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By default, UI1 is displayed, as it is preferred by most of the users.
Well, since on toggle the UI is updating instantly, the interaction isn't confusing it seems.
Do you think it's right approach? Please add thoughts/suggestions.
The broader question must be "what is the difference between the two interfaces?" If it is simply to provide a switch between dark and light themes, then there's little to tell the user, as long as nothing prevents them in reverting the change or makes it more difficult.
If the UI change fundamentally changes the interface, more thought should be given to the change. For example, perhaps popping up a preview of what the new interface will look like and how the user can revert the change.
The tl:dr is, the method to change the interface should be as simple or as complicated as the change that it will impose.
Assuming that the UI change is not just a simple BG color change, the switch element is not really appropriate to change between two equal levels of hiearchy.
Segmented controls are often used to display different views. In Maps, for example, a segmented control lets you switch between Map, Transit, and Satellite views.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged usability interaction-design mobile-application toggle interactive-ui or ask your own question.


Dinner's on, kids are busy, I'm hungry.....no scratch that, I was hungry then I ate some pecans and I don't appear to be hungry anymore. Fascinating. Let's see, our bathtub faucet got its drip fixed yesterday but now hot is cold and cold is hot. Can nothing just work correctly? By now all the kids have tried to take a shower and have all hollored about there only being cold water and have now been educated about the new faucet functioning, so that's all good. Anna is still infatuated with Calvin....this is what......almost a week. Wow, this one must be true love. Until next week. Jeremiah, Patrick, Kenneth/Matthew (for some reason she thought his name was Matthew only to find out months later that it was Kenneth which is not as good a name as Matthew but he's still cute....and exotic...he lives in SILVERTON!!!) Jeremy, Brent, oh a whole bunch more, and of course.....Calvin. I guess I should be happy she just keeps changing her mind lol. Katie's sort of upset because tomorrow at recess her class has to practice lining up and walking around in a line, I guess this class of 5th graders forgot proper line etiquette enough today for the teacher to give up their kid free time teaching them again. What other wonderful things happened today? Ummm....the boys made a phone out of two cans and an eight inch string and when I mentioned they might want a longer string the next thing I know is Isaac is messing with about fifty feet of knotted up string and Jacob is lord knows where. Joe's gone again tonight so it's just me and the kids, and then tomorrow is a friend and I's monthly eat without kids night, actually the kids aren't bad to eat with, it's more of a Mom goes and comes home after everyone is asleep night and the next night I said I'd go to one of those murder mystery things.....hmmmm...my name is Anna Maria Carlotta Sassine and I'm a sultry Jazz singer. Uhhh not. I've never done one of those so I guess I'll get to now. I'm not sure how to be sultry. But that's ok :D. I'm hungry again....nuts. And tired and brain dead. Is it wednesday? I need to, yes NEED, to start baking again. I stopped pretty much when the door finally fell off the death oven but that's been like a year and a half ago and about a year since we got the new oven....I have no excuse. Baking keeps you busy lol. The kids always complain that I put nuts in everything, as their scarfing everything in sight down. I don't pay much attention to them. I like nuts. I really had better go away from this thing before I start talking about our ice maker and how it doesn't work when bags of berries fall into it. Night.


text:
\section{Design}
\label{s:design}

We explore the key choices in our design space: we first discuss surface\hyp{}enhanced
LEO networking that leverages exiting mono\hyp{}resonant structures and their
shortcomings in realizing a directional, highly\hyp{}mobile link. Then, we explain
our unique dual-band meta-atom design and illustrate its key properties in
fast link establishment and mobility management.

\subsection{Building the Surface: Meta-Atoms}

We now explore novel directions in the design space of
the Huygens unit cell, composed of a magnetic side and an electric
side, which we discuss in turn. Figure~\ref{f:meta-atom}(a)
illustrates a magnetic meta-atom structure that operates only in one frequency band.
Here, the magnetic field of an incident electromagnetic wave induces a rotating current (denoted by green arrows) within the metallic loop (colored in yellow), which in turn produces its own magnetic field.
To manipulate the field response, the
meta\hyp{}atom is integrated with a varactor diode, a voltage-dependent capacitor.
The magnetic meta\hyp{}atom is in essence a resonator
consisting of both inductance and capacitance. Hence, the resonance response can be controlled via a varactor.
Thus, a na\"{\i}ve approach to enabling bi-resonant unit cells would be to include two co\hyp{}located metal rings (the inner ring optimized for
the higher uplink frequency of 15~GHz, and the outer optimized for the lower
downlink frequency of 10~GHz), as shown in Fig.~\ref{f:meta-atom}(b).
Although simple, this approach would require two separate varactors, increasing cost, insertion loss, and biasing complexity.

\begin{figure}
\begin{subfigure}[a.]{.49\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=.89\linewidth]{figures/electric_cell2.png}
\caption{Electric meta-atom}
\label{f:old_huygen}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b.]{.49\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=.88\linewidth]{figures/magnetic_cell2.png}
\caption{Magnetic meta-atom}
\label{f:analysis}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Equivalent circuit and its transmission response in magnitude across frequencies and voltages. The downlink and uplink frequency regions are colored in grey.}
\label{f:circuit}
\end{figure}

Instead, we want to control both outer and inner rings
simultaneously, using a single shared varactor
(Fig.~\ref{f:meta-atom}(c)).
However, we find that with such a structure, only the outer
ring oscillates---thereby, the meta-atom effectively operates at
only a single frequency.
In order to allow the passage of low frequency signals into the inner
ring, we load the connecting part with two RF chokes,
which blocks the signal at higher frequency
(for the inner ring) and passes the signal at lower frequency
(for the outer ring).
We can design the choke in two ways: mount coil inductors
(Fig.~\ref{f:meta-atom}(d)) or by bridging the outer and inner
rings with a thin \emph{meander line} copper trace (Fig.~\ref{f:meta-atom}(e)).
By adjusting meander width and length, we can apply
a proper inductance value to choke off signals.
Since coil inductors increase insertion loss, we finally choose
Fig.~\ref{f:meta-atom}(e) as our preferred magnetic side design candidate.

Figure~\ref{f:meta-atom}(a) also shows the electric side,
resonating in one frequency band only.
The electric field of an incident wave induces a rotating current
within the metallic loop (colored in orange), which in turn produces
its own electric field.
Similar to the magnetic meta-atom, Fig.~\ref{f:meta-atom}(c) shows two
electric meta\hyp{}atoms with a shared varactor.
To properly control two rings using one varactor,
we again connect two rings with RF chokes.
As shown in Fig.~\ref{f:meta-atom}(d), the outer ring has oscillating
currents at a lower frequency (downlink), and the inner
ring has its own oscillating current at a higher frequency (uplink).
However, unlike the magnetic meta-atom, we do not use
meander traces as a RF choke for the electric meta-atom,
because the meander trace would need to be placed in
the gap between the two rings due to the different
structure of the electric meta-atom.
Increasing this gap, however, would create
a huge frequency difference between two rings as shown
in the transmission response of Fig.~\ref{f:meta-atom}(e). Hence,
we select the Fig.~\ref{f:meta-atom}(d) as our preferred
electric side candidate.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=.92\linewidth]{figures/huygen_pattern4.png}
\caption{Huygen's transmissive and reflective pattern in magnitude and phase at downlink and uplink frequency with different voltages applied to electric meta-atom $U_{E}$ and magnetic meta-atom $U_{M}$. The path denoted by the black dotted curve
shows $360^{\circ}$, high amplitude phase coverage.}
\label{f:huygen_pattern}
\vspace{-10pt}
\end{figure}

\noindent
\textbf{Equivalent Circuit.}
Fig.~\ref{f:circuit} illustrates the candidate design's
equivalent circuit diagram,
with the corresponding \emph{magnitude of transmission}
coefficient $|S21|$, across different frequencies, and
across different applied varactor control voltages.
By definition, HMS currents oscillate at a resonant
frequency $f=1/(2\pi \sqrt{LC})$ where $L$ is the
inductance and $C$ is the capacitance of the meta-atom.
In Fig.~\ref{f:circuit}, we see that each electric and magnetic
meta-atom operates at two resonant frequencies, one at
downlink and another at uplink.
The resonant frequency for the downlink is largely
affected by the outer ring's inductance $L_{out}$ and capacitance $C_{out}$
while the inner ring's inductance $L_{in}$ and capacitance $C_{in}$ mainly
determines the uplink's resonant frequency.
By increasing the voltage to the varactor, we
decrease the total capacitance of the meta-atom,
which, in turn, shifts the resonant frequencies,
meaning that on each side, we can control both the outer and inner rings
with just a single varactor.

\noindent
\textbf{Huygen's Pattern.}
When we place the electric and magnetic meta-atoms together as shown in Fig.~\ref{f:closeup} and
sweep the voltage across two varactors $U_{E}$ and $U_{M}$,
we obtain the transmission and reflection coefficient pattern, so called
\emph{Huygen's pattern} as depicted in Fig.~\ref{f:huygen_pattern}.
This pattern demonstrates a full transmission and reflection phase
coverage of $360^{\circ}$ with near\hyp{}lossless
amplitude on the area marked by the black dotted curve.
While a single-band HMS obtains the Huygen's pattern at only one frequency,
our design achieves this at \emph{both} frequencies,
enabling bi\hyp{}directional control of an FDD signal.
We will further optimize our inner rings for better uplink patterns.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{figures/closeup2.png}
\caption{Wall-E{}'s bi-directional beam-steering in FDD communication. Due to its angular reciprocity, the steering angle of downlink $\theta_{DL}$ is equal to the steering angle of uplink $\theta_{UL}$.}
\vspace{-10pt}
\label{f:closeup}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Establishing a Surface-Satellite Link}
Owing to the mobility of the LEO satellite as well as the end users,
beam alignment plays a key role in maintaining the link quality of mobile satellite communication networks.
We note that the coarse trajectory of the satellite is known a priori (and hence can be incorporated in beam adaptation protocols); yet, the exact real-time location of satellite cannot be perfectly predicted due to
the numerous factors like turbulence and uneven gravitational forces~\cite{najder2021quality, peng2018improving}. More importantly, the end point user is often mobile adding to the complexity of the three-party beam search between the satellite, user, and the surface. Conventional beam alignment protocols implement a trial-and-error scheme and test different potential directions sequentially. Extending such schemes to
surface-enhanced satellite networks yield an increased delay as the beam training should be repeated at two different spectral bands.
In fact, \cite{guo2021two} demonstrates that a simulatenous uplink and downlink beamforming design in RIS-assisted FDD systems achieves more than $1.4$ times transmission rate over a one-way beamforming design
~\cite{yu2019miso, liu2020intelligent, hua2021reconfigurable}.

On the other hand, Wall-E{} can simultaneously steer the downlink and uplink beams at the same angle due to \textit{angular reciprocity}. Specifically, assume a certain biasing voltage configuration applied to the surface such that creates a transmissive steering angle of $\theta_{DL}$ for the incident downlink signal at 10 GHz, as shown in Fig.~\ref{f:closeup}. Due to the angle reciprocity, an uplink signal impinging the surface at $\theta_{UL}$ will be redirected toward the satellite location. Hence, angular reciprocity facilities fast beam alignments in FDD satellite networks as the surface configuration optimized for downlink transmissions works under the uplink communication and vice versa.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{subfigure}[a.]{1\linewidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.85\linewidth]{figures/electric_results4.png}
\caption{Electric meta-atom.}
\label{f:electric_field}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b.]{1\linewidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.85\linewidth]{figures/magnetic_results4.png}
\caption{Magnetic meta-atom.}
\label{f:magnetic_field}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{An electric meat-atom's surface currents and electric fields and a magnetic meta-atom's surface currents and magnetic fields at $10$ GHz and $15$ GHz.}
\label{f:fields}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Enhancing Satellite-Satellite Handover}
The fast movement of LEO satellites (around 7.5~km/s velocity relative to a reference point on the ground~\cite{cakaj2021parameters}) can cause multiple handovers resulting in an increase of RTT and a significant throughput drop. Even though other access networks (such as cellular networks) also experience handover, the impact of handovers on the transport layer and quality of service is relatively small, because of their relatively shorter RTT and thereby faster link recovery. We argue that an RIS-enhanced satellite network can substantially alleviate this problem. In particular, Wall-E supports soft handovers by allowing two (or multiple) satellites impinge on the surface at the same time. By carefully choosing the voltage configuration at each meta-atom, Wall-E achieves beam combining and steering. In this case, as the primary satellite fades away due to mobility, the secondary satellite will ensure a non-interrupted link. We highlight that such flexible handovers is owed to the on-demand wavefrom engineering at Wall-E.

\begin{comment}
Communications using LEO satellite systems experience frequent handover due to high rotational speed of satellite.
Switching of a connection between satellites introduces a disconnection interval, which may limit the capacity to provide demanding real-time requirements.
To avoid inter-satellite handover delay, we propose a soft-handover scheme with Wall-E{}.

In summary, Wall-E{} beamforms to the satellite A for uplink in FDD communication.
Once Wall-E{} detects that the handover is needed
while monitoring the defined satellite trajectories,
Wall-E{} decides which satellite to handover to.
Wall-E{} then splits its beam from the user and
beamforms simultaneously to satellite A and satellite B.
once the link to satellite B is firmly established,
Wall-E{} releases the connection.
Thus, Wall-E{} uses both links simultaneously for handover traffic management.
In doing so, there is an advantage of using Wall-E{} due to its flexible capability of modulating EM waves.

\end{comment}
\section{Feasibility}
\label{s:eval}

To project the feasibility of a RIS for LEO satellite networking,
we simulate the performance of our design with HFSS EM simulation.
We also model our varactor based on its Simulation Program with Integrated
Circuit Emphasis (SPICE) model for an accurate capacitance value at our operating frequencies. In the future, we will fabricate and implement Wall-E{}
and experiment with actual satellite signals.

\noindent
\textbf{Near-Fields.}
Figure~\ref{f:fields} illustrates the electric meta-atom's surface currents and electric fields (Fig.~\ref{f:electric_field}) along with the magnetic meta-atom's surface currents and magnetic fields (Fig.~\ref{f:magnetic_field}) at $10$ GHz and $15$ GHz.
For both electric and magnetic meta-atom, the surface currents $J_{surf}$ oscillate on the outer ring at $10$ GHz while they oscillate on the inner ring at $15$ GHz.
We denote the direction of $J_{surf}$ in black arrows, which conforms to Fig.~\ref{f:meta-atom}.
Similarly, the fields are excited by the outer ring in $10$ GHz by the inner ring in $15$ GHz.
Fig.~\ref{f:fields} confirms the bi-resonate nature of the Wall-E meta-atoms.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{subfigure}[a.]{.48\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{figures/downlink_beam.png}
\caption{Downlink transmission}
\label{f:down_trans}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b.]{.48\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{figures/downlink_beam_refl.png}
\caption{Downlink reflection}
\label{f:down_refl}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[a.]{.48\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{figures/uplink_beam.png}
\caption{Uplink transmission}
\label{f:up_trans}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b.]{.48\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{figures/uplink_beam_refl.png}
\caption{Uplink reflection}
\label{f:up_refl}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{The transmission and reflection efficiency as Wall-E{} steers the downlink and uplink beam.}
\label{f:beam_efficiency}
\vspace{-5pt}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{subfigure}[a.]{.49\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{figures/downlink_beamsplit.png}
\caption{Even beam split}
\label{f:down_split_even}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b.]{.488\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{figures/downlink_beamsplit_uneven.png}
\caption{Uneven beam split}
\label{f:down_split_uneven}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{The transmission efficiency of a beam splitted by Wall-E{}. The power split is even for (a) and uneven for (b).}
\label{f:beam_split}
\end{figure}

\noindent
\textbf{Radiation Efficiency.}
In this section, we demonstrate a high efficiency of Wall-E{}, which determines the end-throughput.
Specifically, we calculate the efficiency as a magnitude of an array factor at a desired angle:
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{l}
AF {=} a_{0} {+} a_{1}e^{jkd(cos\theta)} {+} \dots {+} a_{N-1}e^{jk(N-1)d(cos\theta)}
\end{array}
\vspace{-2pt}
\label{eq:array_factor_hms}
\end{equation}
where $k=2\pi/\lambda$, $d$ is a meta-atom spacing, $\theta$ is a steering angle, and $a$ is a complex value chosen from Fig.~\ref{f:huygen_pattern}.
Fig.~\ref{f:beam_efficiency} shows the efficiency of Wall-E{} as it steers the beam with the step of $15$-degree.
Specifically, Fig.~\ref{f:down_trans} demonstrates the efficiency of downlink transmission, which ranges from $62$\% to $94$\%. Similarly, Fig.~\ref{f:down_refl} illustrates the downlink efficiency as Wall-E{} reflects the beam, which ranges from $60$\% to $85$\%.
Fig.~\ref{f:up_trans} and Fig.~\ref{f:up_refl} reveal the efficiency of $50$\% to $80$\% for uplink transmission and reflection.
Moreover, we highlight Wall-E{}'s beam-split performance in Fig.~\ref{f:beam_split} for a soft-handover. Here, we split the beam $150$, $120$, $90$, $60$, and $30$ degrees apart.
Specifically, the power is evenly divided for each beam on Fig.~\ref{f:down_split_even}, and it is unevenly splitted for Fig.~\ref{f:down_split_uneven} ($1/3$ on left and $2/3$ on right).
The result demonstrates that Wall-E{} can tailor the beams in a flexible manner, which enables a highly-efficient relay and hand-over in FDD communication.

\noindent
\textbf{Link Budget.}
In this section, we analyze our back of the envelope calculation for closing a 1,150-km air-to-ground link. We formulate a link budget in decibel as follow:
\begin{equation}
\vspace{-2pt}
    P_{rx} = P_{tx}+L_{d_{1}}+L_{window}+G_{Wall-E{}, Rx}+L_{d_{2}}+G_{Wall-E{}, Tx}+G_{rx}
\end{equation}
where $P_{tx}$ is a transmit power, including the transmitter gain.
The Maximum Transmit EIRP of a most powerful satellite is $66.89$ dBW, which is equivalent to $97$ dBm~\cite{albulet2016spacex}.
We assume that the transmit power is $97$ dBm for downlink.
$L_{d_{1}}$ is a free-space path loss between the satellite and Wall-E{}.
Since an orbital height from Earth is approximately 1,150 kilometers~\cite{albulet2016spacex},
the free-space path loss $L_{d_{1}}$ is $-173.7$ dB for downlink and $-176.6$ dB for uplink.
$L_{window}$ is a $-4$ dB loss of window where the Wall-E{} is placed.
Assuming $5$-meter distance between Wall-E{} and user,
$L_{d_{2}}$ is $-66.4$ dB.
$G_{rx}$ is the receiving gain, which is equivalent to the gain of the user in downlink.
We assume that the gain of the user is $25$ dB.
Lastly, $G_{Wall-E, Rx}$ and $G_{Wall-E, Tx}$ is Wall-E{}'s receiving and transmitting gain, respectively. Each is calculated based on the effective aperture, $A_{e}=\frac{\lambda^2}{4\pi}G$.
Specifically, the surface gain $G_{Wall-E} = a_{\theta} 4\pi A_{e}/\lambda^2$ where $a_{\theta}$ is the radiation efficiency of Wall-E{} at a steered angle $\theta$.
Finally, we obtain the SNR in decibel by subtracting the noise power from the signal power.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{figures/performance2.png}
\caption{Simulated SNR of transmissive links with varying surface size, steering and incident angle compared to the SNR of a free space path and wall penetration without Wall-E{}.}
\label{f:snr}
\vspace{-5pt}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{f:snr} demonstrates the simulated SNR as Wall-E{} steers the beam in two scenarios.
The first scenario has the incident beam perpendicular to the surface, and the surface steers from $-75$ to $75$ degrees.
On the other hand, the second scenario varies the angle of the incident beam from $-75$ to $75$ degrees while Wall-E{} steers the beam in a perpendicular direction.
For each scenario, we vary the size of Wall-E{} and
compare the simulated results against the free-space path and
brick wall blockage in the absence of Wall-E{}.
For both scenarios, the larger the surface is, the higher the SNR is.
In particular, the SNR of $75cm^2$ sized Wall-E{} is higher than
the SNR of the free-space path for over a $100$ degree field of view.
Compared to the brick wall blockage scenario,
$75cm^2$ sized Wall-E{} provides approximately $24$ dB higher SNR.

\section{Huygens Metamaterials}

By design, HMS\hyp{}based surfaces consist of a layer of co-located orthogonal electric and magnetic meta-atom, facing each other across dielectric substrate,
as shown in Fig.~\ref{f:meta-atom}(a). The key principle is that the pair of two meta-atoms introduces a discontinuity in the impinging electromagnetic field whereby the meta-atoms manipulate field attributes, including magnitude and phase. In order to achieve on-demand control of the reflective/transmissive pattern, we mount a tunable, voltage-controlled electric component, known as varactor, on each meta-atom. Since varactors draw only a couple-of-hundred microwatts order of power, Wall-E{} consumes extremely low power. Unfortunately, HMS unit cells
resonate at only one frequency (\emph{mono\hyp{}resonanance})
\cite{PhysRevLett.110.197401} and thereby cannot
act on the FDD links LEO satellite networks require.

Leveraging existing mono resonant structures for satellite networking, two alternative solutions are possible. \textbf{Strawman~(i)---}building and deploying two single-band RISs (one for uplink and one for downlink). This approach would allow for FDD communication, but demands separate beam training for directional uplink and downlink, thereby doubling the overall delay of beam training.  This is an important process because the satellite trajectory is not fully deterministic---it is subject to turbulence and uneven gravitational forces \cite{najder2021quality,peng2018improving}---and the terrestrial user is often mobile. Hence, the required three\hyp{}party (LEO, RIS, user) beam training needs to be continuously performed for link maintenance. \textbf{Strawman~(ii)---}Partitioning the surface into two subsets, each resonating at a different frequency. This approach has the advantage of link reciprocity, \emph{i.e.}, since the downlink and uplink resonant elements are co-located, the optimum surface configuration for a downlink transmission is very close (if not exactly the same) as that of the uplink transmission. However, with such partitioning, the number of surface elements is reduced by a factor of two (given a fixed form factor) in each band. Hence, the reduced directivity gain might not be sufficient to close the long-range air-to-ground links.
\section{Introduction}
\label{s:intro}

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.33\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{figures/smartbus2.png}
\caption{Transportation}
\label{f:old_huygen}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.325\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{figures/urbancanyon2.png}
\caption{Urban canyon}
\label{f:new_huygen}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.325\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{figures/ruralhouse2.png}
\caption{Rural}
\label{f:analysis}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Various use cases for a satellite smart surface.}
\label{f:designs}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}
    \centering
    \caption{Major current satellite internet service providers and
    their primary frequency band allocations (GHz)~\cite{del2019technical}.}
    \label{tab:the_table}
\begin{tabular}{p{2.2cm}p{1.5cm}p{1.5cm}p{1.5cm}}
 \toprule
  & {\bf Starlink} & {\bf OneWeb} & {\bf TeleSat}\\
 \midrule
 Downlink   & 10.8--12.7   & 10.7--12.7 & 17.8--20.2\\
 Uplink     & 14.0--14.5   & 12.8--14.5 & 27.5--30 \\
 \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

Recently, there has been much interest in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite data networking,
with multiple companies' networks in various deployment phases.  These networks consist
of constellations of hundreds of satellites that afford advantages
in latency and coverage \cite{10.1145/3286062.3286075}: examples include
SpaceX's Starlink with a constellation of 4,425 satellites,
and Telesat.
Current systems are generally designed with a dish antenna that the user mounts outside
the buildings requiring service, which communicates with the satellite in
both the uplink and downlink directions.
The dish antenna then communicates with the modem through a wire leading from
the dish into the building to a modem, which then wirelessly communicates with the user,
typically via Wi-Fi.

While such networks are already deployed and seeing limited use,
we believe intelligent reconfigurable surfaces will expand their
applicability and improve their performance in at least the following
three scenarios:

\parahead{1.~Rail\fshyp{}bus\fshyp{}airplane applications:}
For best performance, transportation systems
(in particular high speed rail and airplanes)
will demand adaptive systems to track the satellite currently
serving the vehicle as well as handoff between satellites when the need
arises.  An electronically reconfigurable surface mounted on the windows
and\fshyp{}or skylights of the vehicles can enable
dynamic beam alignment to users inside.

\parahead{2.~Service in urban canyons:} Tall buildings in a city will
reduce satellite lines of sight and preclude areas of coverage at
or near street level for satellite networks.  While
5G\fshyp{}NextG wireless
coverage is maximized in cities, high frequency financial trading
gains an advantage by using such networks \cite{10.1145/3286062.3286075}
and so urban deployment remains relevant.  An electronically
reconfigurable surface mounted externally mid\hyp{}way up
a skyscraper can enable service at street level
via reflection off the building, while also allowing
satellite signals to transmit into the building through
the surface.

\begin{figure*}
\vspace{-5pt}
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{figures/metaatom_designs4.png}
\caption{The magnetic and electric meta-atom design considerations (\emph{top:} design schematics where the magnetic and electric meta-atom are colored in yellow and orange, respectively;  \emph{bottom:} transmission responses in magnitude $|S21|$). The electric and magnetic meta-atom inside a dotted black line are the designs selected for Wall-E{}.}
\label{f:meta-atom}
\end{figure*}

\parahead{3.~Rural service:} While current LEO satellite systems
require a dish and use a gateway to forward traffic between
the satellite link and client, an electronically reconfigurable
surface mounted on a window or skylight can refract the satellite link
into the home directly, getting rid of the outside dish.

The $\mathrm{K_u}${} band (10.7--18~GHz) is a natural choice for such
low earth orbit satellite networks, as it has a longer
wavelength (25--17~mm) than the higher frequency
bands also in use (Table~\ref{tab:the_table}, mitigating the
impact of precipitation somewhat, yet also has a wavelength
short enough to create narrow beams for highly directional
communication to ground.  Since it has a short
wavelength (25--17~mm) to experience loss
when traversing heavy walls, it requires a line-of-sight (LoS)
or near\hyp{}LoS (\emph{i.e.}, traversing only through a
low\hyp{}loss material such as glass) path between the transmitter and receiver.
A solution where instead of communicating with a dish relay through
a gateway, a nearby surface refracts or reflects
the satellite's signal satellite to the user could
reduce ``outages'' due to transient blockage,
as it would allow path diversity, rerouting via the surface
to avoid blockage.
However, a key obstacle to realizing a smart surface design
is that the frequency duplex
division (FDD) communication in LEO satellite networks
complicates operation, because
such networks use different frequency sub\hyp{}bands
in the uplink (upper $\mathrm{K_u}${} band) and downlink (lower $\mathrm{K_u}${} band) directions,
as Table~\ref{tab:the_table} shows.

\vspace*{2ex plus 0.5ex}\noindent{}This paper explores innovations in the design
space of LEO satellite networking with a Reconfigurable
Intelligent Surface (RIS).  In the process, we
describe our early prototype surface design, \textbf{Wall-E{}},
a dual\hyp{}band, metamaterial\hyp{}based
RIS design.

We first explore fundamental $\mathrm{K_u}${}\hyp{}band RIS design.
In order to bring RIS-enhanced LEO networking to our scenarios,
the surface should support both transmission (through the surface)
and reflection (off the surface) modes.
Huygens' metasurfaces (HMSs) have shown to be promising in
creating such \emph{transmissive} and reflective
functionalities in practice~\cite{cho2021mmwall, ding2020metasurface, liu2018huygens, chen2017reconfigurable, zhang2018space}, thus achieving a full
360 degrees of control over radiated
energy.  While the basic principles of Huygens unit cells
are known, designs that simultaneously make parsimonious use of electronic
components (varactors and inductors), resonate at two or more different
frequencies (\emph{bi\hyp{}resonant}),
and achieve high efficiency are still open.

In LEO satellite networking, the process of aligning
the physical wireless beam directions among user, surface, and satellite
be very complex as both the satellite and user moves.
Narrowing our design space to bi\hyp{}resonant Huygens RIS designs,
we next explore how to steer the uplink and downlink
beams while preserving angular reciprocity, thus
speeding the process of the beam alignment for the uplink
via downlink transmissions, and vice\hyp{}versa.
This is of particular importance when both communication endpoints
are moving rapidly, which is the case in a transportation scenario,
satellite communicating with an airplane or train.
In such cases, the LEO satellite network's use of
frequency duplexing division (FDD) allows for
real\hyp{}time, continuous feedback in both the uplink and
downlink directions facilitating the constant tracking
of the endpoints with respect to the RIS, and associated continuous
updating of the RIS' steering angles.

Finally, we consider starting directions for RISs to enable full
end\hyp{}to\hyp{}end LEO network designs.  We consider the
handover process as the constellation of LEO satellites collectively
moves over the earth, necessitating a handoff
from one satellite to another, serving each user.
The ability of the RIS to split uplink radio energy to two satellites
and simultaneously combine downlink radio energy from two satellites
makes a \emph{soft} handover a possibility, which we explore further herein.

\section{Related Works and Discussion}
\label{s:related}

\noindent

\noindent
\textbf{Dual-Band Metasurfaces.}
Dual-band metasurfaces have recently gained attention for various applications however the existing architecture fall short in meeting at least one of our requirements, namely, on-demand and flexible reconfiguration, transmissive and reflective modes, and 360-degree coverage. In particualr,
Han \textit{et al.}~\cite{han2021dual} introduced a dual-band transmission metasurface for S- and C-bands, which
provides wide-band operation with high transmission efficiency. However, the surface lacks dynamic configuration which makes it inapplicable in our highly mobile air-to-ground application.
Saifullah \textit{et al.}~\cite{saifullah2021dual} proposed
a dual-band programmable reflective metasurface that operates in C- and Ku- bands using PIN diodes. However, this design supports only the reflection mode; thereby, it's not suitable for through-wall applications. Further, the use of PIN diodes limits the phase shifting resolution and hence the beam steering efficiency.
On the contrary,
Rotshild \textit{et al.}~\cite{rotshild2021ultra} employs varactors to achieve a continuous  phase control. Unfortunately, this design is also reflection-only and is limited in angular coverage. To the best of our knowledge, Wall-E{} is the first design prototype of a dual-frequency reflective/transmissive reconfigurable metasurface with a $360^\circ$ phase coverage and high radiation efficiency.

\begin{comment}
Besides the surface design itself,
recent works~\cite{matthiesen2020intelligent, zheng2022intelligent, cao2022robust} have developed a system model for intelligent reflecting surface (IRSs)-assisted channels and showed that a IRS
can improve the link budget of ground-to-satellite links by more than 6 dB.
While existing works only focus on modeling reflective surfaces, our paper demonstrates the link budget improvement for both reflective and transmissive RISs.

\end{comment}

\textbf{Reflectarray Satellite Antennas.}
Prior works~\cite{encinar2006dual, encinar2011transmit, prado2015design, imaz2020reflectarray} have proposed the use of reflectarray antennas for space communication, where the reflectarray is placed on the satellite and is excited via the feed horn. Such an architecture can realize flexible steering as the reflected signal can be dynamically steered according to the array configuration.
Furthermore, ~\cite{patyuchenko2014digital, martinez2020multibeam} explored
the multibeam reflectarrays for the multispot coverage from the satellite.
Metasurfaces and reflectarrays are both spatially-fed structure composed of small elements. However, in contrast to existing efforts, we propose using a metasurface as an intermediate node (hence not co-located with the satellite nor end user) to increase path diversity.
In doing so, Wall-E{}'s capability to support both transmission and reflection plays a key role.

\textbf{Wall-E for Satellite Link Aggregation.}
While gaining a lot of attention, the bandwidth of a single satellite path is unlikely to provide low-latency links comparable with a fiber path~\cite{10.1145/3286062.3286075}. However, aggregating abundant paths from many satellites within coverage zone of a user can, in principle, offer lower latency than a fiber path. We highlight that Wall-E{} can play a crucial role in realizing satellite link aggregation by combining and steering the incident signals from multiple satellites into a desired direction. In the future, we will investigate novel scheduling algorithms for optimum coordination between multiple parties (all nearby LEOs, RIS, and user) and extend the prior efforts~\cite{vasisht2021l2d2, vazquez2018precoding, fan2021efficient} on link satellite scheduling that do not address multi-satellite and RIS-enhanced networking.

\section{Primer: Huygens Metasurfaces}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Fiddler is a tool to test the API Request/Response messages. Let us see how can we use Fiddler to send and retrieve messages from the SSRS 2017 REST API.
e.g. http://<ReportServer>/Reports/api/v2.0/MobileReports to get the list of all Mobile Reports from the SSRS Portal.
a) Download Fiddler, install and open it.
b) Click on the Composer Tab and type the URL to get the list of MobileReports uploaded to the SSRS Portal.
c) Click on Options tab and check the "Automatically Authenticate" option.
d) Go back to Parsed tab and click the Execute button and you can see the HTTP Status code as 200 as shown below.
Note: If you see 401 error then you need to go back and check whether you have done the Step c correctly.


Cochlear implant sound - How do you hear & what does it sound like?
HomeFAQsWhat does a cochlear implant sound like?
When you wear hearing aids or cochlear implants, you may hear different speech sounds as compared to the normal hearing you are used to. The cochlear implant consists of the small computers or devices which are used to amplify or modify sounds that are easier to hear. You can observe the slight differences between this computer-aided sound and normal speech. As it is filtered, to remove frequencies of sound above 1500 Hz.
A cochlear implant converts the sound into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. Well those who don't wear cochlear implants and hearing aids, simulations can provide the experience of their sounds. Either simulation or those who are using cochlear implant may explain about the sounds of the cochlear implant.
According to the fact, people who wear cochlear implant in only one ear reveals that the simulations they are made to hear were different from they hear sounds of cochlear implants. This is due to the fact that the brain adapts to hearing sounds through the implant in a way that can't be captured by a simulation. But simulation provides an idea of the sound of the cochlear implant.
How do cochlear implant users hear sounds?
Sounds need a medium such as air, water to transfer the energy in the form of waves. The length, height, and speed of a sound wave determine how you perceive the sounds. Cochlear implant enables the sound to reach your brain bypassing the damaged ear part to directly starts stimulating the hearing nerve electronically. Thus with the help of cochlear implants, the function of the damaged part of the inner ear is covered to provide sound signals to the brain.
How does cochlear implant produce sound?
The microphone picks the sound from the environment.
The Receiver or stimulator then start analyzing and digitizes the received sound into a coded signal. Then, the coded signal is sent to the transmitting coil.
You can also experience the sounds of a cochlear implant after wearing this device. Unless you don't wear it you can't get the answer to your question – "What does a cochlear implant sound like"?
Is cochlear implant the same as hearing aid?
Are cochlear implants considered assistive technology?
What is the difference between a bone anchored Implant and a cochlear implant?
Is it safe to use garlic and olive oil for hearing loss?
Which type of brand available on Amazon hearing aids category?
How can I relieve from Sinus Pressure in my ears?


With funds allocated for the revamping of the sports ground in Ooty, it was decided to change the tracks to synthetic and a tender was floated for the same. The contractor who was supposed to complete it in one year has not done so and the grounds are still under renovation. This has inconvenienced the athletes and also the national and state level sportspersons who train there.


Mariah's World gets a UK premiere date on E!
Mariah Carey's new documentary series Mariah's World will debut on E! in the UK on Sunday 11th December and hayu on Monday 5th December 2016 it has been announced.
The 8-part series follows the world famous star as she kicks off her Sweet Sweet Fantasy tour, which takes her to the UK, Europe and Africa. At the same time Mariah is planning her upcoming wedding to fiance James Packer.
Mariah grants exclusive access to her life behind the mic, including her family, friends and inner circle who keep her at the top of her game.
This week Mariah appeared at the biannual Television Critics Association (TCA) panel where she discussed the series. She is also due to kick off the second half of her Las Vegas residency at Caesars Palace later this month.
Mariah's World premieres on Sunday 11th December on E! and will be available to watch online on hayu from 5th December.


text:
Who We Are: A New Narrative for Care Experienced People
Kenny Murray writes about the power of cinema as a tool for fair representation, and our members reactions to the new film 'Instant Family'
Alejandro González Iñárritu, Director of Academy Award winning movies such as Babel, The Revenant & Birdman once said, "Cinema is a mirror by which we often see ourselves."
Cinema has been a powerful way to change the narrative around how we understand issues of race, sexuality, gender & poverty. For many people around the world cinema is a mirror that shows society for who we truly are. It creates a record of how we've understood and behaved towards others, a commentary on how we understand issues of the day and a warning when our behavior should be called into question.
I love cinema. Whether it's a CGI filled super-hero movie that gives me a sense of escapism or a gritty drama that lets me in on someone's narrative around a particular person or issue. I've always loved turning the world outside off and devouring movie upon movie.
In today's society the news channel someone watches or the newspapers they read are often used as a predicator for which views they're likely to have. The movies and books people list as their favourite are held up as a way to understand someone's personality.
I know through my years working in media that it shapes views. Whether it's fictional or factual. That can be really empowering for groups in society. What happens when they get it wrong though? What happens when instead of seeing a mirror of yourself in the media you instead see a caricature or a distortion of who you really are? You inevitably feel disempowered as society suddenly begins to view you unfairly and inaccurately.
I know what that feels like. I'm Care Experienced and for too long, I've felt like a caricature. I've read books, watched TV shows and went to the cinema, hoping for a mirror which reflected my life in a fair and accurate way. It hasn't really happened.
There are positive portrayals of those with experience of care. Harry Potter, Spider-Man and Luke Skywalker are some of those. There are also negative portrayals, Lord Voldermort, Paul Spector from the Fall & Joe Goldberg in Netflix latest binge TV series, You.
The trouble is that nobody is wholly good or evil. In life there is nuance, we are all capable of greatness, vulnerability and failure. Yet since before the time of Charles Dickens & Great Expectations all the way to record breaking Netflix series, the nuance hasn't really been there. Until now.
The movie Instant Family starring Mark Wahlberg, Rose Byrne, Isabela Moner & directed by Sean Anders has bucked the trend. The story is based on Sean's real life experience of fostering and then adopting three Care Experienced siblings. The movie is tear-jerking, will make your belly sore from laughing and leave you with as close an understanding of moments in the lives of Care Experienced people.
Two weeks ago, I organised an advanced screening for Care Experienced people and their allies from all over Scotland to understand exactly what they thought about the movie and whether it held a mirror up to the lives of Care Experienced people. I'll let them tell you what they thought.
So from our family to yours. @yourSeanAnders @markwahlberg @isabelamoner @tomsegura and everyone else, thank you for showing Care Experienced people for everything they can be when they are given a lifetime of equality, respect and love. pic.twitter.com/Fw7hDUsWa6
— Who Cares? Scotland (@whocaresscot) February 2, 2019
In creating a movie where Care Experienced people are shown for everything we are and can be, if only we are given a lifetime of love, Sean Anders has done what others have failed to do. This movie holds a mirror up to my life and the lives of Care Experienced people all over the world. There are no caricatures, there is no lazy writing or skirting around the issues. We see how the behavior of a bureaucratic system creates difference in the lives of those with experience of care and it's felt. It made me remember that feeling.
I remembered it when I watched the characters carrying their belongings in black refuse sacks. I remembered it when they had to go to 'family court' and navigate an adult world as children. I remembered it when the eldest sibling, Lizzie had her role as a carer for her brother and sister stripped from her.
I wasn't just me that felt those similarities though. In the audience at the screening I organised was my little cousin who lives with my Mum. He's seven years old, he loves football, playing his PlayStation and dressing up as a policeman. He's yet to experience many of the tropes that would seek to make light of or use his life as a shorthand for troubled or damaged although it feels inevitable that he will.
He took the movie in, in a way that he has never taken in any movie before in his life and he said,
"This movie is kind of like me, because I live with you. It's like you've adopted me."
If a seven year old can see that this movie has got it spot on, then I believe that society will too.
You should go see the movie when it opens in cinemas across the UK tomorrow or buy the DVD if you're in an area where it is already available and think about whether you can be part of the solution to give Care Experienced people a lifetime of equality, respect and love.
You can watch Instant Family on Channel 4 here

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Saturday before Sandy, my roommate and I threw a Halloween-themed housewarming party at our new apartment. Everyone came dressed up in their best costumes and helped us christen our new place. One of the things I wanted most for our new apartment was to have the space to have friends over and I was thrilled to be able to entertain our friends last weekend. I turned to Pinterest for food and decor ideas and spent the whole day leading up to the party baking lots of tasty treats for our guests. I think I can say that our party was a success and I'm looking forward to the next bash we decide to throw!
Tell me: What did you do for Halloween this year?


text:
Regional Agenda
Mobile data shows which European countries took lockdown seriously
Google has released data showing how European citizens behaved under lockdown.
Image: REUTERS/Gonzalo Fuentes
This article is published in collaboration with The Conversation
Sotiris Georganas Reader in Behavioural Economics., University of London.
Google has released data collected from multiple European countries, monitoring people's movements through the lockdown.
Data was gathered from millions of mobile devices that use Google's software - the first time this quality of data has been available during a pandemic.
It can be used to monitor large-scale behavioural changes and can help to inform government decisions during future pandemics.
A substantial part of humanity is slowly emerging from weeks of lockdown. What we have experienced is truly rare: a real global threat, menacing to all wherever we lived. But how did humanity respond to this pandemic? Did people consistently stay at home as most governments asked them to? And if they didn't, where did they go?
We can answer these questions thanks to Google. It has released data on people's movements gathered from millions of mobile devices that use its software (Android, Google Maps and so on). Never before has this level of detail been available. For infamous pandemics in history even basic facts are disputed (for example the number of deaths from the Black Death). The Google dataset seems to be of such quality that several scientific questions can finally be resolved.
Across Europe, the picture the data paints is varied. Some of the difference can be attributed to the lockdown strategies of different countries. But some, seemingly, cannot. This may be useful when considering future lockdowns.
COVID-19 lockdowns have silenced urban noise. Now it's coming back
This is how coronavirus lockdowns have changed energy demand
In pictures: What dining out post-lockdown looks like
How the data reveals behaviour
Google first divided where people spent their time into six location categories: homes; workplaces; parks; public transport stations; grocery shops and pharmacies; and retail and recreational locations.
It then released aggregated data on time spent at each of the six location types for the past several months, compared to a baseline: the five-week period between January 3 and February 6 2020. To the extent that no special events happened during this time, the change from the baseline after this reflects people's collective response to the pandemic and the lockdowns.
Using the Google data, we then created the following graphs, comparing the UK, France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Denmark, Sweden and Greece between mid-February and early May. To get a smoother image, we calculated a seven-day moving average. Countries are also ranked and coloured in the graph legends according to their average reaction over the whole period (meaning a country's colour can differ between graphs).
What were the differences between countries?
Let's start with people staying at home.
For a good part of April, all these countries except for Sweden were officially in some form of lockdown, with measures in place banning non-essential movement. However, behaviour varied substantially.
Have you been staying at home?
Image: The Conversation
In Spain, Italy and France, time spent at home rose early in the pandemic by 30-35%. Even the most outdoorsy people must have stayed home for at least 10-12 hours before the lockdown, so this means at least three-to-five extra hours were spent at home per person – for most even more. This reflects these countries' strict lockdowns: they banned all events, limited outdoor exercise, and in France's case, required documentation to go outside.
Germany and Denmark were more relaxed; the rise in staying home was about 15%, reflecting their partial lockdowns. Sweden's increase was even lower at 8-10%.
The UK was somewhere in between, reacting late but then strongly, with a rise of about 20-25%. The delay reflects its lockdown beginning later – on March 23 – though it is interesting that some people were already staying home before its lockdown began.
Greece is an interesting case, as it reacted relatively early and strongly, but started relaxing in late March, with a strong effect by mid-April, long before its non-essential movement measures were lifted on May 3. This might indicate that compliance is a matter of perceived risk. Greece kept its COVID-19 cases and deaths remarkably low, which may have caused people to relax.
The mix of how people spent their outdoor time also differed. For example, the next graph presents the park visit data.
Those who have been taking trips to local green spaces.
For most of April, Sweden, Denmark and Germany saw a rise in the time people spent in parks (including national and local parks, public gardens and beaches). At the same time, Italy and Spain saw 80% drops. Greece and the UK are again somewhere in the middle, seeing a drop initially but coming back to the benchmark in early May. In Greece's case we actually see a rise of almost 50% lately compared to the benchmark – again suggesting that fatigue may have set in, in combination with good weather and a lack of perceived risk.
Germany's park visit data is further evidence that lockdown measures do not fully determine behaviour, and that people have their own motives. Its graph line is somewhat similar to Denmark's and Sweden's, countries with less strict official policies; the country with the most similar policy on going outdoors was the UK, whose line shows a decrease instead of an increase.
Data on who have been working from home, and who hasn't.
Lastly, let us look at time spent at workplaces. Again, in some countries people were going to work almost as much as before, while in others there were drops of 70-80%. Spain and Italy banned all non-essential work – a measure that went beyond the restrictions of all other countries – so it is not a surprise to see these at the bottom of the graph. We can see, though, the effect of Spain allowing some sectors to open up again on April 14.
What should we do with this data?
Behavioural fatigue, a much-maligned term during the UK government's handling of the crisis, is now an issue that can be discussed properly. While lockdown measures were still in place, people around Europe started leaving their homes more. It's clear that adherence to lockdown decreased over time.
Governments now need to investigate whether this affected the spread of disease. Is staying at home a solution? And if people do not stay at home, does it matter where they go? Answering these questions might allow governments to design an optimal lockdown policy mix that, say, allows people to go to parks, but not mingle in shops and railway stations.
As the threat of the virus is not eliminated, and second waves are expected around the world, gaining these answers will be very important.
Sotiris Georganas , Reader in Behavioural Economics., University of London.
This article is published in collaboration with The Conversation.
More on COVID-19 View all
These are the 10 most congested cities in the world
COVID-19 has changed which cities experience most traffic congestion. More than 380 cities saw traffic levels fall in 2020, compared with the previous year.
Study links screen time to mental health risks for students
Research has outlined characteristics, including age, gender, exercise and screen time, linked to the risk of mental health issues for college students.
Laura Oleniacz · Futurity 21 Jan 2021
The next normal is upon us: Here's what to look out for in 2021 and beyond
Kevin Sneader and Shubham Singhal · McKinsey & Company 21 Jan 2021


This is a lot of 16, authentic trilobite fossils from Morocco. There are at least four different types including Crotalocephalina, Hollardops, Reedops, and Austerops. Most of the trilobites are in the 2-3" range with some being slightly larger and some being slightly smaller. You will receive the exact lot pictured.
At $256 for the lot each specimen is $16 each. They could easily retail for 2-3x that.


text:
Polybrachia romanovi är en ringmaskart som beskrevs av Smirnov 2005. Polybrachia romanovi ingår i släktet Polybrachia och familjen skäggmaskar.

Artens utbredningsområde är Södra Ishavet. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Skäggmaskar
romanovi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
LDC September 2022 Newsletter
Upcoming Policy Change to LDC's Open Memberships
LDC at Interspeech 2022
LanguageARC: Citizen Science for Language
30th Anniversary Highlight: Switchboard
Xi'an Guanzhong Object Naming
MASRI Synthetic
LDC is changing its open membership year policy beginning January 1, 2023. Only one membership year will be open for joining – the current membership year. The 2022 membership year will close for joining on December 31, 2022. We expect this change to have a minimal impact on members, while allowing us to streamline our processes to serve members better. LDC's many membership benefits will remain the same and organizations choosing to join membership years in advance will still be able to do so. If you have any questions about this change, please don't hesitate to contact our membership office.
LDC is proud to sponsor the Workshop for Young Female Researchers in Speech (YFRSW) to be held in-person as an Interspeech 2022 pre-conference satellite event on September 17. Also, be sure to check out the collaborative work of LDC's Mark Liberman, "The mapping between syntactic and prosodic phrasing in English and Mandarin", presented during the On-Site Oral Session: Phonetics and Phonology on Wednesday, September 21, 13:30-15:30 KST.
LanguageARC is a citizen science web portal for language research developed by LDC with the support of the National Science Foundation (grant #1730377).
LanguageARC brings together researchers and participants from the general public interested in language to form a community dedicated to support and advance language-related research and development. Contributors to this online community can participate in a variety of language-related tasks and activities such as reading text, answering questions, describing images or video, creating or evaluating transcriptions for audio clips or developing translations into their native languages. LanguageARC includes projects in languages other than English, such as French, Sesotho and Swedish. Xi'an Guanzhong Object Naming LDC2022S09, released this month in LDC's Catalog and described below, is an example of a data set developed using LanguageArc. New projects will be added on an ongoing basis.
Sign up for a LanguageARC account today to start making real contributions to language knowledge and research. Please share this information with colleagues, students and anyone who might be interested in participating in the language activities on this website. If you are a researcher interested in creating a project on Language ARC, please reach out on the site's Contact page.
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Switchboard-1 Release 2 (LDC97S62) is considered the first large collection of spontaneous conversational telephone speech (Graff & Bird, 2000). It consists of approximately 260 hours of recordings collected by Texas Instruments in 1990-1991 (Godfrey et al., 1992). The first release of the corpus (later superseded) was published by NIST and distributed by LDC in 1993.
Participants were 543 speakers (302 male, 241 female) from across the United States who accounted for around 2,400 two-sided telephone conversations. A robot operator handled the calls, giving the caller appropriate recorded prompts, selecting and dialing another person (the callee) to take part in a conversation, introducing a topic for discussion and recording the speech from the two subjects into separate channels until the conversation was finished. Roughly 70 topics were provided, of which about 50 were used frequently. Selection of topics and callees was constrained so that: (1) no two speakers would converse together more than once and (2) no one spoke more than once on a given topic.
This gold standard data set has been used for many HLT applications, including speaker identification, speaker authentication, and speech recognition. It is considered one of the most important benchmarks for recognition tasks involving large vocabulary conversational speech (Deshmukh et al., 1998) as well as a key resource for studying the phonetic properties of spontaneous speech (Greenberg et al., 1996). Annotation tasks based on Switchboard include discourse tags/speech acts, part-of-speech tagging and parsing, and sentiment analysis.
The Switchboard series includes Switchboard Credit Card, Phase II, Phase III, the Switchboard Cellular collection, and new recordings from 18 Switchboard participants in the 2013 Greybeard corpus.
All Switchboard corpora are available in the Catalog for licensing by Consortium members and non-members. Visit Obtaining Data for more information.
Xi'an Guanzhong Object Naming is comprised of 15 hours of audio recordings from speakers of the Guanzhong dialect of Mandarin Chinese living in or near Xi'an in Shaangxi Province (China) naming objects that appeared in colored line drawings. The corpus was developed to support traditional and computer aided language documentation.
The collection was conducted from February-May 2021 using LanguageArc, a citizen science portal developed by LDC, from a closed volunteer community. Speakers were presented with images selected from the MultiPic dataset and were asked to record themselves naming the objects in the images.
Xi'an Guanzhong Object Naming is distributed via web download.
MASRI Synthetic MASRI (Maltese Automatic Speech Recognition I) Synthetic was developed by the MASRI team at the University of Malta and contains 99 hours of synthesized Maltese speech.
Source sentences were extracted from the Maltese Language Resource Server (MLRS) corpus, comprised of written or transcribed Maltese covering various genres, including parliamentary debates, news, law, opinion, sports, culture, academic, literature and religious texts. Text was processed through the CrimsonWing text-to-speech system to generate speech files. Synthesized speech was created with 210 voices (105 female, 105 male).
MASRI Synthetic is distributed via web download.
2022 Subscription Members will automatically receive copies of this corpus provided they have submitted a completed copy of the special license agreement. 2022 Standard Members may request a copy as part of their 16 free membership corpora. Non-members may license this data for a fee.
Posted by LDC at 5:53 PM
Labels: Guanzhong dialect, Interspeech 2022, LanguageArc, LDC membership, Maltese Speech, Mandarin Chinese, Switchboard


text:
The Skinny: Isles 1, Arizona 0
Isles 1, Arizona 0
Frans Nielsen scored the game's only goal with 2:31 to play and Jaroslav Halak made 19 saves for his first shutout as an Islander(and 31st of his career), as the Isles defeated the Arizona Coyotes before a crowd of 14,689 at Gila River Arena in Glendale, Arizona. The Isles move four games over NHL-.500 (9-5-0) for the third time this season and remain in sole possession of 2nd place in the Metropolitan Division. It's the first time that the Isles are 4 games over NHL .500 this late in a FULL season for first time since February 2008 (finished 24-17-7 in lockout season).
17:29 NYI Frans Nielsen (5) Wrist shot - ASST: Mikhail Grabovski (4), Thomas Hickey (2) 1 - 0 NYI
The Shutout:
This is the 17th 1-0 win in Isles history; eight different goalies have been credited with the last nine 1-0 wins…Of the 17, 13 have been in regulation, 3 in overtime and 1 in a shootout….The last 1-0 win was in Washington on February 4, 2014 (Andrew MacDonald scored in the third period; Evgeni Nabokov recorded the shutout)…It's the 9th time in his career Jaroslav Halak has needed 19 or fewer saves for a shutout…It's the 5th time the Isles have blanked the Coyotes (franchise), but the first time since 1997 (Tommy Salo 12/6/97 at the Coliseum)…The Isles have not allowed a goal in 121:11 (the franchise record is 199:24) and have allowed only one goal in 148:27.
The Isles finish their Western road trip with a 3-2 record…Frans Nielsen leads the Isles with 2 game-winning goals this season; he was the only player in the NHL to score 25 goals last season without a single game-winning goal…Isles improve to 13-1-3 in last 17 games called by Jiggs McDonald…The Isles held Arizona without a shot on goal for the final 2:31 (after Nielsen's goal), including 1:37 of Coyote power play time…Isles improve to 3-5-2 in last 10 games that were scoreless after two periods…. The Isles allowed only three goals in the final three games of the trip (all wins); it's the first time since April 9-13, 2013 that the Isles have allowed only three goals in a 3-game stretchArizona's Antoine Vermette (407) and Keith Yandle (399) have the 2nd and 3rd longest active consecutive game streaks, behind St. Louis' Jay Bouwmeester (731)…. Dave Tippett tied Bob Francis' Coyotes' franchise record by coaching in his 390th game…Zbynek Michalek played in his 500th Coyote game.
Comparable Records
The Isles are 9-5-0 thru 14 games, matching their most wins thru 14 games since they were 11-1-1-1 in 2001-02. The Isles were 6-5-3 through 14 games and 6-6-3 through 15 games last season, when they won only nine of their first 35 games (9-19-7).
This is only the 2nd time since the 1987-88 season that the Isles have won their 9th game by November 9th. The Isles improved to 9-0-1-1 with a win on October 30, 2001.
The Isles are 24-9-2 in their last 35 road games. Since the start of the 2013 (shortened) season, the Isles are 41-27-6 on the road.
Most road wins, last 3 seasons (h/t Hockey-Reference.com):
ISLES
The six wins in their first nine road games matches the second-highest total in club history; the 2001-02 team opened 7-2-0-0 on the road.
Only five of the next 13 Islander games are on the road.
November to Remember?
The Isles begin November with the final four games of this road trip. The month also includes home-and-home series with Tampa Bay, Pittsburgh and Washington. The Isles are 3-1-0 this November.
Streakers
The Isles won their first four games, lost their next two games, won the two games after that, lost the next three games before winning the last three.
Isles 11-8-13=32
Arizona 5-6-8=19
Arizona is 6-7-1 overall; 4-3-0 at home and 2-4-1 on the road.
Western Run
This was the seventh of eight consecutive games against the Western Conference. The Isles are 4-3-0 in this stretch.
Jaroslav Halak made 19 saves and improves to 5-4-0 on the season with his 31st career shutout. It's the first time he has ever shutout the Coyotes; Halak is 5-2-1 in his career against Arizona.
Mike Smith made 31 saves for Arizona but falls to 4-7-0 on the season. Smith is 4-2-0 in his career against the Isles.
The Islanders were 0-3 on the power play while Arizona was 0-5.
The Isles have killed 9 straight over the last two games after they allowed 6 power play goals in 14 times short over the previous five games.
The power play is 5-25 (20%) over the last six games.
Three is (Usually) a Magic Number
One Goal Games
The Isles are 6-1-0 in games decided by a single goal including 3-1-0 in regulation. They are 1-0 in games decided in overtime and are 2-0 in shootouts. Two games have been decided by two goals in which the second goal was an empty-netter. The Isles are 1-1 in those games.
Jack Capuano is the 2nd winningest coach in Islander history. Capuano is 127-125-39 behind the Islander bench.
Jaroslav Halak: "Tonight it's great to get a win, especially a shutout, but the guys made it easier for me. They blocked shots, skated hard and the penalty kill did a great job."
Frans Nielsen: "Grabo(vski) came in with good speed around the net and I just tried to find a spot in the slot. It was a perfect pass, right on my tape. I closed my eyes and just shot it as hard as I could."
@ScottRBrooks The #isles win again. Another goal by Frans puts them ahead 1-0 in the "Nielsen" ratings.
@shneddles The name of the game is Halak it like that. #isles
@J_queline23 The islanders won with a goal by Frans nielsen with two and a half minutes left... I am still in shock
@Mermousse And as Frans Nielsen has showed us over the years, strong defensive play translates to legitimate offensive chances.
"Two consecutive games (we had) consistency in our penalty kill. We stayed tight and got the win."
The Isles are 2-0-0 in the front-end and 2-0-0 on the back end of back-to-backs this season. This is only the third time in franchise history that the Isles have swept their first two back-to-backs (1981-82 & 2001-02); in both those seasons they also swept the third set.
The next back-to-back set will be next Friday (11/14) in Florida and next Saturday (11/15) in Tampa Bay.
Travis Hamonic led the Isles with 23:43 of ice-time while Oliver Ekman-Larsson led Arizona with 24:51.
Isles record by ice-time leaders: Johnny Boychuk (4-1-0), Travis Hamonic (2-1-0), Lubomir Visnovsky (2-1-0) and John Tavares (1-2-0).
Kyle Okposo led the forwards with 20:07 of ice-time. Isles record by Forward ice-time leaders: John Tavares (5-5-0), Kyle Okposo (2-0-0), Brock Nelson (1-0-0), and Casey Cizikas (1-0-0).
The Islanders won 27 of 54 draws (50%). Ryan Strome won 7 of 11 for the Isles; Antoine Vermette won 13 of 21 for Arizona.
The Isles won 12 of 18 draws in the first period but only 15 of 36 in the final 40 minutes.
The Isles have won 50% or less of the draws in every road game this season.
The Isles outhit Arizona 41-20. Anders Lee and Calvin deHaan had six hits to lead the Isles. Martin Hanzal had four hits for Arizona.
The Isles were credited with 16 blocked shots; Travis Hamonic, Lubomir Visnovsky and Matt Martin led the Isles with two each.
Mikhail Grabovski (+13) led the Isles in even-strength Corsi, which measures shots attempted for and against (including blocks). Grabovski and Nick Leddy had a team-leading 78% of Corsi For events.
The Islanders improve to ten games over all-time NHL .500 (1414-1404-450 in 3,268 games).
Josh Bailey, Michael Grabner and Matt Carkner are on injured reserve. Matt Donovan was scratched for the 14th straight game while Cory Conacher was scratched for the 2nd straight game. Brian Strait returned to the lineup, replacing Johnny Boychuk, who missed the game due to injury.
The Isles have lost 52 games this season due to injury, and have had four injured players for 10 of their 14 games.
· 90 goals (35th all-time, 2 behind Travis Green)
· 263 points (23rd all-time and 5 behind Kyle Okposo)
· 461 games played (28th among Islander skaters all-time, 9 behind Mariusz Czerkawski)
· 104 goals (26th all-time and 1 behind Ed Westfall & Benoit Hogue)
· 164 assists (24th all-time, 2 behind Jeff Norton and 3 behind Jean Potvin)
· 404 games played (36th among Islander skaters all-time, 7 behind Wayne Merrick and 9 behind Josh Bailey)
· 413 games played (34th among Islander skaters all-time and 9 behind Dave Langevin)
The Isles lead the season series 1 game to 0 (and 2 points to 0). The teams will meet again on February 24th at the Coliseum.
This was only the Isles' third win against the Coyotes since the franchise moved to the desert for the 1996-97 season (3-6-2). The Isles had just one shootout win (1-4-0) in their last five trips to 'Zona. This was their first regulation win in Arizona since February 13, 2004.
It Happened at the Coliseum … on NOVEMBER 8th
34 years ago tonight (1980) – Mike Bossy recorded his second hat trick of the season, raising his total to 15 goals in 15 games, as the Isles beat Chicago 7-3. Bryan Trottier assisted on all three goals and had a goal of his own as the Isles improved to 7-5-3 on the season.
Bossy's hat trick gave him five goals in the last two games; he would add 4 goals in the next game in the hottest streak of his 50 in 50 start. It was the 10th hat trick of Bossy's career.
Bryan Trottier told Newsday's Tim Moriarty: "Boss is incredible. Just incredible. He's fun to play with now. Heck, he's always fun to play with."
20-year-old Rollie Melanson improved to 3-0-0; Melanson was with the team because Chico Resch was injured. Resch would be traded four months later, leading to Melanson's permanent recall.
Also on this date: (1986) – Patrick Flatley became just the 2nd Islander to score a regular season overtime goal on Coliseum ice as the Isles edged Detroit 2-1.
All-time, the Isles have played nine November 8th games at the Coliseum and finish with a 5-3-1 record on this date at 1255 Hempstead Turnpike in Uniondale.
It was a record-setting night on Saturday in Bridgeport as the Sound Tigers improved to 7-3-0-1 with a 7-2 win over Albany. Bridgeport did something that the Islanders have never done – they scored on their first SIX power play attempts (and finished 6-8 on the night). It was the first time since 2011 that an AHL team has scored six power play goals in a game.
The Isles have only one game in their (regular season) history in which they scored five power play goals – the night that Mike Bossy scored his 50th goal in 50 games (1/24/1981 vs Quebec).
Kevin Poulin has allowed just five goals in his last four starts; Griffin Reinhart left the game in the second period with an apparent injury and did not return.
The teams meet again in Bridgeport on Sunday at 3pm.
TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 11th—COLORADO AT ISLANDERS 7:00PM
[MSG+2 (Isles Pre-game at 6:30pm), 88.7 WRHU-FM, 103.9 WRCN]
The Isles return home to conclude their season series with the Colorado Avalanche. The Avs handed the Islanders a 5-0 defeat in the first game of this just-concluded road trip behind 40 saves from Semyon Varlamov.
The Isles have had Colorado's number on home-ice, winning 6 of the last 7. The Avs' only Coliseum win in that stretch came in the final game before last season's Olympic break (5-2).
Note to viewers: All three games this week are on MSG+2.
The Skinny on the end of November
It Happened at the Coliseum … on NOVEMBER 30th
The Skinny: Washington 5, Isles 2
The Skinny: Isles 3, Washington 2 (OT)
The Skinny on Cappy
The Skinny: Billy Harris' place in history in jeop...
It Happened at the Coliseum … on NOVEMBER 23rd
The Skinny: Isles 4, Pittsburgh 1
The Skinny on: Last Time First (Place)
It Happened at the Coliseum … on NOVEMBER 22nd
It Happened at the Coliseum … on NOVEMBER 21st
The Skinny: Isles 5, Tampa Bay 2
The Skinny: Tampa Bay 5, Isles 2
The Skinny: Isles 4, Florida 3 (SO)
Must-see piece on Bryan Murray by Michael Farber
Isles shutout streaks
It Happened at the Coliseum -- November 3rd -13th
The Skinny: Isles 6, Colorado 0
The Skinny: Isles 2, Los Angeles 1 (shootout)
The Skinny on Sweeping SoCal (and JT's milestone/3...
The Skinny: Isles 3, Anaheim 2 (Overtime)
It Happened at the Coliseum … on NOVEMBER 3rd
It Happened at the Coliseum October 26th-November 3rd
It Happened at the Coliseum … on NOVEMBER 2nd
The Skinny: San Jose 3, Isles 1
The Skinny on November
It Happened at the Coliseum … on NOVEMBER 1st


text:
'GST set to ease tax woes of film industry'
The advent of the goods and services tax (GST) regime will sort out most of the taxation issues affecting the film industry, Manish Tewari, information and broadcasting minister, said on Friday.
Addressing an Infocom-Assocham meet, Tewari said the government was considering streamlining the entire film certification process in the wake of some complaints to make it "more transparent and user friendly".
"Most of the tax issues which continue to muddle the growth of the film industry are really state-related and I think as we go into the GST regime, you would find most of these tax issues would get resolved," Tewari said. He hailed the ongoing digitisation process as a "game changer" for all stakeholders but said, it needs to be ensured that no one feels "shortchanged" with the roll out process.
He also said all stakeholders should be involved in the process of building revenue models of the broadcasting industry and the multi-system operators so as to bring about greater amount of transparency in the process.
Drawing attention to the present TV viewership measuring system, Tiwari encouraged the broadcasting sector to move towards a TRP system being designed by the Broadcasting Audience Research Council (BARC). Tewari said the existing model where there are 70 crore households but only 8,000 boxes for measuring viewership "is not only unfair to the broadcasting industry but also unfair to the advertisers". According to the I&B minister, the central government has moved to set up a judicial committee to make it more robust and ensure that movies do not get stuck after clearances by the film certification board. The committee is re-looking at the Cinematograph Act following the row over Kamal Haasan's movie Vishwaroopam
DoT backs refund of input tax credits …


text:
The Role of Temporal Disparity on Audiovisual Integration in Low-Vision Individuals
Stefano Targher, Rocco Micciolo, Valeria Occelli*, Massimiliano Zampini
Recent findings have shown that sounds improve visual detection in low vision individuals when the audiovisual stimuli pairs of stimuli are presented simultaneously and from the same spatial position. The present study purports to investigate the temporal aspects of the audiovisual enhancement effect previously reported. Low vision participants were asked to detect the presence of a visual stimulus (yes/no task) presented either alone or together with an auditory stimulus at different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In the first experiment, the sound was presented either simultaneously or before the visual stimulus (i.e., SOAs 0, 100, 250, 400 ms). The results show that the presence of a task-irrelevant auditory stimulus produced a significant visual detection enhancement in all the conditions. In the second experiment, the sound was either synchronized with, or randomly preceded/lagged behind the visual stimulus (i.e., SOAs 0, ± 250, ± 400 ms). The visual detection enhancement was reduced in magnitude and limited only to the synchronous condition and to the condition in which the sound stimulus was presented 250 ms before the visual stimulus. Taken together, the evidence of the present study seems to suggest that audiovisual interaction in low vision individuals is highly modulated by top-down mechanisms.
Published - 1 Dec 2017
multisensory integration
principle of inverse effectiveness
temporal disparity
temporal window
Dive into the research topics of 'The Role of Temporal Disparity on Audiovisual Integration in Low-Vision Individuals'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Low Vision Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Audiovisual Engineering & Materials Science 88%
stimulus Social Sciences 62%
Acoustic waves Engineering & Materials Science 60%
experiment Social Sciences 7%
interaction Social Sciences 3%
evidence Social Sciences 2%
Targher, S., Micciolo, R., Occelli, V., & Zampini, M. (2017). The Role of Temporal Disparity on Audiovisual Integration in Low-Vision Individuals. Perception, 46(12), 1356-1370. https://doi.org/10.1177/0301006617720124
Targher, Stefano ; Micciolo, Rocco ; Occelli, Valeria et al. / The Role of Temporal Disparity on Audiovisual Integration in Low-Vision Individuals. In: Perception. 2017 ; Vol. 46, No. 12. pp. 1356-1370.
@article{ff1ba803f3ce40549894ccb8227514d0,
title = "The Role of Temporal Disparity on Audiovisual Integration in Low-Vision Individuals",
abstract = "Recent findings have shown that sounds improve visual detection in low vision individuals when the audiovisual stimuli pairs of stimuli are presented simultaneously and from the same spatial position. The present study purports to investigate the temporal aspects of the audiovisual enhancement effect previously reported. Low vision participants were asked to detect the presence of a visual stimulus (yes/no task) presented either alone or together with an auditory stimulus at different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In the first experiment, the sound was presented either simultaneously or before the visual stimulus (i.e., SOAs 0, 100, 250, 400 ms). The results show that the presence of a task-irrelevant auditory stimulus produced a significant visual detection enhancement in all the conditions. In the second experiment, the sound was either synchronized with, or randomly preceded/lagged behind the visual stimulus (i.e., SOAs 0, ± 250, ± 400 ms). The visual detection enhancement was reduced in magnitude and limited only to the synchronous condition and to the condition in which the sound stimulus was presented 250 ms before the visual stimulus. Taken together, the evidence of the present study seems to suggest that audiovisual interaction in low vision individuals is highly modulated by top-down mechanisms.",
keywords = "audiovisual, low vision, multisensory integration, principle of inverse effectiveness, temporal disparity, temporal window, top-down",
author = "Stefano Targher and Rocco Micciolo and Valeria Occelli and Massimiliano Zampini",
note = "Funding Information: The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work has been supported by the Provincia Autonoma di Trento and the Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Trento e Rovereto. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2017, {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2017.",
journal = "Perception",
Targher, S, Micciolo, R, Occelli, V & Zampini, M 2017, 'The Role of Temporal Disparity on Audiovisual Integration in Low-Vision Individuals', Perception, vol. 46, no. 12, pp. 1356-1370. https://doi.org/10.1177/0301006617720124
The Role of Temporal Disparity on Audiovisual Integration in Low-Vision Individuals. / Targher, Stefano; Micciolo, Rocco; Occelli, Valeria et al.
In: Perception, Vol. 46, No. 12, 01.12.2017, p. 1356-1370.
T1 - The Role of Temporal Disparity on Audiovisual Integration in Low-Vision Individuals
AU - Targher, Stefano
AU - Micciolo, Rocco
AU - Occelli, Valeria
AU - Zampini, Massimiliano
N1 - Funding Information: The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work has been supported by the Provincia Autonoma di Trento and the Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Trento e Rovereto. Publisher Copyright: © 2017, © The Author(s) 2017.
N2 - Recent findings have shown that sounds improve visual detection in low vision individuals when the audiovisual stimuli pairs of stimuli are presented simultaneously and from the same spatial position. The present study purports to investigate the temporal aspects of the audiovisual enhancement effect previously reported. Low vision participants were asked to detect the presence of a visual stimulus (yes/no task) presented either alone or together with an auditory stimulus at different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In the first experiment, the sound was presented either simultaneously or before the visual stimulus (i.e., SOAs 0, 100, 250, 400 ms). The results show that the presence of a task-irrelevant auditory stimulus produced a significant visual detection enhancement in all the conditions. In the second experiment, the sound was either synchronized with, or randomly preceded/lagged behind the visual stimulus (i.e., SOAs 0, ± 250, ± 400 ms). The visual detection enhancement was reduced in magnitude and limited only to the synchronous condition and to the condition in which the sound stimulus was presented 250 ms before the visual stimulus. Taken together, the evidence of the present study seems to suggest that audiovisual interaction in low vision individuals is highly modulated by top-down mechanisms.
AB - Recent findings have shown that sounds improve visual detection in low vision individuals when the audiovisual stimuli pairs of stimuli are presented simultaneously and from the same spatial position. The present study purports to investigate the temporal aspects of the audiovisual enhancement effect previously reported. Low vision participants were asked to detect the presence of a visual stimulus (yes/no task) presented either alone or together with an auditory stimulus at different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In the first experiment, the sound was presented either simultaneously or before the visual stimulus (i.e., SOAs 0, 100, 250, 400 ms). The results show that the presence of a task-irrelevant auditory stimulus produced a significant visual detection enhancement in all the conditions. In the second experiment, the sound was either synchronized with, or randomly preceded/lagged behind the visual stimulus (i.e., SOAs 0, ± 250, ± 400 ms). The visual detection enhancement was reduced in magnitude and limited only to the synchronous condition and to the condition in which the sound stimulus was presented 250 ms before the visual stimulus. Taken together, the evidence of the present study seems to suggest that audiovisual interaction in low vision individuals is highly modulated by top-down mechanisms.
KW - audiovisual
KW - low vision
KW - multisensory integration
KW - principle of inverse effectiveness
KW - temporal disparity
KW - temporal window
KW - top-down
M3 - Article (journal)
JO - Perception
JF - Perception
Targher S, Micciolo R, Occelli V, Zampini M. The Role of Temporal Disparity on Audiovisual Integration in Low-Vision Individuals. Perception. 2017 Dec 1;46(12):1356-1370. doi: 10.1177/0301006617720124


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