Data General and TI's small computers were not very successful, but observers expected AT&T to soon enter the computer industry, and other large companies such as Exxon, Montgomery Ward, Pentel, and Sony were designing their own microcomputers. Whether IBM had waited too long to enter an industry in which Apple and others were already successful was unclear.
An observer stated that "IBM bringing out a personal computer would be like teaching an elephant to tap dance." Successful microcomputer company Vector Graphic's fiscal 1980 revenue was $12 million. A single IBM computer in the early 1960s cost as much as $9 million, occupied one quarter acre of air-conditioned space, and had a staff of 60 people; in 1980 its least-expensive computer, the 5120, still cost about $13,500. The "Colossus of Armonk" only sold through its internal sales force, had no experience with resellers or retail stores, and did not introduce the first product designed to work with non-IBM equipment until 1980.
After developing it in 12 months—faster than any other hardware product in company history—IBM announced the Personal Computer on 12 August 1981. Pricing started at US$1,565 (equivalent to $4,213 in 2017) for a configuration with 16K RAM, Color Graphics Adapter, and no disk drives. The company intentionally set prices for it and other configurations that were comparable to those of Apple and other rivals; what Dan Bricklin described as "pretty competitive" pricing surprised him and other Software Arts employees. One analyst stated that IBM "has taken the gloves off", while the company said "we suggest [the PC's price] invites comparison". Microsoft, Personal Software, and Peachtree Software were among the developers of nine launch titles, including EasyWriter and VisiCalc. In addition to the existing corporate sales force IBM opened its own Product Center retail stores. After studying Apple's successful distribution network, the company for the first time sold through others, ComputerLand and Sears Roebuck. Because retail stores receive revenue from repairing computers and providing warranty service, IBM broke a 70-year tradition by permitting and training non-IBM service personnel to fix the PC.
Most other personal-computer companies did not disclose technical details; TI, for example, intentionally made developing third-party TI 99/4A software difficult, even requiring a lockout chip in cartridges. IBM itself kept its mainframe technology so secret that rivals were indicted for industrial espionage. For the PC, however, IBM immediately released detailed information. The US$36 IBM PC Technical Reference Manual included complete circuit schematics, commented ROM BIOS source code, and other engineering and programming information for all of IBM's PC-related hardware, plus instructions on designing third-party peripherals. It was so comprehensive that one reviewer suggested that the manual could serve as a university textbook, and so clear that a developer claimed that he could design an expansion card without seeing the physical computer.
Rivals such as Apple, Tandy, and Commodore—together with more than 50% of the personal-computer market—had many advantages. While IBM began with one microcomputer, little available hardware or software, and a couple of hundred dealers, Radio Shack had 14 million customers and 8,000 stores—more than McDonald's—that only sold its broad range of computers and accessories. Apple had five times as many dealers in the US as IBM, an established international distribution network, and an installed base of more than 250,000 customers. Hundreds of independent developers produced software and peripherals for both companies' computers; at least ten Apple databases and ten word processors were available, while the PC had no databases and one word processor. The computer had very limited graphics capability, and customers who wanted both color and high-quality text had to purchase two graphics cards and two monitors.
Steve Jobs at Apple ordered a team to examine an IBM PC. After finding it unimpressive—Chris Espinosa called the computer "a half-assed, hackneyed attempt"—the company confidently purchased a full-page advertisement in The Wall Street Journal with the headline "Welcome, IBM. Seriously". Microsoft head Bill Gates was at Apple headquarters the day of IBM's announcement and later said "They didn't seem to care. It took them a full year to realize what had happened".
The IBM PC was immediately successful. The PC was small, light weight, and easy to use. Because it was advertised as a personal computer for anyone and not just large corporations, and because it was small and could fit easily into people's home, it became a device of popular choice for many people. It couldn't be helped that IBM also advertised it with the lovable Charlie Chaplin's tramp character, who after seeing the computer, falls in love with it and purchases the PC. Chaplin's character became the face of the company's PC.
BYTE reported a rumor that more than 40,000 were ordered on the day of the announcement; John Dvorak recalled that one dealer that day praised the computer as an "incredible winner, and IBM knows how to treat us — none of the Apple arrogance". One dealer received 22 $1,000 deposits from customers although he could not promise a delivery date. The company could have sold its entire projected first-year production to employees, and IBM customers that were reluctant to purchase Apples were glad to buy microcomputers from its traditional supplier. The computer began shipping in October, ahead of schedule; by then some referred to it simply as the "PC".
The original PC's maximum memory using IBM parts was 256 kB, achievable through the installation of 64 kB on the motherboard and three 64 kB expansion cards. The processor was an Intel 8088 running at 4.77 MHz, 4/3 the standard NTSC color burst frequency of 315/88 = 3.57954[lower-alpha 1] MHz. (In early units, the Intel 8088 used was a 1978 version, later were 1978/81/2 versions of the Intel chip; second-sourced AMDs were used after 1983). Some owners replaced the 8088 with an NEC V20 for a slight increase in processing speed and support for real mode 80186 instructions. The V20 gained its speed increase through the use of a hardware multiplier which the 8088 lacked. An Intel 8087 coprocessor could also be added for hardware floating-point arithmetic.
Although the TV-compatible video board, cassette port and Federal Communications Commission Class B certification were all aimed at making it a home computer, the original PC proved too expensive for the home market. At introduction, a PC with 64 kB of RAM and a single 5.25-inch floppy drive and monitor sold for US $3,005 (equivalent to $8,089 in 2017), while the cheapest configuration (US $1,565) that had no floppy drives, only 16 kB RAM, and no monitor (again, under the expectation that users would connect their existing TV sets and cassette recorders) proved too unattractive and low-spec, even for its time (cf. footnotes to the above IBM PC range table). While the 5150 did not become a top selling home computer, its floppy-based configuration became an unexpectedly large success with businesses.
The main circuit board in an PC is called the motherboard (IBM terminology calls it a planar). This mainly carries the CPU and RAM, and it has a bus with slots for expansion cards. On the motherboard are also the ROM subsystem, DMA and IRQ controllers, coprocessor socket, sound (PC speaker, tone generation) circuitry, and keyboard interface. The original PC also has a cassette interface.
In a special 1984 issue dedicated to the IBM PC, BYTE concluded that the PC had succeeded both because of its features like an 80-column screen, open architecture, and high-quality keyboard, and "the failure of other major companies to provide these same fundamental features earlier. In retrospect, it seems IBM stepped into a void that remained, paradoxically, at the center of a crowded market".
↑ Inventions That Built the Information Technology Revolution by Rhys McCarney "IBM CEO John Opel decided to use an open architecture"
↑ Michael J. Miller (August 8, 2011). "Why the IBM PC Had an Open Architecture". pcmag.com. "In some ways, the most far-reaching decision made by the team that built the IBM PC was to use an open architecture, rather than one that was proprietary to IBM. That decision led to the market for add-in boards, for large numbers of third party applications, and eventually to a large number of competitors all creating "IBM-compatible" machines. [...] Bill Lowe went to IBM's Corporate Management Committee in July 1980 to propose the project"
1 2 Salmans, Sandra (1982-01-09). "Dominance Ended, I.B.M. Fights Back". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
↑ Morgan, Christopher P (March 1980). "Hewlett-Packard's New Personal Computer". BYTE. p. 60. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Burton, Kathleen (February 1983). "Anatomy of a Colossus, Part II". PC Magazine. p. 316. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
1 2 3 4 5 Swaine, Michael (1981-10-05). "Tom Swift Meets the Big Boys: Small Firms Beware". InfoWorld. p. 45. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
1 2 3 4 Gens, Frank; Christiansen, Chris (November 1983). "Could 1,000,000 IBM PC Users Be Wrong?". BYTE. p. 135. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
↑ "I.B.M.'S Speedy Redirection". The New York Times. 1983-11-02. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
↑ "Interest Group for Possible IBM Computer". BYTE. January 1981. p. 313. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
↑ Libes, Sol (June 1981). "IBM and Matsushita to Join Forces?". BYTE. p. 208. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
1 2 3 4 Morgan, Chris (July 1981). "IBM's Personal Computer". BYTE. p. 6. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
↑ Markoff, John (1981-10-05). "Newcomers Join Rush to Enter Personal Computing". InfoWorld. pp. 46–47. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Libes, Sol (December 1981). "Bytelines". BYTE. pp. 314–318. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
1 2 3 4 5 Blaxill, Mark; Eckardt, Ralph (2009). The Invisible Edge: Taking Your Strategy to the Next Level Using Intellectual Property. Penguin Group. pp. 195–198. ISBN 9781591842378.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "The birth of the IBM PC". IBM Archives. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
↑ "IBM 5120". IBM. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wise, Deborah (1982-08-23). "The colossus runs, not plods— how the IBM PC came to be". InfoWorld. p. 13. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sandler, Corey (November 1984). "IBM: Colossus of Armonk". Creative Computing. p. 298. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 McMullen, Barbara E.; John F. (1984-02-21). "Apple Charts The Course For IBM". PC Magazine. p. 122. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hormby, Tom (2006-08-12). "Origin of the IBM PC". Low End Mac. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
1 2 3 4 Seidner, Rich (speaker); Cringely, Robert X. (June 1996). "Part II". Triumph of the Nerds: The Rise of Accidental Empires. Season 1. PBS.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Morgan, Chris (January 1982). "Of IBM, Operating Systems, and Rosetta Stones". BYTE. p. 6. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
1 2 Bunnell, David (Feb–Mar 1982). "The Man Behind The Machine? / A PC Exclusive Interview With Software Guru Bill Gates". PC Magazine. p. 16. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
1 2 3 Camenker, Brian (Nov 1983). "The Making of the IBM PC". BYTE. pp. 254, 256. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
1 2 Edlin, Jim (February–March 1982). "Confessions of a Convert". PC Magazine. p. 12. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
1 2 Rawsthorn, Alice (2011-07-31). "The Clunky PC That Started It All". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Zussman, John Unger (1982-08-23). "Let's keep those systems open". InfoWorld. p. 29. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
1 2 3 "IBM Archives". Archived from the original on 2003-02-10.
↑ Friedl, Paul J. (November 1983). "SCAMP: The Missing Link In The PC's Past?". PC. pp. 190–197. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
1 2 3 4 5 Atkinson, P, (2013) DELETE: A Design History of Computer Vapourware, London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
↑ "Obsolete Technology Website". Retrieved 2008-08-14.
↑ "Welcome, IBM, to personal computing". BYTE. December 1975. p. 90. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
1 2 3 4 "PCommuniques". PC Magazine. February–March 1982. p. 5. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
↑ Likewise, IBM's early PC video display monitors have similar numbers: The IBM Monochrome Display (IBM's MDA monitor) is machine type 5151, the IBM Color Display (their CGA monitor) is machine type 5153, and the IBM Enhanced Color Display (their EGA monitor)) is machine type 5154.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Scott, Greg (October 1988). ""Blue Magic": A Review". U-M Computing News. 3 (19): 12–15.
↑ Hey, Tony; Papay, Gyuri (2014). The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution. Cambridge University Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780521766456.
↑ Rhines, Walden C. (2017-06-22). "The Inside Story of Texas Instruments' Biggest Blunder: The TMS9900 Microprocessor". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 2017-07-08.
↑ Musil, Steven (2013-10-28). "William Lowe, the 'father of the IBM PC,' dies at 72". CNet. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
1 2 3 4 Porter, Martin (November 1983). "The Talk of Boca". PC Magazine. p. 162. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
1 2 3 4 Elder, Tait (July 1989). "New Ventures: Lessons from Xerox and IBM". Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sanger, David E. (1985-08-05). "Philip Estridge Dies in Jet Crash; Guided IBM Personal Computer". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
1 2 Porter, Martin (1984-09-18). "Ostracized PC1 Designer Still Ruminates 'Why?'". PC Magazine. p. 33. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
↑ Maher, Jeannette A. (May–June 1982). "Boca Boo-Boo". PC Magazine. p. 10. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Bradley, David J. (September 1990). "The Creation of the IBM PC". BYTE. pp. 414–420. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
↑ McCoy, Frank (2000-01-03). "Mark Dean / He refined the desktop PC. Now he wants to kill it". US News and World Report. Archived from the original on 2012-10-20. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bunnell, David (April–May 1982). "Boca Diary". PC Magazine. p. 22. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
↑ Cringely, Robert X. (1996). Accidental Empires. HarperCollins. p. 121. ISBN 0887308554.
1 2 3 4 5 Sanger, David E. (1984-04-22). "The Heady World of I.B.M. Suppliers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-07-02.
1 2 ″28th Annual Design Review″, I.D. Magazine, Designers' Choice: IBM Personal Computer, Tom Hardy: Industrial Designer,1982.
1 2 3 Bricklin, Dan. "IBM PC Announcement 1981". Dan Bricklin's Web Site. Retrieved 2018-03-06.
↑ Magid, Lawrence J. (2001-08-09). "The Start of a Love-Hate Affair With a Computer". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
↑ Rosenberg, Ronald (1984-04-24). "The Secret World of IBM". The Boston Globe.
↑ Bricklin, Dan. "Notes About the IBM PC Announcement 1981". Dan Bricklin's Web Site. Retrieved 2018-03-06.
↑ Maher, Jimmy (2013-07-18). "The Unmaking and Remaking of Sierra On-Line". The Digital Antiquarian. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
1 2 3 "Presenting the IBM of Personal Computers". PC Magazine (Advertisement). February–March 1982. pp. Inside front cover. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lemmons, Phil (October 1981). "The IBM Personal Computer / First Impressions". BYTE. p. 36. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
1 2 3 "IBM Introduces Its New Personal Computer Line". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Associated Press. 1981-08-13. p. 41. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
1 2 3 4 5 Williams, Gregg (January 1982). "A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer". BYTE. p. 36. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
↑ "My own IBM computer. Imagine that". BYTE (Advertisement). January 1982. p. 61. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
↑ Cook, Karen (1984-04-03). "Now Pitching for IBM...Billy Martin?". PC Magazine. p. 34. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
1 2 3 Porter, Martin (July 1983). "That's Why The PC Is A Tramp". PC Magazine. p. 328. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
1 2 3 Papson, Stephen (April 1990). "The IBM tramp". Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media (35): 66–72.
1 2 Caputi, Jane (1994). "IBM's Charlie Chaplin: A Case Study". In Maasik, Sonia; Solomon, Jack. Signs of Life in the U.S.A.: Readings on Popular Culture for Writers. Boston: Bedford Books. pp. 117–121.
↑ "Right away, you can see a difference". BYTE (Advertisement). August 1982. pp. 206–207. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
↑ "New From CompuSoft / Learning IBM BASIC For the Personal Computer". PC Magazine (Advertisement). November 1982. p. 66. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
↑ "NEC's New Advanced Personal Computer Gives Charlie the Blues". Computerworld (Advertisement). 1982-08-30. p. 81. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
↑ "Media Magician". PC Magazine (Advertisement). February 1983. p. 372. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
↑ Cook, Karen (1984-03-06). "Lampoon Does IBM Double Take, Turns Little Tramp to Great Dictator". PC Magazine. p. 43. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
↑ Dickinson, John (1984-09-18). "IBM's Displaywriter Begets a Family of PC Software". PC. p. 238. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
↑ Bunnell, David (Feb–Mar 1982). "The Man Behind The Machine?". PC Magazine (interview). p. 16. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
↑ Green, Wayne (August 1980). "Publisher's Remarks". Kilobaud. p. 8. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
1 2 Pournelle, Jerry (July 1982). "Computers for Humanity". BYTE. p. 396. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
↑ McEntire, Norman (June–July 1982). "The Key to the PC". PC Magazine. pp. 139–140. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
↑ "Because we put what you want into it, you get what you want out of it". BYTE (advertisement). December 1981. pp. 20–21. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
↑ "The best software for the IBM Personal Computer. Could it be yours?". BYTE (Advertisement). September 1982. pp. 116–117. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
1 2 3 Freiberger, Paul (1981-10-05). "Some Confusion at the Heart of IBM Microcomputer / Which Operating System Will Prevail?". InfoWorld. pp. 50–51. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
↑ "IBM directory lists software". Computerworld. 1984-11-12. p. 53. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
↑ "Read Only". PC (Advertisement). 1985-08-20. pp. 151–154. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
↑ Freiberger, Paul; Swaine, Michael (2000). Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer. McGraw-Hill Book. p. 348. ISBN 0071358927.
↑ "Billion Dollar Baby". PC. Feb–Mar 1982. p. 5. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
↑ Bunnell, David (1982-02-03). "Flying Upside Down". PC Magazine. p. 10. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
↑ Freiberger, Paul (1981-10-05). "Old-Timers Claim IBM Entry Doesn't Scare Them". InfoWorld. p. 5. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
1 2 Maher, Jimmy (2017-07-31). "The complete history of the IBM PC, part two: The DOS empire strikes". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2017-08-05.
1 2 Rosen Research (1981-11-30). "From the Rosen Electronics Letter / IBM's impact on microcomputer manufacturers". InfoWorld. pp. 86–87. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
↑ Lundell, Allan (1981-08-31). "TRS-80 Outcrop Companies Evolve". InfoWorld. pp. 46–47. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
↑ Fastie, Will (June 1983). "The Graphical PC". PC Magazine.
1 2 Isaacson, Walter (2013). Steve Jobs. Simon and Schuster. p. 135,149. ISBN 1451648545.
↑ Edlin, Jim (February–March 1982). "TecMates / Tecmar unveils a plug-in smorgasbord". PC Magazine. pp. 57–58. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
↑ Markoff, John (1982-08-23). "Competition and innovation mark IBM add-in market". InfoWorld. p. 20. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
↑ "Front cover". PC. December 1983. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
↑ Burton, Kathleen (March 1983). "Anatomy of a Colossus, Part III". PC. p. 467. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
↑ "Analysts say: IBM's PCjr won't disrupt Christmas for competitors". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Associated Press. November 2, 1983. pp. B-5. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
↑ Ahl, David H. (March 1984). "Digital". Creative Computing. pp. 38–41. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
↑ Hayes, Thomas C. (1983-10-24). "Eagle Computer Stays in the Race". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
↑ Pournelle, Jerry (January 1984). "Too Many Leads, or What in *;?!#"*? Goes First?". BYTE. p. 61. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
1 2 Whitmore, Sam (November 1983). "Fermentations". inCider. p. 10. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
1 2 Lemmons, Phil (Fall 1984). "IBM and Its Personal Computers". BYTE. p. 1. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
1 2 Sanger, David E. (1984-11-19). "I.B.M. Entry Unchallenged at Show". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
↑ "1983 Apple Keynote: The "1984" Ad Introduction". YouTube. April 1, 2006. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
↑ Libes, Sol (September 1985). "The Top Ten". BYTE. p. 418. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
↑ "IBM Personal Computers At a Glance". BYTE. Fall 1984. pp. 10–26. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
↑ Kennedy, Don (1985-04-16). "PCs Rated Number One". PC Magazine. p. 42. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
1 2 Schrage, Michael (1985-02-17). "IBM Wins Dominance in European Computer Market". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-08-29.
1 2 Jeffery, Brian (1985-09-30). "IBM's high-end micros encroaching on mini territory". Computerworld. pp. SR/20–21. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
↑ Bartimo, Jim (1984-11-05). "Mainframe BUNCH Goes Micro". InfoWorld. pp. 47–50. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
↑ Mace, Scott (1981-10-05). "Where You Can Go to Purchase the New Computers". InfoWorld. p. 49. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
↑ IBM did not offer own brand cassette recorders, but the 5150 had a cassette player jack, and IBM anticipated that entry level home users would connect their own cassette recorders for data storage instead of using the more expensive floppy drives (and use their existing TV sets as monitors); to this end, IBM initially offered the 5150 in a basic configuration without any floppy drives or monitor at the price of $1,565, whereas they offered a system with a monitor and single floppy drive for an initial $3,005. Few if any users however bought IBM 5150 PCs without floppy drives.
↑ "Dual-Head operation on vintage PCs".
↑ "Howard81.co.uk". Archived from the original on 2008-06-27.
↑ The opening sentence of an April 29, 1986 PC Magazine article reads "If you own an IBM PC AT and your hard disk hasn't crashed yet, don't worry – it probably will." highbeam.com & encyclopedia.com (the latter a Chicago Sun-Times article citing the PC Magazine story). IBM recovered, although with mixed comments, as noted in the Sept. 30, 1986 PC Magazine article, "The Two Faces of IBM's 8-MHz AT," pp. 179 - 184.
↑ wustl.edu - ECE306 Lecture 16 Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ ctv.se - PC KITS-tutorial page (parallel port, joystick port) Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ IBM (July 1982). Technical Reference: Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library (Revised ed.). IBM Corp. pp. 2–93. 6025008.
↑ Edlin, Jim (June–July 1982). "CP/M Arrives". PC Magazine. p. 43. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
↑ "PCommuniques". PC Magazine. February 1983. p. 53. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
↑ McCracken, Harry (27 August 2007). "The Most Collectible PCs of All Time". PCWorld. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
↑ "Can You Do Real Work With the 30-Year-Old IBM 5150?".


Cold Air Distributors Warehouse of Florida Inc. was founded in 1962 by Marvin Mastroff. Marvin, with the support from his wife Elinor, started as a wagon jobber in Miami, driving from service station to service station selling automotive parts. Then known as "Marv's Auto Parts"; the company consisted of a step van, a modest inventory, and a man with an idea; "To provide the best possible service, knowledge, and pricing to professional automotive technicians".
In 1963, he became interested in automotive air conditioning, an industry still in its infancy. After attending an Air Conditioning convention in Dallas and learning how to sell A/C parts, Marvin went to A/C classes at the local tech school for training on A/C repair.
Ready to sell and help his customers, Marvin changed the company's name to Cold Air Distributors and focused on the air conditioning replacement parts market. He stocked his wagon and continued to work on the road. In the evenings, he taught automotive A/C to his customers in Dade and Broward counties right in their own facilities.
After 2 years of stocking parts in his own garage, Marvin leased an 800 sq. ft. building in South Miami. With A/C parts sales dropping in the winter, Marvin slowly expanded the inventory to include radiators, water pumps and other non- A/C parts. 50 years later, the rest of the story is history.
Today, Cold Air Distributors has expanded to 19 locations, a 180,000 sq. ft. main warehouse and corporate office located in Ft. Pierce, Florida. Marvin's legacy and dreams of expansion continue with Elinor and his son, Russell Mastroff, who has been running the company since 1999. Russell has over 40 years of experience working at Cold Air, from stocking shelves and managing a store to President and CEO.
To help Russell and Elinor with the day to day operations of the company are Kerry Humphreys, General Manager; Pat Elliott , Computer Systems; Bill Osteen, Warehouse Manager; Gina Ward, Office Manager and Ken Bates, Inventory Manager. That's well over 150 years of automotive experience to see the company flourish for another half century!


text:
MEET THE PERFORMERS: VISITING ARTISTS
Obed Calvaire
Obed Calvaire, a native of Miami and of Haitian descent is a graduate with both a master and bachelor degree of music from one of America's premiere private music conservatories in the nation, Manhattan School of Music. He received his bachelor's degree in 2003, completing the undergraduate degree requirements in three years and receiving his master's in 2005. Mr. Calvaire has performed and recorded with artists such as Wynton Marsalis, Seal, Eddie Palmeri, Vanessa Williams, Mark Murphy, David Foster, Mary J. Blidge, Stefon Harris, Kurt Rosenwinkel, Music Soulchild, Nellie McKay, Yellow Jackets, Joshua Redman, Steve Turre, and Lizz Wright to name a few. He has also performed with large ensembles such as the Village Vanguard Orchestra, Metropole Orchestra, the Mingus Big Band, Roy Hargrove Big Band, and the Bob Mintzer Big Band. Currently, Obed Calvaire can be found playing with Peter Cincotti, Richard Bona, Monty Alexander, Sean Jones, Yosvany Terry, The Clayton Brothers Quintet, Mike Stern among others.
Please note: Biographies on the CSO website are based on the information that was most recently provided to the CSO by the artists or their representatives. More current information may be available on the artists' own websites or those of their representatives.
SFJAZZ Collective celebrates the 50th Anniversary of Miles Davis' In a Silent Way and Sly & the Family Stone's Stand! with Special Guest Dee Dee Bridgewater
Saturday, Mar 21, 8:00 p.m.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Where is stored the property IsPostBack? in asp.net I have this program in asp.net
<body>
    <form id="form1" runat="server">
      <div>
         <asp:Button runat ="server" ID="btnTest" Text ="Request Somethig"
         OnClick ="OnClick" />
       </div>
    </form>
</body>

And the code behind:
public partial class _Default : System.Web.UI.Page
{
  protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
  {
    if (IsPostBack)
    Response.Write("A Post Back has been sent from server");
   }

protected void OnClick(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
   //The button has AutoPostBack by default
 }

}

If I request the page to the server http://localhost:50078/Default.aspx
,the server will create an instance of the class _Default.cs,
then it will fires and event Page_Load, and this line won't be executed the first time:
Response.Write("A Post Back has been sent from server");

And the reason is that IsPostBack=false
Then if I hit click on the button, I will request a post back from server,  so now  IsPostBack will be true and in my browser I will see the message
"A Post Back has been sent from server"

My question is: How the  property IsPostBack is changed from false to true, and where is storage that value?
As far as I know, the instance that the server creates from the class _Default.cs is destroyed once the HTML is sent to the client,so, it suppose to  have nothing about IsPostBack property when I click the button(doing a post back).
Does the server storage the value of IsPostback in a _VIEWSTATE hidden variable in the page itself?
Thanks in advance!!

A: IsPostBack is a public property of the Page class.  Daryal's answer to this question explains the structure of that class.
From that answer:
Page class derives from TemplateControl class;
public class Page : TemplateControl, IHttpHandler

and TemplateControl class derives from abstract Control class;
public abstract class TemplateControl : Control, ...

In Control class which Page class derives from there is a virtual property named as Page;
// Summary:
//     Gets a reference to the System.Web.UI.Page instance that contains the server
//     control.
//
public virtual Page Page { get; set; }

In the Page class there are properties like IsPostBack, IsValid etc;
// Summary:
//     Gets a value that indicates whether the page is being rendered for the first
//     time or is being loaded in response to a postback.
//
public bool IsPostBack { get; }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I'm almost at the end of the basic outlines for ETL implementation in the context of Data Vault. For a (hopefully) tidy overview I created a page that lists all relevant posts for Data Vault implementation here. I'm working towards writing up the last few topics now, including Zero Records and Link Satellites before focusing on Data Mart automation from a core Data Vault model. I think this covers the essential elements for implementation, but please contact me if something seems to be missing.
Many thanks for everyone commenting and helping to iron out various issues and providing alternatives and different perspectives in general.
Beyond ETL Generation & DWH Virtualisation – what's next?


Those of us who have been shadow-deplatformed, algorithmically filtered, deprived of income and alienated from our families and friends for the past 3 years in this psychological civil war being waged against us via the mainstream media and Big Tech, we feel somewhat vindicated today, with the end of the Mueller Investigation.
But the Globalist war on America has only just begun for a new breed of Soros-funded, Big Data Communists. This data-driven, organized, Silicon Valley approach to politics is comprised of interlinking groups, including the Justice Democrats, Brand New Congress and Real Justice and their platforms are informed by the UN's Agenda 21 aka the Green New Deal.
YouTube user, Mr Reagan is back this week with a follow-up to 'The Brains Behind AOC', the most-viewed video on this site in over 2 years, garnering over 2 million views for this fledging creator. He revealed that newly-elected Justice Democrat Congresswomen, Ayanna Pressley, Rashida Tlaib and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez are all winners of a Reality TV-like contest held by the highly-organized, Soros-funded radical Leftist groups masterminded by Zack Exley and his colleagues. The goal of these Soros groups is to swarm the pool of Congressional and District Attorney candidates with their own naïve and highly-controllable Progressive agents.
Mr Reagan gives us details on Exley, a radical Saul Alinsky-ite who's been a political operative for some time, working on campaigns for John Kerry, the UK's Labour Party, Bernie Sanders, as the Chief Revenue Officer of the Wikimedia Foundation and as an associate of the Open Borders Foundation.
Exley's plan is diabolically brilliant: to have his Justice Democrats register and run as Republicans in solidly Republican districts with low-voter-turn-out all across America. The plan is to trick Republicans into voting for Socialists. It's brilliant, because he's accurately identified a huge vulnerability in the US Government, which is that most people don't know who their local representatives are and they tend to vote a straight ticket for their party.
This same model is being duplicated with District Attorneys through a group called Real Justice, run by Exley's colleague from the 2016 Bernie Sanders campaign, Becky Bond that seeks to replace all DAs with Neo-Marxists. The front man for Real Justice is none other than Shaun King of Black Lives Matter.
Mr Reagan saves the best for last however, when he reveals that Becky Bond is a top advisor in the Presidential campaign that is currently most in the spotlight – that of Beto O'Rourke!
I give Alexandria a lot of credit for bringing these topics up for our discussion.
It's informative and interesting and well it makes those that are looking into politics a reason to keep on looking. I sure don't find it nutty!
Not sure just what 'program' is running in the background of this planet….it is making itself known. It lets one side come forward and lets the other go back…… and each time micro movements are taking place pretty much right in ones' face. I really don't think that when folks vote their world changes too much…but if you don't keep yourself involved you are stomping on your responsibilites.
I wouldn't be a politician …it may have its' perks but its' also has huge drawbacks……McCain, Hillary, etc to name just a few. They have nothing to be proud of in this world….and most spit at their mention. So why do they do it…..it's the roll of the dice. Big players…Big Losers…they gather around the poker table and place their bets…..I'll show you a 'Justice Department' and another will put their cards on 'Gun Control'……in another 100 years if the Cern Accelerator doesn't do us in ….maybe…..this game will still be working hard at the table.
Carry on folks and vote, vote, vote and do your do diligence and find out who your Senators are and your District Attorneys….its a small price to pay for sanity.
Oh, it's about the Globalists and George Soros single handedly running the entire world…Alexandra! Please! Here we go again with this fake shill who calls himself Reagan.
I couldn't and wouldn't listen to anyone who has that old fossil Reagan for an icon.
try to make a difference while there is so much bribery and corruption going on elsewhere.
All this talk about Globalism, what about Zionism? You supposed they are one and the same?
speech bragging about Israel's technological prowess?
Now, they keep talking about ole George Soros, I wonder why the right wingers never mention Sheldon Adelson, he's probably got more influence than Soros – especially over Trump.
To Joel Morrow: Thank for bringing some sanity and reason to this site's usual nuttery. I only subscribe to it to keep up with the latest preposterous crackpot theories spewing from the loony far right and alt right.
You sound like Zack Exley.
In California, where non citizens can now vote, can you imagine what would happen if immigration showed up at voting areas? And you do need to register don't you? And isn't that public record? Just trying to think around the box that has been created to confuse….. and befuddle and stymie the land of the "free" and the home of the brainwashed. Well it is one step forward. Now to try and wake up the fools who watch t.v., that will be a hard thing to do.
As he admits, this guy is a paid propagandist. Relies on buzzwords rather than issue oriented analysis. "Lets's tar the opposition".
After the 2016 United States Presidential election, Exley along with other members of the 2016 presidential campaign of Bernie Sanders, Cenk Uygur of The Young Turks and Kyle Kulinski of Secular Talk created the Justice Democrats in 2017 in attempt to reform the Democratic Party and take on President Donald Trump.
AOC lied about her address and filed the wrong district when she registered to run. Maybe she "forgot" which district she was supposed to represent.
AOC (areas of concern) about AOC include ethics investigation.


text:
Archives for posts with tag: hong kong
Trufflepig Search Wishes You a Happy Holidays!
This January we start our third year in business—in L.A. and Hong Kong!
We launched our Trufflepig Search division to help client companies find social media and digital communications, marketing and PR professionals below the executive level. We are proud to have served clients including GE, Gap and Coca-Cola/Japan out of our Hong Kong office, and AEG Live, AutoTrader.com, Forest Lawn and R&R Partners out of Los Angeles.
As the economy builds momentum in 2013, Trufflepig Search is here to help find your next great social media or digital communications team members.
We wish you a profitable new year, full of health, enjoyment, and digital happiness.
Tags aeg live, autotrader, berkhemer clayton, executive search, forest lawn, gap coca cola, ge, happy holidays, hong kong, r&r partners, truufflepig search
Why China: American business succeeding in China
Trufflepig Search is pleased to report our success in Asia. We opened as a division of Berkhemer Clayton, Inc. 18 months ago (Jan 2011) to help American corporations find communications and digital marketing executives in Asia. Already we have handled senior-level communications searches for Gap Inc., GE, Coca-Cola Japan, and large public relations agencies in China. Our Managing Director in HK is Ms. Sai Pradhan, who previously worked here in LA for Berkhemer Clayton. Our experience demonstrates that even service businesses like ours can export or expand into Asia. We consulted with Invest Hong Kong to learn the legal and technical requirements of opening our business there.
Research recently published by Committee of 100–Chinese-American business leaders here in U.S. who do business in China—spotlights current opinions in both China and U.S. today. The Committee of 100 researchers interviewed 4,000 people in China and U.S.—private citizens as well as business leaders. Findings showed that in both countries, there is a considerable gap between the views of general public versus the views of business people and political leaders. Looking at improving relationships between people in China and America, findings showed that increased understanding of language, culture and travel back and forth build trust.
Some of the observations: People in China have favorable impressions of American culture and way of life, and see a cooperative relationship. Chinese people are optimistic and confident about their own futures. They now see themselves as a superpower.
Both groups value each other's prominence in the world—they see need for cooperation to benefit global financial stability. But sometimes we don't trust each other's governments, Charlie Woo told Betsy Berkhemer-Credaire and Renee Fraser on their radio show UnfinishedBusiness. Charlie owns MegaToys in Los Angeles He is a C-100 leader, along with Chancellor Frank Wu, from UC Hastings College of Law in San Francisco, who said the Chinese cite problems in their own country with government corruption and an inadequate legal system. The U.S. participants cite a significant problem with Chinese copying American intellectual property. The research shows a trend for the first time that an increasing number of Chinese people see IP as a problem as well.
Charlie says China is soon going to be the world's largest consumer economy—not just exporter of products, but consumer of goods, especially high-value big name American products. That's good news for companies expanding their business in China. We are there to help.
Tags Chancellor Frank Wu, china, Committee of 100, HK, hong kong, sai pradhan, Unfinished Business
Trufflepig Search Limited is Featured Story in Hong Kong's Time Out Magazine
Our very own Sai Pradhan, Managing Director of Trufflepig Search in Hong Kong was interviewed and featured in a story featuring Hong Kong's 'Digital Dreamers'–the digital and social media entrepreneurs making a deep impact in the Asia Pacific's digital scene.
Sai is focused on recruitment of social media-savvy communications and marketing talent for client organizations. Prior to her appointment to head the Hong Kong office, she was an Associate in the corporate communications and marketing speciality practice at Los Angeles-based Berkhemer Clayton, retained executive search consultants. Previously with public relations agencies Ruder Finn and Fenton Communications, she has worked with a range of clients and industries, handling messaging, branding, positioning, corporate social responsibility, and media relations.
Photo Credit: TimeOut.com.hk
A few highlights from Sai's conversation with TimeOut Hong Kong:
How do you find your candidates?
If it's a Hong Kong position, there are four or five names I can name off the top of my head, mainly because I'm so ingrained with the social media community here.
Describe the ideal candidate.
The ideal candidate in Asia is someone who can speak multiple languages, so if it's a position in China it would be a bit silly to go with someone who only speaks English.The placements I've done have been 90 percent expat, but I don't want to classify because it's such a blurry line.
Is the salary which clients offer here on par with other cities in the world?
Of course, but you need to take into account that people don't pay so much tax here, so base salaries are a little lower. In general, social media jobs tend to be a bit overpaid, that's what I have been finding; just a little more than your average PR job.
I think perhaps people based in Asia feel less need to educate themselves on it than their counterparts elsewhere.
How educated do you need to be to succeed?
I've seen a lot of people just take it upon themselves to become the digital or socialmedia person within their company, but If you don't understand whatever is applicable to your role, like brand messaging, then you're going to be quite lost.
But isn't it true that Hong Kong is far behind other world cities?
Complete Interview at TimeOut HK's website
For more on Sai's take on social media in China
Tags hong kong, job search, pradhan, recruiting, Sai, sai pradhan, social media, TimeOut, TimeOut Hong Kong
The Power of Play at Work
Technology has been able to reduce work hours for some professions, but for all the PR, marketing and social media professionals we place, hours have increased as file sharing systems and a profusion of smartphones make it all too possible to work from home at all hours. Employees in Hong Kong work 48.4 hours on average per week, 21% more than the International Labour Organization recommends. In a world where it is commonplace for people to work such hours, what should employers do to ensure that employees maintain some semblance of work-life balance but stay productive?
Bess Hepworth runs Bonzapie, a coaching and performance consultancy in Hong Kong, and in a recent presentation for Women's Media Network, she shared her insights on how to make work environments more fun, which in turn increases productivity and keeps employees creative and happy. We aren't talking about run of the mill leadership seminars here where employees are being assessed for potential, but simple activities that get everyone up and moving, and create interactive opportunities between people who are otherwise chained to their desks and cubicles. Incorporating a little fun into the routine can have a big difference on attitudes, moods, and as a result, happiness and stress levels.
Slideshow presentation here.
Tags bonzapie, hong kong, international labor organization, sai pradhan, smartphones, work life, work life balance
China and India: Emergence of Women in the Workplace
From Sai Pradhan, Managing Director of Trufflepig Search Limited Hong Kong:
Ripa Rashid, Executive Vice President of the Center of Work-Life Policy was in Hong Kong last week, speaking at a luncheon organized by Asia Society.
I was pleased to see a presentation dedicated to talent retention in China and India and women in the workplace within Asia Society's March repertoire. Ripa Rashid of the Center of Work-Life Policy recently co-authored an article for Harvard Business Review, 'The Battle for Female Power in China and India,' in context of multinational corporations looking to China and India for growth, and within those geographies, female talent, as an important factor. At Asia Society's luncheon at the Foreign Correspondents Club, Ripa shared some of her key themes and findings from her research. Here are the highlights:
The percentage of women at tertiary education levels has increased 10% in the last decade in India and 23% in China. This is evidence of the increasingly highly qualified female talent pool in both countries.
85% of women in India and 83% of women in China are eager to be promoted to the next level, compared to 52% in the U.S. With ambition levels at such a high, women seem poised for professional advancement.
Women are reported to show high levels of loyalty to their employers in both countries: 92% in India and 88% in China. I wondered if this meant their pay scales didn't jump as much as they might. I asked Ripa after the luncheon, and she said that generally speaking, women had different consideration factors than their male counterparts in finding and staying with favourable employers. Factors such as the quality of their teams, their comfort level with company policies, and the fact that the longer they stayed with their employers, the more likely they were to avail of flexible schedules, outweighed the desire for salary bumps.
In contextualizing the female talent pool in China and India, Ripa described the various 'pulls' on women in these countries. 35% of Chinese women and 52% of Indian women face pressure to drop out after they have their first child. 'Daughterly guilt' weighs 88% of women down in China and 70% of women in India, while maternal guilt affects 86% and 62% respectively.
She then went on to describe some of the 'push' factors. Jobs are becoming more extreme, with longer hours for women in China and India. On average, Ripa shared, they are working between 10-18 additional hours per week compared to their workload three years ago. An astounding statistic indeed. Prejudice in the workplace affects 55% of women in India (enough for them to consider quitting or pulling back from their jobs) and 48% of women in China. Safety, and practical and cultural barriers to international mobility (considered an important part of professional advancement), are other factors that 'push' women in these countries.
China's one-child policy means that it will soon be faced with a graying population, whereas in India, the demographics weigh favourably toward the young but are faced with infrastructural challenges in the country.
Ripa shared a few models that some companies have employed to attract and sustain the best female talent, and help women deal with the various pulls and pushes of the work environment, such as Google India's Women's Engineering Award, Intel's Women at Intel in China, and Cisco's Extended Flex Program.
Tags Asia Society, berkhemer clayton, Center of Work-Life Policy, china, hong kong, India, professional advancement, Ripa Rashid, talent retention, Trufflepig Search Limited Hong Kong, women in workplace
The Ever Increasing Scope of China's Social Media Equivalents
By Sai Pradhan, Managing Director HK, Trufflepig Search Limited
In August 2010, Ogilvy PR's 360 Degree Digital Influence Practice's Social Media team in China put together an infographic to show China's social media equivalents in an expansive list of categories: wikis, deal-of-the-day, instant messaging, blogging, and SNS to name a few. While the equivalents may have different features, they take on enough similarities to be comparable in terms of user demographics and usage. The most basic example is China's Ren Ren which is a Facebook equivalent.
On March 2, 360 Degree Digital Influence released an updated version which showcases just how much change has taken place in the short six-month period. The new infographic gives a quick snapshot of the increase in platforms. Groupon's commitment to China is reflected, as are Quora (compare to Yahoo Answers) and Tencent's (Internet service portal) micro-blogging services.
"Making graphics like this is, of course, far from an exact science," writes Thomas Crampton, Asia Pacific Director of 360 Digital Influence. We agree, Thomas, but it's a great, easily digestible visual regardless.
Read the full article here: China Social Media Evolution
Tags china, facebook, hong kong, ogilvy, quora, ren ren, sai pradhan, social media, tencent, thomas crampton, yahoo answers
Year of the Rabbit to bring a 'digital embrace' to China
Burson-Marsteller has predicted 11 trends in the digital communications realm in China for 2011. "If 2009 and 2010 was a period of 'digital foreplay' for companies at large, then 2011 and 2012 are pegged to be the year of 'digital embrace,'" said Zaheer Nooruddin, director and lead digital strategist at Burson-Marsteller China in a recent article in Campaign Asia.
Burson's predictions hit the nail on the head. Trufflepig Search in Hong Kong is witnessing the digital re-think in China as companies seek sound, integrated social media strategies versus the usually scattered tactical approaches everyone took to in previous years simply to be on the bandwagon. ROI is more important now than ever, as better services become available. More senior-level executives are taking to Twitter and Sina Weibo (China's Twitter equivalent) as the need to engage and promote transparency becomes more apparent. Other predictions include the rise of the use of infographics to convey data, marketing based on the use of location-based communications, increased group buying activity, and the recognition of the value of the mobile web market in China.
Hand in hand with China's predicted 'digital embrace' as Nooruddin cleverly calls it, is the increasing demand for excellent social media fluent professionals.
BM's Digital communications Trends for China in 2011
Tags burson marsteller, campaign asia, china, digital embrace, digital foreplay, hong kong, sai pradhan, sina weibo, social media, Zaheer Nooruddin


The new Warehouse Collection of Italian timber look porcelain tiles, currently consists of two colourways Grigio and Nero.
This industrial style collection is suitable for both residential and commercial applications.
Accent feature strips in Nero and Grigio will be available by special order- to add an additional worn and rustic style, with a splashed paint effect.


The IATA (International Air Transport Association) code for Nikolai Airport is NIB and the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) code is NIB. You can find many flights from Nikolai Airport to popular domestic and international destinations through most popular airlines. Above, you can find helpful information about Nikolai's airport so that you can better plan your next business trip or vacation. Save money on your next flight from NIB by booking through Travelocity.
If you're looking for the best deal on flights from Nikolai Airport – NIB, then browse Travelocity's large inventory of discount airfare from NIB. Flights to your favorite destinations are offered at discount rates from major airlines all year long. Book your Nikolai flight today from Travelocity.
Before flying from Nikolai Airport (NIB), here are some tips to make your flight experience go smoothly. Before leaving your house, make sure you have everything you need, including flight and hotel itineraries. Speaking of itineraries, check your NIB flight status to make sure there have been no changes to your flight time. Also, familiarize yourself with your airlines check-in requirements and baggage policies.
Figuring out how to get to the airport can be stressful, so it's always good to have a game plan ready. If you have a flight from Nikolai Airport, there are several options for transportation. If you don't want to deal with the hassle of parking, have a friend or family member drive you to the airport and take advantage of short-term parking. Going on a business trip with a coworker? Meetup at the office and share a cab ride over to the airport for curbside drop-off. If driving yourself is your only option, not to worry. Nikolai Airport (NIB) offers long-term parking that is safe and secure for your vehicle.
Looking for the top flights departing Nikolai (NIB)? Look no further we've gathered the top destionations from Nikolai Airport so you can find a great deal on your next trip.
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The conventional modern way of building for northern climates often involves synthetic insulation and some kind of mechanical heating -- an energy-intensive and inefficient way to live out the winter. For the Ainu, the indigenous people of Japan, the traditional way of winter-proofed building is called "chise," referring to a home that is built with earth, clad with bamboo and sedge grasses, with radiantly heated floors and interiors kept warm by a central hearth that is never allowed to go out.
In an experimental project for the Meme Meadows environmental research facility on Japan's Hokkaido island, Japanese architect Kengo Kuma has constructed a dwelling that uses these indigenous principles and combined them with modern materials to create a translucent house that operates in rhythm with natural patterns of light and heating.
We wrapped a wooden frame made of Japanese larch with a membrane material of polyester fluorocarbon coating. Inner part is covered with removable glass-fiber-cloth membrane. Between the two membranes, a polyester insulator recycled from PET bottles is inserted that penetrates the light. This composition is based on the idea that by convecting the air in-between, the internal environment could be kept comfortable because of the circulation.
The house's interior is kept warm by the continuously-burning central fireplace, which warms up the ground, which in turn slowly but surely radiates heat throughout the day and night, thanks to its high thermal mass. The structure's translucent walls allow for natural daylighting, so occupants wake up to bright sun and sleep when it goes down.
We do not treat insulation within the thickness of heat-insulation material only, which was a typical attitude of the static environmental engineering in 20th century. What we aim at is a dynamic environmental engineering to replace it for this age. That we utilize the radiant heat from the floor is part of it, and it has been verified that you could spend several days in winter here without using floor heating.
More over at Kengo Kuma & Associates.
This translucent, winter-proofed dwelling is built using ideas adapted from the traditional houses of the Ainu, Japan's indigenous peoples.


We are fortunate enough that in London we are definitely not short of food options; a new restaurant pops up almost every day. On Tuesday evening it was the launch of Mister Lasagna; a restaurant dedicated to perfecting the lasagna.
Now I won't lie - I love pasta. Despite being unable to eat gluten 90% of the time, it's my one vice I allow myself to eat...and I am so glad I did. We were offered samples of several of the different types of lasagna; spinach to salmon, four cheese to classic. Needless to say I was in my element.
Armed with a glass of white wine I sampled almost every one which came round - and perhaps ever had a couple more. Mister Lasagna launched yesterday - open to all public for from 7am, and if you are peckish after they have a fabulous range of desserts.
Mister Lasagna will offer 21 lasagna varieties with eight staple dishes of classic bolognese, ham & cheese, mushroom, pesto, carbonara, vegetable, four cheese (cheddar, gorgonzola, bechamel, emmental) and Napoletana (meatballs, egg, bolognese, ricotta and bechamel). They will be available daily and joined by two specials, a rotation of 12 dishes; truffle, pumpkin, smoked salmon, chicken, artichoke, courgette, vegetable, aubergine, cherry tomato & basil, mashed potato & egg, spinach, onion and spicy tomato sauce. Diners will also be able to choose from five complementary sauces which are to be served on top of the lasagna; bolognese, bechamel, mushroom, four cheese or tomato.
I for one can say I will be popping into Mister Lasagna when I get my, often, pasta cravings. Everyone loves Italian food no?


You might not be aware of it, but you probably know someone who has congenital heart disease, which affects 40,000 newborns, or one in every 100 children, in the U.S. each year.
This has prompted Dr. Nancy Pike, assistant professor at UCLA and current chair of the American Heart Association Subcommittee on Pediatric Cardiovascular Nursing, to create and conduct a research study on adolescents with congenital heart disease.
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a disease in which there is a problem, or defect, with the structure of the heart.
Heart defects range from the fairly mild, such as a small hole in the cardiac muscle, to extremely severe, such as the heart missing the main artery that connects to the lungs. Yet many are not aware of CHD, and research still remains glaringly underfunded relative to the number of people who suffer from it.
Most are unaware of the prevalence of CHD because a heart defect cannot be seen. Even though it does not affect a person's physical appearance, it is still a serious and life-changing disease.
About 50% of the children born with CHD will need at least one invasive surgery in their lifetime; surgery often begins merely a few months after birth.
Researchers believe that having several intrusive surgeries can affect development. Long-term effects of being under the scalpel are still unidentified because, until recently, the lifespan for a person with CHD was relatively low. But, with medical advances, more and more affected newborns are living well into adulthood.
Dr. Pike's study assesses the cognitive skills, memory and self-care of children and teens who have a heart defect and have had at least one correctional surgery.
Dr. Pike herself was actually born with a congenital disease, Poland's Syndrome, in which one side of a person's chest muscles is missing. As a result of this and the work she did in Children's Hospital Los Angeles prior to taking an academic teaching position at UCLA, Dr. Pike connected to children with CHD, which led to the creation of the study.
The study has found that a little over half of the adolescents with CHD have recognizable memory deficits.
Despite the surgeries and deficits, many kids with CHD actually have a relatively positive outlook on life because they do not dwell on what they cannot do, but celebrate what they can.
"Many of the children and teenagers don't know what life would be like without a heart defect because they were born with it, so many of them actually would rate their quality of life as satisfactory," Dr. Pike said.
For each adolescent with CHD who is tested, Dr. Pike must also test another healthy child or teen of the same age and ethnicity.
Many students at FSHA would qualify and Dr. Pike encourages Tologs to participate in this extremely useful and relevant study. Not only is it a great pain-free way to give back to the community, each student will receive free parking at UCLA, a $30 Target gift card and $200 in cash at the end of the test.
—Carra Liwanag. Illustrations courtesy of medmovie.com.


text:
Q: Global objects vs multiple new objects? Say I was to have a method that required a small number of objects to be created during each run, and the method would be called multiple times, i.e. a method to delete a given row from a database. Would it be better to create a new object each time and call the Garbage Collector (or similar) to destroy it at the end, or reinitialise the value each time?
Example:
Using new constructors each time:
private void RemoveFolder(string dir)
{
    OleDbCommand cmd2 = connection.CreateCommand();
    OleDbParameter parameterC = new OleDbParameter();
    cmd2.Parameters.Add(parameterC);
    parameterC.Value = dir;

    cmd2.CommandText = "DELETE * FROM [Directories] WHERE Path = ?";
    cmd2.ExecuteNonQuery();
    cmd2.Dispose();
}

Using a singular global variable (initialised within the constructor):
private void RemoveFolder(string dir)
{
    parameterC.Value = dir;

    cmd2.CommandText = "DELETE * FROM [Directories] WHERE Path = ?";
    cmd2.ExecuteNonQuery();
}

EDIT: When I say better, I mean "as-a-whole" during normal non-"mission-critical" programs, where a large increase in performance would trump a minor decrease in stability.
EDIT2
An example of calling a similar method multiple times
(Note that this is for another method of mine, AddFolder)
foreach (DirectoryInfo directory in directories)
{
    parameter.Value = directory.FullName;
    cmd.CommandText = "SELECT LastModified FROM Directories WHERE Path = ?";
    reader = cmd.ExecuteReader();

    while (reader.Read())
    {
        output += reader.GetString(0);
    }

    if (output == null)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("New Directory! " + directory.FullName);
        AddFolder(directory);
    }
    output = null;
    reader.Close();
 }

A: Your question is Do I need to optimize that code?
My opinion in general,

*

*If it two easy to optimized it, and code still remain simple than do it,
Otherwise if don't sure if it will give an impact than leave it that way,

*Measure it if you don't sure

*Leave comment near to the involved code

How to measure it?
You can see if your program is running to slow, or if it using to much memory..

A: Regarding to your second edit,
You can convert the foreach loop to LINQ,
Aggregate all of the directories, and then at once
Add the directories to you DB
Your code will look more elegant, and it will solve your main question
See http://www.linqtutorial.net/linqExamples.html  there is paragraph how to replace iterative loop with LINQ

A: The major performance concern you have here is how much you pay for the "preparation" of the query. Preparation is where query gets parsed and (more importantly) query plan determined. The determination of query plan can be rather expensive and you want to minimize how many times this has to be done.
(NOTE: Even DELETE ... WHERE ... from your example needs a query plan.)
Some DBMSes and ADO.NET providers are better than others in "reusing" query plans. On Oracle/ODP.NET, for example, it probably doesn't matter if you repeatedly recreate your DbCommand - Oracle will tend to "see" that this is the same query that was used before and reuse the query plan.
On the other hand, if you want to ensure query is prepared once and reused multiple times, no matter what DBMS you use, it is not a bad idea to keep the same DbCommand object throughout your application execution (and even explicitly call DbCommand.Prepare), something like this:
var conn = new OracleConnection("your connection string"); // Or DB2Connection, SqlConnection or NpgsqlConnection or whatever...
conn.Open();

// Execute once:
var cmd = conn.CreateCommand();
cmd.CommandText = "DELETE FROM YOUR_TABLE WHERE YOUR_FIELD = :your_param";
var param = cmd.CreateParameter();
param.ParameterName = "your_param";
param.DbType = ...;
cmd.Parameters.Add(param);
cmd.Prepare(); // Not really important for Oracle, but may be important for others.

// Execute multiple times:
param.Value = "some value";
int row_count = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();

// If you are concerned with long-lived connections, you'll typically be able to do this:
conn.Close();
// ...
conn.Open();
param.Value = "some other value";
row_count = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();

// Etc..

So:

*

*If your program only works on a single DBMS/ADO.NET provider and you know it will reuse query plans efficiently and you don't mind slightly more expensive C# code, you may go for the "repeated recreation" solution. It may also allow for a slightly shorter C# code.

*However, I prefer "create once, reuse many times" solution - I'll get optimal performance whatever DBMS I use. And even under those DBMSes intelligent enough to reuse query plans, I'll still avoid re-execution of the C# code and associated garbage collection pressure.

A: I think the key piece of advice here is not to leave lingering database connections around, and then open and operate on an ad hoc basis. I notice that your question really revolves around whether to reuse a command or not - when, on looking, noticing your connection must already be reusable... I wouldn't recommend this and would suggest you think of each database operation as an atomic unit of work, including connection utilisation and all.

A: It is better to use the first method, so that the logic of executing the query stays in a single function.

A: I think the correct version is in between
public foo()
{
   var context = generateContext(dir);
   context.excute();
}

Just split the two goals

*

*Creating the context

*Execute it

In the creating context use can use singleton

A: I would prefer using global variables and not recreating the same objects each operation.
The one time allocation cost is minor, whereas creating the objects every iteration can be costly.


There are two primary types of mortgages: fixed and adjustable.
This is the plain-vanilla loan that most people think of when considering a mortgage. The fixed rate mortgage is an extremely stable choice. With this type of mortgage you pay a certain interest rate over the life of the mortgage. You are protected from rising interest rates and it makes budgeting for the future very easy. With a fixed-rate mortgage, your monthly payment will remain the same over the life of the loan.
Fixed rate mortgages are available with terms of 10, 15, 20 and 30 years with the 15-year term becoming more and more popular. The advantage of a 15-year over a 30-year mortgage is that while your payments are higher, your principal balance will be paid off sooner, saving you substantial money in interest payments over the life your loan. Also, the rates are almost always lower with a 15-year loan. If you're looking for a mortgage with payments that will remain unchanged over its term, or if you plan to stay in your home for a long period of time, a fixed rate mortgage is probably right for you. With a fixed rate mortgage, the interest rate you close with won't change (and your payments of principal and interest remain the same each month) until the mortgage is paid off.
But in certain types of economies, the interest rate for a fixed rate mortgage is considerably higher than the initial interest rate of other mortgage options. Once your rate is set, it does not change and falling interest rates will not affect what you pay unless you refinance your mortgage.
An ARM is a mortgage where the interest rate changes at preset intervals (defined in the mortgage), according to rising and falling interest rates and the economy in general. This "reset frequency" can be monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, annually or just about anything the lender wants. Quarterly resets are probably the most common.
To control how much and how quickly an interest rate can change for an ARM, something called "caps" are defined in ARM mortgages. Caps can be used to restrict the maximum amount the interest rate on an ARM can increase in any given year (annual cap) and the amount they can increase during the life of the mortgage (lifetime caps). Other cap frequencies can be used along with "floors", which restrict how much and how quickly a rate can decrease. You need to work with your lender to clearly understand what caps, floors and reset frequencies are applicable to the mortgage you are evaluating.
The benefits of getting an ARM over a Fixed-Rate mortgage is that the interest rates are usually lower. This can especially be the case when lenders are offering "teaser" rates for the ARM's first year, which are many times 1% or more below the market rate. The downside of getting an ARM is that you don't know how much your mortgage payments will be over the life of the mortgage. It all comes down to how much risk you are willing to assume. Another consideration is how long you expect to be in your home. The shorter the duration in your home, the less interest rate fluctuations you will likely experience with the ARM. Some people have saved thousands by getting an ARM, while other have been unable to make their mortgage payment when rates moved upward.


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The recent price drop of the Nook Simple from £79 to £29 has created unprecedented demand for the e-reader causing low availability from the limited number of UK retailers which supply it. The price reduction is understood to be only temporary as part of the "Get London Reading" initiative and the developers, Barnes & Noble, are not letting on when the offer is likely to end.
Developed by Barnes & Noble, the Nook Simple Touch is an e-book reader featuring an adjustable 6 inch touch screen which enables you to read in the sunshine or in a darkened room glare free. Customise reading text with 7 different sizes and 6 font styles. Built in Wi-Fi enables to easily download books in seconds and with over 2.5 million available you won't be short of available titles (over 1 million are free downloads). You can also preview books before you buy and subscribe to newspapers and magazines also.
It's possible to run the Nook Touch for over 2 months on a single battery charge and with 2GB of internal memory you will be able to store up to 1000 books (expandable to 32GB with an additional micro SD card). Supported e-book formats include ePub5 and PDF and weighing just 212 grams it's lighter than a lot of paperback books!
MicroUSB cable to connect to your PC/Mac.
We constantly check for Nook Simple Touch stock, so you don't have to.
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The tears on the cheeks, the burning eyes, but someone's gotta do the job: slice the onions do not really belong to the finest tasks with the cooking. But how else to bring the tuber in his food?
This is possible! Because with a few Tricks, you can prepare the sad onion cutting. We will tell you how to do this.
onion-cutting: Why the tears our eyes actually?
The protection mechanism of the onion is to blame, that we have to cry at the sight directly. In the wild, the Plant secretes two substances, the protect you against to be made by mice and other enemies eaten: odour-neutral, sulfur-containing amino acid Alliin and the enzyme Alliinase. When these two substances Meet each other, we have the salad: we whine like babies.
especially the substances are released when the cells of the onion are damaged or crushed. The first tip is to Use cut a very sharp knife to the Onion. So few cells are damaged and the protective mechanism of the onion does not immediately and completely, so that you can no longer see the tears in his eyes.
click here to read: thousands of Fans of This genius Trick will change your Pasta to life.
The first Trick is not to peel off, to cry when cutting Onions the same as a lock dog, works like this: While you cut the onion, you should keep them under running water or filled peel in a bowl with water. To avoid that the substances are released in the air and your eyes take.
Who doesn't care how he or she cut the Onion looks like, engages easily to a goggle. So your eyes are in front of the acrid substances safely. For a pragmatist it does here is also a simple Diving mask.
you Take a drink of water in the mouth while cutting the onions. Why? Because it helps. You will no longer have to cry. The exact reason for the Trick to work, however, is not clarified so far.
you can read here: Why you should strawberries now prefer salt instead of sugar.
It not only prevents tears, but distributes them the time during the cooking: whistle. Yes, that's right: the way the whistle of the biting substances in the onion. The thus generated air stream blows away the Onion fumes of them, and you can undisturbed to pursue their task.
you can insert the onion before Cutting, about ten minutes in water. To avoid that develop the enzyme to the air. In this Trick you must expect, however, that the flavor of the onion can be mitigated.
Also interesting: everyone in the house: With this curious Trick to cool beer fast.


text:
Fair, July 27, 2017
'Wars Are Not Fought to Liberate Women'
CounterSpin interview with Sonali Kolhatkar on Afghan women
By Peter Hart
Peter Hart interviewed Sonali Kolhatkar about women in Afghanistan for the October 10, 2010, episode of CounterSpin, an interview that was rebroadcast on the July 21, 2017, show. This is a lightly edited transcript.
MP3 Link ( http://www.fair.org/audio/counterspin/CounterSpin170721.mp3 )
Janine Jackson: Media are celebrating the participation of Afghan girls in a robotics competition in DC after being denied visas twice as somehow a feel-good story about America. No one seems to have pondered the irony of the denial, given that Afghan girls doing science is precisely the sort of PR moment the US pretended the 2001 invasion was all about. It could have opened a talk about what decades of unending war on Afghanistan have actually done towards that ostensible goal, but it did not.
CounterSpin discussed the war as feminist storyline with author, activist and radio host Sonali Kolhatkar back in 2010. We'll hear that conversation again on today's show.
Gulbar ( http://www.rawa.org/burning_p.htm ) was burned by her husband in 2006. (Photo: RAWA.org)
Peter Hart: As the US war in Afghanistan began, the cover ( http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20011203,00.html ) of Time magazine on December 3, 2001, announced: "Lifting the Veil: The Shocking Story of How the Taliban Brutalized the Women in Afghanistan. How Much Better Will Their Lives Be Now?" Almost nine bloody years later, with the war grinding on, the cover ( http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20100809,00.html ) of Time magazine features a disfigured Afghan woman and the text, "What Happens if We Leave Afghanistan?"
The political context for both of these statements is fairly clear: One a hopeful signal that the war has been launched to liberate women in Afghanistan. And now, more recently, this week's Time comes amidst growing doubts about that war, and the release of tens of thousands of classified documents that portray the violence and confusion of the US war.
As the Obama White House tries to craft a coherent defense of the war amidst talk of "timelines" and "benchmarks," Time magazine is signaling that the original defense of the war should still hold up. But does their argument make sense?
Sonali Kolhatkar is host of the radio program Uprising, based at KPFK in Los Angeles. She's co-director of the Afghan Women's Mission and co-author of the book Bleeding Afghanistan: Washington, Warlords and the Propaganda of Silence. Sonali, welcome back to CounterSpin.
Sonali Kolhatkar: It's my pleasure. Thanks, Peter.
PH: We're probably beyond the point of asking how people felt when they saw this Time cover; the intent is so obvious and their editorial explanation suggests little in the way of nuance. Why Time did this is clear, as their managing editor Richard Stengel explained when he was on NBC's Chris Matthews Show:
What we have brought to that country was freedom for women in a way that they'd never had before. Girls are going to school, women are in Parliament, women are on television.
The flip side, obviously, is that women are brutalized by the Taliban, and thus we must stay in Afghanistan. What do you think when you hear comments like Stengel's, and see this cover story in Time magazine?
SK: The reality is much more nuanced than what most people like to admit. First of all, what Stengel says about us bringing freedom to Afghan women is ludicrous. There are a few things that Afghan women did gain as a result of the US defeat of the Taliban, and most of those were on paper. They were constitutional; there are now quotas in the government for women's representation, and even a line in the constitution that says women are equal to men. But also in the constitution is the line that Islamic Sharia law is the supreme law of the land, and that was done in order to appease the US's Taliban-like friends, who are just as misogynist as the Taliban.
And what neither Time, nor what many of these mainstream reporters admit, as well as members of the Obama and before that Bush administration admit, is that when it comes to women's rights, as long as they're our friends, it doesn't matter if we undermine women's rights with the empowerment of misogynist warlords. We create this distinction between misogynists who are enemies and misogynists who are friends, but to Afghan women, there is no difference.
Sonali Kolhatkar: "We create this distinction between misogynists who are enemies and misogynists who are friends, but to Afghan women, there is no difference."
For example, in today's Afghanistan under US occupation, there are record numbers of women in prison, languishing in prison, for these so-called "honor crimes," that have been put there by judges appointed by our guy, Hamid Karzai. There are warlords with known histories of criminal, violent behavior, condemned across the world, that are in Parliament. Members of Parliament who are women have been kicked out of Parliament by men like this. This is supposedly the freedom that Afghan women got.
And under our own occupation, the Taliban, that many people in Afghanistan really reviled, are now becoming more popular, because they're able to say that we're fighting the US imperialism. And so in a strange way, the US has actually empowered misogynists on both sides of this war. The Taliban are becoming more legitimate among Afghan people, even though the majority of Afghan people don't agree with their anti-women policies, but because they're the only ones who are claiming that they're protecting people from the bombs of NATO and the US.
The Time magazine cover should have said something to the effect of, well, this is what is happening to women under our occupation.
And another thing that Rick Stengel didn't admit was that Afghan women did enjoy freedoms, to an extent, before the Soviet invasion in the late 1980s. And we forget that this history happened. It's not like we freed Afghan women from some barbarism, and gave them a taste of freedom that they never knew. They had freedom, and they had some level and measure of freedom, but that was all set back because of war and foreign interference.
PH: You see that, actually, in the Time magazine piece, that there is a paragraph that mentions that 40 years ago, Afghanistan was a fairly cosmopolitan country, particularly in Kabul, so you get this sense that the piece is somewhat at odds with the cover. It begins to fall apart further when you think that this woman who's portrayed on the cover, this happened to her last year, so the presence of US troops in her country did not help her one bit.
You do see this debate sort of breaking down along two lines, and it's a very difficult debate to engage, but it's the one that's in the media. You have to support the US war in order to impede the growth or the spread of the Taliban, or you end this war and you unleash this wave of barbarism across the country. You're given those two options in the media, and it seems like it's very difficult to choose the latter.
SK: I think what a lot of people are missing is that the issue of women's rights is essentially a red herring in Afghanistan. No one really cares about women's rights; they only care about women's rights when it becomes important to justify the war, for example, in 2001, and now when the support for the war is flagging. Inside Afghanistan, the issue of women's rights—whether it's legal rights, whether it's political rights, human rights for women, etc.—it sort of changes with time, depending upon who's in power in which locality. But who's fighting wars, and which foreign armies are fighting wars, and which misogynist or fundamentalist warlords are fighting wars on the ground, makes little difference for women.
And so I think it should be made very, very clear to most people, women's rights have always been a PR effort for the US military. They've always been part of the PR effort. Wars are not fought to liberate women. Wars are fought over power, but never to liberate women. And what really, really sickens me is groups like Feminist Majority. On Ms. Magazine, there was a blog post recently about this Time magazine article, where you see this sort of liberal feminist line that continues to buy the justification that the war is somehow going to protect Afghan women. You get the sense that they kind of want it to be, they want the war to be fought for women's rights, and they just think that it's not being done properly, but if we try hard enough, we have enough troops on the ground, somehow women's rights will be better protected. And they're completely missing the point, and really doing no justice to the term feminist.
PH: Now, finally, I see this in Time magazine, and my mind is drawn to a couple of months ago, where a very brave and well-known Afghan activist is named one of the most 100 influential people, and Time magazine erases her opposition to the war—at least tries to argue that that opposition to the war is something she needs to get over.
SK: Oh my goodness, you're talking about Malalai Joya, and it was amazing that she was recognized by Time magazine. But you're right, the little write-up of her in that announcement by Time magazine was essentially to say that she needs to listen a little bit more to the people who are ardently trying to help her, and that she doesn't know better than those of us here in the United States, apparently, who are trying to liberate her and her fellow Afghans. It was such a slap in her face.
And I really encourage all of your listeners to check out her book that came out, A Woman Among Warlords. If you want to find out what Afghan women, and what a true Afghan hero, a woman like Malalai Joya, who is respected and loved throughout the country, what she really thinks about the US occupation, read her book. On page 1 of her book, she criticizes the US occupation, and she has long called for the occupation to end. And what she and other women's rights activists in Afghanistan are saying: Right now, we have three enemies on the ground. We have the US and NATO occupation, we have the government warlords in the Parliament, and we have the Taliban. It's better for us to fight against two instead of three enemies, and so they want the US and NATO out of there, and they essentially realize that they have to liberate themselves, because nobody's going to do it for them.
PH: We've been speaking with Sonali Kolhatkar. She's host of the radio program Uprising, based at KPFK in Los Angeles. She's also the co-director of the Afghan Women's Mission, and she co-authored the book Bleeding Afghanistan: Washington, Warlords, and the Propaganda of Silence. Sonali, thanks for joining us this week on CounterSpin.
SK: Thank you.
Characters Count: 12880
URL for news «'Wars Are Not Fought to Liberate Women'»
http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2017/07/27/wars-are-not-fought-to-liberate-women.html


s/avoid to image/avoid writing to the image/ ?
> in advance, i.e. in bdrv_inactivate.
> reached disk finally before other side will access the image.
set the inuse field on success.
something calls parallels_hupdate_header() again later?


Chris Lee, CEO of OKEx, one of the world's most popular offshore tradesmen, left his post.
OKEx, previously name OKCoin, is now the world's largest trading volume crypto money market. This position usually goes to leading market Binance, but OKEx is the leader, now with a trade volume of over 2 billion dollars on a 24 hour basis.These two markets are in a race that they follow each other. Recent days OKEx declared to opening an Office in Malta after Binance did.
However, it should be noted that the trade volumes of OKEx are causing some controversy. About two weeks before that, the price of Bitcoin on OKEx was $ 2,000 lower than the other stock exchange, causing people to worry about possible market manipulation. OKEx has denied some of those claims that have emerged as a result of these worries and temporarily suspended futures contracts to offset the Bitcoin price.
In March of this year, a name from the crypto money industry said that a large part of the trade volumes on OKEx were 'artificial' and offered some examples to people.
Chris Lee, CEO of OKEx, announced his resignation with an e-mail to Bloomberg. Lee apparently left his job to "start a new life" . He wrote in the mail that it was an honor to work at OKEx, and after spending some time with his family he would return to the blockchain industry. He did not show any reason for his resignation.
The Hong Kong-based cryptographic exchange OKEx has not yet made an announcement about who will pass Chris Lee's chair.
When Can Ripple's XRP Reach 10$?


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High polished sterling silver teardrop necklace with two sand finish plumeria to accent. Each plumeria is adorned with a single 1mm synthetic cubic zirconia for added sparkle. Teardrop measures 1 inch tall and 11/16 inch (0.69) inch wide. Top plumeria measures 1/4 inch in diameter, bottom plumeria measures 5/16 inch in diameter and includes a 1mm 16 inch (adjustable to 18 inch) nickel-free sterling silver box chain.