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Recent Decisions and Case Developments
Agency Solutions.com, LLC v. Trizetto Group, Inc.
Decision Date: June 9, 2012 | Court Name: District Court for the Eastern District of California
District Court for the Eastern District of California held that concepts, designs, ideas and workflow shared during a business partnership were not trade secrets
On September 13, 2011, Chief Judge Anthony W. Ishii of the District Court for the Eastern District of California refused to enjoin Plaintiff's former business partner, the Trizetto Group, Inc. ("Trizetto"), from using concepts, designs, workflow processes and flows, and other insights developed during their partnership.
Plaintiff, Agency Solutions.com, LLC ("Agency Solutions") and Trizetto had entered into an agreement to develop software to service the administration of insurance companies. However, the parties' relationship soured and the agreement was terminated before the software was completed. Agency Solution's product never entered the market. Agency Solutions then filed suit against Trizetto after learning that Trizetto was marketing a similar software product to its competitors. Plaintiff sought a preliminary injunction to prevent Trizetto from marketing the product, alleging that Trizetto misappropriated 26 "trade secrets" mainly pertaining to 1) conception and design; 2) workflow processes and flows; and 3) rating and underwriting.
Judge Ishii found that the allegedly misappropriated information, consisting of ideas and general experience from software development, did not qualify as "trade secrets." Significantly, the Court explained that a trade secret did not consist of "conceptual datum," such as ideas, concepts, or general knowledge, but "empirical datum," such as "customer's preferences, or the location of a mineral deposit."
Plaintiff filed a notice of appeal of the Court's refusal to grant a preliminary injunction, and Judge Ishii agreed to stay the proceeding pending the appeal's resolution. However, during the pendency of the appeal, Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed the action on January 4, 2012. However, the Court denied Defendant's motion for attorney's fees.
21st Century Systems, Inc., et. al. v. Perot Systems Government Services, Inc.
Decision Date: June 7, 2012 | Court Name: Circuit Court of Fairfax County
Virginia Appeals Court Overturns "Lost Goodwill Damages" Award
In 2009, Perot Government Services, Inc ("Perot") brought suit against 21st Century Systems, Inc. et al. ("Century"). Perot's claim included several causes of action (including trade secret misappropriation) stemming from the alleged theft of Perot's confidential information by ex-employees, who went to work for Century. Prior to trial, Dell purchased Perot; Perot's statement of damages thus included the effect that the alleged theft had on Perot's valuation (i.e. "lost goodwill damages").
Although the jury returned a verdict in favor of Perot, the Circuit Court of Fairfax County overturned a large percentage of the damages award – specifically approximately $11 million in damages related to Perot's diminution in value. The trial court had allowed Perot's expert to testify to the effect of Century's actions on Perot's valuation, over Century's objection. However, the Virginian appeals court held that the trial court should not have denied Century's motion to strike the "speculative" testimony, and further ruled that Perot had failed to actually demonstrate that Century's conduct in any way decreased Perot's valuation. However, the Court upheld the jury's verdict in regards to punitive and treble damages, as well as the extensive computer forensics work Perot incurred as a result of Century's theft.
Allergan, Inc. v. Merz Pharmaceuticals, LLC, et al.
Decision Date: May 24, 2012 | Court Name: United States District Court for the Central District of California
Botox manufacturer successfully obtains injunction blocking competitor's product release on allegations of trade secrets misappropriation
Allergan, Inc., makers of the famous anti-wrinkle medication Botox, successfully obtained an injunction against the release of its competitor Merz Pharmaceuticals, LLC's rival product Xeomin, immediately ahead of its planned nationwide launch. Allergan claimed in the United States District Court for the Central District of California that seven former employees had stolen volumes of customer information before defecting to Merz. The information consisted of spreadsheets with customer details and contact information for over 24,000 Botox customers in the United States. Merz then used this information to create anticipation for its competing product among these customers.
The terms of the injunction prohibit Merz from: "retaining, disclosing, or using" the trade secrets; selling Xeomin or soliciting its purchase for 10 months in the "facial aesthetics" market; doing the same in the "therapeutics market" for specific customers; and selling "dermal filler" products for 10 months. Some exceptions are provided for customers that seek out Merz with no solicitation. Merz is also ordered to search for and destroy all Allergan trade secrets in its possession and then follow up with a report to the court. The remedy is noteworthy because of the judge's willingness to completely block a product's release, instead of disgorging profits, for example.
Update: Defendants requested a modification of the injunction order to also add an exception for "customers who are provided or purchase dermal filler products, or who are solicited to purchase dermal filler products, from a company other than" Merz. Judge Guilford issued an in camera order denying this amendment on April 12, 2012, noting that the defendants had not complied with his instructions to keep the order as-is and to "solve the problem" as applied to co-defendant Amber Prumer, a salesperson for Allergan who went to work Merz after sending sensitive sales information to her personal e-mail account. (Ostensibly the injunction, as is, would be too broad to apply properly to Prumer, but the reasoning is not clear from the judge's order.)
The parties are conducting post-injunction discovery, and the court has scheduled the jury trial to commence on March 26, 2013.
CBS Broadcasting, Inc. v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc., et al.
Decision Date: May 10, 2012 | Court Name: U.S. District Court for the Central District of California
CBS Broadcasting sues ABC, Inc. and affiliates for misappropriating secret production processes for the hit CBS show, "Big Brother"
CBS Broadcasting, Inc. ("CBS") filed suit against ABC, Inc. and the Walt Disney Co. on May 10, 2012 in the Central District of California, alleging trade secrets misappropriation amongst nine other claims. CBS claims that defendants, in developing a new series "Life in a Glass House," misappropriated CBS' trade secrets about several production processes for the "Big Brother" reality television show. CBS argues that these processes are unique in the industry and make the show successful by enabling the "Big Brother" staff to "prep, produce, edit and deliver each episode in two and a half days." It adds that the defendants (and anyone else) could not have independently discovered the processes by merely watching the show. Rather, CBS believes that ABC improperly acquired knowledge about these processes from former "Big Brother" producers and staff who have signed non-disclosure agreements with CBS but are now working for ABC on "Life in a Glass House."
CBS requested a preliminary injunction in order to stop ABC from premiering the show, however U.S. District Judge Gary Allen Feess said he is unlikely to grant it.
Silleck et al. v. PepsiCo, Inc.
Decision Date: May 3, 2012 | Court Name: U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York
In a fight over ownership of the Pepsi cola formula, heirs of formula creator seek to disclose documents regarding creation of formula
The heirs of Richard Ritchie, who created the Pepsi® cola formula in 1931, filed a declaratory judgment in the District Court for the Southern District of New York on May 3, 2012, requesting the court to declare that the documents relating to the creation of the soda formula are the Ritchie heirs' personal property, which the heirs may publicly share. PepsiCo, Inc. ("Pepsi") counters that the documents are the company's trade secrets but the heirs argue in response that Pepsi has no claim for trade secrets misappropriation. Ritchie allegedly developed the Pepsi formula while working for a separate candy company and was not a Pepsi employee until 1939. He left Pepsi in 1951 and signed an agreement which only prohibited him from disclosing the formula to a competing beverage company but it did not cover his heirs' use of the formula and did not require him to return the formula documents. Alternatively, even if the formula was Pepsi's trade secret, the heirs argue that they have a First Amendment journalistic right to disclose the "historically significant, newsworthy" documents.
While the parties are currently in mediation, and by request of the court Silleck requested leave until September 28, 2012 to file an amended complaint.
Art of Living Found. v. Doe
Decision Date: May 1, 2012 | Court Name: United States District Court for the Northern District of California
N.D. Cal.: Free Exercise Clause Does Not Preclude Evaluation of Asserted Trade Secrets of Spiritual Nature
The Northern District of California recently held that its involvement was not so "entangled" with the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment that it should be precluded from evaluating a plaintiff's trade secrets claim.
The Art of Living Foundation brought an action for copyright infringement and misappropriation of trade secrets under the California UTSA against former members of its movement who turned to blogs to voice their criticism under the monikers "Skywalker" and "Klim." The organization provides courses on "healthy living" topics such as yoga and controlled breathing that are embodied in manuals and teaching notes. As part of their criticism, the bloggers posted some of these teaching notes and other materials on their blogs and/or linked to other sites that hosted them.
Defendants asserted that the court should be barred from assessing the plaintiff's trade secrets claim due to excessive entanglement with the Free Exercise Clause. Specifically, as the plaintiffs had argued that they had added novel elements to traditional Hindu concepts, the defendants claimed that this necessarily involved an adjudication of what is traditionally religious or not and therefore would ensnare the court in impermissible evaluation of religious doctrine. The court rejected this, noting that even though the nature of the work is religious, it could still evaluate the trade secrets claim as it would any other: by comparing the allegedly novel portions to what is generally known to the public and then assessing the value of nondisclosure of those elements.
After a lengthy discussion that concluded that the training materials might be eligible for trade secret status, the court dismissed the motion to strike as to Skywalker, as he had personally posted some of the materials on his blog, constituting enough evidence of potential misappropriation for the case to move forward. However, the motion to strike was granted as to Klim because there was no evidence that he posted any materials to his blog.
Miller UK Ltd. v. Caterpillar, Inc.
Decision Date: April 26, 2012 | Court Name: U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois
Illinois district court rules that unjust enrichment and fraudulent inducement claims concerning information not rising to level of trade secrets are not preempted by ITSAe
In Miller UK Ltd. v. Caterpillar, Inc., the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois held on April 26, 2012 that the Illinois Trade Secrets Act, 765 ILCS §1065/1 et seq., preempted only common law claims of misappropriation of trade secrets and did not preempt unjust enrichment and fraudulent inducement claims involving misappropriated information that did not constitute trade secrets. In its ruling, the district court refused to follow an Illinois Appeals Court decision in Pope v. Alberto-Culver Co., 26 Ill. App. 3d 512 (1st Dist. 1998), which held that the Act preempted both common law claims for misappropriation of trade secrets and confidential information that did not rise to the level of trade secrets. The district court found that the Appeals Court in Pope failed to address §1065/8(b)(2), which provided that the Act would not affect "other civil remedies that are not based upon misappropriation of a trade secret." The Illinois Supreme Court had not ruled yet on whether the Act preempted claims involving misappropriated confidential information that did not constitute trade secrets. But the district court was confident that the State's highest court would have also, at least, declined to follow Pope.
Miller UK, Ltd. ("Miller"), a supplier of parts for construction and mining equipment, filed its claims for misappropriation against Caterpillar, Inc. ("Caterpillar") on June 17, 2010. Miller's claims arise from a 1999 supply agreement to supply parts to Caterpillar for its machines. During this relationship, Miller disclosed to Caterpillar its trade secrets and confidential information about the design, manufacture, and testing of Miller's coupler technology. Miller asserted that the disclosed information was subject to confidentiality requirements in the supply agreement. Caterpillar, however, allegedly took the information and used it to design its own parts.
United States v. Aleynikov
Decision Date: April 11, 2012 | Court Name: Southern District of New York
Conviction of former Goldman Sachs programmer for trade secrets theft is reversed by the Second Circuit
In 2011, Sergey Aleynikov was sentenced to more than eight years in prison for the theft of trade secrets under the Economic Espionage Act and transportation of stolen property in interstate commerce under the National Stolen Property Act (NSPA). This case marked the first instance of federal prosecutors using the Economic Espionage Act (EEA) to police the misuse of source code related to high frequency trading. The trade secrets at issue are segments of computer source code from Goldman Sachs & Co. (Goldman) that are used in its high frequency trading platform.
In February 2012, the court reversed Aleynikov's conviction of trade secrets theft in a one-page order. In an opinion published April 11, 2012, the Second Circuit held that Sergey Aleynikov was wrongly charged with theft of property because the code did not qualify as a physical object under a federal theft statute. The court held that "because Aleynikov did not 'assume physical control' over anything when he took the source code, and because he did not thereby 'deprive [Goldman] of its use,' Aleynikov did not violate the [National Stolen Property Act]." It also ruled that Aleynikov was wrongly charged with espionage, since the code was not a product designed for interstate or foreign commerce. The decision called into question the government's ability to prosecute theft of internal trading systems or other internal financial instruments under the Economic Espionage Act.
United States v. Nosal
Decision Date: April 10, 2012 | Court Name: United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit decides to rehear United States v. Nosal en banc, ordering district courts to ignore panel decision
On April 10, 2012, Chief Judge Alex Kozinski, writing for the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals (en banc), issued a final decision in the case United States v. Nosal, narrowly interpreting the scope of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA). Chief Judge Kozinski's opinion made clear his unwillingness to expand the reach of the CFAA for fear of criminalizing a wide range of seemingly innocuous behavior that Congress did not intend.
The particular facts of this case are not nearly as significant as the question of law and statutory interpretation presented, but briefly, the United States government brought charges against defendant David Nosal and his alleged accomplices for violations of the CFAA. Nosal was a former employee of executive search firm, Korn/Ferry International, while his suspected co-conspirators were current employees of the firm. The twenty-count superseding indictment alleged that current Korn/Ferry employees transferred confidential and proprietary information to Nosal from a confidential database of executives and companies, which was developed and maintained by Korn/Ferry and considered to be of great value to the company as against competitors.
The legal question presented was whether the employees "exceeded [their] authorized access" to the company computer system, within the meaning of the CFAA, when they transmitted confidential Korn/Ferry information to Nosal in violation of their employer's computer use restrictions. The district court denied Nosal's motion to dismiss the indictment at first, but later dismissed most of the counts against him after granting his motion to reconsider in light of the holding in LVRC Holdings LLC v. Brekka, 581 F.3d 1127 (9th Cir. 2009). However, a 2-1 panel decision of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed the district court and reinstated counts of the indictment. The majority found factual distinctions from the present case to Brekka and held that "under the CFAA, an employee accesses a computer in excess of his or her authorization when that access violates the employer's access restrictions." 642 F.3d at 789.
On October 27, 2011, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals granted Nosal's petition for rehearing en banc, clarifying that the previous three-judge panel decision would hold no precedential value. Oral arguments were heard on December 15, 2011, and despite the circuit split now created over the scope of the CFAA, the en banc court affirmed the district court's dismissal of several counts of the indictment. The April 10, 2012 decision held that "exceeds authorized access" in the CFAA pertains to violations of restrictions on access to information, and not restrictions on its use.
PhoneDog v. Kravitz
Decision Date: March 6, 2012 | Court Name: United States District Court for the Northern District of California
Tech company's suit against former employee for misappropriation of trade secrets related to Twitter account survives motion to dismiss
PhoneDog is a company that delivers news about mobile phones, and provides information about them for consumers to use when comparison shopping. The company had employed Noah Kravitz to write online reviews of phone products using a variety of online mediums; one such medium was Twitter, where Kravtiz's handle was "@PhoneDog_Noah." However, after Kravitz left the company, he refused relinquish use of the Twitter account, and instead changed the handle to "@noahkravitz," and installed a new password. Whether an exiting employee can take his Twitter followers with him, and the potential trade secret implications involved, is a case of first impression.
PhoneDog sued Kravitz in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on July 15, 2011. The suit claimed misappropriation of trade secrets, interference with economic advantage, and conversion. On November 8, 2011, the court denied Kravitz's motion to dismiss the trade secrets and conversion claims, noting that PhoneDog had described the elements of trade secrecy in sufficient detail. The case received publicity for potentially determining "ownership" of an employees Twitter account and followers. However, the alleged trade secrets at issue is actually the Twitter account password itself. Although PhoneDog's conversion claim explicitly asserted ownership of the Twitter account, courts have interpreted the California Uniform Trade Secrets Act to preempt common law claims (such as conversion) if they are based on the same nucleus of facts as a concurrent trade secret misappropriation claim. Thus, the court can decide the case without analyzing the parties' competing ownership claims. Moreover, even if the court finds in favor of PhoneDog, the specific remedy and calculation of damages could influence whether it would be cost-effective for parties to bring these types of claims moving forward.
The case exemplifies the complex challenges companies face when trying to protect their confidential information in the digital era, and more specifically, the dangers of not instituting explicit internal policies for employees and their social media accounts.
On or around December 19, 2012, the parties settled. Although the actual details of the settlement were confidential, it appears Kravitz has been permitted to retain ownership of the Twitter account.


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This combo vaccine is used for the prevention of Newcastle and Bronchitis in chickens. One vial contains 2500 doses. This is a live vaccine, consisting of the Newcastle Disease Virus, B1 type, B1 strain and infectious bronchitis virus, Massachusetts and Connecticut types.
Usage information: The Newcastle and Bronchitis Vaccination Kit does not come with a dilutant or eye dropper. Add vaccination to your chickens' drinking water or mix with sterile water. You can also add 1-ounce powdered skim milk to 2 gallons of water to encourage consumption. Chicks should be vaccinated at 14 days, and then again at 4 weeks and 14 weeks of age. Do not vaccinate within 21 days of processing.
All vaccines should be refrigerated upon arrival and have a long shelf life when stored properly. Mix vaccine with dilutent and use within 1 hour. The leftover solution cannot be stored as vaccination must be given within 1 hour of mixing.
We ship in a Styrofoam cooler Mon-Wed only. Pick-up customers should bring their own cooler for transport. There are no returns or refunds on vaccines.


I'm a mature responsible non smoking lady who loves cats. My lovely tortoiseshell was with me for 17 years but I can't have one where I live now so would love to look after yours. I'm very fit and walk & cycle a lot. I also love gardening and I'll take care of your place as I would my own. I have references from many places I've stayed when travelling around. I've had a police check for Meals on Wheels which I do when I'm at home.
I can message or email photos while you're away to give you peace of mind that your pets are well and happy.


Eastern Shore Magazine ™ - Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, Virginia, Delaware, East Coast Beaches: Waterfowl of the Chesapeake Bay - How do they survive cold and severe weather?
Waterfowl of the Chesapeake Bay - How do they survive cold and severe weather?
It's barely dawn on this typical frigid January morning. I sip my coffee, trying to decide just what I'll need today to fend off the cold today: sweater and windbreaker, fleece or down jacket. I watch the cardinals and chickadees at my feeder. The frosty morning air doesn't seem to bother them at all. I decide on the down jacket.
Birds have developed remarkable adaptations to survive cold and severe weather. Look outside on a blustery winter day and you'll still see songbirds flitting at feeders, and ducks swimming in icy creeks. Nearly a million waterfowl fly to the Chesapeake region from northern breeding grounds each year. The winters here suit them just fine.
Many birds, about 340 species, leave North America to winter in the tropical regions of Mexico, Central America, South America and the Caribbean. But plenty of birds remain here year-round. How do they survive?
Birds, like mammals, are warm-blooded animals, meaning they must maintain a constant body temperature as the temperature around them changes. To do this, they spend much of their time feeding so they can generate enough heat. It's a vicious cycle though; they must eat to keep warm so they can gather more food. Birds that can switch from an insect diet to a seed diet can stay put throughout the winter. Some meat-eating birds, like hawks and owls, may also remain if enough prey is available.
One feature that sets birds apart from other animals is their feathers. Birds' bodies are covered with an outer layer of fairly stiff but flexible contour feathers and an under layer of fluffy down feathers. The contour feathers provide protection against wind, rain and snow. The down feathers act as a layer of insulation.
Tightly knit together and overlapping, feathers protect the skin and hold a layer of air over the bird's body. Because birds control the position of their feathers through muscular movements, they are able to "puff" themselves up. By adjusting their feathers, birds create and trap larger pockets of warm air near their skin, enhancing insulation.
Most birds have an oil gland located at base of their tail. Secreted oil is rubbed over the feathers with the beak or bill. This is known as preening. Preening creates a shield that helps block wind and repel water. Birds like ducks, geese and swans can survive in water that is close to freezing because the amount of oil in their feathers makes them waterproof. Waterfowl and other waterbirds also have a layer of fat that keeps them warm.
Anyone who has ever gone outside on a cold, windy day without a hat knows that uncovered body parts lose heat quickly. The same is true for birds. But they can adjust to this in several ways. Often, birds will stand on one leg, tucking the other up among their feathers. Birds are also observed with their beaks tucked under their feathers. Smaller birds often drop on the ground to cover both legs with their fluffed-up bodies.
To minimize heat loss from legs, the arteries and veins in legs of many birds lie in contact with each other and function to retain heat. Arterial blood leaves a bird's core at body temperature while venous blood in the feet is cool. Heat is conducted from the warm arteries to the cool veins. Arterial blood reaching the feet is already cool and venous blood reaching the core is already warm.
Waterfowl have fleshy feet with little blood circulation so they are less sensitive to cold. Constricting blood vessels reduce the amount of blood flow to the feet at low temperatures. Thus, the core temperature of a duck or gull standing on ice may be 104 degrees Fahrenheit but the temperature of their feet may be just above freezing.
All of this may seem of little importance as you bundle up in multiple layers to face another wintry day. But just imagine how the dull the landscape would be without these hardy souls. Winter songbirds, waterbirds and waterfowl are often the only wildlife one sees at this time of year.
National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife Associated Recreation, conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, found that 55.5 million people reported feeding wild birds, making it the most popular wildlife-watching activity.
As I scrape the frost off of my windshield. I'm envious of the many ways that these delicate animals are able to adjust. Then I run back inside to look for my gloves.


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Villanova Gets Number 1 Overall Seed in NCAA Tournament
The tournament begins Tuesday night with two First Four games in Dayton, Ohio, and culminates with the national championship game in Phoenix on April 3
By CSN Philly Staff	• Published March 12, 2017 • Updated on March 13, 2017 at 8:15 am
After winning the national championship in 2016, Villanova will have the easiest path to defending its title in the NCAA Tournament this season.
The Wildcats (31-3, 15-3 Big East) have been awarded the No. 1 overall seed in the tournament, playing in the East Region. 'Nova will face the winner of the play-in game between the Mt. Saint Mary's Mountaineers from the Northeast Conference (19-15) and the New Orleans Privateers (20-11) from the Southland Conference Thursday in Buffalo.
Behind Josh Hart's 29 points, 'Nova blasted Creighton, 74-60, on Saturday to capture the Big East Tournament title. [[415998223, C]]
yogi berra 9 hours ago
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Duke was named the No. 2 seed in the East Region.
Heading into conference tournament play, Kansas held the No. 1 ranking, but was shocked by TCU, 62-63, in the Big 12 Championship quarterfinals.
[NATL] Top Sports Photos: Washington Nationals Win World Series, and More
United StatesOhiobasketballPhoenixDayton

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Brandi Love Balcked
November 30, 2022 by local
Brandi Love is a Pornstar With Big Clitoris
Brandi Love is an American pornstar, whose actual name is Tracey Lynn Livermore. She is a part of both the AVN and the XRCO Halls Of Fame. Love has a huge clitoris and has DD cup enhancements. She is a popular pornstar who has more than 1 million views.
Tracey Lynn Livermore is mostly popularly known as her real title, Brandi Love. She is an infamous American pornstar. She is a part of the AVN and the XRCO Hall of Fame. In addition to being an actress she also is a model.
While she's been an international star in the industry of adult films however, she has managed to manage her work and her family. In fact, she has even established a non-profit organization to aid other parents who wish to join the industry of adult films. Her primary goal is to assist parents in making the right decision in making a career choice in the industry and avoid negative consequences for their children.
Brandi Love, a professional title for Tracey Lynn Livermore, an American pornographic actor. She is a member of both the XRCO and AVN Halls of Fame. She has been featured in more than 300 pornographic films. She is famous for her provocative sexy moves.
Before she became a pornstar Brandi Love had managed to keep a profitable wine business. She also created a website. The webmasters who created the site were experts in the adult industry. Then, she quit her business in wine and made the switch to the porn world. She is now among the most popular pornstars across the world.
Brandi Love has DD cup upgrades
Being one of the most popular pornstars Brandi Love's breasts grow larger. She now has 36D cups. While she underwent plastic surgery to increase her boobs however, she did not go overboard. Her slim frame and muscular tummy are perfectly proportioned to her new body. It's evident that the Pornstar is able to make the most of her body and assets.
Having been in the porn industry for 18 months, Brandi Love has established herself as a credible superstar. Her success and popularity has made it almost impossible to turn down any request to hire her. Her career has earned numerous awards and honors. She's one of the most respected pornstars in the MILF genre.
If you're in search of pornstars with big dramatic clitoris Brandi Love is a top choice. This MILF is 33 years old and has already made a name for herself in the adult scene. Born and raised in North Carolina, Brandi Love has appeared in many adult-oriented productions.
Brandi Love has tattoos on her lower-middle
Brandi Love has numerous tattoos across her body, including a butterfly tattoo on her lower back. She also has a faded purple and blue image of an animal on the right side of her ankle. The tattoo refers towards her relationships with an ex-partner and she's also talked about the meaning of the tattoo.
Love began her career doing self-produced work and on-camera sex on her adult website, and after being offered the opportunity to film her first professional video with Naughty America, she quickly increased her portfolio to include films shot by other businesses.
Brandi Love, a well-known pornstar, is in a good relationship with her husband Chris Potoski. The couple got married in 1994. Brandi quit college in 1994 and Potoski completed his studies in 1995. The couple moved to New York City, where Brandi worked in sales at Harley Davidson and managed a custom wine label business. Chris was already an adult film star however, he wasn't born as one.
Chris and Brandi's romance has been the subject of controversy. Despite the fact that they're married, they have remained committed to their respective careers. Actually, Chris and Brandi's relationship has also helped set an example of married couple. After all, their relationship is a testimony to how long pornstars can remain together for.
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Christianity · news
On Town of Greece v. Galloway
May 8, 2014 Gamalrefr
Earlier this week, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a landmark ruling in the case of Town of Greece v. Galloway. The case stemmed from the practice of the town of Greece, NY, to start its town council meetings with a sectarian Christian prayer, often invoking "Jesus Christ, our Lord and Savior," and similar phrasings. After some local residents complained, the town brought in some non-Christians to give the prayer, but returned to all-Christian prayers after a year or so.
Although many are characterizing the ruling as a victory for the conservative wing of the Court, I must disagree. It is, in fact, a victory for the Christian wing of the Court.
Consider the religious affiliations of the Justices in the way they voted:
FOR Christian prayer before government meetings:
John Roberts (Catholic)
Anthony M. Kennedy (Catholic)
Antonin Scalia (Catholic)
Clarence Thomas (Catholic)
Samuel Alito (Catholic)
AGAINST Christian prayer before government meetings:
Stephen G. Breyer (Jewish)
Ruth Bader Ginsburg (Jewish)
Elena Kagen (Jewish)
Sonia Sotomayor (Catholic)
Bear in mind that, although Kennedy votes more often with the conservative wing of the Court than the liberal, he is by no means a party-line ideologue like Scalia or Thomas. He is the "swing vote" on the Court, and could have gone either way on this question. But… it's easy to say that majoritarian prayers don't have any harm if you're in the majority.
Notice who voted against this. All of the non-Christian members of the court, and Sotomayor, who would probably burst into flames if she ever voted with Scalia and Thomas on any issue. The non-Christian Justices know what it's like to be in a country that "tolerates" people whose religion isn't the majority, and they (rightly) said that there is a very real sense of exclusion and coercion that attends such activities when they're undertaken in the context of an official government function.
Make no mistake. This was not a conservative victory. This was a Christian victory. A victory for those who think that the views of the majority can and should be forced on the minority, who think that the minority should simply shut up and be thankful that we're allowed to practice our blasphemous faiths in this country at all. And that point of view transcends party. Bigotry practiced by a majority and endorsed by force of law is no less bigotry.
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[We were] contracted to install … 35 miles of 20" steel pipeline [in] Pennsylvania. As part of the project, the pipeline had to be installed on a 35 [degree] slope approximately 900 feet in length… The GSI crew arrived on project ready to go to work. The entire crew made safety the top priority and was a pleasure to work with. They installed the required stabilization in a very professional and timely matter and our client and I was very pleased with the results. I will not hesitate to employ GSI on future projects.
Two sites along a Provincial highway in southern British Columbia required excavation at the roadway's edge to expose a gas pipeline 5 meters below the roadway elevation.


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New Challenges for OTLA in 2015-16
The Uncertain Landscape of Autopilot Liability
4 Questions to Ask Your Broker Before Renewing Your Auto Insurance
Proposed Aviva Insurance Policy a Boon for Uber Drivers Without Commercial Coverage
Insurance, New technology
Show Me the Policy, Honey! Why is Uber keeping its insurance details a secret?
Holiday Safety Part Two: Occupier's Liability
Insurance, Personal Injury
Liability Waivers: Are they Enforceable?
The Wild, Wild West
Queen's University Takes Top Prize at 2016 OTLA Cup
Reducing Taxpayers' Dollars means the CMPA taking a Different Litigation Approach
Warnings for Winter Warriors
What happens if my spouse or boss refuses to give evidence at trial?
Waivers, Legal Consequences and Recreational Sports
Reasonable Cost Recovery: How Hospitals Push the Envelope
Insurance, Medical Malpractice
Corbett v. Odorico, 2016 ONSC 2961
Written by Ben Irantalab / Summaries / May 13, 2016
Released May 3, 2016 | Full Decision [CanLII]
The plaintiffs succeeded at a six-week trial and sought to recover their costs on a substantial indemnity basis.
At trial, the jury awarded damages in the amount of $141,500 before statutory deductions and collateral benefits.
Neither party matched or bettered their respective Rule 49 offer to settle. The plaintiffs' last offer to settle was $250,000 plus costs and disbursements. The defendant's last offer to settle, after statutory deductibles, was $6 for the claim and $1 for costs.
The plaintiffs' costs were calculated at $159,249.90 on a partial indemnity basis, and $242,521.50 on a substantial indemnity basis.
The plaintiffs sought their costs on a substantial indemnity basis because of the manner by which they alleged that defence counsel had conducted the trial.
The court found that the trial was an acrimonious one, and communication and cooperation between counsel were minimal. Considerable time was wasted arguing over pre-trial issues. However, the court found that both sides shared responsibility for these problems and therefore refused to award the plaintiffs' costs on a substantial indemnity basis.
The defence also argued that an award of costs should be proportional to the award of damages recovered at trial. The Court held that an over-emphasis on proportionality may serve to under-compensate a litigant for costs legitimately incurred. This would be an injustice to the plaintiffs by depriving them of otherwise appropriate and reasonable award of costs due to a modest recovery at trial, especially in the face of a $7 offer from the defendant.
Accordingly, Justice Hackland awarded the plaintiffs' costs on a partial indemnity basis for the sum of $159,249.90.
Counsel for the Plaintiffs: Frank E. McNally and Jaime J. Wilson
Counsel for the Defendant: Todd J. McCarthy
Read the full decision on CanLII
#indemnity #jury #trial
Ben Irantalab
Ben enjoys the complexities of personal injury litigation. But what attracts him most to represent seriously injured people is the satisfaction that he receives from helping clients achieve the best possible outcome during their most difficult times. Ben's practice is exclusively devoted to motor vehicle collisions, occupiers' liability, accident benefits, product liability, medical malpractice, and wrongful death. For Ben, the cases that require special creativity and thinking outside the box are most gratifying.
In his spare time, Ben enjoys travelling, playing soccer, swimming, and playing backgammon. Ben also speaks Farsi.
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These projects tap resources from every college on campus and connect UW-Stout with industry and community partners to advance economic development and workforce opportunities. Meyer said the university will keep the grieving campus community updated as events unfold. University of Wisconsin-Stout student Hussain Alnahdi died early Sunday after being attacked near a pizza place off campus, according to an email sent to UW-Stout students, faculty and staff. Since Julythe center has facilitated dozens of collaborative projects involving the creativity and technical skills of more than students and faculty. The university was awarded the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality award in This article was published Nov 1, at Nearly University of Wisconsin innovators came together at UW-Parkside for the 11th annual WSTS, a two-day symposium aimed at sparking collaboration between faculty, staff, students and industry partners across the state.
Stout Logo Common Logins. E-mail · [email protected] UW-Stout · Access Stout · StoutCloud · Access Stout · Campus Card · Canvas Early Adopter · Connect · E- mail · E. Account activation creates the credentials (username and password) students use to log into campus systems such as e-mail (Office ), [email protected] and.
When prompted, enter your entire UW-Stout email address and password. Students--Don't forget the @! Microsoft Sign in for.
Alnahdi passed away from injuries suffered in an assault in downtown Menomonie, Wisconsin, according to the email. Doug Mell, a UW-Stout spokesperson, said the incident occurred at about 2: UW-Stout, established inprides itself on the success of its students in the workplace, with a graduate employment rate at or above 97 percent for recent graduates.
Note that UW-Stout has a one year password expiration policy.
WHY DO WOMEN NEED AFFECTION QUOTES Learn UW Utility Created: His interest in creating a low-cost solution to measure the tiny angles of rotation of a telescope resulted in a measurement system that is compact and has accuracy comparable to systems that cost roughly ten times as much.
WiSys Student Ambassador Contact Student Ambassadors are available on your campus to help facilitate discussions with WiSys and answer your questions about intellectual property and our technology transfer process.
A user may have a Campus account or a Special Internal account. Contact a WiSys Ambassador today. Students will be notified at login that their password has expired and directed to the password change website: Since Julythe center has facilitated dozens of collaborative projects involving the creativity and technical skills of more than students and faculty.
Students--Don't forget the @! Microsoft Sign in for Email. Something.
To access your email go to and then bookmark that To make payments to your student's account login into the TouchNet. Checking your Stout student email is an easy process and there are lots of You see a different Microsoft account when you try to log in?.
Have the user go to the following site for password help: University of Wisconsin-Stout student Hussain Alnahdi died early Sunday after being attacked near a pizza place off campus, according to an email sent to UW-Stout students, faculty and staff.
Learn UW Utility Created: The instructor can manually enroll the student into the course. Note that UW-Stout has a one year password expiration policy.
The university was awarded the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality award in Student Ambassadors are available on your campus to help facilitate discussions with WiSys and answer your questions about intellectual property and our technology transfer process.
Platteville wi craigslist Most instructors and students have Campus accounts.
The only exceptions — and there are very few of them — are usernames for test students or visitors from off campus.
UW-Stout also has established a well-organized manufacturing and industry-relations office, called the Discovery Center, which promotes technology transfer between the UW-Stout and industry. Share Tweet This article was published Nov 1, at Read the Case Study.
Contact a WiSys Ambassador today.


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Q: Pinescript timeframe since last crossover I'm quite new to pinescript v5 and can't figure out how to get the timeframe between MA crossovers.
For example, an ma crossover indicates a downtrend,  I need the timeframe(candles) since last crossover indicating an uptrend.
Sounds like there should be a simple solution, yet I can't find one.

A: You can use the ta.barssince() function or a simple counter for that.

ta.barssince: Counts the number of bars since the last time the
condition was true.

bars_since_ma_crossover = ta.barssince(ta.crossover(ma1, ma2))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Brooklyn-based construction robotics startup Toggle gets $3M seed fund
Brian Heater	@bheater / 1 year
Toggle, a Brooklyn-based robotics startup, announced today that it scored $3 million in seed funding. The early-stage round was led by Point72 Ventures' AI Group, with participation from Mark Cuban and VC Twenty Seven Ventures. The series follows a 2018 pre-seed round of $570,000 from its Urban-X accelerator, Urban Us, Accelerate NY / Empire State Development and Perl Street Capital.
The 15-person startup creates robotics that fabricate and assemble rebar. It's designed to work in tandem with existing robotics and steel fabrication technologies, while speeding up the process up to 5 times, by the company's count.
Toggle has already begun a soft launch "for a wide range of projects in New York City and the surrounding area," according to the company. It expects to ramp up toward commercial production over the course of the next year and a half. CEO Daniel Blank tells TechCrunch that the seed round will be used toward R&D and growing the Toggle team.
"This funding will be used to further develop our technology — both the hardware and software — around assembly and fabrication automation, as well as grow the engineering team that supports this development," Blank tells TechCrunch. "The funding also provides us with a strong foundation for our manufacturing operation which is already supplying services and materials to customers in New York City and the surrounding region."


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Camera IconImage Credit: Supplied/Supplied
Eastern Reporter
Bayswater batching plant clash looms
Lauren PilatEastern Reporter
September 29, 2015 1:00AM
The council rejected the original application from WA Limestone on behalf of Ransberg for the plant at 277-279 Collier Road in 2011 with concerns about noise, heavy vehicle traffic, close proximity to residents and health risks from pollution.
Since then the matter has gone back and forth to the State Administrative Tribunal (SAT) and the city, with the council last week voting against the latest revised plans in front of a packed gallery.
Councillor Terry Kenyon moved the motion against the officers' recommendation before Cr Michael Sabatino abruptly left the chamber, stating the alternative motion was tabled too late for proper assessment.
In a passionate speech, Cr Barry McKenna said the city was faced with choosing between two versions of a plant no one wanted.
"I relate it to capital punishment and being asked whether you'd like to be in the electric chair or hung," he said.
"The Supreme Court is the only jurisdiction that can look at this."
Mayor Sylvan Albert, who voted against the alternative motion, said the council did not have a choice and that if the latest plans were rejected it could revert to the original application.
Cr Albert said it was about what was best for the wider community, reminding councillors that defending it could cost ratepayers further legal costs.
Cr Martin Toldo said money did not matter because it was a health issue, which should take precedent.
Resident Barry Kramer said the community had been let down by local government because it failed to put firm policy in place to prevent any noxious industries being built so close to homes and Joan Rycroft Reserve.
Mr Kramer said that by voting for the plant councillors were going against the city's own strategic plan, which includes to promote and facilitate a healthy lifestyle, and meet the needs and expectations of the community.
WA Limestone approvals and environment manager Roger Stephens said WA Premix was "obviously disappointed" by the council's decision.
"Unfortunately yet more ratepayers' money will now be spent defending this decision in the SAT," he said.
"Council meeting documents show that councillors ignored the advice of their own environmental consultants who recommended the amendments be approved, and legal advice that a refusal is likely to cost the city a further $140,000 in legal costs.
"It will now be up to the tribunal to make a final decision and examine whether the council genuinely considered the application on its merits."
The matter will go to the SAT in November.
WA Premix is not a subsidiary of WA Limestone, but both companies share common directors and management.


The most recent outage reports and issues originated from Portsmouth and Bognor Regis.
Hurry up @Razer and @ThreeUK with the Android Pie update for the Razer Phone 2. It's been available to unlocked phones for 2 weeks now! Can't take this long to roll out for network models!


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In an effort to support agriculture and local farming in the Town of Greenville, Greenville Township, and Floyd County, the Historic Preservation Commission will help residents file the appropriate paperwork to the Indiana State Department of Agriculture. We need your help to identify local farms which may qualify for a Hoosier Homestead Farm. If your family farm or you know of a farm that may qualify to become a Hoosier Homestead Farm, please contact the Chairman of the Historic Preservation Commission today!
In honor of Indiana's rich agricultural heritage, the Hoosier Homestead Award Program recognizes families with farms that have been owned by the same family for 100 years or more. Indiana family farms may qualify for the following:
• Centennial Award - 100 years of ownership
• Sesquicentennial Award - 150 years of ownership
• Bicentennial Award - 200 years of ownership
The program was instituted in 1976 and recognizes the contributions these family farms have made to the economic, cultural and social advancements of Indiana. In the past 30 years, more than 5,000 farms have received the honor. There are two Hoosier Homestead Ceremonies each year. One is at the State House in March and the other is during the State Fair in August.
Matt Uhl
Hoosier Homestead Farm Application
The Collins - Taylor - Jacobi Farm bicentennial award


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Tag: Free Traders
Slavery, family, and a fight for liberty in a "juvenile" for all readers: An appreciation of Heinlein's Citizen of the Galaxy, the 2022 Prometheus Hall of Fame winner
From his first stories published in Astounding Science Fiction to such late novels as Friday and Job, Robert Heinlein was recognized as an outstanding science fiction writer.
For many of us, though, our introduction to his writing, and often to science fiction as a genre, came from the twelve novels he published through Charles Scribner's Sons.
Categorized as "juvenile" and aimed at an audience ranging from boys in junior high school to young men in the armed forces, these books in fact speak to a far wider audience, and are more sophisticated both in literary technique and in the ideas they present, than almost any other boys' books and indeed than many books for adults.
And those ideas are often relevant to libertarian concerns.
Continue reading Slavery, family, and a fight for liberty in a "juvenile" for all readers: An appreciation of Heinlein's Citizen of the Galaxy, the 2022 Prometheus Hall of Fame winner
Posted on September 28, 2022 Author Michael GrossbergCategories Appreciations, Hall of Fame (Classic Fiction)Tags Astounding Science Fiction, Citizen of the Galaxy, coming of age, espionage, family, Free Traders, Friday, Job, juveniles, Kim, mnemonics, Prometheus Hall of Fame, Robert Heinlein, Rudyard Kipling, slave trade, slavery, the right to self-defenseLeave a comment on Slavery, family, and a fight for liberty in a "juvenile" for all readers: An appreciation of Heinlein's Citizen of the Galaxy, the 2022 Prometheus Hall of Fame winner
A celebration of old and new: The 2022 Prometheus Awards recognize Heinlein, McCarthy novels
The 2022 Prometheus Awards, to be presented Aug. 13 in an online ceremony, will honor "something old" and "something new."
In a wedding of circumstance and happy coincidence, a first-time Prometheus-nominated author (the "something new" according to wedding custom) has been declared the winner in the Best Novel category, while the golden-age sf author most honored in the four-decade-plus history of this award is recognized anew.
Novelist Wil McCarthy (Photo courtesy of Baen Books)
Wil McCarthy, a prolific sf writer nominated for the first time for this award, has been selected by Libertarian Futurist Society members as winner of the Best Novel category for Rich Man's Sky.
Meanwhile, the late great Robert Heinlein – a Prometheus favorite – will be recognized for his novel Citizen of the Galaxy, which will be inducted into the Prometheus Hall of Fame for Best Classic Fiction.
Robert Heinlein (Creative Commons license)
Heinlein (1907-1988), now an eight-time Prometheus Award winner, has won more Prometheus awards than any other writer, living or deceased.
Fittingly, Heinlein's zestful spirit of adventure – championing scientific and social progress against tyranny and oppression and exploring libertarian possibilities of the future – is reflected in both of this year's winners.
Continue reading A celebration of old and new: The 2022 Prometheus Awards recognize Heinlein, McCarthy novels
Posted on July 8, 2022 July 8, 2022 Author Michael GrossbergCategories Awards News, LFS reports & updates, NewsTags 2022 Prometheus Awards, capitalism, Citizen of the Galaxy, Four Horsemen, free markets, Free Traders, Ludwig von Mises, Rich Man's Sky, Robert Heinlein, The Moon is a Harsh Mistress, Wil McCarthyLeave a comment on A celebration of old and new: The 2022 Prometheus Awards recognize Heinlein, McCarthy novels


A recent trip through the Nelson/Tasman region had me licking my lips at the prospect of drinking beers from the heart of hop country. After all, the area is the sole growing area for New Zealand's commercial hops. I expected the pale ales to be pungent, the IPAs to be lean and full of classic New Zealand hop character.
But I was shocked to find only a handful of beers that fit the bill. By and large, many of the hoppier styles from breweries in the area fit into the English-style: balanced, sessionable, comfortable. I wanted brash, bold, an Ali-like one-two to the nostrils and tastebuds.
Luckily, Hop Federation was one of few breweries standing apart from the crowd, its pale ale and IIPA tasting especially good.
It makes sense that Hop Federation's beers should showcase New Zealand hops so strongly, considering the brewery is based in Riwaka. Climb the highest tree in town and you should be able to see hop farms in every direction. It was the lifestyle that saw Simon and Nicki Nicholas move themselves and their daughter there from Auckland in 2013 and bought the old Monkey Wizard brewery.
And sell it they have, with new clients inquiring most weeks. They managed to sell all their fresh hop IPA to bars in 90 minutes this year, while a partnership with Nelson restaurant Burger Culture will see up to seven of Hop Federation's beers on at any time.


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Music Review: Kala
– Spirituality & Health Magazine
reviewed by John Malkin
Trevor Hall
Trevor Hall's new album, Kala, was written in Hawaii and recorded in Los Angeles and reverberates with an eclectic mix of reggae, Sanskrit chant, and mellow acoustic rock that Hall has developed so beautifully. "The Islands of Hawaii are just magical. I try to look at all land as holy, but those islands are really holy," Hall told S&H. "They just have such a voice. If you respect and honor that voice and make offerings back to it, it will speak to you."
Kala, Sanskrit for "time," is the final album in a trilogy based on Hall's own life journey. "The lines between music, spirituality, and healing are slowly fading," he says. "For me, they are one." Hall's first inspiration to make music was when he was 16 and heard a song by Ben Harper, "I Shall Not Walk Alone." Hall recalls, "Oh my lord ... that song just changed everything. The light went on at that moment."
Simple, sweet guitar and melodic banjo patterns carry Hall's meditations on self-realization. The songs are deep bows to family ("Mother" & "Uncle Jo") and respectful reflections on transformation ("You Can't Rush Your Healing"). On the song "Forgive" Hall points to a path away from world suffering and personal hardship: "From the Rwandan genocide / to the seven sisters forgiving Orion for how he chases them across the skies … let all of your mistakes become all of your greatest gifts in disguise."
"I'm not sure what would happen if we as a people could forgive more ... especially on a world level," Hall told S&H. "I believe the change would be monumental and the consciousness of the collective would take a huge step forward."
This entry is tagged with:
• Music Review • Acoustic • Hawaiian Culture • Guitar • Trevor Hall
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"They are the chosen ones who have surrendered."
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Baum on Money: Defining bubbles and the value of income equality
Caroline Baum
Posted1/19/2014 7:06 AM
Good morning, folks. Here are some top reads.
One easy way to determine if it's a bubble.
The Wall Street Journal's Jason Zweig has some sage advice when it comes to asset bubbles. It probably isn't a bubble when everyone worries that it is. The time to get nervous is when folks start making rationalizations about prices that have come untethered from their moorings, as they did during the 1990's tech bubble. Remember when tech CEOs touted "page hits" as a substitute for revenue?
Is income equality really the goal?
President Obama has called income inequality the "defining challenge of our time." The Washington Post's Kathleen Parker wonders if it really is. Not a single American would say, "I'm for income inequality," she says. The opposite -- income equality -- doesn't sell because we all want to be rewarded commensurately for "merit, talent and hard work." What the U.S. has is a growing poverty problem, but "the poor are not poor because Warren Buffett and Bill Gates are rich." So get your terms straight. Stop talking about income inequality and instead focus on "the need for a higher-skilled labor force that pits no American against another and qualifies people for jobs that are actually available: 'Learning for earning.'"
The shadow goes global.
Back in November, I directed your attention to a piece of research on the "shadow funds rate," the rate -- in this case, negative -- that would capture the Fed's unconventional policies. Economist James Hamilton has a post on research on the shadow rates for the ECB and BOE. The ECB's shadow rate turned negative when the bank expanded its longer-term refinancing operations in 2011 and "saw a subsequent drop with ECB President Mario Draghi's July 2012 commitment to do whatever it takes to preserve the euro," Hamilton writes. Uh-oh. That means we're soon going to read about the effect of the Fed's forward guidance on the shadow funds rate.
Bullish on business investment?
Last Friday's employment report for December may have thrown cold water on upbeat economic sentiment, but the outlook for business investment is good, according to the Wall Street Journal's Outlook column. The prices of stocks and real estate are rising, consumers have reduced their debt burdens and Congress is intent on avoiding another government shutdown. That said small business sentiment is still in the dumps, something that should be re-enforced with the release of the NFIB's monthly survey for December tomorrow.
The recoveries from the 1990-1991 and 2001 recessions were known as "jobless recoveries." Take a look at this graphic. If those two were jobless, what exactly should we call the current recovery?
• Caroline Baum is a Bloomberg View columnist.
Baum, Caroline


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Plastic Helps House Win at Solar Decathlon
What does "a house that would intellectually respond to Hurricane Sandy" look like?
As the students at Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, NJ, see it, it starts with two concepts: sustainability and resilience. And it uses a whole lot of plastics, particularly vinyl.
"Inspired" by Hurricane Sandy, a team of Stevens students designed and created a home for the U.S. Department of Energy's 2015 Solar Decathlon in Irvine, CA. Held every two years, the "Solar Decathlon challenges collegiate teams to design, build, and operate solar-powered houses that are affordable, energy-efficient, and attractive," says DOE.
The Stevens team conceived the house as the "coastal home of the future," a cost-effective, net-zero energy, solar powered home to serve as a prototype for shore communities. The house's focus on sustainability is manifest by dramatically reduced energy consumption and its use of solar energy. It also uses marine construction methods to protect against the next 100-year storm, making it particularly resilient. Combine Sustainable + Resilient and you get the SURE HOUSE, the name for Stevens' Solar Decathlon entry.
Seventeen teams from across the nation competed in the 2015 Decathlon (including some that partnered with foreign universities), each of which spent nearly two years on design and buildout. The houses are scored on ten criteria related to affordability, appeal, appliances, architecture, comfort, communications, commuting, energy balance, engineering, and home life.
2015 Solar Decathlon VI SURE house at nigh 11One of the loudest cheerleaders for the Stevens team is the Vinyl Institute, a member of the plastics division of the American Chemistry Council. The Vinyl Institute is one of the sponsors of the SURE HOUSE. "The design was about sustainability and resilience," said Susan Wade, VP of Marketing and Communications for the Vinyl Institute. "With the house being a coastal home, vinyl really played a key role. It was an opportunity to show how important vinyl is to those design goals."
So how did the SURE HOUSE fair when winners of this tough competition were announced in October (if you don't already know)? Let's just say they SURE did well, capturing top honours and winning in seven of the ten categories.
Truly an example of "plastics make it possible," the SURE homes employs numerous plastic building products that contribute to energy efficiency, and it takes advantage of the inherent waterproof/resistant nature of many plastics, especially vinyl products. The Stevens team chose these materials in contrast to other materials used to build New Jersey shore homes that typically did not withstand the ravages of Hurricane Sandy. Here's a look at some these advanced materials and products:
The SURE home reduces energy use by a whopping 90 percent compared to the average New Jersey home, driven in part by insulation that reduces the exchange of air from the conditioned indoor spaces to the outdoors. The SURE HOUSE has nearly twice the level of insulation of a typical home. The house employs structural insulated panels (SIPS) as walls—SIPs typically consist of polystyrene foam insulation sandwiched between some type of wood sheathing. The roofing employs extruded polystyrene foam insulation covered by a vinyl membrane to increase energy efficiency and protect the house against rough weather. These plastic materials help optimize R-values and don't absorb water or degrade when in contact with water.
To help withstand hurricanes, the house employs various plastic composites and structural adhesives, derived from marine construction techniques, to create barriers to repel water. For example, the exterior siding is comprised of a glass fibre and resin matrix that encapsulates a plastic foam core. This sheathing is wrapped from the underside of the home and is rated to withstand up to a FEMA 6/7 Zone: +/- 6 feet of water. It contributes to energy efficiency and can minimize damages to allow for faster recovery from flooding and storms.2015 Solar Decathlon VI Plastic BOAT HULL STorm Surge Shutters.
The bi-fold storm shutters installed on the SURE HOUSE serve two purposes—they shade the windows when raised, contributing to energy efficiency in warm weather, and they provide a primary defensive barrier against water and debris when closed during inclement weather. The shutters are made with a plastic composite foam core and wrapped with a glass fibre-reinforced plastic composite. When closed, the shutters lock into place against synthetic rubber (plastic) seals to resist water intrusion from a storm surge.
To provide energy, the SURE HOUSE employs building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV), in this case flexible thin-film solar cells that eliminate typical heavy glass layers and instead use slim layers of plastics. The lightweight panels attached to the upper side of the bi-fold storm shutters gather the sun's energy when raised. Their lightweight makes it easier for the homeowner to raise and lower the shutters. The plastic panels are much more impact resistant than glass and are designed to stand up to storms, as well as be simpler to replace in case of damage.
To prevent permanent damage to water pervious floors, one of primary flooring products used is water resistant vinyl tile, which in this case is made with recycled materials. The exterior decking material also is made with vinyl to stand up to inclement weather without rotting or corroding.
There are numerous other vinyl building products in the SURE HOUSE that can contribute to sustainability and resiliency, such as the vinyl louvers that shade the windows, vinyl conduit protecting the electrical wiring, and vinyl plumping pipes. Even the windows contribute to sustainability and resilience—the durable vinyl frames contain plastic foam insulation and numerous air pockets that help prevent thermal bridging, the transfer of heat through materials.
2015 Solar Decathlon VI SURE House Vinyl Roof Membrane
The Sure HOUSE will reside on Ocean Avenue in the heart of Seaside Park, serving as a permanent community outreach centre and information resource designed to engender continued dialogue about sustainability and resiliency.
Congratulations to the Stevens Institute of Technology. And thank you to the Vinyl Institute for sponsoring this home and helping demonstrate once again how plastics can contribute to sustainability and resilience.
Source: https://www.plasticsmakeitpossible.com/plastics-at-home/plastics-help-house-win-at-solar-decathlon/
Recycling , Uncategorized
Every Thing You Do →← Polish plastics processor to invest €1.8m in injection moulding


The AD335A, HP Smart Array P800 is HP's 16 port serial attached SCSI (SAS) RAID controller with PCI-Express (PCIe). Provides high levels of reliability for HP servers, through its support of 3Gb/s SAS technology and advanced RAID capabilities. The AD335A controller ships standard with RAID 6 (ADG) and supports over 100 hard drives. Instead, try using the AM312A with Island's 6G cables in your Integrity server. Works well on rx2660, rx3600 & rx6600.
This product comes with 2 x NEW 2016/2017 dated, charged and tested batteries & 512MB Cache module.
12 Months Island Computers warranty. Internal and External SAS cables are NOT included.
Do you have any questions about AD335A Refurbished HP Integrity P800 PCI-e SAS RAID Controller for OpenVMS with NEW batteries?


China Causes Recycling Problems In LI And On Conn.
Communities on Long Island and in Connecticut have been forced to change the way they collect recyclables.
China has cut back on buying the material from the United States because it doesn't want to pay for recyclables that are contaminated with non-recyclable substances like food residue.
"With this current situation, China is really closing off most of its imports of recyclables from the United States. And this is not due to the potential trade war and tariffs. They're just frustrated with quality and they're saying, 'No, we don't want to buy this,'" said C.J. May, recycling coordinator for Waterbury, Conn..
Cailin Riley, a reporter with the Southampton Press on Long Island, said recycling facilities are scrambling to find new markets for their product and said their options may soon dry up.
Riley said people in the industry say there's a need to create a domestic market for these goods so that towns and municipalities won't have to rely on other countries.
Does All That Recycling Really Get Recycled?


A landing page could be any page that you want your customers to land on your website. This page is generally a stand-alone page that it is unique from your navigation and other website pages. Your landing page is created in such a way to have a focused objective and also to capture leads. A landing page design should, hence guide people for a particular conversion goal.
All the visitors arrive at your website for a reason. We need to make sure the landing page design they see is visually engaging, with clear details, intelligently designed and easy to navigate. This is where the expertise of our landing page designers comes into play. Vertipride Solution can design a landing page for your products and services that includes all the essential elements.
Landing pages designed by our professionals mainly focus on key points that sets your business apart from others by attracting visitors immediately and take action in an effective way. We offer landing page designing services that facilitate our corporate clients.
A landing page design will influence the decision of the visitor about your products and services, hence it is extremely important to pay extra attention to it.
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Does your city have lead service lines? See the map below for more details about a community's service line records.
Because of Flint's water crisis, regulators are asking water systems to answer a couple of seemingly basic questions: Where are Michigan's lead water pipes? How many are left in the ground?
We've found the answers are hard to come by.
Lead leaches into drinking water from old lead service lines or lead solder, and from some plumbing in people's home. A service line is the pipe that takes drinking water from the water main under the road into your home.
Nowadays, those lines are usually made of copper, sometimes plastic. But back before the 1950s, lead was pretty common.
"We know lead has serious and irreversible health effects and we also know that homes that are being served by lead service lines are really, essentially being served by lead straws," Virginia Tech University professor Yanna Lambrinidou said.
"The people living in those homes are eating and drinking out of lead straws."
Back in the 1990s, the federal Lead and Copper Rule was passed to reduce lead exposure in water, especially for those people living in older cities, with lead service lines.
Lambrinidou argues that people should be able to find out if their home has a lead service line, so that they can protect their families, especially children and pregnant women, from lead exposure.
To be clear, cities are supposed to treat their water to prevent the kind of major lead leaching that's happened in Flint. Every large water system in Michigan uses this corrosion control treatment.
"But it is also equally understood to not be, under any circumstances, a panacea; to not be under any circumstances, to prevent at all times lead leaching from plumbing materials, including lead service lines," she said.
Service line records in the city of Grand Rapids live on paper in filing cabinets. There are scanned electronic versions too.
Pipes still age and deteriorate with corrosion control treatment. Lambrininidou says stagnant water and physical disturbances can still cause high lead levels, even with proper treatment.
That's why it's important for homeowners to know what kind of service line they have.
It's also important for cities to know where their lead service lines are, because that's where they're supposed to test to prove the corrosion control treatment is working.
"Knowing where these hazards are is imperative for the protection of the public's health," she said.
We know now that Flint's records were in horrible shape. But your city might not be any better off.
Officials in Saginaw, Livonia and Pontiac have pretty much no idea where lead service lines might still be.
Places like Detroit, Grand Rapids, and Dearborn have rough estimates of how many lead lines they have based on the year a service line was installed.
Scroll to the bottom of the page for a breakdown of the themes we found in cities across the state. Or click on the map to see more details.
Jeff Castro is director of the Ypsilanti Community Utilities Authority. He knows where the 30 or so lead service lines are in his community because his predecessors created an inventory decades ago and they've kept good track of where they've replaced lead lines since then.
"Creating an inventory is going to be difficult for communities who have not done much in the last 20 or 30 years because you can't see underground. You are solely dependent on your records that your former predecessors put into place," Castro said.
Castro says he'd hug the workers who kept Ypsilanti's records back then if he could. Because of them, Ypsilanti is in a good position now to provide the transparency regulators want from water systems, in light of the Flint water crisis.
But because so many cities don't have these records together, Michigan's Department of Environmental Quality doesn't know how many lead service lines there are in Michigan or where they're located. Some cities have paper records, some are electronic, some only include information about the publicly owned portion of the service line.
A study released this month estimates there are 460,000 lead service lines in Michigan; more than almost any other state.
But that's just a guess. Until cities have these inventories together, we won't know for sure.
The number of lead lines in Detroit is an estimate based on the year. Anything installed in 1946 or prior is assumed to be lead, although the older records don't necessarily note the material of the service line.
Detroit officials say they have everything on paper cards, and that it wouldn't be too difficult to get them online once they verify cards are accurate. Verifying would be Detroit's biggest hurdle, but it's something they say they're working on. The good news; Detroit's records also have some indication of what's on the private property side.
The estimated number of lead lines in Grand Rapids is also based on year. Officials believe 2,000-3,000 records are likely to be inaccurate or have unknown materials. City staff are working to clean up discrepancies in records over the next few months. On private property, records for service lines in Grand Rapids are less accurate.
Kalamazoo: Officials estimate there are 2,800 lead service lines in Kalamazoo, but there are another 8,700 service lines made of unknown material. Records do not indicate the materials used for the portion of the service line that's on private property.
Lincoln Park: Estimates 40-50% of 18,000 total service lines are lead. Officials say they're not sure how accurate the records are as many lines went in before Lincoln Park was a city. They says there's probably some discrepancy over the private property side of the line. Officials noted that the city recently emerged from emergency management and does not have the staff time or resources to compile or verify the records.
Flint: UM-Flint worked through records earlier this year. They estimate there are at least 4,000 lead lines indicated in the records and 11,196 residential property parcels with "unknown" service line connections. EPA officials working to verify records have found many lead service lines do not exist as record indicates.
Saginaw: Officials guess around 25% of "active" service lines are lead. That would be 4,750. They say there could be more but they're working to verify the active service lines first. They've found most lines on private property are not lead.
Livonia: There is no accurate count of lead service lines, officials said. The city has records on index cards, but many cards do not list the type of pipe/material used. Officials note that, back in the 40s and 50s no one kept good records of material; the cards just note how long the pipe is and where the stop box is. Livonia is not currently attempting to locate lead lines, but replaces them when they find them during construction and informs homeowners.
Dearborn: City officials say there's an "abundance of lead service lines" but that it would be too difficult to find out exactly how many without "significant effort." They do have paper records, and assume all service lines installed prior to 1950 are made of lead.
Pontiac: Oakland County Water Resource Commission assumed operations of Pontiac's system in 2014. County officials say they knew they would encounter lead service lines but there is no accurate count or location of where those lines are. Oakland WRC has changed its policies to document service line materials in Pontiac.
Port Huron: Officials believe there are lead service lines but do not know how many or where they are. They say the records they do have are not very accurate. The city is sort of an outlier in that it does not take responsibility for any portion of the water service line, only the water main. They have not tracked how many lead service lines have been removed.
Jackson: Officials do not have an exact count of lead service lines, but estimate 54% of total service lines are made of lead. Staff believes records are "pretty accurate" though, noting "very seldom do we find a mistake." Records also indicate what's on the privately owned side of the service line.
Battle Creek: Officials say record keeping "isn't as precise" as they'd like it to be. There's an estimated 4,000 lead service lines in the city but that number could be off by 500-1,000 lines.
Warren: Officials estimate there are only "a couple hundred" of lead service lines left in Warren. City staff is working on sorting out how to compile and verify a complete inventory.
Royal Oak: Officials weren't sure if there were lead service lines. They said records for older homes in particular are "sketchy/rare." In the past 15 years, they've found around a dozen lead lines in total.
Taylor: At this time, officials are working to determine the accuracy of paper records dating back to the 1840s. The records do not indicate what is on privately owned portions of lead service lines.
St. Clair Shores: Officials say there probably are some lead service lines in the system. The original paper records indicate approximately 700 homes had lead service lines, but that number is likely outdated.
Southfield: There are 25 known lead service lines, identified as part of the city's pool of homes where compliance testing is done. Officials say they have all the city's records on paper but no count of total lead service lines. Records do not indicate what's on the privately owned side of the line. Officials say if lead lines are discovered they're replaced.
Lansing: BWL officials say records are "very accurate." Lansing takes responsibility of the entire water service line, even portions on private property. They have records in a digital database. The city has replaced more than 13,500 lead service lines since 2004. They intend to replace the last 600 by 2017.
Wyoming: Officials believe Wyoming has no lead lines. Given that the city takes responsibility of the entire water service line, including portions on private property, officials are "very confident" in accuracy of records. But officials estimate there are a few hundred homes with no record of what the service line is made of. They're working to figure those out.
Portage: No lead service lines in Portage, although old private wells could still have unknown lead lines built before the city was a city. Officials are confident in the records because the city takes responsibility of water service line even on private property.
Many cities said their records were accurate or very accurate, but would also say they did not have an accurate record of the privately owned portion of the service line.
Mark Brush, Rebecca Williams, Lindsey Scullen and Amelia Zak contributed to this report.
The water crisis in Flint revealed that the city really has no clue where its lead service lines are. UM-Flint estimated there are at least 4,000 lead service lines in Flint, but there are another 11,000 lines that are made of an "unknown" material.
The state is now recommending that cities avoid replacing only part of a water service line if it's made of lead. Partial replacements aren't uncommon.
Typically the municipality only owns part of the line, the part from the water main to the property line. This is the publicly owned portion of the service line. In this case, the part of the line that runs from the public right of way into a home is the privately owned portion of the line.
The U.S. EPA is stepping up enforcement of the federal rule designed to prevent people from being exposed to too much lead in their drinking water. Today, the agency is sending letters to 49 states responsible for implementing the federal rule. The EPA already has the primary responsibility for overseeing the Lead and Copper Rule in Wyoming and Washington D.C.
The state of Michigan is asking all water systems to come up with plans to find and replace lead pipes in their communities, even the portions of water service lines that are on private property, which are traditionally the responsibility of the homeowner.


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Boardman Family Generous Donation to Enhance Outdoor Learning Space
The Bill and Nancy Boardman Family has gifted Grandview Heights Schools with a generous donation of $250,000 to help fund enhancements in the form of outdoor learning spaces as part of the comprehensive capital improvement project.
Bill Boardman is a 1959 graduate of Grandview Heights High School. "Funds for the creation of a new outdoor learning space were donated by Nancy and Bill Boardman out of great affection for the Grandview Heights Schools and in honor of the Class of 1959 and the significant number of Boardman family members that have attended our schools," stated Superintendent Andy Culp.
"I believe that Grandview Heights Schools are an important part of our community and are truly unique among public schools. Along with the other members of the Class of 1959, I have recognized this uniqueness over the years, and have fond memories of the high-quality faculty and staff that helped shape our lives. The current day education provided to students is also amazing and worthy of the Grandview community's total support. The relationships that I formed during my time as a student have withstood the test of time and I feel so blessed to have been the beneficiary of such an amazing educational experience."
Grandview Heights Schools is in the process of implementing the community-approved Facilities Master Plan, which will make safety, security, and ADA upgrades to all school buildings, build a new fourth through eighth grade school, and comprehensively renovate Grandview Heights High School.
The new outdoor learning space will enhance the project by connecting students with nature in an interactive, hands-on learning environment. These outdoor, collaborative learning spaces will provide students and teachers with new ways to explore concepts such as teamwork and cooperative learning, nutrition and fitness, and much more.
"We are extremely appreciative of the generosity of the Boardman family," added Board President Jesse Truett. "Their donation will have such a positive impact on the education of our Grandview Heights Schools students for generations to come."
To read the ThisWeek News article by Reporter Alan Froman, click here: https://www.thisweeknews.com/news/20191209/donors-gift-will-add-outdoor-learning-area-to-grandview-heights-schools
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The patients with high creatinine level will also be ill with weakness, poor appetite, protein in urine. If the patients also suffer from diabetes, how to cure edema for them?
It is easy for diabetes patients get infections, ulcers, kidney damages as the blood sugar is not controlled well. What is more, the diabetes patients should pay more attention to the diet as the unsuitable diets can not only make the abnormal fluctuations of blood sugar level, but also lead to kidney disease. That is to say, dialysis or kidney transplant is not a good choice for the patients.
In addition, creatinine level is regarded as an indicator of renal function. Therefore, the high creatinine level means the kidney is damaged badly. And then, the patients will get edema as the excess water which should be excluded from body by the kidney are gathered in the body and hidden in the cell spaces. What is more, the edema shows the kidney is being worse and worse of diabetes patients.
Therefore, how to treat edema for high creatinine level and diabetes patients?
There I will recommend Toxin-Removing Therapy. It is a newest treatment created by Shijiazhuang Kidney Disease hospital. With Toxin-Removing Therapy, the edema will be alleviated as the various toxins and waste products are removed from body. Besides, Toxin-Removing Therapy can take a great effect on protecting the kidney.
In the meanwhile, Micro-Chinese Medicine Osmotherapy, Cycle Therapy, Foot Bath or other treatments which will be selected to treat the patients based on the patients' illness conditions will be used in combination with Toxin-Removing Therapy for a better action to improve the renal function. When the kidney is repaired, the edema will be remitted, and the patient will have a high quality life.
If you want to gain more information to treat edema for high creatinine level and diabetes patients, please leave a message below or send you medical reports to us. We will try our best to help you.


Looking back at the global financial crisis of 2008-2009, it is reasonable to posit that markets were under-regulated in 2007. But the reaction to the crisis has been muscular in both the U.S. and Europe, and many market participants and observers say the 2017 landscape is characterized by over-regulation.
It has been an active 10 years for regulators of financial markets, and the pendulum has shifted.
In the U.S., Dodd-Frank was signed into law by President Obama in 2010, and the ensuing seven years have seen the rollout of the legislation, as well as calls for rollback or even repeal, most prominently by President Trump, who took office in January 2017. The Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission have stepped up their oversight of the markets, for example with the in-progress Consolidated Audit Trail, and multiple other regulations directed at electronic trading.
In Europe, Basel III was big, and MiFID II is expected to be bigger.
Market reception to the waves of regulation has been mixed, at best. Some participants agree with the broad intent of rules, but they find fault in how rulemakers are getting there. Other participants say the rules themselves do more harm than good.
JPMorgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon has been a strident critic of the newly re-regulated marketplace, especially as it pertains to bank capital requirements. .
"During and since the crisis, we've always supported thoughtful, effective regulation, not simply more or less," Dimon wrote in a letter to shareholders earlier this year.
Goldman Sachs CEO Lloyd Blankfein has taken a more measured tone; at one point he called regulation "burdensome", but more recently he said that some parts of Dodd-Frank are beneficial and he would not support a full repeal of the regulation.
Regulation continues to be a hot topic at industry conferences. Just a few years ago, compliance was said to be the only growth area for Wall Street professionals; that has dialed back some but still, the post-crisis regulatory road has been a long one.
President Trump represents a big departure from his predecessor, at least in regard to viewpoints on regulation. How that translates into actual changes at the trading-desk level remains to be seen.
A lack of volume growth and existential questions are big-picture concerns.
OMS-EMS integration, transparency, and research integration are predicted.
For better or for worse, Lewis tome made a big splash in electronic markets.
Innovation and regulation have redefined financial technology.
FactSet executives opine on what has changed -- and what has stayed the same.


We travelled here with our sister and brother-in-law, enticed by a deal that had hit one of our inboxes. If nothing else, the deal got us there, but in hindsight we may have been better selecting a hotel ourselves, one that was closer to the heart of Hong Kong.
HOT TIP: Stay close to Tsim Sha Tsui ("TST"), which gives you easy access to shopping in Nathan Road, the bustling markets, and the ferry crossing Victoria Harbour to the main island. Or stay in Central, from which you can easily visit the main commercial area, Victoria Peak and boats to Macau. Or stay in the upmarket Causeway Bay for a variety of shopping options.
One thing we noticed and loved about Hong Kong right away was the fantastic train system. Fast, punctual, clean and safe was our experience of them. We whizzed along from the airport, having purchased our Octopus Card when we landed.
Another HOT TIP: Get an Octopus Card at the airport. Load it with some money and use it all over Hong Kong – for trains, buses, ferries, tramways, plus many retail outlets like supermarkets, departments stores and fast food outlets. You pay a deposit of HK$50 for the card when you purchase it, and get that refunded when you hand it back in at the airport. With the massive traffic congestion, using the train is the best and fastest option for getting about.
We also loved the orderliness of the Hong Kong people. Public transport was always interesting, and the elderly were always given seats by the younger. On the ferries, and trains there was a strict no-feet-on-seats policy and no eating that was policed.
On the whole we felt very safe in Hong Kong, although the bicycle shop next to Tim Ho Wan (famous for pork buns) openly had guns and ammo on display in unlocked cases, which left us a little uncomfortable.
Hot Tip 3: If you are looking for somewhere for dinner, and your taxi takes you past a long queue, get out! We had to queue at the famous Tim Ho Wan, and happened upon another restaurant queue at a random that turned out to be mouth-wateringly good, AND cheap.
Grab a Portuguese tart in Macau!
Jump on a BigBus (green route) and you'll pass by the most expensive suburb in the world, Deepwater Bay, and stop at Repulse Bay for some up-market shopping at Stanley Market. You can wander the European looking bay or lunch at the beach.
Nathan Road. We weren't there to purchase designer goods, but if we were, this long street is the place to go!
Hong Kong Disneyland. We spent a day here, playing like kids. Having been to Anaheim Disneyland, we loved this for the lack of crowds and lack of queues.
HOT TIP: Take a ride on the Ding Ding – featured below in our holiday video.
This city was fun, efficient and such a mix between old, new, traditional and skyscrapers.
One more HOT TIP: take your laundry to a local laudromat – they charge on weight (and are super cheap). Your washing will be ready for you to pick up that afternoon or the next day, clean, and neatly folded.
Do you have any things you loved about Hong Kong that we missed? We'd love to hear from you (and we can add it to our next visit!).


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Land-based measures to mitigate climate change: Potential and feasibility by country
Monday 18 Oct 2021
They study reveals how the world's countries can make progress toward climate goals by altering how they use land.
Roe et al., 2021
A recent study in Global Change Biology estimates the land-based mitigation potential (technical and cost-effective), related land footprints, mitigation density potential, and feasibility of 20 land and demand management activities for over 200 countries. The study developed and adapted 25 "bottom-up" sectoral databases and 6 integrated assessment models (IAMs), with new data including country estimates for agroforestry, biochar, peatlands soil carbon in agriculture, reduced food waste, and diet shifts.
The mitigation density per hectare indicates that the top 15 countries are smaller, mostly forested & coastal states: Maldives, Brunei, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Vietnam, Trinidad & Tobago, Malaysia, Malta, Rwanda, South Korea, Netherlands, Cambodia, Mauritius, Philippines, El Salvador. The protection of forests & other ecosystems and demand-side measures presented particularly high mitigation efficiency, high provision of co-benefits, and relatively lower costs. Peatlands, coastal wetlands and forests had the highest mitigation densities.
By providing comprehensive country-specifc data on mitigation activities and potentials, the study results offer countries an additional resource for updating national mitigation plans and enhancing ambition on nature-based solutions for COP26 and beyond. Compared to technical potentials, cost-effective estimates represent a more realistic and actionable target for policy.
Around 60% of cost-effective potential is found in the top 15 countries: Brazil, China, Indonesia, United States, India, Russian Federation, Canada, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Colombia, Mexico, Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Peru, and Myanmar. About a third of countries have cost-effective potential that are more than 50% of their total national emissions, and around 15% of countries have potential that exceeds all their emissions. A substantial portion of potential (80%) is in developing countries and LDCs, where feasibility barriers are of greatest concern
The study found that land-based nature-based solutions (NbS) measures could reduce 8-13.8 Gt CO2 equivalent per year between 2020 and 2050, and do this cost-effectively at less than $100 per ton of CO2 equivalent. The study found that approximately 20-30% of total mitigation is needed to limit warming to 1.5ºC.
The results indicate that assisting countries to overcome barriers may result in significant quantities of near-term, low-cost mitigation while locally achieving important climate adaptation and development benefits. Opportunities among countries vary widely depending on types of land-based measures available, their potential co-benefits and risks, and their feasibility. Enhanced investments and country-specific plans that accommodate this complexity are urgently needed to realize the large global potential from improved land stewardship, given that current levels of investments are inadequate in unlocking mitigation at the levels within the study.
Read the full paper 'Land-based measures to mitigate climate change: Potential and feasibility by country' in the journal Global Change Biology.
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Nature-Based Solutions from the Whitehouse Resource Guide Highlight Key Strategies for Climate Adaptation in the US
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Brazil's President Lula launches renewed commitments to the environment as he begins his third term in office
On his first day in office Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva issued multiple measures to protect the Amazon and Indigenous people. These policies [...] Read more January 18, 2023
Nature-based solutions can play an important role in reducing vulnerabilities to climate change across the rural Global South
Woroniecki et al. 2022 A new paper by the NbSI team and lead by group member Stephen Woroniecki is out now in the journal Climate and [...] Read more January 16, 2023