I'm covered ankle to waist in red mud over my jeans and shirt. I spent all afternoon pulling patients out of a calf-deep creek, then kneeling in the mud to work on taking vitals and treating insults & injuries.
Okay, not a real patient, but rather a scenario in my 10-day Wilderness First Responder (WFR) course. WFR is an extensive course in extended-care first aid. The curriculum covers injury prevention and treatment in the backcountry (defined as a significant distance from definitive care, i.e. a hospital).
Since we moved into the van, Joffrey and I mutually have known two separate people who died on solo trips. Both events were supposed to be "day hikes". Both people were extremely experienced and fit outdoors people. These deaths have been a jolting reminder of the realities and responsibilities of being outside. Taking a WFR course this year is an important part of our personal growth, our growth as a team, and as a way to meet a community challenge proposed in memoriam of one of our friends: find an outdoor skill to improve in order to become a more complete outdoorsperson.
Annie strapped to a backboard.
Lauren teaching us about Altitude Illness & her amazing board artwork.
Every class day is long, but highly entertaining and engaging. We cover care for common injuries (abrasions, ankles, blisters…) as well as less common but more serious threats (femur fractures, HACE, lightning strike…). NOLS structures their courses as a combination of classroom style learning, scenarios and experiential learning. We act as patients and rescuers multiple times a day, rather than just learning from textbooks. Bad jokes and puns are pretty much non-stop. We practice splints, laceration dressings, and blood pressure and vitals readings on each other. I have never had a bad WMI instructor in all the courses I've taken through NOLS. This course's instructors – Brian and Lauren – were no exception. I was really happy to be retaking a full 10-day course because it clarified recent changes to WFR protocols, and strengthened my muscle memory of the patient assessment system in a way that three-day long recerts don't.
Moab provided the prettiest classroom.
Another fantastic benefit of taking the course is that they are offered in some of the coolest places in the country – like Moab! I have also met some of the most fantastic people during my courses and recertification. It's a great way to be immersed with a big group of like-minded people for 10 days. At this course, most people were living out of their vehicle, worked for National Parks, guided trips, and were all out well-rounded adventurers. Joffrey met two new climbing friends to hit up Indian Creek with, and I went hiking with a badass lawyer just beginning her year-long road trip and a whitewater photographer. It was a great break from being isolated in the van with Joffrey, and we got great advice on more things to do in the Southwest.
We chose NOLS Wilderness Medicine Institute as our course provider, because they're the best! There are a few other reputable wilderness medical schools*, and I highly recommend one that follows the most updated and evidence-based curriculum possible. WMI meets and exceeds those requirements. They are constantly critiquing, questioning, and improving their own curriculum based on extensive data that NOLS collects from its fieldwork, as well as the best medical information available. I was really pleased to see the NOLS added a "mental health first aid" component, and I got to practice doing injections and working with ampules/needles for the first time.
Brian teaching us about how insulin is the key to sugar dispersal in our bodily fortress. Class was never dull.
Overall, it was a well worthwhile 10 days. We rocked out in Moab, embraced the free camping, ate dinner with an old college friend, went hard during scenarios (including an awesome extended-care late-night scenario), and learned a ton. I highly recommend doing this course (or at least a 3-day WFA) for anyone getting out in the backcountry regularly. Joffrey and I are really looking forward to applying to volunteer for a search and rescue crew in New Hampshire in August.
*I took my original course with SOLO, also the best! SOLO follows the same standards and almost identical curriculum to WMI, and their certifications are interchangeable. That means that if you originally were certified through one organization, you can maintain your standing even if you have to take a re-certification course with the other organization.


The theme for this year's conference is "At the Tipping Point: Water Scarcity, Science and Policy." A diverse group of water experts will address a host of important and timely water issues such as agriculture and groundwater use, climate change, drought, fire, economics, adjudications and settlements, alternative water supplies, and regional and state water planning.
A pre-conference field trip to Hatch and Mesilla Valley will take place Oct. 16.
The Wednesday luncheon will feature the 2018 Albert E. Utton Memorial Water Lecture given by Jim Dunlap, former chair of the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission. Dunlap will address water rights adjudications in the 21st century. Thursday's luncheon presentation will be given by award-winning journalist Lauren Villagran, who will talk about the binational Mesilla Bolson.
A poster session Thursday morning will highlight more than 60 water-related research projects, many presented by university students from across New Mexico.
For registration fees and links to the preliminary program, visit https://nmwaterconference.nmwrri.nmsu.edu/2018/, or call 575-646-4337 for more information. Media is invited to attend the conference free of charge. To attend, contact Catherine Ortega Klett at 575-646-1195 or coklett@nmsu.edu.
The New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute is a nonprofit organization that funds water-related research projects at all of New Mexico's universities, including New Mexico State University.


text:
With 'fiscal cliff' looming, ORNL says it's as well-prepared as it can be
Posted at 2:38 pm December 19, 2012
As President Barack Obama and House Speaker John Boehner continue their high-stakes negotiations over tax revenues and spending cuts, officials at Oak Ridge National Laboratory say they have prepared as best they can for automatic spending cuts that could go into effect in January.
"We have been preparing for increased budget pressures for several years now and have taken a number of steps to reduce our costs, including workforce restructuring, benefits changes, reduction in energy consumption, and other operational costs," ORNL Director Thom Mason said in a statement Monday. "Since we don't know exactly how any cuts would be allocated by the various governments agencies that fund ORNL, we can't really say with certainty what the impacts would be, other than to say we are as well-prepared for uncertainty as we can be."
The across-the-board spending cuts—as well as tax increases—could go into effect after Jan. 1 if the White House, Senate Democrats, and House Republicans fail to reach a deal. It's the so-called "fiscal cliff," and it could lead to spending cuts of $110 billion in 2013 and more than $1 trillion over 10 years. Financing for most federal programs, including military and domestic programs, would be cut.
The National Nuclear Security Administration referred questions about funding for the Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge to the White House Office of Management and Budget. Y-12 is an NNSA site.
The OMB has prepared a report that says the automatic spending cuts, which are also known as sequestration, would result in a 9.4 percent reduction in spending for non-exempt discretionary defense activities and an 8.2 percent reduction in non-exempt non-defense discretionary funding.
NNSA defense programs could see cuts of $678 million in weapons activities, $216 million in nuclear nonproliferation, and $102 million in naval reactors, the report said.
Spending on defense environmental cleanup could be slashed by $472 million.
Meanwhile, funding for the U.S. Department of Energy's science activities could be cut by $400 million, and energy efficiency and renewable energy programs could be reduced by $148 million. Funding for DOE's nuclear energy activities could drop $63 million.
DOE and the NNSA, a separate DOE agency, have a number of operations and sites in Oak Ridge, including ORNL, Y-12, Oak Ridge Operations, East Tennessee Technology Park, and the Office of Scientific and Technical Information.
The OMB said bipartisan majorities in the U.S. House and Senate approved the sequestration in August 2011 as a mechanism to force Congress to act on further deficit reduction.
"The specter of harmful across-the-board cuts to defense and non-defense programs was intended to drive both sides to compromise," the report said. "The sequestration itself was never intended to be implemented."
Still, Obama and Boehner have disagreed on such issues as whether tax rates should rise on those with income of more than $400,000 or, alternatively, those with income of more than $1 million. It's still not clear if a deal can be reached, but some analysts expect Congress and the White House to reach a last-minute deal.
The OMB said the estimates and classifications in its report are preliminary, and the actual results could vary based on changes in law and ongoing legal, budgetary, and technical analysis.
"However, the report leaves no question that the sequestration would be deeply destructive to national security, domestic investments, and core government functions," the OMB said.
It said the sequestration would also impose cuts of 2 percent to Medicare, 7.6 percent to other non-exempt non-defense mandatory programs, and 10 percent to non-exempt defense mandatory programs.
U.S. Sen. Bob Corker, a Tennessee Republican, has said the fiscal cliff is the country's best opportunity to finally enact meaningful fiscal reform.
"Kicking the can down the road—setting up a process for token deficit reduction today with the promise of more reforms later—is misguided and irresponsible and shows a total lack of courage," he said.
Filed Under: Government, Top Stories, U.S. Department of Energy Tagged With: Bob Corker, Congress, DOE, fiscal cliff, House Speaker John Boehner, National Nuclear Security Administration, NNSA, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Office of Management and Budget, OMB, ORNL, President Barack Obama, sequestration, spending cuts, U.S. Department of Energy, White House, Y-12 National Security Complex
More Government News
Adam Hughes, East Tennessee coordinator of Statewide Organizing for Community eMpowerment (SOCM), will discuss the closing of the Bull Run Steam Plant in a virtual meeting at 7 p.m. Thursday, January 20, hosted by the … [Read More...]
A $1.3 million project is under way to rebuild the Ben Martin Track at Oak Ridge High School by June. The asphalt base of the eight-lane track dates back to the 1950s, the rubber surface is washing away, and holes are … [Read More...]
Norris Dam swimming pool will not re-open
Tennessee State Parks announced in December that the swimming pool at Norris Dam State Park will not re-open as major maintenance upgrades are required and the use of the pool has declined. The swimming pool was … [Read More...]
Hope elected to Energy Communities Alliance board
Oak Ridge City Council member Chuck Hope has been unanimously elected to the Energy Communities Alliance Executive Board of Directors. The Board met in conjunction with the National Cleanup Workshop held in December in … [Read More...]
Knoxville reporter to discuss redistricting
Knoxville reporter Jesse Fox Mayshark will discuss redistricting during a virtual meeting on Tuesday, January 18. The talk, sponsored by League of Women Voters of Oak Ridge, will be about redistricting transparency … [Read More...]
More Government
More U.S. Department of Energy News
The Oak Ridge team that mostly cleaned up the former K-25 site, demolishing five large gaseous diffusion buildings and more than 500 structures, has received a Secretary's Achievement Award from U.S. Energy Secretary … [Read More...]
Y-12, Pantex employees celebrated for inventions, patents
Employees at Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge and Pantex Plant in Amarillo, Texas, were recently celebrated for inventions and patents. Y-12 employees filed eight invention disclosures during fiscal year … [Read More...]
Extreme Classroom Makeover applications due Jan. 14
ORAU has re-launched its Extreme Classroom Makeover competition, which will award a math or science teacher $25,000 for new classroom equipment, and video applications are due Friday, January 14. "The mission … [Read More...]
FORNL talk about electrified infrastructure on Tuesday
Richard A. Raines, director of the Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, will talk about electrified infrastructure in the United States at noon Tuesday. The virtual … [Read More...]
More DOE

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
0 書評撰寫評論
The Woman Voter's Manual
作者:Samuel Eagle Forman, Marjorie Shuler
(4) They make contracts for building and repairing public buildings, such as court-houses, jails and almshouses.
(5) They appropriate money for the payment of the salaries of county officers, and for all necessary expenses of county government.
(6) They represent the county when it is sued for damages. (All local governments are corporations in some respect and can be brought into court to defend a suit as if they were persons.)
II. The Sheriff. This officer has been called the "arm of the judge." If the judge orders a man to
' be taken to prison, or orders property to be sold, or sentences a man to be hanged, the sheriff executes the command. It is his duty also to preserve peace and order, and when necessary he may call to his aid deputies. In times of great danger or disturbance he may call to his aid the posse comitatus, which includes every able-bodied man in the county. The sheriff usually lives at the county-seat and has charge of the county jail and its prisoners.
III. The Clerk of the Circuit, or District Court. Any court above a police court, or above that of a justice of the peace, is a "court of record"; that is, its proceedings are enrolled in permanent form. In every county there is a court of record, and the keeper of its records is the clerk of the court, or prothonotary. This officer often keeps a record of deeds and mortgages given in the county, issues marriage certificates, and records all births and deaths.
IV. The Probate Court-the Orphans' Court. It is the business of this court to examine the wills of deceased persons and decide whether they have been made as wills by law, ought to be made. When a person dies without having made a will, and leaves no one to take charge of his estate, the probate court will appoint an administrator to take charge of it. When a child is left without father or mother, the probate court will appoint a guardian, who will manage the estate until the child comes of age. In general, the business of the probate court is to see that the property of the dead falls into rightful hands. In some States the probate court is called the orphans' court. In New York and New Jersey it is called the surrogate's court.
V. The Recorder, or Register keeps a record of mortgages, deeds and leases.
VI. Tax Collectors and Assessors.
VII. The County Treasurer pays out as well as receives all money raised by taxation.
VIII. The Auditor. Sometimes the county elects an auditor, whose duty it is to examine the books of the treasurer and other officers and report whether the public accounts are properly and honestly kept.
IX. The Coroner. When a person is murdered, or is found dead, or dies mysteriously, this officer takes charge of the corpse and inquires at once into the cause of the death. If he thinks there has been foul play, he summons six or twelve men to act as a jury and holds a "coroner's inquest." Witnesses are summoned, and the jury after hearing evidence, states the probable cause of the death.
X. The State's Attorney is a lawyer whose duty is to give legal advice to county officers, and to appear in court at the trial of one who is charged with crime and present the side of the State. This officer is sometimes called a district attorney or prosecuting attorney; sometimes he is called the solicitor.
XI. The Superintendent of Schools is the executive officer of the school system of the county. He sets the examinations for teachers, visits the different schools of the county, and inspects their work. He grades the work of the schools and devotes his time to improving them in every way he can.
XII. The Surveyor makes surveys of land when the county has need of such.
In New England, in the Middle States, and in most of the States of the West, the county shares the business of local government with a minor civil division known as the town or township.
In New England a most important unit of local government is the town and the central fact of town government is the town meeting. Once a year all the qualified voters of the town meet together to discuss measures relating to town affairs and take action thereon. At the town meeting the rate of taxation is fixed; money is appropriated for the necessary expense of town government; by-laws are passed for the regulation of local matters; and town officers are elected. The most important town officers are: the selectmen, the town clerk, the town treasurer, assessors and collectors of taxes and overseers of the poor. The selectmen are the governing body in the town. In the Middle States and in most of the States in the West the county shares the business of local government with a minor civil division known as the township. The presence of townships in the county results in a compromise system of local government often called the county-township system. Under this system the county government attends to those affairs which interest the whole body of the people of the county, while the township administers the affairs of a small area.
The township has been found to be an institution of great convenience. For a sparsely settled society the county is, perhaps, the only practicable form of government; but as population increases the needs of the neighborhood multiply, and many of these needs are such as can be attended to by the people directly interested if they only have the power granted to them. It is not necessary to travel twenty miles to the county-seat to see an officer about the repair of a washout in a road, or about the purchase of a stove for a school-house, when we can have a government near at hand to attend to such things. The township has been introduced as an agency by which the needs of the immediate locality may be attended to.
Especially has the public school been a factor in the development of the township system. Local government in the South developed around a court-house, and in New England around a church; in the Middle States and in the West it developed around a schoolhouse. Then, too, the care of the roads, and the support of the poor are services that may most conveniently be rendered by the neighborhood government.
The powers of the township vary slightly in the different States, but as a rule where the county-township system prevails the township (1) supports the public schools, (2) cares for the roads and (3) helps the poor, leaving other matters of local government to the county. The taxes necessary for doing these things are levied by township authority.
The organization of township government differs greatly as we pass from State to State. In some States, as in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Minnesota, and the Dakotas, there is at the head of the township government a committee or a board of supervisors or trustees consisting of several persons, the number varying from three to eleven. In New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Kansas and Oklahoma there is at the head of the township a single officer known as the supervisor, or trustee. In Wisconsin this officer is known as the town chairman. These supervisors or trustees have general charge of township affairs, although their powers and duties vary considerably as we pass from State to State.
Besides the head executive officers (or officer) there is usually a township clerk who keeps the records of the township; a township assessor; a township auditor who examines the accounts of the township; a justice of the peace; one or more constables; overseers of the poor; and election officers. In most instances township officers are elected by the people.


text:
Considerate Constructors Scheme lays out new blueprint for delivering value to communities and customers.
Date: 25 March, 2019
Executive Chair Isabel Martinson MBE
The Considerate Constructors Scheme — the not for profit organisation that works with contractors, clients, the construction supply chain and communities to enhance the image of the construction industry — is introducing a series of steps that will develop the Scheme for the next decade.
The Scheme, which brings value and benefits to thousands of communities and partner contractors, clients and suppliers across the UK and Ireland, will work with the industry to create a new focus on Social Value. It will also focus on driving deeper community and public engagement, a more focused strategy on consumer facing marketing and PR, a comprehensive programme of listening and partnership and an assessment of new technology initiatives that can develop the core benefits of the Scheme.
To develop the Scheme further it will be searching for a new Chief Executive, while it has confirmed the securing of a new service agreement with the Scheme's operational delivery partner from 1st January 2020.
"This announcement sets the Considerate Constructors Scheme on a path for the next 10 years," said the Scheme's Executive Chairman, Isabel Martinson MBE. "Our new strategy and structure will mean that the Scheme will be well equipped for the next phase of its journey.
"The appointment of a new Chief Executive is part of this development. They will report directly to the Executive Chairman and the Board. They will support our networks, work with senior decision makers and creatively invigorate community engagement, business development and marketing, ensuring value for communities, contractors, clients, the supply chain, local authorities and the public. They will bring insights and perspectives that refresh our strategies and our approach to all stakeholders."
Edward Hardy, who has been the Chief Executive of the Considerate Constructors Scheme for the past 10 years, will step down at the end of 2019 when the new Chief Executive takes up the role.
The Considerate Constructors Scheme has a third party delivery partner that manages the day-to-day operations and implementation of the Scheme. The signing of a new delivery and service agreement underscores the successful partnership that has been created by the Considerate Constructors Scheme alongside the Scheme's owners, the Construction Industry Council (CIC) and the Construction Products Association (CPA).
"The Scheme's wide adoption, support and partnership across the UK and Irish construction industries are testament to the hard work, vision and innovation the Scheme has brought to the construction industry. The Considerate Constructors Scheme has measurably improved the image of construction," said Isabel.
The new Chief Executive will lead the strategic direction of the Scheme, how the Scheme works with communities, with customers and with a broad range of organisations, interest groups, local and national government and other key stakeholders. New tools will be developed to understand and measure Social Value. There will be a strengthening of where the Considerate Constructors Scheme delivers key value, including: the development of its Ultra Sites programme; contractor and subcontractor registration; and an assessment of how it may be able to be more effective geographically.
"We are entering an exciting time for the Scheme," Isabel continued. "We have a tremendous opportunity to focus on the key benefits demanded by the industry, to work on our consumer conversations, to engage with media and public interest groups, NGOs and other stakeholders. We have a unique delivery platform; the Considerate Constructors Scheme will become more accessible to the public, continue its effectiveness with the industry and broaden its outreach and messages."
The search for the new Chief Executive has begun with an appointment expected in the coming months.
The Considerate Constructors Scheme hosts the Best Practice Hub, a comprehensive online resource showcasing best practice in the construction industry, providing a wealth of tips, expertise, guidance and case studies to help constructors learn from their peers and raise industry standards.
Tags:Considerate Constructor's Scheme
Previous : Kings Farm Close eco-home development demonstrates commitment to sustainable living
Next : Wates appointed to Hammersmith & Fulham Council maintenance contract
Essential e-learning launched to beat construction-related occupational cancers
Newmarket affordable homes development wins award for considerate construction
Scottish infrastructure firm has cause for celebration at National Site Awards
Lovell launches new Responsible Business Report
Esh Construction's Teesside project awarded gold at the Considerate Constructors Scheme National Site Awards
Considerate Constructors Scheme: why housing associations and councils should count on considerate construction


text:
CARROLL'S BAR – ARTS FESTIVAL FESTIVITIES
Carroll's Bar is known far and wide for its warm interiors, award-winning beer garden and superb community spirit, and their love for the locals knows no bounds. As the pub has grown and evolved, their loyal regulars have grown alongside them and, in line with the Galway International Arts Festival, they've decided to give a little back to those who've been propping up the bar…
Kicking off their festivities on Wednesday, July 24, Carroll's will be hosting some Big Top after parties that'll keep the people of Galway on their feet into the small hours. With live music both inside and out, the very best of the local music scene will be out in force. From jazz and disco funk to '90s throwback tunes and indie rock, all music tastes will be well catered to across the four nights.
To keep the stomachs lined and the mouths full, Carroll's ever-reliable Crust Bucket will be dishing out some tasty pizzas while Galway's newest Mexican restaurant Vocho will be on site for all of the burrito, nacho and quesadilla deliciousness.
There'll also be drink promotions aplenty (just what we like to hear!), with Bulmers, Stoli vodka and Corona enhancing the festive vibes. Corona will be hosting their Sunset Sessions in the fabulous beer garden, where a live DJ and laid back beach wear will create an upbeat party atmosphere second to none.
The crew in Carroll's have been working tirelessly to create an exciting party destination for their much-loved locals to enjoy after long days spent relishing the Arts Festivities. Constructing an exclusive entrance to the beer garden specially for the party-goers, graffiti by sponsors Bulmers and Corona will adorn the illuminated alleyway, adding another dimension to the already phenomenal exterior.
At the end of the day, the foundation of the whole festival is about giving back to the community, while bolstering local talent and that is mirrored in the lineup for Carroll's after parties. Boozy samples, delicious grub and an electric atmosphere, all set to the backdrop of some serious home-grown talent. Paradise.
thisisgalway
Imagine waking up to this every morning Beautiful winter sunrise captured at the Claddagh by @ZhangChaosheng… twitter.com/i/web/status/12191…
Check out our latest magazine! Available for free right now around town!! We have some amazing content this month… twitter.com/i/web/status/12170…
Galway's Westend Traders Association have taken a huge step forward in the battle against Climate Change by creatin… twitter.com/i/web/status/12166…
Signup to our newsletter for all the craic
We use MailChimp as our marketing automation platform. By clicking above to submit this form, you acknowledge that the
information you provide will be transferred to MailChimp for processing in accordance with their Privacy Policy and Terms.
Galway in pictures
This is Galway is built by the poeple of Galway for the love of Galway A simple, honest and aesthetic shop window for our beautiful city.


text:
Cathryn pin 4560
Psychic, Astrology, Tarot
Cathryn's Profile
I take great joy in using my tools and skills to help guide others. Life can have many ups and downs and during the most challenging times we all need support. My readings will provide clarity about the situation around you as we'll as a sense of empowerment. I will never tell you what I think you want to hear, just what I feel and see in a clear and caring manner.
How are you typical of your star sign?
As a Capricorn, I am conscientious, dedicated, honest and sincere. I always try to do my best in any circumstance, for myself and others around me and these are the attributes I bring into my readings.
When did you first become aware of your gift?
I was always sensitive as a young child. By the age of 5 I knew when I was being lied to or when something was being withheld from me. When I was 8 I was living with my aunt, uncle and cousins. My 18 month old cousin was hyperactive and very difficult to settle down for his afternoon nap. I would allow him to fall asleep by placing the palms of my hands in a certain pattern on his face. It was not until a few years ago when I studied Reiki that I realised that I was practicing Reiki on him although at the time I had never come across the concept. When I was 11 I saw a ghost in broad daylight in the house we lived in and I could hear malicious voices in a specific area of the landing on the 2nd floor. It was not until much later that I found out that the house had a disturbing history. I've also had many dreams that have come true and for quite a number of years kept a dream diary that described the dream and the way people looked. One of these dreams was meeting someone of my own age who was very mature and was teaching me many things. In the dream when he left, I asked when he would return and he said in 15 years time. I did meet him in 15 years in real life and he transformed me.
I'm of mixed origin and the culture of my non-English side is rich in esoteric practice such as astrology, coffee reading, card reading and magic. My aunt has been reading coffee and playing cards for 40 years and is noted for her accuracy. Being surrounded with all this it was natural for me to gravitate to astrology and tarot. I received my first astrology book when I was 9 and was fascinated. I went on to read many more books going in depth into the subject and then in my early twenties studied it at the Faculty of Astrological Studies. My understanding of tarot has also been self-taught from an early age too, in studying the images of the cards, then their meanings and the different spreads through books. Tarot is a very useful too.l that can provide clear answers where there are clear questions. I use different spreads depending on the specific question at hand.
Every reading is special when answers are given that answer the reader's question, providing calm and focus and then for the events to unfold accordingly. One case comes to mind - this was where a lady wanted to have a general reading. The first thing that came up was that there was a reliable, steady man that was all she could wish for but that there was an obstruction and the only way to deal with this was to employ an element of give and take. She then mentioned that she was involved in an off relationship with a divorced man who was focusing on his daughter and their relationship which was why their relationship was at the status it was. She wanted to know if he would move forward in a more committed fashion over the next 6 months. I employed both the tarot and astrology. I had to be honest and say that it would not take place over the next six months but more in about 8 months. At that point there would be a far greater bond between them. She returned and confirmed that this indeed happened and a further four months later they were engaged to be married.
I studied astrology through the London Faculty of Astrological Studies although by the time I entered I was already self-taught to quite some depth. My understanding and interpretation of the tarot is self-taught through reading books and applying myself to the subject.
It's important that you should have a clear idea of what you want to ask and the questions you wish to ask. It is also important to have an open mind. The information that is being given to you may or may not be what you wish to hear and it should not be the reason or the only reason through which a particular course of action is taken - the information is there for guidance, the final choice is yours.
Cathryn's Testimonials
Leave Feedback for Cathryn
I was shown the big picture and my small problem made more sense and could understand where I stand in my life. The reading was truly an eye opener. Highly recommended. Thank you
Hi Cathryn, I feel terribly sorry that we've got cut off in our conversation cos I really wanted to complete the chart reading. I do hope that I can catch up with you again soon to complete that reading. and I just want to take this opportunities to say Big Thank you for your patience in talking me through my emotional problem! And not complaining about me kept repeatedly mentioned about my ex! I am really truly appreciated for your GREAT HELP and support. You've been a very good reader for me!!! Hope to talk to you again next time!
Thank you for a lovely uplifting reading when I needed urgent clarification.Straight to the point, putting my mind at rest.Thank you.i will be calling back again x
Really really insightful reader... had to extend so much information x Thank You! x
She is one of my absolute favourite readers, everything she predicted came thru, from the guy I like not going to contact or respond to me, (even tho all the other psychics said he will) that change in management would mean I would leave my job and find another. Probably going to remine single for most of this yr. absolutely love her honesty never sugarcoats, xxx
She is one of my absolute favourite readers, everything she predicted came thru, from the guy I like not going to contact or respond to me, (even tho all the other psychics said he will) that change in management would mean I would leave my job and find another. Probably going to remine single for most of this yr.
Cathryn's feeling of my situation is spot on. She uses tarot cards combined with astrology to give insightful readings. Her birth chart and progress chart reading is informative. I feel a sense of clarity and more positive after the reading. Thank you Cathryn!
Fantastic, accurate reading of my situation and predictions that ring true and fit with current circumstances. I enjoyed the conversation and Cathryn is very calm and easy to talk to
Fantastic Reading especially with leading onto the birth charts and the planets and what is going to be coming in. Thank you for the help and advice. You must read with Kathryn - 24.6.18 - R
Thank you Cathryn, that was a very insightful reading.


PLCs, SIRWET, FRANDEEN, Hills Laura BONGE, CIRRINCIONE, SCHRAFF, Hayes Watch online full length hindi movie Bollywood Diaries 2016 in high quality on dbmovies. In order to assist you in the initial phase of your new database, go to our. Coee Custom Art offers a service that uses professional artists that turn codee Photo to painting and make.
Let RoboForm Password Manager fill in your data on almost any web form. Dietrich Klinghardt, MD, PH. I tend to agree with predictions hi turnout this year may exceed previous years. Dikarenakan jika murai batu yang dilombakan menyabet gelar juara, maka umumnya evokution murai batu juara dapat naik mencolok mempunyai nilai jual yang tinggi.
Includes Timescape competition 1. I can only get up to 8. From 1st birthdays to 100th birthdays, drinks to decorations, parties to printables and of course cool gift ideas. Yh if you are interested in the ability to take rapid photos, tweak photo taking settings, or adjust the size of the images taken, this is a great free app from the App Store.
The HydraClean system cdoe this shaver works on the mixture of water and detergent cheat code yu gi oh gx tag force evolution maintain the blades dazzling clean. Next, I will talk about how to design database and how to implement business logic using structured layers.
Buy these Cheat code yu gi oh gx tag force evolution with our Diamonds. India vs Bangladesh 3rd ODI India tour of Bangladesh 2015 - IND vs BAN.
Captain Death Chapter 1 Thomas Jefferson Hates Clancy Chapter 2 Jailed by the Church Organist Chapter 14 John Adams Flips his Wig Click on icons to gd book samples eBook, Paperback and Audiobook.
BRUSE, PURDIE, BURDA, DYS, Payne Tom JILLIONS, LANZAROTTA, PHERGUSON, I know there are some readers who enjoy a good dreary cove or stories that build slowly to a tragic denouement. Podcasts are also good for teaching you French as you do other activities. Subforums: Android, FirefoxOS, Nemo Mobile, Tizen, Ubuntu. A fair warning for other poeple looking at cheat code yu gi oh gx tag force evolution Samsung SSD 845DC Pro, it is not on the VMware VSAN Hardware Compatibility List.
Download Windows 10 Technical Preview (build 10049) 64-bit ISO file from Google Drive (3. On January 10, 2011, a Rockwell International S-2R, N4977X, collided with a MET during an aerial application in Oakley.
Tender green coconuts are chosen to capture the sweet, nutritious taste and extracted, filtered, immediately chilled, pasteurized and packaged in convenient bottles.
Smart event processing can help your company run smarter and faster.


text:
NOTICE: This page is being retained for reference purposes only and is no longer being updated or maintained.
noaa.gov
Home | About OER | Expeditions | Science & Technology | Data & Products | Education | Multimedia | News
Explorations | Gulf of Mexico 2002 | Log
Mission Plan
Brine Pools
Tubeworms
Larval Dispersal
Leg 1 Summary
The Johnson Sea-Link submersible resting on deck between dives. Click image for a larger view and expanded caption. Click image for a larger view.
Chuck Fisher, Penn State University
Patty Sobecky, Georgia Institute of Technology
Craig Young, University of Oregon
An interdisciplinary team of scientists is using Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute's Johnson Sea-Link submersible on six different expeditions to explore and study the communities of animals found around deep-sea oil seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. The team of scientists, which includes ecologists, larval biologists, physiologists, microbiologists, geologists, geochemists and oceanographers, hail from Pennsylvania State University, University of Oregon, Louisiana State University, University of Virginia, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Georgia, University of Missouri and Texas A & M University..
Together, they will search the animal communities associated with oil and gas seepage. During the expedition, they will conduct experiments and collect samples to describe the lush communities that thrive in the absence of sunlight. Leg 1 and Leg 2 of these expeditions have already been completed. Leg 3 is scheduled for October 6–19, 2002. The last three legs of the expedition will occur between February and October of 2003.
Tubeworms and mussels on top of a hydrate mound. The yellowish methane hydrate provides a source of methane for the mussels living on top of them. Click image for larger view.
Cold-seep Communities
The cold-seep communities of the deep Gulf of Mexico were first discovered in the mid-1980s. The discovery excited scientists because the communities were similar to deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities of the Galapagos Rift in many ways. However, the scientists soon determined that though the animals at the vents and seeps were often closely related and looked quite similar, they had very different lifestyles. For example, at the hydrothermal vents, the tubeworms grow very fast and die young. In contrast, the tubeworms at cold seeps grow very slowly and can live for at least 200 years! Scientists also found that, unlike the known vent mussels, some of the seep mussels use methane—not sulfide—as their primary energy source. Additionally, scientists have recently discovered that the cold seep tubeworms grow "roots" deep into the sediment and use them to bring up the dissolved gases they need to grow, making these bizarre 6-foot worms more like plants than animals in many ways.
During these expeditions, the scientists will be studying the growth, anatomy, and physiology of the tubeworms. Tubeworm reproduction is one of the main focuses of the expedition because some scientists believe that they may produce more young over the course of their lives than any other animal in the ocean! The scientists also will be studying the feeding behavior, physiology, and reproduction of the mussels and several other inhabitants of the seeps. Meanwhile, microbiologists will be collecting and studying the microorganisms that inhabit oil- and gas-filled sediments, solid methane ice, and hypersaline pools on the seafloor
This image of the iceworms is a wider view of the methane hydrate in which the worms carve their burrows. Click image for larger view.
When scientists looked closer at these strange structures, they saw little worms in each of these tiny burrows. The worms graze on the bacteria growing on the surface of the methane ice. (Image courtesy of Ian MacDonald, Texas A&M University). Click image for larger view.
Leg 1: June 15 – 30, 2002
The first leg of the mission took place from June 15 - 30, 2002. This mission had several priorities. First, the team tested new equipment that had been specially built for the mission ( e.g., the "Big sucker" and "bush-stainer") and set up a variety of experiments that would be re-visited on later missions. Second, they collected a variety of samples, including 1) mussels and associated animals, 2) intact tubeworm aggregations, 3) push cores full of mud and bacteria, 4) water samples for microbial and chemical analysis, and 5) any other strange animals encountered while diving. Between dives, the team used traps dropped from the boat (attached to floats) to collect animals from non-seep areas. Finally, the team explored new areas. Divers described the communities they saw and collected samples that would help them describe new species and perhaps even new types of communities. The team was able to accomplish most of its tasks despite bad weather and engine problems, which forced them to cancel 11 of the 26 planned dives..
The Johnson Sea-Link floating on the top of the brine pool. The hypersaline conditions of the brine pool make it dense enough for the submersible to land on its surface! The "shore line" of the pool (with the spotlight shining on it) is composed of the mussel Bathymodiolis childressi. Click image for larger view.
Mussels and tubeworms growing together at a seep site. At first glance, these communities look very similar to those found around hydrothermal vents. Once they were better studied, however, scientists realized that they were different in many ways. Click image for larger view.
Leg 2: July 2-23, 2002
The second leg of the mission took place from July 2 - 23, 2002. During this leg, microbiologists, geochemists and biological oceanographers collected samples from the brine pool, using a piece of equipment called the "brine trapper," which is used to collect brine and sediment samples at discrete depths. In addition, they set out to collect gas hydrate samples ("fire ice") from sites that were visited last year and some new sites as well.
The team also collected sediments and microbial mats from all of the dive sites to use in many different scientific experiments onboard the ship and back at the laboratory. Between sub dives, they also collected water samples and sediments using gravity cores and box cores. The team was fortunate to have excellent weather, and had to cancel only seven of the 36 scheduled dives because of bad weather or submersible battery charger
Leg 3: October 6 – 19, 2002
The third leg of this mission will take place from October 6-19, 2002, with scientists and students from eight different institutions in the U.S., Norway, England, Portugal and Spain participating. The major goal of this cruise is to study the reproduction and embryology of seep animals, including mussels, clams, snails, crustaceans, tubeworms and several other kinds of worms.
One of the major surprises of deep-sea biology over the past 50 years was the discovery that many deep, cold-water species breed during only one season of the year. Seasonal breeding is common in shallow water, but it was not expected in the deep sea, where seasonal changes are not obvious.
This expedition and subsequent ones will focus on determining the signals that tell deep-sea animals when it is time to reproduce. The team also will be trapping animals to study feeding biology, and will collect more tube worm bushes for studies of community structure and diversity. The team also will collect and rear the microscopic larvae (swimming babies) of several cold-seep animals, will collect sediment cores for studies of microscopic animals that live between the sand grains, and will seek the larvae of seep animals in plankton samples. Divers will venture to areas never before explored.
2003 Missions
The last three legs of the mission will occur in 2003. Then, we will complete the many different experiments started on the first three legs, and explore variation in the communities and the animals at different times of the year. We will continue to visit and explore new areas that have never been visited before.
Sign up for the Ocean Explorer E-mail Update List.
Revised July 19, 2010 by the NOAA Ocean Explorer Webmaster
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02mexico/background/plan/plan.html


Shruti cries hugging Sahil and says she is innocent. The relatives blame Shruti's character as her history has never been clear. Prachi smirks at the disgrace as the relatives were out of control and attacks Shruti to teach her a good lesson. They decide to get her hair removed. Vaidika comes from behind and protects Shruti by pushing everyone away. She wasn't ready to let anyone disgrace or insult her sister in law. She regrets Bari Amma was silent for her own daughter, but she (Vaidika) will not let them hurt Shruti. The ladies weren't afraid of Vaidika and attack Shruti once again. Deepak thinks Vaidika wished him to save Shruti, else her life might get ruined. Deepak comes in between, he holds Shruti's hand and fills her hairline, to everyone's shock. Shruti walks inside.
spots the prints of photographs on the floor. She remembers the photographer had only brought the soft copy but not the prints of the photos. She wonders where Vaidika got all these, what if she realizes these were made through computer. She goes to pick the envelope and wonders how Shruti and Deepak's photos were found by Vaidika. She blames it must be Vaidika's trap to disgrace Shruti. She blames Vaidika is used to living a lustful life now. Vaidika says she found these photos on the road, the man had already left. She spoke to Deepak on the phone. Deepak agrees. But Bari Amma wasn't ready to believe them, and blames Vaidika did this only because of lust for money she is used to now. The relatives, Puneesh and everyone else blame Vaidika. Vaidika clarifies that she only wanted the wellbeing of this family. Sahil stops everyone, he says he fought his family and tried to live this strange love story with Vaidika; it now seems Vaidika must leave this house, for the peace of this house. Vaidika was shocked to hear. Sahil says Vaidika can't live in this house anymore. It feels they must live away from each other and live happily. He tells her to leave forever. He didn't want any arguments, and says he has only seen troubles, pains and problems in life since marriage. He can't tolerate anything else now. He takes Vaidika by arm and takes her outside the house, shutting the door behind. Vaidika was in a state of shock and recollects the past they had together. Sahil was badly hurt.
PRECAP: Vaidika returns as a confident and strict lady. She announces Sahil can't take all the decisions of the house all alone, they will live under the same roof. She was ready to live a vengeful relationship of sister in law with Aarya as well.


text:
Gotham's Robin Lord Taylor Comments on The Penguin's Future
by Jon Arvedon
in TV, TV News
Fox's pseudo-Batman television series Gotham may have been renewed for a fifth and final season, but that doesn't mean the cast knows what's in store for their characters once Season 4 comes to a close. Not even series mainstays, such as Robin Lord Taylor, who's played Oswald Cobblepot/The Penguin since Season 1.
"Your guess is as good as mine," Taylor told ComicBook at Heroes and Villains FanFest Nashville. "I don't know, he tried to bring on an apprentice this year, with the boy Martin. He thought maybe if he could impart his knowledge and teach someone what it takes to be someone like Oswald, that maybe that person would have some sort of loyalty. But the lesson to learn in Gotham City, and just to learn on our show, is that to love is to be vulnerable. And this is the lesson that Oswald will always come up against. Because, as we've seen over the years, there is a heart inside of there underneath, I like to think of it as scar tissue. You know the scar tissue of the years of getting through Gotham City and just surviving has built up. But underneath, there's still a human heart that beats, and that has love, and has compassion. So Oswald will always find himself in trouble in dire circumstances because he loves, because he has that capability. And that's one of my favorite things about the character. I love that combination and I just feel so grateful that the writers and the show runners have just leaned into that. Because I don't think it would be interesting if there wasn't a sweetness there. I think that really just makes him more of a fully fleshed out, three dimensional character."
RELATED: Gotham's Cameron Monaghan on Why He Can't Be Called 'The Joker'
Fox's decision to bring Gotham back for a final season is somewhat surprising, as the show has been averaging a 0.8 in the all-important 18-49 demo rating and just 2.62 million total viewers. However, part of the reasoning behind the last-minute renewal was in order to give those involved with the series a chance to wrap things up properly.
Airing Thursdays at 8 p.m. ET/PT on Fox, Gotham stars Ben McKenzie as James Gordon, Donal Logue as Harvey Bullock, David Mazouz as Bruce Wayne, Robin Lord Taylor as Penguin, Cameron Bicondova as Selina Kyle, Erin Richards as Barbara Kean and Sean Pertwee as Alfred Pennyworth.
KEEP READING: Killing Joke: Gotham Adapted the Classic Batman Story – But Did It Work?
Tags: gotham
Game of Thrones Sequel: BTS Photo May Reveal Naomi Watts' Costume
Jon Arvedon
Warhammer 40000: Live-Action Eisenhorn TV Series In Development
Frida Keränen
Ian Cardona
Batwoman and DC's Arrowverse Heroes Strike a Pose on EW Covers
Math Erao
DCeased: Batman Corners Catwoman on New Cover


A very, very very very faint 'eee' noise at any brightness level less than 98%. But to all but the most sensitive ears, there's essentially no electrical noise to be heard. It's an order of magnitude quieter than the Dell SP2309W that I was using before. That monitor had audible electrical noise at anything other than 100% brightness.
Buzzes audibly in a quiet room at pretty much any common brightness setting iirc but I had it at 75 brightness.
Its a replacement , the first one also buzzed and then went dead (backlight I think) after a few short weeks. First monitor thats ever died on me. Id RMA it but Ive moved country so no warranty.
This was already the problem in the LG E2350V: LED-backlight, (it even has an) external power adapter and a closed monitor housing without any ventilation holes, BUT it still had the annoyingly audible, high-pitched backlight inverter noise.
Can anything be done against the noise? I've got a Samsung 244T, HP LP17xx and LP2065 and they're all noisy.
I have a Dell ST220LC 21" LCD Monitor. It is silent during start up, operation, and shut down. I love it.
Dell U2412M, very faint hum from back of the top left. Can be heard only with ear next to it, 10cm away and it's gone. Very silent display at all brightness levels. I'm very happy with this display.
But now in a search for silent 30"
LG L2000CP-BF 20" has an annoying buzz.
Samsung 204T 20" and 204B 20" are very quiet, but have been discontinued for some time.
In general, it's hard to find 1600x1200 20" monitors these days.
Last edited by czesiu on Sat Sep 15, 2012 3:52 am, edited 3 times in total.
1. no buzzing but high pitch sound only heard from back of monitor and you have to go near it. otherwise not heard when sitting in front. powersupply is external, therefore you can add noise dampening pads on the back as there are no vents for a 0 dbA monitor.
2. buzzing sound but lower pitch sound hear from back.
Both monitors were at zero brightness level. i didnt notice any difference in noise level at higher brightness.
From the horror stories i hear i think this may be the best resort, find one that makes no noise when sitting in front arms length, then add noise dampening material to the back of the LCD if you absolutely want no noise. All led will probably make noise on the back, just hope its bearable.
My HP ZR24w is completely silent. I use 90% brightness.
Tests conducted by ear, 1 m from the monitor, in a reasonably quiet environment, sitting about 0.7 m away from the screen.
50-25 % buzz/hum loudness decreases to a level equivalent to the 76-99 range.
The fundamental frequency of the buzz is around 180 Hz and its sound is quite clear, with a good deal of consonant harmonics.
Dell U2410Tests conducted by ear, 1 m from the monitor, in a reasonably quiet environment, sitting about 0.7 m away from the screen..... The fundamental frequency of the buzz is around 180 Hz and its sound is quite clear, with a good deal of consonant harmonics.
So how did you determine the freq by ear?
Oh, sorry for not making that clearer. I recorded myself humming at the pitch I was hearing and recorded the noise itself by positioning the microphone at the source of the noise (top ventilation grate, center). I got consistent results for both so I presumed it was measured reasonably well. I guessed that's something a person considering the screen would like to know.
But that's the only part of the measurement where I used a microphone, the loudness part at different brightness levels was evaluated by ear.
Overall: Good! Almost silent at max brightness, and max brightness is still comfortable.
Overall: Not good for quiet settings. Max brightness is very bright and doesn't reduce the noise as much as I'd hope.
Overall: Depends. Complete silence is possible with this monitor, but for me the cost is too high: max brightness is very bright AND there's significant backlight bleed at top and bottom AND the whole thing is done in a ridiculous high-gloss "piano black" finish, so there's a lot of eye assault going on.
My testing was unscientific, just careful listening in a very quiet space -- semi-rural suburb at 4:30am, well-insulated room, computers down the hall in another room.
0-15 brightness: almost totally silent, just the slightest hum can be heard with my ear right next to the vent.
15-100 brightness: a sort of "whirring" sound that gradually increases with greater brightness. It's loudest at 100 brightness, but still very subtle (only audible at a couple inches in front of the monitor, maybe 12 inches behind).
Bought one and it's dead silent regardless of brightness setting.
Fujitsu ESPRIMOVIEW B24W-5 ECO 24"
0 - 91 brightness: audible whine/buzz. When changing the brightness, the tone of the whine changes a bit but remains constantly audible. This whine is especially loud during evenings/nighttime when ambient noise is lower. It can be heard across the room (5m/15ft and more).
92 - 100 brightness: no whine/buzz, silent.
It can be heard across the room (5m/15ft and more).
Samsung S27A950D no noise at any brightness.
Power usage: 20w at 0% and 46w at 100%.
Only the external power brick makes strange electrical sounds which do not seem to be influenced by brightness, but only at like 30 cm range in midnight. Anyway it can be buried like 3 meters behind the sitting position so nobody will hear it.
Inaudible at all brightness levels - yay!
Last edited by Bar81 on Fri Jun 29, 2012 3:20 am, edited 1 time in total.
FWIW my HP 2475 is silent only if brightness is at least 80, otherwise it makes electronic noise.
Since 80 brightness was murdering my eyes, I had to set desktop brightness to minimum from CCC.
My old Philips 170W4 was also silent.
Details: I have 3 of these monitors. Each one hums at a different volume, and only one is particularly bad. I have a black desktop background, and when I open a white document that fills the screen, the hum quiets a tiny bit. It is very noticeable because I have silenced the rest of the computer: Sound absorption foam, SSDs, fanless psu and graphics cards, large cpu heatsink with low-speed pwm fan (Scythe). I don't think LED's hum, so it must be the power supply. Any ideas how to silence it would be very welcome!
Well, my HP LP2475w has developed a very low level buzz above 50% brightness that is only able to be heard without any ambient noise in the room.


Black Friday, Small Business Saturday, Cyber Monday, and now Giving Tuesday…almost every day of the week following Thanksgiving offers us a new opportunity to spend our money. However, with so many vendors and organizations vying for our attention, it quickly begins to sound like noise. In fact, noise even seems to be some organization's strategy, as my local NPR station proved on Giving Tuesday, as they promised not to stop asking until we gave them our money. Don't get me wrong, my wife and I support our local NPR station but this strategy did not convince me to give them any more money. On the other hand, my wife was told yesterday of a specific need (baby carriers for refugee mothers traveling long distances with small children) in a specific place (Greece) and a specific way she could help (donate money or baby carriers). Being a mother of two small children, she immediately connected with that need and decided to give.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The classical description of the work of a scientist is one that many of us would like to believe true. According to it, scientists are as close as reasonably possible to believe to selfless individuals who pursue knowledge using always the best means available to them. They propose hypothesis and theories according to what they feel would describe all relevant data better. And, from those models, they draw predictions that are tested under very strict conditions. Finally, still according to our idealized view, it is the agreement between observations and those predictions that dictate which theories are better accepted. Conditions of beauty, like simplicity and symmetry, can be invoked when deciding between equally well suited theories, depending on who is telling the tale. But that is it, and no other considerations should be included.

Obviously, the real life is not so simple and scientists do defend their own ideas because it is their own or because they like it better. And, as in any human activity, one will find individuals whose agenda is based only in self-interest. However, as long as community moves in the right direction and eventually corrects any mistakes, we could, in principle, consider these problems as just perturbations to an otherwise reasonably precise description of the scientific enterprise. In particular, the amazing advances of knowledge in many areas, where old ideas have been replaced by newer and better ones, seems to lend a lot of credit to that idealized description. At the very least, as a good approximation for the system as a whole, even if it fails in individual cases.

And, indeed, we do have controls to avoid the more serious problems. Replication (or reproducibility) \cite{giles06a,palmer06,martins08d}  is considered fundamental by most and with good reason. Once an independent researcher obtains the same results, chances of error in the first report are obviously smaller. But, most important of all, if the groups are truly independent and the second group has nothing to gain from either a positive or a negative result, the chances that the first group published fraudulent results basically disappear. This makes the problem of self-serving scientists much less important than it might otherwise be. It also points out to another central feature of the scientific endeavor that is sometimes neglected. That is, the social aspect of Science.

As in many human activities, the outcomes of scientific research are nowadays a social product of a community of scientists. Theory and measurement are often done by different individuals, except in cases where just a fact, a simple idea, or a property of some material or drug are tested. Even in these cases, there is often a group behind the results, as many fields have become so complex that the expertise of many different researchers is often needed. Main examples of this are the "Big Science" projects, such as the mapping of the human genome or the hunt for the Higgs boson. You have different people taking care of different aspects of the problem, some building the equipments, others operating them, a group specializing in collecting the data, more people to store it properly, others to interpret it and so on. Even in smaller projects, like a simple simulation that one can program alone, we often use software developed by a third party, software we trust to do what we are told it does. We depend on the quality of the information and work performed by others in most of the research done nowadays. And, while it might be reasonable, under some circumstances, to assume that most of the information we use were produced in a competent and honest way, it is certain that we can not claim it for all the information\cite{checkcyranoski05,choetal06}. Despite what we are taught in school, arguments of authority are actually unavoidable \cite{hardwig85a} and we have to understand the effects this might have.

As soon as we realize that we have come to depend on the results of others even to make our own research, we have to realize we might risk running into epistemic trouble. While it is clear that some social aspects are clearly positive (as, obviously, replication), social influence could lead some people away from the best answer. That means that understanding which social aspects can help the reliability of a result and which ones are more likely to be detrimental is an important task. And we must acknowledge that there are different accounts of the scientific process that do not describe it in such beautiful collors, like, per example, the Strong Program in the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge \cite{barnesbloor82a,pickering84a,latourwoolgar86a,bloor91a}. That program defends that Science is just another human social activity. And, as such, not more reliable than any other descriptions of the world obtained by other methods. While scientific advances seem to contradict that in a very strong way, one must admit that some of the criticism might be correct and that there might be ways to make the whole scientific activity even more reliable and less prone to error. In a time where no single human can check the correctness of his whole field alone, understanding the consequences of social interaction and errors can be fundamental to the future quality of the Science we will make.

Furthermore, there are fields in which published results have been consistently shown to be wrong\cite{ioannidis05b,begleyellis12a,sarewitz12a}, exactly due to the way the Science and publications are structured. Biases towards publishing only some types of results exist and are very prejudicial. It is also already known that replication is a far less common practice than it would be expected in areas as different as Marketing \cite{hubbardarmstrong94a,Evanschitzkyetal07a} and Medicine \cite{ioannidis05a}. These findings make it very clear that it is imperative that we study and understand well the effects of how the way Science is structured and how scientists interact might affect the quality of our conclusions.

Of course, trying to figure how reliable an answer is or if we can really say we know something about the world is an old philosophical problem that we will not answer so simply. However, the question of reliability of results might be particularly well suited to be analyzed with the tools of simulation and agent based models. Simulating a community of scientists will not answer the deepest problems of Skepticism \cite{kleinp02}. However, if we assume that it is possible to know something about the world,
agent based models of Science can help us explore which strategies and behaviors are more likely to cause problems or to get us closer to the best answers. This happens not only because we can explore unforeseen consequences of interaction rules that we wouldn't see in models built using just human language, but also because we can, as programmers, choose which theory is the best one in the artificial world of our agents. And therefore, in principle, check the effects of different social structures on the choice of the best theory. Of course, any limitations that apply to current models of social interaction will apply here fully and the results must be analyzed with the typical doubt we associate with tentative new ideas. But we can get some advice on where it might be more likely that a change in current practices will lead to better outcomes.

\subsection{Existing models for describing scientific practices}

In this paper, I defend one specific use for agent models, one that has seen a small number of papers up to now. However, it is interesting to acknowledge that the applications of computational and mathematical modeling to communities of scientists is an area that has been seen a steady increase in the interest and number of papers. Different researchers have dedicated themselves to different problems, most of them tending towards describing the society of scientists. Therefore, it makes sense to provide a very brief and very incomplete review of those applications. Those works can be divided in three major areas: methods to measure the quality and impact of a scientist work; studies of the structure of Science, as per example, the networks of authors and their papers; and the modeling of knowledge, either just looking at its difusion, or at the acceptance of new and better knowledge. It is particularly worth noting that recently, there was a full edition of the Journal of Artificial Societies And Social Simulation \cite{edmondsetal11} as well as a book \cite{scharnhostetal12a}, both dedicated to simulation of Science.

Measuring the impact of the work of each of us can be an important task. It has significant influence on our careers and scientific policy makers could use such this information when deciding how to divide the funding \cite{yilmaz11a}. It is no surprise therefore that attempts at providing quantitative measurements for the relevance of a scientist work have become popular and several different proposals now exist. They include the now unavoidable (despite the biases it introduces) H-index \cite{hirsch05a}, initially proposed to avoid the problems of measurement brought by total number of citations, that could be a very large number even if the scientist had just collaborated in one very well cited article. Several other measurements were also proposed \cite{egghe06a,galam11a} and many others are probably being investigated. One interesting aspect of the problem that still needs to be addressed, however, is the impact these indexes have in scientific production. Scientists are usually reasonably intelligent individuals and, therefore, they might change the way they work in order to have better values at the measurement they are evaluated with, instead of worrying only about making better Science.

On the evolution of scientific fields, the ability to measure and quantify production can be both important and interesting in itself \cite{eggherousseau90a}. The  existence of big databases of published material has allowed a large number of studies on structure that is formed by articles and researchers. There are models describing the networks that are formed when scientists cite others \cite{garfieldetal64a,borneretal04a,radicchietal09a,quattrociocchiamblard11a,renetal12a} as well as the networks of co-authorship  \cite{newman01a,newman01b,barabasietal02a}, and even of articles connected by the same specific area \cite{herreraetal10a}. This mapping effort allows us to have a much clearer view of how Science is done. Also, the existence of these studies and the data they are based on provides us with indirect measures of social influences among researchers. A complete agent model of scientific activities should either use or explain the structures that were observed; however, we are still far from obtaining such a model, the same way that we are far from having a really reliable and complete model of how people influence each other choices in any field of human behavior. Existing models, as we will see, are still simplistic versions built to address just a few questions and not really general enough.

Still, more recent years have seen the appearance of the first models of idea diffusion in scientific communities, including approaches that make use of the Master equation \cite{kondratiuketal11a} and population dynamics \cite{vitanovausloos12a} instead of agent models. Among the agent models, several just try to describe the statistical features observed in the studies that measured number of papers and how they are connected by proposing simple rules of influence \cite{gilbert97a,simkinroy05a,simkinroy07a,newman09a} such as, per example, copying the citations of read papers. Attempts at introducing more sophisticated agents, with better cognition, also exist \cite{navehsun06a}. Many general ideas not completely developed have also been proposed as possible basis for future models \cite{doran11a,parinovneylon11a,payette11a}, including general ideas about the practice inspired by the works of philosophers of Science\cite{edmonds11a}.

Of particular interest to the view defended here are models for the diffusion of ideas and opinions that try to answer whether our current practices are good enough or whether we should work to change some of them. One first model used the Bounded Confidence model \cite{deffuantetal02a,hegselmannkrause02} of Opinion Dynamics \cite{castellanoetal07,galametal82,sznajd00,hegselmannkrause02,galam05b,martins08a,martins12a} as basis, exploring if agents would approach a true value of a parameter given that some of the agents were truth-seekers, who had a tendency to move towards the correct result \cite{hegselmannkrause06a}. However, by adopting a purely continuous version of opinion, that model, while very interesting, is not enough to describe the choice of theories. The effects of peer review \cite{sobkowicz10a,squazzonitakacs11a} were also suggested as an important field to explore by the use of models, since many of the proposals for change in the peer review process have not been explored wit the necessary depth. In the same line, discussions of the possible use of modelling to make Science more reliable already exist \cite{zollman11a}. However, a strong push forward in developing these models is still to be observed.

Another promissing line of investigation on the reliability of Science is the study of the effects of the existence of agents who make claims that are stronger than the actual observations warrant. The main question explored there is if this type of lie could help in the convincing of general public\cite{galam06b,galam10a}. Finally, I have also proposed a model to explore acceptance of better theories \cite{martins10a}, one that was able to show that the idea that Science advances thanks to the retirement of old scientists \cite{kuhn} might be true. In the Section \ref{sec:codamodel}, we will discuss it  and I will show why I believe it can provide the basis for a more sophisticated and maybe even a little less artificial description of the scientific enterprise. That study was based on an Opinion Dynamics model that distinguishes choices and strength of opinion\cite{martins08a,martins08b} and is also based on notions of rationality. A model working on the same problem, where actual publications were introduced as the means that scientists use to communicate their results was also recently proposed with some very promissing results \cite{sobkowicz11a}.

\section{Epistemology and Modelling}

Before presenting a model, it makes sense to discuss a few issues regarding the aplicability of mathematical and computational modeling to the epistemic problem of finding better ways to obtain reliable knowledge. The first question worth mentioning, but too complex to be discussed properly here, is exactly the meaning of knowing \cite{shope02a}. Traditional accounts define that one knows something when the person has a justified true believe about that something, but there are known problems with that definition \cite{gettier63}.

As mentioned above, one interesting feature of artificial worlds is that, since the programmer is playing the part of a creator god, we can circumvent, for the agents, any of the arguments of Skepticism about the possibility of knowing something about the world. Even softer skeptical arguments, like the problem of induction \cite{hume,howson03} can be either dismissed by constructing a world where the rules don't change, or, eventually, one could investigate what would happen if the future did not exactly follow the same laws as the past. By controlling the laws of the artificial universe, different scenarios and their impact on the learning of the agents can be much better investigated than in the real world, where we can only know our theories, but not be always certain about which of them are really better. Of course, this means developping better models for the dynamics of scientific opinions, but the possibility that those models can be quite helpful at exploring epistemic problems should be clear.

In the next Section, I will describe a model that I believe has the potential to be built upon so that we can arrive at a more realistic description of the problem. But, before that, it is good to debate the fundamental ideas behind it and how they relate to current developments in Epistemology. One line of reasoning in Epistemology claims that all we can really know about the world are probabilities that our ideas are correct. When making any new observation, those probabilities must change according to what we have learn, by obeying the Bayes Theorem. This idea can be called Bayesian Epistemology \cite{kaplan96a,kaplan02,bovenshartmann,talbott08a}. This is a normative theory, in the sense that it claims that this is the best way to make inferences, and not necessarily the way we actually perform them. The claim that scientist behave and choose the theories they support in a way similar to the specifications of Bayesian methods is known in Philosophy as Confirmation Theory \cite{earman92,jeffrey83,jeffrey04,howsonurbach,maher93,bovenshartmann}. While it is known that humans are actually bad probabilists \cite{plous93}, there is some evidence that scientists do not deviate so much from a Bayesian point of view \cite{presstanur01a}. Interestingly, not only scientists, but  there is a growing body of evidence that the way people reason about problems and theories is actually close to Bayesian analysis \cite{tenenbaumetal07,kempetal10a}, if not exactly so. The so-called error in human probabilistic reasoning can actually be explained by assuming that our brains work with more complex models of reality than what was supposed in the  laboratory tests \cite{martins05b,martins06}.

Therefore, we can use Bayesian models as basis for the behavior of our agents \cite{martins08e}, even if only as a reasonable first aproximation. Such an approach has already produced a number of Opinion Dynamics models \cite{banerjee92,orleans95,lane97,martins08a,martins08b,martins08c,vicenteetal08b,martinspereira08a,sietal10a,martins10b,martins10a,martinskuba09a,martins12a} and it was also used to show why a non-specialized reader should only come to trust a scientific model in cases where there might be errors and deception from the part of the authors, when the results are replicated by a third party \cite{martins05,palmer06,martins08d}.

\section{A Model for the spread of a new theory}\label{sec:codamodel}

Assume each agent must choose between two theories, $A$ and $B$. This choice is a discrete choice between those alternatives, but agents can have a strenght of opinion, represented by the probability  $p_i$ that each artificial scientist $i$ assigns to the possibility that $A$ is the best description. If $p_i>0.5$, agent $i$ believes $A$ is the best option, otherwise, it is $B$. This model is basically the ``Continuous Opinions and Discrete Actions'' model (CODA model), previously used to explore the emergence of extremism in artificial societies \cite{martins08a,martins08b}. CODA is based on the idea that agents believe that, if $A$ is the best choice, each of the neighbors of an agent, located in a given social network \cite{newmanetal06a,vegaredondo2007a}, will have a probability $\alpha>0.5$ of choosing $A$(and similarly, for $B$). In this context, it is easier to work with a transformation of variables, given by the quantity
\[
\nu_i=\ln\frac{p_i}{1-p_i}.
\]
Here, if $\nu_i>0$, we have $p_i>0.5$ and, therefore, a subjective belief in favor of $A$; if $\nu_i<0$, the agent chooses $B$. By applying Bayes Theorem, we obtain a very simple update rule for $\nu_i$, when agent $i$ observes the choice of its neighbor $j$, given by
\[
\nu_i (t+1)= \nu_i (t)+ \textnormal{sign}(\nu_j)*a,
\]
where $a$ is a step size that depends on how likely the agents believe it is that their neighbors will be correct, that is, it is a function of $\alpha$. If we renormalize the update rule, by using $\nu_i^*=\nu_i /a$ instead, we will have
\begin{equation}
\nu_i^* (t+1)= \nu_i^* (t)+ \textnormal{sign}(\nu_j^*),
\end{equation}
making it clear that the value of $a$ is irrelevant to the dynamics of choices, since that dynamics depends only on the signs of $\nu_i$ (or $\nu_i^*$).  The update of the opinions is asynchronous.

In order to introduce the influence of observations in this problem, a proportion $\tau$ of the scientists actually perform experiments. This experiments can have a stronger or weaker influence on this agents, measured by the probability $\rho$ and experimenter will, at each interaction, observe the Nature, instead of being influenced by a neighbor. In here, we assume experiments always provide the same answer, agreeing with $A$ and that the agenbt will update its opinion by the same amount it would from an interaction with a neighbor. Notice that a stronger effect can easily be introduced simply by allowing $\rho$ to be larger and that means no new parameter needs to be introduced here.

It was observed that, unless $\tau$ is reasonably large, even when experimentalists are very weakly influenced by social effects ($\rho$ close to 1.0), they fail to convince the whole population and clusters of agents preferring the worst theory survive. This effect was particularly strong when theory $A$ was new and, therefore, started with a small proportion of supporters, indicating that the old view would survive simply from social effects and the strength of opinion of its old supporters. Interestingly, when retirement was introduced in the system, with agents replaced by new ones with moderate initial opinions, it became much easier for new and better ideas to invade, confirming Kuhn's notion that Science would advance and accept new paradigms due to the death of the old scientists \cite{kuhn}.

\begin{figure}[htp]
\hspace{-0.5cm}\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{swtau025.eps}\hspace{0.4cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{swtau050.eps}\hspace{0.4cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{swtau075.eps}
 \caption{Proportion of agents aligned with the external field (correct scientists) as a function of $\rho$.  Every realization had initial conditions where each agent had 50\% chance of supporting either theory. The solid line corresponds to $\lambda=0.0$, the dashed one to $\lambda=0.1$, the dotted one to $\lambda=0.25$, and the dash-dotted one to $\lambda=0.5$.
 (\textit{Left panel}) $\tau=25\%$.  (\textit{Middle panel}) $\tau=50\%$. (\textit{Right panel}) $\tau=75\%$.  }\label{fig:sw}
 \end{figure}

Of course, those results were obtained with a very simplified version of the scientific activity. This was intentional, in the old Physics tradition of starting at the very simplest model one can imagine and later add new features, as they become needed. The idea is to understand which details are responsible for which features of the  whole problem. As such, expanding the model from its several approximations is a natural next step. Per example, in the model, social influence happened only between peers and they were all located on a non-realistic square lattice. No publications existed in the model and Nature always gave the same answer, meaning one theory was clearly superior to the other. And, while people would reinforce their ideas given a certain neighborhood, all agents were supposed to be honest, in the sense that they would always choose the theory they really believed more likely to be truth. Despite all this, the model is very easy to expand. By changing the likelihoods agents assign to the choices of others, we could introduce more realistic versions of social influence. Researchers could do papers, adding a new layer to the problem, and the quality of those papers could depend on the correctness of their argument. And, of course, more realistic networks can be trivially introduced.

In order to illustrate these differences, new cases for small-world networks were run specifically for this paper. The results are shown in Figure \ref{fig:sw}. All cases shown correspond to a initial square lattice with $32^2$ agents, where each link was randomly rewired with probability $\lambda$. Each point is the result of the average of 10 diferent realizations of the same problem and the bars correspond to the standard deviation of the observed values. Initial conditions were such that at first both theories had equal amount of support and the system was left to interact for $t=200$ average interactions per agent. Each panel shows the results for different values of $\lambda$ for a specific proportion $\tau$ of experimenters. We can see that as the small-world effect becomes more important (larger rewiring $\lambda$), it becomes easier for the system to reach agreement on the best theory. However, the problem with the continuing existence of groups supporting the worse theory remains for the cases where the importance of experiment is not large enough, confirming, at least, qualitatively, the results previously obtained.

\section{Conclusion}

We have seen that mathematical and computational modeling of scientific agents can be used as a tool to help us understand under which conditions scientific results are more reliable. While it is quite true that the models so far proposed are very simple, we have seen that they can already capture some of the features of the scientific enterprise, such as the need for solid and reliable experimental data. If experiments are not very convincing, we would be in the situation where $\rho$ is small and, therefore, social influence can indeed become the major force in the system, as suggested in the Strong Prgram. However, as soon as experiments become more important and we have a better connected world, the case for the better theory becomes strong enough to convince everyone. We should also notice that the same model was able to show the importance of the retirement of scientists, as a way to allow new better ideas to spread more easily.

As such, I would like to encourage the modeling community to investigate models for scientific activity. And by that I mean not only from the sociological (and also interesting) point of view of measuring our activities, but also from the point of view of suggesting better practices. While doubt will remain when a suggestion comes from a model, the tools we have make the exploration of the consequences more reliable than simple human intuition and spoken arguments. Models of Science can and should help us make research an even better tool for understanding the world.

\section{Acknowledgements}
The author would like to thank  Funda\c{c}\~ao de Amparo \`a  Pesquisa do Estado de S\~aoPaulo (FAPESP),  under grant 2011/19496-0, for the support to this work.

\bibliographystyle{plain}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
'Super Dell' Schanze pleads guilty to harassing an owl
Courts • Judge orders 'Super Dell' to forfeit parasail, steer clear of certain federal lands.
Steve Griffin | The Salt Lake Tribune Dell Schanze, and his wife Teresa, walk into the Federal Courthouse in Salt Lake City, Th Steve Griffin | The Salt Lake Tribune Dell Schanze walks into the Federal Courthouse in Salt Lake City, Thursday, April 9, 2015 Jim Urquhart | Tribune file photo "Super" Dell Buck Schanze, left, listens to his attorney Harold Stone at the beginn
Steve Griffin | The Salt Lake Tribune Dell Schanze, and his wife Teresa, walk into the Federal Courthouse in Salt Lake City, Thursday, April 9, 2015 where he is expected to plead guilty in his owl kicking case. Steve Griffin | The Salt Lake Tribune Dell Schanze walks into the Federal Courthouse in Salt Lake City, Thursday, April 9, 2015 where he is expected to plead guilty in his owl kicking case. Jim Urquhart | Tribune file photo "Super" Dell Buck Schanze, left, listens to his attorney Harold Stone at the beginning of his criminal case Monday, June 7, 2010, at 4th District Court in Orem on a reckless driving charge.
By Michael McFall The Salt Lake Tribune
· April 10, 2015 9:08 pm
Former TV pitchman Dell "Super Dell" Schanze pleaded guilty Friday to harassing an owl, a day after his plea deal fell apart in federal court.
Schanze admitted guilt to two misdemeanor counts, knowingly using an aircraft to harass wildlife and pursuing a migratory bird. Federal prosecutors made no concessions to Schanze in exchange for his plea on Friday, according to the U.S. Attorney's Office.
U.S. District Judge Dee Benson sentenced Schanze to one year of probation.
"Schanze will forfeit an orange parasail as a substitute asset for the paraglider involved in the illegal conduct," according to a statement from the attorney's office. "Judge Benson also ordered him not to land a paraglider in a federally designated Wilderness Area or in any area closed to motorized access by a federal agency."
Schanze had been scheduled to go to trial April 20.
Schanze wouldn't admit on Thursday that he had harassed an owl while flying his motorized paraglider in early 2011. At one point, Schanze told Benson that the plea agreement made him into an "evil, horrible person," and he's not that.
Schanze, 45, was charged in October 2014. The charges followed a federal investigation into an online video, which surfaced in 2013 and appeared to show a paraglider pilot kicking a soaring barn owl and boasting about it.
"The protection of Utah's wildlife should be important to all of us," U.S. Attorney Carlie Christensen said in a statement Friday afternoon. "Mr. Schanze used his motorized paraglider to harass an owl to the point of exhaustion and then kicked it. His actions showed utter disregard for this protected bird."
Schanze is well known for his local television ads for his business Totally Awesome Computers, which was shuttered in 2006.
After the business closed, Schanze ran unsuccessfully for governor and mayor of Saratoga Springs as a strong gun-rights advocate and has faced a number of relatively minor charges over the years.
mmcfall@sltrib.com
Twitter: @MikeyPanda


Nigel J. Kalton was one of the most eminent guests participating in the Józef Marcinkiewicz Centenary Conference. His contribution to the scientific aspect of the meeting was very essential. Nigel was going to prepare a paper based on his plenary lecture. The editors are completely sure that the paper would be a real ornament of the Proceedings. Unfortunately, Nigel's sudden death totally destroyed editors' hopes and plans. Every mathematician knows how unique were Nigel's mathematical achievements. Moreover the community of mathematicians in Poznań is very proud of Nigel's friendship demonstrated many times during his visits at the Adam Mickiewicz University. For these reasons, to commemorate Professor Kalton, the editors of the Proceedings decided to print copies of the slides that he used during his plenary talk on June 29, 2010.
The editors would like to thank very much Mrs Jennifer Kalton for her kind permission to publish Nigel's presentation.


Through woods, over green hills, past a distant herd of horses silhouetted against a fading sunset. Then down a starlit road winding my way back home from a 14Km run. A blessing to live in such a beautiful corner of the world.
A quick sketch from the view heading up the hill and out of the woods to open fields.