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The Little Water of Life
~ Paul E. Richardson & Mikhail Ivanov
There cannot be not enough snacks,
There can only be not enough vodka.
There can be no silly jokes,
There can be no ugly women,
There cannot be too much vodka,
-- Russian saying
It could be argued that 1998 is the 600th anniversary of the arrival of vodka in Russia. One 19th century source on Russian culture, food and folkways notes that "it can probably be supposed that vodka appeared here no earlier than 1398, when the Genoese began shipping vodka to Lithuania and acquainted us with the pernicious drink."
If this is the case, then it took several decades for this "pernicious drink" to take root in Russia. For most contemporary experts cite the mid- to late-1400s as the time when vodka began to be distilled in Russia. Within another 100 years, the state was starting to move in and set up a monopoly over the production and sale of vodka that would last -- but for a thirty year hiatus -- for the next four centuries. Over that period, vodka has come to play a vital role in Russian culture, in the financing of the Russian state, and, sadly, in the destruction of families and individuals due to alcoholism, abuse and accidents.
The Russian Drink
Many nations of the world have a singular drink that they have come to be identified with and that has come to be identified with them. For the French it is wine; the British and Germans have beer; the Japanese have sake; the Norwegians have aquavit. And, for Russians (and Poles, Belarusans, Finns and Ukrainians), it is vodka.
Perhaps no other spirit would have been so compatible with the Russian soul. The subtle lithesomeness of wine, best taken in the open air with fine cheese and warm bread, is a bad fit with Russia's long winters and short growing seasons. While beer has enjoyed popularity in Russia through the ages (and has seen a recent growth in popularity, see Russian Life, October 1997), it is simply not a "serious enough" drink. It does not pack enough punch to unleash true feelings and passions.
But vodka, so pure and purposeful, so ideal for warming the despondent soul in February or for cooling passions in August, is a feast or famine sort of drink. One would expect something like vodka to arise from a Northern culture with a communal peasantry, where long winters and tortuously short growing seasons meant back-breaking labor intermitted only by community-building social feasts and drinking bouts. What is more, the unique ability of vodka (unlike wine or beer or even mead) to act as an accompaniment to any manner of feast or food (whatever is on hand), plus the fact that it can be distilled from any type of grain or organic matter (again, whatever is on hand), makes it all the more welcome. And, when it was discovered that the best vodka resulted from filtering with birch charcoal (not oak or pine, but birch, the tree of the Russian taiga), well, what more need be said?
The Tsars' Vodka
The growth of vodka distilling at the end of the 15th century was brought on by advances in distilling technology and new surpluses of grain, thanks to the introduction of crop rotation. Not surprisingly, at about this time, state and tsar began to take an interest in vodka. s earning power. Whereas Grand Prince Ivan III (1462-1505) had completely forbidden the production of strong spirits, Tsar Ivan IV ("the Terrible," 1533-1584) built the first kabak (tavern) for his oprichniny (palace guard) in Moscow, on the Balchug. Tradition has it that Ivan saw Tatar kabaks during his siege of Kazan (1552), and he decided to use the same principal of state-owned distilleries/taverns as a way to control the trade in spirits while profiting from them. Still, Ivan IV did not love drinking, and he restricted drinking in kabaks (which spread throughout the country during his rule) to Holy Week, Christmas and "Dmitry's Saturday" [until 1769, an October holiday to remember those killed in Dmitry Donskoy. s famous Battle of Kulikovo field; after 1769, the day was moved to August 29]. At all other times, public drunkenness could lead to a prison term.
Tsar Fyodor (1584-1598), who succeeded Ivan IV, led a drive to tear down kabaks. But Boris Godunov (1598-1605) recognized the economic value of the vodka trade and ordered expanded building of kabaks, even allowing vodka to be purchased and taken off the premises.
By the early 1600s, the smallest towns and villages had their kabak, often called a kruzhechny dvor (derived from kruzhka, the tankard used to measure wine, and dvor, meaning courtyard). The end result was rising drunkenness, which Tsar Mikhail (1613-1645), the first Romanov tsar, combated with limited prohibition. Like Fyodor, he moved to tear down the kabaks, establishing drinking houses where wine was sold only on the premises. The tide turned again with the ascension to the throne of his son, Tsar Alexis (1645-1676), who allowed the building of one kabak in every town (and three in Moscow), which eventually multiplied of their own accord.
Perhaps more significantly, Tsar Alexis codified and institutionalized the state's monopoly over alcohol production and sale in his famous Law Code of 1649. Private production was to be punished brutally and all revenues from the sale of vodka went directly to the royal coffers.
This arrangement would continue more or less unchanged for nearly two hundred years, until another round of reforms, in 1861, removed the state monopoly on vodka production and sales, replacing it with an excise system. This hiatus of state control lasted just 33 years, but that was enough for some enterprising individuals -- most notably Pierre Smirnoff -- to become rich in the distilling business. In 1894, the state again gradually began to impose a state monopoly that was fairly complete by the time WWI began.
Temperance, Or Not
During WWI, Tsarist Russia imposed a "dry law," which sought to keep army recruits sober enough to fight. And when the Bolsheviks stole power in 1917, they extended prohibition on ideological grounds, arguing that the tsarist state sought to keep its subjects docile through liberal distribution of vodka, which may not have been that far from the truth. Catherine II, Stephen White notes in his book, Russia Goes Dry, once supposedly commented that a drunken people is easier to rule. Vladimir Lenin, a teetotaler, saw alcoholism as a disease that would keep Russia from moving forward to communism. As White writes, Lenin said the proletariat, "had no need of intoxication, it derived its strongest stimulant to struggle from its class position and from the communist ideal; and what was needed was clarity, clarity and once again clarity..." In 1922, at the 11th Communist Party Congress, Lenin would declare that there would be "no trade in rotgut."
By December 1919, new laws were enacted to severely punish private production of strong spirits. Not that this was highly significant: according to White, at least a third of rural households were likely engaged in illicit distilling of alcohol in the 1920s. The government stepped up its anti-alcohol campaign for a time but eventually admitted defeat. In 1925, private homebrewing (the making of samogon) was allowed, as long as it was not intended for sale, while the state monopoly over production and sales continued. Henceforth, the battle against increasing alcohol consumption (by the late 1920s, White reports, the average urban family spent 14% of its income on alcohol) was mainly fought through education and propaganda.
Forced industrialization would put an end to this battle. Once again, a Russian leader chose to use revenues from vodka to finance growth and national defense. By the end of 1930, Stalin, now firmly in control, ordered expansion of vodka production. By the late 1930s, the strength of vodka (which had previously been kept at 20%) was allowed to rise to its "natural" level of 40%. As White writes, by 1940, "there were more shops selling drink than meat, fruit and vegetables put together." During the war, vodka was issued to troops as part of their rations.
Vodka And the State
Stalin's move is not surprising. Since Ivan the Terrible established the first kabak in Russia, the Russian state has used proceeds from vodka sales to further its domestic and foreign agendas. And the Russian public has repeatedly obliged the leadership by consuming vast amounts of vodka. In the last century, upwards of 40% of all state revenue came from alcohol duties and sales. In this century, toward the end of the Soviet era, some estimates put vodka sales at 15-20% of the value of all retail trade turnover. Obviously, the state could not afford to ignore this "lucrative" source of revenue -- vodka production between 1940 and 1985 more than doubled (beer more than quadrupled and wine increased over eight-fold).
But the costs were very real. From the 1940s to the 1980s, consumption of alcohol quadrupled in the Soviet Union. One independent study cited by Stephan White estimated that 15% of the Soviet population in the 1980s could be called alcoholic. The effects on society are not hard to imagine, if painful to elaborate. White offers an exhaustive portrait of the social costs of increased alcohol consumption from the end of WWII to the present day: alcohol abuse became the single largest cause cited for divorce; by the late 1970s, life expectancy for Russian males had dropped to just 61 years; between 1960 and 1987, there was a population loss due to alcohol abuse in Russia of some 30-35 million persons; 74% of all murders committed in the early 1980s were committed under the influence of alcohol, as was the same proportion of rapes; in the early 1980s, 75-90% of absences from work were related to alcohol; economic production was said to drop by up to 30% following weekends and paydays; by one estimate, the economic losses from alcohol abuse in the 1980s were three times the amount taken in through taxes on alcohol.
Certainly, it would be wrong to associate the free availability of vodka as the singular cause of these societal abuses. Also at the root of this social malaise in the 1970s and 1980s was massive societal depression brought on by an untenable socio-economic system, by the "stagnation" and moral vacuum that the empty promises and apathy of late sovietism wrought. When you are living in a lie, escapism is a natural reaction.
But, long before the arrival of totalitarian communism, vodka had a dark influence on Russian culture. The state. s dependence on revenues from alcohol sales have encouraged alcoholism and abuse for hundreds of years. As Adam Olearius, a member of the Holstein Embassy to Russia in the 17th century wrote, "the vice of drunkenness is prevalent among this people in all classes, both secular and ecclesiastical, high and low, men and women, young and old ... None of them anywhere, anytime, or under any circumstances lets pass an opportunity to have a draught or drinking bout. They drink mainly vodka, and at get-togethers, or when one person visits another, respect is rendered by serving one or two cups of wine, that is, vodka."
Misha's Campaign
Fighting this vice (and repairing gashes in the social and economic fabric of the Union) was the impetus for Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign of the late 1980s. This attempt to make an alcohol loving (and dependent) country go cold-turkey (lucidly detailed in Stephan White's aforementioned book) was a vast political failure. It contributed perhaps even more than the loss of empire to the disdain with which Gorbachev is held in Russians' eyes. The campaign, which cut back on production and restricted sales and distribution of vodka as well as beer, wines and other spirits, succeeded in bringing about declines in official sales of vodka (cut by nearly half) and other alcohol products, as well as in actual consumption (estimated at a 25% decline between 1985-6). But the response from the public was increased production of samogon, which created a huge sugar deficit, increased deaths due to alcohol poisoning and decreased work efficiency by other means -- huge numbers of Soviets were waiting in lines to get vodka or wine.
What is more, the campaign against alcohol consumption, insofar as it was effective, freed up purchasing power among consumers that would have otherwise been spent on alcohol. This, combined with the fall-off of revenues to the state from a decline in alcohol sales, contributed to massive shortages of all manner of consumer goods in the economy.
There were some gains, however, most notably in the health of the population. Life expectancies stabilized, birth and death rates dropped, alcohol-related deaths on the job and off went down and the birth rate went up. Divorces declined. But, as admirable as these changes were, the public was gravely dissatisfied with the means to these ends; Russians resented sobriety by government decree. And the government, for its part, was executing its anti-alcohol program unevenly, and on the sandcastle foundation of seven decades of socialist falsehoods. So it was little surprise that, as early as 1987, the cash-strapped Soviet government began relaxing many of its restrictions on sale and distribution. By 1990, White writes, the level of alcohol consumption had bounced back to its pre-campaign levels.
Enter the Market
As in many spheres, the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the collapse of the command economy changed the alcohol market radically. In the early 1990s, poorly executed "shock-therapy" reforms subjected the population of the Soviet Union and then Russia to a prolonged bout with hyperinflation. The state needed medicine to keep the beleaguered population at bay. Cheaper vodka was one answer. According to a recent report by the Rand Corporation and Moscow's Center for Demography and Human Ecology, between 1990 and December 1994, consumer prices in Russia increased by 2,020 times for all goods and services, by 2,154 times for food products but by only 653 times for alcoholic beverages.
The other supposed answer was "free" vodka. In 1992, Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree abolishing the 68-year-old state monopoly on the production, import and sale of vodka. It was replaced by a system of free production and trade of hard liquor based on licensing. This was a very Russian solution to the problems of the monopoly -- to completely overturn the status quo rather than tinker with it. The Financial Times predicted at the time that "the lifting of the state monopoly on vodka is political suicide for a country where economic and other difficulties provoke the people. s desire to drown them in wine."
Market Players
After state control over the production, import and sale of vodka was loosened, distillers, importers and retailers (in the form of kiosks), sprouted like mushrooms after a rainstorm. At present, according to renowned alcohol expert Igor Serdyuk, there are some 1,300 licensed vodka "players;" some 250 vodka brands are registered with Rospatent.
Meanwhile, "top dogs" in the market shift from month to month. The once-fashionable Kremlyovskaya, one-time sponsor of high-profile events like the Kremlin Cup tennis tournament, now struggles to stay afloat. Food and vodka baron Vladimir Dovgan built a lucrative business by introducing the notion of franchising to the Russian market, winning him a prestigious cover story in Russia Review earlier this year. But, at press time, there were reports that the famous Dovgan empire is being shaken by internal squabbles and debt. Vladimir Dovgan himself is currently trying to prove in court that his face, featured prominently in the corporation. s advertising and trademarks, has nothing at all to do with him.
One distiller that seems to be rising above the fray is Kristall, founded in 1901. Kristall, like all distilleries has been hit hard by bootlegging and government policies alike. At one point, annual production plummeted from 13 million dcl (prior to Gorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign) to just 2 million dcl. But the distillery recently introduced new (supposedly fake-proof) bottles and is staging a comeback.
Foreign Vodkas
One absurdity, played out in other consumer spheres with the opening of the market, was the mass influx of Western vodkas. Consumers in the land that invented vodka began flocking in droves to international favorites like Finlandia, Absolut and Smirnoff. But the state, hard pressed to protect local producers (and knowing a good tax base when it sees it) has started introducing severe licensing and excise taxes on imports -- a move which will surely raise import prices even further.
Another problem brought on by the influx of imports has been exemplified by the Smirnoff vs. Smirnov dispute. Internationally-known Smirnoff vodka is a trademark and recipe that, over the course of this century, passed from emigre descendants of 19th century vodka baron Pyotr Smirnov to now be owned by the huge distilled spirits company IDV. But, when IDV decided to go into the Russian market (returning Smirnoff to its homeland, so to speak), it ran into one Boris Smirnov, a former KGB agent who founded a "Trade House of Pyotr Smirnov. s Descendants" and started producing "Smirnovskaya" vodka. The trademark dispute over the right to use the name of Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov and the title of "Purveyor to his Majesty. s Imperial Court," has raged for three years. American Smirnoff has meanwhile started producing "Russian" vodka of its own at the St. Petersburg-based Liviz factory, while Boris Smirnov has, by most accounts, leveraged the "us vs. them" publicity of the long court battle to build his domestic vodka business.
The True Costs
The liberalization of the alcohol market has also opened up the bottom side of the market, letting in a flood of cheap, fake and often downright lethal vodka. Vodka consumption has been on the rise since the political failure (and public health success) of Gorbachev. s anti-alcohol campaign. According to the Russian Academy of Sciences, by 1988 the combined death toll from alcohol poisoning, cirrhosis of the liver and alcohol-induced violence and accidents was down to 179 deaths per 100,000 -- a level not seen since 1965. But by 1995, according to government data, this rate had climbed to nearly 500 deaths per 100,000 (by way of comparison, the US rate for 1995 was 77). Nezavisimaya Gazeta recently estimated that 43,000 Russians die each year from vodka poisoning alone. And in 1997, the total number of alcohol poisonings from fake wine and vodka (both fatal and nonfatal) in Russia reached 90,000.
According to estimates by the Russian Health Ministry, alcohol consumption in Russia reached 15 liters of pure alcohol per year for every man, woman and child in 1996. (Health Ministry experts concluded that, assuming most children were not drinking, adjusted adult consumption was 18 liters of pure alcohol -- i.e., the rough equivalent of 38 liters of 100-proof vodka per person, per year, vs. 8 liters per adult per year in the US).
As noted above, in the past the Russian state benefited from (and perhaps encouraged) such excess consumption. Yet that is not the case now. Budgetary proceeds from the alcohol business have plummeted to an all time low of 3%, whereas in Soviet times, the infamous pyanye dengi (drunken money) accounted for one-third of the Russian budget. The reason? Money that should have come to the state in the form of taxes instead ended up in the pockets of bootleggers or corrupt state officials.
In today's Russia, vodka supports entire regions. The republic of North Ossetia's economy is reputedly based largely on sales of illegal spirits smuggled into Russia from Georgia. Former North Ossetian president Askharbek Galazov allegedly funded his entire election campaign with money from spirit trafficking. Then there are the many "charitable" organizations, like the National Sports Fund and the Russian Orthodox Church, which have allegedly exploited their privileged, duty-free status to make a killing importing and reselling wine and/or spirits.
Dragon in the Bottle
Thus, it soon became apparent that "free" vodka was dangerous and "cheap" vodka had some very significant social and economic costs. Pressed by immediate economic concerns (months-long wage arrears, namely to the army), in 1993 President Yeltsin issued a decree restoring the "state monopoly" on alcohol production. But this was easier said than done. Once the green dragon (a Russian folk idiom for alcohol) was out of the bottle, it was virtually impossible to put it back in.
For one thing, the means to the end is different from past crackdowns. Yeltsin's "monopoly" is nothing like that of the Soviet era. It is largely one of licensing and other regulatory measures, such as excise stamps and banning alcohol advertising from TV. There are mandatory tax points at distilleries to control "illegal leaks of spirits and vodka" from factories. Special excise stamps were introduced on alcohol (although all attempts to make them technically fake-proof have been in vain). A regional registry of all licensed alcohol producers and traders was compiled. In September 1997, Yeltsin dedicated his radio address to vodka, explaining to Russians that the government. s success in bringing the alcohol market to heel is important not only for preserving the nation. s health but also for maintaining a stable budget and paying pensions on time (a reality that many observers did not appreciate).
Little by little, the new measures have started to pay off. Two or three years ago, as much as 90% of Russia. s alcohol market was widely believed to be "in the shadows." Today, this figure is down by nearly half.
Stamps Chez Luzhkov
One new trend may hold further hope for regulating the vodka market. Cities and regions are setting up control policies of there own -- not unlike State Liquor Control Boards in the US.
Moscow recently passed a resolution requiring an additional type of bar-code stamp on alcohol production. All vodka transported into the city and region is to pass through a network of special "unitary enterprises" for quality testing and bar-coding. While the State Antimonopoly Committee has spoken out against this measure, calling it a barrier to free competition, Mayor Luzhkov and his retinue proceeded anyway.
Moscow is following the example set by Tatarstan, whose authorities introduced a state "monopoly" on the production and sales of hard liquor. In Arkhangelsk, a system has been introduced requiring regional quality certificates for all vodka sold within the region's borders. Needless to say, there are special fees for certification services. In Voronezh, all vodka producers must supply their products to the Voronezh Alko enterprise, which operates under the dependable cover of the local administration. These local authorities do not hide their desire to beef up local budgets and support local vodka producers at the expense of outsiders, and under the pretext of keeping out poor-quality vodka.
But there is a problem with this new, increased local control over vodka production and sales. It will increase prices in the shops. Which, in turn, will increase the price gap between legal and illegal vodka. This gap had been narrowing in recent months, and consumers were noted to be gravitating to better-known (safer) brands sold at well-established outlets. The danger is that higher prices on "safer" vodka may once again turn Russians to cheaper, fake vodkas.
600 years after it first appeared in Russia, vodka continues to challenge to play a pivotal role in Russia, challenging both policymakers. While the specific issues may have changed somewhat, the general tensions have not. Russia cannot base a modern economy on revenues from alcohol. But it is a hard reality to avoid after so many hundreds of years of relying on the "green dragon." All the more so since vodka is become such an inalienable part of Russian culture and cuisine.
It is surely true, following the Russian saying, that there "can be too much vodka." The question is whether there can simply be "enough" vodka, and how much that is.
(c) 1998, Russian Life magazine. All rights reserved.
Originally published in the April 1998 issue of Russian Life magazine.
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Q: Getting an image server side using form data? I send my image to php like so:
var formData = new FormData();

formData.append('file', file);
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
    xhr.open('POST', '/upload', true);
    xhr.onload = function(e) { console.log(e) };
    xhr.upload.onprogress = function(e) {
        //loading bar
    };
    xhr.send(formData);

Then I get my file in php like so:
$data = Input::All();
var_dump($data['file']);

This outputs:
"object(Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\File\UploadedFile)#9 (7) { ["test":"Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\File\UploadedFile":private]=> bool(false) ["originalName":"Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\File\UploadedFile":private]=> string(9) "space.jpg" ["mimeType":"Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\File\UploadedFile":private]=> string(10) "image/jpeg" ["size":"Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\File\UploadedFile":private]=> int(50974) ["error":"Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\File\UploadedFile":private]=> int(0) ["pathName":"SplFileInfo":private]=> string(14) "/tmp/phpzMyVkq" ["fileName":"SplFileInfo":private]=> string(9) "phpzMyVkq"}

My question is, how can I get the file from the object for image processing?

A: Use the file method on input...
$file = Input::file('file');

Take a read of the documentation to see what methods are available... http://laravel.com/docs/requests#files

A: Use the move method to save the file from the tmp position where it is saved to where you need it:
$data['file']->move($destination_dir,$file_name);

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Normally when I make my chocolate cake I top it with whipped cream I make from scratch. Well on this day I did not have any whipping cream or many of the usual ingredients. My kitchen aid mixer was missing a piece and so I just threw what I had into a bowl and stirred it up by hand. It turned out to be one of the BEST gluten free creations I've made. It was for a birthday of a dear friend and it was of course all eaten, down to the last crumb!
I hope you'll give it a try and let me know how much your family and friends enjoy it.
If you don't have all those flours and starches on hand you can try your own gluten free blend. I find this combination gives things the best flavor, doesn't taste too starchy or like regular gluten free things. So put all the dry ingredients in a bowl then all the wet ones. Stir....THAT SIMPLE!
Pour it into 2 greased round pans and cook on 350 for 30-35 minutes or until tooth pick comes out clear. Let it cool completely before frosting.
For the frosting I used my food processor.
Throw it all into a food processor or blender. Blend it up and then use it to frost the cake.
As you notice in the picture it is topped with a beautiful berry sauce and little chocolate covered berry balls. My friend made the berry sauce using old frozen berries from her freezer. She made them into freezer jam following an online recipe, like this. It turned into a wonderful berry topping for things like pancakes, waffles or this decadent gluten free chocolate cake. We drizzled it on the top and plopped on a few organic chocolate covered berries from Costco and voila! You have a beautiful, pretty simple, but gourmet good gluten free cake.
After you make your please comment and tell us about it. How did you decide to decorate it. Did it meet your chocolate desires and satisfy your family or friends gluten allergy needs? Happy eating!


The Kings Head welcomes families. They serve dishes that are prepared to order using the freshest local ingredients. The menu changes regularly and they have a separate childrens menu.
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Come down to the Taproom on the first Friday of each month for Teacher Happy Hour.
Doors open at 4:00 for all educators with $3 pints until 6:00 pm. Just show your staff ID.
Share with your friends and come relax with Real.Texas.Beer.!


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Class IV Antiarrhythmic Drugs (Calcium Channel Blockers)
Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are a class of medications that inhibit voltage-dependent L-type calcium channels of cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells. The inhibition of these channels produces vasodilation and myocardial depression. There are 2 major classes of CCBs: dihydropyridines and non-dihydropyridines, which differ in their selectivity for cardiac or vascular smooth muscle cells. Broadly, these agents are used to treat hypertension, angina, and tachyarrhythmias. Side effects are from vasodilation (headache, peripheral edema, reflex tachycardia) or a consequence of reduced myocardial contractility and nodal conduction velocity (bradycardia).
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Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)
Medications that block the L-type calcium channels (mostly found in the myocardium, vascular smooth muscles, and pancreatic β islet cells)
Common uses: hypertension, angina, and supraventricular dysrhythmias
Pharmacologic classes
Dihydropyridine:
Binds more selectively to vascular smooth muscle calcium channels (vasodilator)
Can lead to reflex tachycardia
Example: amlodipine
Non-dihydropyridine:
Affects the heart contractility and conduction and with less effect on vasodilation
Does not lead to reflex tachycardia
Benzothiazepine:
Mainly acts on the myocardium (myocardial depressant), with some effect on vascular smooth muscles
Acts as a cardiac depressant and a vasodilator
Example: diltiazem
Phenylalkylamine:
Acts on cardiac myocytes (strong myocardial depressant), with minimal effect on the vascular smooth muscles
Example: verapamil
Beta and Calcium Channel Blockers – Hypertension
Vasodilators – Drugs in Hypertension
Cardiac muscle contraction involves:
Action potential generation produced by the sinoatrial (SA) node
Impulse conduction to the atrial cardiac myocytes → the atrioventricular node → ventricular myocytes
Contractile cardiac myocyte action potential:
Depolarization: Fast-voltage gated sodium channels open, and sodium enters the cell.
Plateau:
Sodium channels close; some potassium moves outward.
Calcium ions enter via the L-type calcium channels.
Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is triggered, facilitating myocyte contraction.
Repolarization:
Calcium channels close and with increased potassium efflux.
Intracellular calcium decreases and myocytes relax.
Cardiovascular effects of calcium entry to the cells:
Myocardial contraction
Smooth muscle contraction (vascular smooth muscles are the most sensitive)
SA node impulse generation
Atrioventricular (AV) node conduction
Cardiac myocyte action potential:
1. Sodium channels open, and sodium enters the cell.
2. Sodium channels close; some potassium moves outward. Intracellular calcium increases from entry through L-type calcium channels and release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
3. Calcium channels close and with increased potassium efflux. Cardiac myocytes relax.
Image: "Action Potential in Cardiac Contractile Cells" by Philschatz. License: CC BY 4.0, edited by Lecturio
Pharmacology of CCB
CCBs bind the L-type calcium channels in cardiac myocytes, cardiac nodal tissues, and vascular smooth muscle cells leading to:
Closed L- type channels
Decreased calcium entry
Smooth muscle relaxation (especially vascular muscles) → systemic vasodilation:
Reduction of cardiac afterload: ↓ blood pressure (effective in hypertension)
Dihydropyridines > diltiazem > verapamil
Reduced myocardial contractility:
Negative inotropic effect
↓ cardiac output (CO), ↓ blood pressure
Reduces the oxygen demand of the myocardium (effective in angina)
Verapamil, diltiazem
Decreased atrioventricular node conduction velocity:
Negative dromotropic effect
Slows conduction through AV node (used in supraventricular arrhythmia)
Decreased automaticity (SA node effect):
Negative chronotropic effect
↓ heart rate, ↓ CO, ↓ blood pressure
Cardiovascular effects of calcium channel blockers
1. Calcium channel blockers slow down the sinoatrial node, causing lowered heart rate.
2. Calcium channel blockers intake leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation, causing vasodilation.
Image by Lecturio.
Absorption and excretion
Dosage forms: oral, intravenous
Metabolism: hepatic first-pass metabolism, primarily by CYP3A4
Rifampicin: accelerates CCB breakdown
Protease inhibitors, macrolide antibiotics, fluconazole, and grapefruit juice: inhibit CCB breakdown
Excretion: renal
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB) (Nursing)
Dihydropyridines Nifedipine, nicardipine, amlodipine, felodipine, nimodipine
Vasospastic angina/coronary vasospasm
Cerebral vasospasm (especially nimodipine prophylaxis after subarachnoid hemorrhage)
Raynaud's phenomenon (especially amlodipine)
Vasodilators; + risk of reflex tachycardia
Amlodipine: long half-life (up to 50 hours); safer and preferred
Nifedipine: short half-life (2–5 hours); can be infused
Benzothiazepines Diltiazem
Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias without accessory pathways (atrial fibrillation)
Esophageal hyperperistalsis
Myocardial depression; blunts the reflex tachycardia caused by vasodilation
Phenylalkylamines Verapamil
Coronary vasospasm
Cluster headache prophylaxis
Migraine prophylaxis
Much less vasodilation than other classes
Among CCBs, verapamil has the most potent negative inotropic effect.
Dihydropyridines:
Headache (cerebral vasodilation)
Reflex tachycardia (especially with short-acting nifedipine)
Peripheral edema (dose-dependent; usually with amlodipine)
Gingival hyperplasia
Non-dihydropyridines:
Constipation (dose-dependent)
AV nodal block
Worsening of cardiac output
Common contraindications:
Hypersensitivity to CCBs
Acute coronary syndrome:
Avoid nifedipine or short-acting dihydropyridines.
Short-acting dihydropyridines cause reflex tachycardia and worsen myocardial ischemia.
Contraindications to non-dihydropyridines:
Heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction
2nd and 3rd AV block
Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias caused by an accessory pathway (i.e., Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome)
Avoid using with β-blockers.
Contraindications to dihydropyridines:
Moderate to severe aortic stenosis
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
Bloch M, Basile J, Bakris G, Elliott W, Forman J. (2020). Major side effects and safety of calcium channel blockers. UpToDate. Retrieved Nov 6, 2020, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/major-side-effects-and-safety-of-calcium-channel-blockers
Eschenhagen, T. (2017). Treatment of ischemic heart disease. Brunton, L.L., Hilal-Dandan, R., Knollmann, B.C. (Eds.), Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 13th ed. McGraw-Hill.
Katzung B.G. (2017). Vasodilators & the treatment of angina pectoris. Katzung B.G.(Ed.), Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 14th ed. McGraw-Hill.
Masom C.P., Tomaszewski C (2020). Calcium channel blockers. Tintinalli J.E., Ma O, Yealy D.M., Meckler G.D., Stapczynski J, Cline D.M., Thomas S.H. (Eds.), Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 9th ed. McGraw-Hill.
McKeever R, Hamilton R. (2020). Calcium channel blockers. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482473/
Mohrman D.E., Heller L (Eds.) (2018). Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells in Cardiovascular Physiology, 9th ed. McGraw-Hill.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Buying a home is an exciting experience, but it can feel a bit overwhelming if you don't have the right information. Check out these helpful resources about the home buying process. When you're ready, give Robert Stewart a call at 952-412-1290 to tour available homes in the Dakota County and Lakeville areas.


text:
categories: characters, creative, flash fiction
She was shaking with anger by the time she got home. She'd already replayed the scene in her mind half a dozen times; it skewed slightly more to her favor with each revisitation. She stewed memories of his apathy and aloofness until they had dissolved, broken down to the basics in her black-and-white thought. Bad. He was a bad man. And now they'd given themselves over to the powers of her interpretation: apathy had become willful cruelty; aloofness, hatred. It was essential to load up her pen with as much venom as possible - it made composing the letter much easier, and much more satisfying.
She dropped her keys and bag in the cold, empty kitchen, and stalked to her writing desk in the office. She lowered herself onto the hard-backed chair, straightened her shoulders, and lifted her chin. Hers was important work. The most important, in fact.
Finally, she opened the single drawer. It slid forward on the grooves with a soothing, smooth hiss, a whispered promise of revenge. Together we will right this wrong, it said. She lifted a single page from the stack of clean white paper, and pulled her favorite pen from the cup on the desk. The pen spoke to her, too, as she made the first stroke. Its angled metal nib scratched pleasingly, reassuringly across the page. Yes. This. This is the only way. They don't know. But you do. You know.
It didn't take her long. It never did. It was formulaic, and familiar enough to her that she only paused to find words that would fully convey how badly she'd been wronged. She told herself she wasn't embellishing. She believed herself. She told herself she was helping him. She believed that, too.
When she was done, she lifted the sheet to what was left of the late afternoon light cutting through the office window. She tried to ignore the dust twinkling in the sun, stifling thoughts of the hours of drudging housework that stretched out before her. She silently read what she'd written, her lips mouthing the words, and occasionally murmuring aloud a phrase here or there: Dear Santa...a bad man...unfair...so mean...you understand...forgive him...don't take him off your list...he knows not...
So absorbed was she in her efforts that she didn't hear her husband come in the front door, call her name so softly that it seemed unwilling, and finally appear behind her in the office doorway. He watched her without interruption, because there was no point. It was a conversation they'd had a hundred times. She wouldn't be dissuaded. And since it made her feel better, he figured there was no harm. He'd just sneak back in later, when she was busy with the baby, find it, and quietly dispose of it like all the others.
He turned to leave just as she started folding. That was the part that made him saddest. That was the part that was hardest to watch. She took as much notice of his departure as she did of his arrival. She had to focus to get the lines right. Symmetry was everything.
He waited until he heard her bathing the baby. Sounds floated down the stairs to the family room, where he sat reading the newspaper, his shoulder muscles gnarled into manifestations of the day's myriad stresses. Splashing. Infant gurgles. His wife's voice, singing and cooing to their child. He set the paper on the sofa beside him, rose, and walked into the dark office. He didn't turn the light on; he didn't need to. He could see it sitting on the floor near the desk, a bright white feat of childish engineering - of fruitless, angry geometry - sitting in a pool of moonlight. It was a lonely coin in a dried up wishing well. It was a gavel banging in an empty courtroom. It was dead and useless where it had landed, after she'd walked to the farthest corner of the office, squinted and bit her lip in concentration, carefully lined up her arm, and sent it sailing across the room, where it had tapped impotently against the glass of the closed window before hitting the ground.
Physics had gotten the best of it.
He bent down and picked it up, looking it over appreciatively. She'd gotten better. The folds were razor-straight, and the plane's construction was complex. It was unlike anything he'd been able to make as a child, that was for certain. His wife's words crept out onto the wings, branding the aircraft with her indignation and righteousness. ...such a hateful man... He didn't unfold it, though. He knew he'd hear the story later, and that he'd have to emphatically agree that she'd been right, no matter what he secretly believed. The man crumpled the paper into a ball and tossed it into the trash.
Before he left the office, he stood for a moment in the light beside the window. He ran his hand over the smooth wooden patina of his mother's writing desk, clear and empty once again, patiently awaiting its next mission.
He sighed deeply, feeling sadness wrap itself around him like a straitjacket, and went to join his family upstairs.
posted Sunday, April 07, 2013
call from here
coachella 3 - getting high (in which I go to the c...
possible loss of humor in transcription
hell no, I'm just s...(WHAT? WHAT AM I JUST??)
opinionated person is opinionated
this came, and that's coming
your kids; my opinions
coachella 2 - getting in (in which your blogmistr...
five years on
coachella 1 - getting there (in which I get advice...
regram
Coachoices
melancholy girl
The Single Girl's Guide to Solo Attendance Music F...


The Journey Museum and Learning Center and the Red Ribbon Skirt Society of the Black Hills present the "WHY" Campaign dedicated to the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Children of Turtle Island (MMIW).
This will be an MMIW awareness presentation and "WHY" campaign kick-off. Expect short documentary films, a presentation of MMIW data, stories from family members of MMIW, and light refreshments.
The unveiling of the original artwork "Why" by Jim Yellowhawk will also take place during the event.
No admissions will be charged for this important presentation. Seating is limited. Call 605-394-6923 to reserve your place.
From Feb. 10-24, you can view the 2019 MMIW Red Dress Exhibit in memory of the 70-plus Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Children and those unaccounted for in South Dakota. The installation exhibit of 70 red dresses will be draped from the cottonwood trees on the grounds at the Journey Museum.
Friends and family members of MMIW are welcome to place flowers below the trees throughout the exhibit. For more information, contact Lily Mendoza at lilym@rap.midco.net.
For more information on the Red Ribbon Skirt Society and the "WHY" Campaign, go to www.shamusproject.com or find them on Facebook.


The best thing I ever did to change my life from poverty and drug addiction to one of mental clarity and fulfillment was to begin the practice of MEDITATION. It is a regular part of my life now and I would say it is one of the simplest activities you can try in order to make significant change in your life.
If you're new to the practice I would recommend you start with some guided meditations. A common problem is that a beginners mind will wander all over the place, and then judgments of your thoughts, your self and your life will occur. Although this is natural many people believe that they are doing it incorrectly or can't do it at all. Guided Meditations are a good place to start so that a person can just focus on listening and relaxing.
Also, for the past year I've been experimenting with Isochronic Tones and Binaural Beats, to reach the calm Theta State of consciousness (the same state of consciousness people achieve while in deep meditation. By listening to different frequencies and tones, the audio automatically trains the brain to "meditate" on autopilot while simultaneously building new favourable neural pathways in the brain. Developing AND relaxing your mind simultaneously. It's never been EASIER!
Lastly, if you are to take your meditation practice more seriously I would recommend creating a space in your home to do so. Enjoy!


Aluminum Storm windows are a cost-effective alternative to replacement windows. Custom built to your specifications with heavy-duty extruded aluminum, ProVia storm windows can offer up to a 21% increase in energy efficiency, weather protection and noise reduction.
Wrap around marine glazing seals glass firmly into sash.
Anti-bow pins ensure sashes will resist bowing under heavy wind loads (double hung only).
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Heavy-duty sash interlock seals out the elements (double hung & sliders).
Triple track windows feature an inside operating half screen, while double track windows feature a half screen that is housed under the exterior sash.
Keep out the cold and heat with full perimeter weatherstripping.
Additional structural strength with the mid-window stabilizer bar.
Cleaning is made easy with the removable sashes and half screen.
Teflon® coated springs and electrostatic coating on latch bolts create a smooth latch operation.
Safely adjust the amount of ventilation with ratcheted sash stops every 15/8″ on top and bottom sashes.
With a relatively low initial cost, storm door installation is an inexpensive option that provides a number of benefits for any homeowner, including: protection of the exterior door, increased energy efficiency, keeps insects out while allowing in more natural light and adds additional security to your home. Our full line of ProVia aluminum storm doors are available in multiple colors and feature many options for door glass, including the exclusive Inspirations™ Art Glass.
offers stylish designs for instant curb appeal.


text:
Paddy Higgs
Breanna Holden
Kieran Pender
En route to the big dance
by Tunna on Jun 13, 2018
Those travelling on the GGA are about to embark on the experience of a lifetime as they'll be able to live each day in the company of likeminded Socceroos fans.
Gate 4, International Terminal, Melbourne Airport, June 2018. As I sit alone and stare across the departure lounge sipping on a $7 Diet Coke, I can't help but notice the faces of anticipation and excitement as people wait to board our Thai Airways plane bound for Bangkok.
Most, of course, have their heads buried in their smart phones, or are busy taking that customary photo that floods our news feeds this time of year, the photographing of a boarding pass accompanied by a Passport.
There is however a more exciting minority to gloss over. Some look like they're breaking away for the tropics, while others have backpacks full of reading materials which tells me they're likely headed for destinations further than our first stop.
Then there's those that sit still and stare into what seems an abyss, of nothing in particular, but are staring in the same direction for long periods at a time. This is what I must look like to them. We sit as we ponder the long journey ahead. We're the type that are by no means afraid of flying, not at all. We're just not fans of the long haul and the draining experience that comes with it. First world problems, right?
Its ok 'children of the abyss'. I completely understand. Brace yourselves and I sincerely hope for not only your sake, but also for the sake of your fellow travellers that you've secured an aisle seat.
Then, as if to remind me just why I'm making this trip, I catch a glimpse out of the corner of my eye of what had to be a father and son. A man in his late 30's-early 40's and his 10-ish year old son. Dressed in their brand new Socceroos jerseys, they walk side by side before deciding to duck into Hungry Jacks.
By now, half way through my 600ml Diet Coke, seeing that father and son stroll past took me back to my first World Cup experience and the fond memories I cherish still today.
I had to rewind the clock right back, 28 years in fact of when I was in the same position as the duo I just saw. Little does that boy know that he's about to embark on a journey that will forever be a part of him.
It was the European summer of 1990 and Italy, the place of birth to both my parents was hosting the tournament for the first time in close to 60 years. It was as good excuse as any for my Dad to make a trip back to the mother land to see the extended family… and attend the World Cup.
I'm sure everyone can relate to having at least one vivid memory of their childhood they can recount to people as if it happened yesterday; mine is entering the Olympic Stadium in Rome for the first time that tournament. People singing in unison walking to the ground, scaling the steps to hear the roar of the crowed as I inched closer to the concourse, seeing the perfectly manicured grass as my head peered over those final few steps, before arriving at the top of the stairs to take in the stadium before me. It was like nothing I'd ever seen.
Dad tells people I froze in that moment and I probably did, but that's the one reference point to those years I always go back to, and it was only through my adulthood that I stopped taking that experience for granted and was able to appreciate it as something that's lived on, long after it was gone.
Those travelling to Russia for their first World Cup will no doubt experience the same. I've been lucky enough to have travelled to five World Cup tournaments prior to this one and on each occasion came away with new lifelong friendships.
I always say that the football will take care of itself. We're going to see the world's best so there is no doubt the matches will be of the highest standard.
Those travelling on the Green and Gold Army Tour are about to embark on the experience of a lifetime as they'll be able to live each day in the company of likeminded fans of our national football team. That's what the game does I guess. It has a knack of bringing people together like nothing else.
I'm looking forward to the t hreeweeks ahead. I'm often asked which of the five so far my favourite was. My response is always the same. I've enjoyed them all for varying reasons but what's consistent and what I've loved most is the festival that is the World Cup and its ability to bring the world together to one country for what is essentially a month long party. That's the best part, it always has been and may it continue.
I look forward to having a yarn or two about Football, about anything really over the next 20 days with my fellow Socceroo fans on the Green and Gold Army Moscow Home Base tour. I also look forward to learning about a new culture. One that has such an 'interesting" past but is now renowned, especially Moscow, as being one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the world.
Who knows, I might even bump into "Father and Son" on my travels... while sipping a Diet Coke outside St Basils and Red Square.
Adam "Tunna" Tennenini is a Director of Green & Gold Army and leader of the BWB - Melbourne. A veteran of six FIFA World Cups, two Asian Cups, Hundreds of A-League games, and tens of thousands of hours of couch sitting watching Football and his beloved AS Roma. He's the proud owner of an FFV Championship medallion and a dog named Remus.


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Weekly prize x 50: limited edition McDonald's Shake thumb drive!
Visit any of 50 participating dessert kiosks and perform a Facebook check-in to the dessert kiosk location via Check-in For A Shake Mobile Site using your smart phone.
Order a McDonald's Shake, take a snapshot of you enjoying the shake and submit the photo online.
Visit McDonald's Malaysia website for more details.
Peraduan Raya Fiesta Berganda Contest: Win Up to RM110,000 Duit Raya!


text:
1945 Alfred 2021
Alfred Calafiore
January 25, 1945 — October 2, 2021
Alfred Calafiore, 76, of Goose Creek, SC and Whippany, NJ; husband to Donna Calafiore for 45 years, entered into eternal rest on October 2, 2021, surrounded by his loving family.
Born on January 25, 1945 in Solarino, Italy, Alfred was a son of the late Salvatore Calafiore and Sebastiana Aparo Calafiore.
Alfred earned a Masters degree from Newark College of Engineering, and was a consultant in the field for most of his life, working for many years in New York City, and many in the Charleston area as well. A devout Catholic, he was a member of Immaculate Conception Catholic Church in Goose Creek for over 20 years. Alfred also volunteered at the Seacoast Dream Center, where he started a homeless ministry that touched thousands of lives and is still active and strong 10 years later. He was also a member of the Citizens Climate Lobby, and especially in recent years was quite active as a champion of the environment. When not attending mass or fighting climate change, he enjoyed spending time with his children and grandchildren.
Alfred is survived by Donna Calafiore ; son David Calafiore (Ryan); son Jeff Calafiore (Jillian), and their children Jenna, Jonas, Eames, Wells and Marley Calafiore; brothers Robert Calafiore and Sergio Calafiore , along with a host of nieces, nephews and cousins.
The family will receive friends on October 15, 2021 from 2:00 PM - 3:00 PM at McAlister-Smith Funeral Home, Mt. Pleasant, 1520 Rifle Range Rd., Mt. Pleasant, SC 29464.
A Prayer Service will follow at 3:00 PM.
Due to the Covid pandemic, the family's preference is that those who are unvaccinated, not attend in person, but join us virtually instead – the service will be live-streamed here on the Funeral Home website.
Burial services will be private.
If you prefer to make a donation in lieu of flowers, memorial contributions in Alfred's memory may be sent to Food For The Poor: foodforthepoor.org (please mention his name in the "Comments" field, or via phone).
Expressions of sympathy may be viewed or submitted online at https://www.mcalister-smith.com.
Funeral arrangements have been entrusted to McALISTER-SMITH FUNERAL & CREMATION, Mt. Pleasant, 1520 Rifle Range Rd., Mt. Pleasant, SC 29464, (843) 884-3833.
To order memorial trees or send flowers to the family in memory of Alfred Calafiore, please visit our flower store.
McAlister-Smith Funeral & Cremation Mt. Pleasant
1520 Rifle Range Road, Mount Pleasant, SC 29464


text:
(function (factory) {
    if (typeof module === "object" && typeof module.exports === "object") {
        var v = factory(require, exports);
        if (v !== undefined) module.exports = v;
    }
    else if (typeof define === "function" && define.amd) {
        define(["require", "exports", "@angular/core", "../../util/util", "./item", "../list/list", "../../platform/platform", "./item-options"], factory);
    }
})(function (require, exports) {
    "use strict";
    Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
    var core_1 = require("@angular/core");
    var util_1 = require("../../util/util");
    var item_1 = require("./item");
    var list_1 = require("../list/list");
    var platform_1 = require("../../platform/platform");
    var item_options_1 = require("./item-options");
    var /** @type {?} */ SWIPE_MARGIN = 30;
    var /** @type {?} */ ELASTIC_FACTOR = 0.55;
    var /** @type {?} */ ITEM_SIDE_FLAG_NONE = 0;
    var /** @type {?} */ ITEM_SIDE_FLAG_LEFT = 1 << 0;
    var /** @type {?} */ ITEM_SIDE_FLAG_RIGHT = 1 << 1;
    var /** @type {?} */ ITEM_SIDE_FLAG_BOTH = ITEM_SIDE_FLAG_LEFT | ITEM_SIDE_FLAG_RIGHT;
    /**
     * \@name ItemSliding
     * \@description
     * A sliding item is a list item that can be swiped to reveal buttons. It requires
     * an [Item](../Item) component as a child and a [List](../../list/List) component as
     * a parent. All buttons to reveal can be placed in the `<ion-item-options>` element.
     *
     * \@usage
     * ```html
     * <ion-list>
     *   <ion-item-sliding #item>
     *     <ion-item>
     *       Item
     *     </ion-item>
     *     <ion-item-options side="left">
     *       <button ion-button (click)="favorite(item)">Favorite</button>
     *       <button ion-button color="danger" (click)="share(item)">Share</button>
     *     </ion-item-options>
     *
     *     <ion-item-options side="right">
     *       <button ion-button (click)="unread(item)">Unread</button>
     *     </ion-item-options>
     *   </ion-item-sliding>
     * </ion-list>
     * ```
     *
     * ### Swipe Direction
     * By default, the buttons are revealed when the sliding item is swiped from right to left,
     * so the buttons are placed in the right side. But it's also possible to reveal them
     * in the right side (sliding from left to right) by setting the `side` attribute
     * on the `ion-item-options` element. Up to 2 `ion-item-options` can used at the same time
     * in order to reveal two different sets of buttons depending the swipping direction.
     *
     * ```html
     * <ion-item-options side="right">
     *   <button ion-button (click)="archive(item)">
     *     <ion-icon name="archive"></ion-icon>
     *     Archive
     *   </button>
     * </ion-item-options>
     *
     * <ion-item-options side="left">
     *   <button ion-button (click)="archive(item)">
     *     <ion-icon name="archive"></ion-icon>
     *     Archive
     *   </button>
     * </ion-item-options>
     * ```
     *
     * ### Listening for events (ionDrag) and (ionSwipe)
     * It's possible to know the current relative position of the sliding item by subscribing
     * to the (ionDrag)` event.
     *
     * ```html
     * <ion-item-sliding (ionDrag)="logDrag($event)">
     *   <ion-item>Item</ion-item>
     *   <ion-item-options>
     *     <button ion-button>Favorite</button>
     *   </ion-item-options>
     * </ion-item-sliding>
     * ```
     *
     * ### Button Layout
     * If an icon is placed with text in the option button, by default it will
     * display the icon on top of the text. This can be changed to display the icon
     * to the left of the text by setting `icon-left` as an attribute on the
     * `<ion-item-options>` element.
     *
     * ```html
     * <ion-item-options icon-left>
     *    <button ion-button (click)="archive(item)">
     *      <ion-icon name="archive"></ion-icon>
     *      Archive
     *    </button>
     *  </ion-item-options>
     *
     * ```
     *
     *
     * \@demo /docs/demos/src/item-sliding/
     * @see {\@link /docs/components#lists List Component Docs}
     * @see {\@link ../Item Item API Docs}
     * @see {\@link ../../list/List List API Docs}
     */
    var ItemSliding = (function () {
        /**
         * @param {?} list
         * @param {?} _plt
         * @param {?} _renderer
         * @param {?} _elementRef
         * @param {?} _zone
         */
        function ItemSliding(list, _plt, _renderer, _elementRef, _zone) {
            this._plt = _plt;
            this._renderer = _renderer;
            this._elementRef = _elementRef;
            this._zone = _zone;
            this._openAmount = 0;
            this._startX = 0;
            this._optsWidthRightSide = 0;
            this._optsWidthLeftSide = 0;
            this._tmr = null;
            this._optsDirty = true;
            this._state = 2 /* Disabled */;
            /**
             * \@output {event} Emitted when the sliding position changes.
             * It reports the relative position.
             *
             * ```ts
             * ondrag(item) {
             *   let percent = item.getSlidingPercent();
             *   if (percent > 0) {
             *     // positive
             *     console.log('right side');
             *   } else {
             *     // negative
             *     console.log('left side');
             *   }
             *   if (Math.abs(percent) > 1) {
             *     console.log('overscroll');
             *   }
             * }
             * ```
             *
             */
            this.ionDrag = new core_1.EventEmitter();
            list && list.containsSlidingItem(true);
            _elementRef.nativeElement.$ionComponent = this;
            this.setElementClass('item-wrapper', true);
        }
        Object.defineProperty(ItemSliding.prototype, "_itemOptions", {
            /**
             * @param {?} itemOptions
             * @return {?}
             */
            set: function (itemOptions) {
                var /** @type {?} */ sides = 0;
                // Reset left and right options in case they were removed
                this._leftOptions = this._rightOptions = null;
                for (var _i = 0, _a = itemOptions.toArray(); _i < _a.length; _i++) {
                    var item = _a[_i];
                    if (item.isRightSide()) {
                        this._rightOptions = item;
                        sides |= ITEM_SIDE_FLAG_RIGHT;
                    }
                    else {
                        this._leftOptions = item;
                        sides |= ITEM_SIDE_FLAG_LEFT;
                    }
                }
                this._optsDirty = true;
                this._sides = sides;
            },
            enumerable: true,
            configurable: true
        });
        /**
         * @hidden
         * @return {?}
         */
        ItemSliding.prototype.getOpenAmount = function () {
            return this._openAmount;
        };
        /**
         * @hidden
         * @return {?}
         */
        ItemSliding.prototype.getSlidingPercent = function () {
            var /** @type {?} */ openAmount = this._openAmount;
            if (openAmount > 0) {
                return openAmount / this._optsWidthRightSide;
            }
            else if (openAmount < 0) {
                return openAmount / this._optsWidthLeftSide;
            }
            else {
                return 0;
            }
        };
        /**
         * @hidden
         * @param {?} startX
         * @return {?}
         */
        ItemSliding.prototype.startSliding = function (startX) {
            if (this._tmr) {
                this._plt.cancelTimeout(this._tmr);
                this._tmr = null;
            }
            if (this._openAmount === 0) {
                this._optsDirty = true;
                this._setState(4 /* Enabled */);
            }
            this._startX = startX + this._openAmount;
            this.item.setElementStyle(this._plt.Css.transition, 'none');
        };
        /**
         * @hidden
         * @param {?} x
         * @return {?}
         */
        ItemSliding.prototype.moveSliding = function (x) {
            if (this._optsDirty) {
                this.calculateOptsWidth();
                return;
            }
            var /** @type {?} */ openAmount = (this._startX - x);
            switch (this._sides) {
                case ITEM_SIDE_FLAG_RIGHT:
                    openAmount = Math.max(0, openAmount);
                    break;
                case ITEM_SIDE_FLAG_LEFT:
                    openAmount = Math.min(0, openAmount);
                    break;
                case ITEM_SIDE_FLAG_BOTH: break;
                case ITEM_SIDE_FLAG_NONE: return;
                default:
                    (void 0) /* assert */;
                    break;
            }
            if (openAmount > this._optsWidthRightSide) {
                var /** @type {?} */ optsWidth = this._optsWidthRightSide;
                openAmount = optsWidth + (openAmount - optsWidth) * ELASTIC_FACTOR;
            }
            else if (openAmount < -this._optsWidthLeftSide) {
                var /** @type {?} */ optsWidth = -this._optsWidthLeftSide;
                openAmount = optsWidth + (openAmount - optsWidth) * ELASTIC_FACTOR;
            }
            this._setOpenAmount(openAmount, false);
            return openAmount;
        };
        /**
         * @hidden
         * @param {?} velocity
         * @return {?}
         */
        ItemSliding.prototype.endSliding = function (velocity) {
            var /** @type {?} */ restingPoint = (this._openAmount > 0)
                ? this._optsWidthRightSide
                : -this._optsWidthLeftSide;
            // Check if the drag didn't clear the buttons mid-point
            // and we aren't moving fast enough to swipe open
            var /** @type {?} */ isResetDirection = (this._openAmount > 0) === !(velocity < 0);
            var /** @type {?} */ isMovingFast = Math.abs(velocity) > 0.3;
            var /** @type {?} */ isOnCloseZone = Math.abs(this._openAmount) < Math.abs(restingPoint / 2);
            if (util_1.swipeShouldReset(isResetDirection, isMovingFast, isOnCloseZone)) {
                restingPoint = 0;
            }
            this._setOpenAmount(restingPoint, true);
            this.fireSwipeEvent();
            return restingPoint;
        };
        /**
         * @hidden
         * @return {?}
         */
        ItemSliding.prototype.fireSwipeEvent = function () {
            var _this = this;
            if (this._state & 32 /* SwipeRight */) {
                this._zone.run(function () { return _this._rightOptions.ionSwipe.emit(_this); });
            }
            else if (this._state & 64 /* SwipeLeft */) {
                this._zone.run(function () { return _this._leftOptions.ionSwipe.emit(_this); });
            }
        };
        /**
         * @hidden
         * @return {?}
         */
        ItemSliding.prototype.calculateOptsWidth = function () {
            if (!this._optsDirty) {
                return;
            }
            this._optsWidthRightSide = 0;
            if (this._rightOptions) {
                this._optsWidthRightSide = this._rightOptions.width();
                (void 0) /* assert */;
            }
            this._optsWidthLeftSide = 0;
            if (this._leftOptions) {
                this._optsWidthLeftSide = this._leftOptions.width();
                (void 0) /* assert */;
            }
            this._optsDirty = false;
        };
        /**
         * @param {?} openAmount
         * @param {?} isFinal
         * @return {?}
         */
        ItemSliding.prototype._setOpenAmount = function (openAmount, isFinal) {
            var _this = this;
            var /** @type {?} */ platform = this._plt;
            if (this._tmr) {
                platform.cancelTimeout(this._tmr);
                this._tmr = null;
            }
            this._openAmount = openAmount;
            if (isFinal) {
                this.item.setElementStyle(platform.Css.transition, '');
            }
            else {
                if (openAmount > 0) {
                    var /** @type {?} */ state = (openAmount >= (this._optsWidthRightSide + SWIPE_MARGIN))
                        ? 8 /* Right */ | 32 /* SwipeRight */
                        : 8 /* Right */;
                    this._setState(state);
                }
                else if (openAmount < 0) {
                    var /** @type {?} */ state = (openAmount <= (-this._optsWidthLeftSide - SWIPE_MARGIN))
                        ? 16 /* Left */ | 64 /* SwipeLeft */
                        : 16 /* Left */;
                    this._setState(state);
                }
            }
            if (openAmount === 0) {
                this._tmr = platform.timeout(function () {
                    _this._setState(2 /* Disabled */);
                    _this._tmr = null;
                }, 600);
                this.item.setElementStyle(platform.Css.transform, '');
                return;
            }
            this.item.setElementStyle(platform.Css.transform, "translate3d(" + -openAmount + "px,0,0)");
            var /** @type {?} */ ionDrag = this.ionDrag;
            if (ionDrag.observers.length > 0) {
                ionDrag.emit(this);
            }
        };
        /**
         * @param {?} state
         * @return {?}
         */
        ItemSliding.prototype._setState = function (state) {
            if (state === this._state) {
                return;
            }
            this.setElementClass('active-slide', (state !== 2 /* Disabled */));
            this.setElementClass('active-options-right', !!(state & 8 /* Right */));
            this.setElementClass('active-options-left', !!(state & 16 /* Left */));
            this.setElementClass('active-swipe-right', !!(state & 32 /* SwipeRight */));
            this.setElementClass('active-swipe-left', !!(state & 64 /* SwipeLeft */));
            this._state = state;
        };
        /**
         * Close the sliding item. Items can also be closed from the [List](../../list/List).
         *
         * The sliding item can be closed by grabbing a reference to `ItemSliding`. In the
         * below example, the template reference variable `slidingItem` is placed on the element
         * and passed to the `share` method.
         *
         * ```html
         * <ion-list>
         *   <ion-item-sliding #slidingItem>
         *     <ion-item>
         *       Item
         *     </ion-item>
         *     <ion-item-options>
         *       <button ion-button (click)="share(slidingItem)">Share</button>
         *     </ion-item-options>
         *   </ion-item-sliding>
         * </ion-list>
         * ```
         *
         * ```ts
         * import { Component } from '\@angular/core';
         * import { ItemSliding } from 'ionic-angular';
         *
         * \@Component({...})
         * export class MyClass {
         *   constructor() { }
         *
         *   share(slidingItem: ItemSliding) {
         *     slidingItem.close();
         *   }
         * }
         * ```
         * @return {?}
         */
        ItemSliding.prototype.close = function () {
            this._setOpenAmount(0, true);
        };
        /**
         * @hidden
         * @param {?} cssClass
         * @param {?} shouldAdd
         * @return {?}
         */
        ItemSliding.prototype.setElementClass = function (cssClass, shouldAdd) {
            this._renderer.setElementClass(this._elementRef.nativeElement, cssClass, shouldAdd);
        };
        return ItemSliding;
    }());
    ItemSliding.decorators = [
        { type: core_1.Component, args: [{
                    selector: 'ion-item-sliding',
                    template: "\n    <ng-content select=\"ion-item,[ion-item]\"></ng-content>\n    <ng-content select=\"ion-item-options\"></ng-content>\n  ",
                    changeDetection: core_1.ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush,
                    encapsulation: core_1.ViewEncapsulation.None
                },] },
    ];
    /**
     * @nocollapse
     */
    ItemSliding.ctorParameters = function () { return [
        { type: list_1.List, decorators: [{ type: core_1.Optional },] },
        { type: platform_1.Platform, },
        { type: core_1.Renderer, },
        { type: core_1.ElementRef, },
        { type: core_1.NgZone, },
    ]; };
    ItemSliding.propDecorators = {
        'item': [{ type: core_1.ContentChild, args: [item_1.Item,] },],
        'ionDrag': [{ type: core_1.Output },],
        '_itemOptions': [{ type: core_1.ContentChildren, args: [core_1.forwardRef(function () { return item_options_1.ItemOptions; }),] },],
    };
    exports.ItemSliding = ItemSliding;
    function ItemSliding_tsickle_Closure_declarations() {
        /** @type {?} */
        ItemSliding.decorators;
        /**
         * @nocollapse
         * @type {?}
         */
        ItemSliding.ctorParameters;
        /** @type {?} */
        ItemSliding.propDecorators;
        /** @type {?} */
        ItemSliding.prototype._openAmount;
        /** @type {?} */
        ItemSliding.prototype._startX;
        /** @type {?} */
        ItemSliding.prototype._optsWidthRightSide;
        /** @type {?} */
        ItemSliding.prototype._optsWidthLeftSide;
        /** @type {?} */
        ItemSliding.prototype._sides;
        /** @type {?} */
        ItemSliding.prototype._tmr;
        /** @type {?} */
        ItemSliding.prototype._leftOptions;
        /** @type {?} */
        ItemSliding.prototype._rightOptions;
        /** @type {?} */
        ItemSliding.prototype._optsDirty;
        /** @type {?} */
        ItemSliding.prototype._state;
        /**
         * @hidden
         * @type {?}
         */
        ItemSliding.prototype.item;
        /**
         * \@output {event} Emitted when the sliding position changes.
         * It reports the relative position.
         *
         * ```ts
         * ondrag(item) {
         *   let percent = item.getSlidingPercent();
         *   if (percent > 0) {
         *     // positive
         *     console.log('right side');
         *   } else {
         *     // negative
         *     console.log('left side');
         *   }
         *   if (Math.abs(percent) > 1) {
         *     console.log('overscroll');
         *   }
         * }
         * ```
         *
         * @type {?}
         */
        ItemSliding.prototype.ionDrag;
        /** @type {?} */
        ItemSliding.prototype._plt;
        /** @type {?} */
        ItemSliding.prototype._renderer;
        /** @type {?} */
        ItemSliding.prototype._elementRef;
        /** @type {?} */
        ItemSliding.prototype._zone;
    }
});
//# sourceMappingURL=item-sliding.js.map


text:
The College has eligibility for funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) also allows us to take advantage of federal monies set aside specifically for research at colleges. Langarans are also now permitted to apply to the Social Sciences & Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) for funding in the arts (that is, social sciences, humanities, and creative arts), business/management, human and social development, and education, as well as some aspects of information and communications technology and health studies.
BCCAT CFP open now! Please contact Jenny Francis or Kelly Sveinson if you would like to apply to any of the opportunities below!
Pandemic-Related Changes in Post-Secondary: An Overview of Students' Surveys and Institutional Responses
This study aims at creating a repository of surveys aimed at assessing students' experiences and perceptions in order to summarize key findings, as well as to provide a resource for institutions designing surveys in the future. Learn more. Deadline: April 12, 2021. Contact: Anna Tikina, Research Officer.
Pandemic-Related Changes in Admissions/ Registrarial Practices and Policies
This study aims at assessing COVID-19 related modifications of admissions/ registrarial practices and policies at BC post-secondary institutions. Learn more. Deadline: April 12, 2021. Contact: Anna Tikina, Research Officer.
Exploring Data Collection to Support Equity, Diversity and Inclusion in BC Public Post-secondary Institutions
This project, developed in conjunction with the BC Registrars' Association and EducationPlannerBC, will provide a survey of key considerations around the collection of data on student ethnicity and ancestry, and a survey of approaches adopted in other jurisdictions. Issues specific to post-secondary admission and reporting processes will be highlighted. Learn more. Deadline: April 15, 2021. Contact: Anna Tikina, Research Officer.
Impact of Covid-19 and Online Learning on Students in BC's Rural and Remote Communities
This project aims at analyzing institutional data, and survey or interviews with students and faculty, to assess the impact of the move to remote, online learning on students from rural and remote communities. Learn more. Deadline: April 15, 2021. Contact: Anna Tikina, Research Officer.
Additional opportunities:
National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC):
College and Community Innovation Fund (CCI)
Applied Research and Development Grants (ARD)
Applied Resarch Tools and Instruments Grants (ARTI)
Industrial Research Chairs for Colleges Grant (IRC)
Innovation Enhancement Grants (IE, formerly CCI)
Technology Access Centre (TACs)
Social Sciences and Humanitites Research Council of Canada (SSHRC):
Partnership Grants (Letter of Intent)
Partnership Grants (Formal Application)
Public Outreach Grants: Workshops & Conferences
Public Outreach Grants: Dissemination
Insight Development Grants
Insight Grants
Partnership Development Grants
Sport Participation Research Initiative
Aid to Research Workshops & Conferences
Research Data Centres Project
Digging Into Data Challenge
Metropolis National Research Project
College-Industry Innovation Fund


Christian leadership requires radical revisioning in the 21st century. The patriarchal, white, Western, capitalist framework that has dominated the globe the last few hundred years has failed to deliver on its promise of greater prosperity and wellbeing. As people on the margins have always known, the ideology of empire is perverse and demonic in its far-reaching effects. Whiteness, the ideology of the American Empire, was birthed in conquest and theft, and has led to a global neoliberal system where everything is a commodity to be devoured for profit. The earth cries out on the brink of eco-systemic collapse.
This is an age for prophets and healers. As indigenous peoples have long recognized, the need is not for more "progress," but remembering and returning to the kinship that has been lost. Once the layers of imperial co-optation are peeled away, the indigenous and ancestral presence in the bible is liberated to guide us on this journey of decolonization. Through Underground Seminary, students develop the ability to read history, the biblical witness, and their own story through a post-colonial lens. We excavate the past and face the historical betrayals of communion with God's good creation, while also uncovering the rich ancestral wisdom that lies beneath.
Our pedagogy for this journey of decolonization is classroom seminars in a small cohort of peers, participation in community housing, daily meals together, projects and trips that integrate the learning, one-on-one mentoring, and occasional work projects. Our alternative theological program aims to heal students' connection to their roots, liberate the spirit, and restore an experience of kinship with the whole of creation so that together we can follow Jesus in his ministry as a prophet and healer.


text:
namespace Simplexcel.XlsxInternal
{
    // ToDo: This is hack-ish, make this better.
    internal class RelationshipCounter
    {
        private int _count;

        internal int GetNextId()
        {
            _count++;
            return _count;
        }
    }
}


text:
Branzi é uma comuna italiana da região da Lombardia, província de Bérgamo, com cerca de 762 habitantes. Estende-se por uma área de 25 km², tendo uma densidade populacional de 30 hab/km². Faz fronteira com Ardesio, Carona, Isola di Fondra, Piazzatorre, Roncobello, Valgoglio, Valleve.

Demografia

Comunas de Bérgamo (província)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How to manage hundreds of insertion? What is the best way to avoid ORA-0100: Maximum open cursors exceeded when we cannot change the numbers of cursors ?
Is there a bette way than :
Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(/* Oracle Driver */);
Statement st = null;
  st = connection.createStatement();
for (/* a lot of iteration with counter */) {

  st.executeUpdate(insertSql);

  if ( counter % 500 == 0) {
    st.close();
    connection.commit();
    st = connection.createStatement();
  }
}

Which method call consumes a cursor : to executeUpdate or to createStatement ?
I think it is the executeUpdate method this is why I have made this counter.
For the Oracle I work on :
select * from v$version;

Result :
BANNER
----------------------------------------------------------------
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
CORE 11.2.0.1.0 Production
TNS for 32-bit Windows: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production

A: You are closing only every 50th statement...
for (/* a lot of iteration with counter */) {
  st = connection.createStatement(); //you create a statement each iteration!

  //...

  // This whole thing not right here
  if ( counter % 50 == 0) {
    st.close(); // not right here -- will have 49 open statements by now
    connection.commit(); //this too
  }

}

You should rather use prepared statements, and batch insert for this amount of data.
 PreparedStatement statement = connection.prepareStatement(insertTableSQL);
 for(<the objects you have>) {

   //set parameters into insert query
   statement.set*.*(1, <paramValue>);

   statement.addBatch(); //add it to the batch
 }

 statement.executeBatch();//execute whole batch
 connection.commit();

A: You only need one statement for all actions, so you can create the statement out of the loop.
Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(/* Oracle Driver */);
Statement statement = connection.createStatement();
for (/* a lot of iteration with counter */) {
  // do some INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE
}
statement.close();
connection.close();

Now, inside the loop you can run your queries, for example:
statement.executeUpdate("query");


text:
Inca One Secures US$9.0 Million Non-Dilutive Gold Pre-Payment Facility
VANCOUVER, BC – August 9, 2021 – INCA ONE GOLD CORP. (TSXV: INCA) (OTCQB: INCAF) (FSE: SU92) ("Inca One" or the "Company") a gold producer, operating two fully permitted mineral processing facilities in Peru, is pleased to announce it has arranged a new, gold, pre-payment facility of up to US$9.0 million (the "Facility") from OCIM Precious Metals SA ("OCIM").
Immediate drawdown of US$6.0 million on a new gold prepayment Facility secured with OCIM.
Proceeds from the Facility are expected to increase and maintain production at 175 to 225 tonnes per day ("TPD") at the current gold price.
Access to an additional US$3.0 million upon payment of 50% of the Facility.
"Following the successful completion of our first non-dilutive gold facility with OCIM, it has allowed the Company to complete a new and more robust agreement," stated Edward Kelly, President, and CEO of Inca One. "This new Facility will significantly increase working capital by US$4.6 million and provide Inca One the ability to fill a significant portion of our unused mill capacity and could enable the Company to process between 175 and 225 TPD."
"We are very excited to continue our strong relationship with OCIM. The Facility will allow us to move towards profitability," added Kevin Hart, CFO of Inca One. "This funding arrangement will provide Inca One the flexibility to plan for the long-term and enable the Company to purchase and promptly pay our artisanal small-scale mining partners."
The Facility signed on August 6, 2021, will be available to Inca One in two tranches. The first tranche is for approximately US$6.0 million is payable with 4,181 ounces of gold in 16 equal, monthly payments of gold bullion of 261.3 ounces. The first payment is due 90 days after receipt of the funds, on November 4, 2021.
Net proceeds of the Facility's first tranche received by the Company also on August 6, 2021, were for approximately US$5.95 million, of which US$4.6 million will be used to purchase gold mill feed, and US$1.35 million will be used for the repayment of a secured debenture. The Facility is secured by a Canadian general security agreement and will have registered security over the Chala One Plant and equipment in favor of OCIM.
"OCIM is pleased to assist Inca One in its development to full production capacity by providing tailor-made funding that matches Inca One's business model," stated Laurent Mathiot, CEO of OCIM.
A second tranche can extend the Facility for an additional US$3.0 million at the request of the Company and the discretion of OCIM (the "Drawdown Option"). This Drawdown Option will be payable in 18 equal monthly payments of gold bullion, with the first payment due 30 days after receipt of the Drawdown Option.
About OCIM
The OCIM group of privately held companies has a long and successful history as a trader and financier of strategic assets. Established in Paris in 1961, OCIM is headed by a third-generation member of the founding family. Besides its core historical business in real estate, OCIM has diversified into other strategic tangible assets such as coinage Precious Metals via its Geneva-based subsidiary. As a Merchant, OCIM trades physical metals across the full value chain, from producers to end users. As a Financier, OCIM invests in a wide variety of instruments and provides financing to the value chain with equity, debt, and alternative investments.
Inca One Gold Corp is a TSXV listed gold producer operating two fully permitted gold mineral processing facilities in Peru. The Company has produced more than 92,000 ounces of gold, generating over US$125 million in revenue from its first six years of operations. Inca One is led by an experienced and capable management team that has established the Company as a trusted leader in servicing government permitted, small-scale miners in Peru. Peru is the world's seventh-largest producer of gold, and its small-scale mining sector is estimated by government officials to be valued in the billions of dollars annually. Inca One possesses a combined 450 tonnes per day permitted operating capacity at its two fully integrated plants, Chala One and Kori One. To learn more, visit www.incaone.com.


A new trailer for Rock of Ages has tumbled unstoppably towards us, crushing every piece of Renaissance artwork it can find.
As you'll hopefully recall, Rock of Ages is the new project of Zeno Clash creators ACE Team in which fragile art-themed defenses attempt to stop the inevitable path of destruction caused by a huge boulder. In this footage (which owes more than a little to the Monty Python animations of Terry Gilliam,) some of Italy's finest works are in the sights of a pleasingly smug rock.
Any trailer featuring a giant Michelangelo's David having a ball fired at his, well, balls, is worth a look, surely? Click below to do so.
Rock of Ages is planned as a downloadable title for Xbox LIVE and PSN. Unconfirmed rumours of a PC release also abound.


Welcome to the Butterfly Class web page.
Handa's Surprise - During Black History Week the children explored the story Handa's Surprise, about a girl living in Kenya. Butterfly class loved the story and enjoyed pretending to be Handa carrying baskets of fruit on their heads. They learned about some of the fruits Handa carried and made fruit-salad cups.
Butterfly class have learnt to sing many songs and nursery rhymes. Our Bakery role-play area was great fun which reinforced the rhyme '5 Currant Buns in a baker's shop'. The children made salt-dough buns to sell in the baker shop and made their own tasty bread rolls....yum!
Butterfly class have been noticing the change in the season to Autumn. They have created Autumn leaf pictures and paintings; been on an Autumn exploration in the field outside the Early Years playground; and sung Autumn songs. We celebrated Divali, the Hindu Festival of Light, and we were very lucky to have one of our parents visit Butterfly class to show us how Hindu's celebrate this beautiful festival.
The children were also very excited about Bonfire night and created wonderful firework paintings and playdough creations.
What a wonderful time the children in Butterfly Class had over the festive period. We are so proud of them for learning all the songs for the Christmas performance and for being so brave performing for all the grown-ups that came to the show. We hope you enjoyed it as much as we did. It was an exciting time and as the photographs below will show, the children were very busy preparing for Christmas. We also had Father Christmas visit us too!
On behalf of myself, Mrs Devlin, Mrs Lynch, Mr Brewin and Miss Thomson, thankyou very much to you all for the lovely and generous gifts you gave to us for Christmas.


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