text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:1}

Algorithmic mechanism design \cite{NR} deals with game-theoretic versions
of optimization problems such as task scheduling, resource allocation, facility location,
etc. which involve one or more selfish agents who are asked to report their private information
as part of the input. A mechanism is a function that receives the information reported by the agents, and returns an outcome possibly together with a payment scheme. An agent might lie about her information
if doing so increases her own benefit obtained from the outcome of the game.  The goal is to design a mechanism that encourages truthfulness or strategy-proofness on the one hand and optimizes
a related objective function on the other hand.

In mechanism design with money, the authority can use money as
compensation to the agents in order to ensure strategy-proofness.
For example, the well known Vickrey-Clarke-Groves
(VCG) mechanism \cite{N} is not only strategy-proof, but also outputs an optimal solution
to the problem of maximizing the sum of all agents' utility. However, a disadvantage \cite{R} of
this mechanism is that it must return an optimal solution for a given objective function.
Since it is often difficult to compute an optimal solution in polynomial time for many combinatorial
optimization problems, sometimes the VCG mechanism is not efficient.
Meanwhile, as pointed out by Schummer and Vohra \cite{SV2}, ``there are many important
environments where money cannot be used as a medium
of compensation, due to ethical considerations (for instance,
in political decision making) or legal considerations (for instance, in
the context of organ donations)".  Therefore, many researchers are interested in
mechanisms without monetary payment.

Procaccia and Tennecholtz \cite{PT} first proposed that approximation can be used
to obtain strategy-proofness without relying on payment and initiated a case study
in approximation mechanism design without money based on facility games. Since
then many results have been obtained by various authors on approximation mechanism
design without money for facility games. The purpose of this paper is to
give a brief review of known results in this area and meanwhile present a general
framework based on existing models. This framework will be discussed in the next
section. In Sections 3 and 4, we will give an account of results on different models for
classical facility games and obnoxious facility games, respectively. In Section 5 we discuss
possible research problems in the area.

\section{Framework}
\label{sec:2}
In any facility game there associates a set $N=\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$
 of agents, where $i$ denotes
the $i$th agent. There is also an underlying \emph{metric space} $(\Omega,d)$ whose points
are called \emph{locations}, where as usual the metric (distance function) $d:\Omega\times\Omega\rightarrow \mathbf{R}$ is
non-negative, symmetric and satisfies the triangle inequality. Each agent $i\in N$ has a
\emph{true location} $t_i\in \Omega$ that is her private information, and she reports a location $x_i\in \Omega$
that is not necessarily the same as $t_i$. We call $\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}=(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_m)\in \Omega^n$ a \emph{location
profile}.

Assume that $k$ locations in $\Omega$ are required to be selected to put $k$ facilities. A
deterministic mechanism $f$ outputs $k$ facility locations in $\Omega$ according to a given
location profile $\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}$ without resorting to payments. In other words, $f$ is a function
$f:\Omega^n\rightarrow \Omega(k)$, where $\Omega(k)$ is the family of non-empty subsets of $\Omega$ of cardinality
at most $k$, and $f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}})$ is the set of locations chosen for $\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}$ by $f$ where facilities will be
put.

Given a mechanism $f$ , each agent $i$ has a utility $u(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}), t_i)$ whose value relies
on her true location $t_i$ and the output $f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}})$. Since each agent is selfish, she will try
her best to maximize her utility. It may be possible for an agent to manipulate the
outcome of a mechanism to obtain more benefit by misreporting her location. Therefore,
from a game-theoretic perspective, an important goal is to design mechanisms
that are \emph{strategy-proof} (SP), in the sense that no agent can ever benefit from reporting
a false location regardless of the strategies of other agents. Sometimes we may
wish to design mechanisms that are even \emph{group strategy-proof} (GSP), in the sense
that whenever a coalition of agents lies, at least one of the members of the coalition
does not gain extra benefit from the deviation.

In approximation mechanism design, we are interested in (group) strategy-proof
mechanisms that are approximately optimal with respective to a given objective
function, where approximation is understood in the usual sense by looking at the
worst-case ratio between the optimal objective value and the value of the mechanism��s
solution to the underlying maximization problem. Based on different conditions,
such as the structure of metric spaces, the type of facilities, the number of the
facilities, etc., several models of facility games have been proposed. In the following
we summarize the major components in facility games.

\textbf{Metric Space.} So far only the following two types of metric spaces have been
considered in the literature.

\emph{Network models}: In this model a graph $G$ with each edge having a non-negative
weight is involved. We may think of $G$ as being realized as a geometric graph (in
$\mathbf{R}^3$, for example) such that the weight of each edge represents its length. The metric
space $\Omega$ is the set of points of $G$, including both vertices of $G$ and points on its
edges, and the distance $d(x,y)$ between $x\in\Omega$ and $y\in \Omega$ is the length of a shortest
path connecting $x$ and $y$ in $G$. We usually write $G$ in place of $\Omega$ in this case.

\emph{Euclidean metric space}: In this case $\Omega=\mathbf{R}^m$ for some integer $m\geq 1$ and the
distance $d$ is the usual Euclidean distance in $\mathbf{R}^m$.

\textbf{Number of facilities.} Two cases have been distinguished in the literature:

$k = 1$: In this case the unique facility provides service to all agents.

$k > 1$: In this case a set $Y$ of $k$ locations is required, and an agent is served by the
closest facility, namely, a location achieving the distance $d(Y,t_i) := \min_{y\in Y} d(y, t_i)$
between agent $i$ and $Y$.

\textbf{Type of facilities.} So far only the following two types of facilities have been
considered in the literature:

\emph{Desirable facility:} In this case all facilities (e.g. library, school, etc.) are desirable,
and each agent wants to be as close to one of the facilities as possible. As such it
is reasonable to assume that the utility $u(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}),t_i)$ is a monotonically decreasing
function of $d(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}),t_i)$ with only one peak. Since all facilities are desirable, we may
set $cost(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}),t_i):=-u(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}),t_i)$ and call it the \emph{cost function} of agent $i$. So far only
the simplest case where $u(f (\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}),t_i)=-d(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}),t_i)$ for each $i$ has been studied in the
literature.

\emph{Obnoxious facility}: In this case all facilities (e.g. garbage dump, etc.) are obnoxious,
and each agent wants to be far away from all facilities. Thus the utility
$u(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}),t_i)$ may be assumed as a monotonically increasing function of $d(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}),t_i)$
with only one dip. The simplest case where $u(f (\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}),t_i)=d(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}),t_i)$ for each $i$ has
received most attention up to now.

According to whether the facilities are desirable or obnoxious, we call a facility
game \emph{classical} or \emph{obnoxious}; each agent aims to minimize her cost or maximize her
utility, respectively.

\textbf{Strategy-proofness.} A mechanism $f$ is \emph{strategy-proof} if for any $\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}\in\Omega^n$ and
every $i$, we have $u(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}),t_i)\leq u(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}_{-i},t_i),t_i)$, where $(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}_{-i},t_i)$ is obtained from $\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}$ by
replacing $x_i$ by $t_i$ but keeping all other coordinates. As a stronger requirement, $f$
is called \emph{group strategy-proof} if for any $\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}\in\Omega^n$ and $I\subseteq N$, we have $u(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}),t_i)\leq u(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}_{-I},t_I),t_i)$ for at least one $i\in I$, where $(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}_{-I},t_I)$ is obtained from $\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}$ by replacing
$x_i$ by $t_i$ for every $i\in I$ but retaining all other coordinates.

\textbf{Type of mechanisms.} Two different types of mechanisms have been studied:

\emph{Deterministic mechanism:} This was discussed in the beginning of this section.

\emph{Randomized mechanism:} A randomized mechanism is a function $f: \Omega^n\rightarrow \Delta(\Omega(k))$
 where $\Delta(\Omega(k))$ is the set of probability distributions over $\Omega(k)$. In the
simplest case, the expected value $E_{Y\sim f}[d(Y,t_i)]$ may be defined as the cost or the
utility of agent $i$ in classical facility games or obnoxious facility games, respectively.

\textbf{Objective function.} The decision maker (or the mechanism designer) is interested
in (group) strategy-proof mechanisms that also do well with respect to optimizing
a given objective function.

Similar to the $k$-median and $k$-center problems \cite{DH,KH1,KH2}, for classical facility
games researchers have so far considered minimizing the \emph{social cost} $SC(f,\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}):=\sum_{i=1}^n cost(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}),t_i)$ or the \emph{maximum cost} $MC(f;\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}):= \max_{i=1,\ldots,n}cost(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}),t_i)$.
Similar to the $k$-maxisum and $k$-maximin problems \cite{C,T1,Z}, for obnoxious facility
games researchers have considered maximizing the \emph{obnoxious social welfare}
$SW(f;\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}):=\sum_{i=1}^n u(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}),t_i)$ or the \emph{minimum utility}
 $MU(f;\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}):=\min_{i=1,\ldots,n}u(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}),t_i)$.

In summary, a facility game consists of: a set $N$ of $n$ agents; a metric space
$(\Omega,d)$ which may be continuous or discrete; a subset $\{t_1,\ldots,t_n\}$
of $\Omega$, $t_i$ being the true location of agent $i$; a set of $k$ facilities to be installed at $k$ (not necessarily
distinct) locations in $\Omega$; a utility function $u:\Omega(k)\times\Omega\rightarrow \mathbf{R}$ taking non-negative
values which usually relies on $d(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}),t)$, where $x=(x_1,\ldots,x_n)\in\Omega^n$, $t\in\Omega$, and
$f:\Omega^n\rightarrow\Omega(k)$ is a deterministic mechanism; and a non-negative objective function
$F:\Omega(k)\times\Omega^n\rightarrow \mathrm{\mathbf{R}}$ to be maximized, which is usually defined in terms of $u(f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}),t_i)$,
$1\leq i\leq n$. We are interested in designing a mechanism $f$ that is strategy-proof or
even group strategy-proof on the one hand, and on the other hand outputs a good
solution for any location profile in the sense that the approximation ratio
\begin{eqnarray*}
\sup_{x\in\Omega^n}\frac{\max_{Y\in \Omega(k)}F(Y,\mathrm{\mathbf{x}})}{F(f\mathrm{\mathbf{(x}}),\mathrm{\mathbf{x}})}
\end{eqnarray*}
is as small as possible. Different specification of the components above gives rise
to different models for approximation (deterministic) mechanism design without
money for facility games.

In approximation randomized mechanism design, the distance function, the utility
function and the objective function are all random, and we can give a similar
framework by considering the expected values of the corresponding random variables.

\section{Classical Facility Games}
\label{sec:3}

\subsection{Single facility games}

In the case $k=1$, the preferences are
\emph{single peaked} in the sense that the outcome is less preferred by each agent when it is further from her ideal locations.
Beginning with \cite{M1}, single peaked preferences and their
extensions have been extensively studied in the social choice
literature. In this subsection, we summarize known results on finding a facility
location in different metric spaces that minimizes the social cost
or the maximum cost.

If the objective is to minimize the social cost, Procaccia and Tennecholtz \cite{PT}
proposed a GSP optimal mechanism which returns the location of the median agent as the
facility location when all agents are located on a path. This mechanism is GSP since
an agent can manipulate the output only by misreporting her location to be
on the opposite side of the median. Moreover, the median also
minimizes the social cost,
because for any location with distance
$\epsilon>0$ to the median, at most $\lfloor n/2\rfloor$ agents are within distance
$\epsilon$ to the facility and all other agents are away from the facility by
at least $\epsilon$. Similarly, if the graph is a tree, Alon \emph{et al}. \cite{AFPT} gave a
mechanism that outputs the median of the tree as the facility's location.
Such a mechanism is also an optimal GSP mechanism.

When all agents are located on a graph $G$ containing a cycle $C$, Schummer and Vohra
\cite{SV1} showed that if a deterministic mechanism $f:G^n\rightarrow G$ is an SP mechanism that
is onto $G$, then there is a cycle dictator, that is, there exists $i\in N$ such that for all
$\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}\in C^n$, $f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}})=x_i$. Based on such a characterization,
Alon \emph{et al}. \cite{AFPT} obtained a tight SP lower bound of $n-1$ on the approximation ratio
for any graph $G$ that contains a cycle. For the randomized version, they designed a mechanism which returns
a facility location $x_i$, $i\in N$, with probability $1/n$. This mechanism is SP
with approximation ratio $2-(2/n)$ for any
general graph. They showed further that such a
mechanism is GSP if and only if the maximum degree of the graph is two.

If the objective is to minimize the maximum cost, the problem of designing an SP
mechanism is simpler compared with deterministic mechanisms. Since Schummer
and Vohra \cite{SV1} showed that strategy-proofness can only be obtained by dictatorship,
Alon \emph{et al}. \cite{AFPT} considered the mechanism given by $f(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}})=x_1$ for all $\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}\in G^n$,
that is, agent 1 is a dictator. It can be proved that such a mechanism is a GSP
2-approximation mechanism. On the other hand, Procaccia and Tennecholtz \cite{PT}
showed that a deterministic SP mechanism cannot achieve an approximation ratio
better than 2 even if the underlying graph $G$ is a path. Thus the dictatorship mechanism of
Alon \emph{et al}. \cite{AFPT} has the best approximation ratio with respect to the maximum cost.
Procaccia and Tennenholtz \cite{PT} proved that a randomized SP mechanism has
approximation ratio at least $3/2$ on a path. They also gave
a matching GSP upper bound of $3/2$ by using the \emph{Left-Right-Middle} (LRM) Mechanism, which, for a given $\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}\in G^n$, chooses $\min_{i}x_i$ and $\max_{i}x_i$ with probability $1/4$ respectively, and chooses the midpoint of the interval $[\min_{i}x_i,\max_{i}x_i]$ with probability $1/2$.
When the agents are on a circle, Alon
\emph{et al}. \cite{AFPT} proposed a randomized SP mechanism with approximation ratio $3/2$ that
combines two mechanisms: the LRM mechanism if the agents are located on
one semicircle, and the Random Center Mechanism otherwise.
When $G$ is a tree, they showed that
there is a randomized SP $(2-\frac2{n+2})$-approximation mechanism that,
for a given $\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}\in G^n$, outputs
$x_i$ for each $i\in N$ with probability $1/(n+2)$ and the center of the
tree with probability $2/(n+2)$.
They further proved that $2-O\left(\frac{1}{2^{\sqrt{\log n}}}\right)$ is a lower bound
on the approximation ratio for any SP randomized mechanism.

Procaccia and Tennecholtz \cite{PT} considered a natural extension of the classical
single facility games, in which one facility should be located but each agent controls
multiple locations. As before, the objective is to minimize the social cost
or the maximum cost. However, the cost of an agent now depends on the objective
function. If the objective is to minimize the social cost, the cost of agent $i$ is
defined as $cost(y,\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}_i) = \sum_{j=1}^{w_i}d(y,x_{ij})$, where $y$ is the location of the facility and
$\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}_i=(x_{i1},\ldots,x_{i w_i})$ is the location set controlled by agent $i$. If the objective is to minimize the maximum cost, the cost of
agent $i$ is $cost(y,\mathrm{\mathbf{x}_i}) = \max_{j=1,\ldots,w_i}d(y,x_{ij})$. For the social cost, they directly applied
the deterministic mechanism by Dekel \emph{et al}. \cite{DFP} that returns the median $med(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}')$
of $\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}'=(med(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}_1}),\ldots,med(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}_n))$.
Dekel \emph{et al}. \cite{DFP} also showed that this mechanism
is a GSP 3-approximation mechanism and provided a matching lower bound. Furthermore,
Procaccia and Tennecholtz \cite{PT} designed a simple randomized mechanism
to return $med(\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}_i)$ with probability $\frac{w_i}{\sum_{j\in N}w_j}$. This mechanism is SP, and when
$n = 2$ its approximation ratio is $2+\frac{|w_1-w_2|}{w_1+w_2}$. Subsequently, Lu \emph{et al}. \cite{LWZ} extended
the result about the approximation ratio to $3-\frac{2\min_{j\in N}w_j}{\sum_{j\in N}w_j}$
for any $n$ and obtained the
lower bound $1.33$ by solving a related linear programming problem. For the maximum
cost, they proposed a GSP 2-approximation deterministic mechanism and a
$(3/2)$-approximation randomized mechanism. Since the multiple location
setting is the same as the simple setting stated before when $w_i= 1$, $i\in N$, any
lower bound for the simple setting holds here as well.

\subsection{2-facility games}

When the objective function is the social cost and the network is a path, Procaccia
and Tennecholtz \cite{PT} showed that the mechanism that outputs an optimal solution
for a given $\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}\in G^n$ is not strategy-proof. They gave the following GSP $(n-1)$-
approximation mechanism: choose the leftmost and the rightmost points, and
constructed an instance to show that $3/2$ is a lower bound on the approximation
ratio for any SP deterministic mechanism. Later,
 Lu \emph{et al}. \cite{LWZ} improved such
lower bound to 2, designed a randomized $n/2$-approximation mechanism, and explored a lower bound of 1.045 for randomized mechanisms.
 Moreover, Lu \emph{et al}.
\cite{LSWZ} proved that the $(n-1)$-approximation deterministic mechanism given in \cite{PT}
is asymptotically optimal. They constructed an instance on a path and explored the
lower bound $(n-1)/2$ on the approximation ratio by employing two key concepts:
partial group strategy-proofness and image set. In the case when all agents are on a
circle, they designed a GSP deterministic mechanism with an $(n-1)$-approximation
ratio which asymptotically matches the lower bound $(n-1)/2$. Lu \emph{et al}. \cite{LSWZ} also
obtained an SP 4-approximation randomized mechanism called the \emph{Proportional
Mechanism}: the first facility is allocated uniformly over all reported locations; the
second facility is assigned to another reported location with probability proportional
to its distance to the first facility.

If the objective is to minimize the maximum cost, only Procaccia and Tennecholtz
\cite{PT} contributed some positive results in the case when all agents are on a
path. For the deterministic version, they applied the same deterministic mechanism as the one for the social cost model. By exploring the
characterization of the structure of the optimal solution, they proved that the approximation ratio of such a mechanism is 2, and
provided a matching SP lower bound. Furthermore, they designed a randomized SP
$5/3$-approximation mechanism. Compared with the deterministic case, the randomized
mechanism for this model is much more complicated and the authors applied
some new ideas: randomizing over two equal intervals, unbalanced weights at the
edges, and correlation between the two facilities. These strategies play a crucial
role in satisfying the delicate strategy-proof constraints and break the deterministic
lower bound of 2. The lower bound of any randomized SP mechanism is proved to
be $3/2$.

\subsection{k-facility games with $k\geq 3$}

For $k$-facility games with $k\geq3$, most known results focus on the objective of
minimizing the social cost. McSherry and Talwar \cite{MT} first used differentially private
algorithms as almost strategy-proof approximate mechanisms. The main advantage of such
an algorithm is that it can control any agent's influence on the outcome so that
any agent has limited motivation to lie.
McSherry and Talwar
presented a general differentially private
mechanism that approximates the optimal social cost within an additive logarithmic
term. Unfortunately, the running time of this general mechanism is randomized exponential-time.
Subsequently, Gupta \emph{et al}. \cite{GLMRT} presented a computationally efficient differentially private
algorithm for several combinatorial optimization problems. Based on \cite{MT}, Nissim \emph{et al}. \cite{NST} considered \emph{imposing
mechanisms} which can penalize liars by restricting the set of allowable post-actions
for the agents. They combined the differentially private mechanisms of \cite{MT} with an
imposing mechanism and obtained a randomized imposing SP mechanism
with a running time in $k$ for $k$-facility location. The mechanism approximates the optimal average social
cost, namely the optimal social cost divided by $n$, within an additive term of roughly
$1/n^{\frac13}$.

In contrast to \cite{NST}, Fotakis and Tzamos \cite{FT} tried to design an SP mechanism
with standard multiplicative notion of approximation. They considered the \emph{winner-imposing}
mechanism which chooses $k$ reported locations of agents to build facilities. If an agent's reported
location is chosen to put a facility, then she is served by this facility and her service cost
is the distance between this facility and her true location. If an agent's reported
location is not chosen, then she is served by a facility closest to her true
location. Thus the winner-imposing mechanism can penalize an agent without
money only if she succeeds in gaining more benefit in the mechanism. Fotakis and Tzamos
proved that the winner-imposing version of the Proportional Mechanism in \cite{LSWZ} is
an SP $4k$-approximation randomized mechanism. Moreover, they addressed the \emph{facility
location game} in which there is a uniform facility opening cost, instead of a
fixed number of facilities. The authority should place some facilities so as to minimize
the social cost and the total facility opening cost. For this game, they showed
that the winner-imposing version of Meyerson's randomized algorithm in \cite{M2} is an
SP 8-approximation mechanism. Meanwhile, they presented a deterministic nonimposing
GSP $O(\log n)$-approximation mechanism when all agents are on a path.
In addition, Escoffier \emph{et al}. \cite{EGTPS} considered a facility game to locate $n-1$ facilities
to $n$ agents. They studied such a game in the general metric space and trees for the
social cost and the minimum cost, and provided lower and upper bounds on the
approximation ratio of deterministic and randomized SP mechanisms.

\section{Obnoxious Facility Games}

For obnoxious facility games on a path, the preferences are known as \emph{single-dipped},
meaning that the worse allocation for each agent is the one that places the
facility right by their home, and that locations become better as they are further
away. In the past a few years, a lot of work \cite{BBM,HD,IN,M3,PS} was focused on
characterizations of the strategy-proofness for the single-dipped preference. Cheng
\emph{et al}. \cite{CYZ} initially studied approximation design without money for obnoxious facility
games with the objective of maximizing the obnoxious social welfare. In this
section, we survey some known results in this domain.

Cheng \emph{et al}. first proposed group strategy-proof mechanisms to locate one facility
with respect to different network topologies. In particular, if all agents are on a path,
they viewed such a path as an interval with left endpoint $a$ and right endpoint $b$.
Since this model is related to the literature on approximation algorithms for the 1-
maxian problem \cite{CG,T1,T2,Z} from an algorithmic perspective, it is well known that
one of the two endpoints must be an optimal facility location for $\mathrm{\mathbf{x}}\in G^n$. Thus they
regarded the two endpoints as the candidates for the facility locations and designed
a GSP 3-approximation deterministic mechanism, which outputs $a$ if the number
$n_2$ of agents on the right-hand side of the interval is larger than the number $n_1$ of
agents on the left-hand side, and $b$ otherwise. By a similar idea, they presented
two GSP deterministic mechanisms respectively when all agents are on a tree or a
circle, and proved that the approximation ratio of each mechanism is 3. Later, Han
\emph{et al}. [12] provided the matching strategy-proof lower bounds for each model on
different networks. Furthermore, when all agents are on an interval, Cheng \emph{et al}. \cite{CYZ}
also gave a randomized mechanism which returns $a$ and $b$ with probability $\alpha$ and
$1-\alpha$, respectively, where $\alpha=\frac{2n_1n_2n_2^2}{n_1^2+n_2^2+4n_1n_2}$.
 They proved that such a randomized
mechanism is GSP and has achievable approximation ratio $3/2$. When all agents
are on a general network, a GPS 4-approximation deterministic mechanism and
a trivial GSP 2-approximation randomized mechanism were derived. In addition,
the deterministic mechanism was shown to be asymptotically optimal by using the
characterization of strategy-proofness for general networks \cite{IN}.

Recently, Cheng \emph{et al}. \cite{CHYZ} considered a new model of obnoxious facility games
that has a bounded service range. In this model each facility can only serve the
agents within its service range due to the limited service ability. Each agent wants
to be far away from the facilities. On the other hand, she must stay within at least
one facility's range, otherwise she can not receive any service. Cheng \emph{et al}. first
studied the case when all agents are on an interval, which is normalized as $[0,1]$,
and the service radius is some $r$ with $1/2\leq r\leq 1$. Compared with the previous
model without service range, this new model is more complicated since more than
one facilities may be needed and it is no longer true that one of the endpoints must
be an optimal solution. According to the value of $r$, Cheng \emph{et al}. selected different
candidates for the facility locations. To be specific, if $3/4 \leq r \leq 1$, points $r$ or $1-r$
are designated as the facility locations; otherwise, they locate one facility at $1/2$
or two facilities at $0$ and $1$ respectively. Thus they designed a GSP deterministic
mechanism and a GSP randomized mechanism. When $1/2 \leq r <3/4$ or $3/4 \leq
r \leq 1$, the approximation ratio of their deterministic mechanism is $8r-1$ or $\frac{2r+1}{2r-1}$,
respectively, and the approximation ratio of their randomized mechanism is $4r$ or
$\frac{2r}{2r-1}$, respectively. Meanwhile, they also proved a lower bound for any strategy-proof
deterministic mechanism by constructing different instances, which is equal to $4r-1$
if $1/2 \leq r < 3/4$, $1/(2r-1)$ if $3/4\leq r < 5/6$ and $3r-1$ if $5/6 \leq r < 1$.

\section{Conclusion}

We reviewed some known results on approximation mechanism design
without money for facility games. By comparing our general framework in Section 2 and
what we surveyed in Sections 3 and 4, it should be clear that a lot of interesting problems
remain open and different models may be considered by specifying the components
in the framework. For example, one may investigate various cases where the space of locations
is more involved, such as a multi-dimensional Euclidean space or a specific network
other than paths, trees and cycles.

For obnoxious facility games, except the results in \cite{HD} there are no other results
in the case when the objective is to maximize the minimum utility. Han and Du
proved that there is no any SP deterministic mechanism with finite approximation
ratio for this objective. We believe that results can be obtained by
using the differentially private algorithm mentioned in Section 3.3 to design almost SP
mechanisms.

For facility games with a limited service ability, the only known result is about the
obnoxious facility game on interval $[0,1]$ with a service range $1/2 \leq  r \leq 1$. It would
be interesting to investigate classical and obnoxious facility games with different
types of restrictions to service ability in different metric spaces. In particular, one
may consider the obnoxious facility game on $[0,1]$ when $0 < r < 1/2$. It seems
challenging to find a general SP mechanism corresponding to the value of $r$.

Finally, closing the gap between the lower and upper bounds on the approximation
ratios of deterministic or randomized mechanisms for some models is also a
significant research problem.

\input{referenc}
\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


For those days when I have to travel I try to practically wear pajamas.
Comfort is my number 1 priority and admittedly I don't always wear clothes that even match.
I usually reach for an outfit like this for days when I want to be a little bit more put together.
Even though it is officially fall, I live in South Florida where the sun only stops for torrential downpours.
Lately I've been loving to tie scarves as belts, this particular one I found at the thrift store for probably $0.99.
You can find the Amariella earrings Here.
Everything else you can find below.
A very special thank you to my Husband for taking my photos, He's kind of my favorite.
So everyone on Instagram has gone crazy for this outfit and honestly I was running so late I was lucky to come up with something cohesive!
I'm in love with this dress and I bought for a transitional fall piece but like always I can't keep myself from wearing something new!
So I've tried to link similar items or the exact ones below.
The event I attended was hosted by @itschristinemarie and @paulmitchellthesalon_ and I got to meet so many new girls and had my hair done by two of the sweetest girls there!
If you are from the Naples area or just stopping by, they will treat you like a princess!!!
Did I mention how TALENTED they are???
I have already tried to recreate this look on myself... and failed.
I'm going to keep trying but I think I will have to leave it to the experts for any big events!
For the dress click Here. It is still available in XS-M and it's on SALE!!!
For similar items I've linked them below to find them easily.
Lately, I've been drawn to brighter colors, I bought this fabulous vintage skirt at a thrift store and never wore it.
I finally paired it with this cute little floral top from H&M that i've linked below.
I've found that wearing bright colors isn't as scary as I originally thought!
Ever since I saw one of these round bags from Bali I've been obsessed but after seeing so many of them I didn't want to like them anymore!
Seeing this one in person made me change my mind and I just had to have it!
Now my next project is to make more storage for my bags!
For those who don't know I'm a photographer.
I work at weddings and events where I should be slightly dressed up but I have to be able to move.
I often travel for these occasions and the less items I have to pack the better!
Honestly, I guess I'm also justifying the fact that I love jumpsuits these days!
They are just SO easy and I've worn this one twice and everyone always stops me to say how much they adore it!
Dressing for myself has always been a rule of mine, it's not about what other people think.
Getting showered with genuine compliments however is always nice!
Also I'm getting the hang of living in Naples, It's pretty nice down here!
I've linked this bag which is SUCH a good deal!
The Jumpsuit can be found Here!
I was once asked to do a hair tutorial... I laughed.
Not in a rude way but in a dumbfounded "I can't believe anyone would want to know how I get this mass of horse hair to look somewhat normal" way.
Yet here I am a probably about a year later, surprising even myself!
So what is the tutorial? What changed my mind?
A home remedy hair treatment that gave me super soft hair/less frizz for once!!!
So of course, in honor of this miracle, I thought I would share!
On dry hair I applied about three tablespoons of coconut Oil and three pumps of Macadamia's Healing Oil Treatment, from root to tip.
I have a LOT of hair and I took small scoops and mixed it in my hand as I went so you may not need as much as I had to use.
I left it in my hair for about an hour and I washed my hair three times to get all of the treatment out.
I've used coconut oil by itself and I've used the Macadamia oil by itself and never received the same soft results so I thought it was worth a share!
The coconut oil doesn't have to be a special brand and you can buy a large tub at Target FYI.
I'll still put links below incase you want to order it fast.
Now for a side note in honor of my Rescue boy because he loves to crash into photos.
It was National adopt a shelter pet day recently and I just wanted to add a photo of our rescue baby.
We can't imagine life without our silly, sweet, handsome boy.
He brings so much joy and entertainment into our lives but he is also a big responsibility.
Many people buy pets only to realize AFTER that it's a life altering commitment that they don't want.
We chose to look for a shelter dog after talking about it for a very long time, before we were even married!
In the end I think Anubis chose us and we chose him.
I can't believe this but I'm actually getting a little emotional writing this!!!
He's sleeping on his chair behind me and I can honestly say he's a huge part of our family.
So I'm not asking you to "adopt a pet" or to "not buy a dog" that's your personal choice.
I'm just telling you about my experience with a pretty darn cool rescue who became my best friend.
I started an account with liketoknowit.com so you can shop the looks I post!!!
If I can't find the exact item I will try my best to find something similar!
The same goes for trying to post affordable items and/or affordable versions of the items I post!
When I was a little girl I didn't want to wear a dress unless it had good twirling capabilities!
If I spun and my skirt didn't fan out, it was not the skirt for me!
When you become an adult, avoiding the results of twirling or gusts of wind is the wise thing to do!
For those of us who still like twirling but not letting it get out of hand, a solution has been made!
These cool little doohickies adhere to fabric about six times and can be placed on the included plastic card when they aren't in use!
Spring is coming soon and so are the sun dresses!
I'm in Florida so the warmth comes and goes all "winter" long.
That means I get to take advantage of these dress weights a little sooner than most!
Click here to receive 15% off of your own dress weights!
Piper, Who takes your pictures?
Well the answer is a little complicated, so why not make a post about it?
The short answer is "Different people."
The long answer is... I do photo shoots somewhat regularly for work and for collaborations when people ask me and if it's a good fit.
I'll break down each type of shoot I do.
If it's a commercial shoot I have no control over who the photographer is.
Sometimes I already know the photographer and sometimes the photographer even recommends me.
That doesn't always happen but it's nice when it does!
Commercial and collaborative shoots are similar in how you get the photos and what you do with them.
ALWAYS tag the people involved in the shoot, especially the company, photographer and any hair and makeup/vendors involved if you post to social media!!!
I can't stress this part enough, always give credit where credit is due.
Another source of photos? My friends!!!
I have many friends who are photographers so when they get a new lens or piece of equipment they will ask to test shoot/get creative and I'm happy to oblige.
Meeting people with similar interests as you can be helpful.
I've even gone to lunch with a fellow blogger and we each took turns taking outfit photos with our phones, I've only done that one once but it was fun and could be a good idea if that sounds right for you!
You know what they say "if you want something done right, do it yourself"
Every once in awhile I break out the old tripod and use the self timer in a pinch.
Some bloggers rely solely on this method and they do it beautifully!
Last but not least I've started to get my human selfie stick *cough* I mean my Husband to take iPhone and camera photos for the blog and Instagram.
iPhone when we are out and about and the lighting is good enough but I try to push the camera photos more due to the quality.
With the camera he usually gives more effort and I think it's sweet!
I input the settings and show him what I want to be in focus and usually he does a fantastic job! Sometimes he cuts my arm off... Above you will see exhibit A.
Before my husband I've used just about all of my family members the same way at least once!
Instagram has been a great tool for connecting, after moving I didn't know anyone in the area but several people reached out when they saw my geotags or hashtags for the local area.
Using those will help other creatives find you and they can reach out if they would like to!
Only reach out yourself if you believe the photo shoot to be mutually beneficial, I never reach out first because I'm a little weird about it.
I have never liked the idea of initiating as a model because ultimately it sounds like this in my head. "Hey, do you want to take pictures of me?" CRINGE!!!!
If there is a large company or brand that reaches out and it requires an awesome photographer I feel better about saying "Here is this opportunity if you would like to be a part of it!"
In the end everyone is different so you do you!
Don't forget the best camera in the world is the one that is on you and these days phone camera quality is great!!!
Flat lays make great content and I usually take them with my phone, simple as that!
Be SMART about your photo shoots, don't meet in secluded places if you've never met this person.
Don't do anything you aren't comfortable with and trust your gut if it doesn't feel right!!!!


text:
A Healing Performance in the Face of Danger and Trauma
You Are Next to Me is a dense and complicated ongoing work that manages to be funny, human, and spontaneous, about interaction and healing in the face of very present danger and trauma.
Sarah Rose SharpApril 17, 2019
From You Are Next to Me by Leslie Rogers and Mark McCloughan. (all images by the author for Hyperallergic, except where noted)
HAMTRAMCK, Michigan — Artists Mark McCloughan and Leslie Rogers set the scene for their scripted performance at Public Pool art space, You Are Next to Me, much in the spirit of a campfire tale, for an audience assembled in sets of seats facing each other with a performance corridor down the middle. The handful of live performances are just one aspect of a gallery installation that re-stages, retells, and reimagines a shared encounter between McCloughan and Rogers, and two residents of an unnamed town in the Wisconsin Dells, which the pair encountered on their way to ACRE residency last summer.
Over the course of their 2018 residency, McCloughan and Rogers found themselves rehashing the experience, which plays out as a psychological drama between two ambiguous couples — Rogers and McCloughan, who both consciously cultivate non-normative approaches to the gender binary, and "Marty" and "Lisa" (whose names were changed in character form to protect the privacy of their real-life analogues). Marty and Lisa seem to have carved out their own pocket of alternative sexuality and gender warfare within the constraints of rural Wisconsin. The result is a show and performance that deal with heady themes of identity, sexual agency, gender, power, perspective, and freedom — all expressed through the comical tag-team and multimedia efforts of McCloughan and Rogers, whose performance history together lends them an air of a couple, able to pick up unspoken cues and tell the story of each other as easily as themselves.
Where the story gets a bit interpretive is in their collective parsing of the subtext in the evening of exchanges that unravel between themselves, Marty, and Lisa.
"I know that you understand the dynamic, and are not stupid, but I also know there is a different type of knowledge that comes from an intimacy with that type of violence," reads Rogers, in an early section of the performance that introduces a scene at a bar called Chasers, where they encounter the hometown couple. Rogers is recounting her internal monologue, concerned that her friend's long hair and short shorts might stir the locals, currently preoccupied with watching MMA on television, to direct some recreational abuse their way. "I am unsure in this moment if you have that knowledge, only because you're not afraid enough to avoid engaging them at all costs, in a group that size, that drunk, and high on yelling about tits and sports. I am afraid that you'll summon them by accident, instead of on purpose."
Prop-sculptures and video works from You Are Next to Me, installation view
Rogers is familiar with small-town bar dynamics, having spent various stints bartending to support herself, and the PTSD of those experiences radiates throughout the piece as it unfolds, evident in her reflexive gauging of the setting, the exits, the occupants, the level of their sobriety — noticing how much everyone in the situation is aware of each other. She and McCloughan provide a tenuous kind of social protection to each other. McCloughan reads, in this situation, as male (rather than as trans, but uses they/them pronouns), but even as male, the possibility of being homosexual is complicated by the presence of Rogers — who in turn is buffered from the verbal and physical encroachment that would doubtlessly be directed at her in this situation, were she to enter the scene as an unaccompanied female. It is in this environment of hyper-vigilance that Rogers and McCloughan end up in conversation with Marty and Lisa.
"Soft guitars" from You Are Next to Me, installation view
Vinyl-scented candles, each of which features a label that calls out a word in the performance
A reimagining of the sex bike witnessed at Marty's home, installation view
The dynamic unfolds as follows: Marty, in his 40s, a strip club owner with flashes of brash, engaging humor but also alienating disrespect for women, wants to fuck Rogers. His predatory stance is tempered by the presence of Lisa, a somewhat older wayward housewife who "blew up her family to be happy" by leaving a marriage and children to shack up with Marty. She might be interested in fucking Rogers and McCloughan — or neither — but mostly is a gamely attendant to Marty's prerogative. Rogers, more or less definitively does not want to fuck Marty, but seems compelled to continue to engage with the pair, driven by a conscious sense of curiosity or non-sexual interest — but perhaps also by an unconscious desire to play with fire in a situation where she has previously been burned. McCloughan does not appear to have an explicitly sexual agenda within this foursome, but understands their role as protector and wing-person to Rogers's exploits — as she has been, in the past, to theirs. After McCloughan and Rogers leave the bar unscathed, they find themselves in deep deliberation about taking up Marty's offer to come over to the house "for a swim."
Having successfully poked the bear and lived, the two decide to venture further into the cave, for a second, more private, round of human connection vs. objectification and forced sex. This includes a tour of Marty's home, a dip in the above-ground pool, and a play-by-play analysis in retrospect of the psychosexual subtext to every point of interaction throughout the night. There are ways in which this is a gripping tale, and simultaneously generates the kind of exhaustion familiar to those who present with extreme social anxiety or ambiguous identity markers that require hyper-awareness of one's surroundings.
Leslie Rogers, in conversation at Public Pool
Trapdoor to nowhere good, You Are Next to Me, installation view
The gallery is populated by recreated objects from the bar and Marty's house, which serve as the rough set and props for the performance, but also as standalone sculptural and 2D art pieces. These works, which include a series of "soft guitars" rendered by Rogers in fabric and droopingly wall-mounted, a shelf filled with "Vinyl"-scented Yankee Candles, a trio of withered sausages on a long fork, representing the trio of "maybe-cops" watching an MMA fight at the bar, a kind of impossible sex-bike furnished with a dildo (represented in simulacra by a naughty cookie), a set of "family photos" hanging on Marty's wall that were redrawn by McCloughan, and a mysterious ladder to an attic trapdoor — into which Rogers was invited, but declined, understanding this to be a place of no escape. Although in most cases, these represent literal objects, they are pulled through the filter of McCloughan's and Rogers's minds, creating ideas out of real objects, even as they create objectified characters out of Marty, Lisa, and themselves.
You Are Next to Me is a dense and complicated ongoing work that manages to be funny, human, and spontaneous, about interaction and healing in the face of very present danger and trauma. The themes are multitudinous and play like the program of a televised fight event — sex vs. refusal, objectification vs. self-expression, us vs. them, props vs. sculpture, control vs. abandon, man vs. woman, awareness of others vs. awareness of self — and all the while, Rogers and McCloughan, rather than taking a specific side, are working feverishly to carve out a space between these opposing forces, that give in to neither.
You Are Next to Me continues at Public Pool (3309 Caniff, Hamtramck, MI) through April 20.
Leslie RogersMark McCloughanMichiganPublic Poolqueer identitySexual ViolencesexualityYou Are Next to Me
"Our detectives are working diligently to bring the person or persons responsible for this heinous act to justice," the Baton Rouge Police Department said.
Refract: The Seattle Glass Experience6 hours ago

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Milan Kundera (, * 1. April 1929 in Brünn, Tschechoslowakei) ist ein tschechisch-französischer Schriftsteller und Universitätsprofessor. Bekannt wurde er durch das Prosawerk Das Buch der lächerlichen Liebe (1969). Sein kommerziell erfolgreichstes Buch ist Die unerträgliche Leichtigkeit des Seins (1984). Seit 1993 schreibt Kundera in französischer Sprache.

Innerhalb seiner akademischen Laufbahn wirkte er vornehmlich an der Elite-Hochschule École des hautes études en sciences sociales in Paris.

Leben und Werk

Tschechoslowakei
Milan Kundera wurde 1929 in ein bürgerliches Umfeld der mährischen Stadt Brünn der jungen Tschechoslowakei geboren. Sein Vater Ludvík Kundera, einer der Schüler von Leoš Janáček, war Pianist, Musikwissenschaftler und später Rektor der Musikhochschule in Brünn (1948 bis 1961). Sein Cousin war der tschechische Dichter und Schriftsteller Ludvík Kundera.

Milan Kundera lernte bereits früh Klavierspielen. Musik zieht sich als Motiv und Strukturelement durch sein ganzes Werk. 1945 übersetzte er, noch als Gymnasiast, ein Gedicht des russischen Dichters Wladimir Majakowski, das in der Zeitschrift Gong veröffentlicht wurde. Vermutlich unter dem Einfluss seines Cousins entstanden erste eigene lyrische Arbeiten; eine davon wurde 1946 in der Zeitschrift Mladé archy veröffentlicht.

Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges war Kundera zunächst Arbeiter und Jazzmusiker. 1948 schloss er das Gymnasium ab, trat wie viele seiner Altersgenossen in die kommunistische Partei ein und begann an der Prager Karls-Universität Musik und Literatur zu studieren. Nach zwei Trimestern wechselte er an die Filmakademie, wo er als Hauptfächer Regie und Drehbuch belegte. Um 1950 wurden er und ein weiterer Autor, Jan Trefulka, wegen "Machenschaften gegen die Partei" aus derselben ausgeschlossen und Kundera musste sein Studium für zwei Jahre unterbrechen. 1967 wurde Kundera wieder in die Partei aufgenommen, 1970 dann endgültig ausgeschlossen.

Nach seinem Studium wirkte Kundera als Dozent für Weltliteratur an der Filmfakultät der Akademie der musischen Künste in Prag. In seinem 1953 erschienenen Debüt-Gedichtband Der Mensch: Ein weiter Garten (Člověk zahrada širá) setzt er sich kritisch mit der auch in der Tschechoslowakei offiziellen Doktrin des Sozialistischen Realismus auseinander – allerdings aus einer überzeugten kommunistischen Grundperspektive heraus. Das Gedicht Letzter Mai (Poslední máj), das Kundera 1955 schrieb, ist eine durchgehend systemkonforme Hommage an den tschechischen Antifaschisten und Freiheitskämpfer Julius Fučík. Ein weiteres Grundmotiv Kunderas ist auch in diesem Werk präsent: die Kultur des mährischen Volkes wird als Symbol für nationale Werte und Patriotismus eingesetzt.

In dem Gedichtband Monologe von 1957 entfernt sich Kundera von der Politik und legt einen Schwerpunkt auf die zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen. Der Band liest sich so als eine Sammlung voller intellektuell inspirierter Liebesgedichte.

Kundera war wie viele andere Künstler in den 1950er Jahren und zu Beginn der 60er noch ziemlich angepasst; heute beansprucht er für sich das Recht, Werke aus dieser Zeit nicht mehr übersetzen oder publizieren zu lassen.

Er publizierte für verschiedene Literaturzeitschriften, unter anderem Literární noviny und Listy vielbeachtete Essays über Avantgarde-Poesie. Erst der vierte tschechische Schriftstellerkongress im Jahr 1967 stellte für Kundera, wie auch die meisten anderen seiner Generation, einen Wendepunkt im tschechischen Kulturleben und einen Meilenstein in der Entwicklung des Prager Frühlings dar. Auch Kundera wurde zu einer der "Galionsfiguren" dieser Bewegung, die sich gegen das politische System auflehnte und künstlerische Freiheit forderte.

Der Scherz und die ersten aus einer Reihe später im Buch der lächerlichen Liebe veröffentlichter Geschichten (Směšné lásky, geschrieben ab 1958, erschienen 1963, 1965 und 1968) sind Ausdruck der wachsenden Kritik Kunderas an den Verhältnissen in der kommunistischen Tschechoslowakei. Hier, wie in vielen seiner folgenden Werke, beschreibt er den Konflikt zwischen dem Einzelnen und seinen privaten Wünschen und Hoffnungen einerseits und einem Regime, das sich in totalitaristischer Weise die Bekämpfung eben jener Individualität zum Ziel gesetzt hatte. Nicht zuletzt sind diese Romane insofern auch eine Auseinandersetzung mit Kunderas eigener Biographie; Der Scherz etwa ist offensichtlich inspiriert von Kunderas Ausschluss aus der kommunistischen Partei. Das Buch der lächerlichen Liebe wurde später von Kundera als sein erstes "erwachsenes" Werk bezeichnet. Indem er in den sieben Kurzgeschichten von zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen erzählt, entlarvt er gleichzeitig Begriffe wie Wahrheit und Lüge, Glaubwürdigkeit und Täuschung.

Der Einmarsch der sowjetischen Truppen und das Ende des Prager Frühlings beendeten auch die Phase der Presse- und Kulturfreiheit in der Tschechoslowakei. Der Stalinismus kehrte in Reinform zurück. Kunderas Lehrtätigkeit an der Filmhochschule wurde eingestellt, seine Bücher aus Bibliotheken entfernt und nicht mehr verlegt. In Das Leben ist anderswo (Život je jinde, 1969/1970) sowie Abschiedswalzer (Valčík na rozloučenou, 1970/1971) rechnet Kundera mit seiner kommunistischen Vergangenheit ab. Das Buch Abschiedswalzer, das zunächst den Titel Epilog trug, sah er damals als seinen letzten Roman an. Da er inzwischen zur Persona non grata im tschechischen Kulturleben geworden und an eine Veröffentlichung in seiner Heimat sowieso nicht zu denken war, entstanden beide Bücher ohne Rücksicht auf Zensur und Politik.

Frankreich
Die beiden Arbeiten waren seine letzten in der Tschechoslowakei. 1975 erhielt er einen Ruf als Dozent an die Universität Rennes und ging daraufhin mit seiner Ehefrau Věra Hrabánková nach Frankreich. 1978 zog er nach Paris und nahm eine Dozentur an der École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales an. Das Regime, welches sonst die Grenzen dicht hielt, hinderte ihn nicht daran.

Sein 1978 veröffentlichter Roman Das Buch vom Lachen und Vergessen (Kniha smíchu a zapomnění), eine erneute kritische Auseinandersetzung mit dem Kommunismus sowie seiner eigenen kommunistischen Vergangenheit, führte zum Entzug seiner Staatsbürgerschaft der ČSSR. Daraufhin nahm Kundera 1981 die französische Staatsbürgerschaft an. Im November 2019 erhielt er die Staatsbürgerschaft zurück und ist seitdem tschechischer Staatsbürger.

1984 kam der Roman heraus, der ihn international bekannt machte: Die unerträgliche Leichtigkeit des Seins (Nesnesitelná lehkost bytí). Auch dieser spielt in der kommunistischen Tschechoslowakei; Zentral sind hier philosophische Betrachtungen u. a. über die Liebe und den Kommunismus.

Der 1990 entstandene Roman Die Unsterblichkeit (Nesmrtelnost) hat erstmals keine tschechischen Charaktere und Schauplätze; er wird als vorerst "französischster" Roman Kunderas angesehen. Dieser und der 1995 folgende Roman Die Langsamkeit (La lenteur), Kunderas erster in französischer Sprache, enthalten durchgängig Kritik an der westeuropäischen Zivilisation am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts und prangern Künstlichkeit, Technokratie und Unmenschlichkeit an.

1983, während einer Hochphase des Kalten Kriegs, schrieb er einen berühmtgewordenen
Essay mit dem Titel Un occident kidnappé – die Tragödie Mitteleuropas.

Kunderas zweiter in französischer Sprache geschriebener Roman Die Identität (L'Identité, 1995, erschienen 1998) ist wie Die Langsamkeit ein Liebesroman, der den Wert der Liebe in einer feindseligen und primitiven modernen Welt heraushebt.

Die dritte Arbeit in seinem "französischen" Zyklus ist der im Jahr 2000 entstandene Roman Die Unwissenheit (L'ignorance). Er erzählt von den Missverständnissen und Paradoxa der Liebe und der Unmöglichkeit, zu seinen Wurzeln zurückzukehren.

Seit 1991 ist Kundera Mitglied des Lektorenkollegiums des Verlags Gallimard in Paris. Er lebt (Stand 2014) zusammen mit seiner Frau zurückgezogen in Paris und gibt wenig von seinem Privatleben preis. Seit 1985 gibt er ausschließlich schriftliche Interviews, weil er sich oftmals falsch zitiert fühlte. Auch Übersetzungen seiner Romane lässt er stets überprüfen und überarbeiten. Die "französischen Romane" liegen nicht auf Tschechisch vor.

Seit 1986 ist er auswärtiges Ehrenmitglied der American Academy of Arts and Letters und seit 2002 der American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Auf den Klappentexten seiner letzten Romane steht zu Kundera nur: "Milan Kundera ist in der Tschechoslowakei geboren. Seit 1975 lebt er in Frankreich."

Verdächtigungen
Im Oktober 2008 legte der Historiker Adam Hradilek vom Institut für das Studium totalitärer Regime in der tschechischen Kulturzeitschrift Reflex Dokumente vor, die belegen sollen, dass der damals 20-jährige Kundera im Jahre 1950 einen 22-jährigen antikommunistischen Aktivisten, Miroslav Dvořáček, bei der Polizei angezeigt hat. Dieser wurde damals zu 22 Jahren Gefängnis verurteilt, von denen er vierzehn Jahre als Zwangsarbeiter im Uranbergbau verbrachte.

Die Berichte lösten eine umfangreiche Debatte in den Feuilletons aus. Kundera sprach nach den Vorwürfen von einem "verdächtig perfekt vorbereiteten Attentat" und äußerte: "Ich bin völlig überrumpelt von etwas, das ich nicht erwartet habe, von dem ich noch gestern nicht einmal etwas wusste und das nicht passiert ist." In Bezug auf die Tatsache, dass das Protokoll nicht von ihm unterschrieben ist, sondern nur von einem Beamten der Geheimpolizei, äußerte Kundera: "Ob sich jemand anderes hinter meinem Namen versteckt hat, weiß ich nicht." Später meldete sich der Literaturhistoriker Zdeněk Pešat zu Wort und äußerte, dass ein anderer (Pešats damaliger Kollege Miroslav Dlask) Miroslav Dvořáček bei der Geheimpolizei verraten haben solle.

György Dalos warb im Jahr 2008 in einem Beitrag im Freitag für eine differenzierte Betrachtung der Vorgänge. Ende Oktober 2009 berichtete die Zeitung Lidové noviny, dass die Echtheit des 2008 veröffentlichten Polizeiprotokolls aus dem Jahr 1950 bewiesen sei. Weiterhin unklar sei hingegen, ob Kundera selbst die Anzeige erstattet habe. Er selbst hat keine weitere Stellungnahme abgegeben. Für Andreas Breitenstein ist der Titel des späten Romans Das Fest der Bedeutungslosigkeit ein "trotzig-höhnischer Kommentar" auf diese Affäre. Zudem kritisiert er im Jahr 2015 die Verniedlichung Stalins als eine gewachsene "Gleichgültigkeit" gegenüber dem Stalinismus, den Kundera im Roman Scherz einst demontiert habe.

Preise und Ehrungen
 Staatspreis der ČSSR (1964)
 Preis des Schriftstellerverbandes der ČSSR (1968)
 Prix Médicis für den besten ausländischen, in Frankreich publizierten Roman (Das Leben ist anderswo, 1973)
 Premio letterario Mondello für Abschiedswalzer (1978)
 Amerikanischer Common Wealth Award für das Gesamtwerk (1981)
 Europäischer Literaturpreis (1982)
 Doctor honoris causa der Universität Michigan, USA (1983)
 Jerusalempreis für die Freiheit des Individuums in der Gesellschaft (1985)
 Kritikerpreis der Académie française für Die Kunst des Romans (1987)
 Nelly-Sachs-Preis (1987)
 Österreichischer Staatspreis für europäische Literatur (1987)
 Ritter der französischen Ehrenlegion (1990)
 Erster Preis für ausländische Literatur der englischen Tageszeitung The Independent (1991)
 Jaroslav-Seifert-Preis für Die Unsterblichkeit (1994)
 Tschechische Verdienstmedaille (1995)
 Herder-Preis der Universität Wien (2000)
 Literaturpreis der Stadt Brno (Brünn) (2005)
 Ladislav-Fuks-Preis der Akademie für tschechische Literatur (2006)
 Staatspreis für Literatur der Tschechischen Republik (Verleihung am 28. Oktober 2007)
 Prix mondial Cino Del Duca (2009)
 Franz-Kafka-Preis (2020)

Schriften (Auswahl)

Romane, Erzählungen
 Das Buch der lächerlichen Liebe (Směšné lásky, erschienen in drei Teilveröffentlichungen 1963, 1965 und 1968; 1970 als Buch erschienen)
 Der Scherz (Žert, 1965/67)
 Das Leben ist anderswo (Život je jinde, 1969/70)
 Abschiedswalzer (Valčík na rozloučenou, 1970/71). Gallimard, Paris 1976, La valse aux adieux. Suhrkamp Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 1991, ISBN 3-518-38315-9.
 Das Buch vom Lachen und Vergessen (Kniha smíchu a zapomnění, 1978). Suhrkamp Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 1978, ISBN 3-518-39037-6.
 Die unerträgliche Leichtigkeit des Seins (Nesnesitelná lehkost bytí, 1984)
 Die Unsterblichkeit (Nesmrtelnost, 1990)
 Die Langsamkeit (La lenteur, 1995)
 Die Identität (L'Identité, 1995, erschienen 1998)
 Die Unwissenheit (L'ignorance, 2000)
 Das Fest der Bedeutungslosigkeit (La Fête de l'insignifiance, 2014). Carl Hanser, München 2015, ISBN 3-446-24763-7.

Gedichte
 Der Mensch: Ein weiter Garten (Člověk zahrada širá, 1953)
 Monologe (Monologues, 1957)

Theater
 Jacques und sein Herr: Hommage an Denis Diderot in drei Akten, dt. 2003 (Jakub a jeho pán: Pocta Denisu Diderotovi, 1981)

Essays
 Un occident kidnappé, 1983 (deutsche Übersetzung 1984: Die Tragödie Mitteleuropas)
 Die Kunst des Romans (Originaltitel L'Art du Roman 1986, übersetzt von Brigitte Weidmann) Hanser, München 1987, ISBN 3-446-14858-2; neu übersetzt von Uli Aumüller 2007, ISBN 978-3-446-20926-8.
 Verratene Vermächtnisse, 1994 (Les Testaments trahis, 1993)
 Der Vorhang dt. 2005 (Le rideau, 2005)
 Eine Begegnung (übersetzt von Uli Aumüller), Hanser, München 2011, ISBN 978-3-446-23555-7 (Milan Kundera: Der doppelte Geist des Jahres 1968 Über die beiden grossen Frühlinge und über die Škvoreckýs. NZZ vom 29. Januar 2011)
 Das Tschechische Los. Der kritische Geist – Oder von großen und kleinen Völkern in der Welt. In: Lettre International, LI 80, Frühjahr 2008, S. 42–44. (zuerst in Literární Listy 7-8 vom 19. Dezember 1968)
 Irrtümer, Hoffnungen. Über echten Kritizismus, Radikalismus und moralischen Exhibitionismus. In: Lettre International, LI 80, Frühjahr 2008, S. 47–49 (zuerst in Host do Domu 15 vom 9. September 1969)

Verfilmungen
 1965: Niemand wird lachen (Nikdo se nebude smát), Regie: Hynek Bočan
 1969: Der Scherz (Žert), Regie: Jaromil Jireš
 1988: Die unerträgliche Leichtigkeit des Seins (The Unbearable Lightness of Being), Regie: Philip Kaufman

Dramatisierungen
 2011: Ballett Identities von Wang Xinpeng nach Kunderas Roman L'identité

Literatur (Auswahl)
 Martin Becker: Kummerkunde Kummerhunde. Ein Versuch über Liebe, Hunde und Kundera. SWR2, Radio-Essay, Juni 2017. (Manuskript)
 Doris Boden: Irritation als narratives Prinzip: Untersuchungen zur Rezeptionssteuerung in den Romanen Milan Kunderas. G. Olms, Hildesheim/Zürich/New York 2006 (= westostpassagen, Band 4; zugleich Dissertation Universität Leipzig 2005), ISBN 978-3-487-13026-2.
 Květoslav Chvatík: Die Fallen der Welt. Der Romancier Milan Kundera. (Originaltitel: Svět románů Milana Kundery. Atlantis, Brno 1994, ISBN 978-80-7108-297-2.) Übersetzt von Susanna Roth. Fischer-TB 12976, Frankfurt am Main, ISBN 3-596-12976-1 (Lizenz: Hanser, München/Wien 1994).

Siehe auch
 Geschichte der Tschechoslowakei

Weblinks

 kundera.de – private Website über Milan Kundera
 Die Kundera-Affäre – Dossier bei Perlentaucher zu den Geheimdienstvorwürfen

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Tschechisch)
Literatur (Französisch)
Exilliteratur
Drama
Essay
Lyrik
Roman, Epik
Übersetzer aus dem Russischen
Übersetzer ins Tschechische
Drehbuchautor
Schriftsteller (Paris)
Hochschullehrer (École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales)
Hochschullehrer (Akademie der musischen Künste in Prag)
Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Letters
Herder-Preisträger
Mitglied der Ehrenlegion (Ritter)
Träger des Österreichischen Staatspreises für Europäische Literatur
Träger des Jerusalem-Preises
Träger der tschechischen Verdienstmedaille
Opfer des Stalinismus (Tschechoslowakei)
Tschechoslowakischer Emigrant
Tschechoslowake
Franzose
Geboren 1929
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
HomeThe Desecration of Black Life and The Silence of American Evangelicals
The Desecration of Black Life and The Silence of American Evangelicals
July 16, 2016 July 16, 2016 Dr. Celucien Joseph UncategorizedBlack Theodicy, Evangelical Christianity and Black Suffering, Evangelical Christianity and Race, Justice as Love, Love as Justice, Police Brutality in America, Racial Justice, racial reconciliation and harmony, The Desecration of Black Life and The Silence of American Evangelicals
In this article, I argue that White American Evangelical Christians and Evangelical Leaders have been silent regarding this vital issue in our culture: the desecration of black life and the dehumanization of black humanity. Their coldness about death and violence toward black people in America is a blunt denial of the biblical worldview about the sanctity of life and the doctrine of humanity grounded in the doctrine of God. American Evangelicals suffer a terrific existential crisis of biblical authority and faithfulness to the Word of God. Because of its silence, the disaster of American Evangelicalism lies in the fact that it (indirectly) supports the dehumanization of black people."
As an Evangelical Christian and thinker, my target audience is American Evangelical Christians and Leaders. I must admit I do not subscribe to some of the ideological apparatuses associated with American Evangelicalism–particularly in reference to Evangelical views on social and political issues: immigration, race, war, public policy, foreign policy, economy, etc. I find some of these views unbiblical, and theologically dangerous and unhealthy to the Christian witness in the public sphere, missional evangelism, the Lordship of Christ, and to human flourishing and the common good.
As a Christian minister, scholar, and theologian, writing about the humanity and dignity of black people in the era of violence and death towards black folk in America is an uneasy task to do. I keep asking myself these puzzling questions: why the American evangelicals are silent about this vital issue? Why have the influential Evangelical leaders kept their mouth shut about defending the dignity and humanity of black people?
I do not believe their silence is an indication of their disbelief about the equality of all people or races; rather, their coldness about death and violence toward black people in America is a blunt denial of the biblical worldview about the sanctity of life and the doctrine of humanity grounded in the doctrine of God. American Evangelicals suffer a terrific existential crisis of biblical authority and faithfulness to the Word of God. Because of its silence, the disaster of American Evangelicalism lies in the fact that it (indirectly) supports the dehumanization of black people. In Jeremiah 22:3, God has ordered his people not to be silent regarding the plight and dehumanization of the oppressed, but to be socially engaged in the transformation of their culture and the practice of justice: "Thus says the Lord: Do justice and righteousness, and deliver from the hand of the oppressor him who has been robbed. And do no wrong or violence to the resident alien, the fatherless, and the widow, nor shed innocent blood in this place."
Evangelical theological reflection about the presence of evil in our midst is more than an intellectual discourse. It should accompany radical social activism sourced in a revolutionary theology of love, justice, and peace, and a biblical ethics of relationality and social transformation. After all, the Christian is called to resist evil in the world and practice justice. American evangelicalism has failed black people and black Christians in America because of its weak theological ethics and inadequate theology of humanity and theology of God. The predicament and inhumanity of the Evangelical world lies in the fact that somewhere it has (indirectly) killed a man–that is a black person, a black Christian.
I suppose we black Evangelical Christians and thinkers should force our White Evangelical Christians and thinkers to ask honestly: what is the relevance of American Evangelicalism and its missionary message to Black America and to the non-believer? Or to put it another way, what is value of the Evangelical affirmation of the authority of Scripture in matters of life (practice) and faith (theology)? American Evangelicalism has constructed a conservative moral worldview, seemingly informed by divine revelation and scriptural authority and fidelity, is not "thick" enough to embrace and defend all lives and particularly, the dignity and humanity of black folk in America. The decline of American Evangelical ethics and moral theology in the public sphere is also premised in American evangelical tribalism and moral partiality.
I'm afraid that American Evangelicals are losing/have already lost the cultural and political war–the concern of their relevancy in the tragic time of despair, fear, alienation, and black death. Sometimes, I just wish my evangelical brothers and sisters would join the chorus to denounce these social sins, fight for the weak, and defend all lives. Modern American Evangelicalism must confront the meaning of black existence, and that black being as human nature is originated in the Imago Dei and shaped in divine likeness. God does not take pleasure in the death of anyone, even the wicked; therefore, we should not rejoice over the death of anyone–even our supposedly enemy.
How Shall We Move Forward?
First of fall, I do not believe that the "Shooting-Back- at the Police Method" is a dangerous strategy for the peace-making and racial reconciliation process in America. The way of violence or violent retribution is always a serious threat to the way of love, peace, and social justice, and a deadly attack on the sanctity of life. As a nation, we do not humanize life by taking away the life of another individual; we can't move forward toward national peace and celebration of life by dehumanizing some lives and preserving the life of other individuals simultaneously. As a people and nation, we need to confront the implications and meaning of human existence and affirm that any life is worth living, preserving, and defending. The "Shooting-Back- at the Police Method" is not only wrong; it is a dehumanization of life and the denial of peace and love. God does not take pleasure in the death of anyone, even the wicked; therefore, we should not rejoice over the death of anyone–even our supposedly enemy. God's attitude toward the wicked is clear: He does not want them to die without repentance. He wants them to change their wicked ways and walk humbly and in holiness before the Lord their Creator. Consider these Scriptural references from the book of Ezekiel
Have I any pleasure in the death of the wicked, declares the Lord GOD, and not rather that he should turn from his way and live? (18:23)
Say to them, As I live, declares the Lord GOD, I have no pleasure in the death of the wicked, but that the wicked turn from his way and live; turn back, turn back from your evil ways, for why will you die, O house of Israel? (33:11)
Secondly, I would like to make the following threefold assertions: (1) Black history is American history; (2) The Black experience is American experience; and (3) Black culture is American culture. My target audience is White American Evangelicals, and White American Evangelical Leaders. American Evangelical Christians need to confront their own ideological tribalism informed by the racist structures of our country and unhealthy theological discourse and imagination, which in turn, have divided Evangelical Christianity and Americans into different ethnic groups, racial categories, ethnic churches, ethnic minorities, etc. What have you? It is from this perspective that Southern Baptist Theologian Russell Moore in his excellent text, Onward: Engaging the Culture without Losing the Gospel, could write in this manner:
Our Churches must embody the reconciliation of the gospel by doing more "ethnic" ministry, whose very nomenclature assumes that there are "regular" people and "ethnic" people. We're all ethnic. The "white church doesn't "do ministry" to hose "ethnic" churches dependent upon it. We assume often without thinking that the church is white, American Protestants doing missionary work for the benefit of everyone else. But the church isn't white or American; the church is headed by a Middle Eastern Jewish man who never spoke a word of English. We do not need more "ministry" to the poor or racial minorities or immigrant communities. We need to be led by the poor and by racial "minorities" and by immigrant communities (pp. 120-1).
One of the chief reasons White Evangelical Churches and leaders have been silent on the desecration of black life and are indifferent about the miscarriage of justice toward their black brothers and sisters in the American society is because they have believed a particular version of the American history and the American experience. For some of our White Evangelical brothers and sisters, only one history counts: the white narrative of America; only one experience matters: the white experience in America. These individuals have intentionally ignored the historical narrative of "ethnic Americans" and "ethnic Christian Evangelicals; "nor have they made any considerable effort to learn a different narrative that may complement or even contradict their own version?
Such Evangelical Christians are content about this single story they embraced, and regrettably, they continue to uphold to a monolithic American cultural nationalism and patriotic identity. As Russell Moore advises us in the same text quoted above, "Our task as the people of God is to recognize this culture where we see it, to know where this comes from, and to speak a different story" (p.121). On the other hand, he also adds, "The church must proclaim in its teaching and embody in its practices love and justice for those the outside world would wish to silence or kill…A Christianity that doesn't prophetically speak for human dignity is a Christianity that has lost anything distinctive to say" (p.115).
The people of God as the church are called to be light and salt of the world, and a city upon the hill. We cannot be and do what and who God has called us to be and do if we hold tight to these destructive ideologies– such as white supremacy, white superiority, the triumph of white history in human history, etc.–which are detrimental to the Christian witness in the public sphere and the proclamation of the Gospel of grace to the unsaved and lost. I'm afraid that American Evangelicals have become the very obstacle that hinders the progress of the Gospel in our society and in the world; in the same vein, they face severe interactional hurdles with their black and African American brothers and sisters. White American Evangelicals and Evangelical Leaders must have the courage to first recognize there is a problem, and second, that they have contributed enormously to that problem. Thirdly, they must have the courage to undo the damages they have caused, as the Evangelical Church (in the collective sense) in the twenty-first century seeks to be a prophetic church and a community that affirms "human dignity is about the kingdom of God, and that means that in every place and every culture human dignity is contested… The presence of the weak, the vulnerable, and the dependent is a matter of spiritual warfare" (Moore, pp. 116, 120).
Toward this goal, a promising approach that could bring White Evangelicals closer to appreciate the meaning of all lives toward racial healing and racial justice in their churches and culture is to be sensitive to the collective plight and struggle of the "ethnic minorities," if I may use this phrase. White Evangelicals must cultivate both a personal and collective attitude that would allow them to sympathize with the weak, the oppressed, and suffering communities in their city. It is vital for the sake of the Gospel that Evangelical Christians be open to and/or become intentional learners about another but complementary narrative of the American saga: the black experience and history of African Americans in America.
The recommended readings below have all been authored by African American writers and thinkers–both male and female. Some of these individuals were/are historians, novelists, social activists, legal experts, cultural critics, etc. These writers chronicle the black experience and the history of African Americans in the United States from an interdisciplinary angle. This list includes both fiction (i.e. "Invisible Man") and non-fiction (i.e. "From Slavery to Freedom"). Our goal here is to assist our White Evangelical brothers and sisters to be more acquainted with this version of their own history, which they have neglected or perhaps deemed unimportant to know. As the Spirit of grace continues his work of transformation in their hearts, he will enable Evangelical churches and Evangelical leaders to confront the meaning of black existence and defend the sanctity of black life.
The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B. Du Bois
Black Boy by Richard Wright
The Bluest Eyes by Toni Morrison
Color Purple by Alice Walker
Go Tell It On the Mountain by James Baldwin
From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans by John Hope Franklin
Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II by Douglas A. Blackmon
The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness by Michelle Alexandre
The people of God is called by God to be an active community in opposition to human oppression and suffering, social injustice, violence, and war, and an active force against hate, anti-human love, and anti-human rights. May Christ radically reorient our thinking and make us more sensitive to the lived-experiences and lived-worlds of our black brothers and sisters in America–to the glorious praise of the Triune and Eternal God!
May the God of Peace, our Creator continue to give us wisdom and orient us toward the path of racial reconciliation, justice, and peace!
May He guide the Evangelical Churches and Evangelical Leaders in America to become more sensitive to the plight of their black and African American brothers and sisters!
← Do not Rob the Poor: Do Justice!
My confession as a Black Father and Christian minister →


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Beneath the Cherry Tree
Beneath the Cherry Tree by Kare Strong & Josh Goforth is a whimsical musical tribute to the profound beauty of nature. It's a wonderful reminder to enjoy and respect the world around us and one another. The album features 14 highly imaginative original songs, in the folk tradition with an Irish-Appalachian flavor–poetic, lyrical and loving.
From our NAPPA Awards Music Judge:
"What will you find "beneath the cherry tree"? A happy groundhog, a little bluebird, and chickens on Blackberry Lane. There are flowers, fairies and farm critters – including a festive party for a pig. This menagerie of animals, nature and fanciful creatures are all beautifully brought to life through Kare Strong's exquisite vocals and Josh Goforth (mainly) acoustic instruments. This lovely album's most impressive accomplishment is that these 14 tunes are all originals. These songs hold such a timeless quality that you'd think the duo has uncovered some great, old traditional English folk and American Appalachian music; however, the reality is that these enchanting tunes are Strong & Goforth's own creation."
Suggested Retail: $15.00 For Ages: The Entire Family http://www.karestrongmusic.com	instagram.com/www.instagram.com/karestrong	facebook.com/www.facebook.com/karestrongmusic.com	#Children's music #kid's music #animal songs #friendship songs #family music


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Reason and fiat in law
Reason and fiat in law Cornett, Russell Walter
In this thesis I argue that contemporary legal philosophy provides an inadequate analysis of central indeterminacies in law. I focus on "judicial discretion" as central to current analysis. Positivists, such as H.L.A. Hart, argue that it is the contingencies of human society that give rise to uncertainty in the application of law. Therefore, they believe that judges must be given discretionary powers. Ronald Dworkin, an American philosopher, believes that judges should not be given such powers. For him, it is the positivists' conception of law that is amiss. He believes that once the institutions of law are correctly appraised, the need for judicial discretion will be seen as a conceptual fault arising from a positivist analysis. In order to provide a critical framework in which to assess this debate, I outline the Causal Theory of Law developed by Professors S.C. Coval and J.C. Smith. If the attention given the concept of judicial discretion represents a concern with subjective elements in law, then the attention given the concept of a rule represents a concern with objective elements in law. In a tentative way, one might interpret the question at issue as being: "Is law ultimately an affair of reason or will?" Other questions follow: "Is this a false dichotomy?" "Must law be a combination of both authority and power, rational argument and official fiat?" I address these questions indirectly through an examination of Ronald Dworkin's legal philosophy. I find that Dworkin fails to understand the nature and complexity of the problems that he confronts. He believes that legal systems can be designed so that authority and power, legitimacy and efficacy never compromise each other. He does this, however, by giving precedence authority. The causal Theory interprets such resolutions as "disjunctive". Dworkin's resolution betrays his inability to appreciate the complexity of the problem. He also obscures the nature of the problem by his "rights thesis", which interprets the issue involved as primarily a question of normative political theory. However, his conception of normativeness is ambiguous and requires analysis. I argue, against Dworkin, first, that indeterminacy in law is a problem for institutional design, and second, that to argue that this design problem is normative is to take a view that is overly narrow and ultimately misleading. I conclude that those involved in the philosophical debate surrounding indeterminacy in law erroneously think that the solution will take a disjunctive form: One side or the other, of the antinomy between reason and fiat in law must be rejected. In line with the Causal Theory, I argue that once this problem is seen as one of institutional design, the problem takes on an entirely new shape. It becomes one of management and experiment. The function of the law is to help manage the political affairs of society, and also to provide opportunities for individual and group initiatives. Man is limited in his experience and knowledge. In the design of legal institutions man's abilities are not infinite; he can hardly be expected to foresee all eventualities. But such indeterminacy remains a matter of degree, relative to man's knowledge and his ability to use it. The legal enterprise, as does the scientific, can proceed without a completely worked out set of agreements, or system of beliefs. What is essential is an understanding among the participants as to how such sets will be developed. The core remains empirical.
Cornett, Russell Walter
Master of Arts - MA
Arts, Faculty of; Philosophy, Department of
UBC_1978_A8 C67.pdf -- 6.67MB


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Big Issue Team Doing S.A. Proud 09/07/03
The inaugural Homeless World Cup is currently underway in Graz, Austria and the Big Issue team from South Africa have had some outstanding results- including an 8-1 win over and a 10-1 win over Wales.
The South Africans then went on to lose 4-2 to the Netherlands, before bouncing back with a 3-0 win over Wales.
The S.A. team is being coached by veteran Santos captain Edries Burton, who has been instrumental in the success the People's team have achieved over the last couple of years.
The competition, which has sponsorship backing from the likes of UEFA, UNO, Austrian Soccer Association, Manchester United, Real Madrid Fundacion and Ajax Amsterdam.
The18 teams participating are all made up of homeless people from all over the world who make a living by selling newspapers/ magazines such as the Big Issue on the streets.
The tournament will be played according to the International Street Soccer Rules on a specially constructed street court which measures 20x14meters. Each team is made up of three outfield players and one goalkeeper. Due to the intensity of the action, matches will be limited to two seven minute halves.
There will be matches played throughout the week as the teams try to qualify for the final to be played on Saturday,
There will be also be various music programs, concerts and ceremonies, culminating in the Prize ceremony and final party after the final.
The S.A. squad will return home on Tuesday the 15th and will no doubt be richer for their experience:
"Visiting a foreign country and participating in an international sporting event is a dream come true for some of these players. We at The Big Issue believe strongly in giving people the opportunity to realise their dreams. It doesn't matter if we win or lose, whatever the outcome of the tournament, our players will come home winners" said Ben Williams, Associate Publisher of The Big Issue South Africa.
The countries taking part are: Brazil, Denmark, Germany, England, Netherlands, Ireland, Italy, Austria, Poland, Russia, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland, Slovakia, Spain, South Africa, USA, Wales.
The South African team is the sole African representative at the competition and consists of eight players originating from Langa and Khayelitsha in Cape Town, who are all between 18 and 35 years old.
The team will also be doing it's bit to promote South Africa's quest to host the 2010 World Cup by wearing World Cup bid logos on their kits.
By Anthony McLennan


text:
The chocolate thief: Robber decamps with candy bars, biscuits worth Rs 17 lakh
Aug. 17, 2022 Updated 12:17 pm. IST
Lucknow: Nearly 150 cartons of chocolate bars of a popular brand have been stolen from a godown by unidentified miscreants in the Chinhat area in Lucknow.
The godown belongs to businessman Rajendra Singh Siddhu, who is a distributor of a multinational chocolate brand in the city.
Siddhu told police that at least 150 cartons having chocolates worth Rs 17 lakh were stolen along with some boxes of biscuits.
In his FIR lodged with the police, Sidhu said that he recently shifted from his old house in Chinhat to an apartment in Vibhuti Khand in Gomti Nagar.
He said that he was using the old house as a godown for storing chocolates meant for distribution.
On Tuesday, he got a call from a neighbor in Chinhat who informed him that the door of his house was lying broken.
When he reached the house, he found that the entire godown was empty. The thieves had also taken away the digital video recorder of CCTVs.
"Another neighbor informed me that he heard a pick-up truck in the night and thought that I had come to take away some stock. It seems this truck was used by the miscreants to ferry the stolen stock," Siddhu told police.
He said that the stock had arrived a couple of days ago and was meant to be distributed to the retailers in the city.
Additional deputy commissioner of police, east zone, Syed Abbas Ali said that footage of CCTV cameras installed in other parts of the localities are being scanned for clues.


text:
Расински корпус је био корпус у саставу Југословенске војске у Отаџбини, а његов командант је био војвода копаонички пуковник Драгутин Кесеровић. Представљао је једну од најуспешнијих, најбројнијих и најактивнијих формација Југословенске војске у Отаџбини током читавог Другог светског рата.

Историјат

Операција Копаоник

Ослобођење Крушевца (1944)

Наредбом од 30. априла 1944. године, формирана је Расинско-топличка група корпуса, а за њеног команданта је постављен мајор Кесеровић. У састав групе корпуса су, поред Расинског, ушли још Топлички и Јастребачки корпус.

Дана 14. октобра 1944. године, Расински корпус на челу са пуковником Кесеровићем, ослобађа Крушевац и разоружава тамошњи немачки гарнизон, у којем су се налазили и припадници Руског заштитног корпуса. У центру града је приређен дочек Црвеноармејаца, као и митинг на којем су говорили пуковник Кесеровић и савезнички официри.

Састав корпуса

Штаб

Штабни (пратећи) батаљон

Бројност
Почетком 1942. године, Расински корпус је бројао 300 наоружаних и активних припадника. Дана 15. априла, мајор Кесеровић је издао обавезујуће упутство за формирање бригада корпуса у копаоничком и жупском срезу, које морају имати штаб, штабну чету, команданта бригаде, ађутанта или заменика команданта бригаде, писара и ордонанса, као и да сваки батаљон у бригади мора бројати по 100 људи, односно 2 чете од по 50 људи, док чете треба да буду састављене од 2 вода од по по 50 припадника.

Види још

 Операција Копаоник
 Ослобођење Крушевца

Референце

Корпуси ЈВуО


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The Margin: Disney is giving us Baby Yoda toys for Christmas
Make Disney a lot of money, this will.
Spoiler alert for those who haven't tuned into "The Mandalorian" on Disney+ yet, but the "Star Wars" series shocked and awwww-ed fans last week by revealing a surprise, adorable character. This 50-year-old alien baby is simply called "The Child" in the series, but the little green creature with the wide eyes and huge ears looks just like an infant version of the iconic Yoda character from the original "Star Wars" trilogy. It has been dubbed "Baby Yoda" or "Yoda Baby" by viewers on Twitter TWTR, +0.81% and Instagram FB, +0.45%, as Yoda's species and home planet have never actually been revealed by creator George Lucas or any of the "Star Wars" movies, so people simply don't know what else to call it.
And many viewers have been clamoring for Disney DIS, +0.95% to release plush and toy versions of the cuddly character. To the surprise of absolutely no one, their wishes have been granted.
CNBC has exclusively reported that "Baby Yoda" apparel and accessories will soon be available through Amazon AMZN, +0.63%, Zazzle, Target TGT, -0.49%, Kohl's KSS, -0.19%, Macy's M, +5.18%, Hot Topic and Box Lunch, and possibly as early as Friday. A Disney spokesperson confirmed to MarketWatch that more apparel will be available at the Disney Store, ShopDisney and in Disney Parks and at retail before the holidays, as well, while presales for plush toys and other playthings will arrive in the coming weeks. After that, "a wide variety of products," including toys, plush, specialty apparel and additional categories will also be hitting shelves in the coming months. The toys will most likely come from Hasbro HAS, +0.73%, which has the exclusive license from Disney to make Star Wars, Marvel and "Frozen" toys.
Hasbro was not immediately available for comment or to confirm retail and availability information when MarketWatch reached out on Friday morning. But there were already four "Mandalorian" T-shirts featuring "Baby Yoda (aka "The Child") available on Amazon early on Friday, starting at $22.99 apiece.
Related: Before you sign up for Disney+, use this calculator to add up the 'true' cost of your streaming services
"Baby Yoda" toys weren't included in the early marketing and merchandise launch for the series, to avoid spoiling the surprise when the mystery baby was revealed. Director Jon Favreau told "Entertainment Tonight" that, "I have to thank Disney and Lucasfilm, because the way the cat usually gets out of the bag with that stuff is merchandising and toy catalogs and things like that. So they really back us up."
He added, "That requires a lot of restraint from the people who are footing the bill, saying they're gonna hold back on certain things so that the public doesn't know ahead of time. Part of that was holding back on some of the merchandise and holding back on some of the characters."
Marissa DiBartolo, Editor-in-Chief of The Toy Insider and The Pop Insider, told MarketWatch that holding back the "Baby Yoda" toys initially will probably work in Disney's favor.
"As long as the merch hits before the holidays, it's going to be a huge success. If it drops before Black Friday, which we expect it will, I guarantee it'll be gone in an instant," she said. "'Baby Yoda' will be the Tickle Me Elmo of 2019 — just grab yours before it ends up on eBay. "
Three episodes of the series have been released on Disney+ as of Friday, and the "Baby Yoda" character has become the show's breakout star and a social media sensation.
I've got a very little boy whom I love with everything I have inside me, but I'd kick that trash baby to the curb to protect #BabyYoda. pic.twitter.com/Heo3FSRb3o
— Neil before Zod (@neil_adavies) November 16, 2019
baby yoda was just trying to heal the mandalorian's wound that's the CUTEST thing i've ever seen in star wars #TheMandalorian pic.twitter.com/sdkyM2hoTw
— ❦ (@bensolobot) November 16, 2019
*Opens Twitter*
*Sees #babyyoda trending*
*Clicks on #babyyoda*
*Sees #babyyoda*
Says to wife: "We need Disney Plus." pic.twitter.com/WGHXpqvw3C
— Jason Kander (@JasonKander) November 16, 2019
"The Mandalorian" and Disney's library of classic animated classics, Marvel blockbusters and "Star Wars" collections helped Disney+ rack up more than 10 million subscribers in its first 24 hours last week.
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Dark Shadows: A Collinwood Christmas Released
Tags : General Big Finish News
December's Dark Shadows story, A Collinwood Christmas, is now available to download. Enjoy a spot of festive spirit!
Dark Shadows (1966 - 1971) was a US TV series which told the story of the cursed Collins family. It was recently remade as a film starring Johnny Depp.
A Collinwood Christmas is set in the Collins family home and tells the story of what happens when the grieving and miserly Jamison Collins has to join forces with wild gypsy Ivanka Romano against vengeful spirits from the past. The story is written by acclaimed actress and playwright Lizzie Hopley, who also reprises her role as Ivanka. It co-stars Jamison Selby, son of original series actor David Selby.
'The CD release of this story should be available soon,' says producer Joseph Lidster, 'but we wanted to make doubly sure that listeners would have the story in time for Christmas. It's definitely one to listen to on a cold winter's night...'
Work is also continuing on the next season of Dramatic Readings, with further details to be announced in early 2013.
This weekend the Doctor Who YouTube channel will host a 20-hour livestream marathon of audio dramas from Big Finish celebrating their 20 years of Doctor Who on audio. Starting at 12:00pm...
2019-07-14 Legacy, Camille and News
Nick and Benji have all the latest Big Finish audio news. We celebrate 20 years of Doctor Who in audio drama, with Camille Coduri interviewed and a Legacy of Time drama tease. Plus, Flip's World celebrates Missy!
The Randomoid Selectortron also features, offering you a 25% reduction on the selected release. Just click here and enter the offer code BUCKUP. Listeners' Emails - To join in, email us at...
What's new from Big Finish…
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Big Finish Podcast 2019-06-30 War Master, Flip's World, Reviews
Doctor Who: The Legacy of Time
Starring Tom Baker Peter Davison
Doctor Who: The Revolution Game (excerpt)
Starring Paul McGann Sheridan Smith
The War Master: Rage of the Time Lords
Starring Derek Jacobi Paul McGann
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There were some rumors online saying that Samsung will release the Galaxy Note 7 again to market with a smaller battery. Also, Samsung confirmed the same news a couple of months ago as they have to follow some regulatory rules of the Korean government and planning to release the phone sometime later this year.
Now, the Refurbished Samsung Galaxy Note 7 just got the Wi-Fi certification, confirming it's resurrection. The SM-N930-models are the variations of the refurbished Galaxy Note 7 that is expected to be launched in June.
As rumored earlier, the phone will come with a smaller 3200mAh battery and Android 7.0 Nougat OS.
For the uninitiated, Samsung launched the Galaxy Note 7 back in August 2016, but the phone soon started exploding due to some manufacturing and battery defects, which ultimately led Samsung to abandon the phone.


I consider this a discovery, at least for myself, for today. Why a discovery? Well, I have heard this song a million times, as I'm sure many of you have. The discovery lies in who sings this. This song is from Jefferson Starship's 1975 album Red Octopus. That's right, Jefferson Starship. I had no idea until about an hour ago. See what I mean about learning something new daily? Surely you have a song that you love but have no idea who sings it. If so, look it up, DISCOVER.
By the way, if any of you want to know how to rip music for free from Youtube, pay attention. First, make sure you have iTunes installed on your computer. Next, find a video of a song you like. Then copy the "share" link. Now go to this website>>> YouTube to mp3 Converter <<< …and paste the link in the box. Then click "convert." Then you will see an option to "download" after you convert. Click "download." The song will download directly to your iTunes FOR FREE. That's right, all absolutely free. It's not the fastest method since you have to go song by song, but it only takes about 1 minute for every song you get. Don't complain, it's FREE. After the song downloads to your iTunes, you will need to change the info to keep it in order in your library. That part is optional, but highly recommended. You now have the some tools you can use to go out there and improve your music collection. Have fun. And if you already have this knowledge, share. Music should be free. Take it while you can. Don't forget to bookmark the website. Wide eyes open. Love to all.