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Altered States of Australasia
April 16, 2012 by Dr Tracie O'Keefe DCH Leave a Comment
By Tracie O'Keefe, published in the European Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, Vol 4 No 4, 1998. ISSN 1351-1297.
Arriving in Sydney I was surrounded by late twentieth century culture without an aborigine in sight. I soon learned that the indigenous people of Australia now total around 1.8 per cent of the population. Having flown in from British Columbia I was reminded of the similarities with Vancouver, which I had just left. There the totem poles of Native Americans stood artificially arranged in an English Victorian park and in Sydney boomerangs are sold from the Opera House gift shop conveniently packaged in pristine plastic.
For the two weeks I am here the Festival of The Dreaming is taking place. This is Australia's biggest showcase of indigenous arts and part of the three annual Olympic Arts Festivals between now and the year 2000, when Sydney hosts the Olympic games. The Dreamtime or Dreaming was the time before time as we know it, when metaphysical beings known as the Spirit Ancestors came to the earth and created everything, giving land and different species their shape, form and character.
At the art gallery of New South Wales I saw Pauline McCleod, an Aboriginal storyteller from New South Wales perform. An accomplished entrancer she knew her art well preparing the audience with the history of stories and telling them of the belief systems that support their logic and uses. She could only tell women's stories as men had their own exclusive tales. The stories also belong to each particular part of Australasia and are not permitted to be told by the indigenous people of another tribe.
Having done the preparation of any hypnotist Pauline launched into her tale without warning, using confusion to take her audience of adults and school children into a dramatically constructed metaphor. As this happened her pupils dilated as she used wide-eyed expressions and the full range of theatrical skills to explain how the fruit bat had come to be a creature that hung upside down. I will not steal her tale but I can say that she worked the metaphor on many levels. Then five minutes later she came out of that trance suddenly and brought her audience back with and began to intellectualise the meaning of the tale.
One thing that struck me when I recalled the tales from my own childhood. I realised that in the Western culture, we have lost much of the art of storytelling. In my culture stories themselves have become the currency of entertainment and have usually lost their meanings in the replication of commercialised monotony. The emphasis on the meaning of a tale can be missed, distorted or depleted by it being robbed of the rich multi-dimensional messages that a storyteller can weave in on many different levels of consciousness.
From a cultural perspective, the vast majority of the Aborigines have lost their indigenous survival mechanism through the white man's attempt to domesticate them. Devastation, desolation, and destruction of their land which was their spiritual temple known as 'mother' has left many of these people adrift in a sea of twentieth century consumerism. They were ecologists long before the rest of us, believing that we do not own land, we are simply the custodians and must take care of it. Many Aboriginal people now live in city slum housing with alcohol, marijuana and heroine addictions, while others have found their way back to the bush and holy places of their Dreaming stories.
Despite the millions of dollars that the Australian government continually invests into solving the problems of Aboriginal ill health, social dissidence and unhappiness remain. The present high profile issue between the Aborigines and the rest of Australia is over land rights and no matter what the government offers it seems they cannot change the belief systems of the Aboriginal people. Up until the early 1970s Aboriginal children were taken away from their parents, forcibly adopted by whitefolk and brought up as Christians In secret they Dreamstories going among themselves.
The Koala too chases an altered state too as it sleeps around 18 hours a day. Then when it wakes up it spends the majority of its time eating certain kinds of Eucalyptus leaves, which have little nutrition, so it has to eat great amounts of them. However the leaves have an intoxicating effect similar to that of a narcotic drug, causing the koala to be permanently stoned. In essence, it has a built-in drug addiction to its food source.
The Australians themselves live the trance of colonialism, flying the flag and paying homage to the British Crown. In a way this makes sense, for some ecologists have now predicted that the Australian ecosystem could only support around 30 million people since much of the country is unsuitable for agriculture and habitation. Being surrounded by Asia and continually changing world political allegiances, maybe being British could, for a while, retain stability in this vast but fragile country.
An interesting observation that I was able to make was that smoking is quite socially unacceptable. This may be a legacy from the fit, healthy, bronzed Adonis mentality of the beach-loving, surfing Australian. What is surprising about this is that the country is a melting pot for several cultures and many of these have a population of heavy smokers, such as Greece and Turkey. However it is an indication that the positive health approach to the cessation of smoking works far better than the implementation of negative, deterrent cures.
One of Australia's biggest health problems is skin cancer, which is due to the over exposure of tender European skins to the harsh and strong sun. Our tour guide Ron, a strong 6'2″ 20-year-old male, explained the changing mentality. He said: 'When I was at school if the boys did not play outside in the sun all day they were considered a 'bit of a girl', but nowadays all children are required to wear a hat and sunblock at school'. In this case perhaps it has been the fear of skin cancer that has changed their belief systems.
I managed to speak to Dr. Wendy-Louise Walker, BA, PhD, a psychologist and the 1996-97 President of the Australian Society of Hypnosis (ASH). She said that only postgraduates, medics, psychologists and dentists were allowed to join the society once they had completed the society's training. There was also a period of two years clinical supervision required to gain full membership. Whilst in the past training had been undertaken by the society itself, they were now aware that Masters level of training in hypnosis was coming into Australian universities. There is also a case now where psychiatric nurses, at postgraduate level, may be using hypnosis, but she said the discipline of hypnotherapy was not generally recognised.
I explained that in America and England the discipline of clinical hypnotherapy was being taught at Masters and Doctorate level, which included psychology and psychotherapy training. She did appreciate that cultures differed and flexibility should be always kept in mind. The state of Victoria was about to do away with registration so that no one practising hypnosis in Australia needed to be registered. The ASH has been fighting against this and has made representations to the health minister supporting compulsory registration. They are still awaiting the outcome.
One of the problems seemed to be that unqualified or untrained hypnotists sometimes damaged subjects because they were ignorant about what they were doing. These could include medical professionals who thought their degree in medicine qualified them to play around with hypnosis.
Although the ASH does encourage ongoing education in hypnosis for their members there are presently no compulsory stipulations of which courses members must partake. Dr Walker indicated that this may be a possible way forward in the future. I was also told that many trainers brought their own approaches to the courses which could include direct command hypnosis, Ericksonian or more psychoimaginative approaches. What was important, she said, was that they tried to achieved a rounded balance in their training programmes.
Medicare, the equivalent of the British National Health Service, only funds treatment that includes hypnosis if the practitioner has a medical or dentistry degree. Unfortunately a psychologist or psychotherapist could not get paid by the government for administering hypnotherapy.
Being the sticky beak that I am, I scoured the advertisements for hypnotherapy services, and there were lots of them in Sydney alone. However when I looked in the bookshops there seemed to be very few books on hypnosis or hypnotherapy. The diversity of practitioners purveyed the unusual cacophony, which can be found in the directory of any major city, of special associations that many belonged to. No consistency, however, seemed to prevail, even though there were coats of arm, emblems and the usual variations of therapists with a diversity of letters after their names. In short Australia's altered states were as diverse as they were inconsistent. . Is this a bonus the protects the unsuspecting Australian public?
Undoubtedly my most profound curiosity was taken by what altered states the Aborigines entered into during their ceremonies. However, in the whole two weeks I was unable to find out very much. The white Australians were generally unaware that such states had happened at all, since they did not mix with the ethnics. The Aborigines I spoke to unfortunately did not understand my language, questions, concepts of altered states, or why a plump, middle-aged white woman from an unknown place should even be interested. Hopefully their mystification of our ways will protect them from our clipboards, analysis, categorisation and ultimate moral superiority.
Dr Tracie O'Keefe DCH, BHSc, ND, Clinical Hypnotherapist, Psychotherapist. Counsellor, PACFA registered Mental Health Professional and Naturopath In Sydney. You can get help by booking an appointment with her at Australian Health & Education Centre.
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*Bert, Plumber
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*Kevin Moran, Scaffolder
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*Adam, Architect
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*Claire, Home Maker
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* Burzin Mehta, Digital Marketer
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*Kristiane Heidrich, midwife
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*Joseph Daaud, Property Developer
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*Fred, Brick Layer
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*Sommer Bath, Legal Recruiter
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*Rosemary, Accountant
"I came here to see Tracie to address my drinking which was happening too often and too much and after only a couple of sessions with some take home help, I completed the 6 Step Program and I have been living a clean and sober life since and continue to do so. I've been happier, healthier, feeling great and I recommend it to anyone who has even thought of cutting back on bad habits."
*Edward, Transport Logistic
"So I came to see Dr Tracie O'Keefe to address the problem I've been having with alcohol. And I found that therapy was very beneficial through hypnotherapy and talking about the relationship I have with alcohol and the treatments going forward. I found out that through addressing the problem and being empowered to change it and then taking responsibility for changing it was very beneficial for me."
*Brian, Manager
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*Daren in Logistics
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The Amendment rectifying the defect in Section 28 of the Indian Contract Act should be given a literal and logical interpretation by properly appreciating the intention of the legislature in the light of Parliamentary debates, objects and reasons for the Amendment, Law commission report and thereby upholding the intention behind the enactment of Section 28 b of the Indian Contract Act. However, contracts areagreements that are legally enforceable. Reasonableness is considered as the time of the agreement. Supreme Court in National Insurance Co. However it was also heldthat the bans in question, preventing players who had joined the Packer organization fromplaying in test and county cricket, were too wide. Thevoid restrictions were severed leaving a valid contract in restraint of trade.
However, in the opinion of the court such restraint should be reasonable. Law does not make it compulsory for every person to marry. Example: A, a father, having two minor boys, agreed to transfer the guardianship of those boys in favour of B and also agreed not to revoke the transfer. However, the counter arguments to this Amendment are if the Insurance claims are made early it could be investigated promptly and thereby avoid the likelihood of loss of important evidence and the insurers might be unable to meet the fraudulent claim. By implication, a limited restriction would not be barred. This article endeavors to answer the above issue faced by lawyers and the courts for some time now, that is, the question of whether or not to follow the law laid down by the Supreme Court in National Insurance Co. Agencies, and Modi Entertainment Network vs.
Illustration: An agreement to sell all produce to a certain party, with a stipulation that the purchaser was bound to accept the whole quantity, was held valid because it aimed to promote business and did not restrain it Mackenzie vs Striramiah. Therefore, an agreement between the traders not to sell their goods at a price below the one agreed upon, and to share the profits in a certain proportion is not void. Marriage is the fundamental right of every person. Such a condition is not illegal in itself. Such agreements qualify restrictions of two types: 1. Exception 3 to Section 28 was, therefore, introduced to safeguard banks and financial institutions. In this assignment, we discussed and focus on the agreement in restraint oftrade and legal proceeding.
Thus, from the above judgments, it may be inferred that where through a settlement after a breach of contract, one of the parties to an agreement waives or forfeits his right to adequate consideration, it is valid provided he does not waive away or abridge a right provided under an Act or law which may be considered as void to that extent. An individual can engage in any trade of his choice, anagreement that bars him to do that goes against public policy and the law of the land. Section 28 - Agreements in restraint of legal proceedings void : Indian Contract Act 1872 Is Agreements in restraint of legal proceedings void? For example, an action on dishonored promissory note may be brought within 3 years under the limitation Act. However, in such a case the specific court referred to in the contract should have jurisdiction under the code i. At allmaterial times Mr Robin Michael Faccenda has been the chairman and managing directorof Faccenda Chicken Ltd.
The Privy Council, while agreeing that the father was the rightful and proper guardian held that among the Hindus the father is the natural guardian of his children during their minorities but his guardianship is in the nature of a sacred trust and he cannot therefore, during his life time, substitute another to be the guardian of his minor children in his place. A agreed to make up the deficiency by giving more goods as security in the form of hypothecation. Further, if Z had paid the sum to the winner, the looser cannot bring a suit, for recovering his Rs. Thus, an agreement to engage a servant sometime next year, at a salary to be mutually agreed upon is a void agreement. The Madras High court held that in the view of Section 28 of the Contract Act, which prohibits agreements which have, for their object, restraining independence from enjoying the fundamental right of resorting to Court of law for redressal of relief. Trade connection An employer is entitled only to protection in cases where the employee was likely to have come into contact with clients or customers and to have acquired influence over them.
The Madras High Court in the case of Oriental Insurance Coheld, It is clear that by the Indian Contract Amendment Act, 1997, the original Section 28 has been replaced by a new paragraph in which extinction of right unless exercised within specific period of time, the law stands after this Amendment not only the curtailment of limitation period is permissible, but also the extinction of right, if sought to be brought by the agreement within a specific period, which period is less than the period of limitation prescribed for the suit under the contract in question is also rendered void. It does not apply to cases of civil or criminal wrongs or torts. The law on this point has been interpreted in the following manner so as to enforce such an agreement which amounts, in reality, to an agreement in restraint of legal proceedings. This question has a controversial and very interesting history behind it and squarely falls within the ambit of Section 28 of the Contract Act. In both cases, an agreement would be void as an agreement in restraint of legal proceedings. The former is void, while the latter is valid. Held, the agreement was void, and therefore, money could not be recovered.


Ajaccio and Srinagar are not the only locations we have for you. There is a lot more to choose from. Just give it a try!
Choose from one of these combinations: The distance between Silkeborg and Tulcea, The distance between Brighton and Salzburg, The distance between Chennai and Jammu, two random locations or choose from all locations available the one you want to start with.
What is the distance between Ajaccio and Srinagar?
How far is it from Ajaccio to Srinagar? How long would it take to go from Ajaccio to Srinagar? What is the distance between Ajaccio and Srinagar? Ajaccio is a great place to visit when travelling to France. Surely you already have heard about Ajaccio in the news. Can you imagine, how near or far away that is? France has so much interesting cities, but Ajaccio is surely one of the top locations in France. Before starting your trip to Ajaccio, make sure you know some facts about Ajaccio or at least France. Even if you are not planning to travel there, you can check your geography knowledge now. Now lets take a trip from Ajaccio to Srinagar. How far would you have to travel? How long would it take to fly from Ajaccio to Srinagar? Did you every make a journey from Srinagar to Ajaccio? Even if you are not planning to travel there, you can check your geography knowledge now. Have you ever been to India or even Srinagar before? Surely you already have heard about Srinagar in the news. Can you imagine, how near or far away that is? India has so much interesting cities, but Srinagar is surely one of the top locations in India. It is out of question that we added this India top spot in our geography quiz.
You are not a fan of Srinagar (which we have chosen for you as the destination for your travel starting in Ajaccio? Then maybe you want to start in Ajaccio and to go to one of the following cities: Kathmandu, Syracuse, Bratsk, Santa Barbara or Tarifa.
Just think about the distance between Ajaccio and Srinagar - how far would you have to go? How long would it take? Choose the right answer by clicking on it!
These cities are just 5711 kilometers apart.
The distance equals nearly the length of 100472 American Football fields.
Ok, now let's try to do this one: How far is Silves away from Wunsiedel?
Did you here about Ajaccio or Srinagar in the news? Or maybe you even have travelled from Ajaccio to Srinagar or the other way round. Then you surely know the exact distance between Ajaccio and Srinagar in kilometers or miles. But can you also determine the distance in other, more rarely used metrics?
This is not only a geography quiz about Ajaccio or Srinagar - we have lots of other locations from all around the world. Just try to determine the distance between two random locations or choose from the menu above any location you search for or you might know. How far is Silkeborg away from Tulcea??


text:
Norfolk Video Productions
Independent Film Making
Norfolk's Independent Film-maker
Norfolk Video Productions is a not-for-profit maker of scripted dramas and other types of short films. It is technically a club affiliated to the IAC - The Film and Video Institute, which is the umbrella body for all non-professional film-makers in the United Kingdom. NVP was founded by Peter Holdroyd several years ago, as a hobby, and has been largely a one-man operation since, bringing in expertise as and when needed, especially a select group of keen performers, 16 to 60 (or possibly 70!) who bring scripts to life.
NVP films in high definition video, using professional equipment and editing software. This includes a Panasonic Broadcast digital HD camcorder, and Sony and GoPro smaller camcorders, for special uses. We also have a ProAm camera crane which helps when a new and different angle is needed for a shot.
Software for editing is professional grade, from Adobe, and covers not only ordering shots but video effects, colour control and audio processing.
NVP would welcome contacts from actors and writers, and people with an interest in the technical aspects of film-making - sound, camera work, lighting, makeup, costume, design, location management, location catering, driving, editing, music scoring, script supervision, props, and so on, especially any with a project in mind.
Our aim is to make films which win the top awards at amateur competitions such as the British International Amateur Film Festival (BIAFF), run annually by the IAC.
Norfolk Video Productions has 'groups' on vimeo.com, and Facebook. We meet when we need to, and because we're all amateurs, most of whom have 'day jobs', we are flexible when it comes to scheduling filming days.
We make a small number of films a year.
No Pay for Dramas
Just to be clear, we're amateurs, we don't get paid, but we usually run to lunches on location days.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
//  Copyright 2010 Todd Ditchendorf
//
//  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
//  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
//  You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
//  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
//  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
//  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
//  limitations under the License.

#import <ParseKit/PKTerminal.h>

/*!
    @class      PKDigit
    @brief      A <tt>PKDigit</tt> matches a digit from a character assembly.
    @details    <tt>-[PKDitgit qualifies:] returns true if an assembly's next element is a digit.
*/
@interface PKDigit : PKTerminal {

}

/*!
    @brief      Convenience factory method for initializing an autoreleased <tt>PKDigit</tt> parser.
    @result     an initialized autoreleased <tt>PKDigit</tt> parser.
*/
+ (PKDigit *)digit;
@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Yodelout! Music
Studies In Music History
Home > Instruments > Musical Instruments
—The means for the production of musical sound are few in number, and of such universality and antiquity that we cannot say when, how, or by whom they were invented. Modern skill has not added one new means, but has simply improved the contrivances by which musical sound is produced. We can, however, trace the evolution and growth of the various instruments with considerable accuracy, and to this end it is of the utmost importance to have a clear understanding of the principles upon which musical instruments are constructed, in order to avoid bewilderment among the endless variety that have been and are yet made. All instruments may be divided into three general classes: Percussion Instruments, Wind Instruments, Stringed Instruments.
The Percussion Instruments are the instruments of rhythm. In this class are included all instruments used for this purpose. It is universally admitted that rhythm is the very basis of music, without which it is vague and meaningless. Possibly the physical fact that lies behind rhythm is the tendency of all repeated muscular action to become regular ; witness the blows of the hammer on the anvil, or the carpenter driving in a nail. The psychologic reason is that when the will has set a certain muscular action in motion, it leaves the carrying out of the command to some subordinate function, so long as it is continuous; but if the continuity is to be interrupted, the will must again exert itself ; hence, drumbeating and rattle shaking must of necessity be rhythmic. Nearly all savages have dances of various kinds. Varieties of drum rhythms arise from the almost universal custom of accompanying dances with drums and rattles.
Varieties of Percussion Instruments.—Percussion instruments are almost endless in variety. The most primitive example is that of a hollow log beaten with a war-club by some prehistoric savage. The next step leads to the hollow gourd or other hollow body, across the open end of which is stretched the dried membrane of some wild animal. From these descend all the long line of drums of all sorts, ending with the modern orchestral kettle-drums (tympani) which, by means of a mechanism for changing the tension of their parchment heads, may be tuned in various keys. Percussion instruments of metal are of very ancient origin. In this category are included cymbals of various sizes and shapes, gongs of all sorts, and later, bells and triangles. Comparatively few of the percussion instruments emit sounds of any definite pitch. They were and are to a great extent noise-producing, used for the purpose of marking rhythms.
Wind Instruments : Vibrating Column of Air in a Tube. —The next step in advance of noise-producing instruments is the discovery of means for the production of musical sound, which differs from noise in the possession of definite pitch. This leads to a consideration of the wind instruments that produce sound by means of a vibrating column of air enclosed in a tube. This is an important class and has several subdivisions, as will be seen. The simplest form of the wind instrument is the plain tube, producing a single sound when blown across the top. A series of such tubes fastened together side by side constitutes the Syrinx or Pan's pipe, an instrument known over all the world from the remotest ages. This is thought to be the instrument mentioned in Genesis with the Hebrew name Ugab—translated organ, in the verse : "Jubal was the father of all such as handle the harp or the organ." It is generally believed by scholars that the Pandean Pipe or Syrinx is the oldest of musical instruments ; but long before a sufficient advance had been made to bind together several reeds giving different sounds, the discovery was made that sound might be produced in this way. Some prehistoric man found it out, perhaps by blowing across the top of a hollow bone. A whistle of this kind, of prehistoric make, bored from one of the bones of a reindeer's foot, was found in a bone cave in France. It may have been used as a signal, and we may imagine that it may have guided a troop of palaeolithic hunters in the chase of the mammoth or rhinoceros, when these animals still roamed over the plains of Europe.
A Tube Pierced with Holes.—The next advance was the discovery that one tube could be made to give several sounds by piercing holes in it. The effect of piercing is equivalent to shortening the tube ; thus the Flute came into existence. There are three forms of the flute; the simplest is the old Japanese flute, blown at the end and pierced with a few holes. Next, the endless variety of flutes blown at a hole in the side, hence called the cross flute, or Flauto Traverso, in German, Querflote. A perfect series of these flutes may be made. From the piece of bamboo with three or four holes, up to the exquisite workmanship and musical possibilities of the orchestral Boehm flute, all these flutes are identical in principle. The third kind of flute is blown at the end and is furnished with a diaphragm, which directs the air in a thin stream against the edge of the opening. Flutes of this kind were once used under the names of flageolet and recorder. Their chief interest lies in the fact that they have served as the model for the flue pipes of the organ, from the ponderous thirty-two foot Diapason to the half-inch extreme of the Mixture.
The Tube with a Reed.—The next subdivision is: The tube in conjunction with a tongue or slip of cane, called a reed. Reed instruments are further divided into single and double reed instruments. The double reed instrument is of great antiquity and widely known. This is the instrument generally meant by the term "flute" 'in the ancient Greek authors. It is known in China and Thibet, and in its mod-ern form as Hautboy (oboe), English Horn or Bassoon, is an important member of the modern orchestra. The beating or single reed is so-called because it is made a little larger than the orifice over which it is fixed, and therefore beats against this orifice at every vibration, closing it and causing the air to be emitted in puffs. This form of reed instrument is also widely distributed. By the Greeks it was called the Berecynthian pipe; in modern Egypt Arghool, in early England the Shawm, which is a corruption of an older French name—Chalumeau. Under the name Clarinet it is another important member of the orchestra. The beating reed also furnishes the model after which the reed stops of the organ are constructed.
The Tube with the Lips of the Player.—The last sub-division is the tube in conjunction with the lip of the performer, the lips assuming the rôle of the reed. Count-less varieties of trumpets have been used from time immemorial, made at first from that natural tube that has given them their generic name, the "horn" of the ox or goat or antelope. The forms of the horn are endless, but from the conch shell of the Japanese or the ram's horn Shofar of the Hebrews to the perfectly tuned and mechanically perfect instruments of our bands and orchestras the series is complete, and the acoustic principle in all respects identical.
Stringed Instruments Played by Plucking.—The stringed instruments are those which depend for their sound upon the vibration of stretched strings. This class of instruments is of very ancient origin. As in the case of the wind instruments, the discovery of the principle of the vibration of a stretched string was probably accidental. The twanging of a bow-string suggests a possible clue, or the membranes of animals used for any purpose in which tension is required. Earliest among stringed instruments are the various forms of Harp or Lyre, in which each string gives a single sound, and is put in motion by being plucked by the finger or struck by a rod or flat strip of wood, ivory, etc., called a plectrum. In the next class are included those instruments that are furnished with a neck or fingerboard, with or without frets. In this class the strings are comparatively few in number, as many sounds may be obtained from each string by altering its length by the pressure of the fingers on the neck. These instruments-are also played either with the fingers or the plectrum; to this class belong the Guitar, Lute, Mandolin, etc.
The Lute Family.—For many years, until displaced by instruments of the violin family, the Lute occupied the fore-most position among instruments. It was a favorite instrument in the East, whence it reached Spain and lower Italy. During the 14th century, it spread over all Europe, retaining its popularity from the 15th to the 17th centuries. In shape it was similar to the mandolin of the present day. It had, however, a far greater number of strings. Five pairs of these and a single melody string lay over the keyboard, while the bass strings (finally five in number and used only as open strings) lay at the side. More elaborate forms of the lute, owing to improvements in the arrangement of the bass strings, were the Theorbo and the Archilute. For the various forms of the lute the ordinary measured notation was not used, but special letters or figures were given to indicate, not the pitch of the sound, but the proper fret on the fingerboard of the instrument to be used by the player. This method of notation was called Tablature; it differed somewhat in the various countries. Until displaced by the violin, the lute was in use as an orchestral instrument. In addition, transcriptions of all sorts of vocal and instrumental pieces were made for the lute, for home use, much in the same manner as they are at the present day made for the pianoforte.
Stringed Instruments Played with a Bow.—The next and most important class resembles the last in being furnished with a neck or fingerboard, but with strings put in vibration by a bow, the familiar Violin family. A German writer on the stringed instruments played with a bow gives the following as the successive steps in the evolution of the violin : Rebec, Tromba Marina, Hurdy Gurdy, Fidel (Fidula), Chrotta, Viole, and Violin. The early history of instruments is shrouded in darkness, which existed up to the 16th century. Before that time, although writers on music made reference to the instruments in use, they did not give detailed descriptions. Virdung, who published a work in 1511; Agricola, in 1528; and Gerle, in 1546, were among the first writers. Yet much confusion has arisen from the fact that these writers used different terms for the same instruments, a difficulty that confronts the student of musical history who consults German, French, or Italian works.
I. The Rebec was of Oriental origin and consisted of a wooden frame, which formed the side walls, the top and the bottom being spanned with skin, like a drum. The instrument had only two strings, and was used in accompanying singing. Later the number of strings was increased to three. In the 8th or 9th century an instrument called the Lyra (Lyre) was in use. Its shape shows a change toward the pear-shaped body and narrow neck of the lute.
2. The Tromba Marina (Eng., literally, "Marine Trumpet"), which the Germans call Trumscheit, had a long, sonorous body, over which a strong string, like that of the 'cello D, was stretched. This string, when sounded with the bow, gave forth a harsh, somewhat nasal tone, similar to that of the 8-foot wooden organ reed-pipe. But the proper way to play it was by lightly touching the string with the finger, as in making harmonics on the violin. This gave a series of tones, according to the pitch of the open string, the same as the so-called over-tones. If the string were tuned to low C, the sounds were middle C, then in succession E, G, C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C. This instrument was a favorite with choirs of nuns to accompany their singing. Another name given to this instrument from its single string is Monochord.
3. The Hurdy Gurdy, also called Vielle, Radleier ("wheel lyre"), Bettlerleier ("mendicants' lyre"), Organistrum and Chiffonie, was a great favorite in the period from the loth to the 12th century. This peculiar instrument consisted of a resonant body, over which four strings were stretched. It has analogies to bowed and keyed instruments. Its shape was somewhat like that of the lute or the viola d'amore or guitar. Two of the strings were tuned in unison, were stopped by an arrangement of keys, directed by the player's left hand shortening the string, thus making it possible to play melodies of a limited compass. The other two strings were usually tuned as Tonic and Dominant, thus giving a drone like the bagpipe. The strings are set in vibration by a wooden wheel, which, being well rosined, has the function of a violin bow; this wheel is turned by a handle at the tail end of the instrument, the player using his right hand for the purpose.
4. The Chrotta (Welsh Crwth—"crooth") is one of the oldest of string instruments played with a bow. The original home was possibly India, but in its European use it was limited to England, and especially to Wales. It was a favorite instrument of the Welsh bards. The oldest form had three strings. In its later form it was mounted with six strings, four stretched over the fingerboard and played with the bow, and two lying at the side of the fingerboard, and pinched with the thumb of the left hand.
5. Fidula (Fidel, Fiddle), equivalent to "viol," is the comprehensive term for the string instruments of the 8th to the 14th century. Its resonant body was arched and pear-shaped. The French flattened it more and called it Gigue, the Italians Giga, the Germans Geige, the latter term still being used. Two varieties were in use—the small and the large. The former had three strings tuned in fifths, the latter four to six, usually tuned in fourths and one third. The "large" species was made in four sizes for Discant (soprano), Alto, Tenor, and Bass. The "large" instrument had no bridge such as the violin of today has, and in its rounded form was difficult to play. Later it was cut out at the sides, thus approaching the shape of our violin.
6. The Viol, which first appears in the 15th century, had a resonant body which came almost to a point back of the neck, and the upper part of the body of the instrument was smaller than the lower; the fingerboard had frets like our guitar ; the edges were higher, the f holes were sickle-shaped, the top was flat, and the number of strings was six. Viols were divided into two groups—those held with the arm (like our violin), those played between the knees (like our 'cello). They were named the soprano or discant viol (violetta), the alto and tenor viols, and the bass viol (gamba). The contrabass or double bass has the viol form in certain respects.
From the viol family comes our violin through a diminution and beautifying of the form, through lessening the number of strings and doing away with the frets.
REFERENCES.
Lavignac.—Music and Musicians. Section on Instruments.
Grove.—Dictionary of Music and Musicians, articles on the various instruments.
Copyright © 2013 YodelOut · Log in


Pictured with this commentary is the cover page for the Transportation, Circulation and Growth Management Element ("the Element") from our city's General Plan. Notice the automobiles pictured on the cover roughly circa 1930. Today the maturity and relevance of the Element is just as dated.
State government guidelines recommend periodic updates to the General Plan; the statutes recommend every five years (SB-244). Our Element has been amended only once since 1974, 38 years ago! On page 8, it reads: "The Element acknowledges the constraints of existing conditions but is sensitive to anticipated regional needs of the future" ... meaning 1939, 1959 or 1979?
The Element contains a policy statement specifying what mobility access Laguna provides for our town, but what good is a policy statement that is never implemented?
The Element reads: "Assure that local bicycle routes will be compatible with routes of neighboring jurisdictions." Further, "Evaluate and improve pedestrian safety improvements and or devices at appropriate crosswalks." Also, "Investigate the feasibility of creating a pedestrian mall on Forest Avenue," and more.
The Element boasts Laguna Beach as a walking city taking credit for pedestrian beach access, but clearly not for access to South Laguna, crossing Coast Highway or Laguna Canyon Road, or Park and Glenneyre. Bicycles are dismissed altogether because "providing a comprehensive bicycle trail system throughout the community is not physically possible due to the steep hillside." Cyclists, take note.
At the moment there are no city staff working on the Element and no plans for future work. The city is instead making motions to apply for grant funding. The prerequisite for an application is to show demonstrated work on transportation planning. No planning, no grant.
Until Laguna's government makes a commitment to plan, write, adopt, implement and fund a new relevant mobility plan, solving transportation congestion through this town is pure fantasy.
California's General Plan guidelines read, "It is important to the public that the process they participate in has an impact on the final product."
LES MIKLOSY is from Laguna Streets.


text:
French fashion designer Emanuel Ungaro dies at 86
Emanuel Ungaro acknowledges applause at the end of a 2003 show in Paris.
PARIS —
French fashion designer Emanuel Ungaro, who was known for his use of vibrant color, mixed prints and elegant draping, has died at the age of 86.
Ungaro's death was confirmed Sunday by the eponymous Paris fashion house he founded in 1965, which said in an Instagram post that he "will remain in our memories as the Master of sensuality, colors and flamboyance."
The designer died Saturday in Paris, according to French media.
Born in the southern French city of Aix-en-Provence in 1933, Ungaro learned to sew from his father, an Italian tailor.
When he was 23 years old, he moved to Paris. Two years later, he started working as an assistant to Spanish fashion designer Cristóbal Balenciaga. Ungaro then worked for a couple of years for the Courrèges house before creating his own company.
For decades, Ungaro clothed celebrities and actresses, including Jacqueline Kennedy, Gena Rowlands and Catherine Deneuve.
In 1996, he sold his house to the Italian group Ferragamo. He continued to create collections until retiring in 2004.
He is survived by his wife and their daughter.
ObituariesLifestyleFashion
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Get all the day's most vital news with our Today's Headlines newsletter, sent every weekday morning.
The Associated Press is an independent, not-for-profit news cooperative headquartered in New York City.
Physician who declared Trump would be the healthiest president in history dies
Dr. Harold N. Bornstein, who once issued a statement declaring Donald Trump's health "astonishingly excellent" despite his fast-food diet, dies at 73.
Joanne Rogers, the widow of Fred Rogers, the gentle TV host who entertained and educated generations on "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood," died Thursday.
Search Obituaries & Guest Books on Legacy.com
Honor a loved one, place an obituary notice
Renie Bardeau, photographer who captured Disneyland's early evolution, dies
Bardeau, credited with documenting Disneyland's every nook and cranny for nearly four decades, had contracted COVID-19.
Siegfried Fischbacher, of Siegfried & Roy big-cat illusionist team, dies
Siegfried Fischbacher, the magician who performed with Roy Horn for more than four decades as Las Vegas act Siegfried & Roy, has died of cancer. He was 81.
Roy Horn, dark-haired half of flamboyant illusionists Siegfried & Roy, dies of coronavirus-related complications
Khalid bin Abdullah, Saudi prince and renowned international racehorse owner, dies at 83
The owner of Juddmonte Farms bred superstar racehorses around the world.
Sheldon Adelson, billionaire casino owner and Republican mega-donor, dies at 87
Adelson, who went from a childhood in the mean streets of Boston to become one of America's richest men, used his wealth to buy political influence.
Prentice 'Earl' Sanders, San Francisco's first Black police chief, dies at 83
Prentice 'Earl' Sanders became chief after working as a homicide detective on such infamous cases as the 1970s Zebra murders.


text:
Finance and Supply Chain
NetSuite Cloud ERP
RSMUS.com
Home / IT Infrastructure / Microsoft Windows 10 – A Paradigm Shift Toward Simplicity & Empowerment
Microsoft Windows 10 – A Paradigm Shift Toward Simplicity & Empowerment
By Eric Johnson - February 26, 2015
As you may have heard, Microsoft is busy preparing for it next big operating system release, Windows 10. Over one billion of us use Microsoft Windows for personal and business use, yet we are not all on the same version. Our preferred operating systems span Windows 7, Windows 8 and even Windows XP deployments. We all also use a variety of Microsoft Office products, spanning Office 2003, 2007, 2010, 2013 versions. Microsoft's next big shift is to move all Windows users to a common, cloud-delivered operating system, Windows 10.
Windows 10 utilizes the same successful strategy as Office 365
Not too long ago businesses seeking to leverage technology for competitive advantage had to build and maintain their own IT platform in-house. The platform provided core services such as email, file sharing, collaboration and security for their workforce. Investments were made in server hardware, software, and finding specialized talent in Microsoft's core server products such as Active Directory, Exchange and SharePoint server.
Microsoft recognized that businesses of all sizes needed these core services to thrive in our modern business world. The need to build an IT platform in-house was just simply not feasible for all businesses. Office 365 was developed by Microsoft to meet this need.
Microsoft server products as a cloud-based service
Office 365 represented the first major shift by Microsoft in its strategy to provide all businesses simplified productivity and collaboration services from the cloud. With Office 365, businesses no longer need to invest the capital costs or be responsible for the complexities of the server products. Office 365 services may be utilized from a bold startup of only a few entrepreneurs to the largest corporations employing hundreds of thousands of users all over the world.
Windows 10 as a cloud-based service
Windows 10 is Microsoft's next big shift in strategy toward a simplified and empowering computing experience. With the success Office 365 achieved as a cloud-based platform for productivity services, Windows 10 will do the same where it is most important – on our personal computers. Windows 10 will deliver our familiar desktop, applications, data and the information services we utilize every day to accomplish our critical business tasks, using the same cloud-based technology.
One familiar experience across all of your devices
Microsoft has designed Windows 10 to be the single operating system for all of your computing devices including desktops, laptops, tablets and phones. Large-format touch and projection screens commonly found in conference rooms are supported.
(Above) Windows 10 provides a consistent computing experiences across a full range of devices
Your work, applications and data remain easily accessible and secure as you move from device to device. Even while at home Microsoft has designed Windows 10 "Universal" applications and all of your favorite documents and photos to be available on your Xbox One console and large screen television.
(Above) Familiar functionality such as the Windows desktop and Start Menu have been enhanced for quick access to the programs and information you use the most.
The road to Windows 10
Microsoft has an ambitious goal to migrate 850 million users to its new flagship operating system within the first year of its release. Here are some of the key benefits Microsoft will entice customers to move to Windows 10.
Free upgrade path for all Windows 7, Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 users for one year after the Windows 10 launch
A seamless upgrade and transition from supported operating systems
Continuous upgrades for the supported lifetime of your devices at no additional charge
Always up-to-date via a cloud-based platform
Built for your business
Microsoft is determined to make Windows 10 the best operating system for business users.
Accessibility and Convenience
Your work is with you, when and where you need it
Put one device down, pick up another, and continue where you left off
Your work is protected with exceptional security, yet is easy to share. You remain in control.
Corporate data remains secure as it moves easily from device to device.
Microsoft is committed to respecting your privacy and protecting your intellectual property.
Full backwards-compatibility with all of your windows applications
New Windows "Universal apps" run on all of your devices, sharing common functionality but also exploiting the unique capabilities of each
Browse the Windows App Store to find new applications to help you achieve your goals
(Above) Microsoft has built Cortana, your personal assistant into the Windows 10 operating system.
Built for new computing experiences
Microsoft has also demonstrated exciting new ways to use Windows 10 to stay informed, search for information and accomplish your work:
Cortana, the digital assistant found in Windows Phones is now integrated within Windows 10
Complete work and tasks with natural interactions using voice, pen, gestures and gaze
New capabilities "once considered science fiction, are now science fact" enabled through holography and virtual reality
(Above) Microsoft's HoloLens will enable holographic user-interfaces built with Windows 10
Microsoft envisions Windows 10 to be the intersection of all of our positive experiences and expectations of the present and the past, yet still customized to each of our individual preferences. This time however, Microsoft is making the bet that nearly all of us will move forward together on a common and exciting new platform, Windows 10.
We've taken a broad look at the bold vision Microsoft has for Windows 10. In future articles we will further explore select and exciting capabilities that enable real-world scenarios to empower you to reach your business goals, collaborate with customers and partners, and leap ahead of your competition.
We would love to assist you with developing a roadmap towards being prepared to take advantage of Windows 10 for your business. To learn more about Windows 10 or for more information on RSM's offerings please check out our website. You can also contact RSM's technology consulting professionals at 800.274.3978 or email us.
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Here are links to sites you might find interesting and useful.
Search for birds by name, taxonomy, shape, and find information about habitat, food, nesting, behavior, and conservation. Explore topics from science to art, to history, to birding ID skills, and more. From The Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
An annual (usually mid-February) four-day event that engages bird watchers of all ages in counting birds to create a real-time snapshot of where the birds are across the continent. Anyone can participate, from beginning bird watchers to experts.
A local and international, real-time, online checklist program for the birding community to report and access information about birds.
Keep track of your bird lists and compare with other eBirders.
Explore interactive range maps by species or subspecies – zoom in for details.
Find out what birds to expect throughout the year in a region or location. Monitor arrivals and departures for a country, state/province, county, or hotspot.
Explore different metrics of species occurrence in a region or location.
The Maryland Ornithological Society (MOS) is a nonprofit, statewide organization of people who are interested in birds and nature. MOS promotes knowledge about our natural resources, and fosters its appreciation and conservation. The Society also maintains a system of sanctuaries to encourage the conservation of birds and bird habitat, and to help record and publish observations of bird life.
The Chesapeake Audubon Society (CAS) is an independent, local chapter of the National Audubon Society that works in the Maryland region to promote the stewardship of natural ecosystems through conservation, restoration, education, and advocacy. CAS is a group of citizens involved in the appreciation and preservation of the natural world around us.
Members can post their photos of birds seen in Maryland.
An open discussion group about birds and birding in Maryland and DC.
The American Bird Conservancy (ABC) mission is to conserve native birds and their habitats throughout the Americas. ABC acts across the full spectrum of threats to birds to safeguard the rarest bird species, restore habitats, and reduce threats, unifying and strengthening the bird conservation movement.
Maryland Birding Hotspots – Notwithstanding its small size and dense human population, Maryland encompasses enough diversity to make it one of the most rewarding birding destinations on the Atlantic Coast.
When to change nectar in your feeder.
Type of nectar to use – and those to avoid.
Hummingbird species listed by state and province.
Hummingbird events, such as field trips and hummingbird banding demonstrations.
An archive of previous migration maps (through 2018) is available for reference. The maps show dates and locations of first-bird sightings for Ruby-throated Hummingbords in the eastern half of the United States.
For current hummingbird migration maps, visit Journey North: Hummingbirds.
The mission of the Maryland Bluebird Society is to assist in monitoring and increasing the population of the Eastern Bluebird and other cavity nesting birds by educating and informing our members and the public about Bluebirds; support research on the Bluebird and its habitat; and cooperate with other organizations with similar conservation purposes.
A resource for people interested in helping bluebirds and other native cavity-nesters survive and thrive.
The Organization for Bat Conservation is dedicated to protecting bats, other wildlife, and the ecosystems they need to survive. We have the largest grass-roots bat conservation education program in the United States, presenting more than 1,500 live shows to over 250,000 people annually. Live animal exhibits are also provided for museums, science centers, wildlife festivals, and more, including the permanent exhibit at Cranbrook Institute of Science in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.
Information to attract and manage purple martins.
Forums, research and conservation information.
"Think Twice Before Rescuing Young Wildlife" has information about baby birds, deer (fawns), foxes, rabbits, squirrels.
Audible distress calls (fawn crying, etc) given over a prolonged period of time.
Read about species-specific signs for baby birds, deer (fawns), foxes, rabbits, and squirrels.
See their website for helpful rescue guidelines.
A home-based, all volunteer, non-profit organization founded by Judy Holzman, a state and federally licensed master wildlife rehabilitator, that cares for small mammals and birds that are ill, injured or orphaned.
A non-profit, state-licensed, wildlife rehabilitation center that takes in injured, orphaned, abandoned, or displaced wildlife.
Search by Maryland county for a licensed wildlife rehabilitator.
Operators are available from 8:00 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays.
Howard County Animal Control investigates animal cruelty cases, rescues endangered animals, accepts unwanted pets, administers a pet adoption program, conducts humane education programs and operates the county's animal shelter.
Animal Control also responds for injured or deceased deer on county roadways and on private property, if the deer is within 250 feet of a dwelling.
Wildlife Problems in Maryland: Report nuisance, injured or sick wildlife.
Sometimes, it's necessary to learn how to prevent frequent visits by wildlife to your home or neighborhood. It may even become necessary to remove Nuisance Wildlife from your property.
The mission of the Howard County Conservancy is to protect the open spaces, rural environment, and agricultural resources of Howard County; to promote the preservation and improvement of the natural environment and historic sites; and to engage in and promote education and the scientific study of our agricultural resources and the natural environment.
The Robinson Nature Center is a unique nature education facility situated on 18 acres of land adjacent to the Middle Patuxent Environmental Area, which provides over 1,000 acres of forest, meadows and river valley to explore.
Journey North is one of North America's premiere citizen science programs for people of all ages and includes families, teachers, schools, nature centers, professional scientists, and novices. Journey North provides an easy entry point to citizen science, with simple protocols, strong online support, and immediate results.
Reported sightings – of plants and animals – are mapped in real-time as waves of migrations and changing seasons move across the continent. People report sightings from the field, view maps, take pictures, and leave comments.
You can participate – and see the results!
The Turf to Trees program was created to help alleviate the damaging effects of stormwater runoff by increasing tree coverage throughout the County.
The program provides trees and planting services to Howard County property owners with lots of 1.5 to 10 acres in size, free of cost.
The mission of the Stream Releaf program is to create and enhance riparian forest buffers (protective strips of trees, shrubs and other vegetation's along a stream) to improve water quality and wildlife habitat throughout Howard County.
Free, native trees and shrubs are provided by the county to homeowners who commit to planting the trees and shrubs on their property within 75 feet of a stream.
Our purpose is to promote honey beekeeping in Howard County, Maryland, by providing a forum in which current honey beekeepers may become more knowledgeable of best practices, and the public can become more accurately informed on the benefits of honey bees.
The largest and oldest independent environmental organization in the Washington, DC, region, the Audubon Naturalist Society inspires residents of the greater Washington, DC, region to appreciate, understand, and protect their natural environment through outdoor experiences, education, and advocacy. ANS also has two nature sanctuaries: Woodend Nature Sanctuary (Chevy Chase, Maryland) and Rust Sanctuary (Leesburg, Virginia, a partnership between the Audubon Naturalist Society and NOVA Parks).
With land surrounding the Patuxent and Little Patuxent Rivers between Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, MD, the Refuge has grown from the original 2,670 acres to its present size of 12,841 acres.
South Tract, where the National Wildlife Visitor Center and its trails are located.
The Friends of Patuxent Wildlife Research Center and Patuxent Research Refuge, Inc., is a tax-exempt, non-profit organization formed to support the mission and programs of the Patuxent Research Refuge and the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Laurel, Maryland.
We raise funds for educational programs, exhibits, and research, the focus of which includes contaminants, migratory birds and studies of endangered species.
At the Whipps Cemetery Park, Howard County Master Gardeners and community volunteers plant and maintain heritage and native species in a variety of different settings, interspersed by pathways, benches, and around the tombstones. The plants are typical of those grown in Maryland gardens of the 1800s.
Annual Plant Sale – featuring many hard-to-find perennials, registered daylilies, and many other plants donated by the Howard County Master Gardeners.
Daffodil Day – featuring horticultural talks by Master Gardeners in Whipps' Woodland Theatre, garden tours, and potted bulb sales.
University of Maryland Extension (UME) educational programs and problem-solving assistance are available to citizens and are based on the research and experience of land grant universities such as the University of Maryland, College Park.
We offer many programs – from social events to advanced courses.
We conserve our natural history collections, educate citizens, and inspire youth to study the natural sciences. We host collections of plants, animals, fossils, and minerals, dating back to the early 1800s; and are developing a new natural history museum.
Our goal? That every Marylander learns to observe, identify, and appreciate the natural world that exists in our state.
Notice the phases of the moon?
Compare the shapes and colors of autumn leaves?
Watch birds at a bird feeder?
Write observations in a nature journal?
Have a favorite tree in your backyard?
Read nature writing (Henry David Thoreau, John Muir, Rachel Carson)?
Listen to frog calls at night?
Follow animal tracks in the snow?
Download apps to identify birds or plants?
Observe a ladybug as it lands on your finger?
These are just a handful of the characteristics of a naturalist. Chances are, if you answered "yes" to any of these, you have the makings of a naturalist!
We are an organization that shares these interests, too!
Maryland offers some great birding opportunities – if you know where to look!
MARA is a five-year, joint project of the Natural History Society of Maryland and the Maryland Department of Natural Resources. The goal of the MARA project is to document the current distributions of Maryland's amphibian and reptile species using a systematic and repeatable approach. The Atlas will establish a baseline for future efforts to determine changes in the distribution of amphibians and reptiles in Maryland. The information gained through your volunteer effort will be used to promote the conservation and protection of Maryland's 90+ species of frogs, toads, salamanders, turtles, lizards, and snakes. Understanding the current distribution patterns of amphibians and reptiles within the state is needed to create effective conservation strategies.


This is the first attempt to restore your image...!
I gave it another try using what I have learned over the years. It is a tough photo to bring back...!
I think this photo is more balanced although it is still quite grainy, but that is almost impossible to avoid.
I thought it would be fun to show you the update.


Hilary Hess is a Washington D.C. based documentary filmmaker and visual artist. Hilary produced and directed the PBS Digital Studios TV series "Making Friends with Ryan Miller", which focused on high functioning weirdos in Vermont. Most recently, she was a member of the video and photography team for Presidential candidate Bernie Sanders. She holds a Master of Fine Arts in Emergent Media from Champlain College in Burlington, VT.


text:
Health & Medicine Journal & Academic
Small Vessel Vasculitis and Mononeuropathies in Diabetes
Health & Medical Health & Medicine Journal & Academic
By Health & Medical Last updated Sunday, May/19/2019
Small Vessel Vasculitis and Mononeuropathies in Diabetes
A 58-year-old Hispanic Caucasian man with diabetes mellitus presented to the Emergency Center with a 1-year history of progressive bilateral upper extremity weakness and episodes of orthostatic lightheadedness. He initially noticed weakness in his right-hand grip that gradually progressed over the next 6 to 8 months to involve the left hand and eventually both arms, to the extent that he was unable to hold objects or elevate his arms. He also complained of a tingling and burning sensation in both hands. His family had noticed mild bilateral facial weakness, described as reduced facial expression, without dysphagia or dysarthria. He did not complain of any lower extremity weakness or sensory symptoms. There was no bowel or bladder dysfunction, and he denied any erectile dysfunction. Prior to evaluation, he had been experiencing orthostatic intolerance that worsened to the point that he became non-ambulatory. His family had also noticed cognitive decline over the last year, with frequent forgetfulness and slow thought processing. On systems review, he reported mild xerostomia and xerophthalmia without dysphagia.
A general physical examination, including cardiovascular, respiratory and abdominal systems, was normal. On initial neurological examination, he was awake, alert and oriented to person, place, time and situation. He had a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score of 16 out of 30, with deficits primarily in the visuospatial, executive and delayed recall domains. On cranial nerve examination, he had preserved pupillary responses, visual fields were full on confrontational testing, and he had normal fundoscopy bilaterally. His extraocular movements were preserved. He had bilateral facial weakness (facial diplegia) and decreased subjective sensation to light touch and pinprick in the left trigeminal nerve distribution. He did not have any hearing impairment and his uvula and palate elevated symmetrically. He did not have any weakness in his sternocleidomastoid, trapezius or tongue muscles. On motor testing, there was decreased tone in his upper extremities, with bilateral shoulder girdle and intrinsic hand muscle atrophy. On confrontational strength testing (based on the six-point Medical Research Council scale), he had normal neck flexion and extension strength. He had near symmetric proximal and distal weakness in the upper extremities, with strength of two to three out of five in all muscle groups tested, slightly worse on his right (Table 1). His strength was normal in his lower extremities.
On multimodal sensory examination, he had subjectively decreased sensation to light touch and pinprick in his left radial nerve, left median nerve and right axillary nerve distributions. A sensory examination of his lower extremities was normal. His triceps and patellar reflexes were diminished bilaterally, with preservation of his other myotactic stretch reflexes. His plantar responses were flexor bilaterally, and he did not demonstrate any frontal cortical release signs. Automated blood pressure and heart rate measurements performed at the bedside with postural change demonstrated severe orthostatic hypotension with sympathetic α- and β-adrenergic compromise as follows: supine blood pressure, 142/90mmHg (mean arterial pressure, MAP, 107mmHg) with heart rate 68 beats/minute; sitting blood pressure, 97/64mmHg (MAP 75mmHg) and heart rate 77 beats/minute; standing blood pressure, 65/40mmHg (MAP 48mmHg) and heart rate: 81 beats/minute.
His elevated serum hemoglobin A1C of 7.9% (normal 4.3 to 6.1%) was consistent with suboptimal diabetes control. He had a normal thyroid function screen and serum vitamin B12 levels. The results of tests for serum rapid plasma reagin, human immunodeficiency virus antibodies and a hepatitis panel were all negative. A screen for systemic vasculitides revealed an elevated anti-SSA antibody titer of 28.4EU/mL (reference range: neg <16EU/mL, equivocal 16 to 20EU/mL, positive >20EU/mL), with a normal anti-SSB titer of 0.3EU/mL (reference range: neg <16EU/mL, equivocal 16 to 20EU/mL, positive >20EU/mL). The results of the following serum or blood tests were negative, non-reactive or normal: anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, complement 3 and 4 levels and rheumatoid factor titer.
Due to his demonstrable cranial nerve deficits associated with his severe brachial diplegia and orthostatic hypotension, an infectious, infiltrative or inflammatory disorder affecting his cranial nerves and cervical nerve roots was considered. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed a normal white cell count of 1/μL (normal 0 to 5), with an elevated protein level of 81mg/dL (normal 15 to 45mg/dL), and glucose of 90mg/dL (normal 50 to 80mg/dL) with serum glucose of 160mg/dL. A mildly elevated immunoglobulin (Ig) G synthesis rate of 3.8mg/day was detected (normal -9.9 to +3.3 mg/day), suggesting increased intrathecal antibody production. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of his brain with and without gadolinium contrast was normal. MRI of his spine revealed mild spinal canal stenosis at C5–C6 due to a small central disc protrusion without cord compression. No changes suggestive of spinal cord or nerve root inflammation were observed.
Nerve conduction studies (NCS; Table 2) suggested a primary axonal neuropathy. Mild conduction velocity slowing or prolonged distal latency, with reduced compound motor action potential amplitudes are consistent with this inference. There was no evidence of conduction block in any of the nerves studied. The normal tibial motor and sural sensory NCS provided evidence supporting the non-length-dependent nature of the patient's axonal neuropathy. Monopolar needle electromyography revealed moderately severe chronic reinnervation changes in his radial, distal median, distal ulnar and axillary-innervated muscles bilaterally, with ongoing denervation changes in muscles innervated by his left distal median, right radial and bilateral axillary nerves only. Monopolar needle electromyography of cranial nerve VII innervated muscles revealed moderate chronic reinnervation changes bilaterally.
The electrodiagnostic data was consistent with chronic, moderately severe, axonal mononeuropathies affecting the patient's radial, median, ulnar, axillary and facial nerves; slightly worse on the left, as seen in mononeuropathy multiplex. There was also evidence of moderately severe chronic reinnervation changes affecting the L2–L4 myotomes on the left, suggestive of subclinical lumbar radiculopathies (explaining his diminished knee reflexes on examination). Secondary chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is unlikely because the clinical presentation, physical signs with preserved reflexes, were not consistent with CIDP, despite the elevated protein on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Moreover, the electrodiagnostic data did not meet the European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society criteria for CIDP.
He underwent a left superficial radial nerve biopsy that demonstrated a chronic vasculitic neuropathy with ongoing Wallerian degeneration, and severe end-stage axonal loss, as shown in Figure 1. This was consistent with a diagnosis of vasculitic mononeuropathy multiplex. A salivary gland biopsy (to evaluate for xerostomia) was normal. High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone was administered for 5 days followed by oral prednisone (1mg/kg/day) with strict glycemic control. A liberal salt diet, >2L fluid intake per day, JOBST® waist high compression stockings (to provide 30 to 40mmHg pressure), and fludrocortisone were used to treat the severe orthostatic hypotension. The patient was discharged to a rehabilitation facility for upper extremity physical and occupational therapy.
(Enlarge Image)
Light and electron microscopy demonstrating vasculitic neuropathy. Representative photomicrographs of fixed sections obtained from the left superficial radial nerve biopsy are shown. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections demonstrate severe axonal loss with almost complete depopulation of myelinated axons in a nerve fascicle (black arrow), (A) supported by the lack of neurofilament (NF) staining (black arrow) on immunohistochemistry (IHC), as shown in (B). H&E-stained sections show focal vasculitis involving small vessels with transmural lymphocytic infiltration in the epineurium (black arrow), (C), verified by CD45 (also known as leukocyte common antigen)-positive mononuclear cell infiltrates on IHC (black arrow), (D). Electron micrographs further demonstrate the severe axonal loss (~90 to 95% of large and small myelinated axons are no longer present) with residual myelinated axons (black arrows) and ongoing Wallerian degeneration (dark blue arrows) seen at lower (E) and higher magnifications (F). Original magnifications: A and B: 20×, C and D: 64×, E: 1000× and F: 5000×.
At 3-month follow up, the patient reported mild improvement in his upper extremity function, evidenced by interval objective improvement on confrontational strength testing (Table 1) and improved facial expression. There was less orthostasis, with infrequent spells of postural lightheadedness despite non-compliance with compression stockings. The repeat MoCA score was unchanged, with stable deficits in visuospatial, executive function and delayed recall, although the patient and his family had noted a subjective improvement in his cognition. He was subsequently started on azathioprine, which was titrated upwards to a total daily dose of 2mg/kg/day alongside a gradual prednisone wean.
At 1-year follow up, he demonstrated further improvement in muscle strength (Table 1) with stable cognitive deficits. He had further improvement in orthostatic hypotension, and was continued on fludrocortisone. His glycemic control had worsened with a hemoglobin A1C of 10%, and continued with a dose tapering prednisone regimen in addition to azathioprine. His hemoglobin A1C 1.5 years after hospital discharge was 9.2% on low-dose prednisone and therapeutic azathioprine. He continues to receive specialist endocrinological care for diabetes. His neurological examination at his most recent evaluation was stable, with no appreciable change on confrontational muscle strength testing.
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Background/Purpose: As a soft connective tissue, the Periodontal Ligament (PDL) exhibits material properties which are not the same at different levels. Study concerning the mechanical properties of human PDL was not reported in nanoindentation method with a flat punch.
Materials and Methods: A quantitative and a qualitative analysis for cervical margin, midroot and apex were made. According to the Oliver-Pharr theory, the mean value of the elastic modulus was calculated for each level. A generalized Kelvin model was used to fit the experimental load-displacement curve of the loading part at different levels, the model parameters were obtained by least-square method. The difference of stress distribution of the PDL for linear and viscoelastic model was compared with finite element method.
Result: In midroot section, the average elastic modulus ranges from 0.11 to 0.23 MPa, the range of the cervical margin and apex changed from 0.21 to 0.53 MPa, and 0.44 to 0.62 MPa, respectively. Apex section shows a higher creep compliance than that on the other two sections.
Conclusion: Experimental results indicate that average elastic modulus in midroot was lower than that at the cervical margin and the apex. The results derived with generalized Kelvin model agrees well with the test data, the stress in the PDL derived with viscoelastic model is lower than that with elastic model.


in Queensland - 4 profile(s).
Just a crazy Canadian surfing down under, looking to improve and make some rad friends. If you help me out with the surfing, I'll help you out when it comes to skiing : if you ever decided to come to Canada.
Hi:) Im Japanese female just moved here in Gold Coast. Im looking for some people/ nice friends that we can surf together sometimes. and I don't know how to surf actually but will take lesson on next Friday. so I swear I will not slow you down. I also interested in other Beach / Ocean themed activities.
Only went surfing once, so I would love to learn and get out there! Flexible Schedule.


One situation in which a prenup is advisable is when one spouse has accumulated or inherited more assets than the other. While assets that belonged to an individual before marriage usually remain theirs after a divorce, there are exceptions. Couples who are getting married can save themselves both money and time in the future by specifying how their assets are to be handled if a divorce occurs.
Having a prenuptial agreement before marriage may also be advantageous for the lower-earning spouse. Someone who is making less than their future spouse can use the prenup to ensure that their financial future will be secure. The prenup could detail how much alimony will be paid if a divorce occurs and for how long the payments will be made.
Someone who has their own business should also strongly consider completing a prenup. If a business owner gets married without completing a prenup, they may have to give some or all of their company to their ex-spouse. In some cases, they may be forced to make their ex-spouse a partner in the business.
A family law attorney may assist a client who is getting divorced negotiate the terms of a separation agreement. If necessary, the lawyer can make sure that the stipulations of a prenup are followed.