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Poducts>Mining And Minerals Companies India
Mining And Minerals Companies India
Mining companies in India: Profiling nine of the country's
翻译此页National Mineral Development Corporation. Incorporated in 1958, National Mineral Development
Top Mining & Minerals Companies in India, Top Mining
Top Mining & Minerals Stocks in India by Market Capitalization: Get the List of Top Mining & Minerals Companies in India (BSE) based on Market CapitalizationОнлайн-запрос
Mining Companies in India | Companies in IndiaAmritt, Inc.
Mining Companies in India: The mining industry in India encompasses exploration of new minerals and mines and production of mineral resources from the various mines already in operation. The Indian mining industry includes both metallurgy mining and mineral mining. Together, they form the backbone of industrial development in India because they provide the raw materials like coal, petroleumОнлайн-запрос
Top 10 Most Popular Mining Companies in India Things
翻译此页 NMDC Ltd. NMDC Ltd is India's topmost mining company. It was established in 1958 as National
Top Listed Mining and Minerals Companies in India
Here is a list of top public/private sector Mining and Minerals Companies in India. It's shares are actively traded on Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and National Stock Exchange (NSE). Name Currency Last Price Change % Change Day High Day Low 52 Week High 52 Week Low Market Cap; Search for: Top Listed Mining and Minerals Companies in India . Name Currency Enterprise Value Address 1Онлайн-запрос
Best Mining and Minerals Companies in India 2013, List of
The operations of Mining and Mineral companies in India are equally divided in terms of public and private sector undertaking. The sector is beneficial part of the economy as it is popular for investments and placement. Understanding how important this industry is we have compiled all Mining and Mineral Companies in India. To serve you best in terms of your browsing each company included inОнлайн-запрос
List of Top Metals and Mining Companies in India
26/06/2020· Coal India Limited (CIL) is a state-owned coal mining corporation which came into existence in November 1975. It has been awarded the status of Maharatna company. With its normal production of 79 million tonnes (MT) in the year of its establishment, Coal India Limited is today the world's largest coal producer. CIL circulated through 83 minin...Онлайн-запрос
Mineral,Metal,Mining Companies in India Fundoodata. Get name and database of mineral, metal and mining companies of India. get information about top, best, small, mnc and medium mineral, metal and mining companies in India. Mining in India Wikipedia. The Mining industry in India is a major economic activity which contributes significantly to the economy of India.The GDP contribution of theОнлайн-запрос
Leading Mining & Crushing Company In India | Naaraayani
Welcome to M/S Naaraayani Minerals, a reputed mining and crushing company based in India. In 2004, we had established a partnership unit with Mr. Ajay Khatore and Mr. Sanjay Passary. Fast forward to 2016, and today we are a highly renowned mining and crushing company in the country. Backed by a vast experience in raising, crushing, excavation, transportation, manufacturing and sales, we haveОнлайн-запрос
Mining Sector & Share Prices | shareprices
Mining Sector Index & Share Prices Buy Mining Shares. Home; Buy or Sell Shares; Indices; FTSE 100; Risers / Fallers; Sectors; News; Watchlist; Portfolio; Login / Register; Close. Company Search. Become a Member. Track your favourite stocks; Create & monitor portfolios; Daily portfolio value ; Sign Up. Latest News. FTSE dips back below 5,900 with US election and jobs report in focus 6 th NovОнлайн-запрос
Top 10 Best Mining Companies in India World Blaze
20/12/2016· It was founded in the year 1963 and had its headquartered in Ahemdabad. It has minerals such as base metals, bauxite, lignite, and various others. It has the thermal plant of lignite in Kutch District. It is one of the top companies and had its name in the fortune 500 companies and annual turnover of more than 10 billion. It performs the socialОнлайн-запрос
Top Mining & Minerals Stocks in India by Net Profit: Get the List of Top Mining & Minerals Companies in India (BSE) based on Net ProfitОнлайн-запрос
Category:Mining companies of India Wikipedia
Pages in category "Mining companies of India" The following 21 pages are in this category, out of 21 total. This list may not reflect recent changes . C. Carr, Tagore and Company ; Chanderiya Smelter Complex; D. Dempo; F. FCI Aravali Gypsum and Minerals (India) Limited; G. Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation; H. Hindalco Industries; I. Indian Rare Earths; M. MOIL; N. NationalОнлайн-запрос
Top Iron & Coal Mining Companies in India and World |
For environmental and mineral conservation considerations, all the iron ore fines mined and generated in the mining process are utilised for sinter making at its Raigarh plant n Chhattisgarh. Kiepersol Colliery, South Africa, Africa. The company operates the Kiepersol Colliery in the Mpumalanga province and is currently mining 1.20 MTPA of coalОнлайн-запрос
Best Mining and Minerals Companies in India 2013, List
MINING Make In India
28/10/2020· The Mining industry in India is one of the core industries of the economy. It provides basic raw materials to many important industries. The Mining industry is characterized by a large number of small operational mines. 1 India is endowed with huge resources of many metallic and non-metallic minerals. 2 India is home to 1,531 operating mines and produces 95 minerals, which includes 4Онлайн-запрос
Aryan Mining & Trading
The Mining industry in India is a major economic activity which contributes significantly to the economy of India. India is the third largest producer of iron ore. We are an active player in Iron & Manganese Ore Mining in the state of Odisha, India. We aim at optimum harnessing of rich mineral resources in the state of Odisha with dueОнлайн-запрос
Metals & Mining Industry in India: Overview, Market Size
21/10/2020· India produces 95 minerals 4 fuel-related minerals, 10 metallic minerals, 23 non-metallic minerals, 3 atomic minerals and 55 minor minerals (including building and other minerals). Rise in infrastructure development and automotive production are driving growth. Power and cement industries are also aiding growth for the sector. Demand for iron and steel is set to continue given the strongОнлайн-запрос
Mining Consultant Company & Geological Consulting In
An accomplished multi commodity mineral explorer and mining geologist, having more than 35 years of field exposure in India, Australia, Mongolia, Africa and Colombia. Effective resource, financial and administrative management and adept at evaluating commercial opportunities; Proficient in mentoring and coaching of young talents. Adhere to international HSEC standards in work. ProfessionallyОнлайн-запрос
Ishwar Mining Mining Company In India
Established in 1945, The Ishwar Mining & Industrial Corporation is one of the largest producers of Pyrophyllite and Diaspore in India. With over 70 years of experience in mining, The Ishwar Mining & Industrial Corporation is a pioneer in the Indian mineral mining industry. Known world over for our unmatched quality and high standards in theОнлайн-запрос
Mining & Mineral Industry in India
KAMLESH MINERALS are a group of companies with diversified interests in mining and processing of minerals and machinery manufacturing operating both domestically and internationally since 1971. The company is certified by the International Standard Organisation (ISO) and maintains high caliber of product quality and service. Coupled with analytical skills and passion of Mr. Kamlesh Jaroli, theОнлайн-запрос
SGX Minerals Pvt. Ltd.
Mining is as essential today, more than ever, from clay to coal & from aggregate to iron ore; our way of life would be impossible without the minerals extracted for energy and for everyday products on which we all depend. India is poised to be a world leader in the Global Minerals Industry, blessed with abundant and diverse mineral resources, skilled mining professionals and cutting edgeОнлайн-запрос
Samta Mines
Samta Mines & Minerals Ltd, based in Mumbai, India is the mining arm of Samta Group. It operates in Uganda and Congo through its two subsidiaries viz Samta Mines & Minerals Uganda Ltd and Samta Natural Resources Congo SAS. Currently, Our Group possesses approximately 362 sq.km area in Democratic Republic of Congo and 3122 sq.km area of mining concessions in Uganda. In Congo, theОнлайн-запрос
NATIONAL MINERAL POLICY 2019
MINING AND MINERAL DEVELOPMENT 6.1 General Strategy Minerals are a major resource for the core sectors of the economy. There is a huge demand for minerals in view of the rapid urbanization and the projected growth in the manufacturing . 4 sector. With the thrust on Make in India initiative the demand for minerals is likely to grow at a rapid pace. Extraction and management of minerals has toОнлайн-запрос
MINING AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS1 India
The Indian mineral scenario: The Indian mining scenario consists predominantly of small mines. 56% of major mineral mines are below 10 hectares, and in most cases are not based adequately on scientific exploration. Minor minerals are generally extracted in even smaller leases. Clearly the legislative framework must allow, in fact facilitate and strongly incentivize, amalgamation and transfers


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Electronic Warfare and Avionics Student Assistant- Fall 2021 - Warner Robins, GA - ELSYS
Job Description The Electronic Systems Laboratory (ELSYS) seeks a student intern in the Test Engineering Division (TEN) for the fall 2021 semester in Warner Robins, GA. TEN researches existing and emerging military systems, primarily avionics used to protect the US and allied aircraft. TEN develops ...
Job Description The Electronic Systems Laboratory (ELSYS) seeks a student intern in the Test Engineering Division (TEN) for the fall 2021 semester...
Associate Division Chief - RF Photonics and Advanced Materials - EOSL
Job Description The Associate Division Chief of the RF Photonics and Advanced Materials (RFPAM) Division in the Electro-Optical Systems Laboratory will be responsible for assisting the division chief in the day-to-day operations of the division, which generally include oversight of sponsored and int...
Job Description The Associate Division Chief of the RF Photonics and Advanced Materials (RFPAM) Division in the Electro-Optical Systems Laboratory...
Collaborative Autonomy Graduate Research Assistant - Spring 2022 - ATAS - Smyrna, GA
Program Manager - ELSYS
Project/Unit Description The technical program manager will enhance the effectiveness of multi-disciplinary engineering teams as well as liaise with sponsors and stakeholders on current programs and prospective research opportunities. This position is in the Applied Embedded Systems (AES) division o...
Project/Unit Description The technical program manager will enhance the effectiveness of multi-disciplinary engineering teams as well as liaise...
Operations Research Systems Analyst - ICL
Project/Unit Description A full-time, permanent position is available for an applied mathematician in the Advanced Computing & AI Division of the Information and Communications Laboratory (ICL) at the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI). ICL is one of the eight research units of GTRI with pro...
Project/Unit Description A full-time, permanent position is available for an applied mathematician in the Advanced Computing & AI Division of the...
Senior Software Engineer - ELSYS
Project/Unit Description The Senior Software Engineer will develop and integrate complex software solutions, execute common architectural/design patterns, and perform modern software engineering practices, i.e. continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD). The position will support a dynam...
Project/Unit Description The Senior Software Engineer will develop and integrate complex software solutions, execute common architectural/design...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The University of California, Irvine (UCI, UC Irvine, or Irvine), is a public research university located in Irvine, California. It is one of the 10 campuses in the University of California (UC) system. UC Irvine offers 80 undergraduate degrees and 98 graduate and professional degrees. The university is classified as a Research I university and in fiscal year 2013 had $348 million in research and development expenditures according to the National Science Foundation. UC Irvine became a member of the Association of American Universities in 1996 and is the youngest university to hold membership. The university also administers the UC Irvine Medical Center, a large teaching hospital in Orange, and its affiliated health sciences system; the University of California, Irvine, Arboretum; and a portion of the University of California Natural Reserve System. UC Irvine set up the first Earth System Science Department in the United States. UCI was one of three new UC campuses established in the 1960s to accommodate growing enrollments across the UC system. A site in Orange County was identified in 1959, and in the following year the Irvine Company sold the University of California 1,000 acres (400 ha) of land for one dollar to establish the new campus. President Lyndon B. Johnson dedicated the campus in 1964. The UC Irvine Anteaters compete in 18 men's and women's sports in the NCAA Division I as members of the Big West Conference and the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. The Anteaters have won 28 national championships in nine different team sports, 64 Anteaters have won individual national championships, and 53 Anteaters have competed in the Olympics.


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Reading Now What are the Chances of IPL 2020 Happening?
What are the Chances of IPL 2020 Happening?
The biggest international event in T20 cricket would have been the T20 World Cup this year, but it looks quite uncertain as of now. However, the most celebrated and the most expensive domestic T20 league could very well be taking its place in 2020. According to multiple news sources, the IPL 2020 could be coming later this year, albeit a lot later than usual.
Why the IPL Was Not Held Earlier
The original window had to be skipped by BCCI, since the entire world and the whole of India was on lockdown between March and May, which also coincided with the IPL's usual schedule. It's true that Covid-19 cases have surged to massive numbers in the country ever since the lockdowns were lifted, but commercial windows have almost entirely been opened in India on account of unsustainable financial circumstances. The reopening of the economy has been scheduled to be carried out in multiple consecutive stages, and live sports are on the agenda as well. This means that even though IPL did miss its summer window, the T20 tournament can still be conducted in India this fall.
When Can IPL 2020 Expect to be Scheduled?
Nothing is certain as of now, but all reports suggest that the BCCI is looking to schedule IPL 2020 in the September/October slot. This hinges on one major condition though, which concerns the biggest international 20-20 tournament of them all, aka the T20 World Cup. We will have to wait until July for that, as that is when ICC will confirm whether or not the T20 World Cup will be held this year.
How IPL 2020 and the T20 World Cup Are Correlated
BCCI is simply looking to take the spot that was earlier reserved for an international clash between 16 nations from all across the cricketing world. As the chances of the T20 World cup happening in 2020 are diminishing, the future of IPL 2020 is looking brighter as a direct result of that. If the Twenty-Twenty World Cup is indeed cancelled by the ICC, then the most valuable players from almost all major cricketing nations will be free to participate in the IPL, including the national team of India.
T20 WC Cancellation Will do More than Just Clear Up a Slot for the IPL
Ex and present international players such as Shane Watson, Shane Warne, Chris Gayle, David Warner, Kevin Pietersen, Andre Russell, Glenn Maxwell, Adam Gilchrist, Suni Narine, Ben Stokes, Lasith Malinga, Dayle Steyn, Rashid Khan and a host of other international names have proven themselves to be among the most valuable assets for their respective IPL teams. The presence of such famous international players, and the chance to see them play side-by-side with Indian cricket stars, has always been a major reason behind the Indian Premier League's massive popularity and success.
Cancellation of the Twenty-Twenty World Cup will not just make international players available for the IPL, but the Indian national team would also be able to participate along with them. Therefore, it would be fair to estimate that in 2020, the cricketing world will see either one of the two tournaments, but not both unfortunately.
What It Means for Fans of Cricket
If you are a true fan of cricket, this is not really bad news by any means. After all, we might be getting to see the IPL, even if the World Cup is cancelled, which is better than not having any major cricket tournaments at all this year. Aside from that, the Indian Premier League presents more opportunities to bet on cricket than any other cricketing tournament. If you are just starting out, simply head on over to sites like cricketbettingtips.io to get yourself acquainted with how betting on cricket works, and how to use their specific tips for winning big.
While it's never nice to sacrifice one major cricketing event for the other, that's not precisely what is happening here. The IPL 2020 only has a possibility of happening this year if the T20 World Cup gets cancelled on account of the pandemic. It should be noted that the IPL is a domestic event, and while it has given cricket fans some amazing memories to cherish, they cannot be compared to seeing one's own nation competing in the most respected international 20-20 event. There is significant tension regarding the two events in between the BCCI and the ICC though, but that should not affect the final decision.
'Corona harega, Dilli Jeetega': Kejriwal's 5 weapons to fight COVID-19 in Delhi
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UP Board 10th, 12th Result 2020 RELEASED LIVE Updates: Results Better Than Previous Years, Says Deputy CM
Jharkhand Extends Lockdown till July 31 as Coronavirus Cases Near 2,300
Coronavirus Live Update: Covid-19 से भारत में प्रति एक लाख आबादी पर एक व्यक्ति की मौत
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module Cbratest
  class TestsToRunSelector
    attr_reader :suffix

    def initialize(suffix = 'test.sh')
      @suffix = suffix
    end

    def list(affected)
      affected.keys.inject([]) do |memo, key|
        memo << File.join(key[:options][:path], suffix) if affected[key]
        memo
      end
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Description: The Clinical Trials on Alzheimer's Disease (CTAD) conference promotes international exchanges between scientists in order to increase knowledge and encourage innovative research.
Description: The Alzheimer's Association International Conference (AAIC) is the world's largest gathering of dementia researchers. The ADCS EDC is integral in past and current trials within the ADCS.


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Natural catastrophe
Greek island of Kos shake a series of earthquakes
by space · July 25, 2017
Experts began assessing damage to cultural monuments and infrastructure on the eastern Greek island of Kos on Saturday, July 22. A day earlier the island was shaken by a powerful earthquake, which caused the death of two tourists. A total of 500 people were injured on the shores of the Aegean Sea, including in Turkey.
Residents and tourists have not yet recovered from the initial panic when on the night of Saturday Kos shuddered from a series of aftershocks. The first push with a magnitude of 4.4 hit at 20:09. People ran to the main square of the city, as far as possible from the buildings. Fifteen minutes later the island was shaken by a second seismic wave of magnitude 4.5. The epicenter of the first aftershock was only 20 km to the north-east of Kos and lay at a depth of 10 km.
Hundreds of residents and tourists spent the night from Friday to Saturday on the street, as they were too scared to return to their homes or hotels. Many broke tents in parks and olive groves, slept in cars, on beaches or in sun loungers by the pool.
The church, the old mosque, the castle of the XIV century in the port and other old buildings that suffered from the earthquake, were checked by archaeologists and experts from the Ministry of Culture of Greece.
The US Geological Survey estimated that the magnitude of the very first earthquake was 6.7. Two men, Turks and Swedes, were killed when a wall collapsed in a popular bar in Old Town on Kos. Those who received serious injuries were transported by air to the mainland and the island of Crete. The two were still in critical condition on Saturday.
About 350 people were injured in Turkey, in Bodrum and other beach resorts.
On Kos, an earthquake damaged the main port of the island, so the ferry takes the port of Kefalos on the south-west coast. Of all the mosques, the most powerful mosque was the Defterartar-Ibrahim Pasha Mosque, whose minaret, which was rebuilt several years ago, completely collapsed. Also fallen ancient columns on the southern part of the agora of the II century.
Mayor of Kos Giorgos Kiritsis said that the biggest infrastructure problem of the island is damage to the main port. He also noted that few of the tourists interrupted the rest because of the earthquake.
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Scientists believe that there may be life on the moons of Uranus
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Headline: "Catastrophe on Earth recognized as irreversible"Article text: "...and after a certain point, the catastrophic increase will become irreversible, the researchers...
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Earth Chronicles News © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
E-mail: earthchronics@gmail.com


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Tropentag, September 18 - 20, 2019 in Kassel
"Filling gaps and removing traps for sustainable resources development"
Analisis of Agreements Made by Public Prosecutor's Office of Goias in Meia Ponte River: Ecological Restoration of Legal Reserve Areas and Permanent Preservation Areas in Cerrado
Luciana Ramos Jordão1, Sybelle Barreira2
1State University of Goias, Law College, Brazil
2Federal University of Goias, Rural Development Department, Brazil
Brazil is a country proud by its agriculture. Yet, it has major problems balancing agribusiness and attention to environmental law. Due to pressures made by farmers, the new president, Bolsonaro, elected in 2018, promised to reduce legal demands in order to avoid punishment for those who deforest areas protected by Brazilian Forest Code. Law has not changed yet, but many farmers fail to comply with regulations in the hope this will change soon.
public prosecutors work to make it possible for farmers to adjust their activities so that protected areas may remain covered with forest. To do so, Brazilian environmental Law allows out-of-court agreements to avoid new lawsuits, to provide a faster response to those involved and to ease lengthy procedural system. Even though environment is considered a diffuse right, Public Prosecution Service try to reach some kind of settlement that make possible to preserve business activities and provide compensation to victims.
However, considering the settlements signed in Goiás, one can notice that public prosecutors have difficulties enforcing these deals. In consequence, environmental problems take longer to be solved since the case ends up in judiciary system. There is no research that evaluates percentage of success obtained in these settlements. To do so, it's necessary to identify some agreements, considering a representative sample, and verify each case in order to determine if public prosecutors can reach a satisfying index that justify the efforts done and the time required to implement them. This, exactly, is the main research goal.
The research aims to question effectiveness of environmental settlements by systematizing the information already collected by the Public Ministry. The research is based on the hypothesis that the noncompliance with the agreements occurs due to difficulties in the elaboration of adequate criteria for the activities of farmers and the peculiarities typical of Cerrado biome. Cerrado is a critical biome because any change done to it may aggravate climate changes in Brazil since the rains in Amazon Forest depend on the rivers located in Cerrado, the same happens to other Brazilian forests. Climate change consequences can reduce soil fertility, production and reduce food sovereignty.
Keywords: Cerrado, climate change, environmental law, rural development
Contact Address: Luciana Ramos Jordão, State University of Goias, Law College, Av. Perimetral Norte N. 4356 Casa 88b Cond. Alto Da Boa Vista, 74445500 Goiânia, Brazil, e-mail: lr.jordao me.com


Stress can exert long-lasting changes on the brain that contribute to vulnerability to mental illness, yet mechanisms underlying this long-term vulnerability are not well understood. We hypothesized that stress may alter the production of oligodendrocytes in the adult brain, providing a cellular and structural basis for stress-related disorders. We found that immobilization stress decreased neurogenesis and increased oligodendrogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the adult rat hippocampus and that injections of the rat glucocorticoid stress hormone corticosterone (cort) were sufficient to replicate this effect. The DG contains a unique population of multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) that give rise to adult newborn neurons, but oligodendrogenic potential has not been demonstrated in vivo. We used a nestin-CreER/YFP transgenic mouse line for lineage tracing and found that cort induces oligodendrogenesis from nestin-expressing NSCs in vivo. Using hippocampal NSCs cultured in vitro, we further showed that exposure to cort induced a pro-oligodendrogenic transcriptional program and resulted in an increase in oligodendrogenesis and decrease in neurogenesis, which was prevented by genetic blockade of glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Together, these results suggest a novel model in which stress may alter hippocampal function by promoting oligodendrogenesis, thereby altering the cellular composition and white matter structure.
Stress is a risk factor for a variety of mood and anxiety disorders, including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, which can manifest years after the stressful event.1 The mechanisms that account for this persistent vulnerability are not fully understood. While many effects of stress on the brain are relatively transient, involving the actions of glucocorticoid (GC) stress hormones on mineralcorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors (MRs and GRs) to regulate short-term physiological responses,2,3long-term effects have also been identified. For example, stress affects long-term potentiation, and epigenetically regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.4,5 However, mechanisms by which stress may lead to long-lasting structural changes in the brain have not been thoroughly explored. There are hints that GCs may directly affect white matter structure by regulating oligodendrogenesis. In oligodendrocyte precursor cell culture, GCs are potent inducers of pro-oligodendrogenic transcription factors and increase oligodendrogenesis6, 7, 8 and myelination.9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 GCs also dysregulate myelination in utero.15 In the periphery, myelinating Schwann cells similarly show responsiveness to GCs, including increased myelination in vitro and in vivo.16,17 Interestingly, changes in white matter have been documented in many brain regions in a variety of stress-related mental illnesses, including post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, autism and depression.18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 Together, these data suggest the unexplored possibility that stress may cause dysregulation of oligodendrogenesis, which may create a persistent, white matter structural vulnerability to mental illness.
The hippocampus is a key structure regulating memory and emotion, and has a role in a variety of emotional disorders.24 Changes in hippocampal cell composition therefore could have marked implications for vulnerability to and progression of mental illness. In particular, the dentate gyrus (DG) contains a unique population of neural stem cells (NSCs) that proliferate throughout adulthood and have functions in regulating negative affective states including stress response, fear, anxiety and depression.25, 26, 27, 28 NSCs are multipotent, producing neurons and glia, but their oligodendrogenic potential is debated, with a recent report that they do not produce oligodendrocytes in vivo.29 Resolving this ambiguity may reveal new insight into NSC function, as alteration of the oligodendrogenic component of NSC output could provide a novel pathway through which stress affects white matter composition and hippocampal function. In this study, we sought to determine whether stress and GCs affect oligodendrogenesis in the adult hippocampus, and specifically if the oligodendrogenic potential of NSCs is modulated by GC exposure.
Preparation of NSC culture was as previously described.30,31 Cells were cultured (37 °C, 5% CO2) on poly-ornithine- (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA) and laminin- (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) coated plates in N2-supplemented (Invitrogen) Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM)/F-12 (1:1) (Invitrogen) with 20 ng ml−1 recombinant human FGF-2 (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA). For differentiation studies, cells were cultured in low FGF-2 (0–5 ng ml−1) for 12–18 h (200 000–300 000 cells per 6 cm dish for RT–qPCR and 12 000–15 000 cells per coverslip in 24-well plates for immunocytochemistry (ICC), and treated with vehicle (EtOH, 0.1%), 1 μM corticosterone (cort) or 1 μM dexamethasone (DEX). Cells were treated every 24 h for 75 h with no media replacement for ICC, once for 48 h for RT–qPCR and once for 72 h for western blot. For dominant negative GR (dnGR) experiments, dnGR or GFP vector was added to cultures after cells were in differentiating conditions for 6–10 h, with cort treatment 12 h later. For GR ICC, NSCs were incubated with BrdU (30 μM) 12 h before fixation.
dnGR was generated as previously described.32 In brief, a truncated rat GR (Genbank M14053; amino acids 1–745) was PCR amplified and ligated to the first 24 base pairs of the human GR-β isoform then transfected into E5 cells. Superinfection occured 24 h later with the helper virus d120 at a multiplicity of infection of 0.3. Amplicons were collected by freeze-thaw lysis followed by PEG-IT (System Biosciences, Mountain View, CA, USA) precipitation as per the manufacturer's instructions. Pelleted viruses were resuspended in dH2O. Vector titers were 2–3 × 106 infectious particles per ml and d120 helper virus titers of 0.4–1.0 × 107 plaque forming units (PFU) per ml.
Real-time PCR was performed with an iCycler/iQ detection system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Primer pairs (Supplementary Table 1) were used with SYBR green. Data were analyzed with the Relative Expression Software Tool.33 The ribosomal subunit, 18S, was used as an internal control.
NSCs were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and immunostained with rabbit anti-GR (1:500, Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA), mouse anti-Nestin (1:500, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) and rat anti-BrdU (1:500) overnight at 4 °C, and then treated with Cy3 anti-mouse, FITC anti-rat and Cy5 anti-rabbit (1:500, Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA, USA) for 2 h.
For differentiation studies, cells were immunostained (overnight, 4 °C) with mouse anti-β-III tubulin (Tuj1; 1:1000, Covance, Princeton, NJ, USA) or rat anti-MBP (1:100, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) followed by 2 h incubation with Cy3 or FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies (1:500, Jackson). The nuclear stain DAPI was added before mounting coverslips in 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO). Images were obtained with an inverted fluorescence microscope ( × 20 objective; Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany), and blind cell counts were taken using Metamorph software (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Twenty random visual fields were analyzed per coverslip. Data are the percentage of positive cells in relation to the total number of DAPI-stained nuclei present in the culture. All experiments were independently replicated at least three times.
Whole-cell proteins were extracted using radio-immunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer. Nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins were extracted using NE-PER nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction reagents (Thermo Scientific). Protein concentrations for each sample were determined using bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit (Thermo Scientific). Proteins were separated in 8% or 10% polyacrylamide denaturing gels (for GR and olig1, respectively) and transferred to Immuno-Blot polyvinyl difluoride (PVDF) membrane (Bio-Rad), then incubated (overnight, 4 °C) with anti-GR monoclonal antibody (PA1–510A; Thermo Scientific) at 1:500 dilution, followed by anti-mouse or anti-rabbit conjugated to horseradish peroxidase or with primary anti-olig1 (rabbit anti Olig-1, 1:25 000; from Charles Stiles, Harvard University), followed by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (1:2000, Jackson; 1 h, RT). Membranes were detected using a chemiluminescence kit (Western lightning Plus ECL, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) and quantified by densitometry. Membranes were stripped and reprobed using a ß-actin antibody (1:3000; Sigma) to control for equal loading.
Experiments used adult male Sprague–Dawley rat (2–3 mo; Charles River) pair housed, or C57Bl/6J transgenic nestin-Cre ERT2/RosaYFP mice34 (2–2.5 mo; 25 g) housed five per cage, with ad libitum access to food and water and a 12/12 h light/dark cycle. Animals were acclimated to the facility for at least 1 week before handling. Procedures were approved by UC Berkeley and UC Davis animal care committees.
Rats were stressed by restraint in plastic decapicone bags for 3 h each day for 1 week (stress n=6; unstressed controls, n=5). For cort studies, rats received seven daily subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of cort (40 mg kg−1) or vehicle oil, a dose that reciprocates many aspects of stress treatments,35, 36, 37 and were killed on day 7 (vehicle, n=6; cort, n=6) or on day 14 (vehicle, n=7; cort, n=6). Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of BrdU (200 mg kg−1) were given on the first 3 days of stress or cort treatments.
Nestin-Cre ERT2/RosaYFP mice34 were given tamoxifen injections (180 mg kg−1, i.p.) twice per day for 5 days to induce maximal recombination. Fifteen days later, mice were injected with cort (25 mg kg−1, s.c., n=8) or vehicle (n=8) for 10 days, and then killed 7 days after the end of cort treatment. BrdU (50 mg kg−1, i.p.) was injected twice per day on the first 3 days of cort treatment.
At end points, animals were transcardially perfused with saline followed by cold 4% paraformaldehyde.
Brains were post-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, cryoprotected and cryosectioned (40 μm coronal slices) through the DG. Immunohistochemistry was performed with rat anti-BrdU (1:500; Accurate, Westbury, NY, USA) and mouse anti-TuJ1 (1:5000; Covance), mouse anti-RIP (1:1000; Millipore, Billerica, MA), or rat anti-MBP (1:100; Abcam) for 48 h at 4 °C; or rabbit anti-GST-π (1:5000; MBL, Woburn MA) and goat anti-GFP (targeting YFP; 1:500, Rockland Immunochemicals, Gilbertsville, PA, USA) for 18 h at 4 °C. Secondary incubations were FITC-conjugated donkey anti-mouse (1:500, Jackson) for 2 h and biotinylated anti-rat (1:500; Jackson) for 2 h followed by Streptavidin-Alexa 568 (1:1000; Invitrogen) for 1 h. For Olig1 labeling, sections were immunostained with rabbit Olig1 (1:5000, from Charles Stiles, Harvard University) and anti-rabbit Cy3 or anti-rabbit Cy5 (1:500, Jackson). For combined BrdU and MBP labeling, sections were incubated in mouse anti-BrdU (1:500, BD) and rat anti-MBP (1:100, Abcam), followed by incubation with FITC donkey anti-rat (1:500, Jackson) and then biotinylated anti-mouse (1:500, Jackson), and visualized with Streptavidin-Alexa 568 (1:1000, Jackson). Sections were coverslipped with DABCO anti-fading medium in TBS.
BrdU-labeled cells were visualized using a Zeiss 510 AxioImager confocal laser-scanning microscope (Zeiss) with LSM 510 software (Zeiss). At least 25 BrdU-labeled cells were examined per rat, and co-labeling with cell fate markers was quantified. Confocal and z-stacked images were used in coordination to determine the percentage of BrdU+ cells co-labeling with cell fate markers. For cytoplasmic markers, fluorescence signals surrounding BrdU+ nuclei were considered positive. BrdU counts were quantified as total BrdU cells per tissue section, or as density measurements, in which the areas of the GCL and hilus were measured using Metamorph and multiplied by section thickness (40 μm). Total BrdU-labeled cells within each ROI were then normalized to the total volume per animal. For transgenic lineage tracing, all YFP-positive cells were examined in every sixth serial section throughout the mouse DG (40 μm section thickness) and scored for co-localization with GST-π.
Mean and s.e.m. were determined for the above variables. For statistical comparisons, these values were subjected to unpaired two-tailed Students t-tests or one-way ANOVA. P-values0.05 were considered significant.
Studies investigating the effects of stress on NSCs in the adult hippocampus have primarily focused on the extent to which new neurons are generated. However, new glial cells are also generated in the hippocampus and may similarly be susceptible to environmental factors and hormones. Here we investigated whether stress and stress hormones (GCs) alter the oligodendrogenic potential in the adult hippocampus. To assess these effects, we subjected rats to 1 week of immobilization restraint stress and subsequently quantified the percentage of newborn cells (marked by BrdU, Figure 1a) in the hippocampal DG that adopted a neuronal or oligodendrocytic cell fate. In agreement with previous studies,38,39 stress significantly decreased the percentage of BrdU+ cells that co-labeled with the early neuronal marker Tuj1 (Figures 1b and c). Interestingly, stress significantly increased the percentage of BrdU+ cells that co-labeled with the mature oligodendrocyte marker MBP (Figures 1b and c), as well as the oligodendrocyte marker RIP (Supplementary Figure 1), revealing that stress increases oligodendrogenesis in the DG. To determine if an increase in circulating GCs is sufficient to upregulate hippocampal oligodendrogenesis, we next subjected rats to daily injections of cort (40 mg kg−1, comparable to elevated serum GC levels induced by immobilization stress35, 36, 37) or vehicle for 1 week (Figure 1d) and assessed the neurogenic and oligodendrogenic potential within the DG. Similar to stressed rats, cort-injected rats showed a decrease in the percentage of new neurons, and an increase in the percentage of new oligodendrocytes, relative to controls (Figure 1e). When rats were allowed to recover from cort injections for 1 week, the percentage of new neurons normalized to control levels did not differ between cort and vehicle-injected rats (Figure 1f), consistent with previous studies on the long-term changes in neurogenesis following recovery from GC exposure.40,41 In contrast, the percentage of newborn oligodendrocytes in cort vs vehicle-injected rats remained significantly higher and persisted even following recovery from cort injections (Figure 1f).
Immobilization stress or cort injections increase hippocampal oligodendrogenesis. (a) BrdU-injected adult male rats were subjected to either 1 week of daily immobilization stress or no stress (n=5 no stress control, n=6 stress). (b) IHC analysis of cell fate, quantified as the percentage of BrdU positive cells that co-label as neurons (Tuj1) or oligodendrocytes (MBP), shows that stress decreases neurogenesis and increases oligodendrogenesis. (c) Representative images of confocal analysis represents cells identified as positive for co-localization of BrdU and Tuj1 or MBP; scale bar=10 μM. (d) BrdU-injected adult male rats received daily cort or vehicle injections for 1 week and were perfused on day 7 (n=6 vehicle injected, n=6 cort injected) or day 14 (n=7 vehicle injected, n=6 cort injected). (e) IHC analysis of cell fate at day 7 shows that exposure to stress hormones (cort) decreases neurogenesis and increases oligodendrogenesis. (f) IHC analysis of cell fate at day 14 (1 week after recovery from cort treatment) shows that while neurogenesis is restored to control levels, the effects of increased oligodendrogenesis persist in cort injected animals. *P<0.05 (mean±s.e.m.).
While NSCs produce neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in vitro,42 a recent study reported that they do not produce oligodendrocytes in vivo.29 If true, this would suggest that hippocampal oligodendrogenesis arises exclusively from a distinct population of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. An alternate possibility is that NSCs generate new oligodendrocytes at a level that is low under 'baseline' conditions but higher in response to stress. To investigate this, we used a transgenic mouse (nestin-Cre ERT2/RosaYFP)34 expressing an inducible (fused to estrogen receptor variant ERT2) cre recombinase enzyme driven by the promoter for the NSC marker nestin. In this system, induction with the ERT2 agonist tamoxifen causes recombination leading to constitutive expression of the YFP marker in nestin-expressing NSCs, allowing for unambiguous analysis of their cell fate. After tamoxifen induction to initiate nestin-driven NSC labeling, mice were injected with cort (25 mg kg−1) or vehicle for 10 days and assessed for oligodendrogenic potential 7 days later (Figure 2a). Quantification of the percent of NSC-derived cells (YFP tagged) that co-labeled with the oligodendrocyte marker GST-π showed that NSCs produced a low number of new oligodendrocytes under control conditions and that stress significantly increased oligodendrogenesis from NSCs (Figures 2b–f, Supplementary Figure 2).
Cort increases hippocampal oligodendrogenesis from nestin lineage NSCs in vivo. (a) Nestin-Cre ERT2/RosaYFP mice were injected with tamoxifen to induce YFP reporter gene expression, injected with cort or vehicle for 10 days and perfused 7 days later for IHC analysis. (b) Cort injection increased the percentage of YFP-labeled cells that co-labeled with the oligodendrocytic marker GST-π; n=8. (c) Representative image of an orthogonal slice of a YFP+/GST-π+ co-labeled cell as well as 3D reconstruction of an image stack of the same cell (d–f). *P<0.05 (mean±s.e.m.).
Adult hippocampal NSCs can be cultured in a proliferative state in vitro and can be induced to terminally differentiate by withdrawal of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) from the culture media,42 thus providing a useful system to investigate the direct effects of cort on NSC fate. We first confirmed that NSCs in culture have functional GR. NSCs expressed GR mRNA and protein, and cort treatment induced GR translocation to the nuclear fraction (Supplementary Figure 3). Next, we treated NSCs with 1 μM cort or vehicle for 75 h (under low FGF conditions that permit unbiased differentiation) and determined the total number of new neurons (Tuj1+) and oligodendrocytes (MBP+) (Figure 3a). Compared with vehicle controls, cort-treated NSCs produced significantly fewer neurons (Figures 3b and c). Cort also caused a significant increase in the production of oligodendrocytes from NSCs, suggesting that cort can directly induce NSC oligodendrogenesis (Figures 3b and c). There was no significant difference in total cell numbers between cort- and vehicle-treated cultures (vehicle, 334.0±66.9; cort, 432.7±88.7; P=0.4). To determine if cort-induced oligodendrogenesis is GR mediated, we blocked GR signaling by transfecting NSC cultures with the dominant negative GR (dnGR) viral vector.32 Compared with NSCs infected with a control GFP vector, NSCs infected with dnGR and treated with cort showed significantly more neurons and fewer oligodendrocytes (Figures 3d and e), similar to baseline levels seen in vehicle-treated cultures. Thus, blocking GR function prevented the effect of cort on NSC oligodendrogenesis.
Cort treatment increases the oligodendrogenic potential of NSCs. (a) NSC cultures were treated with cort or vehicle for 75 h. (b) Representative images of ICC analysis, scale bar=50 μm. (c) ICC analysis of cell fate, quantified as total number of cells labeling as neurons (Tuj1) or oligodendrocytes (MBP). (d, e) ICC analysis of cell fate of NSCs transfected with dnGR or GFP (control) and treated with cort. *P<0.05 (mean±s.e.m.); n3.
Cell fate programing is known to be regulated by complex interactions of multiple transcription factors. Oligodendrocytic fate is regulated by the pro-oligodendrogenic transcription factors Olig1 and Olig2,43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 which are inhibited by inhibitor of differentiation 2 and 4 (Id2, Id4).50 To determine if GCs promote a pro-oligodendrogenic transcriptional program, we performed RT–qPCR on NSC cultures treated with cort or vehicle for 48 h. There was no change in the expression of any neurogenic factors analyzed following cort treatment (Mash1 and 2; Neurogenin1, Ngn1; Sox21; and NeuroD1; Figure 4a). In contrast, Olig1 and Olig2 mRNA levels were markedly increased and Id2 mRNA was significantly decreased following cort treatment, relative to control. The levels of Sox10 and Id4 mRNA did not change following cort exposure. Cort treatment also resulted in a significant increase in MBP mRNA expression (1.66±2.2 fold change; P<0.01), while no difference was observed for β–tubulin III (Tuj1) mRNA levels (1.16±1.8; Supplementary Figure 4).
Cort treatment induces a pro-oligodendrogenic transcriptional program in NSCs. (a) Fold change in mRNA expression of genes regulating neurogenic and oligodendrogenic fate in cort-treated NSCs, relative to vehicle-treated controls, including genes that promote (+) and inhibit (−) oligodendrogenesis. (b) Fold change in mRNA expression of oligodendrogenic regulatory genes in NSCs transfected with dnGR or GFP (control) vectors, or no vector, and treated with cort, relative to vehicle-treated controls; n3. (c) Representative image of western blot for Olig1 protein in NSCs treated with cort or vehicle. (d) Densitometric analysis of western blot for total protein fraction and (e) the isolated nuclear fraction of treated NSCs; n=3. (f) IHC analysis of the percent of BrdU-positive cells expressing nuclear-localized Olig1 in the hilus of adult rats after 1 week of daily cort injections; n=6 vehicle injected, n=6 cort injected (g) or after 1 week of daily immobilization stress; n=5 no stress control, n=6 stress. *P<0.05, **P<0.005, ***P<0.0001 (mean±s.e.m.).
Treatment of cultured NSCs with dexamethasone (a synthetic GC and selective GR-agonist) similarly promoted a pro-oligodendrogenic transcriptional program and increase in Olig1 protein (Supplementary Figure 5). In addition, blocking GR signaling by transfection with dnGR before cort treatment eliminated the GC-induced increases in Olig1 and 2 transcripts, and suppression of Id2, relative to GFP-transfected controls (Figure 4b). These results demonstrate that the Id-Olig network is modulated by cort via a GR-dependent mechanism, suggesting that this transcriptional program is involved in GC-induced oligodendrogenesis.
Olig1 is a key regulator of oligodendrogenesis that acts as a nuclear-localized transcription factor when specifying oligodendrocyte differentiation and progressively localizes in the cytoplasm in mature oligodendrocytes.44,51,52 Olig1 Nuclear localization is inhibited by the binding of Id2 and Id4;50 therefore, the decrease in Id2 would predict an increase in functionally active nuclear Olig1. We assessed the level of Olig1 protein in total protein and in nuclear fractions of NSCs treated with cort, and found an increase in Olig1 protein in both total (Figures 4c and d) and nuclear (Figure 4e) fractions following cort treatment. We further assessed nuclear co-localization of Olig1 with BrdU in vivo following 1 week of GC injections or immobilization stress treatment. Both GC injections (Figure 4f) and stress (Figure 4g) resulted in an increase in nuclear co-localization of Olig1 and BrdU, relative to respective controls, in the DG. These results indicate that stress and GCs cause an increase in Olig1 protein levels in the nucleus both in vitro and in vivo, implicating Olig1 in GC-induced oligodendrogenesis.
We demonstrate that stress and GCs increase hippocampal oligodendrogenesis in vivo and show that new oligodendrocytes can arise from nestin-positive NSCs in the DG. Furthermore, we demonstrate a direct, GR-dependent effect of GCs on NSC differentiation into oligodendrocytes, which involves an upregulation of pro-oligodendrogenic genes, and increased nuclear localization of Olig1 protein. Current models for stress-induced emotional disorders suggest that previous stress experience can create a persistent vulnerability to mental illness that lasts many years beyond the stressful experience. Such models require mechanisms by which stress can cause long-term changes in brain structure and function. Here we describe a novel mechanism of stress-induced oligodendrogenesis, which may contribute to persistent changes in the brain structure. In turn, increases in oligodendrogenesis could affect cognition in at least two ways: by altering the ratio of oligodendrocytes to neurons and by altering myelination (white matter tracts).
Alteration of the oligodendrocyte:neuron ratio could affect cognition due to oligodendrocytic roles in synapse formation. Oligodendrocytes inhibit axon growth cones,53, 54, 55, 56, 57 and oligodendrocyte precursor cells are both repulsive and nonpermissive for growing axons.58,59 Although the effects of changes in oligodendrocyte abundance on synaptic formation and plasticity are unknown, it seems likely that increased abundance would result in suppression of synaptogenesis. This suppressive effect, combined with the well-documented effects of GCs in reducing neurogenesis and new neuron survival,38,39,60 would be predicted to markedly impair hippocampal function. In terms of myelination, increased stress reactivity in aging2 correlates with increase in white matter in both humans61, 62, 63 and monkeys.64 Age-related cognitive decline also correlates with white matter increases in the brain.64,65 Beyond cognition, a variety of mental health conditions,18 including depression, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder and suicide,19, 20, 21, 22 are linked to changes in white matter abundance.23 Interestingly, Cushing's syndrome and other diseases involving elevated cortisol levels are associated with alterations in affective and hippocampal function,66, 67, 68 though possible white matter contributions to these symptoms have not been investigated.
There is also considerable current interest in understanding the functional role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis from NSCs. We show that cort increased oligodendrogenesis in NSC cultures in addition to decreasing neurogenesis and used lineage tracing of nestin-expressing NSCs to show that cort also increases NSC oligodendrogenesis in vivo. These findings challenge the current thinking that hippocampal NSCs do not generate oligodendrocytes in vivo and suggest that, while NSCs generate few oligodendrocytes under basal conditions, exposure to stress and GCs redirects the cell fate of differentiating NSCs toward oligodendrogenesis via a GR-mediated mechanism. The differences observed in the increases in oligodendrogenesis between exogenous and endogenous GCs (cort vs stress treatment) may be due to differential GR/MR activation and/or variations in the rate of maturation of oligodendrocytes. Since Olig1 translocates to the cytoplasm as oligodendrocytes mature, the increased nuclear localization of Olig1 in BrdU+ cells in stressed animals relative to cort-treated animals may indicate variations in the rate of maturation of new oligodendrocytes. Overall, the data show that GCs mimic the effects of stress and support the conclusion that both immobilization stress or cort hormone injection produce an increase in oligodendrogenesis. The possibility that a GR-induced oligodendrogenic transcriptional program could over-ride neural fate is supported by studies that have found that Olig1 promotes oligodendrogenesis in embryonic NSCs.78 Our results suggest that, at the step of NSC differentiation and fate choice, neurogenesis may be inversely related to oligodendrogenesis. This finding advocates a shift in perspective on adult neurogenesis, which has largely focused on the proliferation, survival and function of new neurons as a basis for cognitive changes associated with altered neurogenesis. We propose that changes in oligodendrogenesis, or in the ratio of glia and neurons, may contribute to alterations in hippocampal-dependent behavior. Possible roles for oligodendrocytes should be considered in previous and future studies that implicate neurogenesis in behavioral outputs. In particular, changes in neurogenesis have recently been implicated in emotional dysfunction, altered stress response, and depression.26,27,79, 80, 81 However, potential contributions of concurrent-altered gliogenesis to these emotional perturbations have not been considered. Overall, our results suggest a new model in which stress may contribute to persistent vulnerability to mental illness by inducing oligodendrogenesis. We speculate that accumulated stress load across the lifespan may alter the rate or extent of myelination to create a persistent, structural vulnerability to mental illness.
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We thank David V. Schaffer for feedback; Charles Stiles and David Rowitch for feedback and Olig1 antibody; Amelia Eisch for the Nestin-Cre ERT2/RosaYFP mice; and Ashmi Ullal and Jennifer Shih for research assistance. SC, EDK and DC were supported by CIRM pre-doctoral fellowships; EDK was supported by a DoD NDSEG fellowship. ARF was supported by a NSF fellowship. CM was supported by a NRSA postdoctoral fellowship (1F32AG029733-01A1). This work was supported by NIMH BRAINS (R01 MH087495), Berkeley Stem Cell Center Seed Grant, Hellman Family Foundation and NARSAD awards to DK.
Current address: Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Current address: Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Current address: Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Labs, Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
Current address: Emergency Department, Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
Current address: School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.


SMEI and IPS remotely observe increased brightness and velocity enhancements behind interplanetary shocks that are also seen in situ. We use the UCSD time-dependent 3-D reconstruction technique to map these enhancements, and compare them with measurements at the SOHO, Wind, ACE, and STEREO spacecraft. The analyses of these shocks from hour-averaged in-situ data show that the enhanced density column associated with the shock response varies considerably between different instruments, even for in-situ instruments located at L1 near Earth. The relatively-low-resolution SMEI 3-D reconstructions generally show density enhancements, and within errors, the column excesses match those observed in situ. In these SMEI 3-D reconstructions from remotely-sensed data, the shock density enhancements appear not as continuous broad fronts, but as segmented structures. This may provide part of the explanation for the observed discrepancies between the various in-situ measurements at Earth and STEREO, but not between individual instruments near L1.


Live albums. They either work, or they don't. When they work they can be just the most amazing experience close to seeing it in person, at its worse it just doesn't come across as well as the recorded music. With "Used up and Empty", this is as good, if not better than Sunao Inami's recorded material.
Recorded early 2006 in Belgium and Switzerland, this release shows amazing depth and style. At first it starts off rather slowly, almost unassumingly so with some glitch and ambient sounds, then as soon as tracks "Marker 3″ and "Marker 4″ kick in, a noise and a rhythm just come from out of nowhere, to disappear just as suddenly again. Sunao Inami really does take experimental music somewhere else.
Glitch, Electronica, IDM, Noise, he's got it all covered. "Marker 10″ is actually bordering on dance with a great, uncomplicated rhythm – and I defy anyone not to dance to it! The way he uses noise is rather special. It's not constant but when it does come along it really does surprise the listener and grabs the attention 100%. Perhaps the only way one can classify this is as being 'Intelligent Noise' – maybe that's what Sunao Inami really is?
An added bonus to this release is the inclusion of a data track with a 45 minute MP3 file, recorded by a fan at one of Sunao's performances in Belgium. An 'official bootleg' (after a fashion) which makes this release even more worth the acquisition.
All in all this is a great release from an artist who really should be a lot bigger than he presently is. A live CD that actually makes me want to go and see this live in person. Excellent work.


A DESTRUCTIVE storm has unleashed strong winds and a heavy downpour at a family farm near Gin Gin, leaving a path of destruction that left only 25 per cent of the Bundaberg region property unscathed.
Bungadoo resident Betina Wilks said she returned to her family farm on Tuesday to find her home a mess.
"It was just devastation from word 'go'," she told Sunrise this morning.
"We parked the car and just started walking and filming and trying to absorb it all."
Footage of the damage shows fallen fences, flattened sheds, uprooted trees, torn-off roofing and an upturned trailer.
Ms Wilks estimated about 75 per cent of her farm had been affected by the storm.
"We've got a new house being built on the place that was burnt down last year, so the first thing I seen [sic] was there was trees laying on that, and that's not even finished being built," she told Sunrise.
"My prop house, my green house were gone, my pump shed was gone, my cattle yards they were just completely gone.
"It was just so many trees everywhere, it was just surreal to see."
Ms Wilks said though a few of her friends had come to help her with the clean-up of her property, she "didn't know where to begin".
Bureau of Meteorology meteorologist Andrew Bufalino said the storm that hit the region was a "mesovortice ... which occur quite often across Australia".
"It's a similar storm to what caused Australia Zoo to close for about a week a while ago," he said.
Mesovortices are extremely isolated and are usually confined to a very small area within a storm.
"There was a broad area of activity that was impacted that day (Tuesday) in Bundaberg, but as far as wind damage it was just that little patch (near Gin Gin)," Mr Bufalino said.
"Mesovortices can be extremely rough. They're on the leading edge of a thunderstorm.
"They're not the same as a tornado, which develops from the middle of a thunderstorm or supercell, while a mesovortice develops from the surface up."
After the storm hit, Ms Wilks sent photos of the damage to Higgins Storm Chasing, who helped her set up a GoFundMe page.
"Jeff and his team have helped make me a GoFundMe page and sent though a donation thanks to the support of his customers," she wrote on her now-set up page.
"I am at loss to know how to rebuild ... I never expected them to help me like this."
Councillor Wayne Honour said his wife, who was home when the storm hit, said the mesovortice's winds were as strong as she'd ever seen.
He said reported rainfall varied from 15mm to 80mm.
Unfortunately, this is far from the first time Ms Wilks's property has been hit by major weather events.
"I haven't had much luck since I moved to Queensland," she wrote.
In 2013 Ms Wilks's property was severely flooded and in 2016 a fire destroyed her home.
"And now a (storm) impacted my home," she wrote.
"I rely on my Lucerne tree farm as income. My work with my trees gives me so much enjoyment, but this has now been destroyed. The building that housed my growing trees was ripped to shreds.
"My transport trailer was thrown 200 metres and was destroyed. Large parts of my home have succumbed to widespread damage.
"Our stock yard fences for our 50 head of cattle were toppled, and the water pump and shed, dairy and other various workshops and sheds either destroyed or damaged."
Ms Wilks's GoFundMe page has so far raised $3605, with at least 37 people already donating to the cause.
On the page she wrote: "I would greatly appreciate the help of others during this difficult time and any support would be welcomed".
"If there any locals who can help me clean up on my property, that would also be appreciated. Please contact Higgins Storm Chasing by email at admin@higginstormchasing.com for details," she said.
To donate to Ms Wilks's GoFundMe page, go to https://www.gofundme.com/betina-wilks-qld-freak-storm-amp-tornado-victim.


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Feather & Stone Restaurant in Walton, NY combines casual, family dining with crisp local artwork and an easygoing atmosphere in which you can enjoy traditional American dishes from all over the United States.
Vulto Creamery is located in Walton, a small town in the western Catskills of New York where it produces a variety of handmade cheese in small batches, using raw milk of the highest quality, obtained from local dairy farmers.
The Solitude Inn is situated on a dead end road, and boasts 200 acres of cleared land, woods, stands of trees, and old roads for hiking.
Kerrs Creek Distillery is a family farm distillery crafting small batch products from experience that spans generations and with the finest ingredients.
Stony Creek Farmstead Farm Stay is an escape from the hustle of busy life and a retreat to pastoral hillsides of a working Catskill Mountains farm.
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SUVi and BACH1: a new subfamily of mammalian helicases?
The RecQ family of DNA helicases have been shown to be important for themaintenance of genomic integrity in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Members ofthis family are genes responsible for cancer predisposition disorders likeBloom's syndrome, Werner's syndrome and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Here,we show the sequence homologies between two recently identified mammalianhelicases, namely SUVi and BACH1. These two genes also share stronghomologies with other members of the RecQ family. On the basis ofpublished data and sequence analysis we suggest that SUVi/BACH1 mayrepresent a novel subfamily of mammalian helicases, functioning in theprocessing of lesions induced by different genotoxic agents.
Characterization of a DEAD box ATPase/RNA helicase protein of Arabidopsisthaliana.
We have isolated cDNAs encoding a novel member of the DEAD box RNAhelicase family from Arabidopsis. The protein, named AtDRH1, is composedof 619 amino acids and the central portion has high similarity with thehelicase core region of a prototypic RNA helicase, the human nuclearprotein p68. The N- and C-terminal regions are considerably diverged fromthe animal and yeast p68 homologs at the amino acid sequence level, butlike the p68 subfamily members, an RGG box-like domain is present near theC-terminus. RNA blot analysis showed that the AtDRH1 transcriptaccumulates at a high level and almost equally in every part of theArabidopsis plant. The purified, recombinant AtDRH1 was capable ofunwinding double-stranded RNA in the presence of ATP or dATP and ofhydrolyzing ATP. The ATPase activity was stimulated by somesingle-stranded RNAs and DNAs, including poly(A) and poly(dT), but not bypoly(dA). The ability of the polynucleotides to stimulate the ATPaseactivity was largely consistent with their affinity for AtDRH1. Theseresults show that AtDRH1 is a novel type of ATP/dATP-dependent RNAhelicase and polynucleotide-dependent ATPase.
Translational repressor bruno plays multiple roles in development and iswidely conserved.
oskar (osk) mRNA is tightly localized to the posterior pole of theDrosophila oocyte, where the subsequent expression of Osk protein directsabdomen and germ-line formation in the developing embryo. Misplacedexpression of Osk protein leads to lethal body patterning defects. The Oskmessage is translationally repressed before and during the localizationprocess, ensuring that Osk protein is only expressed after the mRNA hasreached the posterior. An ovarian protein, Bruno (Bru), has beenimplicated as a translational repressor of osk mRNA. Here we report theisolation of a cDNA encoding Bru using a novel approach to the expressioncloning of an RNA-binding protein, and the identification of previouslydescribed mutants in the arrest (aret)-locus as mutants in Bru. The mutantphenotype, along with the binding properties of the protein and itspattern of accumulation within the oocyte, indicate that Bru regulatesmultiple mRNAs involved in female and male gametogenesis as well as earlyin embryogenesis. Genetic experiments provide further evidence that Brufunctions in the translational repression of osk. Intriguingly, we findthat Bru interacts physically with Vasa (Vas), an RNA helicase that is apositive regulator of osk translation. Bru belongs to an evolutionarilyconserved family of genes, suggesting that Bru-mediated translationalregulation may be widespread. Models for the molecular mechanism of Brufunction are discussed.
A new enhancer of position-effect variegation in Drosophila melanogasterencodes a putative RNA helicase that binds chromosomes and is regulated bythe cell cycle.
In Drosophila melanogaster, position-effect variegation of the white genehas been a useful phenomenon by which to study chromosome structure andthe genes that modify it. We have identified a new enhancer of variegationlocus, Dmrnahel (hel). Deletion of mutation of hel enhances whitevariegation, and this can be reversed by a transformed copy of hel+. Inthe presence of two endogenous copies, the transformed hel+ behaves as asuppressor of variegation. hel is an essential gene and functions bothmaternally and zygotically. The HEL protein is similar to known RNAhelicases, but contains an unusual variant (DECD) of the DEAD motif commonto these proteins. Potential HEL homologues have been found in mammals,yeast and worms. HEL protein associates with salivary gland chromosomesand locates to nuclei of embryos and ovaries, but disappears in mitoticdomains of embryos as chromosomes condense. We propose that the HELprotein promotes an open chromatin structure that favors transcriptionduring development by regulating the spread of heterochromatin, and thatHEL is regulated by, and may have a role in, the mitotic cell cycle duringembryogenesis.
Systematic sequencing of the Escherichia coli genome: analysis of the0-2.4 min region.
A contiguous 111,402-nucleotide sequence corresponding to the 0 to 2.4 minregion of the E. coli chromosome was determined as a first step tocomplete structural analysis of the genome. The resulting sequence wasused to predict open reading frames and to search for sequence similarityagainst the PIR protein database. A number of novel genes were found whosepredicted protein sequences showed significant homology with knownproteins from various organisms, including several clusters of genessimilar to those involved in fatty acid metabolism in bacteria (e.g.,betT, baiF) and higher organisms, iron transport (sfuA, B, C) in Serratiamarcescens, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation or electron transport (fixA,B, C, X) in Azorhizobium caulinodans. In addition, several genes and ISelements that had been mapped but not sequenced (e.g., leuA, B, C, D) wereidentified. We estimate that about 90 genes are represented in this regionof the chromosome with little spacer.
A new group of putative RNA helicases.


Tactile Stimulation activates the nerve signals below the skin and inform the body of different touch sensations. It relates to the sense of touch and texture. Autistic people or people with tactile sensory issues may have problem in tolerating the sensations which are caused while dressing or performing routine activities. To overcome this, sensory stimulation products are used as they help in desensitizing unavoidable touch sensations and textures. Health Products For You offers a wide assortment of tactile stimulators including sand and snow, sensory massage, spatial awareness and textures to enhance tactile stimulation. HPFY offers a wide assortment of such tactile stimulation products from popular and top selling manufacturers like Skil Care Corporation, Enabling Devices, Flaghouse, American Educational Products and many more.
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Sensory Massage: Sensory massage products provide soothing massage and pleasing tactile therapy to enhance tactile stimulation in users. The attractive shapes, sizes and colors add another level of interest in the users.
Spatial Awareness: Spatial awareness products are specifically designed to make users aware of the objects around them. They allow users to understand the relationship between two or more objects with respect to themselves.
Textures: Textured products enhance tactile stimulation with the help of contrasting textures, raised and depressed areas, fluid shapes and other interactive elements. They help in strengthening tactile perception and concentration.


text:
Meghan McCain takes a stand for climate change, whips up a storm
By Philip Bump on Oct 30, 2012
ronnie44052Sen. John and Meghan McCain.
In 2008, the Republican Party rallied around its candidate for president, Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.) — a decorated war hero and advocate for strong action against climate change.
It's not a surprise that his daughter has picked up the torch. Last night, as the winds from megastorm Sandy were just starting to calm, Meghan McCain tweeted:
So are we still going to go with climate change not being real fellow republicans?
— Meghan McCain (@McCainBlogette) October 30, 2012
The answer, apparently, was "yes."
Right-wing blogs and commenters immediately jumped all over the younger McCain.
From Twitchy.com, the creepily named blog/website of Michelle Malkin:
Oh, honey. Poor Meggie Mac must be feeling ignored. So, she took to Twitter, as she likes to do, to troll for attention in the wake of Hurricane Sandy. At least this time, she didn't troll with her boobs.
It's all about her, you see. Devastating storm affecting millions? Whatever! Meghan McCain has attention-seeking concern trolling to do!
Twitchy then curates a selected collection of "zingers" McCain received in response to her tweet. Things like, "Ah, well, I see @McCainBlogette hopped on climate change train. Do people just not read history at all anymore? Word: krakatoa. Word: Hugo," and "When has earth's climate ever been constant? Do you truly believe Earth's climate should be void of storms?" I will assume that both of those people are scientists or historians or science-historians. (They are clearly not logicians.)
Fox Nation, the unshackled id of the News Corp. World, picked up a story from The Hill. "The Nation," as the site dubs itself, allows visitors to rate a post. The story about McCain was deemed "obnoxious."
The comments at the site range from offensive to dumb and back. One example: "Go away! Anyway, it's prophesied the Earth will be destroyed by fire, so let's all get used to the heat!" Not entirely certain which side that person is coming down on.
Pajamas Media (now known as PJ Media because it's mature) offers a simple: "Meghan McCain, still an idiot."
It's not just Republicans who doubt the political taxation campaign that has come to be called "climate change." (The climate itself does change, as it always has and always will until the Sun burns out. That's not politics, it's science. But "climate changes," as it has become a political issue, is hokum.)
"It's science." Science just died of embarrassment.
And, finally, Breitbart.com.
But [Al Gore and Gov. Cuomo] were lightweights compared to the real specialist: Meghan McCain, simpleton daughter of Sen. John McCain. ""So are we still going to go with climate change not being real fellow republicans [sic]?"
If it's good enough for Meghan McCain, we should all follow suit. After all, she writes short phrases for the Daily Beast.
According to web-analytics tool Alexa, the Daily Beast gets far more traffic than Breitbart.com.
Meghan McCain wasn't the only McCain tweeting last night. Shortly before Sandy made landfall, Meghan's mother, Cindy, tweeted:
San Diego is gorgeous this time of year! I'm in heaven!
The tweet has since been deleted.


text:
UCAS ditching personal statement for university entry
The Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (Ucas) will no longer require students to write a personal statement when applying for university.The change comes amid claims that the personal statements favour middle-class students who may have better access to "high-quality advice and guidance", according to Ucas.
Major airline cancels 'popular' transatlantic services to Scottish airport
The airline cited factors such as staffing levels across the industry and inflation for the move.
PM has 'done the right thing' in sacking Zahawi, says Scottish Tory chairman
The Scottish Greens and SNP said the dismissal of the former chancellor raises questions over Rishi Sunak's judgment.
Covid-19 pandemic has entered a 'transition point,' WHO announces
WHO Says COVID-19, Pandemic Has Reached , a 'Transition Point".On January 30, the World Health Organization (WHO) said that while COVID-19 remains a public health emergency, the pandemic has reached a "transition point.".On January 30, the World Health Organization (WHO) said that while COVID-19 remains a public health emergency, the pandemic has reached a "transition point.".ABC reports that the WHO said that its International Regulations Emergency Committee had met on January 27 to analyze data on the current state of the pandemic. .According to a statement, WHO Director-General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, "acknowledges the Committee's views that the COVID-19 pandemic is probably at a transition point.".According to a statement, WHO Director-General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, "acknowledges the Committee's views that the COVID-19 pandemic is probably at a transition point.".The statement continues to say that the WHO , "appreciates the advice of the Committee to navigate this transition carefully and mitigate the potential negative consequences.".ABC spoke with Dr. John Brownstein, an epidemiologist and chief innovation officer at Boston Children's Hospital, to weigh in on the WHO's announcement.What we have to remember is the pandemic won't end on a given day. , Dr. John Brownstein, an epidemiologist and chief innovation officer at Boston Children's Hospital, via ABC.The metrics around cases, hospitalizations and deaths are painting a more optimistic picture and we're seeing more countries getting out of this acute phase, Dr. John Brownstein, an epidemiologist and chief innovation officer at Boston Children's Hospital, via ABC.However, Brownstein also cautioned that the threat of COVID remains very real, with deaths from COVID still twice as high as those from the flu. .While speaking at the WHO meeting, Tedros encouraged more countries to increase testing and use antivirals early on those who test positive for COVID.While speaking at the WHO meeting, Tedros encouraged more countries to increase testing and use antivirals early on those who test positive for COVID
Russell T Davies lambasts diversity fixation of 'rubbish' new TV writers
Doctor Who's showrunner has criticised a new wave of "rubbish" TV screenwriters who are more interested in diversity than television.
Children's home planned for Herefordshire castle estate
A building in the grounds of a Herefordshire castle could become a children's home if a new plan is successful.