text:
Sports Apparel Doesn't Always Fit Wheelchair Athletes. This Designer Wants to Change That
An elite runner with Olympic genes created a collection just for Paralympians as the capstone project for her master's degree.
By Cindy Kuzma
Layla Alazawy
In an effort to make the country's fastest runners even faster, Team USA's running uniforms for the 2016 Rio Olympics featured a detail called AeroBlades—small triangles raised off the clothing, which were designed to better channel air flow around the athlete.
However, this feature was not compatible with some of the speediest team members of all: the wheelchair racers. In 2016, Paralympians had also received tights with AeroBlades, but the raised bumps wouldn't squeeze into the snug fit between their bodies and their racing chairs. Many turned the tights inside out or didn't wear them at all.
This fact startled Sarah Klecker, who uncovered it while doing research for her master's project in sports product design at the University of Oregon.
Klecker's original aim with her master's project was to create apparel that made Paralympians more aerodynamic. But when she started talking with elite wheelchair athletes—including Yen Hoang, a gold medalist in the 800 meters at the 2019 Parapan Games—it turns out the AeroBlades issue was only one example of the disconcerting disconnect between para-athletes and performance apparel.
"Here you are, one of the best athletes in the world, and you're given this uniform that is very clearly not designed for you and the intricacies of your sport," Klecker told Runner's World.
This became the basis for her capstone project, one that would lead her to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where many of the sport's top athletes train under coach Adam Bleakney, himself a Paralympic silver medalist. Klecker visited the campus in January, and Bleakney educated her on the history of wheelchair racing and set her up in a chair to get a feel for what athletes call "pushing."
He Just May Be the World's Best Wheelchair Racer
She also saw the space where elite racer Arielle Rausin, who founded Ingenium Manufacturing, 3D-prints stiff, custom-fit racing gloves that wheelchair racers use to power themselves to victory. (With demand down due to COVID-19, Ingenium has pivoted to producing masks—and thanks to a grant from the Craig H. Neilsen Foundation, is sending them to athletes and others with spinal cord injuries around the country.)
Klecker sat down with Susannah Scaroni, a two-time Paralympian who came in seventh in the marathon in Rio in 2016 and qualified for next summer's Tokyo Games at the 2019 Chicago Marathon.
"I was thinking to myself, 'Well, I've never considered it difficult finding things I need.' So I wasn't sure she would find enough for her project," Scaroni told Runner's World. "Talking through these things, we realized apparel is actually huge in the sport. Everything needs to be really tight-fitting. We want our racing chair basically to be an extension of us, so we don't lose any force or power when we're training."
Not long after Klecker's Illinois visit and her midterm presentation to update her progress, the COVID-19 pandemic prevented her from returning to school from her home in Minnetonka, Minnesota, where she was spending her spring break. But her work continued.
Her professor shipped her patterns and supplies, and she used some of her materials budget for a sewing machine. A corner of her family's basement transformed into a makeshift studio, where she hoped to remedy the issues faced by Rausin, Hoang, and Scaroni.
Klecker started by designing snug tights using slick fabrics, far easier for sliding into the tight space of a racing chair. She crafted three-quarter-length arm sleeves using fabric laced with Kevlar yarn, which would protect athletes' inner biceps from sweat and chafing in warmer conditions like those predicted in Tokyo.
There was also a high-neck tank that provided ample coverage. "We're sitting on our knees," Scaroni said. "With most of the USA gear we get, there's a lot of cleavage. That's not great for pictures."
Another problem athletes face is precipitation. Typical rain jackets don't allow the upper-body mobility required to perform optimally. In the famously torrential 2018 Boston Marathon, wheelchair racers wore trash bags to stay dry, Rausin said.
Thanks to a fabric donation from Gore-Tex, Klecker designed and created a weatherproof jacket that was longer in the back than the front, to accommodate wheelchair racers' positioning. It's stretchy across the chest, arms, and upper back to allow full range of motion but tight around the waist and arms to avoid bunching in the chair or sleeves catching in wheels. Instead of bulky pockets in the front, she included a small one on the sleeve for keys.
The final piece was racing gloves—a piece as essential to wheelchair athletes as shoes are to standing runners. In fact, Klecker brought principles she'd learned from a footwear design class, plus years of experience working in running specialty stores, to her design.
Working with Rausin on 3D-printing, she flared out the foam to keep racers' wrists in a more neutral state, a design she hoped would reduce overuse injuries like wrist tendinitis.
Rausin was used to focusing her designs more on performance than injury prevention. At first, she worried that the flare would get stuck on the edge of her wheel. "But I used it and it was great," she said.
Rausin was also a big fan of the soft "lobster gloves" Klecker crafted to fit underneath them and keep their fingers warm—a task for which Scaroni had previously used "finger socks" snipped off from regular gloves.
"For Sarah to have a professionally sewn thing that we could wear that would protect us and keep us warm and was comfortable—that was really, really cool," Rausin said.
Finally, although the athletes hadn't necessarily mentioned it, Klecker also honed in on performance aesthetics. "There's so much emotion and psychology tied up in putting on a uniform," she said.
To inform her visuals, Klecker sifted through her mom's Olympic memorabilia—Janis Klecker won the 1992 Olympic Marathon Trials and competed in the Barcelona Games. Klecker was struck by how proud athletes must feel to wear their country's insignia. However, because that was imprinted on the chest, it wasn't visible when wheelchair racers competed. So, she placed it down the back of the tank instead.
She also added high-performance design touches—a logo on the side, an iridescent piece that would flicker in the sun or under stadium lights—to the racing gloves.
To add a fun touch to the traditional red, white, and blue, she included a magenta pop on the gloves and along the sleeves of the jacket, inspired by the magenta Polo jacket athletes wore in the 1992 opening ceremonies.
Once her prototypes were complete, Klecker sent them to Rausin and Scaroni for a virtual fitting. When it became apparent her final presentation would be online, she shipped finished versions back and hired local photographer Layla Alazawy to snap some images for her slides.
Klecker presented her capstone collection—which she called "Velox," a Latin word meaning "swift"—on a Zoom conference two weeks ago. In addition to rave reviews from Scaroni and Rausin, it was well received by an audience of faculty and apparel company representatives.
With a newly-minted master's degree, Klecker's not yet sure where her post-pandemic job hunt will take her. For now, she has a contract job and freelance work she can do remotely. She hopes to return to Portland soon, and eventually find a full-time position in apparel design.
No matter what, she hopes her project raises awareness of the currently non-existent market for adaptive sports apparel. "It's a space that would make a huge statement in terms of us broadening our cultural perception of what it looks like to be athletes," she said. "Representation has been such a huge issue across the board, whether we're talking about race or gender or ability level. Being able to see yourself reflected in product is important and encouraging."
If any companies do pick up on her efforts, they'd find a willing audience: "A raincoat that has that flex—it's seriously amazing," Rausin said. "Suz and I told her multiple times, 'We will purchase this if you want to make them.'"
Cindy Kuzma Contributing Writer Cindy is a freelance health and fitness writer, author, and podcaster who's contributed regularly to Runner's World since 2013.
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text:
\section{INTRODUCTION}

Quantum information processing (QIP) has attracted considerable attention
over the last years, since it allows one to efficiently solve computational
problems that have no efficient solution in classical computer science \cite%
{Shor,Grover}. Unleashing this potential requires the design of quantum
information processors that control a large number of qubits. Among the
interesting qubit candidates are endohedral fullerenes $^{15}N@C_{60}$ or $%
^{31}P@C_{60}$ \cite{Sta,Har,Suter,Twa,Feng1,Ju} whose decoherence times are
longer than those of most other candidates. Quantum gate operations on these
qubits can be implemented by electron spin resonance (ESR) and nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques.

The endohedral atoms ($^{15}$N or $^{31}$P) have electron spins as well as
nuclear spin degrees of freedom. The electron spins are particularly well
suited for individual addressing, for coupling neighboring qubits, and for
readout. The nuclear spins, in contrast, are not coupled to each other, and
their decoherence time is particularly long. It appears therefore useful to
combine these properties and use the nuclear as well as the electronic spin
for quantum information processing \cite{Har,Suter,Twa,Feng1,Ju}. This
combination can also solve some problems associated with the fact that the
electronic spin is not a two-level system, but has $S=3/2$.

One of the main obstacles for implementing such fullerene-based quantum
computers is the lack, until now, of a single-qubit readout capability \cite%
{Feng2, readout}. Here, we would like to discuss a system that might solve
this difficulty. We consider a row of endohedral fullerenes $^{15}$N@C$_{60}$
or $^{31}$P@C$_{60}$ enclosed in a single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT).
This system has been called fullerene peapod. Such systems have been studied
experimentally \cite{Smi,Pea2}. One of the attractive features of the SWCNT
is that it allows transport of mobile electrons \cite{Pea2}, which could be
used to read out the state of the electron spins in the peapod. This idea is
sketched in Fig. \ref{fig1} where the doped fullerenes are positioned as a
line in a SWCNT. Using the mobile electrons on the SWCNT may help to solve
the problem of the single-spin readout, which was left open in earlier
proposals \cite{Har,Suter,Twa,Feng1,Ju}.

\begin{figure}[tbph]
\includegraphics[width=3.2 in]{fig1}
\caption{(Color online) Schematic setup of $^{31}$P@C$_{60}$@SWCNT system,
where the fullerene molecules $^{31}$P@C$_{60}$ are trapped equidistantly. A
magnetic field gradient, generated by micropatterned wires, is applied. }
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}

Our paper is structured as follows. In Sec. II we present our system
architecture and work through the requirements for implementing universal
quantum computation \cite{Div}. This includes one-qubit and two-qubit
gating, initialization and readout. Sec. III discusses some details that
arise when large quantum registers are implemented. Section IV gives the
requirements that must be met by such an apparatus and discusses some issues
related to its realization. The paper ends with a short summary in Sec. V.

\section{THE \textbf{MODEL}}

\subsection{System and Hamiltonian}

The system that we consider consists of a linear chain of endohedral
fullerenes confined in a SWCNT, as sketched in Fig.\,\ref{fig1}. The $^{31}$%
P nuclear spins represent the qubits, while the electronic spins provide
ancilla qubits for coupling the nuclear spin qubits to each other. Between
gate operations, the electron spin state does not contain quantum
information and we are free to choose the state most suitable to our
purpose. In the following, we will assume that it is in the $m_s = +3/2$
state.

We label the states of the auxiliary qubits $\left\vert 3/2\right\rangle
_{S}=\left\vert \uparrow \right\rangle _{S}$ and $\left\vert
-3/2\right\rangle _{S}=\left\vert \downarrow \right\rangle _{S}$. The states
of the nuclear spins encoding the qubits are $\left\vert 1/2\right\rangle
_{I}=\left\vert \uparrow \right\rangle _{I}$ and $\left\vert
-1/2\right\rangle_{I}=\left\vert \downarrow \right\rangle _{I}$. The system
is placed in a magnetic field oriented along the peapod axis. The $i^\mathrm{%
th}$ qubit experiences a field
\begin{equation*}
\vec{B}_{i}=[B_{0}+\frac{dB}{dz} z_{i}]\vec{e}_{z},
\end{equation*}
where $dB/dz$ is the magnetic field gradient, $\vec{e}_{z}$ is a unit vector
along the axis of the peapod, $z_i$ is the position of the $i^{th}$ qubit
from the origin, and $B_0$ is the strength of the magnetic field at the
origin.

The electronic spins of neighboring molecules interact by dipole-dipole
couplings. In this scheme, we have neglected the C60-SWCNT interaction \cite%
{Oka,Dub}, which are far from the resonance frequency of the electron spin
under our consideration. Experimentally, the C60-SWCNT interaction is not
sufficiently large to account for the observed scanning tunneling
spectroscopy (STS) images \cite{Dub}. As in relevant papers published
previously, we only take the nearest-neighbor interactions into account and
find for the system Hamiltonian
\begin{eqnarray}
H &=&\sum_{i=1}^{N}\{\Omega _{S}^{i}S_{z}^{i}-\Omega
_{I}^{i}I_{z}^{i}+AS_{z}^{i}I_{z}^{i}\}  \notag \\
&&+\sum_{i=1}^{N-1}D_{i,i+1}S_{z}^{i}S_{z}^{i+1},  \label{e.Ham}
\end{eqnarray}%
where the first two terms are the electronic and nuclear Zeeman splitting,
the third term denotes the hyperfine interaction and the last term
represents the secular part of the magnetic dipolar interaction between the
nearest-neighbor electronic spins. The electron spin Larmor frequency is $%
\Omega _{S}^{i}=g\mu _{B}B_{i}$, the nuclear spin Larmor frequency $\Omega
_{I}^{i}=\gamma _{I}B_{i}$, $\mu _{B}$ is the Bohr magneton, $g$ is the Land%
\'{e} g-factor of the electron, $\gamma _{I}$ is the gyromagnetic ratio of
the nucleus, $A$ the hyperfine coupling strength, and $D_{i,i+1}$ is the
nearest-neighbor dipole-dipole coupling strength. We have omitted the
couplings between nuclear spins because they are too small and use frequency
units, where $\hbar =1$. We have truncated the dipolar coupling operator
with respect to the difference of the electron spin Larmor frequencies. The
validity of this approximation depends on the magnetic field gradient and on
the distance between the qubits. For a nearest-neighbor distance of $r=2.91$
nm and a magnetic field gradient of $4\times 10^{5}$ T/m, the relevant
resonance frequencies of the electron spin $\left\vert 3/2\right\rangle
\leftrightarrow \left\vert -3/2\right\rangle $ transitions differ by $97.2$ $%
MHz$, while the coupling strength is of the order of 3 $MHz$. Under these
conditions, the truncation is therefore an excellent approximation.

\subsection{Quantum gate operations for a single fullerene}

\label{s.singleF}

\begin{figure}[tbph]
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth]{fig2}
\caption{Energies of a single endohedral fullerene $^{31}$P@C$_{60}$. }
\label{fig2}
\end{figure}

Consider a single C$_{60}$ molecule in a SWCNT under an external magnetic
field $B_{0}$. The Hamiltonian of Eq. (\ref{e.Ham}) reduces then to
\begin{equation}
H_{1}=\Omega _{S}^{0}S_{z}-\Omega _{I}^{0}I_{z}+AS_{z}I_{z},  \label{e.Ham1}
\end{equation}%
where $\Omega _{S}^{0}=g\mu _{B}B_{0}$ and $\Omega _{I}^{0}=\gamma _{I}B_{0}$%
. For $^{31}$P and $^{15}$N, the hyperfine interaction strength $A/2\pi $
are about $138.4$ $MHz$ and 21.2 $MHz$, respectively \cite{Sta}. For most of
the specific data in the paper, we will use the number from $^{31}$P, but
the concept is equally applicable to both molecules. In a field of $B_{0}=1$
T, the Larmor frequencies of the electron and the $^{31}$P nuclear spins are
$\Omega _{S}^{0}/2\pi \approx 28$ $GHz$ and $\Omega _{I}^{0}/2\pi \approx
17.2$ $MHz$, respectively. Straightforward calculations yield the energies
of the eigenstates as listed in Table I.

\begin{table}[tbp]
\caption{Energies of the spin Hamiltonian (\protect\ref{e.Ham1}). }%
\begin{tabular}{lll}
\hline\hline
\ Nuclear spin & $\ \ $Electron spin & \multicolumn{1}{l}{$\ \ \ \ $Energy \
} \\ \hline
$\ \ \ \ \ \left\vert 1/2\right\rangle _{I}$ & $\ \ \ \ \ \left\vert
3/2\right\rangle _{S}$ & \multicolumn{1}{l}{$\
3\Omega^0_S/2+\Omega^0_I/2-3A/4$} \\
$\ \ \ \ \ \left\vert 1/2\right\rangle _{I}$ & $\ \ \ \ \ \left\vert
1/2\right\rangle _{S}$ & \multicolumn{1}{l}{$\ \Omega^0_S/2+\Omega^0_I/2-A/4$%
} \\
$\ \ \ \ \ \left\vert 1/2\right\rangle _{I}$ & $\ \ \ \ \ \left\vert
-1/2\right\rangle _{S}$ & \multicolumn{1}{l}{$-\Omega^0_S/2+\Omega^0_I/2+A/4$%
} \\
$\ \ \ \ \ \left\vert 1/2\right\rangle _{I}$ & $\ \ \ \ \ \left\vert
-3/2\right\rangle _{S}$ & \multicolumn{1}{l}{$-3\Omega^0_S/2+%
\Omega^0_I/2+3A/4$} \\
$\ \ \ \ \ \left\vert -1/2\right\rangle _{I}$ & $\ \ \ \ \ \left\vert
3/2\right\rangle _{S}$ & \multicolumn{1}{l}{$\
3\Omega^0_S/2-\Omega^0_I/2+3A/4$} \\
$\ \ \ \ \ \left\vert -1/2\right\rangle _{I}$ & $\ \ \ \ \ \left\vert
1/2\right\rangle _{S}$ & \multicolumn{1}{l}{$\ \Omega^0_S/2-\Omega^0_I/2+A/4$%
} \\
$\ \ \ \ \ \left\vert -1/2\right\rangle _{I}$ & $\ \ \ \ \ \left\vert
-1/2\right\rangle _{S}$ & \multicolumn{1}{l}{$-\Omega^0_S/2-\Omega^0_I/2-A/4$%
} \\
$\ \ \ \ \ \left\vert -1/2\right\rangle _{I}$ & $\ \ \ \ \ \left\vert
-3/2\right\rangle _{S}$ & \multicolumn{1}{l}{$-3\Omega^0_S/2-%
\Omega^0_I/2-3A/4$} \\ \hline\hline
\end{tabular}%
\end{table}

Fig. \ref{fig2} represents the energies of the spin states and identifies
them by the spin states. Fig. \ref{spectra} shows the magnetic dipole
transitions between these states, which correspond to a change of the
nuclear spin quantum number by one unit (left hand side, NMR) or the
electron spin (right hand side, ESR). The electron spin transitions have the
frequencies $\Omega _{S}^{0}\pm A/2$ and fall therefore into the microwave
frequency range ($\approx 28$ $GHz$ in a field of 1 T). The nuclear spin
transition frequencies are $3A/2\pm \Omega _{I}^{0}$ and $A/2\pm \Omega
_{I}^{0}$ and fall into the radiofrequency (RF) range ($\approx 70-210$ $MHz$%
).

\begin{figure}[tbph]
\centering\includegraphics[width=3.2in]{fig3}
\caption{Magnetic-dipole transitions for a single endohedral fullerene $%
^{31} $P@C$_{60}$. The left-hand spectrum corresponds to the nuclear spin
transitions (NMR), the right-hand part to the electron spin transitions
(ESR). Each transition of the nuclear spin is labelled with the
corresponding $m_{S}$ value of the electron spin and the electron spin
transitions are labelled with the nuclear spin states. }
\label{spectra}
\end{figure}

Resonant microwave pulses are well suited for generating quantum gate
operations in spin qubits. However, if we apply them to the $S=3/2$ electron
spin, they usually mix the (ancilla-) qubit states $\left\vert \pm
3/2\right\rangle _{S}$ with the unused $\left\vert \pm 1/2\right\rangle _{S}$
states, thus causing loss of quantum information. This is not the case for $%
\pi $-rotations around an axis in the $xy$-plane, so we only use this type
of operations on the electron spins. In fact, we have used the decoulping
methods described in Ref. \cite{Suter,Twa}. It is easy to verify that the
flip of the electronic spin at some times can also be implemented on the
electron spin $\frac{3}{2}$ by the inversion operation

\begin{equation*}
\hat{P}=e^{-i\pi S_{x}}=i%
\begin{pmatrix}
0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
1 & 0 & 0 & 0%
\end{pmatrix}%
\end{equation*}%
to achieve%
\begin{equation*}
e^{-i\pi S_{x}}S_{z}e^{i\pi S_{x}}=-S_{z},
\end{equation*}%
where $\hat{P}$ works independently in the subspace spanned by $\left\vert
\pm 3/2\right\rangle _{E}$ or by $\left\vert \pm 1/2\right\rangle _{E}$, we
may employ it to accomplish logic gating between electronic and nuclear
qubits.

In the following, we will need to SWAP information between the electron and
nuclear spin. In terms of spin states, this corresponds to
\begin{equation*}
\left\vert 3/2\right\rangle _{S}\left\vert -1/2\right\rangle
_{I}\leftrightarrow \left\vert -3/2\right\rangle _{S}\left\vert
1/2\right\rangle _{I},
\end{equation*}%
which cannot be induced by a single RF or microwave pulse. It can, however,
be decomposed into CNOT operations:
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathrm{SWAP}_{SI} &=&\mathrm{CNOT}_{SI}\cdot \mathrm{CNOT}_{IS}\cdot
\mathrm{CNOT}_{SI},  \notag \\
&=&\mathrm{CNOT}_{IS}\cdot \mathrm{CNOT}_{SI}\cdot \mathrm{CNOT}_{IS},
\label{e.SWAP}
\end{eqnarray}%
where CNOT$_{SI}$ (CNOT$_{IS}$) is the controlled-NOT operation acting on
the nuclear (electron) spin, controlled by the electron (nuclear) spin. The
first decomposition corresponds to the exchange of the states
\begin{eqnarray}
\left\vert 3/2\right\rangle _{S}\left\vert -1/2\right\rangle _{I}
&\leftrightarrow &\left\vert 3/2\right\rangle _{S}\left\vert
1/2\right\rangle _{I}  \notag \\
\left\vert -3/2\right\rangle _{S}\left\vert 1/2\right\rangle _{I}
&\leftrightarrow &\left\vert 3/2\right\rangle _{S}\left\vert
1/2\right\rangle _{I}  \notag \\
\left\vert 3/2\right\rangle _{S}\left\vert -1/2\right\rangle _{I}
&\leftrightarrow &\left\vert 3/2\right\rangle _{S}\left\vert
1/2\right\rangle _{I}.  \label{e.SWAPSI}
\end{eqnarray}%
Each of these CNOT gates can be implemented by a selective microwave or RF
pulse: The CNOT$_{SI}$, e.g., corresponds to a $\pi $ rotation of the
nuclear spin, conditional on the electron spin being in the $m_{S}=+3/2$
state. As can be seen from Figs. \ref{fig2} and \ref{spectra}, this can be
implemented by a RF pulse with a frequency of 204.5 $MHz$ (in a field of 1
T).

We are now left with the task of implementing arbitrary single-qubit
operations on the nuclear spin qubit. This can in principle be accomplished
with the help of resonant RF pulses, as in NMR quantum computing \cite%
{Va,Su2}. However, these pulses would have to compete with the hyperfine
coupling. Direct application of an RF field that is strong enough to make
the effect of the hyperfine coupling negligible would not only be
technically very challenging, it would also strongly violate the rotating
wave approximation and thereby lead to a very poor fidelity of the gate
operation. Instead, it will be much easier and result in higher fidelity, if
the single-qubit operations are implemented by pairs of RF pulses applied
simultaneously at the frequencies 204.5 $MHz$ and 210.7 $MHz$. One of these
RF fields will implement the operation conditional on the electron spin
being in the logical 0 state, the other if the electron spin is in the
logical 1 state. The combined effect thus corresponds to an unconditional
gate operation.

\subsection{Extended quantum registers}

\label{s.SWAP2} Large and therefore powerful quantum registers can be
implemented by extended chains of qubits. The different qubits can be
addressed in frequency space by applying a magnetic field gradient. For the
Hamiltonian of Eq. (\ref{e.Ham}), the transition frequencies of every
electron spin split into 16 transitions, whose frequencies depend on the
state of the neighboring electron spin, and which are up to fourfold
degenerate, as shown in Figure \ref{f.fre} and Table \ref{t.Freq}.

\begin{figure}[tbph]
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth]{fig4}
\caption{Schematic representation of the transition frequencies of the
electron spins in an linear chain of fullerene qubits. The central
transition frequency $\Omega _{S}^{i}$ corresponds to the frequency of an
isolated electron spin and includes contributions from the magnetic field
gradient and the nuclear hyperfine interaction. $D$ is the coupling
constant. Transitions between states that are not populated in an ideal
quantum processor are gray. }
\label{f.fre}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[tbp]
\caption{List of the transition frequencies of the electronic spin vs. the
corresponding states of the neighboring electron spins. Transitions that
occur in an ideal quantum information processor are in boldface.}
\label{t.Freq}%
\begin{tabular}{ll|l|l|}
\hline
& \# & state of neighbor qubits & transition frequency \\ \hline
& \textbf{1} & $\mathbf{\quad \left\vert 3/2,3/2\right\rangle}$ & \quad $%
\mathbf{\Omega_S^i+3D}$ \\
& 2 & $\quad \left\vert 3/2,1/2\right\rangle$ & \quad $\Omega_S^i+2D$ \\
& 3 & $\quad \left\vert 3/2,-1/2\right\rangle$ & \quad $\Omega_S^i+D$ \\
& \textbf{4} & $\mathbf{\quad \left\vert 3/2,-3/2\right\rangle}$ & \quad $%
\mathbf{\Omega_S^i}$ \\
& 5 & $\quad \left\vert 1/2,3/2\right\rangle$ & \quad $\Omega_S^i+2D$ \\
& 6 & $\quad \left\vert 1/2,1/2\right\rangle$ & \quad $\Omega_S^i+D$ \\
& 7 & $\quad \left\vert 1/2,-1/2\right\rangle$ & \quad $\Omega_S^i$ \\
& 8 & $\quad \left\vert 1/2,-3/2\right\rangle$ & \quad $\Omega_S^i-D$ \\
& 9 & $\quad \left\vert -1/2,3/2\right\rangle$ & \quad $\Omega_S^i+D$ \\
& 10 & $\quad \left\vert -1/2,1/2\right\rangle$ & \quad $\Omega_S^i$ \\
& 11 & $\quad \left\vert -1/2,-1/2\right\rangle$ & \quad $\Omega_S^i-D$ \\
& 12 & $\quad \left\vert -1/2,-3/2\right\rangle$ & \quad $\Omega_S^i-2D$ \\
& \textbf{13} & $\mathbf{\quad \left\vert -3/2,3/2\right\rangle}$ & \quad $%
\mathbf{\ \Omega_S^i}$ \\
& 14 & $\quad \left\vert -3/2,1/2\right\rangle$ & \quad $\Omega_S^i-D$ \\
& 15 & $\quad \left\vert -3/2,-1/2\right\rangle$ & \quad $\Omega_S^i-2D$ \\
& \textbf{16} & $\mathbf{\quad \left\vert -3/2,-3/2\right\rangle}$ & \quad $%
\mathbf{\ \Omega_S^i-3D}$ \\ \hline
\end{tabular}%
\end{table}

As discussed in section \ref{s.singleF}, single-qubit operations can be
implemented directly on the nuclear spin. Since the nuclear spin transitions
are the same for qubits in extended chains as for isolated qubits, all the
nuclear spin operations remain the same. We do, however, have to modify the
electron spin operations, e.g. the selective inversion of the electron spin
discussed in the second line of Eq. (\ref{e.SWAPSI}). The single resonance
line that has to be inverted in the case of an isolated qubit corresponds
now to sixteen lines at seven frequencies. Single-qubit gate operations
applied to qubit $i$ have to excite all these transitions equally, since
they must not depend on the states of the neighboring qubits. This is a
rather challenging task, which can be implemented by multi-frequency
excitation \cite{Borbat}. The task can be simplified if we assume that our
quantum information processor works under ideal conditions: in this case,
only the $\pm 3/2$ states are occupied, and we can disregard all transitions
in which one of the neighboring qubits is in the states $\pm 1/2$. These
transitions are grayed in Fig. \ref{f.fre} and in normal typeface in Table %
\ref{t.Freq}. This leaves us with 4 transitions at frequencies $\Omega_S^i,
\Omega_S^i\pm3D$, as shown in bold in Table \ref{t.Freq} and as black lines
in Fig. \ref{f.fre}.

\subsection{Two-qubit gates}

We now consider two-qubit operations between neighboring qubits ($i-1$, $i$)
in an extended chain of fullerene molecules. All such operations start with
SWAP$_{SI}$ operations on the molecules participating in the two-qubit
operation. The central part of our two-qubit gate consists of the CNOT$%
_{i-1~i}$ gate or the controlled phase flip CPF$_{i-1~i}$ acting on a
nearest-neighbor pair of electron spins. The gate ends with a second pair of
SWAP$_{SI}$ operations on the molecules participating in the two-qubit
operation. The net effect of this sequence of operations is that the two
nuclear spins have undergone the CNOT$_{i-1~i}$ (or CPF$_{i-1~i}$)
operation, while the electron spins return to their initial state (which we
assume to be the $m=+3/2$ ground state). This assures that the passive
electron spins are always in the $m=+3/2$ state, as we assumed in the
preceding subsection. Furthermore, it minimizes the effect of decoherence,
since this is the thermal equilibrium state at low temperature and therefore
not affected by relaxation.

Considering now the central part of the two-qubit operation, the CNOT$%
_{i-1,i}$ gate between the electron spins, inspection of Table \ref{t.Freq}
shows that it can be implemented by applying $\pi $ pulses to transitions 1
and 4: This implements a operation NOT on qubit $i$ conditional on the qubit
$i-1$ being in state +3/2 and unconditional with respect to the state of
qubit $i+1$. Unfortunately, a $\pi $-pulse applied to transition 4 will also
invert transition 13, which is degenerate with transition 4, and which
corresponds to qubit $i-1$ being in state $-3/2$ and therefore invalidates
the CNOT operation. This difficulty can be eliminated by various approaches,
including multifrequency excitation of several transitions. Alternatively,
we may take into account that qubit $i+1$ is not active during a CNOT$%
_{i-1,i}$ operation, i.e. the information is in the nuclear spin, and the
state of the electron spin is the state into which it was initialized. Here,
we assume that this is the +3/2 state. This eliminates the need to invert
transition 4 and makes the $\pi $ pulse on transition 1 a perfect CNOT$%
_{i-1,i}$ operation.

In an extended quantum register, we also have to consider that the
operations on the nuclear spins will affect all nuclei in the quantum
register, i.e. also passive qubits, which should not be affected by the
specific gate operations. If we try to make the pulses on the nuclear spins
sufficiently weak, so that their effect on the passive qubits is negligible,
they will become unacceptably slow: with the parameters as discussed above,
the difference in the Larmor frequencies of neighboring nuclear spins is
only on the order of 10 $Hz$ (for $^{31}$P). It will then be advantageous to
use hard pulses that simultaneously affect all nuclear spins. Since the only
operations applied to the nuclear spins in our scheme are the SWAP$_{SI}$
operations of Eq. (\ref{e.SWAP}), this turns out not to be a problem: For
the passive qubits, where the CNOT$_{IS}$ operations are identity
operations, the first version of the SWAP$_{SI}$ gate becomes CNOT$_{SI}$
CNOT$_{SI}$ = 1, while the second version becomes CNOT$_{SI}$. Since all
operations (one- and two-qubit) involve pairs of SWAP$_{SI}$ gates, even the
second version leaves passive qubits invariant.

\subsection{Initialization and readout}

\label{s.readout}

The proposed system can be initialized into the ground state by relaxation
of the electron spins: In a field of $B=1$T, at a temperature $T=0.1$K, the
equilibrium ground state population is $>0.99999$. This electron spin
polarization can be transferred to the nuclear spin qubits by a SWAP
operation.

Readout may be accomplished by using mobile electrons on the outside of the
peapod. Various schemes have been developed for the detection of single
spins \cite{Det,Ma,Pake,Park}, which cannot be applied directly to the spins
of electrons in C$_{60}$ cages. Nevertheless, this can also be achieved, by
coupling the caged spin to external spins and converting the spin degree of
freedom to charges, then detecting the charges \cite{Feng2,readout}.

\begin{figure}[tbph]
\centering\includegraphics[width=3.5 in]{fig5}
\caption{Scheme for the detection of the state of electron-spins inside a
fullerene embedded in a SWCNT. The spin filter $A(B)$ located in the front
(back) of the SWCNT only allows the down (up)-polarized electrons to pass.
The bias stops the mobile electron along the SWCNT at a place above the
caged spin and an ESR pulse generates a CNOT operation between the mobile
and the caged electron spins.}
\label{fig4}
\end{figure}

This can also be achieved in the present system, as shown schematically in
Fig. \ref{fig4}. The electrons used for detection are spin-polarized by
passing them through a spin filter and guiding them along the SWCNT by
applying suitable bias fields. At the position of the qubit that is to be
read out, the mobile electron is stopped by adjusting the bias field. The
separation between the mobile and the caged electrons is small enough that a
sizable magnetic dipole-dipole coupling exists between them. We may then
write the Hamiltonian of the two electron spins as
\begin{equation}
H_{sub}=\Omega _{S}^{i}S_{z}^{i}+\Omega _{S}^{m}S_{z}^{m}+D^{^{\prime
}}S_{z}^{i}S_{z}^{m},  \label{e.mobcoupl}
\end{equation}%
where $S_{z}^{i}$ is the spin operator of the caged qubit electron ($S=3/2$)
and $S_{z}^{m}$ the spin of the mobile electron ($S=1/2$) and $D^{^{\prime
}} $ represents the strength of the coupling between the mobile and the
caged spins. For a separation of 0.8 nm, the dipole coupling strength would
be of the order of 100 $MHz$. Depending on the state of the caged electron ($%
m=\pm 3/2$), the transition frequency of the mobile electron is thus shifted
from its Larmor frequency $\Omega _{S}^{m}$ by $\pm 3/2D^{^{\prime }}$.

This can be used for a detection mechanism: If we want to detect the $m=+3/2$
state of the caged electron, we send a stream of electrons along the SWCNT,
which are spin-polarized in the spin filter A. This spin filter can be made
from ferromagnetic materials \cite{Mo}, or semiconductor quantum dots \cite%
{Eng}. When the electrons are trapped near qubit $i$, we apply a microwave
pulse with frequency $\Omega _{S}^{m} + 3/2 D^{^{\prime}}$ and a flip angle
of $\approx \pi$. This operation corresponds to a CNOT operation conditional
on the caged spin being in the $m=+3/2$ state and thus to a COPY operation.
The mobile spin is then transported further down along the SWCNT and through
spin filter B, which is oriented such that it only allows those electrons to
pass whose spin has been flipped. This procedure can be repeated as often as
necessary to get a sufficient signal at the detector.

\section{Beyond the nearest-neighbor approximation}

\subsection{Non-nearest neighbor couplings}

So far, we have considered only interactions between nearest neighbors. In
reality, dipolar interactions exist between any pair of spins. In a linear
chain, the strength $D_{i,k}$ of the interaction between qubits $i$ and $k$
decreases as
\begin{equation}
D_{i,k}\propto \left( \frac{1}{|i-k|}\right) ^{3}
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}[tbph]
\centering\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig6}
\caption{Transitions of a single qubit in the presence of couplings to other
qubits as a function of the chain length. a) Nearest neighbors only. b)
Nearest neighbors and next-nearest neighbors. c) Three qubits on each side.
d) Infinite chain, where all but the nearest neighbors are polarized. $%
\Omega _{L}$ is the Larmor frequency of the central qubit and $D_{nn}$ is
the nearest-neighbor coupling strength.}
\label{f.chainspec}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{f.chainspec} illustrates the effect of the non-nearest neighbor
couplings. The uppermost spectrum corresponds to the case of nearest
neighbors only, i.e. to the situation discussed in section II. If we add
non-nearest neighbors (trace b)), each resonance line splits into 7 lines. A
third pair of qubits (trace c)) results in a line broadening, since the
additional splittings are not resolved in the figure. This situation can be
corrected if we take into account the fact that all electron spins of the
passive qubits are in the $\uparrow (m_S =+3/2)$ state, since the quantum
information was SWAPed into the nuclear spin. This situation is depicted in
trace d), where all but the nearest neighbor qubits are taken to be in the $%
\uparrow$ state. As a result, we do not obtain a splitting of the resonance
line, but a shift by $-3D_{nn}/7 \approx -0.429 D_{nn}$, where $D_{nn}$ is
the coupling between nearest neighbors.

\subsection{Quantum state transfer}

Universal quantum computation requires two-qubit operations between all
qubit pairs. If the pair is not directly coupled by dipolar interaction,
this usually requires a series of SWAP operations between nearest neighbors.
Our present schemes allows us to avoid this overhead by using a mobile
electron. As for the readout, we assume that this mobile electron travels in
the conduction band of the semiconducting carbon nanotube hosting the
fullerenes. Its motion is controlled by external bias electrodes.

\begin{figure}[tbph]
\centering\includegraphics[width=7 cm]{fig7}
\caption{Scheme for transferring a quantum state between two qubits $i$ and $%
k$ using the spin of the mobile electron as a bus qubit. The bias voltages
localize the electron at the appropriate positions, the ESR pulses (shown as
wavy arrows) induce SWAP operations between the stationary and the bus
qubit. }
\label{f.Remote}
\end{figure}

We consider an array of identical $^{31}P@C_{60}$ placed in a SWCNT as shown
in Fig. \ref{f.Remote}. As described in section \ref{s.readout}, it is
possible to exchange a quantum state between the stationary qubit and the
mobile electron spin. We may therefore use the mobile electron spin as a bus
qubit: If we want to transfer quantum information between the stationary
qubits $i$ and $k$, we first move the electron to qubit $i$, perform a SWAP
operation, using the appropriate ESR pulse sequence. We then move the mobile
electron to position $k$, perform a second SWAP operation, and back to
position $i$ for a third SWAP operation. This completes the SWAP$_{ik}$
operation.

The caged spin is well protected from external perturbations, but
decoherence experienced by the mobile electron spin may be faster.
Nevertheless, decoherence times of the order of 10 $\mu$s have been reported
\cite{Galland}, which would make it comparable to the relaxation times of
the N@C$_{60}$ in the peapods \cite{Toth} and be long enough to perform SWAP
operations as well as transport of the mobile electron fast compared to the
decoherence time.

\section{Feasibility}

The preceding sections presented a design for a scalable quantum computer.
For this concept to become reality, a number of engineering challenges have
to be overcome. Here, we discuss the design parameters that have to be
reached to make such a device useful.

\subsection{Addressing qubits}

Addressing the individual electronic spins requires that they are
distinguishable in frequency space. This is achieved by applying a magnetic
field gradient, which shifts the individual electron spin resonance. One
difficulty with the frequency-space addressing is that we must avoid
generating overlap between the hyperfine-split resonances of the individual
qubits. Furthermore, we have assumed that we work in the weak-coupling
limit, where the frequency differences between adjacent qubits are large
compared to the dipole-dipole coupling constant. While this is not a
necessary requirement \cite{Mah06}, it simplifies the design of quantum gate
operations.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering\includegraphics[width=9cm]{fig8}
\caption{Schemes for addressing electron spin qubits in a magnetic field
gradient. a) Three $^{31}$P@C$_{60}$ molecules, separated by $\Delta \Omega
=2\protect\pi \times 45$ MHz. b) Five $^{31}$P@C$_{60}$ molecules, separated
by $\Delta \Omega =2\protect\pi \times 55$ MHz. b) Five $^{15}$N@C$_{60}$
molecules, separated by $\Delta \Omega =2\protect\pi \times 55$ MHz.}
\label{f.sys}
\end{figure}

If we choose the separation between adjacent qubit molecules as $\Delta
z=2.9 $ $nm$, we obtain a dipole-dipole coupling constant of the order of 3 $%
MHz$. If we wish to stay in the week coupling limit, the separation between
the Larmor frequencies of neighboring electron spins should then be at least
30 $MHz$. As shown in Figure \ref{f.sys} a), this allows no more than 3-4
molecules in a row before the resonance frequencies of the higher frequency
lines of the hyperfine doublet start to overlap with the frequency range of
the lower-frequency lines of some other molecules. As shown in Figure \ref%
{f.sys} b), it is nevertheless possible to add more molecules without
generating overlap, provided the frequency separation between the qubits is
chosen correctly. An alternative approach is depicted in Figure \ref{f.sys}
c): Here, we assume that the difference between the Larmor frequencies of
adjacent molecules is large compared to the hyperfine splitting, thus
avoiding any spectral overlap between neighboring molecules. This choice of
parameters may be most suitable for $^{15}$N@C$_{60}$ molecules, where the
hyperfine splitting is significantly smaller than for $^{31}$P@C$_{60}$.

Compared to the electron spin resonance frequencies, the nuclear Larmor
frequencies are smaller by 3-4 orders of magnitude. In the field gradient
considered here, this would correspond to frequency differences of the order
of only 5 $kHz$ for $^{15}$N and 20 $kHz$ for $^{31}$P for the parameters
used above. Selective addressing of the nuclear spins thus requires that the
duration of the selective RF pulses should be at least several 100 $\mu $s,
which may be undesirable for fast gate operations. A good solution could be
the use of hard (short) RF pulses that excite all nuclear spins. As
described in the previous sections, each SWAP operation between the electron
and nuclear spins includes an even number of $\pi $ pulses acting on the
nuclear spins. For the nuclear spins of the passive qubits, the SWAP
operations result in a NOP, as required.

\subsection{Experimental challenges}

While the quantum architecture discussed here appears attractive and
physically feasible, its implementation faces several formidable challenges.
Several proposals have been put forward for injecting and moving polarized
electrons on SWCNT \cite{kou,Gun,ben}. Turning those into useful devices for
quantum computing will require precise control by electrodes that allow one
to move the mobile electrons between the required positions without
affecting the quantum mechanical superposition states of their spin degrees
of freedom. Currently, there are no date available about the relevant
decoherence times for the spins of these mobile electrons. The closest
references are from electrons in SWCNT-based single-electron devices \cite%
{Pea2}. Since the relevant decoherence mechanism is not yet fully
understood, it is difficult to extrapolate. Depending on the mechanism and
parameters, it may be possible to use dynamic decoupling techniques \cite%
{viola, Bang} to reduce the decoherence.

In the main part of the paper, we have considered exchange of information
between different parts of the quantum register by direct dipolar
interactions or with the help of a mobile electron spin acting as a bus
qubit. If these approaches prove too difficult to scale to many-qubit
quantum registers, it might be worth considering a distributed quantum
computer based on many small peapod quantum registers. They could be
connected via the Bell-state analyzer discussed in Ref. \cite{Bee}, which
are designed to entangle two electron spins. As shown in \cite{Yang},
passing the mobile electrons from different C$_{60}$@SWCNTs through the
Bell-state analyzers could entangle the caged electron spins in different C$%
_{60}$@SWCNTs, as required for building a quantum network \cite{kimble}. To
build the Bell-state analyzers, however, we have to develop beam splitters
for the electrons and suitable charge detectors. Although there has been
some progress in these aspects \cite{henli, elzer}, these devices are not
yet available \cite{elzer}.

Additional challenges are associated with the peapod itself: depending on
the system parameters, the distances between the molecules may vary, and the
molecules may be arranged in zig-zag form rather than in a straight line
\cite{ben}. In natural abundance, the 1\% fraction of carbon nuclei that
carry a nuclear spin ($^{13}$C) will contribute to the decoherence in the
system. Clearly, this effect can be reduced by using isotopically pure
material, as has been demonstrated, e.g., in diamond \cite{pure}. Clearly,
these challenges are difficult but may be overcome eventually. It will be
interesting to watch progress in this area.

\section{CONCLUSION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS}

In summary, we have proposed a scheme for performing universal quantum
computation in a C$_{60}$@SWCNT (peapod) system. We have discussed how to
efficiently implement the quantum logical gate operations required for
universal quantum computation. Transfer of information between qubits was
considered by direct dipole-dipole couplings or by using a mobile electron
spin as a bus qubit. While our scheme cannot be realized with today's
technology, it appears possible that the currently existing obstacles can be
overcome as nanotechnology makes further progress.

This work is supported by NNSF of China under No. 10774163 and by the Robert
Bosch Stiftung.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Descendents – 'Merican – Interview
June 28, 2004 Bands, CDs, Interviews
'Merican (Fat)
An interview with drummer Bill Stevenson
By Tim Den
It's the fucking Descendents. They were around before you were born, they kicked mad ass before you learned how to use a potty, and they are that one-in-a-million band whose touch turns the simplest of melodies and riffs into gold. After all, they've had 20+ years of practice. Well, not a solid 20+ years, I guess: Milo kept going to college, Bill and the gang pushed onward with All… but the point is that these guys are veterans and – like village elders – they prove their standing by being the fucking best at what they do.
'Merican might be the band's first release in seven years, but time has not aged the masters one bit. Even at four songs, you've got the angry, old-school O.C. sound ("I Quit"), the fun ditty ("Nothing With You"), and, of course, the "sentimental" tune ("Here With Me") which Descendents practically wrote the book on. They're flawless. What else did you expect? The musicianship, Milo's throaty-yet-melodic delivery, lyrics that are equally blunt and ultra-intelligent… the perfect package. When the full-length hits, it will bring with it a magnificent tidal wave, washing mall punk and emo fudgecakes off the face of the planet.
Is it true that you guys recorded two full-length albums' worth of material this time around?
We always do maybe a half dozen extra, but this time we did a dozen extra. I guess when we get too damn old and decrepit to keep writing cool songs, we can put a little spit shine on those b-sides and release 'em.
How old are you guys these days?
(laughs) What are you trying to say!?
Uh… I'm saying you're in the prime of your youth!
We're all 40… going on nine.
Why did you guys chose to release the new stuff on Fat as opposed to Epitaph (who released '96's Everything Sucks)?
Epitaph did a remarkable job with Everything Sucks, and I have nothing but good things to say about them. I have a lot of friends over at the label. But when it came down to it, Fat showed an unprecedented enthusiasm, the most obvious reason being that Descendents are Fat Mike's favorite band. In prior years, Fat wasn't of the caliber that would be necessary to do a Descendents record, but now they certainly are. They're one of the top labels in this "field." And with him being so terribly enthusiastic about the band… (chuckles) if you think about it, it's every band's dream to be the favorite band of the label president.
Is there any truth to the rumor that Epitaph wouldn't take the new album(s) without you commiting to tour?
We never discussed touring. There wouldn't've been anything to discuss. We never know what we're gonna do until we do it. We would never plan or contract ourselves to touring.
With a song like "I Quit," it's pretty obvious that Milo isn't into touring anyway…
If you look at Descendents' 26 years, there was an 18-20 month period from late-'85 to early-'87, and then another 10 month period in '97 when we toured. Other than those times, we never toured! (laughs) It was always something we did for fun. Whereas with All, we did a tremendous amount of touring. Milo's has always been really commited to his science. Music's not a job to him, it's a "fun" thing. The rest of us have other musical endeavors that we're involved in. So it works out for everybody.
As of right now, are there any touring plans at all?
As of right this second, Milo had a baby two days ago. So we're kind of in babyland, cuz Stephen's (Egerton, guitarist/backup vocalist) wife's also pregnant. When the babies are taken care of, then we figure out what we want to do show-wise.
Yeah, I have two children: Mattie (daughter) is six and Miles (son) is three.
Are they into music yet?
Yeah! Mattie took a liking to a lot of late-'70s punk, if you can imagine that happening in my household. She knows The Germs, "Six Pack," things like that. Miles is a little young to get it. I don't think he's totally cognizant of the socio-political implications of the late-'70s punk movement. (chuckles)
So no mainstream Britney Spears or Justin Timberlake for Mattie?
Luckily, I haven't had to buy any Britney Spears CDs… yet. I've skirted that – albeit narrowly – a few times. I'm sure it'll happen eventually, but for now I'm pulling the strings. (laughs)
How is Owned and Operated Records (owned and run [duh] by everyone in Descendents except Milo) doing?
O and O is small and futile in many ways. (laughs) It's pretty hard to keep the label going… Seems like everyone's stealing (downloading) everything now for free anyway. I'm not passing judgement on that, but it does make it harder to have a label when you think "well shit, I'm only going to sell 2000/3000 of these anyway."
But I think we've done good for a few bands, and at least offered the community here at Ft. Collins, Colorado some semblance of a punk rock scene. You guys at Lollipop were actually one of the best to us.
A label like O&O: None of the releases had anything in common. That's been difficult in a whole different way. A lot of successful rock/punk labels have a strict adherence to one of the first principles you learn in marketing class: It's easier to sell someone the same product again than to sell them a different product. And so you've got these labels putting out the same record over and over again with different band names on 'em. That's fine cuz it seems to be working for them, but creatively, I find that pretty boring.
But you run Blasting Room and you record a lot of these unoriginal bands. Not to say you're contradicting yourself by taking on clients to make money and feed your family, but does it ever feel "not right"?
Producing is different. The producer's worst enemy is to pass judgment. The producer needs to assimilate and improve, not judge. So I get these bands, and it's like "well, how can I effect a positive change" and not "I shouldn't record these guys cuz they sound like Lagwagon." No, I'll record 'em: I gotta feed my kids. But how can I improve the situation?
Would you say Blasting Room ends up taking most of your time?
The whole thing ends up being very seasonal. Between September and March, I always have about 80 million bands that want to record because they want to get with Warped Tour during the summer. So I don't do as many records between April and August, and that's when I work on my music.
I also have a new band called Only Crime. It's me on drums, Russ from Good Riddance singing, Aaron from Bane on guitar, and Zach and Donnie from Hagfish/Armstrong on guitar and bass (Zach was in Gwar for a while, too). That's more of a My War or Slip it In-era Black Flag, but played at Damaged Black Flag speed. So it's got the depth of the later Flag stuff and the earlier Flag energy, with a quarter-teaspoon of melody thrown in on the vocals.
How are your relationships with your former Black Flag bandmates?
They're really good. I see or talk to Dez a few times a year. Robo, not as much. He comes and goes (between the States and South America), and he sometimes plays with the Misfits guys. He's my favorite drummer, and a very dear friend. Greg and I talk at least once a month, Chuck and I do a little bit of emailing, Henry and I do a little bit of emailing… You know, birthdays, that kinda thing. "Dude, I got to sing 'Paranoid' with Black Sabbath during their soundcheck," that kinda thing. You know how email is: You can just write when you did something that reminded you of them. So yeah, we keep up.
After having done everything – Descendents, Black Flag, ALL, O&O, Blasting Room – how have you been able to keep your interest in and loyalty to punk rock? Especially after almost 30 years in the art form and witnessing later generations beat its corpse into a flaccid, mainstream brandname…
Maybe this will end up being the real charm of Descendents and All: We don't grow out of punk rock, we grow into it. Like "well, how can we work a little Charlie Parker into this? Or maybe a little Ornette Coleman into the pre-chorus of "Anchor Grill" (where we got the atonal half-steps)? Or some Billie Holiday into the bridge of "Mattie." Let's do something with this monster we've created. Let's make it work in 2004 and not just throw it in the fucking shitter!
You've certainly got the musicians for it, considering Stephen and Karl (Alvarez, bassist/backup vocalist) are two of the genre's best.
The new record is deceptively broad, harmonically. You can sing along most of the time, but pick up a guitar and try to play some of the parts I mentioned. It would take you quite a long time to even figure out what the hell is going on. So yeah, I've been listening to free jazz. How does that relate to what I'm doing? Obviously, Descendents aren't gonna do a free jazz album, but I can take with me what I've learned along the way. And I can be creative enough to not just regurgitate what I've inherited.
That has definitely (and especially) been the case with All. Some of the arrangements are so complex, they often go over the average punk rocker's head…
Problematic was so kick ass that way. We had these superficially – overtly obvious – catchy, poppy melodies. But the counterpoints in the arrangements between the instruments were just ungodly. (laughs) It's the responsibility of the artists to not let the art get too fucking lame.
(PO Box 193690 San Francisco, CA 94119)
Bill Stevenson
Fat Wreck Chords
Merican
Tim Den
Hagfish – Interview
The Ditty Bops – Moon Over the Freeway – Review
Matt Pond PA – Four Songs – Review

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Carbon Fixation and Abatement
Webinar: Sustainable cities – the Copenhagen Story
Wednesday, January 27, 2016 - Wednesday, January 27, 2016 Europe/Copenhagen
Quercus Group
CTCN Network Member, Quercus Group, organised a webinar on "Sustainable cities – the Copenhagen Story: Copenhagen 2025 Climate Plan, Copenhagen Climate Adaptation Plan – and Clusters as a tool for climate adaptation".
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Deloitte Tohmatsu Financial Advisory LLC (DTFA) is the financial advisory member of Deloitte Japan. The International Development Advisory (IDA) business is placed within the I&CP Group of DTFA and provides holistic development advisory, including on climate technologies, to governments, development agencies, and private businesses in developing countries. Utilizing Deloitte's global network and knowhow, as well as the company's financial advisory capacity, DTFA aims to provide tailor-made services to fit the sophisticated needs of their diverse clients.
Early warning and Environmental assessment
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Cadmus provides professional consulting services in order to help non-governmental, private and public sector organizations around the world achieve their goals and create social and economic value for present and future generations. Within the framework of its projects, Cadmus Group delivers customized solutions to their clients in the filed of energy, homeland security, all-hazard preparedness, natural and built environments, sustainable transportation, public health and international development.
Clean Energy Research Centre, University of Botswana (UB-CERC)
Clean Energy Research Centre (CERC) is one of the University of Botswana's (UB) six strategic research centres. The Centre has a strong relation with government, private sectors and international energy and green climate organisations. CERC is the implementing partner of Southern African Solar Thermal Training & Demonstration Initiative (SOLTRAIN) in Botswana.
Carbon Counts
Carbon Counts is a private sector organization established in 2008. It is an independent consultancy providing a range of advice in the field of climate change. It has a focus on international climate change policy, in particular technology development, deployment, financing and regulation.
ECO Consult Sepp & Busacker Partnerschaft
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ECO Consult Sepp & Busacker Partnerschaft was founded in the year of the UN Rio Summit in 1992. ECO, offers integrated advisory services for developing countries and countries in transition. ECO is among Germany's leading international consultants to offer independent technical advise for sustainable development in the environment and social sectors, particularly in the fields of REDD+ and wood energy, along the value-chain from the production to the end-users, including innovative stove and carbonization technologies.
The Global Environment Centre Foundation (GEC) is an entity that supports the UNEP's International Environmental Technology Centre (IETC), based in Japan. GEC is dedicated to the transfer of environmentally sound technologies, in both developing countries and countries with economies in transition. The foundation aims to contribute to Japan's international efforts on the environment, sharing project collaborations as well as promoting Japan's rich conservation knowledge and experience in developing nations.
Iron Nutrient Particles to Seed Algae (Phytoplankton) Growth
Background: Algae are responsible for converting carbon dioxide into oxygen. However more than 20% of the world\\\'s oceans lack algae growth. The essential nutrient that is lacking in the algae-deficient surface waters is iron. However this iron must be (i) on the surface so that the algae can convert carbon dioxide to oxygen via photosynthesis and (ii) biologically available so that algae can use it. Technology Description: This technology describes the composition of and the method of production for water-buoyant particles that contain bioavailable iron.
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Caleb Parke is a conservative millennial columnist. Parke is from Findlay, Ohio, attended Grove City College and now lives and works in New York City. He is the recipient of the Leadership Institute's Conservative Leader-In-Training Award, and you can follow him on Twitter @calebparke or on his website calebparke.com.
Did Mainstream Media Forget How Obama Treated Fox News?


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1) Document Title: A Model of Static and Dynamic Sex Offender Risk Assessment
Author: Robert J. McGrath, Michael P. Lasher, Georgia F. Cumming
Document No.: 236217
Date Received: October 2011
Award Number: 2008-DD-BX-0013
This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice.
Link to Report: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/236217.pdf
Study of 759 adult male offenders under community supervision
Re-arrest rate: 4.6% after 3-year follow-up
2) Document Title: Recidivism Of Sex Offenders Released From Prison 1994
By: Patrick A. Langan, Ph.D., Erica L. Schmitt and Matthew R. Durose
Statisticians, Bureau of Justice Statistics
Document Number: November 2003, NCJ 198281
United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics
Findings:A Study of 9,691 sex offenders released from prisons in 15 states in 1994 and followed for 3 years.
Sex Crime Re-arrest Rate: 5.3%
Sex Crime Re-conviction Rate: 3.5%
Link To Report: http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/rsorp94.pdf
3) Document Title: SEX OFFENDER SENTENCING IN WASHINGTON STATE: RECIDIVISM RATES
BY: Washington State Institute For Public Policy
A study of 4,091 sex offenders either released from prison or community supervision form 1994 to 1998 and examined for 5 years
Findings: Sex Crime Recidivism Rate: 2.7%
Link to Report: http://www.oncefallen.com/files/Washington_SO_Recid_2005.pdf
4) Document Title: Indiana's Recidivism Rates Decline for Third Consecutive Year
BY: Indiana Department of Correction 2009
The recidivism rate for sex offenders returning on a new sex offense was 1.05%, one of the lowest in the nation. In a time when sex offenders continue to face additional post-release requirements that often result in their return to prison for violating technical rules such as registration and residency restrictions, the instances of sex offenders returning to prison due to the commitment of a new sex crime is extremely low.
Findings: sex offenders returning on a new sex offense was 1.05%
Link to Report: http://www.in.gov/idoc/files/RecidivismRelease.pdf
5) Nebraska Sex Offender Recidivism Study
Sex offense recidivism. In comparing the old risk-based system of classification to the new offense-based system of classification, the former risk-based system resulted in less overall recidivism. Specifically, the pre-LB 285 classification system resulted in a 2-year recidivism rate of 1.7% and a 1-year recidivism rate of 0.6%. In comparison, the post-LB 285 classification system resulted in a 2-year recidivism rate of 2.6% and a 1-year recidivism rate of 1.7%. We also examined the effectiveness of each classification system in identifying offenders at the highest risk to reoffend. In general, the former system that utilized a psychological risk assessment tool consistently distinguished offenders who were at a high, medium,and low risk to reoffend. In comparison, the AWA system was very effective in distinguishing those at a high risk to reoffend from medium and low risk offenders.
However, the AWA classification system consistently failed to distinguish offenders at medium risk to recidivate from those at low risk to recidivate. Our findings suggest that, as an overall tool for identifying a nuanced risk to reoffend, the old risk-based system appears more effective. However, if the goal is simply to distinguish the highest risk offenders from everyone else, the Adam Walsh Act Tier system appears most effective. One caveat, however, is that this latter finding is in sharp contrast to published research on sex offenders in other states (Zgoba et al. 2012).
Complete Study: http://news.legislature.ne.gov/dist20/files/2013/08/NE_sex_offender_recidivism.pdf
6) Connecticut Recidivism Study 2012
"The recidivism rates for new sex crimes, shown here for the 746 sex offenders released in 2005, are much lower than what many in the public have been led to expect or believe. These low re-offense rates appear to contradict the conventional wisdom that sex offenders have very high recidivism rates. In reality, the picture is considerably more complex. While some sex offenders certainly pose an extremely high risk for committing new offenses, this does not appear to be the case for the majority of offenders. The real challenge for public agencies is to determine the level of risk specific offenders pose to the public."
http://www.ct.gov/opm/lib/opm/cjppd/cjresearch/recidivismstudy/sex_offender_recidivism_2012_final.pdf
7) Evidence Based V. Emotion Based Public Policy
February 2014 California:
A ground breaking analysis of the facts by CSOMB:
Fact-1: Residence restrictions would not of protected Jessica
Action: Use resources to enforce registration laws and prosecute the non-compliant. California registration law violations are largely felonies, and are mandated prison sentences, exempt from realignment local custody only sentences.
Action: Use resources for sex offender treatment, to influence what the offender does, not where he/she lives. Note: In the 2010 Legislative Session, ... ..Continued.. by California Sex Offender Management Board
Another list of recidivism studies can be found here.


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Q: Will setting EntityState.Modified on root object add any new objects to database? I'm using EntityFramework to link my C#/WPF project to a SQL Server database. I have an object that has navigational properties to other types of objects (so linking to other tables in the DB).
If I create a new object for one of these navigational properties, and add it to the root object, what is the best way to get this added to the DB without having to check all of the existing properties and compare them to this new object?
MyTable obj = (from myTableObject in db.MyTable select myTableObject).FirstOrDefault();
obj.FirstNavProperties.Add(new FirstNavProperty());
db.Entry(obj).State = EntityState.Modified;

Will the above code add the new FirstNavProperty?

A: When you use Add() you don't change MyTable table, you are adding a new record to FirstNavProperties table. The obj.FirstNavProperties  just keeps an address of FirstNavProperties List inctance. Add() automaticaly changes  state of FirstNavProperties to Added. So remove:
 db.Entry(obj).State = EntityState.Modified;

from your code. You can call db.SaveChanges() instead.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Fans of the uberpopular 2004 movie and 2018 Broadway musical will love these MEAN GIRLS MAGNETS, which are a fetch, grool homage to the cult classic.
The MEAN GIRLS MAGNETS mini kit features 10 magnets emblazoned with some of the most memorable one-liners from the comedic masterpiece. Also included is a 32-page mini "Burn Book" with quotes and images from the 2004 film.


text:
On Paris: The cost of Western leaders' deceit and interventionism will only grow
"We are gathered here tonight because we believe in an independent destiny for America. … An independent destiny for America means … that our soldiers will not have to fight everybody in the world who prefers some other system of life to ours." — Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh, 23 May 1941
Media commentary on the well-planned, professionally executed, and completely successful mujahideen operation in Paris is really quite quaint. Listened to closely, the ponderously somber pundits will have you thinking that it is September, 2001, rather than January, 2015. The canned, 15-year old comments and questions flow freely: "Horrific attack kills 12 innocents"; "the attackers have nothing to do with Islam"; "how are the young men radicalized?"; "an attack on freedom;" "Muslims must condemn the attacks;" "we are not at war with Islam;" "why this senseless violence?"; and, of course, the maddeningly absurd and irrelevant "we will bring them to justice."
Fortunately, just before this tripe put listeners to sleep, the prize jackass of the week trotted on stage in the person of Canada's prime minister, Stephen Harper. "The fact of the matter is this, ladies and gentlemen," Mr. Harper told a small audience, "The international jihadist movement has declared war." Here, then, is one of the main reasons why the West has gotten its collective behind so regularly kicked, humiliated, and defeated since 2001. An important NATO leader, Mr. Harper seems not to know — even though the fine Canadian army along with all NATO militaries were defeated in Afghanistan — that the jihadists declared war on the United States and its vassals in August, 1996. Harper's ignorance is important because it reminds all Westerners how hard it will be to survive the war the Islamists are waging against them when their leaders are just beginning to think there might be a war at hand fifteen years after the enemy began to fight it in earnest.
The inane gabfest over the Paris attacks will end in a few days and nothing much will change — at least for the Islamists. Western leaders will continuing to thunder about the rule of law, the peacefulness of Islam, the protection of freedom of the press, but will scurry to avoid doing anything that will destroy the enemy in numbers that have any strategic impact whatsoever. They will savor and gloat over the fact that it only took 90,000 French police and military personnel to kill three Islamist shooters. They held an impromptu summit of senior officials to condemn terrorism and have set another, both will promise "unity and future action." And they will publicly beg the Arab tyrants to do the dirty work they are too embarrassed or cowardly to let their own military and intelligence services do. And, of course, the public purse will be robbed by the whores who masquerade as social science professors. The will descend on Western capitals armed with quack answers about how to solve "the Islamic radicalization of youth," and legislators will give them gobs of tax dollars just so they appear to be doing something. The sum of all of this will be what it has been since 2001: motion without movement.
The substantive post-Paris changes from Western leaders will come when they inevitably enhance the war they are already waging against their own people and their peoples' civil liberties, rather than by ordering the hugely expensive Western militaries to annihilate the Islamists, their civilian supporters and funders, and whatever infrastructure they possess. Because it is so utterly unfashionable to kill in the necessary numbers those who are killing you, perpetual adolescents like Obama, Harper, Cameron, Hollande, Merkel, and their colleagues will increase surveillance of their own civilians, their communications, and their bank accounts; make international air travel more intrusive and arduous; and work overtime to silence and/or penalize those citizens who speak the simple, irrefutable fact that an increasing part of Islam is at war with the West, and that that war is motivated not by Western lifestyles but by what Western governments do in the Muslim world — be it invading Muslim countries, coddling Israel, or championing those who blaspheme the Prophet.
In many ways, the Islamists are the Western leaders' best friends in that they give them credible reasons to progressively eliminate civil liberties and continue building the authoritarian states many of them seem to desire. Obama, in particular, is likely to take advantage of the Paris attacks to further savage the 1st and 4th Amendments of the Constitution. And it will not be long before Obama and his pro-tyranny sidekicks in both parties undertake a renewed campaign to gut the 2nd Amendment, probably claiming that the national government needs to control all arms so that domestic Islamists — or those who come in across the open southern border — cannot assemble an arsenal to use in attacks.
[NB: For two reasons, I think that seldom in American history has it been more important for every American to be armed, and armed with as deadly a weapon (or weapons) as possible. First, as the Paris attack shows, the cowardly refusal of the French and all other NATO regimes to militarily eradicate the Islamists abroad wherever they can be found means more and more attacks in NATO countries. The attacks will occur not because of George W. Bush's nonsensical argument that if we do not kill them overseas we will have to fight them at home — those who attack at home will have been residents most or all of their lives — but because Washington and its NATO partners have deliberately lost wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Young Muslims believe Allah has given Islam victory in both places, and, as Osama bin Laden predicted, they are following the strong horse. American citizens need weapons to provide the protection against domestic Islamists for themselves, their families, and their neighborhoods that the national government deems unimportant. Second, if Obama sends his Islam-loving multicultural thugs to unconstitutionally do an inventory of privately held weapons or even to take the guns of law-abiding Americans they merit a heartily discouraging welcome from well-armed Americans.]
There really is not much more to say about the Paris attacks except that Western leaders and their acolytes in the media and churches will keep lying to their public about the Islamist issue. When you hear those lies and the asinine comments and questions mentioned in the first paragraph, there are five simple facts to keep in mind as a defense against the lethal deceit that dominates the current public debate.
An increasing portion of the Islamic world is waging war against the West; most of the Islamists who are fighting are adherents of the Salafi sect of Sunni Islam, which is a small but growing, martially inclined, and admired sect that has declared a defensive jihad against the U.S.-led West. On the basis of these facts, it is suicidal madness to pretend that the West is not engaged in a religious war.
The reformation that the West is urging on the Muslim world is already underway, but it is not a reformation that will be to Western liking. The message delivered by Osama bin Laden and his successors that the most basic relationship in Islam is between the individual Muslim and Allah without an intermediary is obviously gaining ground across the Muslim world. Part of this success is due to the example of bin Laden and the victorious mujahideen, but most of it is due to the recognition by Muslims that the religious scholars who work for Arab governments are on the take, and that they will deliver religious decisions in whatever form their tyrant-employer desires so as not to lose the wealth, position, and status and they have won by selling out their faith. In this aspect, the current Islamic Reformation mirrors in content and violence the Protestant Reformation that occurred in the West.
Most of those mujahideen who attack inside Western countries will be residents of those countries. Responsibility for facilitating this phenomena lies strictly with Western governments that for forty years have championed the immigration of foreigners who never intend to assimilate, and who in some cases mean to harm the nation to which they have immigrated. This intent to harm clearly increases with each generation that is born in the country of immigration. This sort of society-killing multiculturalism has been worsened and made unmanageable by the open borders specialized in by the U.S. and the European Community governments.
The worldwide Islamist insurgency that the West confronts is not susceptible to defeat by a combination of law enforcement methods, Special Forces, and intelligence operations, or by a coalition of Western nations and Arab tyrannies. The first three tools might have been decisive in the late 1990s, but President Clinton refused to use them and let the Islamist problem strengthen and mature. It is now much, much too late to successfully employ these methods as war winners because the enemy is simply too numerous, well-armed, and geographically dispersed; using them today, as I have said before, is like trying to destroy the Wehrmacht one man at a time. The last-mentioned coalition is, on its face, a huge and cynical joke. The West is looking for others to do their war fighting, and the Arab tyrants will not risk internal revolution by seriously injuring the mujahideen, who are fueled by money, volunteers, and prayers from the tyrannies. Indeed, the Saudis and their Gulf partners are experts in the exact opposite of the kind of coalition being called for by the West. In the case of Iraq, the West has on three occasions provided blond, blue-eyed slave soldiers to protect the tyrants by fighting and dying there, while the tyrants have kicked in a few bucks and continued their debauchery while joining the mujahideen in laughing at the fools in Washington, London, Berlin, and Paris.
The bipartisan, interventionist foreign policy of the United States is today, as it was when bin Laden declared war on America in 1996, the main motivator — along with the West's relentless military fecklessness — of the Islamist insurgency. Washington's steady support for Arab tyrannies and the re-installation of one in Egypt; its unnecessary, corrupt, and dead Americans-causing relationship with Israel; and its willingness to invade Muslim countries at the drop of a hat make Washington — next to Allah — the only indispensable ally of the mujahideen. This reality all but ensures the inevitable demise of Western liberties. Western leaders are too cowardly to kill the Islamists and their supporters in the extraordinary numbers that now will be necessary to achieve victory, and yet they will continue to intervene militarily and culturally in the Muslim world and so motivate ever greater number of mujahideen to join the fight. Given this combination, Western leaders, in the name of defense, will crackdown on the liberties of their own citizens while the Islamist grow ever stronger.
When reviewing the five facts above, and knowing that each of them is fully substantiated in public, not secret sources, one can only conclude that Western leaders are pursuing their own political agendas, following the dictates of ruinous theories like multiculturalism, diversity, and uncontrolled borders and immigration, and hold in contempt the clear national interests of the nations they were chosen to govern. "Which is more blameworthy," George Washington asked a correspondent in 1790, "those who see and steadily pursue their interest, or those who cannot see, or seeing will not act wisely?" The West today, sadly, is dangerously afflicted with both men and women in governing positions who — unless they are stupid — can easily see their nation's interests but "will not act wisely."
Author Michael F. ScheuerPosted on January 12, 2015
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Information on the processing of personal data within the meaning of art. 13 of Legislative Decree No. 196/2003
with the present disclosure, Cyril Billiards want to provide you with all the information required by art. 13 of Legislative Decree No. 30 June 2003 n. 196 (Personal Data Protection Code, hereinafter referred to as the "Privacy Code").
Cyril Billiards collects and uses your personal data through this site in accordance with the rules of the Privacy Code as well as in compliance with the Recommendation n. 2/2001 that the European authorities for the protection of personal data gathered in the Group established by art. 29 of directive n. 95/46/CE, adopted on 17 May 2001 to identify certain minimum requirements for the collection of personal data online.
The conferment of your personal data is necessary for the delivery and management of experiences by Cyril Billiards . Therefore lack of conferment, even partial, of the same will determine the impossibility for Cyril Billiards to proceed to the allocation of the assistance you require.
Cyril Billiards may use your personal data – after your express consent – even for commercial and marketing related to the promotion of products or promotional initiatives such as, by way of example and not of limitation, sending email newsletter with promotional messages or advertisements or with the transfer of your data to third parties for the same purposes. Cyril Billiards may also use your data for the detection of the quality of the services provided and to carry out market surveys. In these cases your consent is optional and the failure to release of the same will not allow you to receive commercial information by Cyril Billiards or participate in promotional initiatives proposed or that your data is transferred to third parties.
Cyril Billiards is the personal data of users who do not register but that access however at this site. In this case we inform you that the computer systems and the software responsible for the operation of these sites acquire during their normal exercise, some personal data whose transmission is implicit in the use of internet communication protocols. Such information is not collected to be associated to identified interested parties, but also by their very nature could, through elaborations and associations, allow the identification of the user of the site. This category includes the IP addresses or domain names of the computers used by the users who connect to the site, the addresses in the notation url of the requested resources, the time of the request, the method used to submit the request to the server, the size of the file obtained in reply, etc.
We would like to remind you that Article 7 of the Privacy Code, you also gives the possibility to exercise specific rights, including those of obtaining by Cyril Billiards confirmation of the existence or not of the personal data that concerns you and making them available in an intelligible form; to have knowledge of the origin of the data, as well as the logic and the purposes on which the treatment is based; to obtain the cancellation, transformation in Anonymous form or the block of data treated in violation of the law, as well as the updating, the rectification or, if there is interest, integration of data; to oppose to treatment for legitimate reasons or oppose, in every moment, to treatments aimed at the marketing and commercial information. In order to enforce these rights, you can turn directly to Cyril billiards to the address indicated above.
Holder of the treatment is Cyril Billiards , with registered office in Via Lungaterno South 26 Pescara Italy the complete list of those responsible for the treatment and of the third-party owners of autonomous treatments related to those carried out by Cyril billiards can be known easily and for free you ask directly to Cyril Billiards .
For Cyril Billiards the protection of personal data of its customers is very important. We have therefore decided to devote a part of the internet site of Cyril Billiards to description of our Privacy Policy.
The holder of the treatment
Holder of the treatment is Cyril Billiards , with registered office in Via Lungaterno South 26 Pescara Italy.
Type of data handled
The types of data and information collected and processed by Cyril Billiards are two:
Navigation Data (collected automatically);
Data provided voluntarily by the user including email notifications;
Navigation data
Information systems and the software procedures used for the functioning of the Site Cyril Billiards (from here in then only site) acquire during their normal exercise, some personal data whose transmission is implicit in the use of internet communication protocols.
All this information is not collected to be associated to identified interested parties, but by their very nature could, through elaborations and associations with data held by third parties, allow to identify the users.
This category of data includes IP addresses or domain names of the computers used by the users who connect to the internet site addresses URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) of the requested resources, the time of the request, the method used to submit the request to the server, the size of the file obtained in reply, the numerical code indicating the status of the response given by the server (done, error, etc.) and other parameters related to the operating system and the computer environment of the user.
These data are used only to obtain anonymous statistical information on the use of the site and to check its correct functioning and is deleted immediately after processing. The data could be used to ascertain responsibility in case of hypothetical computer crimes against the site.
The optional, explicit and voluntary sending of electronic mail to the addresses indicated on the internet sites referable to Cyril Billiards entails the subsequent acquisition of the address of the sender, necessary to respond to requests, as well as any other personal data inserted in the missive.
Specific summary information will be progressively reported or displayed in the pages of the site designated for special services on request.
The user of the site gives voluntarily their personal data in order to be able to proceed with the purchase of the Experiences or services present on the internet sites of Cyril Billiards .
The data supplied by the user who buys an experience or a service on one of the internet sites of Cyril billiards can be the following:
Phone number fixed
Such data are preserved by Cyril Billiards in compliance with the Italian law on electronic commerce. The refusal to provide the above data on the part of the user causes the inability to complete the registration and to take advantage of experience or of the services offered on the internet sites of Cyril Billiards .
The following policy about cookies is arranged by Cyril Billiards to describe the types of cookies used on the website and on the platform and to describe the reasons and conditions of use of the same. It is not possible to consult the Web Site or purchase the experiences or the services offered without sending on the user device some cookies.
Continuing in navigation, therefore, the user authorises Cyril Billiards to use some of their own cookies. However it is possible to disable and to avoid the use of specific types of cookies by configuring your browser settings, as better specified in point 3 of this section.
What are cookies?Cookies are lines of text used to perform automatic authentications, plotting sessions and storing specific information about users who log in to the server 321 Feast.
In detail, then are text strings of small size sent from the server to Cyril Billiards to a web client (usually a browser) and then returned back from the client to the server (without undergoing changes) each time the user accesses the same portion of the same web domain. A cookie is a small file that requires the permission of the user to be stored on the hard disk of your computer. Once given consent, the file is added and the cookie helps analyze web traffic of the user, allowing to know when you visit a particular Internet site. In this way the web application can tailor its operations to the needs and/or tastes of the user, by gathering and remembering information about your preferences.
Types of cookies, the nature and purpose of data collected Cyril Billiards uses the following types of cookies:
Technical cookies are cookies are necessary for the operation of the site and to the delivery of the services offered to the customer.
Cookie c.d. "analytics" that fall in the macro category of technical cookies are used by Cyril Billiards to analyze statistically logons and/or visits to the site and installed exclusively for statistical purposes and/or collect information in aggregate form.
Session cookies are technical cookies sent by the servers of Cyril billiards to the terminal of the user and occasionally from third party sites to trace the use of the site in the context of a particular session. These cookies are usually kept on the browser of the user for the duration of the session. Expire when the browser is closed..
Persistent cookies are cookies constants that continue to operate even after closing the browser. This allows easier access and quick Site.
Cookie functionality helps the site to remember the choices made by the user (user name, language, region) thus providing improved features and more personalized.
Cookie performance that collect and analyze information on the use of the site by visitors (pages visited, number of accesses, dwell time in the site, etc.) to provide the user with a richer browsing experience. These cookies do not collect data that allow the identification of the user. All the data collected by these cookies are aggregated and, consequently, anonymous and are only used in order to improve the functioning of the site.
Cookie di targeting/advertising Are cookies installed in order to create a user profile that visit your site based on his behavior during the navigation. Can also be used by third-party companies, subsidiaries of Cyril Billiards , to allow the user to view on the sites of the latter, banners, inherent in the latest services watched on 321 Feast. While the user navigates within the Site, these cookies are also used to show the services which could affect and/or services similar to those which has already looked in advance based on the browsing history. The use of such cookies do not normally involves the treatment of personal data, but may allow the connection to the user's computer or to other devices and trace the saved data: these cookies will connect to the browser installed on your computer or on other devices used during navigation of the site in order to provide targeted advertising.
Cookies of the first part are cookies installed directly by Cyril billiards on the user device so as to keep the web site running efficiently and draw the behavior patterns of the visitors of the site.
Cookies from third are cookies installed by third-party companies affiliated to Cyril billiards on site. In this way Cyril Billiards can accommodate in your browser announcements, insertions, as for example banner advertising for other companies, which in their turn installing cookies. They may only be used to store the data that the user has inserted, in some circumstances, inside one or more web sites.
The cookies used by Cyril Billiards
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To disable the use of CookieLa Most browsers are initially set up to accept cookies automatically. It is possible however, modify these settings and block the use of cookies through your browser settings. There are several ways to manage cookies. We ask the user to refer to the help screen of your browser to learn how to adjust or modify the settings of the same. Disable the use of cookies technicians and/or those of functionality can cause malfunctioning of the Site and/or limit the services offered by Cyril Billiards .
Rights of the persons concerned
The article 7 of the Privacy Code also gives users of Internet sites of Cyril Billiards the possibility to exercise specific rights, including those of obtaining by Cyril Billiards confirmation of the existence or not of personal data that concern them and making them available in an intelligible form; to have knowledge of the origin of the data, as well as the logic and the purposes on which the treatment is based; to obtain the cancellation, transformation in anonymous form or the block of data treated in violation of the law, as well as the updating, the rectification or, if there is interest, integration of data; to oppose to treatment, for legitimate reasons, i.e. to oppose in every moment, to treatments aimed at marketing and information Trade.
In order to enforce these rights, you can turn directly to Cyril billiards to the address indicated above.
Change of these terms
This Privacy Policy may be subject to changes and modifications in time. It will be our care to make known these changes through the publication of them on the site.
Enquiries, complaints and suggestions
Anyone interested in more information, to contribute with their suggestions or advance complaints or disputes regarding the Privacy Policy of Cyril Billiards or on the way in which Cyril Billiards deals with personal data, can proactively contact us using the form provided on the bottom of the page.
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A distinctive and dramatic piece, inspired by the strength and movement of flowing water, the Fei Liu Cascade Bangle is made from black rhodium-plated sterling silver. With its sweeping folds and architectural shape, the bangle is delicately adorned with white cubic zirconia. A size small, measuring approximately 55mm x 50mm, the bracelet is presented in a Fei Liu jewellery box.


JB Sales Survey Equipment stock a range of continuous line and point to point lasers. We are authorised distributors for PLS (Pacific Laser Systems) and Spectra Precision.
Every laser is checked before despatch in our BSI ISO 9001:2015 workshop to the manufacturers high standards. A 12 month calibration is supplied where appropriate, and is included in the cost.
If you require training on any of our products this can be arranged both on and off site and tailored to meet your needs. We are an authorised service centre for PLS and Spectra Precision and can therefore complete all service and warranty works required. We also service other makes and models. To book your survey equipment in please visit our service page. For any further information please visit our FAQ page or give us a call.
Fully self leveling square, level and plumb reference designed for concrete, foundations, walls, square on slope and horizontal-level benchmarks.
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