 0.56                & 239.79                   \\
                   & DRO          & 16.50         & 0.56                & 357.07                  \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:results_Period}
\end{table}

As can be observed, when apparent magnitude conditions become more strict, diversity in the allocations of observers begins to be necessary to achieve performing $\Gamma$.
Performing L1 Lyapunov combinations are still possible at the cost of a higher overall stability index.

\section{Conclusion}\label{sec:conclusion}
In this work, we have studied the design optimization of multispacecraft cislunar SDA architectures. The architecture considered is tasked with
a static, grid-based region of interest observation based on a metric $\Gamma$ defined as the percentage of this region of interest visible over a fraction $\alpha$. Two other metrics, the total stability index and the total number of spacecraft are introduced to compete with the first objective and allowed us to obtain a nondominated set of architectures solutions. Given the variability in the size of the design space, due to the fact that the number of spacecraft and the orbit family allocation both enter as design variables, a Hidden-Genes Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II is implemented.

Solutions obtained aim at filling some of the gaps in space domain awareness monitoring for lower value of limiting magnitude, allowing for less advanced, and hence cheaper space telescope constellations to complete the mission.
Results showed that it was possible to reduce the limiting magnitude of the monitoring structures, greatly, increasing the $\Gamma$ for a reasonable number of spacecraft and total $\nu$. In particular, diversity in the choice of orbit families is key to achieving better observability, as shown in Figure \ref{fig: Distribution}.
Another common solution extracted by the optimizer is the use of a small phase difference between observers from the same orbit family with relatively similar periods, in order to achieve almost constant ideal light conditions on the whole cislunar space.

The framework and optimization formulation utilized in this work are very flexible, allowing for example to add new types of observers without changing the formulation. These new optical structures could be Low Lunar Orbits, Lunar Surface Telescopes or even Earth-orbiting observers such as geosynchronous orbits \cite{Klonowski2022} or Highly Eccentric Orbit (HEO) \cite{Cunio2020} which have been proven to be particularly useful for cislunar trajectory monitoring.
It is also possible to change the grid of targets, creating denser areas in potential congestion points or along the most likely trajectories for lunar transfer orbits.
Finally, the introduction of more concrete cost metrics such as transfer costs or station-keeping may become interesting in the coming years as cislunar space domain awareness carry on its rapid development.

\bmhead{Acknowledgments}

This work has been funded by the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI)'s Independent Research and Development (IRAD) program.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Top Deal-Breakers You Need to Know Before Dating in Boise
Chris Published: November 28, 2022
The dating world can be a brutal place, especially with how so much of it relies on technology. The last dating app I was ever familiar with was Tinder and even then, I can't tell you what swiping left means as opposed to swiping right. Thankfully, I don't have to navigate the dating world in 2022 but there are still some brave souls out there navigating the unpredictable world of dating.
Heck, some people actually enjoy the wild dating world because it's never a dull moment. But where do people draw the line? At what point do people put their foot down and say enough is enough?
We asked the people of Boise to share their dating deal-breakers and while some of them are pretty typical, there are others like Boise local, Rachel who shared a unique deal-breaker: white shoes. That's right, Rachel doesn't like white shoes. I think I can somewhat understand the logic behind that... emphasis on "I think." Perhaps Rachel associates the white shoes with a certain profession? It's surely not solely based on fashion, right? Whatever the reason is, I'm not here to judge. Everyone has their own quirks.
On the other side of the coin, this could also serve as a friendly reminder to anyone who might be struggling in the dating world. Sometimes going down the list and checking things off is the best way to make sure you're all set for a night out with a fellow single.
Let's dive into some of the top deal-breakers according to the very people who are dating here in the Treasure Valley.
The people of Boise share where they draw the line in the dating world. Do you agree or disagree with these dating deal-breakers?
Boise One of the Best Cities for Dating?
Hilarious Reviews of Boise Strip Clubs
We share some of the funniest reviews of strip clubs from right here in Boise!
More Hilarious Boise Strip Club Reviews We Can't Believe Are True
We found more hilarious strip club reviews from right here in Boise that you have to see to believe!
Source: Top Deal-Breakers You Need to Know Before Dating in Boise
Filed Under: newsletter, dating, boise dating, Idaho dating, dating in Idaho, dating in Boise
Categories: Local News, Entertainment, On-Air
Name a Cockroach After Your Ex at Zoo Boise This Valentine's Day
Massive Crowd Gathers To Adopt Idaho's Most Popular Dog

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"Lead kindly light, amidst the encircling gloom"
The Indian Certificate Of Secondary Education (ICSE) schools all over India come under the Inter State Board for Anglo Indian Education. Every Anglo Indian Institution has its own history, tradition, ethos, background, administrative system and fee structure. But the common factor among these schools is English Medium Instruction. These Schools also have permission for Religious Instruction. Earlier the students in Anglo Indian Schools were prepared for Cambridge School Examination. After Independence, all these schools opted for ICSE Examination, except Tamilnadu where A.S.L.C Examination is conducted by Tamilnadu Education Department.
In 1950, the makers of the Constitution of India, for obvious reason, not only provided for the nomination of two Anglo Indian M.Ps to the Lok Sabha and one Anglo Indian M.L.A to the State Legislatures, but also gave special rights to the Anglo Indian Schools Under Articles 29(1) and 30(1) of the Constitution of India. No other Schools in India is enjoying these rights. However, in Tamil Nadu due to the recent changes in Education policies and approaches, we had to make alternative arrangements for the benefit of foreigners and students speaking other languages. As a result, the Brothers of St.Gabriel, Yercaud Province decided to start a new ICSE school in the Mayfield compound which has hitherto housed the Junior Section of the Montfort A.I.School.This pioneering project was initiated by Bro.George K.J., in the year 2008-2009, and finally took shape in April 2010.As in Montfort, it has all the modern infrastructural facilities. This school is named after Fr.Gabriel Deshayes in order to perpetuate the memory of this great visionary, who is considered as the Second Founder of Montfort Brothers of St.Gabriel.
Gabriel Deshayes was the founder of more than 76 schools. He was the pioneer in the education of physically challenged and differently abled children. In order to remember his contribution for the differently abled, we have included the symbols of 'eye' and 'ear' as one of the School House Symbols.
The three House Symbols given below also suggest how we have to exploit the use of our senses and acquire the insight into everything we learn so that we will move from knowledge to the realms of wisdom.
Jesus said " I am the light of the world" John 8:12. He also asserted "you are the light of the world" . Mat 5:14. We are called upon to be "light" like Jesus our Master. All the scientific discoveries' and research on light has not revealed to us the mysteries of light. God is light and is described best as such. All learners and teachers of Deshayes Mount are invited to recognize the existence of the spark of this supreme light deep within them. The image of the 'Sun' in the emblem suggests powerfully the concept of light and how we are lighted to light. The powerfully the concept of light and how we are lighted to light. The mountains represent the Shevaroyan hills challenging the 'Deshayens' to be strong as the mountains with all its characteristics. The tree represents the ecology and our mother earth which stands in need of urgent protection and care. It also giving shelter and fruitfulness. The eagle flying above, teaches us many a lesson challenging us to fly above the dark clouds moving towards the realms of success and achievement. The open book represents the excellent academic pursuit of the students and their quest for knowledge.
The cricket bat and tennis racket represent the importance of sports, games and the physical development of Deshayens - ' A sound mind in a sound body'. The emblem and motto includes many more unexplained and hidden meanings for the readers, to unearth and reflect upon.
Which I have loved long since, and lost awhile..


Johnson wrote five stunning stories about life and death before passing away last year.
"The Largesse of the Sea Maiden," one of the five stories included in Denis Johnson's book of the same name, has emerged as a distinctly aching read in the years since it was first published by The New Yorker in 2014. Divided into 10 sections and centered on an ad agent named Bill Whitman, it's an exquisite portrait of a man contending with late middle age, humanely reflecting on past experiences and relationships — both fleeting and pivotal — as they come to him. He revisits his friendship with an eccentric painter who took his own life; he describes his distant relationship with his wife, after mournfully atoning for his previous marital sins with a dying ex. He presents himself as a man implicitly preparing for his final act in life.
Johnson, it turned out, would write this character and tell this story in his own final act. The award-winning author died last May from liver cancer, shortly after he'd completed The Largesse of the Sea Maiden: a masterful original story collection which is now being published posthumously. That it takes the name of this specific tale, about reflection and closure — and about a man who, like Johnson, was twice-divorced — is not only fitting. In "Largesse," Johnson fully recreates a life lived, however occasionally sorrowful or dull or strange. He narrows the figurative distance between author and reader, offering a sharpened sense of the finite that's felt across every page.
Johnson has never been short on acclaim, of course: His 1992 short story collection Jesus' Son is a landmark of American fiction, his 2007 novel Tree of Smoke won the National Book Award, and before all that, in 1981, he won the National Poetry Series Award. Further, it wouldn't be inaccurate to say that, with this book, Johnson has only cemented his status as one of his generation's greatest writers. This would be true even if he were still with us: Each story in Largesse is weighted by an astonishing humanity, a generosity of spirit that's evened out by lyrical dissections of time's passage and the mysteries of connection. But in the aftermath of Johnson's death, absorbing this particular work makes for an especially cathartic experience.
Indeed, it's not just "Largesse" that has an eye on mortality, or a mission to find a kind of jagged peace. There are narrative patterns between each of the five stories which powerfully unify the book in theme and feeling. Many of them feature protagonists meditating on the people who matter — or mattered, at one point — the most to them in their lives: a self-destructive man recovering in rehab writes letters to his loved ones in "The Starlight on Idaho"; a convict makes new acquaintances in prison while recalling, with macabre humility, on those he's lost in "Strangler Bob"; and most poignantly, an aging writer hallucinates those he once knew who have since died in "Triumph Over the Grave." The memories of people beyond their grasp range from wistful to caustic to surreal.
Tellingly, these characters ruminate on their encounters with art in profound and edifying ways. "All through his house were scattered twigs and feathers possessing a mysterious significance, rocks that had spoken to him, stumps of driftwood whose faces he recognized," Bill so vividly remembers of Tony Fido, his painter friend who killed himself, in "Largesse." "And in any direction, his canvases like windows opening onto lightning and smoke, ranks of crimson demons and flying angels, gravestones on fire, and scrolls, chalices, torches, swords." In "Triumph," meanwhile, gothic imagery emanates out of the protagonist's fixation on a novelist, who at one point locks eyes with the dead family members scattered on his vast Texas ranch. For Johnson's characters, art and storytelling provide windows of understanding into human nature; it's a lovely and timeless sentiment, one that was no doubt shared by the author himself.


text:
Why Art is Better than Opera for Networking
December 3, 2009 by Marion Maneker
The Wall Street Journal explains the penchant for hitting up wealthy Americans for support to European cultural institutions. It turns out that Contemporary art vies with Opera for the esteem of plutocrats. But Art wins in the end. Here's why:
Iconic cultural institutions like the Tate, the Mariinsky and the Louvre all have set up American or international "friends groups" in the last decade, in part to cash in on donations coming from the U.S. and to allow American supporters to take advantage of domestic tax write-offs.
"They have focused much more on the overseas market, and particularly the American market, since about 2000," said Richard Busby, chief executive of BDS Sponsorship Ltd., a consultancy based in the U.K. that specializes in funding in the culture and leisure sectors. Mr. Busby said he was seeing a particular shift among cultural organizations in continental Europe, which, with a few exceptions, are catching up to the U.K. and the U.S. in terms of developing robust fundraising operations.
The increased importance of private funding has opened up more opportunities for donors. Most cultural organizations offer trips, special exhibitions, tailored lunches and tours, as well as galas or concerts to individuals who open their hearts — and their wallets — to support projects.
That also means opportunities for networking. "The research I've seen shows that opera and contemporary art are the two most popular among captains of industry and politicians," Mr. Busby said. "If you go to a concert, the networking opportunities are much more limited than they are in museums or galleries, where you can stand around and have a glass of wine in front of the works of art and still talk to people."
The Culture of Giving (Wall Street Journal)
London Art Fair Sales Report
Christie's London Imp/Mod Day = £21.46m
Artelligence Podcast (Encore): Miro & the Modern Market
Can the Top of the Art Market Be Safe with All of the Manipulation?
Ivan Karp
ArtBasel's Essential Role in the Growth of Miami
Filed Under: Museums


Look through the profiles of Member users that have joined Providence Chat City that are associated with Dog Lover. Meeting other singles that have like minded interests is an ideal way to find things to do on a first date. Register for a Totally Free Account to Find your perfect match!


Sport, Gender and Ethnicity: Practises of Symbolic Inclusion/exclusion.
In this paper symbolic inclusion/exclusion processes in sport with respect to gender and ethnicity among adolescents (n = 1025) are analyzed from a social-critical perspective. It was found that sport participation preferences of young people are still influenced by dominant normative gendered and racial/ethnic images. Sport can serve not only as an agent of integration among youth, but is also used to differentiate and discriminate. On one hand sport participation is less predictable with respect to gender, due for example to interactions with ethnicity. Although ethnic minority girls participate the least in sport, 'black,' traditional 'masculine' sports such as soccer and fighting/self-defense are valued relative highly. On the other hand, the data show that especially the male adolescents symbolically exclude girls from 'masculine' sports such as soccer; in addition for both ethnic minority and majority boys the fear of being labelled as a 'sissy' works as a strong mechanism of self-exclusion from participation in traditional 'feminine' sports. However, stereotypical normative images are not only confirmed through sport (participation), but also continually challenged.KEY WORDS: sport; symbolic exclusion; gender; ethnicity.


text:
HomeAboutCategoriesSpeaker SearchContact
Benjamin Shapiro was born in 1984. He entered UCLA at the age of 16 and graduated summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa in June 2004 with a BA in Political Science. He graduated Harvard Law School cum laude in June 2007.
Shapiro was hired by Creators Syndicate at age 17 to become the youngest nationally syndicated columnist in the U.S. His columns are printed in major newspapers and websites includingTownhall.com, ABCNews.com, WorldNetDaily.com, Human Events, FrontPageMag.com, FamilySecurityMatters.com, the Riverside Press-Enterprise and the Conservative Chronicle. His columns have also appeared in the Christian Science Monitor, Chicago Sun-Times, Orlando Sentinel, Honolulu Star-Advertiser, RealClearPolitics.com, Arizona Republic, and Claremont Review of Books, among others. He has been the subject of articles in the Wall Street Journal, the New York Times, Associated Press, and Christian Science Monitor; he has been quoted on "The Rush Limbaugh Show," "The Dr. Laura Show," at CBSNews.com, in the New York Press, in the Washington Times, and in The American Conservative Magazine, among many others.
The author of the national bestsellers, Brainwashed: How Universities Indoctrinate America's Youth (WND Books, May 2004), Porn Generation: How Social Liberalism Is Corrupting Our Future(Regnery, June 2005), and Project President: Bad Hair and Botox on the Road to the White House (Thomas Nelson, 2008), Shapiro has appeared on hundreds of radio and television shows around the nation, including "The O'Reilly Factor" (Fox News), "Fox and Friends" (Fox News), "In the Money" (CNN Financial), "DaySide with Linda Vester" (Fox News), "Scarborough Country" (MSNBC), "The Dennis Miller Show" (CNBC), "Fox News Live" (Fox News Channel), "Glenn Beck Show" (CNN), "Your World with Neil Cavuto" (Fox News) and "700 Club" (Christian Broadcasting Network), "The Laura Ingraham Show," "The Michael Medved Show," "The G. Gordon Liddy Show," "The Rusty Humphries Show," "The Lars Larson Show" (nationally syndicated), "The Larry Elder Show," The Hugh Hewitt Show," "The Dennis Prager Show," among others.
Shapiro is married and currently runs Benjamin Shapiro Legal Consulting, based in Los Angeles. He is Editor-At-Large of Breitbart.com, and Shillman Fellow at the Freedom Center.
Brainwashed: How Universities Indoctrinate America's Youth
Porn Generation: How Social Liberalism Is Corrupting Our Future
The Silent Minority and the Consequences of Doing Nothing
"Ben proved to be one of the most engaging speakers we have had in our four year history of running the Congressional Fellowship program. As a young conservative Ben was able to provide unique insight and invaluable assistance to over 70 Hill staffers on ways to discuss and debate key issues with liberals."
--Charissa Kersten, Congressional Fellowship program
Books by this Speaker
Project President: Bad Hair and Botox on the Road to the White House
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This homemade costume for kids entered our 2011 Halloween Costume Contest.
This costume is 100% Homemade! It has lights and sounds too! The costume is made out of a garbage can, bowl mounted to a bike helmet and plastic downspouts for the legs. The battery operated speakers played a loop of downloaded r2d2 sounds on the ipod and the lights are all battery operated dollar store lights! The details are craft foam cut into the proper shapes!
that is amazing omg so cool!!!
Would you be willing to make one for my son and if so, how much would you charge for it?
Can you tell me what you used at the bottom of the downspouts?
Love it! Where can I buy this?
Love it. Would you be able to make one for my son and how much would it cost?
How much would this costume cost for a six year old?
Do you have instructions on how to make this including material list?


In January I was lucky enough to be in the UK and caught up with Aussie dancer Adam Scown who now calls London home. So just what is it really like to be living and dancing abroad? I had a chat with 25 year old Adam to find out!
Christine: So Adam – how long have you been living and working in London now?
Adam: I moved to London in May of 2007 – so in total 2 ½ years now (with a couple of visits back home for a month or so).
Christine: What made you decide to leave Sydney and try your luck in the UK?
Adam: I recall visiting a friend in the UK back in 2003 and knew that I wanted to come back and work here. But at that time I didn't know if it was something I really wanted or a spur of the moment thought. So I continued to work extensively back home in Australia in all aspects of the dance industry. Then there came a time when I wanted the feeling of being challenged more – so I packed up and made the move to London.
Christine: Had you done any professional gigs before leaving Oz?
Adam: Yeah I had done loads of jobs in Musical Theatre including Boy From Oz (with Hugh Jackman), Oh What A Night, Aloft and Grease. I also did some film & tv including Bootmen, Oscar and Lucinda (with Cate Blanchett), a role on Home and Away and worked with choreographer Kelley Abbey on Happy Feet. As well as that I did a lot of commercial gigs, working with different choreographers which proved a bonus for me when I moved to the UK as I was able to adjust to all different styles of dance.
I would have to say that moving to London with so much previous experience definitely helped!
Christine: So what have you been up to over here?
Adam: Well when I first arrived it was extremely daunting. I couldn't believe I had finally made the decision to move and that I was actually here. In the past 2 ½ years my career has focused mainly on musical theatre and I've done shows such as Dirty Dancing, High School Musical, I played the lead role in Oh What A Night, and was part of the original cast of a brand new musical called Hell-sing. I've also done a few things on tv including a spot on a show called Octavia, as well as being a choreographer on Don't Tell the Bride. I've done lots of photo shoots for upcoming swimwear labels/designers, as well as editorial shoots. So there's definitely lots of variety! Commercial gigs are also happening for me too so I guess there's a lot of opportunity over here in all aspects of the industry. But there's just as much competition too.
Christine: You studied at Brent St Studios in Sydney for many years, how do you think the training there has helped you find work over here?
Adam: I did train at Brent St for a number of years and all in all I would say the most beneficial aspect that aided me more than anything was the amount of male teachers I got to learn from. Their influence was huge! I think these days it's so important that men dance like men and Brent St exposed me to so many strong male choreographers. I learnt a great deal from them and have used it to my advantage over here in the UK.
Christine: How did you go about getting the appropriate visas to work in the UK? Was it difficult? And how did you find an agent?
Adam: I was quite lucky actually in regards to the whole visa issue. Many Australians who work in the UK seem to have problems with it and their time here is limited. Being half Italian though, I managed to obtain an Italian/European passport, which allows me to work for the rest of my life both here in the UK and in Europe. It definitely is a luxury. It took a little while to obtain the required documents from my parents and their parents but it was definitely worth the hard work!
In as far as getting an agent, I had a few friends who were already in the industry over here and they gave me a short-list of great agents who were worthwhile being with. There is a book titled 'Contacts' which is available in the UK which lists all of the agents in film, tv, commercial dance and musical theatre. It provides lots of helpful information, but knowing who's good or not is a hard task. Here in the UK you can have as many commercial dance agents as you want, but in musical theatre only single representation is allowed. This allows the agent to focus on you solely as an individual and to push you for auditions in the genres of dance you're strongest in.
Christine: What do you think are the biggest differences working in the UK to working in Australia?
Adam: One of the major differences I've noticed, especially in regards to musical theatre is that in Australia you go for an audition and if you're perfect for the show talent wise then you get it. Whereas here in the UK, each show requires different and specific looks etc and with the wide array of people around they can be a lot more picky! If they want a blonde haired blue eyed person then they will get one -no matter how talented you may be. I guess you have to fit the mould as they say.
I've also noticed that here in the UK they can take quite a while to cast shows. They can take months. It can be quite nerve racking waiting to find out if you've got a show over such a period of time!
Christine: What advice would you have for someone wanting to pursue a career in the performing arts in London?
Adam: I would absolutely say go for it. Whether I was going to succeed or fall flat on my face – at least I had the guts to say I tried. My advice would be to gather every bit of information needed before you head over. Like agents details, know who you want to have meetings with, sort out your bank account( which can either be done in Australia before leaving or done here in the UK) and most importantly know what you want to set out to achieve and trust that you can achieve it. I won't lie, it definitely takes a little while. You don't just land a job straight away. It really depends on how patient you are and how much you're determined to succeed.
Having said that – now that I am here and working, London has given me more confidence and enabled me to know within myself my strengths and weaknesses as a performer.
Christine: Do you think it is important to be able to sing?
Adam: If you want to come over and concentrate on commercial dance, then no, it's not that important. But if musical theatre is what you're after then being able to sing well is definitely a bonus. I have found that the UK has overall stronger singers. I guess you don't have to have the most amazing voice, but having confidence in your own abilities vocally would be a plus for sure.
Christine: I have been told that there is a much broader range of work available in the UK – for example trade shows, hair shows in Europe etc – have you found that to be the case?
Adam: That definitely is the case. Trade shows, bridal shows, hair shows and other corporate events are a big part of the commercial dance scene. These pop up on a regular basis and offer dancers a lot of work. These jobs happen in the UK and all around Europe so it offers dancers a great way to travel across Europe and discover different places whilst being paid to do it. So it's a bonus for sure.
Musical theatre provides the same as you have plenty of shows in the West End which are always casting at different points in the year. You also have touring musicals which travel around the UK as well as internationally, giving dancers and actors a chance to see different places.
In comparison the Australian market/industry is quite small and limited. The UK provides an expansive array of work opportunities, so you can potentially have a better chance of work in all aspects of the industry depending on what you want to pursue.
Christine: What qualities do you think make one dancer more employable than others?
Adam: I think these attributes can vary depending on the job and what's being cast. All in all a dancer with personality and an individual warmth makes a unique performer. Obviously being technically great at your art is necessary but having that something extra like being able to flip or break dance or having an individual flair can separate you from the crowd.
Christine: What advice would you give about going to auditions? How can you stand out and get the job?
Adam: Auditions are always daunting no matter what they are for. I still hate them to this day. But the one bit of advice I'd give is to know your own ability and to go out there and bust out. Having confidence in yourself definitely shows and it helps big time. One of the worst things people do is check out the competition within the room and compare themselves to others. Stay focused on yourself and use each stage of the audition process as a stepping stone to obtaining the job!
As far as standing out amongst the crowd, just be strong and be likeable. No-one wants to wok with unprofessional people.
If you have confidence in yourself then the people judging will grow to have confidence in you as well.
Christine: What do you love the most about living and working in London?
Adam: I absolutely love the lifestyle more than anything. The constant hustle and bustle and fast pace has made my time here fly by. I love the opportunities that are given here for dancers and the amount of work that's available at your finger tips. It's up to the individual to get out there and grab the jobs.
Another perk of living in London is the fact it's so close to Europe and traveling can be quite cheap and not that far. In between jobs I've managed to get away on holiday a few times and visit places I've never been to. Traveling is one of my favourite things to do.
Christine: What do you miss the most about being away from Australia?
Adam: Wow where do I start? There are so many things I miss. Obviously my parents and family. As I come from a close knit family being away gets difficult at times as your parents aren't around the corner. Being half Italian I miss my Nonna's cooking and all the Italian food she makes. And I miss my friends and just the usual people I work with back home.
One of the biggest things I miss is the sunshine and warmth of Australia. The quality of life is a lot better back home and to just wake up in the morning without having to put loads of layers of clothing on would be nice. Hopefully I will be able to come back home soon enough to visit and enjoy all the comforts of Aussie life. I definitely wouldn't change a thing in regards to moving to the UK though. Regrets I definitely don't have any!
Christine: Well thanks so much Adam for taking the time out to have a chat today. It has been great to catch up! Keep me posted and perhaps we can chat to you again in the future and see what you are up to next!
So – there you have it guys. The low down from someone living and working in London.
If you have any questions – drop me a line and I can find you an answer from Adam or one of the many other Aussie dancers taking on London!
WHATEVER YOU ARE DOING – DO IT WITH PASSION!


A pillar of Hong Kong trade, 1842-established Abdoolally Ebrahim Group is in the process of transforming itself. Key moves include developing several trading divisions, including Commodities, Textiles, Design Services (Imagineering) and Housewares.
"The biggest change is one that has been taking place over the past two years, which is the move away from a family business and the adoption of a more formal corporate approach," says Housewares Division CEO, Taha J. Ebrahim. "As I will also assume responsibility as CEO for the whole group in January 2008, I have appointed a COO for the Housewares division."
A great, great-grandson of the prime mover of this esteemed firm, Mr Ebrahim says he will also take especially close interest in a new design studio. "The design studio is important to us," he asserts. "Previously, we employed various designers. Now, we have a chief designer and an entire team."
One aim of the design studio is to shorten the new product development cycle. "Many customers have been frustrated that management of their projects appears slow," Mr Ebrahim continues.
"While our business is predominantly OEM, we try to accelerate project management time by having engineers in the office carefully review drawings from customers to see if we need to tweak them. This is done long before the factory staff have given us their responses, so we are already actively involved," he adds.
The approach seems to be paying dividends as the houseware industry has started to accept Abdoolally Ebrahim Housewares Ltd as a capable design source. "Buying firms now look to us to design for them in a process that I call ODM-for-OEM," Mr Ebrahim smiles.
"To emphasise, today we are a total solutions provider. For example, a customer might have a rough concept but doesn't know precisely how it will turn out. We have the expertise and the specialists to advise them," he continues. "We can also provide stimulating inputs, which makes us an active partner in the process rather than a mere supplier."
Abdoolally's houseware lines came on stream in 1961, and initial products were stainless steel hollowware such as teapots, coffeepots, and flatware.
"We have always been strong in OEM," Mr Ebrahim says. "In the 1960s we supplied British brands, followed by German brands in the 1970s. In the 1980s we added Japanese firms to our list of OEMs, followed by Italian, French, Spanish and US brands in the 1990s."
As a result of all this activity, Abdoolally today supplies housewares to more than 50 major brand names worldwide. "The products of about 20 of these firms are at the high- to luxury-end of the market," he adds. "In fact, most of the products we export are in the mid- to high-end range."
Statistically, open items are supplied by a carefully vetted network of some 100 vendors on the Chinese mainland and in India. This business accounts for about 15% of trade. OEM projects contribute about 65%. "ODM-for-OEM chips in 10%, a figure that is matched by sales from our own ODM/in-house design studio," says the CEO.
In terms of supply segments, Abdoolally despatches about 75% of production to the retail trade and the balance to professional markets such as the hotel and catering trade.
"It is clear that we do not own or operate factories. However, the big plus is that we can go anywhere and to anyone to manufacture our lines," says the CEO. "We favour several well-established client factories, but can choose among them at will. This brings about total neutrality when selecting a firm for a particular job, and leads to best possible project management."
Personnel back-up is also important. "Each person and task is fully covered, and things are now much more organised," he says. "It is a question of scale. Whereas one man can only do so much, a team can run like a well-oiled machine."
Sometimes, a healthy sign of good business is the physical expansion of the floor space required to run it. "We purchased Abdoolally House in 1920, and our own requirements have moved from two floors some five years ago to more than six floors today," the CEO explains.
Yet, despite its obvious success, Abdoolally still seeks long-term business relationships. "Our word is our bond, that is our mission statement," Mr Ebrahim stresses. "For us business is about people and relationships, and working well together. Trust is at the root of our success."
With such good ethics at work, the corporate future of the revamped Abdoolally Ebrahim Group looks both assured and in safe hands.


text:
Q: Login always returns invalid password using flask, sql alchemy, and python I've been following a Python web tutorial (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dam0GPOAvVI) that has a login/logout/signup feature. I'm able to have new accounts sign up, but when they try to log in, I receive my error message that there is an incorrect password.
Here's where I create the login:
@auth.route('/Login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    if request.method == 'POST':
        email = request.form.get('email')
        password = request.form.get('password')

        user = User.query.filter_by(email=email).first()
        if user:
            if check_password_hash(user.password, password):
                flash('Logged in successfully!', category='success')
                login_user(user, remember=True)
                return redirect(url_for('views.home'))
            else:
                flash('Incorrect password, try again.', category='error')
        else:
            flash('Email does not exist.', category='error')

    return render_template("login.html", user=current_user)

Along with my database file:

class User(db.Model, UserMixin):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(150), unique=True)
    password = db.Column(db.String(150))
    firstName = db.Column(db.String(150))
    JournalEntry = db.relationship('JournalEntry')
    Task = db.relationship('Task')

If needed, here's my init file:

db = SQLAlchemy()
DB_NAME = "database.db"

def create_app():
    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.config['SECRET_KEY'] = 'Hi Mr Sea'
    app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = f'sqlite:///{DB_NAME}'
    db.init_app(app)

    from .views import views
    from .auth import auth
    from .TaskList_App import TaskList

    app.register_blueprint(views, url_prefix='/')
    app.register_blueprint(auth, url_prefix='/')

    from .databases import User, JournalEntry, Task

    create_db(app)

    login_manager = LoginManager()
    login_manager.login_view = 'auth.login'
    login_manager.init_app(app)

    @login_manager.user_loader
    def load_user(id):
        return User.query.get(int(id))

    return app

def create_db(app):
    if not path.exists('website/' + DB_NAME):
        db.create_all(app=app)
        print('Created DB!')

The error message I receive [tells me that the password is incorrect even though I know I created an account and have entered the correct password. 1 My guess is that somewhere, the password I enter isn't saved and therefore cannot be used for login, although I've looked through my code and haven't seen anywhere this could happen. I'm very new to Flask, Python, and SQL, so apologies if this is a really easy problem!
EDIT: Here's the sign-up function where the account is created and the password is created for an account.
@auth.route('/Sign-up', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def sign_up():
    if request.method == 'POST':
        email = request.form.get('email')
        firstName = request.form.get('firstName')
        password1 = request.form.get('password1')
        password2 = request.form.get('password2')

        user = User.query.filter_by(email=email).first()
        if user:
            flash('Email already exists.', category='error')
        elif len(email) < 4:
            flash('Email must be greater than 3 characters.', category='error')
        elif len(firstName) < 2:
            flash('First name must be greater than 1 character.', category='error')
        elif password1 != password2:
            flash('Passwords don\'t match.', category='error')
        elif len(password1) < 7:
            flash('Password must be at least 7 characters.', category='error')
        else:
            new_user = User(email=email, firstName=firstName, password=generate_password_hash(
                password1, method='sha256'))
            db.session.add(new_user)
            db.session.commit()
            login_user(new_user, remember=True)
            flash('Account created!', category='success')
            return redirect(url_for('views.home'))

    return render_template("Sign-up.html", user=current_user)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
October 02, 2013 2:00pm PT by Lesley Goldberg
'Wilfred' Renewed for Fourth and Final Season on FXX
10 p.m. on FX
Is Ryan crazy? Is Wilfred real? Can you get a contact high just from watching? Odds are none of these questions will be answered in season three.
The Jason Gann and Elijah Wood comedy will move to the younger-skewing cable network, with David Zuckerman returning as co-showrunner.
FX has renewed Wilfred for a fourth and final season -- on FXX.
The series about a pot-smoking dog (Jason Gann) who appears as a human in a dog costume to Elijah Wood's Ryan will be moved to younger-skewing cable network FXX following a low-rated third season that saw former showrunner David Zuckerman appeal to fans on Twitter to watch the series live.
Zuckerman, who developed the adaptation and served as showrunner for its first two seasons, will also return to oversee day-to-day operations on the dark comedy after reducing his role for a year. He'll now serve as co-showrunner alongside season-three showrunners Reed Agnew and Eli Jorne, who have been with the series since season one. (For their part, the duo also set up the Damon Wayans Jr.-Jason Winer comedy Man/Child at Fox, which picked up the buddy comedy with a pilot production commitment.)
PHOTOS: Faces of Fall TV 2013
Wilfred -- which will come back for 10 episodes, off from its typical 13 order -- was down considerably among total viewers in its recently concluded third season. Season two averaged 1.16 million total viewers, while season three ended with an average of 580,000 total viewers.
Wilfred will join It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, Legit, The League and talk show Totally Biased With W. Kamau Bell on FXX, which caters to adults 18-34. In renewing the series last year for its third season, FX noted that the comedy's median viewer age hovers around 36. The renewal and move comes as FX/FXX looks to grow from 13 original series to 25 over the next couple of years under FX Networks CEO John Landgraf.
With its third season, the philosophical comedy eclipsed the Australian series on which it's based. Fiona Gubelmann and Dorian Brown co-star.
E-mail: Lesley.Goldberg@THR.com
Twitter: @Snoodit


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text:
Pope.L at the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis
Radical Presence: Black Performance in Contemporary Art
July 24, 2014 - January 4, 2015
This groundbreaking exhibition is the first comprehensive survey of performance art by black artists working from the perspective of the visual arts from the 1960s to the present. While black performance has been largely contextualized as an extension of theater, visual artists have integrated performance into their work for more than five decades, generating an important history that has gone largely unrecognized until now.
Presenting a rich and complex look at this important facet of contemporary art, the exhibition chronicles the emergence and development of black performance art across three generations, beginning with Fluxus and conceptual art in the early 1960s through present-day practices.
Featuring more than 100 works by some 36 artists, Radical Presence: Black Performance in Contemporary Art includes video and photo documentation of performances, scores and installations, interactive works, and artworks created as a result of performative actions. A dynamic range of performances, actions, and discussions accompany the exhibition's run at the Walker. Catalogue available. Radical Presence contains mature subject matter.
Organized by the Contemporary Arts Museum Houston.
Curator: Valerie Cassel Oliver, Senior Curator, Contemporary Arts Museum Houston (CAMH)
Walker coordinating curator: Fionn Meade
Radical Presence: Black Performance in Contemporary Art is organized by the Contemporary Arts Museum Houston.
The exhibition is supported by generous grants from The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, the National Endowment for the Arts and the patrons, benefactors and donors to CAMH's Major Exhibition Fund. The catalogue accompanying the exhibition is made possible by a grant from The Brown Foundation, Inc.
The Walker Art Center's presentation is made possible by generous support from Angela and Tom Wicka.
Walker Art Center
Pope.L


text:
Tag: narnia
Narnia found!
Michael Ignatieff recently filmed some relatively bland ads where he told us that Canada needs to reach out India and China and make the new green jobs of tomorrow. The ads were largely panned as too light and I speculate that they served to re-introduce the Liberal leader through a softer lens rather than allow the Tories to solely define Ignatieff as "Just Visiting". Andrew Coyne joked that the ads looked like they were filmed in Narnia, and I was only too happy to take the meme and run with it.
Today, I'm pleased to report that Narnia has been located! The ads were shot at Cherry Beach in… wait for it… downtown Toronto. As critics rip into Michael Ignatieff for taking his advice from a tight circle of downtown Toronto Liberal advisers, as the Liberal leader appears out of touch with Quebec (let alone the rest of Canada), and as the Liberal Party is lovingly dubbed the Liberal Party of Toronto by both its detractors and realist supporters, Michael Ignatieff shoots his definition ad in downtown Toronto.
Michael Ignatieff in Narnia? Algonquin park? The hundred-acre wood?
Michael Ignatieff's new favourite park. Cherry Beach in downtown Toronto.
Michael Ignatieff once famously said "The only thing I missed about Canada was Algonquin Park", it appears that Ignatieff doesn't miss it too much these days as he couldn't be bothered to drive more than 3km from the airport, or 15 minutes from Rosedale or Yorkville.
Michael Ignatieff tells us that we need to reach out to India and China, while he himself is loathe to reach out past his Toronto bunker. Ignatieff tells us that we need to create green jobs as he lectures us from a park located on an man-made island peninsula in Toronto.
Posted on September 29, 2009 Categories OtherTags just for fun, just visiting, michael ignatieff, narnia, video
Michael Ignatieff's new ad – a parody
We now join Michael Ignatieff in the enchanted woods where he has returned — after what he perceived as an insignificant flash of time — to rule this fabled land decade upon decades after his departure.
(thanks to Andrew Coyne for some inspiration)
Posted on September 7, 2009 Categories OtherTags andrew coyne, just for fun, just visiting, michael ignatieff, narnia


Alesso dropped his latest hit single, "REMEDY," just a few days after signing to Universal Music Group's 10:22 pm imprint in late August 2018. The Swedish DJ recruited British singer-songwriter Conor Maynard to provide vocals for the lovelorn track, which has tallied over 50 million Spotify streams in less than two months. Alesso recently sat down with Genius to reveal how he produced the track.
Check out the full Deconstructed episode above to learn more about how the song was made, and read all the lyrics to Alesso's "REMEDY" on Genius now.


Balan, P., Han, K-S., Rutherfurd-Markwick, K., Singh, H and Moughan, P J.
Predicted apparent digestion of energy-yielding nutrients differs between the upper and lower digestive tracts in rats and humans.
Coles, L.T., Moughan, P J., Awati, A., Darragh, A.J., and Zou, M.L.
Using confocal laser scanning microscopy to probe the milk fat globule membrane and associated proteins.
Gallier, S., Gragson, D., Jimenez-Flores, R., Everett, D.
High methoxyl pectin/apple particles composite gels: Effect of particle size and particle concentration on mechanical properties and gel structure.
Genovese, D.B., Ye, A., and Singh, H.
Actinidin enhances protein digestion in the small intestine as assessed using an in vitro digestion model.
Kaur, L., Rutherfurd, S.M., Moughan, P.J., Drummond, L. and Boland, M.J.
Actinidin enhances gastric protein digestion as assessed using an in vitro gastric digestion model.
Characterization of gastric electrical activity using magnetic field measurements: A simulation study.
Kim, J.H.K., Bradshaw, L.A., Pullan, A.J., Cheng, L.K.
Nutritional value of high-fat oat groats fed to weaned pigs.
Leterme, P., Montoya, C., and Rossnagel, B.
Gut commensal Lactobacillus reuteri 100-23 stimulates an immunoregulatory response.
Livingston, M., Loach, D., Wilson, M., Tannock, G. W., and Baird, M.
Rheological behaviour of high-concentration sodium caseinate dispersions.
Loveday, S. M., Rao, M. A., Creamer, L. K. and Singh, H.