text:
Bonnie and Clyde is a 1967 American biographical neo-noir crime film directed by Arthur Penn and starring Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway as the title characters Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker. The film also features Michael J. Pollard, Gene Hackman, and Estelle Parsons. The screenplay is by David Newman and Robert Benton. Robert Towne and Beatty provided uncredited contributions to the script; Beatty produced the film. The music is by Charles Strouse.

Bonnie and Clyde is considered one of the first films of the New Hollywood era and a landmark picture. It broke many cinematic taboos and for some members of the counterculture, the film was considered a "rallying cry". Its success prompted other filmmakers to be more open in presenting sex and violence in their films. The film's ending became iconic as "one of the bloodiest death scenes in cinematic history".

The film received Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actress (Estelle Parsons) and Best Cinematography (Burnett Guffey). In 1992, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". It was ranked 27th on the American Film Institute's 1998 list of the 100 greatest American films of all time and 42nd on its 2007 list.

Plot
During the Great Depression, Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker of Texas meet when Clyde tries to steal Bonnie's mother's car. Bonnie, who is bored by her job as a waitress, is intrigued by Clyde and decides to take up with him and become his partner in crime. They pull off some holdups, but their amateur efforts, while exciting, are not very lucrative. Bonnie and Clyde turn from small-time heists to bank robbing.

The duo's crime spree shifts into high gear once they hook up with a dim-witted gas station attendant, C.W. Moss. Their exploits also become more violent. After C.W. botches parking during a bank robbery and delays their escape, Clyde shoots the bank manager in the face when he jumps onto the slow-moving car's running board. Clyde's older brother Buck and his wife, Blanche, a preacher's daughter, also join them. The two women dislike each other at first sight, and their antipathy escalates. Blanche has nothing but disdain for Bonnie, Clyde, and C.W., while Bonnie sees Blanche's flightiness as a constant danger to the gang's survival.

In Joplin, Missouri, local police drive to the hideout thinking the gang are bootleggers; two policeman are killed in a shootout. The gang is pursued by law enforcement, including Texas Ranger Frank Hamer, whom they capture and humiliate before setting him free. The five outlaws then pull a heist, during which a police chase disables their vehicle. They steal Eugene Grizzard's car and take him and his girlfriend hostage before quickly abandoning them when they learn he is an undertaker.

Bonnie wants to visit her family in Texas and give them part of the heist funds, to which Clyde reluctantly acquiesces despite the risk. The gang is caught off guard by an ambush by law enforcement overnight, resulting in many casualties. Buck is mortally wounded by a shot to his head, and Blanche is injured in one eye, losing sight in it. Bonnie, Clyde, and C.W. barely escape alive, while Blanche falls into police custody. Hamer then tricks her into revealing C.W.'s name (until then he was only an "unidentified suspect").

Hamer finds Bonnie, Clyde, and C.W. hiding at the house of C.W.'s father Ivan, who thinks the couple have corrupted his son (as evidenced by an ornate tattoo Bonnie convinced C.W. to get). The elder Moss strikes a bargain with Hamer: in exchange for leniency for C.W., he sets a trap for the outlaws. When Bonnie and Clyde stop on the side of the road to help Mr. Moss fix a flat tire, the police in the bushes open fire and riddle them with bullets. Hamer and his posse come out of hiding and look pensively at the couple's bodies as a nearby flock of swallows flies away.

Cast

Cast notes
Actor Gene Wilder in his film debut portrayed Eugene Grizzard, one of Bonnie and Clyde's hostages. His girlfriend Velma Davis was played by Evans Evans.

The family gathering scene was filmed in Red Oak, Texas. Several local residents gathered to watch. When the filmmakers noticed Mabel Cavitt, a local schoolteacher, among the people gathered, she was cast as Bonnie Parker's mother.

During scenes with Bonnie driving, actress Morgan Fairchild stood in for Faye Dunaway as she was unable to use the stick drive.

Production and style
The film was intended as a romantic and comic version of the violent gangster films of the 1930s, updated with modern filmmaking techniques. Arthur Penn portrayed some of the violent scenes with a comic tone, sometimes reminiscent of Keystone Kops-style slapstick films, then shifted disconcertingly into horrific and graphic violence. The film has the French New Wave directors' influence, both in its rapid shifts of tone, and in its choppy editing, which is particularly noticeable in its closing sequence. The first handling of the script was in the early 1960s. Influenced by the French New Wave writers and not yet completed, Newman and Benton sent Penn an early draft. He already was engaged in production decisions for The Chase (1966) and could not get involved in the script for Bonnie and Clyde. The writers sent their script to François Truffaut, who made contributions but passed on the project, next directing Fahrenheit 451. At Truffaut's suggestion, the writers, much excited (the film's producers were less so), approached filmmaker Jean-Luc Godard. Some sources claim Godard did not trust Hollywood and refused; Benton claimed that Godard wanted to shoot the film in New Jersey in January during the winter. He purportedly took offense when would-be producer Norah Wright objected that his desire was unreasonable, as the story took place in Texas, which has a warm climate year-round. Her partner Elinor Jones claimed the two did not believe Godard was right for the project in the first place. Godard's retort: «Je vous parle de cinéma, vous me parlez de météo. Au revoir.» ("I'm talking cinema and you're talking weather. Goodbye.") After the 1968 Academy Awards, Godard sent Benton and Newman a cable that read, "Now, let's make it all over again!"

Soon after the failed negotiations for production, Beatty was visiting Paris and learned through Truffaut of the project and its path. On returning to Hollywood, Beatty requested to see the script and bought the rights. A meeting with Godard was not productive. Beatty changed his approach and convinced the writers that while the script at first reading was very much of the French New Wave style, an American director was necessary for the subject.

Beatty offered the directing position to George Stevens, William Wyler, Karel Reisz, John Schlesinger, Brian G. Hutton, and Sydney Pollack, all of whom turned it down. Penn turned it down several times before Beatty finally persuaded him to direct the film. Beatty was entitled to 40% of the profits of the film and gave Penn 10%.

When Beatty was on board as producer only, his sister and actress Shirley MacLaine was a strong possibility to play Bonnie. When Beatty decided to play Clyde, they needed a different actress. Considered for the role were Jane Fonda, Tuesday Weld, Ann-Margret, Sharon Tate, Leslie Caron, Carol Lynley and Sue Lyon. Cher auditioned for the part, and Beatty begged Natalie Wood to play the role. Wood declined, to concentrate on her therapy, and acknowledged that working with Beatty before had been "difficult". Faye Dunaway later said that she won the part "by the skin of her teeth!"

The film is forthright in its handling of sexuality, but that theme was toned down from its conception. Originally, Benton and Newman wrote Clyde as bisexual. He and Bonnie were to have a three-way sexual relationship with their male getaway driver. Penn persuaded the writers that since the couple's relationship was underwritten in terms of emotional complexity, it dissipated the passion of the title characters. This would threaten the audience's sympathy for the characters, and might result in their being written off as sexual deviants because they were criminals. Others said that Beatty was unwilling to have his character display that kind of sexuality and that the Production Code would never have allowed such content in the first place. Clyde is portrayed as heterosexual and impotent.

Bonnie and Clyde was one of the first films to feature extensive use of squibs—small explosive charges, often mounted with bags of stage blood, that detonate inside an actor's clothes to simulate bullet hits. Released in an era when film shootings were generally depicted as bloodless and painless, the Bonnie and Clyde death scene was one of the first in mainstream American cinema to be depicted with graphic realism.

Beatty originally wanted the film to be shot in black and white, but Warner Bros. rejected the idea. Much of the studio's senior management was hostile to the film, especially Jack L. Warner, who considered the subject matter an unwanted throwback to Warner Bros.' early period, when gangster films were common product. Moreover, Warner was already annoyed at Beatty for refusing to star in PT 109 and defying Warner's favorite gesture of authority of showing the studio water tower with the WB logo on it. Beatty said, "Well, it's got your name, but it's got my initials." Warner complained about the costs of the film's extensive location shooting in Texas, which exceeded its production schedule and budget, and ordered the crew back to the studio backlot. It already had planned to return for final process shots.

Music
"Foggy Mountain Breakdown" by Flatt and Scruggs, the instrumental banjo piece, was introduced to a worldwide audience as a result of its frequent use in the movie. Its use is anachronistic because bluegrass dates from the mid-1940s rather than the 1930s. But the functionally similar old-time music genre was long established and widely recorded in the period of the film's events. Long out of print in vinyl and cassette formats, the film soundtrack was released on CD in 2009.

Historical accuracy

The film considerably simplifies the lives of Bonnie and Clyde and their gang. They were allied with other gang members, were jailed repeatedly, and committed other murders. In the part of the movie where Bonnie and Clyde escape the ambush that killed Buck Barrow and captured Blanche, Bonnie is shown being wounded by a deputy sheriff who is then killed by Clyde. In fact, although they did escape the ambush, no lawmen were killed, although between June 1933 and April 1934 the Barrow gang did kill three law officers in Texas and Oklahoma. On the run, they suffered a horrific auto accident in which Parker was severely burned and disabled. In the scene depicting Bonnie and Clyde's death, they are portrayed as having stopped their automobile, with Clyde exiting the car and then looking back at Bonnie as they realize they've been trapped, but reports state that the car was still moving when lawmen opened fire.

The sequence with Wilder and Evans is based on the Barrow gang's kidnappings of undertaker H.D. Darby and his acquaintance Sophia Stone, near Ruston, Louisiana, on April 27, 1933. They also stole Darby's car.

The film is considered to stray far from fact in its portrayal of Frank Hamer as a vengeful bungler who was captured, humiliated, and released by Bonnie and Clyde. In fact, Hamer was a decorated Texas Ranger when he was coaxed out of semi-retirement to hunt the couple down. He had never met them before he and his posse ambushed and killed them near Gibsland, Louisiana, on May 23, 1934. In 1968, Hamer's widow and son sued the movie producers for defamation of character over his portrayal; they obtained an out-of-court settlement in 1971.

In 1933, police found undeveloped film in Bonnie and Clyde's hastily abandoned hideout in Joplin, Missouri. When they printed the negatives, one showed Bonnie holding a gun in her hand and a cigar between her teeth. Its publication nationwide typed her as a dramatic gun moll. The film portrays the taking of this playful photo. It implies the gang sent photos—and poetry—to the press, but this is untrue. The police found most of the gang's items in the Joplin cache. Bonnie's final poem, read aloud by her in the movie, was not published until after her death, when her mother released it.

The only two surviving members of the Barrow Gang when the film was released in 1967 were Blanche Barrow and W.D. Jones. While Barrow had approved the depiction of her in the original script, she objected to the later rewrites. At the film's release, she complained about Estelle Parsons's portrayal of her, saying, "That film made me look like a screaming horse's ass!"

Release
The film premiered as the opening film of the Montreal International Film Festival on August 4, 1967.

At first, Warner Bros. did not promote Bonnie and Clyde for general release, but mounted only limited regional releases that seemed to confirm its misgivings about the film's lack of commercial appeal. The film quickly did excellent sustained business in select urban theatres. While Jack Warner was selling the studio to Seven Arts Productions, he would have dumped the film but for the fact that Israel, of which Warner was a major supporter, had recently triumphed in the Six-Day War. Warner was feeling too defiant to sell any of his studio's films.

Meanwhile, Beatty complained to Warner Bros. that if the company was willing to go to so much trouble for Reflections in a Golden Eye (it had changed the coloration scheme at considerable expense), their neglect of his film, which was getting excellent press, suggested a conflict of interest; he threatened to sue the company. Warner Bros. gave Beatty's film a general release. Much to the surprise of Warner Bros.' management, the film became a major box-office success.

Reception
The film was controversial at the time of release because of its apparent glorification of murderers, and for its level of graphic violence, which was unprecedented at the time. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote, "It is a cheap piece of bald-faced slapstick comedy that treats the hideous depredations of that sleazy, moronic pair as though they were as full of fun and frolic as the jazz-age cutups in Thoroughly Modern Millie." He was so appalled that he began to campaign against the increasing brutality of American films. Dave Kaufman of Variety criticized the film for uneven direction and for portraying Bonnie and Clyde as bumbling moronic types. Joe Morgenstern in Newsweek initially panned the film as a "squalid shoot-'em-up for the moron trade." After seeing the film a second time and noting the enthusiastic audience, he wrote a second article saying he had misjudged it and praised the film. Warner Bros. took advantage of this, marketing the film as having made a major critic change his mind about its virtues.

Roger Ebert gave Bonnie and Clyde a largely positive review, giving it four stars out of four. He said the film was "a milestone in the history of American movies, a work of truth and brilliance." He continued, "It is also pitilessly cruel, filled with sympathy, nauseating, funny, heartbreaking, and astonishingly beautiful. If it does not seem that those words should be strung together, perhaps that is because movies do not very often reflect the full range of human life." More than 30 years later, Ebert added the film to his The Great Movies list. Film critics Dave Kehr and James Berardinelli have praised the film. Stephen Hunter, writing in Commentary in 2009, criticized the film's failure to adhere to the historical truth about Barrow, Parker, and Hamer.

The fierce debate about the film is discussed at length in the documentary For the Love of Movies: The Story of American Film Criticism (2009). This film chronicles what occurred as a result: The New York Times fired Crowther because his negative review seemed so out of touch with public opinion. Pauline Kael, who wrote a lengthy freelance essay in The New Yorker in praise of the film, was hired as the magazine's new staff critic.

The film was not expected to perform well at the box office but was a sleeper hit and by year's end had earned $2.5million in theatrical rentals in the U.S. and Canada. It continued to perform well in 1968 and by March 1968 had been in the top 12 films at the US box office for 22 weeks. By the end of 1968 it had become the studio's second highest-grossing film of all time, behind My Fair Lady, with rentals of $19 million. By July 1968, the film had earned rentals of $10 million outside of the US and Canada. Listal lists it as one of the top five grossing films of 1967, with $50.7 million in U.S. sales, and $70 million worldwide. Beatty's profit participation (which he shared with Penn) earned him over $6 million and Penn over $2 million.

Although many believe the film's groundbreaking portrayal of violence adds to the film's artistic merit, Bonnie and Clyde is still sometimes criticized for opening the floodgates to heightened graphic violence in cinema and TV. It holds an 90% "Certified Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 67 reviews, with an average rating of . The site's consensus states: "A paradigm-shifting classic of American cinema, Bonnie and Clyde packs a punch whose power continues to reverberate through thrillers decades later."

The Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa cited this movie as one of his 100 favorite films.

Awards and nominations

Media recognition

The film repeatedly has been honored by the American Film Institute:
 1998 – AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – #27
 2001 – AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – #13
 2002 – AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – #65
 2003 – AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains
 Clyde Barrow & Bonnie Parker – #32 Villains
 2005 – AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes
 "We rob banks." – #41
 2007 – AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – #42
 2008 – AFI's 10 Top 10 – #5 Gangster film

In 1992, Bonnie and Clyde was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild ranked the film the fifth best-edited film of all time, based on a survey of its membership.

Influence

Fifty years after its premiere, Bonnie and Clyde has been cited as a major influence for such disparate films as The Wild Bunch, The Godfather, The Departed, Queen & Slim, True Romance, and Natural Born Killers.

In popular culture
The "Storage Jars" skit of episode 33 of Monty Python's Flying Circus features a brief still shot of Beatty as Clyde firing a Thompson submachine gun as he escapes from the Red Crown Tourist Court.

In the 1994 The Simpsons episode "Grampa vs. Sexual Inadequacy", Abe and Homer are being chased and Homer remarks, "They didn't start chasing us until you turned on that getaway music." When "Foggy Mountain Breakdown" stops playing, the chase ends.

In "To Say I Love You", the second story arc of Cracker, Robbie Coltrane's character Fitz uses the death scene to first bond with, and then destroy, a murder suspect in custody: "I wept buckets. I thought it was one of the worst moments in the entire history of Hollywood. I wept buckets for all the victims, and all the families of the victims."

The music video for Beyoncé and Jay-Z's collaboration "'03 Bonnie and Clyde" is loosely inspired by the movie.

See also
 List of American films of 1967
 Heist film

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Bonnie and Clyde essay by Richard Schickel on the National Film Registry site.
 Bonnie and Clyde essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 , pages 626 - 627 America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry
 Bosley Crowther's original review, The New York Times, April 14, 1967, and his follow-up of September 3, 1967.
 Literature on Bonnie and Clyde, Film website

1960s biographical films
1960s crime comedy-drama films
1960s crime drama films
1967 films
American biographical films
American chase films
American crime comedy-drama films
American crime drama films
American neo-noir films
American road movies
Films about Bonnie and Clyde
Crime films based on actual events
Films about bank robbery
Films directed by Arthur Penn
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award-winning performance
Films produced by Warren Beatty
Films scored by Charles Strouse
Films set in 1934
Films set in Iowa
Films set in Louisiana
Films set in Missouri
Films set in Oklahoma
Films set in Texas
Films shot in Texas
Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award
Films with screenplays by David Newman (screenwriter)
Films with screenplays by Robert Benton
United States National Film Registry films
Warner Bros. films
1967 drama films
Films set in a movie theatre
1960s English-language films
1960s American films


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text:
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using Lockstep.Data;
using UnityEngine;
namespace Lockstep
{
    public static class InputCodeManager
    {
        private static Dictionary<string,InputDataItem> InputDataMap = new Dictionary<string, InputDataItem>();
        private static BiDictionary<string,ushort> InputMap = new BiDictionary<string, ushort>();
        private static bool Setted {get; set;}
        public static void Setup () {
            IInputDataProvider provider;
            if (LSDatabaseManager.TryGetDatabase<IInputDataProvider> (out provider)) {
                InputDataItem[] inputData = provider.InputData;
                for (int i = inputData.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                    InputDataItem item = inputData[i];
                    ushort id = (ushort)(i + 1);
                    string code = inputData[i].Name;
                    InputMap.Add(code,id);
                    InputDataMap.Add (code,item);
                }
                Setted = true;
            }
        }
        public static InputDataItem GetInputData (string code) {
            InputDataItem item;
            if (InputDataMap.TryGetValue(code, out item)) {
                return item;
            }
            else {
                Debug.Log ("No InputData of " + code + " found. Ignoring.");
            }
            return null;
        }
        public static ushort GetCodeID (string code) {
            if (!Setted)
                throw NotSetupException;

            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(code))
                return 0;
            try {

                return InputMap[code];
            }
            catch {

                throw new System.Exception(string.Format("Code '{0}' does not exist in the current database", code));
            }
        }
        public static string GetIDCode (ushort id) {
            if (!Setted)
                throw NotSetupException;
            if (id == 0)
                return "";
            return InputMap.GetReversed(id);
        }
        static System.Exception NotSetupException {
            get {
                return new System.Exception("InputCodeManager has not yet been setup.");
            }
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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It's Tuesday and time for another photographer spotlight. Up this week is the amazing Jennifer Ricketts Photography located out in Orinda, CA - San Francisco Bay Area. Jennifer is an amazing photographer and a wealth of knowledge in all things photography. I have learned so much from her, and I'm always inspired by her work. You can always find her latest work on her blog or facebook fan page.
1) Why do you love this image? I just love her expression. A mom and dad taking time out for a smooch. And what a cute smooch! Plus, check out the cute dimple.
2) What were your settings with this image? ISO 800, f 2.8, ss 1/320.
3) What do you love about Photography? I love the technical side of things. I just love that something so mathematical can be, and is, Art. No wonder Architecture is a huge inspiration for me.
4) What type of Photography do you specialize in and why? I specialize in portraits and weddings. My goal in 2011 is to shoot weddings and engagements exclusively. Funny I picked a baby and momma to be my image selection. Maybe I won't be leaving newborn photography so fast.
5) What are your favorite hobbies and pastimes? Running, sewing, blog surfing.
6) Who or what inspires you? So many people I can't begin to mention. Seriously, I find inspiration everywhere, everyday, from expected and unexpected places.
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8) What is your favorite movie of all time? It is a wonderful life.
9) What would your ideal day be like? Sleep in, sleep in, sleep in, did I mention sleep in? Then wake up to a clean house, clean, dressed and fed children, go for a run, come home and do some crafts with the kids, ride bikes in the street. Win the lottery. Go to dinner with my husband alone and actual eat and talk uninterrupted.
10) If you weren't a photographer, what other profession would you like to pursue? Architect, fashion designer/seamstress, full time mommy ONLY.
I adore Jennifer's work! Thanks so much for sharing.
Love this image that Jen selected - what a great moment. LOVE! Thanks for the feature, Kathleen!


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text:
A company, being an artificial entity, managed and administered by its officers called the directors of the company. According to the provision under the Companies Act, 2013, a Director is appointed to the Board of a company. The Directors are the chief of a company. They are the highest authority administered by the managerial and other affairs of the company. They are jointly recognized as the Board of Directors (BOD) of a company under Section 2 (10) of the Companies Act, 2013. The Board of Directors supervises the management activities of the company and also protects the long-term interests of the shareholders of the company.
Foreign National for the position of Director in an India Company
The company's law in India does not prevent foreign nationals to become directors in Indian companies. A foreigner or a non-resident Indian can become an executive or a non-executive or independent director of Indian public or private companies. Following are the pertinent laws related to a foreign national as a director in an Indian company :
Appointment of directors under Companies Act, 2013
Under Indian Companies Act, 2013, six types of Directors are employed in a company. These are independent director, women director, additional director, small shareholders director, alternative and nominee director. The Act does not restrict a foreign national to be appointed as any of the above-stated directors in Indian Companies by following the Companies Act, 2013 along with the Companies Rules, 2014 that deals with appointment and qualifications of directors.
Following are the conditions that are to be satisfied by an individual including a foreign national to be a Director of a company under the Act :
Every individual including a foreign national shall be provided with a Director Identification Number (DIN) before appointing as a director
Every person including a foreign national to be employed as a Director shall give his DIN and shall declare that he is not disqualified from becoming a Director under this Act
The individual including a foreign national appointed as a Director shall not act as a Director unless he offers his written consent to act as director in Form DIR-2. This consent must be filed with the Registrar within 30 days of his appointment.
Application and Distribution of Director Identification Number (DIN)
An applicant including a foreign national shall create an application for getting DIN in electronic Form DIR-3 to the Central Government along with prescribed fees of Rs. 500 as given in Companies Rules, 2014. The Central Government will offer an electronic system to ease submission of the application for giving Director Identification Number through the portal on the Ministry of Corporate Affairs website.
The Form DIR-3 must be downloaded from the portal. It has to be filled and signed by the applicant using his/her own Digital Signature Certificate and has to be submitted electronically. Following are the documents needs to be attached to the application :
Copy of Resolution about proposal for appointing Director including Foreign National/ NRI
Evidence of residence
If foreign national is applying for DIN to become a director in an Indian company, then the details of a valid passport should be filled in Form DIR-3 and a certified copy of same should be produced with DIN application.
All supporting documents with photograph should be certified by the Indian Embassy or a notary in the home country of the applicant or by the CEO or Managing Director or Company Secretary of the company incorporated in India, in which applicant is a director.
The DIN so acquired by the applicant shall be applicable till the lifetime of the applicant.
An independent director of a company denotes such a director who is not a promoter nor associated to the promoter of the company. He doesn't have any financial relationship nor related to any individual having financial relationship with the company, whether it is holding or subsidiary or associate company. Neither he nor his relative holds a chief managerial personnel or any employee in the company.
A foreign national can be an independent Director of a company if he has skills, knowledge and experience in one or more fields of finance, management, law, marketing, sales, research, administration, technical operations, corporate governance or other disciplines connected with company's business.
Managing Director or Whole-Time Director
A foreign national, wants to become a full-time or managing director, should be a resident of India who has been living in India constantly not less than twelve months, immediately before the date of his appointment. He should not be less than 21 years of age or not more than 70 years of age.
Foreign National as a Director according to Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999
According to Companies Act and FEMA, there are no restrictions for a foreign national to become a director in an Indian Company. He is appropriate for remuneration, sitting fees, travel expenses and commission just like any other director.
A foreign national as a director in an Indian company can have and retain a foreign currency account with a bank outside India and obtain or take the whole salary payable to him for his services. If foreign nationals are incorporated by Indian companies, the Indian companies must file an application for payment of remuneration to authorized dealers with a statement and undertaking certificate about payment of Income Tax. A foreign national want to become a director in an Indian company must retain a legitimate employment visa.
Foreign National as a Director according to Income Tax Act, 1961
Any income earned in India subjects to Income Tax. In the same way, where a foreign national earns as a director of an Indian company is subjected to income tax under Income Tax, 1961. The necessary TDS shall be deducted from their remuneration or commission under the provisions of Income Tax Act.
Process for appointment of Foreign National as Director in Indian Company
Step 1 – Foreign National / NRI are required to get Digital Signatures.
Step 2 - Then it is needed to acquire Director Identification Number (DIN) in Form DIR- 3 in which details of a valid passport must be filled and a certified copy of same shall be attached. All supporting documents with photograph must be certified by the Indian Embassy or a notary in the home country of the applicant or by the Managing Director / Company Secretary / CEO of the company registered in India, in which applicant is a director.
If a foreign director has a valid multiple entry Indian visa or Overseas Citizen of India card or Person of Indian Origin card, then the attestation can also be done by Public Notary / Gazetted Officer in India or a practicing company secretary /chartered accountant / cost accountant
Documents needed :
ID Proof (Copy of Passport or, National ID where he is a National and that attested by,
Consulate / Indian Embassy / High Commission / Person of Indian Origin (PIO)/ Apostille or
A foreign nation of Indian Origin can file POI allotted by Government of India
Copy of Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) card issued by GOI)
Address Proof (Copy of Passport, Other National ID attested by Consulate / Indian Embassy / High Commission /Apostille or
Bank account statement in country of residence, duly attested by High Commission / Indian Embassy / Consulate / Apostille in the country where applicant is placed or
Person of Indian Origin (PIO) issued by Government of India or
NRE bank account statement or
Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) card issued by GOI)
The Form DIR-3 must be digitally verified by :
A company secretary (in whole-time practice) / a chartered accountant (in whole-time practice) or a cost accountant in practice; or
A company secretary in full-time employment with the company or managing director or director of the company in which the applicant is to be appointed as director.
Step3 - Now as DIN is obtained the company will file Form DIR-12 for the appointment of Director along with following documents :
DIR-2 (Consent to operate as Director of the Company)
DIR-8 (Intimation by Director regarding his interest in other entities and Disqualification under section 164 of the Companies Act, 2013)
Letter of Appointment form the company
Resolution passed by the Company about his/her appointment
Passport is compulsory for foreign nationals. Foreign nationals shall select the nationality as mentioned in the passport.
All the forms must be filed under the Companies Act are filed through MCA website through the digital signature. In view of this, the foreign director is needed to have one digital signature.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


No matter where you travel, it's hard to find accommodation that perfect suits your family. Star ratings and photos only tell you so much. That's why we like to dive into the details for you. It's our pleasure, really. This family-friendly Mauritius hotel is one of our favourites. You'll see why.
All of Mauritius is beautiful, but it's the eastern coast that dazzles the most. The water here sparkles an azure blue, the powdery white sand glimmers in the sun, even the palm trees seem to sway to the rhythm of paradise. LUX* Belle Mare sits on of the best beaches in the world – as voted by CNN (and us here at Family Travel too). Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport is an hour's drive away and buzzy village Centre de Flacq is nearby, easily accessible by bike.
A stay at LUX* Belle Mare is a truly memorable family holiday, where everything is taken care of and all you have to do is relax and soak it up. The attentive staff ensure your stay is perfect, which is why LUX* sees many repeat customers visit its portfolio of resorts across the world. These people bring the brand to life, and, for me, it's that authentic interaction that really makes the experience stand out.
Of course, the facilities are fantastic. The pretty beach right on the doorstep of the resort is a lovely place to while away a few hours. My daughter and I loved playing in the sand, going for strolls and splashing about in the calm lagoon – and ideal first beach for babies. Alternating water play time between the beach and the pool worked well for us. This fabulous Mauritius hotel is home to the largest pool on the island. It has various depth levels, making it ideal for kids of all ages. This meant I could swim around holding my daughter in the deeper bits and then let her crawl around in the shallow parts of the pool – she loved having the freedom to play in the water with me.
The grounds of the resort are immaculately maintained and we established a daily routine of morning meanders through the tropical gardens. Life is slower and more beautiful with a little one, so we'd stop often to look at leaves and flowers. The gardens link rooms to public areas, which are all airy and fresh thanks to London-based designer Kelly Hoppen.
Rooms and suites have also been given the Kelly Hoppen treatment, with calm whites accentuated with pops of bright colours to capture that colourful Mauritian vibe. Although we spent most of our time outside or in the dining areas, coming back to the room was always a pleasant experience.
It's worth noting that the rooms – which span Family, Ocean and Romantic categories, to name a few – are simply pleasant spaces, and it's how they are maintained that heightens the overall feel. The room-service staff were all exceptional, visiting twice daily to ensure everything was in tip-top shape. Ramasawmy, the housekeeping manager, was a delight, often helping me with my pram and visiting twice one night to shoo away some friendly geckos.
There is so much to do at the resort. At Junk Art Gallery, guests can craft their own anything using recyclable materials (I watched a woman make herself a handbag). Next door, the photography studio is where you can learn how to take – and edit – the perfect holiday shot. There's a family entertainment area here too, with a pool table, table tennis and tennis courts for active types.
I was glad I'd packed my muumuus, as the food here is divine. I would start my day at Café LUX* for my morning coffee (LUX*'s own delicious island blend). Breakfast at MIXE is great; it's a buffet, but not one of those huge set-ups where you have to queue up and pile up your plate to avoid going back again. There's an egg station as well as plenty of hot dishes, a continental spread, Asian breakfast items and so on. There's plenty of local produce, too – fresh fruits, local banana jam and numerous varieties of delicious Mauritania sugar.
Lunchtime is a casually cool affair. Sometimes I ordered pizza from the poolside menu, I enjoyed a Cuban-inspired meal at the Rolls Royce food truck, and Beach Rouge is ideal for a slightly fancier take on the daytime meal, evoking the laid-back vibe of the French Riviera. The restaurant sits right on the beach, the food is well presented and delicious, and chilled-out music elevates the experience. LUX* makes its own ice-cream and the retro ICI parlour is right by the pool, so this became an obligatory afternoon treat for me.
Beach Rouge and MIXE also open for dinner, and both are great options for families. The menu at Beach Rouge is different at dinner, and every night at MIXE is an impressive international buffet with many live cooking stations and cuisine types. It's worth sampling the gastronomy at Amari by Vineet (which welcomes guests aged 8 and above) and Duck Laundry too. I thoroughly enjoyed the contemporary Chinese cuisine at Duck Laundry, but the Indian Michelin-star chef's fare was my favourite find. I love curries and enjoyed the modern take on some of the traditional dishes.
K Bar is a great place to enjoy a cocktail or a craft beer, and Mari Kontan thatched rum bar is where you go for… rum, of course. Tea lovers can spend time in the Tea House tasting oriental teas, and intimate private meals on the beach or in the gardens can be booked for special occasions (or just because).
LUX* Belle Mare offers all-inclusive, half-board and full-board packages. I recommend full-board (most meals and no alcohol) or all-inclusive for families.
LUX* Belle Mare is an accessible hotel with excellent facilities for wheelchair users and less-mobile guests. The wheelchair-accessible rooms are located near the main reception area and have a grip rail in the en-suite and hand rail in the shower area. Public areas are also easily accessible for wheelchair users.


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text:
Sea change (idiom)
Sea change or sea-change is an English idiomatic expression which denotes a substantial change in perspective, especially one which affects a group or society at large, on a particular issue. It is similar in usage and meaning to a paradigm shift, and may be viewed as a change to a society or community's zeitgeist, with regard to a specific issue. The phrase evolved from an older and more literal usage when the term referred to an actual "change wrought by the sea",[1] a definition that remains in limited usage.
Etymology[edit]
The term originally appears in William Shakespeare's The Tempest in a song sung by a supernatural spirit, Ariel, to Ferdinand, a prince of Naples, after Ferdinand's father's apparent death by drowning:
Full fathom five thy father lies,
Of his bones are coral made,
Those are pearls that were his eyes,
Nothing of him that doth fade,
But doth suffer a sea-change,
into something rich and strange,
Sea-nymphs hourly ring his knell,
Ding-dong.
Hark! now I hear them, ding-dong, bell.
The term sea change is therefore often used to mean a metamorphosis or alteration.[2][3] For example, a literary character may transform over time into a better person after undergoing various trials or tragedies (e.g. "There is a sea change in Scrooge's personality towards the end of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol.") As with the term Potemkin village, sea change has also been used in business culture. In the United States, it is often used as a corporate or institutional buzzword. In this context, it need not refer to a substantial or significant transformation.[4]
Literature portal
Language portal
^ Sea-change OED Online, December 2013.
^ The Absent Shakespeare – Mark Jay Mirsky. p. 132.
^ Complexity, Organizations and Change - Elizabeth McMillan. pp. 61–62.
^ Buzzword of the Week: Sea Change. Daily Finance, December 9, 2010
Look up sea change or seachange in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Safire, William (February 13, 1994). "ON LANGUAGE; Downsize That Special Sea Change". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
Rich and Strange: Gender, History, Modernism. pp. 3- (preview page 4 not shown in preview)
The Absent Shakespeare. pp. 131–132.
Data Protection: Governance, Risk Management, and Compliance. p. xx.
Complexity, Management and the Dynamics of Change: Challenges for Practice. p. 78.
The Shakespeare Wars: Clashing Scholars, Public Fiascoes, Palace Coups. p. 509.
Shakespeare Survey, Volume 24. p. 106.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_change_(idiom)&oldid=929445789"
English-language idioms


text:
Die Jugendherberge Bremen bzw. das Haus der Jugend  in Bremen-Mitte im Stephaniviertel, Kalkstraße 6, steht zentral, direkt an der Weser. Der Alt- und der Neubau gehören zu den bedeutenden Bremer Bauwerken.

Geschichte
1953 fand ein Architektenwettbewerb für den Neubau einer Jugendherberge statt. In den 1950er Jahren wurde dann für das Deutsche Jugendherbergswerk (DJH) die Jugendherberge in zentraler städtischer Lage mit Weserblick nach Plänen des Bremer Architekten und Wettbewerbssiegers Carsten Schröck gebaut. Architektonisch ist das Gebäude mit seiner Ziegelarchitektur klar gegliedert. Ein sechsgeschossiges, vertikal gegliedertes Bettenhaus bildete das Rückgrat der Anlage. Ein zweigeschossiger, horizontaler Vorbau mit dem Eingangsbereich und den Gemeinschaftsräumen im ersten Obergeschoss orientiert sich zur Weser hin. An einem kleinen Vorplatz liegt der Haupteingang. Eine große Sonnenterrasse auf dem Dach des Vorbaus, mit einem zeittypischen nierentischförmigen Wetterschutzdach, dient als beliebter Freiraum mit Wesersicht.

2005 wurde die Jugendherberge erweitert und nach Plänen des Architekten Arbeitsgemeinschaft Raumzeit, Berlin, umgebaut entsprechend den aktuellen Kundenbedürfnissen. Über dem Vorbau erfolgte eine Aufstockung durch ein neues turmartiges Bettenhaus. Der Neubau bildet durch eine in verschiedenen Gelbtönen gehaltenen Glasfassade einen bewussten, starken Kontrast zum Altbau. Der markante Baukörper dient so auch als Landmarke am Weserufer.

Die Architekten erläuterten ihre gestalterischen Überlegungen u. a.:
 "Die Erweiterung der Jugendherberge folgt insgesamt nicht einem ästhetischen Ideal des 'harmonischen, organischen Ganzen', sondern setzt Alt und Neu bewusst in ein Verhältnis von Resonanz und Reibung zueinander. Diesem auf Modulationen und leichten Disharmonien beruhenden Konzept folgt auch die Farbgebung der Erweiterungsbauten. Das Aubergine des Flachbaus lehnt sich an den rot-braunen Ziegelton der Altbaufassaden an, ist aber hochglänzend, nicht matt und porös wie die Ziegel. Der dunkle Ton bringt kontrastierend die hellen Gelbtöne des neuen Bettenhauses zum Leuchten. Die Modulation der Zitronen-, Orange-, Gelb und Beigetöne enthält ebenfalls leichte Disharmonien, die erfrischend wirken. Sowohl das dunkle Aubergine, als auch die Gelbtöne lassen das Gebäude, je nach Lichtstimmung und Blickrichtung, anders wirken; immer aber leuchtet es weithin als Signal, wie die gelb markierten Schifffahrtszeichen in der Weser."

Die Jugendherberge hat aktuell (2014) 216 Betten in 56 Zimmer, davon 20 Zweitbettzimmer, 20 Vierbettzimmer und 16 Sechsbettzimmer; 7 Zimmer sind rollstuhlgerechte.

Seit dem 26. Juni 2008 liegt der Nachbau des Raddampfers Die Weser an Ponton 8 an der Schlachte direkt vor der Jugendherberge Bremen als Gästeschiff mit 30 Schlafplätzen, die auch von der Jugendherberge genutzt werden.

Literatur
 NN: Bauten in Deutschland seit 1948: Carsten Schröck – Architektur einer Hafenstad.
 Architekturführer Bremen: Haus der Jugend/Jugendherberge,

Einzelnachweise

Weblink
 Jugendherberge Bremen

Bauwerk der Moderne in Bremen
Bremen
Erbaut in den 1950er Jahren
Erbaut in den 2000er Jahren
Mitte (Bremen)
Unternehmen (Bremen)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


brooke: I find joy in... weekend morning walks through my neighborhood.
I find joy in... weekend morning walks through my neighborhood.
A girl, a boy, and their dog.
Still amazed that this is in our neighborhood.
I am still impressed that we have a Shepard Fairey in South Park.
Self portrait of me in the sunshine.
I love my neighborhood, exploring it, and noticing the little things.


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ConVEx 2020… A New Kind of Conference
As most of you know, DITA North America and DITA Europe are two of the premier conferences for content creators working with DITA. Normally, these conferences are held in the spring and fall respectively, but like so many in person gatherings, had to be postponed this year. Leave it to the CIDM team to see this not as a loss but as a challenge to create a new kind of virtual conference that will be a benchmark for virtual conferences going forward.
ConVEx is the fruit of CIDM's labour to adapt to professionals' new working reality, and their willingness to deliver not just a conference, but a Virtual Experience, as they call it.
A New Kind of Conference
ConVEx was conceived not as simply a substitute for DITA North America and DITA Europe, with presentations streamed live instead of attended in person, but as a completely new experience. Several of us here at IXIASOFT attended and participated in ConVEx events and we'd like to share some of our impressions with you.
Our first impression was…what a lot of fun! Our second impression was…what a lot of work! A virtual conference is a lot more work for everyone, organizers and participants alike. A physical conference and its events exist whether you participate in them or not. You show up to the venue. The conference rooms are there, presenters show up and give presentations. Vendors show up and have booths and exhibits. There's a cocktail hour and other social events. All of this happens regardless. But a virtual conference only exists if people participate. Otherwise, there is no there there, to quote Gertrude Stein.
ConVEx was definitely a success in this respect, so a big hand to everyone who participated, whether by recording presentations, participating in Candid Conversations, showcasing their talent, or being an enthusiastic listener and questioner.
The Logistics
ConVEx was organized around a Main Stage, where keynote presentations and other social events took place. Like an in-person conference, there were various tracks for different subjects
In the weeks before the conference, presenters (including myself) recorded our presentations. This experience was incredibly pain-free. We booked a time slot in advance and at that time, logged in and were helped through the process by an A/V professional to ensure the best quality recording. All of these presentations were then gathered into the ConVEx Library, which was available online, with presentations sorted into several tracks: Collaboration, Content Strategy, Management, Reuse, Use Cases, and User Focus. Attendees could view any presentations that interested them.
Benefits of a Virtual Event
Of course, while it can be hard to be as attentive and enthusiastic about a recorded presentation as an in-person presentation, the great advantage to recordings is that you can watch them whenever you like. And how many of us have looked at an in-person conference agenda only to discover that there are two or three presentations we really want to attend, but they all take place at the same time! This is another of the advantages of a virtual conference… there's no need to choose. You can attend every single presentation that interests you.
One of the best parts of an in-person presentation is the chance to ask questions afterward, whether during the Q&A period immediately after the presentation, or later, as you find yourself at a lunch or dinner table with the presenter or perhaps in the bar downstairs….While not quite the same, this experience was part of ConVEx as well. Most recorded presentations also had a scheduled live Candid Conversation where anyone wanting to chat personally with the presenter could drop in and ask questions and contribute thoughts or war stories.
I hosted a Candid Conversation around my presentation, "Don't Forget the Tech Writers" and was pleased to see some familiar faces there and even more pleased to hear everyone's comments. We chatted pleasantly for the full hour, which is generally longer than we would have had to talk after an in-person presentation or even during other in-person conference opportunities.
Candid Conversations Hosted by IXIASOFT Customers
Other great candid conversations were led by IXIASOFT's customers such as Danfoss Power Solutions, SAP, Allscripts, Mastercard, KLA and AMD.
Jill Sheffield of Mastercard shared how her team transformed its content strategy in order to deliver targeted content to a global audience, and elevated customer experience, all while improving overall efficiency in her ''Mastering Efficiency and Impact in Content Creation and Delivery'' presentation.
Vasanth Vaidyanathan and Vidhya Kameswaran from KLA taught the audience how to measure technical writers' productivity in a very early slot for those tuning in from North America – 3.30AM EDT.
One of ConVEx particularities was in fact that presentations were broadcast across 8 time zones, including IST. Luckily, most presentations were recorded, and will be uploaded on the event's platforms in the coming weeks, allowing registrants to catch up on presentations they missed for up to one year.
In addition to the Candid Conversations, there were also Test Kitchens, just like at DITA North America and DITA Europe, where vendors could showcase their solutions.
IXIASOFT's Nolwenn Kerzreho, Sharon Figueira, and Robert Bredlau invited ConVEx participants to get personal with one of IXIASOFT CCMS most appreciated features: the Collaborative Review which allows technical writers, contributors, and subject matter experts to attain efficient review while nurturing a strong collaborative culture, in their ''Remote Collaboration in a Challenging Environment'' test kitchen.
How to Network in A Virtual Environment
Now, the one thing that is a bit challenging to replicate in a virtual conference is the vendor area. Vendors who attend conferences really count on foot traffic and the chance to meet folks and make those connections that while not bearing fruit right away, might come back months later as an opportunity. Despite the challenge, ConVEx also included an Exhibitor Hall. Each vendor approached their virtual "booth" a bit differently, but most featured a greeting video, brochures and other product information, links to additional resources, and contact information. There was also a monitored Slack channel where attendees could reach out directly to vendors whose products or services they were interested in hearing more about.
Here at IXIASOFT, we had a lot of fun creating a "bumper" video for our booth. We chose a scenic or iconic area of our respective home cities (and being as distributed as we are, there were a lot of cities to represent!) and flexed our directorial muscles by filming ourselves catching and throwing a piece of paper. Individually, it was a bit strange, but all put together it made a fun and rather touching video. In a way, that exercise represents what ConVEx and really, the last six months, have been all about. We're having to do a lot more things separately and put it all together afterward, but the result can still be magical.
The DITA community is very tight-knit, and we always enjoy the social aspects of conferences and other get-togethers. ConVEx was no exception. There were many social activities, among them lots of food stuff, because who doesn't like food?
Just to name a few things, attendees could take their pick of a beer tasting with Etteplan, a Happy Hour with Ryffine, several cooking shows with Comtech (Italian chili, almond tea cake), a coffee klatch with Jorsek, a DITA Map Sandwich with Mekon, a Salted Maple Pumpkin Smoothie with yours truly IXIASOFT and special CEO guest, Eric Bergeron, and topping everything off with Bailey's Fudge & Irish Coffee from Miramo. If you were really following along at home, you've probably spent some extra time on the treadmill working off those "virtual" calories!
Other social activities included Handwriting Analysis with Zoomin, several games of trivia, and the talent show.
Boy, was the talent show fun! And quite impressive. I mean that. Lots of talent in this community. Many of us have known and worked with each other for years and we had no idea we were such accomplished singers, musicians, poets, impressionists, woodworkers…and, uhm, jugglers. The virtual nature of the talent show made some acts possible that would have been very tricky to pull off in person. For example, I did a short demonstration of turning a small wooden bowl. As I generally don't travel with a lathe (very hard to fit in the overhead bins), there's no way I could have done this at DITA North America. It was so much fun to see a new side of people and find out a little bit about what we do when we're not DITA-ing.
My colleague Scott Kush says "It was nice to see customers, prospects, partners and IXIASOFT people just engage in the new normal for an hour – we definitely will do more in future shows."
As you probably noticed, most of the social activities were sponsored by the conference's vendors, all of whom spent a tremendous amount of time planning thoughtful and fun things we could all do in the "new normal." That goes back to what I said earlier—that a virtual conference takes more effort on everyone to create the space and the interaction that normally just occurs with an in-person conference. I can't mention all the vendors in this post as there were wonderfully many, but again, a huge hats-off to my colleagues at IXIASOFT and to everyone for the imagination and humor you all contributed to ConVEx.
In addition, IXIASOFT proudly hosted a Charity Donation contest, a good way to show appreciation to attendees for their presence, while giving back. Our two contest winners –Patricia Burrows of Rocket Software Inc., and Dana Aubin from Allscripts— each won a $500 donation to support a global charitable organization in their name.
Dana chose to donate to Amnesty International. ''I chose Amnesty International as the recipient of this generous donation because I strongly support their mission to protect human rights across the globe."
Patricia chose to split her prize to support two organizations, World Wildlife Fund, and the IC of the Red Cross. ''I support the World Wildlife Fund as I appreciate their holistic view of environmental and conservation problems. I also chose to support the IC of the Red Cross and their incredible and difficult work in supporting people in some of the most underserved populations in the world."
Now to be completely fair, I have to mention one disadvantage of ConVEx (aside from the obvious one of not actually being together, but enough said there). When we go to a real conference, the expectation is that we are physically away from the office and although we might have to answer e-mails or do a few things throughout the day, it's understood that we're "doing the conference" during those three days. There's no such understanding with a virtual conference and so listening to the presentations and attending the Candid Conversations and the social activities was actually in addition to everyone's normal work day and activities. That makes it all the more impressive that so many people showed up and really participated to the fullest.
As CIDM has said many times, while ConVEx replaced several in-person conferences this year, their goal from the start was not merely to create a virtual substitute for those conferences but to create a completely different kind of event that stands on its own, takes advantage of the additional and different opportunities presented by a virtual environment, and continues to grow even after we can all come back together in person.
While I am surely not alone in hoping that DITA North America, DITA Europe, and all the other gatherings we enjoy so much can return in 2021 in the usual format, I also hope that ConVEx will continue to live on as well.
Blog AUTHOR
Leigh White
DITA Specialist at IXIASOFT
Leigh White is a DITA Specialist at IXIASOFT, where she works with product integrations,product design, and marketing communications. Leigh has spoken on DITA, content management systems content conversion, and DITA-OT plugin development at a number of industry conferences, including DITA North America, DITA Europe, Intelligent Content, Lavacon, Writers UA, DITA Netherlands, and Congility. She is the author of DITA For Print: A DITA Open Toolkit Workbook and a contributor to The Language of Content Strategy and The Language of Technical Communication. Leigh is also a member of the OASIS DITA Technical Committee.
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text:
Archaeology & Fossils
From the mouths of molluscs -- ancient snail relative found
Two snails cross a wooden veranda in Oberbeuren, southern Germany. Fossils of toothy, slug-like creatures that grazed the sea floor 500 million years ago have shed light on the origins of modern-day snails, shellfish and squid, a study said Wednesday.
Fossils of toothy, slug-like creatures that grazed the sea floor 500 million years ago have shed light on the origins of modern-day snails, shellfish and squid, a study said Wednesday.
The most comprehensive analysis yet of the ancient slugs' mouth parts -- multiple rows of teeth that moved in conveyor-belt fashion, showed they were related to present day molluscs, scientists wrote in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
Dubbed Wiwaxia and Odontogriphus, the slugs' place on the evolution ladder has been in contention for decades -- whether they were early molluscs, relatives of the earthworm, or a completely different species that died out.
This is a reconstruction of the Odontogriphus mouthparts. Credit: Marianne Collins 2012
Using new microscope technology, Martin Smith, a graduate student at the University of Toronto's department of evolutionary biology, found they shared a feeding mechanism with today's molluscs.
"Their mouthparts are... the closest thing that we have to the radula, the conveyor-belt-like feeding apparatus found in almost all molluscs today," he told AFP.
"My new reinterpretation of their 'teeth' shows that they represented early molluscs."
Molluscs, which also include octopuses, mussels and oysters, are the second-biggest animal group, yet little has been known about their early evolution.
Fossil of Wiwaxia, mouthparts are visible towards front. Credit: Martin Smith
Odontogriphus, whose name means "toothed riddle" in Greek, was a naked slug that grew up to 15 centimetres (six inches) long, while tiny Wiwaxia, between 1 millimetre and 5 cm, was covered with spines and scales.
The invertebrate fossils come from the Burgess Shale Formation in the Canadian province of British Columbia, deposited there during the Middle Cambrian period about 505 million years ago.
To study the remains, Smith used an electron microscope which has a resolution about a thousand times better than that of a light microscope, "so you see loads more detail" of the mouth parts.
It has only recently become possible to put large fossils in electron microscopes without damaging them.
This is an electron micrograph of Wiwaxia mouth parts seen in Figure 2. Credit: Martin Smith
The researcher concluded that the mouths of Wiwaxia and Odontogriphus had two to three rows of 17-33 teeth of a similar size, with a symmetrical central tooth and more, smaller teeth on the edges.
The teeth would have moved around a tongue in the same way as those of both plant- and meat-eating molluscs today, scooping algae and organic waste from a muddy sea floor.
"I don't see how you can doubt that they are molluscs any more," said Smith.
What is not clear is whether these fossils were the direct ancestors of today's molluscs.
There were likely several similar-looking species living alongside Wiwaxia and Odontogriphus, but since species cannot interbreed, only one could have given rise to the snails and slugs we know today.
"It's possible that Odontogriphus or Wiwaxia was this species, but it's more likely that they were very close relatives -- offshoots from the lineage that would have led to all molluscs," said Smith.
Research into molluscan phylogeny reveals deep animal relationship of snails and mussels
Journal information: Proceedings of the Royal Society B
(c) 2012 AFP
Citation: From the mouths of molluscs -- ancient snail relative found (2012, August 22) retrieved 18 January 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2012-08-mouths-molluscs-ancient-snail.html
If the Sahara is caused by the Hadley cell, it should ring the Earth like the Hadley cell, surely?
Coal and the Fermi Paradox
Does the world really need 'more power'?
Why is the CO2 level lower in my house than outside?
Mw 6.4 Quake Croatia
Mw 6.8, Chile ... NOW
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How much does a Software Architect make at Aditi Staffing in Santa Clara, CA?
Average Aditi Staffing Software Architect hourly pay in Santa Clara, CA is approximately $72.00, which meets the national average.
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NRA Launches TV Ad Against Jason Kander in Missouri U.S. Senate Race
Fairfax, Va. - The National Rifle Association Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF) today launched its first television ad in the race for U.S. Senate in Missouri. The 30-second ad, titled "Kander Kastle," highlights Jason Kander's anti-Second Amendment record in the state legislature. The ad will begin running this week in Kansas City, Springfield, and Joplin.
"Missouri voters deserve to know that their Second Amendment freedoms hang in the balance this November," said Chris W. Cox, chairman of the NRA-PVF. "The next Missouri senator will help determine control of the Supreme Court. Jason Kander would be devastating for law-abiding citizens' fundamental right of self-defense in the U.S. Senate."
The ad highlights the importance of the 2016 Senate elections in determining the makeup of the Supreme Court. The basic right to keep a gun in the home for self-protection is at stake in November.
"Jason Kander opposed our constitutional freedoms during his time in Jefferson City, and now he wants to bring his anti-gun agenda to Washington, D.C. All freedom-loving Missourians should oppose Kander's gun control agenda and vote to re-elect Roy Blunt to the U.S. Senate on November 8," concluded Cox.
View the ad here.
"Kander Kastle"
:30 TV
SUBSTANTIATION
ANNCR: It's 4 a.m.
And something's not right.
You have a right to protect your home with a firearm.
2nd Amendment: "A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights_transcript.html
But liberal politician Jason Kander voted AGAINST your right.
Missouri House Bill 668, 3rd Reading, 2009 http://www.house.mo.gov/billtracking/bills091/biltxt/perf/HB0668P.HTM
Missouri's next Senator will decide control of the Supreme Court.
Washington Post: "The Supreme Court reminds everyone why it's the most important issue in the 2016 election" https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2016/06/23/the-supreme-court-reminds-everyone-why-its-the-most-important-issue-in-the-2016-election/?utm_term=.a2c3023a2f79
Jason Kander refused to defend your
Second Amendment rights in Jefferson City.
How could you trust him in Washington?
Defend your rights. Defeat Jason Kander.
Established in 1871, the National Rifle Association is America's oldest civil rights and sportsmen's group. More than five million members strong, NRA continues to uphold the Second Amendment and advocates enforcement of existing laws against violent offenders to reduce crime. The Association remains the nation's leader in firearm education and training for law-abiding gun owners, law enforcement and the armed services. Be sure to follow the NRA on Facebook at NRA on Facebook and Twitter @NRA.
Missouri U.S. Senate Roy Blunt Election 2016 Jason Kander
NRA Debunks Jason Kander's Second Amendment Lies in New Ad
NRA Endorses Roy Blunt for Re-Election to U.S. Senate
Missouri - Roy Blunt for U.S. Senate
Senator Roy Blunt
NRA Launches Seven-Figure Campaign in Missouri


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Drum Ambition
positioning drums
Best Online Drum Lessons (November 2021 – Updated)
With the holidays fast approaching, many people are searching for the best online drum lessons. Whether you are a complete beginner with a drum set on your holiday list or a more experienced hobbyist wanting to revisit some essential fundamentals and improve your technique – Drum Ambition has been created for you! This article will share more about our approach, including free sample lessons and the details of our curriculum. "I feel more confident as a drummer after one month… Read More
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The recent surge in the Washington area's defense-contracting workforce would begin to ebb under Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates's latest budget proposal as the Pentagon moves to replace legions of private workers with full-time civil servants.
The budget would reverse a contracting boom, beginning after the 2001 terrorist attacks, in which the proportion of private contractors grew to 39 percent of the Pentagon's workforce. Gates said he wants to reduce that percentage to a pre-Sept. 11 level of 26 percent.
The government said it would hire as many as 13,000 civil servants to replace contractors in the coming year and up to 39,000 over the next five years.
Roughly 7.5 percent of metropolitan Washington's labor force -- about 291,000 jobs -- is tied to Pentagon contracting. Defense analysts and government contracting experts said Gates's move could affect companies such as CACI and SAIC, which do large amounts of government contracting work, offering technical services, administrative support, database outsourcing and contract management.
Local giants Lockheed Martin and General Dynamics also run substantial government-support operations and would see some weapons projects cut, while other programs would receive budget increases.
"The reduction of nearly one-third of the contractor workforce at the Pentagon is going to be a mortal blow to companies that have built their businesses through outsourcing," said Loren Thompson, a defense consultant. The Obama administration wants "more of the skill in the government rather than contracting out."
In particular, the proposed budget would sharply reduce the number of contractors who help the Pentagon oversee and manage its vast weapons-buying apparatus following a string of reports chronicling cost overruns and other problems. Of the 13,000 private contractors to be replaced in the coming year, 2,500 of them would be in the acquisition workforce. Of the 39,000 workers over five years, 20,000 would be in acquisitions. "We are right-sizing the defense acquisition workforce so we can improve our contract oversight and get a better deal for the taxpayers," said Shay Assad, the Pentagon's director of defense procurement and acquisition policy.
"Federal acquisition has atrophied," said Stan Z. Soloway, president of the Professional Services Council, a trade group for government contractors. "This is a targeted shifting. The government does need to rebuild its position, so it has these critical, core skills of acquisition support, engineering and technical support."
But Soloway cautioned that finding such skilled workers can be a challenge because such workers are often in high demand by better-paying companies in the private sector.
A CACI executive said the company is waiting for further details before commenting.
The Arlington company has 12,300 employees, half of whom are in the D.C. region. Ninety-five percent of its $2.4 billion in revenue last year came from federal contracts for technical services and information technology and contracting oversight for the Army and Navy, as well as such Pentagon offices as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the Missile Defense Agency.
Overall, the budget Gates proposed calls for major cuts to the weapons programs of some of the largest contractors. But Wall Street appeared to mostly take it in stride, bidding up defense-company stocks because the cuts were not as deep as some had feared.
"You saw some relief," said Peter Arment, managing director at Broadpoint AmTech in Greenwich, Conn.
One of the hardest-hit defense firms was Boeing.
The Chicago company's $150 billion Future Combat Systems, a family of Army vehicles linked by high-tech communications, came under criticism from Gates for being costly and plagued by development problems. He proposed canceling the $87 billion vehicle part of the system -- a move that would hurt Boeing, SAIC and their subcontractors, BAE and General Dynamics.
Gates also proposed canceling some of Boeing's missile defense programs, including one to equip a modified 747 aircraft with a laser that can shoot down missiles soon after they're launched, saying the program "has significant affordability and technology problems and the program's proposed operational role is highly questionable."
Boeing would also be hurt because it makes one-third of the F-22 fighter jet and the Pentagon plans to stop ordering additional aircraft. Gates would also cancel the Air Force's program to build a new search-and-rescue helicopter, which had been awarded to Boeing. And it would not order more of Boeing's C-17 cargo planes. Boeing could also see a military satellite program, known as TSAT, end.
Boeing said in a statement that it would be "studying Secretary Gates' announcement for potential impact" to the company.
Lockheed Martin, of Bethesda, the biggest defense contractor in the world, also took hits on several of its major programs.
Gates said he would kill the company's bid to build the presidential helicopter, known as the VH-71, citing the fact that the program is six years late and has gone from initial estimates of $6 billion to $13 billion. That could affect the company's production line in Owego, N.Y., analysts said.
Lockheed was also hit by the move to not order more F-22 fighter jets. Perhaps hoping for support in Congress, the company has taken out newspaper ads explaining how its F-22 supports roughly 25,000 jobs around the country.
But the Pentagon proposed ordering more of Lockheed's F-35 known as the Joint Strike Fighter, and it would increase from two to three the number of littoral combat ships being built by Lockheed and General Dynamics to patrol near enemy coastlines.
Lockheed Martin spokeswoman Cheryl Amerine said the company was "assessing the impact" of Gates's proposed cuts and increases on their weapons programs.


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La isla Starokádomski (en ruso: Остров Старокадомского o Óstrov Starokádomskogo) es una pequeña isla del archipiélago Sévernaya Zemlyá, localizada en el Ártico de Rusia, en el mar de Láptev, en aguas del estrecho de Vilkitsky.

Administrativamente, la isla depende del Krai de Krasnoyarsk.

Geografía

La isla Starokádomski, que tiene forma de reloj de arena, con un estrangulamiento en su parte central, está en la parte exterior sureste del archipiélago de Sévernaya Zemlyá, a unos 27 km de la isla Bolchevique. Se localiza al noreste de la península de Taymyr, frente a la costa oriental de Siberia. Muy próxima a esta isla, hay otra pequeña isla, la isla Maly Taymyr, a menos de 6 km en su parte sureste. Las aguas del estrecho de Vilkitsky, al sur de la isla, así como las aguas que rodean las dos islas, están cubiertas de hielo durante el largo invierno y tienen muchos témpanos flotantes en los pocos días del corto verano en que están libres, entre junio y septiembre.

La longitud máxima de la isla es de 18 km y su anchura máxima a 7 km. Está rodeada por playas angostas y «swales» (largas y estrechas depresiones superficiales, que se inundan en época de tormentas o fuertes mareas, y que corren paralelas a la línea de costa). Las pequeñas islas ribereñas del extremo norte de Starokádomski se conocen como Máyskiye Ostrová.

La isla Starokádomski es parte de la Reserva Natural Estatal Gran Ártico, creada en 1993 en torno a la península de Taymyr, y que es la reserva natural más grande de Rusia y la tercera mayor del mundo.

Historia

La isla Starokádomski fue descubierta por la Expedición Hidrográfica al Océano Ártico, dirigida por Borís Vilkitski, con los rompehielos Vaygach y Taymyr, que partió en 1911 y llegaron a esta zona en agosto de 1913, en que izaron la bandera rusa en lo que creyeron una única isla y llamaron «Tierra de Nicolás II», en honor al Zar Nicolás II de Rusia. La isla fue llamada así en honor del científico ruso Dr. Leonid Starokádomski (:ru:Старокадомский, Леонид Михайлович), médico y uno de los líderes de esa expedición.

Véase también
Para conocer el clima, la fauna y la flora del archipiélago, ver el artículo:
 Sévernaya Zemlyá

Referencias
Notas:

Enlaces externos

 Datos y fotos de satélite de las islas del grupo de las Severnaya Zemlya, disponibles en:: http://www.oceandots.com/arctic/russia./severnaya-zemlya.htm.
 Sobre la «Great Arctic State Nature Reserve», ver sitio oficial en: https://web.archive.org/web/20071008044746/http://www.bigarctic.ru/Eng/.

 Sobre el mar de Laptev, ver en el sitio «Arctic Oceanography Atlas for the Summer Period», la entrada «The Laptev Sea», editada desde «Hydrometeorological Regime of the Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian Seas», de V.K. Pavlov, et al., AARI, San. Petersburgo, Rusia, 1994, disponible en: https://web.archive.org/web/20080129115004/http://www.aari.nw.ru/projects/Atlas/Ocean_Summer/html/intro/intro_lp.htm.

 Sobre L. Starokadomsky, ver «Russian Naval Officers and Geographic Exploration in Northern Russia (18th through 20th centuries», por Leonid Sverdlov, miembro de la Russian Geographic Society, en Artic Voice n.º 11, 27 de noviembre de 1996, disponible en: http://arcticcircle.uconn.edu/HistoryCulture/russianexplor.html.

 Sobre la Expedición Hidrográfica al Océano Ártico, ver:

Starokadomsky


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83 feet of lake frontage.


Family outing g-dragon shin sung rok dating, actor Shin Sung Rok and wife welcome their first baby!
Actor Shin Sung Rok and wife welcome their first baby!
The second of two episodes typically begins with the continuation of the previous night's activities. She was known for expressing joy and excitement with her high pitch nasal screeching. He often retorts Jaesuk and shows both gullibility and ingenuity. He is very mentally sharp, relying on his wit to pick on Chunhee, acquiring the title Stepmother Kim for constantly tasking Chunhee with chores.
Generally, the events transpiring on the first day of filming would be shown in the first of the two-episode arc, with the second day's events broadcast in the second episode. While they make breakfast, the rest of the Family either return to bed, or completes another chore. He is sometimes called the unlucky man because of his constant failures during games, which he always explains otherwise, having a substantial stock of justifications. These comprised a two-day shoot, including an overnight stay for the cast and crew, that was later edited for broadcast over two weekly episodes.
After eating dinner, the Family typically play another game before preparing for bedtime. While completing these final tasks, the Family will often participate in another competition before returning to the house. While completing the list of chores, the Family compete in various mental and physical challenges. The homeowners are then shown returning from vacation and bidding the Family farewell. For the latter, the Family usually divides into teams to gather ingredients, clean, prepare, blitzkrieg technique dating and cook.
He and Daesung demonstrate a fondness for girl groups, performing several dances over the course of the series. Jaesuk, along with Daesung, is easily scared in uncertain or foreign circumstances. The following were also cast but left the show earlier because of personal reasons.
He follows stepmother Kim Soo-ro's footsteps upon the arrival of guest Lee Jun-ki, a junior from university, by bossing him around. Stepmother Kim and Chunderella. Their last episodes aired in February, with the show returning for a second season, with a new concept, production team and cast. These two days of filming were generally filmed biweekly, with the cast and crew regathering every two weeks.
Yongshin is usually seen as the least physically gifted and thus last chosen for physical competitions, but exists as a strong competitor for oral battles involving wit. Jaesuk oftentimes submits to stronger characters such as Hyori or Jongkook during conflict with self-deprecating humor, while occasionally exerting himself against weaker opponents such as Jongshin. Yejin demonstrated her mental fortitude when admonishing Jaesuk during food preparation and her physical acumen in battling and hair-pulling against the strongest of competitors. Daesung is shown to be easily intimidated and shy, particularly by group member guests.
Siyeon did not develop a strong presence over the course of her tenure on the show. Guest cast members frequently joined the permanent members for the two-episode arc, appearing in two successive episodes before departing.
Sooro is one of the more strong and athletic family members when participating in games, leading to the use of the Imperial March theme song. Upon reaching the house, the Family greet and send the homeowners off on a vacation. She is referred to as of the Park Siblings with Park Haejin. Each member arrives along with any guests, as they greet each other and the viewing audience. He is occasionally coached by Jong-Kook to develop strength.
He is often called sickly, old man, and Forty Brothers with Kim Su-ro. The guest is usually then given a map to lead the Family to the house in which they will be staying for their two-day stay. The diverse set of characters, as described in detail in the table below, played off each's personality traits and tendencies.
The reluctant waking process is usually presented for comedic effect. The love scandal between Yejin and Jongkook was further heightened when they filmed a music video together.
As the characters evolved and became more familiar to audiences, a context for their relationships formed, oftentimes furthering their humorous interactions. The ranking process involved the female cast members numerically ranking the men in the Family, oftentimes based on their performance either in the preceding game or over the course of the day. Jaesuk is oftentimes talkative, relying on his quick wit for observational humor, and excels at articulating emotions and situational context, such as game rules to audiences.
Frequently this involved some late-night conversation before the Family dozed off. Jongkook's close friends Cha Tae-hyun and Jang Hyuk appear multiple times on the show, sharing intimate and embarrassing stories along the way. He is also the only member who possesses a scuba-diving license.


PhD, is Post-doctoral Research Fellow at the Faculty of Sustainability at Leuphana Universität Lüneburg in Germany.
PhD, is assistant professor at the Institute of Sociology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow.
M.A., is a Sustainable Development Expert at the Regional Division for Europe and Central Asia, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), in Vienna, Austria.
M.A., is a Programme Assistant at the Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations, European Commission, in Brussels, Belgium.


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Gay Men To That!!
Several Fox New Employees Possibly Exposed At Debate/News Conference!
Chris Wallace and others working for Fox News were potentially exposed on the night of the Cleveland debate.Credit...Pool photo by Olivier Douliery
Via The New York Times:
A son of Rupert Murdoch and some of the biggest stars at Fox News were potentially exposed to the coronavirus after attending Tuesday's presidential debate in Cleveland, and the network is planning for its anchors, reporters and staff to be tested out of an abundance of caution, according to a person familiar with its plans.
Lachlan Murdoch, executive chairman of the Fox Corporation, led a toast to Chris Wallace, the "Fox News Sunday" anchor who moderated the debate, at a Cleveland airport after the event. The gathering included two of the channel's news anchors, Bret Baier and Martha MacCallum, along with the chief executive of Fox News Media, Suzanne Scott, and its president, Jay Wallace.
Bret Baier Chris Wallace Covid Exposure Covid Testing fox news Jay Wallace Laura Ingraham Martha MacCallum Pete Hegseth presidential debate
Man, Pretending To Be A Cop Charged With Anti Gay Hate Crime
Okay. I think we may have another self-loathing closet case spending too much time and energy on what he thought was gay activity in a public park. From Queerty.com: A former Maryland teacher has been arrested for allegedly assaulting men he believed were gay in a park in DC. Michael Thomas Pruden, 48, sprayed the men with a "chemical irritant" according to authorities. Some news reports say it was pepper-spray. The attacks, on five men, happened between April 2018 and March 2021 in Meridian Hill Park, aka Malcolm X Park. The park is a known cruising site for men after dark. On two of the occasions, Pruden, who was formerly a fourth-grade teacher at an elementary school, pretended to be a United States Park Police officer. He gave police-style directives and shined a flashlight in the faces of the men, before spraying them. He was arrested yesterday by the FBI in Norfolk, Virginia. We have previously reported on studies showing that homophobic men have a greater tendency to be close
Pat Robertson Admits The Bible Was Wrong...About Slavery...What about "The Gays"?
But, Pat...I thought the Bible was infallible!! Maybe, in 150 years, Pat Robertson will admit the Bible is wrong about "the gays" too. Intentionally unflattering photo of Pat Robertson
A Visibly Angry Biden Signs Executive Order On Abortion
President Biden, showing his anger that the Supreme Court's overturning of Roe V Wade, signed an executive order that strengthened Federal protections for reproductive healthcare. Via Yahoo News: WASHINGTON (Reuters) -U.S. President Joe Biden said the Supreme Court decision overturning the right to an abortion was an exercise in "raw political power" and signed an executive order on Friday to help protect access to services to terminate pregnancies. Biden, a Democrat, has been under pressure from his own party to take action after the landmark decision last month to overturn Roe v Wade, which upended roughly 50 years of protections for women's reproductive rights. The president's powers are constrained because U.S. states can make laws restricting abortion and access to medication, and the executive order is expected to have a limited impact. "What we're witnessing wasn't a constitutional judgment, it was an exercise in raw political power," Bid


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Project Scorpio/Xbox One X Release Date Revealed
Heavy.com Games
By	Collin MacGregor
Updated Jun 11, 2017 at 8:18pm
While there were a lot of games revealed today during the Microsoft E3 2017 press conference, the big focus for the company was undoubtedly the Xbox One X. This premium version of the Xbox One is the first true 4K home console released with 1TB of storage and an HDR Blu-ray Drive. There is no doubt that this will be the most powerful console on the market, so if you are looking to finally pick up an Xbox One this will be the best time.
The Xbox One X is shipping worldwide on November 7, 2017, for $499.00. For those wondering what games will launch with this system, players can look forward to Crackdown 3 and Forza Motorsport 7. There will also be 4K updates to these 5 games for free:
There are also a number of 3rd party games like Titanfall 2, Injustice 2, Resident Evil 7, and Final Fantasy XV who will receive 4k updates as well. In terms of games, Microsoft debut a number of impressive indie games that are certainly set to make a big splash, however, some bigger franchises like Halo were noticeably absent from the conference. This is a bit concerning given Microsoft only seemed to have a few big exclusives to show off, with only one of them being a world premiere.
We also still have very little information on Crackdown 3, which featured a wacky trailer that offered no real depth. This is one of Microsoft's main launch titles and it felt completely glossed over during the conference, while third party games like Middle-Earth: Shadow of War and Anthem got longer screen time. However, one big reveal was that original Xbox games will become backwards compatible later this year, meaning users will have a chance ti play some truly classic titles.
With the clock now officially ticking down until the Xbox One X's launch, one has wonder just how many more tricks Microsoft has up their sleeve.
'Life Is Strange: Before The Storm': Everything We Know
Published Jun 11, 2017 at 8:18pm
E3 2017, Xbox, Xbox One
Coming this holiday season.