Well, spring is officially here. The coldest days of the year are finally in the rearview, and over the next few weeks we'll see zip-up hoodies and pullovers following suit. While spring doesn't really have as much of a bold presence or "signature" event as its siblings do (unless you're counting tax returns and seasonal allergies), its way of speaking in subtleties makes it hard to not get outside and enjoy. Daisies, daffodils, and lilacs splash color onto the foliage like tiny fireworks. Walking to your favorite local bar or restaurant suddenly sounds enjoyable again, and the choice between indoor or outdoor seating when you get there no longer sounds like a question of pure insanity. This playlist was made with those days in mind — a breeze-brushed mid-afternoon walk to the park where you might lay in the grass and close your eyes for a little longer than planned. Kacey Johansing and Noname feed you daydream fuel to keep you in the zone. Maybe you find yourself on your patio with breakfast, letting your bones thaw with a cup of coffee and Andrew Bird's indie-folk overtones. Whatever the case may be, give this one a spin and let yourself enjoy what April has to offer.
Trevor Graham Trevor Graham is a contributor at chorus.fm. He can also be found at @trevorshmevor on Twitter.


This paper presents a novel silhouette-based feature for vision-based human action recognition, which relies on the contour of the silhouette and a radial scheme. Its low-dimensionality and ease of extraction result in an outstanding proficiency for real-time scenarios. This feature is used in a learning algorithm that by means of model fusion of multiple camera streams builds a bag of key poses, which serves as a dictionary of known poses and allows converting the training sequences into sequences of key poses. These are used in order to perform action recognition by means of a sequence matching algorithm. Experimentation on three different datasets returns high and stable recognition rates. To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents the highest results so far on the MuHAVi-MAS dataset. Real-time suitability is given, since the method easily performs above video frequency. Therefore, the related requirements that applications as ambient-assisted living services impose are successfully fulfilled.
This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under Project "Sistema de visión para la monitorización de la actividad de la vida diaria en el hogar" (TIN2010-20510-C04-02) and by the European Commission under Project "caring4U—A study on people activity in private spaces: towards a multisensor network that meets privacy requirements" (PIEF-GA-2010-274649). Alexandros Andre Chaaraoui acknowledges financial support by the Conselleria d'Educació, Formació i Ocupació of the Generalitat Valenciana (Fellowship ACIF/2011/160).
© 2014 Alexandros Andre Chaaraoui and Francisco Flórez-Revuelta. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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50% of flynas fleet will be upgraded by 2021. Four Airbus A320neo will be received before the End of 2019.
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, March 17, 2019 --(PR.com)-- flynas, the national Saudi air carrier and leading low-cost airline in the Middle East, has received its second Airbus A320neo aircraft on Tuesday, March 12th from the 80 new planes purchased through an $8.5 billion deal with Airbus.
This deal is the second-largest aircraft purchase deal in the Middle East and is a game changer for the air-travel industry in the Kingdom and the entire region. It also marks a strategic milestone for flynas, which is set to receive four more aircraft before the end of 2019.
Mr. Bander Al-Mohanna, flynas' Chief Executive Officer, said the deal would allow flynas to travel for longer distances and reach new destinations with the aim to cater to a wider range of travelers. flynas will run flights to new summer destinations in June 2019, with direct flights to Batumi and Tbilisi in Georgia, Vienna in Austria, Baku in Azerbaijan, Trabzon in Turkey, and Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
flynas' CEO added that by 2021, Airbus A320neo aircraft will make up half of flynas' fleet, which supports Vision 2030's targets to develop the civil aviation sector. He added that upgrading the fleet will also support flynas' expansion strategy which aims to widen its scope of business and increase its share within local and international aviation markets.
Al-Mohanna also emphasized that the first Airbus A320neo, which was received in November 2018, was applauded by passengers due to its roominess. He said that new features will be added to provide more luxurious flights for passengers. Airbus' A320neo is known to boost the most spacious cabin among single-aisle aircraft. Moreover, the aircraft is fuel-efficient which makes it eco-friendly.


This railroad was disconnected from the national railroad network. It served to bring the ore down to Route 301.
Yes, that's the one. I also looked on my topo map from the NYNJ Trails Conference and it said the line was built during the Civil War, narrow gauge, mule powered, and like you said, ended at present day highway 301 where ore was transfered to wagons. I hope to explore the rest of the line once the snows melt.
Yeah, I was thinking about the earliest railroads in Quaker Meeting today (don't ask why). I think that the technology of road-building necessitated the use of rails in some situations. It wasn't so very important that they be motor-operated, or that they connect to the rest of the world, but instead that they be able to haul very heavy loads over otherwise-uncertain terrain.
There's an iron mine in Clarksboro, NY (actually just south of it) which has four ROWs going to it. The first, built during the Civil War, was a wagon road built to very stringent specs, but the wagons couldn't haul enough ore even so. They abandoned it, and built a railroad with iron straps on wood rails. That could haul the ore, but the straps ended up pulling up and off the rails. Only ran for about a year. I'm sure that their plan was to replace the wooden rails with iron rails once they started to make money.
They didn't make money. The mine languished until WWII when again, massive amounts of iron and steel were needed. They extended a logging railroad (on a different ROW, coming from the south) to the mine, and built a highway from the north (closest community) on another ROW than the wagon road. That mine was worked for about ten years.
I've bicycled the entire logging railroad ROW. It's kept open as a road into the mine, now a hunting camp. Found the wye at the end. I've traced portions of the wooden railroad. It's hard to do because they used a lot of the trees they cleared for trestles, figuring that they could fill them in with mine tailings. I found one place where the trestle was partially filled-in. But in many other places the trestles and ROW are vanished.
I just now noticed your username. I "discovered" the Jay Street Connecting Railroad last summer. Was running some http://OpenStreetMap.org mapping parties in DUMBO. I've got a bunch of pictures of it here: http://www.flickr.com/photos/russnelson ... 111114966/ and if you search on Flickr in Everybody's Uploads, there's a bunch more.
Jaystreetcrr, you are correct. The mine railroad ended up on Route 301 in the area of Dennytown Road, in the town of Putnam Valley. The hill on Route 301 going from the AT&T tower toward Dennytown Road is referred to as Dump Hill by the locals. The railroad would dump there ore on the hill and then take it by wagon down to the Foundry at the end of present day Kemble Ave in the village of Cold Spring. The foundry was the location were they made the parrott cannon from. I suggest a good place to park is on Dennytown Road at Sunken Mine road. Sunken Mine road is seasonal, I believe opening in middle of April but there is a dirt parking lot there. I've been through there several times. I suggest you walk unless you have a 4 wheel drive vehicle. There are a couple of old bridges and several ROW's throughout there. Also if you venture down to the old foundry (which is currently state owned land) you can see the right of way were they had a rail spur coming in from the Hudson line were they had hauled contaminated dirt from out of the former Battery plant located on Kemble ave just before the Foundry property. That is the same right of way that they took the cannons out earlier and test fires them across the river onto the mountain just north of West Point in Highland.
Lat weekend my 7 year old son and I went exploring the iron mine railroads. All of the following descriptions will make more sense if you're looking at NYNJ Trail Conference Map #103 East Hudson Trails. We parked on Route 301 at the Charcoal Burners Trail and started south. After less than a mile we hit the Old Mine Railroad trail and headed east. It looked like it had been used as a jeep or logging road, a little wider than the Appalachian Trail section to the east, but still had that railroad grade look with built up retaining walls and stone culverts. At Hidden Lake the grade continured east through an off-limits area while the trail got sketchy to the south.
After some bushwhacking we came to the Lakes trail, then bushwhacked over a ridge to the Sunk Mine. It's a nice scary shaft, rotten timbers and cave-ins, going down at a 45 degree angle. We hung out a while then went downhill to the rock dump by the swamp, through insane swarms of mosquitos (bring bug spray! we picked up some ticks too) There's a lot of interesting looking rocks there and the Reading Prong iron ore vein down through New Jersey contains a lot of interesting minerals.
Heading southwest from the Sunk Mine we found two parallel grades, seperated by about five feet of retaining wall. I'm guessing that one was the mine railroad and one was a wagon road. Near the Hamilton Mine the grade was obliterated by the present day Sunk Mine Road. There was some light T-rail sticking out of the flooded Hamilton mineshaft that looked a little newer than post Civil War...maybe this mine was worked later though I thought everything was played out by the late 1800s. After checking out the Denny Mine we made our way back to our car on the Charcoal Burners Trail, leaving me to speculate on the route of the Sunk Mine railroad to Dump Hill at #301...but that's another hike.
By the way, nearby Cold Spring is a great railroad town with a million Metro North and Amtrak trains, views of the West Shore line across the Hudson, a restaurant in the old station and a model railroad shop on the main street. It's a great day trip on the train from the city, a little far to Fahnestock Park but you could probably find a reasonable cab ride up there.
I visited this on Monday. Was downstate for the weekend and took a day off the go poking around.
jaystreetcrr wrote: Last weekend my 7 year old son and I went exploring the iron mine railroads. All of the following descriptions will make more sense if you're looking at NYNJ Trail Conference Map #103 East Hudson Trails. We parked on Route 301 at the Charcoal Burners Trail and started south. After less than a mile we hit the Old Mine Railroad trail and headed east.
It looked like it had been used as a jeep or logging road, a little wider than the Appalachian Trail section to the east, but still had that railroad grade look with built up retaining walls and stone culverts.
It started at the Cold Spring Institute, which doesn't have a sign in front of its gate, but instead says "OFARM". It looks wide enough to be a road. Given that it's 2' gauge, I am speculating that it was double-tracked from there to Hidden Lake.
At Hidden Lake the grade continured east through an off-limits area while the trail got sketchy to the south.
Yeah, they yellow trail used to follow the railbed on the northwest edge of Hidden Lake, but it's now been developed to the south (not sketchy) to the Blue Trail.
I didn't have any idea where the Sunk Mine (or any of the other three mines there) so I didn't see any of that. I guess that means that I have to go back.
Do you have GPS locations for these mines?
http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/way/187355071 This section of the "Old Mine Railbed Trail" (Yellow blazes) starts on the north side of a little creek, and goes mostly straight and level until it connects to the main line. I don't know what purpose this spur served. There were cuts and fills, though, so it was pretty clearly a railbed.
http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/way/181686470 The main branch of the railbed. It continues to the west all the way to 301, but there's a fence and gate. It continues to the east as the yellow trail until it hits Hidden Lake. The railbed continues to the northeast, but the yellow trail has been rerouted to the south, for "habitat and vegetation" renewal.
http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/way/187193871 This is the Appalachian Trail portion. It is very well defined, and has two rock-sided fills ... almost stone trestles, really. This is very clearly narrow-gauge track. I didn't see any spurs to connect to adits, nor did I see any adits. The railbed continues to within a few dozen feet of the foot of Canopus Lake, almost as if it continued past that point before the dam was built and the lake flooded.
That leads me to think that the first of those OSM urls is actually the Sunk Mine Railroad, and goes further than I thought. Also that I never went all that close to Sunk Mine; it was over on another ridge from me. Also that this reference claims that the railbed between Canada Mine and Sunk Mines was graded but never had tracks ("A narrow-gauge rail bed was laid between the Canada and Sunk Mines; however, it was never used and today is part of the Appalachian Trail. ") That would be the third URL from above. I had never before heard that it was an unfinished railroad.


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Home » Blogs » Nigel Morris-Cotterill's blog » RegTech: Knowledge, Belief and Suspicion and the trap of Wilful Blindness.
RegTech: Knowledge, Belief and Suspicion and the trap of Wilful Blindness.
Monday, 19 April, 2021 - 00:01
I first wrote about wilful blindness in 1996 in my book "How not to be a money launderer" and I said then that it was destined to be the central point on which all counter-money laundering laws would hang. I wasn't wrong then and I'm not wrong now.
To understand it, we'll take a quick romp through knowledge, belief and suspicion and then why machines cannot and for the foreseeable future will not be able to identify suspicion.
Blog / cast: https://youtu.be/ImOZ7Uy8PF4
There are many areas of life where we act on knowledge, belief and suspicion.
There are many jobs that depend upon the ability to differentiate between them and to give appropriate weight to them.
For example, if we were to ask those working in the media whether they are journalists or reporters, many would say they are journalists but, in truth, many are reporters that is to say that they report what they see or hear or what another person tells them what that other person has seen or heard. Or they republish, perhaps with minor style changes, press releases.
Reporting: Mrs Jane Smith died yesterday when she was hit by a bus in Market Street.
Journalism: Mrs Jane Smith, 41, was killed yesterday when she ran in front of a bus in Market Street. Passers-by said that Mrs Smith's pet miniature poodle had jumped out of the bag she was being carried in and ran into the road. Mrs Smith and her dog were well known to both shoppers and market traders. She lived nearby and went to the market daily, Mr Peter Potatohead, a greengrocer, told this newspaper. Several passengers on the bus were injured when the driver, Mr Gordon Scott braked hard to try to avoid hitting Mrs Smith. Mr Scott, 54, is a veteran of more than 30 years driving City buses. ″I will be retiring soon and I have never had any serious accident until today. It is very upsetting but there was nothing I could do as she ran out just feet in front of my bus.″ A police spokesman said ″we have reviewed the facts of the accident and have taken witness statements. It is obvious that the driver of the vehicle did everything he could to avoid hitting the victim and it is clear that the victim ran into the road with other things on her mind and simply did not think about, see or hear the bus. We are not pursuing any other lines of inquiry.″
Both versions contain facts. But there is also opinion.
The newspaper will, or should, check the facts.
Yet, when a newspaper receives a press release, if it chooses to publish it, it will review it for libel or criminal purpose and perhaps for house style (spellings, certain phrases, etc.) but it will not be checked for the accuracy of fact. This is because the newspaper ″reports″ the press release. It does not write about it in the sense of journalism.
We are not here talking about so-called citizen journalists, bloggers (yes, I see the irony) and other so-called social media writers. We are talking about established, reputable media which is, at least in theory, supposed to present a balanced view of the stories they present or, if they don't, to present them as opinion and declare that is what they are.
Media entertains guests, which it very often refers to as ″experts.″ TV programmes all too often describe the person they feature as ″the best.″ Or as ″world leading.″ That description is almost always hyperbole and very often wrong. The journalist presenting the story is trying to create a halo effect in which he looks good because he has someone ultra-brilliant to talk to.
So, why do we have this in relation to financial crime? It's because there are the same central problems.
We all have to understand knowledge, belief and suspicion.
Knowledge comes from evidence and irrefutable fact. That's easy, then. Because a fact is a fact, right?
Well, no. It's not right. What about changing medical opinion? In the mid 20th Century, medical opinion was that moderate smoking of cigarettes (which did not have filters, remember) was good for you. But by the end of the 1950s, there was a small but growing body of opinion that it was bad. Soon, the fact that smoking is good for you became the opposite of a fact.
But, interestingly, it is a discredited fact that tried to come back more than half-a century later when CoVid-19 was found to infect via the nasal passages, there was a body of opinion that said that smoking would prevent the virus getting into the nasal passages. It was, of course, rapidly debunked, as were claims that the virus could be cured by drinking bleach and other improbable or downright dangerous suggestions.
The serious point, however, is that there were people who were convinced that such claims were true, that they were fact, that the facts we so strong as to be the basis not of belief but of knowledge.
We can look around the internet and find extremists, fraudsters and crackpots advancing all manner of theories and trying to establish them as ″fact″ and, if they are fact, that anyone who does not accept them as such, and therefore knowing them to be true, is dangerous.
Religions are referred to as ″belief systems″ precisely because we cannot prove the existence of God. Indeed, the strength of religions is that they require ″faith.″ This in an acceptance of something which cannot be proved, as if it were true.
Belief comes from information and demonstrable fact. The facts do not demonstrate the single most important thing: the existence of God. The facts demonstrate a tendency to establish some non-human force. It can be the appearance of the face of a deity in a potato, a statue that appears to cry, even something so beautiful that it is hard to conceive of it coming from the mind, much less the hand, of man.
However, while it may shore up belief, it is not proof, it is not demonstrable fact, it is not evidence.
We see the same approach in relation to, for example, environmental issues. The world has sold its soul to electric vehicles but they move and mutate the environmental issues of fossil-fuelled vehicles. We know that windmills are not very efficient and that they have to be millions of them to replace fossil fuel plants. But by the time we reach that point, we will be on Generation X of the windmills; there is no viable plan for removing old windmills set in the ocean floor nor for the disposal or re-use of the whole thing. How far is this into the future? It isn't: it became a problem when the first generation began to fail several years ago. Be it knowledge or belief, it is clear that it is not the complete solution we are being sold.
Solar panels are not the solution, either. Those that are entirely silicon and metal can, in fact, be very close to totally recycled. But in only April 2020, it was being posited that ″landfill disposal of solar panels likely safe for humans.″ That was ″greentechmedia.com.″ Is that a fact? A month later PV magazine said ″there's limited interest in recycling. But given the presence of heavy metals, such as lead and tin, if waste is managed poorly, we're on track for another recycling crisis.″ Is that a fact? Are they inconsistent? If they are inconsistent are they opinions? What value can we place on opinions?
And this is before the environmental disasters of mining the metals needed for batteries and the problems of disposal of batteries that have reached their end of life. The e-waste crisis that much was made of in the 2000s has been replaced with a dead-battery crisis that is receiving almost no publicity. Group think says electric is best but only by those seeking to abolish fossil fuel and, perhaps, nuclear power plants. Stand back and look at the problems and a different perspective appears.
This returns to the question, can we identify that which is evidence, information or intelligence? And to what extent is opinion the driving force?
Counter-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing laws are designed to prevent those offences, and those for tax evasion and the prevention of bribery and corruption, and regulations made under them. They all speak of ″knowledge″ and ″belief.″
Courts require facts to be proved by evidence. Facts are not proved by information or opinion, other than opinion of genuine experts and even then they take second place to physical evidence.
But it's when we get to ″suspicion″ that things become very woolly.
Suspicion is not proved.
Suspicion may be founded on facts but if those facts, combined, amount to certainty, that's knowledge.
But often, suspicion is based on ″intelligence″ which is about as far away from evidence as one can get. Intelligence is unsubstantiated; it is not corroborated; it is not far removed from gossip.
This is where it gets silly. Silly but very serious.
A court may decide ″as a fact″ that you were suspicious because the judge or jury takes a different view of the intelligence, information or evidence in your hands. Laws talk about ″had reasonable cause to believe″ or ″had reasonable cause to suspect.″
This is the first step in a concept known as ″wilful blindness.″
Wilful blindness is first found in English law in the late 19th Century which, elsewhere, I have described as ″the golden age of English jurisprudence.″ And it was. Many of the concepts that we find all over the world, not only in Common Law systems, originate from the senior English courts of that period.
Wilful blindness isn't complicated but prosecutors and judges find it difficult to explain to jurors and in this short piece, I'm going to skim over it too. But it's vitally important: we find it all over the world in financial crime laws, often phrased in ways that make it appear as if the draftsman was trying to disassociate the concept from its origins (yes, Australia, I'm talking about you, amongst others) .
To summarise: it's where a person who is required to make an informed decision about something deliberately, recklessly or negligently fails to ensure he has the relevant information to enable him to do so.
A person who doesn't ask what's in the package someone has given him to hand carry on an aeroplane can't escape liability: he should have asked. If he didn't ask he
a) elected not to or
b) didn't think about it or
c) chose to run the risk when he was at the check-in desk and the counter-clerk asked ″has anyone asked you to carry anything for them?″
So where does this leave us?
The fact is that a Court can find that there was Knowledge, Belief or Suspicion if a reasonable person with the defendant's characteristics (language, education, background, experience and the proven facts, information or intelligence available to him) would have been suspicious.
The second is that this is always, by definition, second-guessing. It's a decision reached ex post facto. Worse, the pressures on a jury are very different to the pressures on a person working in a bank, etc. and having to decide if something is suspicious. And the information is presented to them in a very different way to how it arrived, if it did arrive, before the defendant in the course of his routine job.
The third is that we may think we only know what we know but we often know, or have information or intelligence relating to it, that which we don't know we know.
The fourth is that some people think that knowledge and belief are the same; they are not. Others think that suspicion requires proof: it does not.
Suspicion is an emotional reaction to that which is before us. It is a state of mind It's like or not like; trust or not trust. It is vague. It is a value judgement, often reached in a matter of moments.
This is why machines cannot reach suspicion. Machines cannot develop a state of mind. They best they can hope for is that someone has risk-scored every possible relevant circumstance and set value that, if exactly those circumstances were present at that time and in that order, a human would consider to be suspicious. That's not going to happen, no matter what the technologists say. Why? Because machines can't feel. They cannot think. They cannot make value judgements.
Can a machine be ″wilfully blind?″ The answer to that is ″no″ and that's why the answer to ″can a machine define suspicion″ also has to be ″no.″
And that's a fact.
The topics in this blog are expanded upon, with many other approaches to understanding suspicion, in my book ″Understanding Suspicion in Financial Crime.″ which, in May 2021 will go out of print and will be revised, updated and added to as an e-learning course at www.financialcrimeriskandcompliancetraining.com .

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: In MS Word, how do you create a list in table that separate bullet and content? So I have this table with 2 columns and I want to put a list in it such that
+-------------------------------+
|    *  | Content 1             |
|    *  | Content 2             |
|    *  | Content 3             |
|    *  | Content 4             |
|    *  | Content 5             |
+-------------------------------+

the bullet is in the left cell, and the content is on the right cell, is this possible?  I am using MS Word 2010.

A: You create a two-column table, set column widths to automatically adjusted (or something else, as you like) and you enter the bullet character "•" in the cells of the first column, e.g. by typing Alt+0149. I don't think there's a way to generate the bullets automatically in the same sense as you can control the bullets in a bulleted list.

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text:
After 10 Years, Blizzard Thanking Loyal WoW Fans With Statues
To receive Blizzard's free gift, you will have had to been with World of Warcraft since the beginning.
By David Murphy
https://www.pcmag.com/news/after-10-years-blizzard-thanking-loyal-wow-fans-with-statues
What do you get for spending 10 years in the World of Warcraft universe? First, you get a pretty hefty bill: $1,560 for 120 months of gameplay, assuming you signed up for Blizzard's six-month subscription packages each time.
If you've been with Blizzard since the start, and have not taken any kind of break in your service since the game launched, then you might want to check your mail over the next few days. According to a number of reports from Twitter, as well as Blizzard's own online forums, some of Blizzard's die-hard players are receiving special statues in the mail as a tribute to their digital longevity.
The metal statue of an orc riding a wolf weighs "a few pounds," notes one forum poster, and stands at about 8 inches tall. On the bottom of the statue, Blizzard lists the players' anniversary dates—2004 to 2014—and offers up a little thank you:
"The orc statue is a constant presence in our life at Blizzard Entertainment. It's where we meet to talk, to eat, to celebrate. As we celebrate ten years of World of Warcraft, we present this token of appreciation to you, stalwart adventurer. Thank you for being a constant presence in our lives as we adventure together."
Unfortunately, it's unclear just what the specific cutoff is for someone to get a statue, which has undoubtedly led to a bit of heartbreak for those who started the game a wee bit later, but have romped around Azeroth ever since.
"The real kicker is to those who wanted to buy a copy of the game shortly after release and couldn't due to the fact there were no physical copies available because they stopped producing them to play catch up on the servers," one forum poster wrote. "I have been here since Beta, and have only had a couple of breaks in sub time, but no email or gift anywhere to be seen."
Them's the breaks, we suppose. We wonder what Blizzard has in store for 20 years…
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David Murphy got his first real taste of technology journalism when he arrived at PC Magazine as an intern in 2005. A three-month gig turned to six months, six months turned to occasional freelance assignments, and he later rejoined his tech-loving, mostly New York-based friends as one of PCMag.com's news contributors. For more tech tidbits from David Murphy, follow him on Facebook or Twitter (@thedavidmurphy).
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Catherine Malabou, The Future of Hegel: Plasticity, Temporality and Dialectic, trans. Lisabeth During, Routledge, 2005, 240pp., $33.95 (pbk), ISBN 0415287219.
The French reception of Hegel has long been deeply influenced by Heidegger's interpretation of his great German predecessor. According to this interpretation, Hegel is a thinker of the past, in two important and related senses: offering a philosophy that is oriented toward the comprehension of history, and which cannot speak of the future, Hegel himself is a figure of merely historical interest, from whom the future has nothing to expect. As Jacques Derrida describes the situation, in his extended Preface to this book (which began as a doctoral dissertation under his supervision, and was originally published in French in 1996): "We are all the inheritors or the descendants of Marx, of Heidegger, and a few others, and we often, perhaps always, have lived, for many decades, in the reassuring certainty that the Hegelian legacy is over and done with" (xviii). Catherine Malabou aims to disrupt this reassuring certainty: "To say, with Heidegger, that Hegel never speaks about the future amounts to saying that Hegel does not have a future. The present work contests the validity of Heidegger's assertion" (5). By contesting Heidegger, Malabou hopes to alter the philosophical condition in France, which Derrida characterizes as being plagued by "a sort of active and organized allergy, we could even say an organizing aversion, towards the Hegelian dialectic" (xxvi).
Malabou's strategy is to demonstrate the significance of the concept of 'plasticity' -- "a capacity to receive form and a capacity to produce form" (9) -- at key moments in Hegel's system, and thereby to demonstrate that his philosophy is significantly more flexible, and genuinely open to the future, than Heidegger and his intellectual descendants will allow. Malabou executes this strategy in three parts, each of which examines an important aspect of Hegel's philosophy of spirit. Part I: Hegel on Man, offers a reading of Hegel's discussion of anthropology. Part II: Hegel on God, investigates Hegel's account of Christianity. And Part III: Hegel on the Philosopher, considers Hegel's treatment of philosophy itself. In each of these three parts Malabou emphasizes the role of plasticity, in order to show that Hegel conceives of humanity, divinity, and philosophy as inherently amenable to future transformations.
Part I consists of four chapters, which together strive to demonstrate that Hegel understands human beings to be capable of 'plastic individuality'. Chapter 1 introduces habit as the key to Hegel's anthropology, in virtue of being that which "liberates the [human] subject from the obstacles and the limitations of that state where nature is still too intensely influential" (38). "Habit," Malabou contends, "is revealed as a process through which man ends by willing or choosing what came to him from the outside" (70-1), and which thus enables humans to engage with their own futures in a self-determining way. Chapter 2 presents Hegel's reading of Aristotle's De Anima, which Malabou regards as the basis for Hegel's own anthropology. Chapter 3 then raises the question: if humans are not the only animals that develop habits, what is it that gives us a capacity for self-determination that other animals lack? Chapter 4 responds that the use of language differentiates human beings from other animals and makes our habitual behavior unique: "Man is exemplary because the human formative power can translate the logical process into a sensuous form" (74). This, Malabou concludes, makes each of us capable of plastic individuality, of transforming our own singular essence in unforeseeable ways by incorporating what was formerly accidental.
Part II attempts to show that Hegel regards not only human beings, but also God, as fundamentally plastic. Malabou offers this demonstration as a rebuttal to theologians who object that Hegel's God is subordinated to logical necessity, without any possibility of transcendence, and therefore has no future. Such theologians reason that if God is fully necessitated, then God is fully present and transparent to human understanding, which eliminates the possibility of surprise and the anticipation of divine arrival. Malabou responds, however, that this is an illegitimate characterization of Hegel's conception of God: "For Hegel, the divine negativity, conceived in its most radical form, does not manifest the lack or the passivity, but rather the plasticity of God" (104). She concludes that Hegel attributes plasticity not only to individual human subjects, but also to "the substance-subject," which is therefore "something that develops in a temporal fashion, or, so to speak, contains self-differentiation in its very concept" (118).
Part III argues that Hegel's systematic philosophy is itself plastic, capable of being transformed by those who read it, and capable of transforming those same readers. Malabou insists, "It is not stasis but metamorphosis that characterizes Absolute Knowledge. Consequently it forms and transforms individuals, fashioning their ways of waiting for and expecting the future" (134).
She also denies the former objection, arguing that precisely because Hegel's dialectic is driven by conceptual necessities rather than the reflections of a particular author, its meaning remains resolutely dependent upon and open to the interpretations provided by its readers: "What the dialectical movement demands is not a passivity, but a plasticity, from the reader" (180).
Malabou's emphasis on the concept of plasticity in Hegel's philosophy is novel, and her attempt to challenge the Heideggerian interpretation of Hegel, and thereby reorient the French reception of his work, is important and timely. Malabou's treatment of Hegel is knowledgeable and insightful, demonstrating command of both the large systematic context and the particular details that are crucial to her analyses. Each of the three parts of the book makes a worthwhile contribution, and together they make a powerful case for her conclusion.
The Future of Hegel will appeal most strongly, however, to those already steeped in the philosophical issues and disputes generated by the efforts of the last several generations of French scholars to evaluate the legacy of Hegel's thought in light of Heidegger's work. The concerns that motivate the book will be less pressing to those unfamiliar with these debates. This may include English-speaking readers of Hegel who are more accustomed to addressing the challenges posed to German Idealism by empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism, rather than those initiated by Heidegger.
Indeed, one of the curious and disappointing aspects of Malabou's book is its almost complete lack of engagement with recent English language scholarship on Hegel. Very good work has been done on many of the themes that are central to her work, including Hegel's understanding of habit, the relationship of his anthropology to Aristotle's De Anima, his account of Christianity, and his conception of systematic philosophy. Moreover, English language scholarship has already grappled with, and convincingly repudiated, some of the very misconceptions about Hegel that Malabou herself rightly rejects, including the old myths that Hegel's politics is totalitarian, that his metaphysics denies contingency, and that his ethics has no place for individuality. These myths continue to persist among those who are less familiar with Hegel than they are with his French critics, and so it is understandable that Malabou devotes considerable attention to taking them on, but her efforts would be enhanced if she drew on the best English language work in doing so.
In particular, it would be intriguing to see Malabou engage with English scholarship on the question of the senses in which, and the degree to which, Hegel's own system is plastic, or open to future transformation. This has been addressed most directly by David Kolb in "What is Open and What is Closed in the Philosophy of Hegel," where he argues that "an open thinking would have difficulty comprehending and reconciling in the strong sense Hegel has in mind" (34). Kolb's position has been challenged explicitly by John Burbidge in "Hegel's Open Future," and implicitly by John McCumber, who contends in The Company of Words that "the System is much more supple than has previously been thought. Not only could Hegel have developed it in directions other than those it actually takes in his writings, but it has enormous capacities for revision" (127-8). Kolb and McCumber have also written extensively about the relationship between Hegel and Heidegger, so their work affords a perfect opportunity for Malabou to forge more explicit connections between Hegel scholarship in French and English. Such connections would further advance the important task of providing an accurate assessment of Hegel's work, to which The Future of Hegel has already made a significant contribution.


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John McCain. Lisa Murkowski. Kay Bailey Hutchison. Saxby Chambliss. Richard Burr. Dan Coats.
No, I'm not listing the centrist wing of the Senate Republicans. I'm listing some of the co-sponsors of SECURE IT, the bill that Senate Republicans have been forced to bring forth because the extremist Cybersecurity bill by Joe Lieberman and Susan Collins just couldn't be bargained with. That's right, John McCain of McCain-Feingold, McCain-Kennedy, and McCain-Lieberman couldn't find a way to negotiate a compromise on this.
It's the right bill to pass. It's since gotten oversight champion Chuck Grassley and TEA Party favorite Ron Johnson on board, among others. It addresses the key security problems we face without giving the proven-incompetent feds any new powers over the Internet. Here's KBH on the bill.
In an example of lucky timing, the GSA scandal proved why Darrell Issa's DATA act was needed. Transparency in government allows for oversight. So the bill passed the House by voice vote.
I first floated a while back the idea that this sudden, strident CISPA opposition was roote d in a desire to distract the public from the much stronger and more dangerous Lieberman-Collins bill in the Senate. It'll work with the libertarian left because hey, they'll believe whatever the left says about eeevil Bushitlerian Rethuglicans. But it disappoints me when the right, including FreedomWorks, is tricked and puts effort into CISPA instead of Lieberman-Collins. Did we learn nothing from Net Neutrality?
But yeah, when the usual whiny groups along with Barack Obama and the administration are joining together to talk exclusively about CISPA but not at all about Lieberman-Collins, I'm right.
House Republicans may in fact limit the bill in response to the veto threat, but the fact is we need a flexible legal framework to empower the good guys to have information which is critical when countering bad guys who share information all the time.
International attacks are real though. In fact, everyone may want to check into this account by the FBI about a thwarted attack that may still infect your computer.
What's the ideal situation for the cable television marketplace? A free market. Cable providers should be able to negotiate, or not, with broadcasters and copyright holders to purchase streams to resell to their customers. Jim DeMint is trying to bring us closer to that by ending special leverage in the marketplace given to broadcasters.
You see, the rules in place now are not designed to create a free market. Just as the Net Neutrality regulations are designed to restrict customer choice, out of fear that those customers would favor paying for superior service, so too did regulators fear that cable companies would win in the marketplace. So regulations were put into place to favor local broadcasters.
There's a lot of inside baseball here in the retransmission consent debate. It's tricky to unwind a complex regulatory system. But DeMint's plan is a step forward.
So is CISPA. Some say the bill is risky and may get too much information out into the open, with too little oversight. That might be right. The bill might stand tweaking. But the concept is good. I find it interesting that Google isn't taking a position on it, possibly out of fear of a left-wing backlash.
You see, there's more to CISPA opposition than just CISPA. There's also the Lieberman-Collins cybersecurity bill at stake.
Tech at Night: CISPA is fine, Lieberman-Collins is not. Let Verizon innovate. Make Netflix compete.
Yup, CISPA is still the top story. It will improve our security, which matters in an age of Chinese and Anarchist Internet attacks. And unlike Lieberman-Collins, Which is the bill being pushed in the Senate, no government power grab is involved.
So the House is right to challenge the President's push for Lieberman-Collins. Lungren's PRECISE Act is another bill that would create no new regulations. That's the kind of approach we need. Remove impediments to greater security. No micromanagement.
How harmless is CISPA? Despite irrational attacks by association, because we're apparently supposed to think Republican bills bad, even though the Democrats in the Senate had kept PROTECT IP alive months before Lamar Smith brought SOPA to committee, CISPA has already has been modified to remove mention of copyright infringement. And yet the rage continues.
I figured it out, though. The reason CISPA, a previously unknown bill, is under attack is to give cover for the Lieberman-Collins cybersecurity bill, the one that had the Internet Kill Switch in it. If the leftys are all a-twitter about Republicans, then nobody but us conservatives will pay attention to the power grab in the Democrat-controlled Senate being pushed by the Obama administration including DHS Secretary Janet Napolitano.
CISPA is not a threat. It looks like CISPA is a red herring.
FCC reform advances in the House. Greg Walden's FCC Process Reform Act is a needed bill, so I'm glad that it went from committee to the floor, and took minimal modification in passing. I like that it got an extra poke at FCC being more closed on FOIA requests than even CIA.


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The Road Less Trampled
Scientists thought groomed roads helped lead bison out of Yellowstone National Park, but new work shows the animals may prefer natural trails
By Harald Franzen on February 5, 2001
Image: courtesy of DAN BJORNLIE
THOUGH HARDLY DAINTY, bison in Yellowstone National Park travel away from deep snow, which makes it harder for them to forage.
The winter of 1996-97 was a bad time for bison in Yellowstone National Park. The season was particularly harsh and snowy--and for some reason, scores of the massive animals began to leave their normal stomping grounds. As they crossed into non-parkland, they were killed by the Montana Department of Livestock. The agency needed to protect the state's livestock from the infectious diseases bison sometimes carry--but they ultimately shot dead more than 1,000 of the estimated 3,500 bison living in Yellowstone at the time. The tragic event led several scientists to ask the same question: why did so many bison decide to leave the park?
Mary Meagher, then an animal ecologist at Yellowstone National Park, had been working in the park and with the bison for almost 40 years. When she looked into the mysterious mass exodus, she decided to place at least part of the blame on groomed roads. These cleared paths, she concluded, made it easier for the bison to move around within the park and, on occasion, led them on mass migrations out of the park as well.
"Pieces of roads--suddenly available in the harsh conditions of winter--became easier, energy-saving travel routes," she explains. "Life is 50-50. It's what you take in, that's the calories, but the other half, especially in a harsh environment like this, is the energy it costs. Energy saving is really crucial in this environment. That means that any energy that an animal saves--especially if, in saving that energy, it gets to slightly more forage--is going to tip the balance of survival.
Meagher says the bison eventually left the park due to a domino effect: populations of bison from one valley moved westward, pushing the population there farther west and so on--until some bison were ultimately pushed out of the park altogether. "The first time I know that I had bison use a section of road to move to a new foraging site was in February of 1980," Meagher adds. "The next year they had moved another quarter of a mile further west. Animals learn too."
TRAVEL PATHS the bison take include river corridors and thermal features--natural trails that man-made roads also frequently follow.
But not everyone reached the same conclusion. In 1997 Dan Bjornlie, then a graduate student in ecology at Montana State University, also set out to determine exactly how and why the bison had migrated. Over the course of two winters, Bjornlie and his graduate advisor Robert Garrott--working with several technicians and other graduate students--monitored Yellowstone's bison populations. They recorded where the animals were and if they were feeding, traveling or resting. The group came up with some surprising results, which put many traditional ideas about bison behavior in question.
Indeed, earlier observations indicated that the bison population lived primarily in two regions: one at the northern end of the park, and one in the center. For the most part, the animals had not moved from these neighborhoods. In recent years, though, researchers had noticed an increased migration of the bison to different pastures during different seasons. Meagher and others attributed this movement to the bisons' natural migratory drive, and to man-made changes in the ecosystem of the park, including groomed roads.
Bjornlie, however, saw another possible explanation--namely the steady growth of the park's bison population. In 1967 there were only 397 bison counted in Yellowstone; today there are nearly 3,000. "So really with the population expanding 10 times, they've got to move somewhere, and they expanded their range by going to the western side of the park in the winter time," Bjornlie notes. The bison had followed these same paths in the past, but simply stopped due to human intervention. "The herd was managed so heavily, it was treated almost like a ranching operation in the early part of the century," Bjornlie says. "So a lot of the natural migratory behavior was stopped because of that, and then as we let the population come back, these behaviors are starting to show up again."
This round of research established that the migration was a natural phenomenon, but the question of whether bison preferred traveling along groomed roads remained. "Part of the assertions about bison using roads was that they did it to save energy by not displacing snow while they traveled," Bjornlie explains. "So we decided to record what proportion of their total activity was in traveling or foraging or resting, and then of those, what proportion was actually displacing snow."
BISON MIGRATION in Yellowstone was stilted earlier this century by human intervention. Now that the population has grown in size, the natural tendency to travel is returning.
As it turned out, Bjornlie and his colleagues discovered that the bison travel very little, less than 10 percent of the time. Furthermore only a very small percentage of that travel was on the groomed roads. "The bison don't use roads that often because they can find other places to travel where they don't have to displace snow," Bjornlie says. Among the natural trails they choose are stream corridors and thermal features, where the snow is naturally thin or nonexistent.
When the bison do travel on roads, it is mainly by coincidence, Bjornlie adds. "A lot of the roads--actually all the roads in my study area--follow river corridors that cut through the mountains and those are the natural places to travel," he explains. "That's why the roads were put there in the first place. The bison travel in those areas, regardless if they are on the road or not. I'd see them traveling along the riverbank, 10 feet from the road. They are going the same direction, just not on the road."
So what makes bison move, if not roads? Deep snow, Bjornlie says. The bison seek out those parts of the park where forage is most accessible--places with little snow. He found that the bison were migrating towards the thermal features for which Yellowstone is so renowned. There, the heat keeps the snow melted, which in turn gives the bison easy access to the vegetation. It's this search for accessible food that most likely drives the bison out of the park during winters with a lot of snow.
"Roads just aren't a major influence in where bison go and when," Bjornlie concludes. "They would most likely go to the same places in and out of the park, no matter if the roads were there or not."
Because Meagher and Bjornlie conducted very different research studies, it is hard to compare their results. Bjornlie, for instance, collected specific data on the number of bison in one research area and on their distribution, movement and activity through direct observation in the field. His research was thorough, but limited to a comparatively small section of the park in which most of the bison affected by groomed roads were concentrated. Meagher, on the other hand, looked at the park as a whole to understand the entire ecosystem. She conducted aerial surveys of the park for several decades, but recorded only general trends.
Even if groomed roads influence where the bison go, the park departments position is clear: "Weve groomed since the early 1980s and have continued to groom the roads through the study," says John Varley, Director for the Yellowstone Center for Resources. For the time being, there are no plans to stop grooming
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Abstract Form and design of reactors is determined based on diverse factors such as the type of mixing, necessary discharge techniques for sink and swim layers, substrate characteristics and built-in components. The accumulation of sediments in the reactor should be avoided for disruption-free operation. The discharge systems for the removal of sediments from the reactor space should be planned, if accumulation due to the mixing components can not be avoided with certainty. Standing cylindrical reactors are sometime equipped with a conical reactor floor that allows for the removal of sedimented material in its point. Difficult constructive designs can be avoided if the reactor floor is planned with, for example, a small slope. The sediments are transported to the centre due to the so-called "tea cup effect" and can be selectively removed there. A further possibility lies in the coneshaped design of the reactor floor, through which the sediments make their way into outer-lying sloped gutters. The sediments are removed from the fermentation space at two places opposite of one another with the use of feed spirals. Discharge devices can also be carried out in the form of a drawer or similar mechanical apparatus. This discharge devices are used, for example, in lying plug-flow reactors. The avoidance of accumulation is also possible with the directed addition through pressing of fluids or substrate.
This page was last modified on 16 October 2018, at 16:04.


As we come into my favorite Season of the year, this Fall, Wild Violetta launches a new website to make it easier for our customers to place online orders. We welcome your input and feedback as we tweak and improve our site. I'm excited to offer a lot of new products and bring you all your old favorites. Be sure to sign up on our email list so you will receive inside information on Super Sales, Specials and new product launches before anyone else. I look forward to working with you!


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Watch Live: Hillary Clinton Honors Women Leaders at Georgetown University
By Julia Zorthian
March 31, 2017 6:00 AM EDT
Hillary Clinton is back in D.C. Friday to honor women at a Georgetown University ceremony.
Clinton will speak at the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security award ceremony for four women who facilitated 2016's Colombian peace agreement, which she encouraged as Secretary of State. Her remarks will address how women are instrumental to peacekeeping effort and diplomacy around the world, according to a Georgetown press release.
Clinton will present the awards to the four recipients this year: former Colombian Vice President Humberto De la Calle, Colombian Deputy Attorney General Maria Paulina Riveros, thematic director of Colombia's Office of the High Commissioner for Peace Elena Ambrosi and journalist Jineth Bedoya, who has also advocated for sexual violence survivors.
You can watch Clinton's remarks in this livestream beginning at 10:30 a.m. EDT.
Write to Julia Zorthian at julia.zorthian@time.com.
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Bogislaw IV. (* vor 1278 † 24. Februar 1309) war Herzog von Pommern und der Sohn von Barnim I.

Leben
Bogislaw führte nach dem Tod seines Vaters 1278 während der Minderjährigkeit seiner jüngeren Halbbrüder Barnim II. († 1295) und Otto I. zuerst die Regierung allein und wurde noch im Jahr 1295 in der Teilungsurkunde provisor fratrum genannt. In diese Zeit fiel die für die Gestaltung des nordöstlichen Deutschlands bedeutsame brandenburgische Fehde von 1278–1284, an welcher auch Bogislaw wesentlich beteiligt war. Denn obwohl der Herzog durch seine Heirat mit Mechtild, einer Tochter des Markgrafen Johann, mit den Askaniern verschwägert war, so suchte er sich doch durch ein mit Sachsen, Mecklenburg, dem Fürstentum Rügen und den Hansestädten geschlossenes Bündnis vom 13. Juni 1283 der immer mehr wachsenden und von Dänemark unterstützten Macht des Kurfürstentums Brandenburg zu entziehen, musste aber am 13. August 1284 den ungünstigen Frieden zu Vierraden schließen. Die gänzliche Beilegung der großen Fehde ging einerseits von der neubegründeten Königsgewalt, welche nach ihrer Befestigung im südlichen Deutschland auch das nördliche in den Bereich der nationalen Politik hereinzuziehen begann, andererseits von den norddeutschen Fürsten, Ständen und Städten selber aus. Während nach der Niederlage Ottokars II. von Böhmen der römisch-deutsche König Rudolf von Habsburg den süddeutschen Landen die Segnungen des Friedens gewährte, so einte man sich in Norddeutschland am 15. Mai 1287 zu dem Rostocker Landfrieden. Dieser Vertrag war wichtig für die Entwicklung der Hanse und  der Städte an Ost- und Nordsee, deren Macht sich mit jedem Jahr mehr befestigte. Die Ausbreitung des lübischen Rechtes im Ostseeraum schuf eine Angleichung der gesellschaftlichen und staatlichen Zustände und verband die Städte zu einer solidarisch haftenden Gesamtheit, deren Kern in den auch von Bogislaw und Witzlaw II. von Rügen durch Erweiterung ihrer Privilegien der Stadtgemeinden des Wendengebietes beruhte. Unter Adolf von Nassau wurde jedoch der Frieden gebrochen und infolgedessen das im Jahr 1295 zu Mühlhausen den Markgrafen von Brandenburg das von Kaiser Friedrich II. erteilte Anrecht auf Lehnshoheit über Pommern erneuert. Hieran schlossen sich wiederholte Händel in Mecklenburg und der Erbfolgestreit in Pomerellen; dagegen wurde der nach Barnims Tode 1295 zwischen den überlebenden Brüdern Bogislaw und Otto ausgebrochene Zwist durch Vermittlung der Stände am 12. Juli 1295 in Stettin in der Weise beigelegt, dass Bogislaw das Landgebiet Pommern-Wolgast und Otto I. Pommern-Stettin als sein Erbteil empfing, wodurch fortan beide Herzogtümer für 169 Jahre getrennt blieben.

So in den inneren Verhältnissen seines Landes gestärkt, suchte Bogislaw, als nach Przemysls Tod im Jahr 1296 Władysław I. Ellenlang die Herrschaft im Königreich Polen und Herzogtum Pomerellen antrat, auf seine Erbberechtigung in dem letztgenannten Gebiet gestützt, einen Teil Hinterpommerns in Besitz zu nehmen; doch erhob gleichzeitig Brandenburg Ansprüche darauf, welchen Bogislaw im Bunde mit Władysław I. und Bischof Petrus von Cammin im Markgrafenkrieg zu begegnen suchte. Als der Camminer Bischof Petrus starb und dessen Nachfolger, Bischof Heinrich, die Partei des Landesherrn verließ und nach Wladislaws I. Thronentsetzung der mit Brandenburg befreundete König Wenzel von Böhmen die Oberhoheit über Pommern beanspruchte, musste Bogislaw auf seine Pläne verzichten. Vermutlich auch weil ihm mit dem brandenburgischen Markgrafen Waldemar ein überlegener Gegner erwuchs. Auch die nach Wenzels Tode wiederholte Erhebung Wladislaws I. Ellenlang auf den polnischen Thron blieb für ihn ohne günstige Folgen: er musste das jenseits der Persante und des Golm besetzte Landgebiet aufgeben, und schließlich sah sich der alternde Herzog zu einem Frieden genötigt, in welchen auch der abtrünnige Bischof Heinrich von Cammin eingeschlossen wurde. In diesem erlangte er zwar eine Erweiterung der Landesgrenze durch das Belgarder Gebiet, musste aber dagegen die Lehnsherrschaft Brandenburgs für sich und seine Nachfolger anerkennen. Bald darauf starb Bogislaw nach einer dreißigjährigen Regierung am Matthiastage (24. Februar) 1309 und fand sein Grab in der wiederhergestellten Domkirche zu Cammin. Aus seiner zweiten Ehe mit Margarethe, einer Tochter des Fürsten Wizlaw II. von Rügen, stammt Wartislaw IV., welcher ihm in der Regierung von Pommern-Wolgast folgte.

Siehe auch
 Stammliste der Greifen
 Liste der Herzöge von Pommern
 Geschichte Pommerns

Literatur

Nachweise

Weblink
 genealogie-mittelalter

Familienmitglied der Greifen
Herzog (Pommern)
Geboren im 13. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 1309
Mann

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A brand new Instagram find has been uploaded to the Gallery, plus an old, but good picture has been resized:
Television > (2019) Dirty John > Behind the Scenes
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Those were the scenes, and here's the chase! The Wrap's interview has a second part, that's about the finale of 'Dirty John'. It's available in a video format, and also as a summarized text here. (The video doesn't have an embed link, and it's not uploaded to youtube, so I can't embed it here.) It becomes pretty obvious that the Newell-family wasn't really involved with the series, only the real Terra to some extent, which means Juno was lying when she said "I met all of them at the premiere" earlier. Everything the makers/actors knew came from the podcast.
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text:
Encoding and retrieval of episodic memories: Role of cholinergic and GABAergic modulation in the hippocampus
Michael E. Hasselmo, Bradley P. Wyble, Gene V. Wallenstein
This research focuses on linking episodic memory function to the cellular physiology of hippocampal neurons, with a particular emphasis on modulatory effects at cholinergic and γ-aminobutyric acid B receptors. Drugs which block acetylcholine receptors (e.g., scopolamine) have been shown to impair encoding of new information in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. Extensive data have been gathered about the cellular effects of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. In this research, models of individual hippocampal subregions have been utilized to understand the significance of particular features of modulation, and these hippocampal subregions have been combined in a network simulation which can replicate the selective encoding impairment produced by scopolamine in human subjects.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1996)6:6<693::AID-HIPO12>3.0.CO;2-W
10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1996)6:6<693::AID-HIPO12>3.0.CO;2-W
Dive into the research topics of 'Encoding and retrieval of episodic memories: Role of cholinergic and GABAergic modulation in the hippocampus'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Scopolamine Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Episodic Memory Medicine & Life Sciences 93%
Cholinergic Agents Medicine & Life Sciences 76%
Aminobutyrates Medicine & Life Sciences 60%
Cholinergic Receptors Medicine & Life Sciences 45%
Research Subjects Medicine & Life Sciences 41%
Primates Medicine & Life Sciences 38%
Hasselmo, M. E., Wyble, B. P., & Wallenstein, G. V. (1996). Encoding and retrieval of episodic memories: Role of cholinergic and GABAergic modulation in the hippocampus. Hippocampus, 6(6), 693-708. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1996)6:6<693::AID-HIPO12>3.0.CO;2-W
Hasselmo, Michael E. ; Wyble, Bradley P. ; Wallenstein, Gene V. / Encoding and retrieval of episodic memories : Role of cholinergic and GABAergic modulation in the hippocampus. In: Hippocampus. 1996 ; Vol. 6, No. 6. pp. 693-708.
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Hasselmo, ME, Wyble, BP & Wallenstein, GV 1996, 'Encoding and retrieval of episodic memories: Role of cholinergic and GABAergic modulation in the hippocampus', Hippocampus, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 693-708. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1996)6:6<693::AID-HIPO12>3.0.CO;2-W
Encoding and retrieval of episodic memories : Role of cholinergic and GABAergic modulation in the hippocampus. / Hasselmo, Michael E.; Wyble, Bradley P.; Wallenstein, Gene V.
In: Hippocampus, Vol. 6, No. 6, 01.12.1996, p. 693-708.
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AB - This research focuses on linking episodic memory function to the cellular physiology of hippocampal neurons, with a particular emphasis on modulatory effects at cholinergic and γ-aminobutyric acid B receptors. Drugs which block acetylcholine receptors (e.g., scopolamine) have been shown to impair encoding of new information in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. Extensive data have been gathered about the cellular effects of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. In this research, models of individual hippocampal subregions have been utilized to understand the significance of particular features of modulation, and these hippocampal subregions have been combined in a network simulation which can replicate the selective encoding impairment produced by scopolamine in human subjects.
U2 - 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1996)6:6<693::AID-HIPO12>3.0.CO;2-W
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Hasselmo ME, Wyble BP, Wallenstein GV. Encoding and retrieval of episodic memories: Role of cholinergic and GABAergic modulation in the hippocampus. Hippocampus. 1996 Dec 1;6(6):693-708. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1996)6:6<693::AID-HIPO12>3.0.CO;2-W