An implantable system for the defibrillation or cardioversion of the atria and the ventricles of a patient's heart comprises: a first catheter configured for positioning in the right ventricle of the heart; a second catheter configured for positioning through the coronary sinus ostium and in the coronary sinus of the heart, with the first and second catheters together carrying at least three defibrillation electrodes; a power supply; and a control circuit operatively associated with the power supply and the electrodes. The control circuit is configured for delivering an atrial defibrillation pulse through at least two of the electrodes, or a ventricular defibrillation pulse through at least two of the electrodes.
The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for treating cardiac arrhythmia, and particularly relates to an implantable apparatus that can treat both atrial and ventricular arrythmia with the implantation of two transvenous leads.
Unlike patients afflicted with ventricular fibrillation, patients afflicted with atrial fibrillation are conscious. The pain associated with the administration of the defibrillation shock can be severe, and there is a need for means of carrying out atrial defibrillation in a manner that is less painful to the patient being treated. One means for reducing the pain associated with atrial defibrillation is to administer multiple shocks, but the administration of multiple shocks typically requires the implantation of additional electrodes.
For ventricular fibrillation, the patient is generally unconscious, the condition is life threatening, and the pain associated with shock is not an issue. It is, however; desirable to reduce the shock strength administered so that the size of the implantable device can be reduced, or to administer shocks in a manner that will decrease the likelihood of recurrence of fibrillation. To meet these objects, it is desirable to administer multiple shocks. Again, the administration of multiple shocks requires the implantation of additional electrodes.
Numerous patients are afflicted with both ventricular and atrial arrhythmias. For such patients, it would be exceedingly desirable to provide a single device that can carry out both atrial and ventricular defibrillation with minixum shock strength, and with minimal surgical intervention.
In view of the foregoing, a first object of the invention is to provide an implantable system for treating cardiac arrhythmia that does not require invasion of the chest cavity for the placement of epicardial electrodes.
A second object of the invention is to provide an implantable cardioversion system wherein the probability of successful cardioversion on administration of the first cardioversion pulse is enhanced, particularly in the case of ventricular fibrillation.
A third object of the invention is to provide an implacable system for treating cardiac arrhythmia that enables reduction of cardioversion, and particularly defibrillation, shock strength.
A fourth object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for carrying out atrial defibrillation that will reduce the pain associated therewith.
A fifth object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for carrying out atrial defibrillation that will reliably treat atrial fibrillation.
A sixth object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for treating atrial fibrillation that minimizes the extent of the surgical intervention involved in implanting the necessary defibrillation electrodes, and minimizes the complexity involved in implanting the necessary defibrillation electrodes.
Devices for electric treatment of the heart are described in US-A-5 224 446.
According to the present invention there is provided an implantable system for the defibrillation or cardioversion of the atria and the ventricles of a patient's heart as defined by claim 1.
The system may include a first and second pair of atrial defibrillation electrodes operatively associated with the control circuit and power supply, with the first pair of atrial defibrillation electrodes configured for delivering an atrial defibrillation pulse along a first current pathway and the second pair of atrial defibrillation electrodes configured for delivering a second defibrillation pulse along a second current pathway that is different from the first current pathway, and wherein the control circuit is configured for delivering an atrial defibrillation shock comprising in sequence the first and second atrial defibrillation pulses. Preferably, the system also includes a first and second pair of ventricular defibrillation electrodes operatively associated with the control circuit and the power supply, with the first pair of ventricular defibrillation electrodes configured for delivering a first ventricular defibrillation pulse along a first current pathway and the second pair of ventricular defibrillation electrodes configured for delivering a second defibrillation pulse along a second current pathway that is different from the first current pathway, and wherein the control circuit is configured for delivering a ventricular defibrillation shock comprising in sequence the first and second ventricular defibrillation pulses.
The system may include a plurality of primary electrodes configured for delivering the ventricular defibrillation pulse along a predetermined current pathway in a first portion of the heart, the current pathway defining a weak field area in a second portion of the heart, and with the defibrillation electrodes further including at least one auxiliary electrode configured for delivering an auxiliary pulse to the weak field area, with at least one auxiliary electrode configured for positioning through the coronary sinus and in a vein on the surface of the left ventricle of the heart. The control circuit is configured to deliver a cardioversion sequence comprising a monophasic auxiliary pulse through the auxiliary electrode and a biphasic defibrillation pulse through the primary electrodes. Preferably, the system also includes a first and second pair of atrial defibrillation electrodes, with the first pair of atrial defibrillation electrodes configured for delivering an atrial defibrillation pulse along a first current pathway and the second pair of atrial defibrillation electrodes configured for delivering a second defibrillation pulse along a second current pathway that is different from the first current pathway, and wherein the control circuit is configured for delivering an atrial defibrillation shock comprising in sequence the first and second atrial defibrillation pulses.
A transvenous catheter may be inserted into the heart of a patient, the catheter being suitable for use in combination with a combination atrial and ventricular defibrillator. The catheter comprises an elongate lead flexibly configured for insertion down the superior vena cava of the heart, into the right atrium, through the opening of the coronary sinus, through the proximal and distal coronary sinus, and into a coronary vein on the surface of the left ventricle of the heart to achieve an operable configuration therein; a first defibrillation electrode connected to the lead; a second defibrillation electrode connected to the lead at a position distal to the first defibrillation electrode and a third defibrillation electrode connected to the lead at a position distal to the second defibrillation electrode. The first, second, and third defibrillation electrodes spaced apart on the lead so that, when the catheter is in the operable configuration, the first defibrillation electrode is positioned in the proximal coronary sinus of the heart, the second defibrillation electrode is positioned in the distal coronary sinus or great cardiac vein of the heart, and the third defibrillation electrode is positioned in a coronary vein on the surface of the left ventricle of the heart.
Figure 5 illustrates a first auxiliary waveform and a second biphasic waveform that may be used to carry out atrial or ventricular defibrillation along two current pathways in accordance with the present invention.
The present invention may be used to treat all forms of cardiac tachyarrhythmias, including atrial and ventricular fibrillation, with defibrillation (including cardioversion) shocks or pulses. The treatment of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and atrial fibrillation are particularly preferred.
Anatomically, the heart includes a fibrous skeleton, valves, the trunks of the aorta, the pulmonary artery, and the muscle masses of the cardiac chambers (i.e., right and left atria and right and left ventricles). The schematically illustrated portions of the heart 30 illustrated in Figure 1 includes the right ventricle "RV" 32, the left ventricle "LV" 34, the right atrium "RA" 36, the left atrium "LA" 38, the superior vena cava 48, the coronary sinus "CS" 42, the great cardiac vein 44, the left pulmonary artery 45, and the coronary sinus ostium or "os" 40.
The driving force for the flow of blood in the heart comes from the active contraction of the cardiac muscle. This contraction can be detected as an electrical signal. The cardiac contraction is triggered by electrical impulses traveling in a wave propagation pattern which begins at the cells of the SA node and the surrounding atrial myocardial fibers, and then traveling into the atria and subsequently passing through the AV node and, after a slight delay, into the ventricles.
The beginning of a cardiac cycle is initiated by a P wave, which is normally a small positive wave in the body surface electrocardiogram. The P wave induces depolarization of the atria of the heart. The P wave is followed by a cardiac cycle portion which is substantially constant with a time constant on the order of 120 milliseconds ("ms").
Various embodiments of the present invention can be illustrated with reference to Figure 1. The defibrillator 10 of Figure 1 includes an implantable housing 13 that contains a hermetically sealed electronic circuit 15 (see Fig. 2). The housing optionally, but preferably, includes an electrode comprising an active external portion 16 of the housing, with the housing 13 preferably implanted in the left thoracic region of the patient (e.g., subcutaneously, in the left pectoral region) in accordance with known techniques as described in G. Bardy, U.S. Patent No. 5,292,338. The system includes a first catheter 20 and a second catheter 21, both of which are insertable into the heart (typically through the superior or inferior vena cava) without the need for surgical incision into the heart. The term "catheter" as used herein includes "stylet" and is also used interchangeably with the term "lead". Each of the catheters 20, 21 contains electrode leads wires 20a, 20b, 20c, 21d, 21e, and 21f, respectively, with the small case letter designation corresponding to the large-case letter designation for the defibrillation electrode to which each lead wire is electrically connected.
As illustrated in Figure 1, the catheter 20 includes an electrode A; 50 that resides in the right atrium (the term "right atrium" herein including the superior vena cava and innominate vein), an electrode B; 51 positioned in the right ventricle (preferably in the right ventricular apex), and an electrode C; 52 positioned within the left pulmonary artery (the term "left pulmonary artery" herein includes the main pulmonary artery and the right ventricular outflow tract).
The second catheter 21 includes, from proximal to distal, a first electrode D; 53 positioned in the proximal coronary sinus, adjacent the coronary sinus ostium or "os" 40; a second electrode E; 55 positioned in the distal coronary sinus (preferably as far distal in the coronary sinus as possible) (the term "distal coronary sinus" herein includes the great cardiac vein); and a third electrode F; 56 at or adjacent the tip of the catheter in a coronary vein on the surface (preferably the posterolateral surface) of the left ventricle (e.g., in the lateral-apical left ventricular free wall). The position of electrode F may be achieved by first engaging the coronary sinus with a guiding catheter through which a conventional guidewire is passed. The tip of the torqueable guidewire is advanced under fluoroscopic guidance to the desired location. The lead 21 on which electrode F is mounted passes over the guidewire to the proper location. The guidewire is withdrawn and electrode F is incorporated into the defibrillation lead system.
Electrode A, 52 may optionally be positioned on lead 21 and retain the same operable positions described above as when positioned on lead 20.
The active external portion of the housing 16 serves as an optional seventh electrode G, which may be used for either atrial or ventricular defibrillation.
LV means electrode F, 55.
Figure 2 illustrates one example of an implantable housing 13 containing an electronic circuit 15, which includes one or more amplifiers (not shown) for amplifying sensed cardiac signals. The amplified signals are analyzed by a atrial and ventricular fibrillation detector 70 which determines if ventricular fibrillation (or other arrhythmia, depending on the specific treatment for which the device is configured) is present. The detector 70 may be one of several known to those skilled in the art. As illustrated, a sensing signal may be provided by the electrode A 50, it will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the sensing electrode may also be a plurality of sensing electrodes with a plurality of signals, such as bipolar configurations, and may also be electrodes that are positioned in alternate cardiac areas as is known in the art, such as for example, the CS. In this situation, the input line to the detector may be a plurality of lines which if providing only sensing will provide an input to the detector.
Ventricular sensing for timing the shocks for atrial defibrillation may be performed from the RV and/or LV electrodes.
The electronic circuit 15 also includes a cardiac cycle monitor ("synchronization monitor 72") for providing synchronization information to the controller 74. As discussed below, the synchronization is typically provided by sensing cardiac activity in the RV, but may also include other sensing electrodes which can be combined with the defibrillation electrodes or employed separately to provide additional assurance that defibrillation shock pulses are not delivered during sensitive portions of the cardiac cycle so as to reduce the possibility of inducing ventricular fibrillation.
Upon a signal from the detector 70, the controller 74, in turn, signals a capacitor charging circuit 76 which then charges the storage capacitor 78 to a predetermined voltage, typically from a battery source (not shown). The storage capacitor is typically 20 to 400 microfarads in size, and may be a single capacitor or a capacitor network (further, as discussed below, separate pulses can be driven by the same or different capacitors). The discharge of the capacitor is controlled by the controller 74 and/or a discharge circuit 80. The controller, based on information from the synchronization monitor 72, typically allows or directs the preselected shock pulse to be relayed to either a discharge circuit for further processing (i.e., to further shape the waveform signal, time the pulse, etc.) or directly to a switch. The controller may also control the proper selection of the predetermined defibrillation electrode pair(-s), where multiple defibrillation electrodes are used, to direct the switch to electrically activate a desired electrode pair to align the predetermined electric shock pulse pathway through which the shock pulse is provided. As an alternative to a detector, the defibrillation pulses may be triggered by an external signal administered by a physician, with the physician monitoring the patient for the appropriate time of administration.
Numerous configurations of capacitor and control circuitry may be employed. The power supply may include a single capacitor, and the control circuit may be configured so that both the auxiliary pulse and the defibrillation pulse are generated by the discharge of the single capacitor. The power supply may include a first and second capacitor, with the control circuit configured so that the auxiliary pulse is generated by the discharge of the first capacitor and the defibrillation pulse is generated by the discharge of the second capacitor. In still another embodiment, the power supply includes a first and second capacitor, and the control circuit may be configured so that the auxiliary pulse is generated by the discharge (simultaneous or sequential) of both the first and second capacitors, and the defibrillation pulse likewise generated by the discharge of the first and second capacitors.
As illustrated by Table 1 below, numerous different combinations of electrodes from those shown in Figure 1 may be employed to carry our atrial and ventricular defibrillation. In Table 1, polarity of electrode is illustrated by the direction of the arrows, but polarity is not critical and can be reversed. As will be seen from Table 1, a combination atrial and ventricular defibrillator may employ some or all of the electrodes illustrated in Figure 1, and numerous combinations thereof.
Note that configurations 6 and 24, marked by an asterisk, employ Catheter A only.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that still additional electrode combinations are possible for both atrial and ventricular defibrillation by employing the "active can" electrode G, 16, as discussed in greater detail below. In addition, multiple electrodes can be electrically coupled or "tied" together to form a single pole. For example, a shock can be delivered from either the RV or LV as one pole to the PA and OS tied together as the other pole.
Any suitable waveform may be used to carry out the present invention, including both monophasic and biphasic waveforms. Amplitude, polarity, and duration of waveforms are not critical and will be apparent to those skilled in the art, particularly in light of the further discussion below.
For example, Figure 3 illustrates a biphasic reverse exponential waveform that may be used to carry out atrial or ventricular defibrillation in accordance with the present invention, with the waveform being between time a and time b.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, both atrial and ventricular defibrillation pulses are delivered along dual current pathways. Any combination of pathways among those set forth in Table 1 above may be employed. Particularly preferred current pathways employing the electrode configurations of Figure 1 are set forth in Table 2 below.
Dual current pathway electrode configurations.
As in Table 1 above, polarity of electrodes is illustrated by the direction of the arrows, but polarity is not critical and can be reversed. In addition in Table 2, the order of pulse 1 and pulse 2 may be switched, both for atrial defibrillation and ventricular defibrillation.
When dual current pathways are employed for the defibrillation shock, the waveform for each current pathway may be monophasic or biphasic. For example, Figure 4 illustrates first and second reverse exponential biphasic waveforms that may be used to carry out atrial or ventricular defibrillation along two current pathways in accordance with the present invention. The first waveform of Figure 4 is represented between time a and time b; the second waveform of Figure 4 is represented between time c and time d. The time between the first and second waveforms (the time from time b to time c), will be apparent to those skilled in the art, but is preferably from 0 to 100 or 500 milliseconds, and more preferably from 1 to 50 milliseconds.
As noted above, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a monophasic auxiliary waveform is delivered to a weak field area that is defined by the current pathway of the defibrillation waveform. Figure 5 illustrates a first auxiliary waveform (from time a to time b) and a second reverse exponential biphasic waveform (from time c to time d) that may be used to carry out atrial or ventricular defibrillation along two current pathways in accordance with the present invention.
(G) a defibrillation electrode positioned in the proximal coronary sinus of the heart, and a defibrillation electrode positioned in the distal coronary sinus or great cardiac vein of the heart (the electrode positioned in the distal coronary sinus or great cardiac vein may optionally be tied together with an electrode positioned in the right atrium as one pole).
As noted above, the instant invention provides two separate shock pulses to two separate current pathways determined by the electrode pair arrangement also as discussed above. Therefore, it will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the capacitor 78 may be a single capacitor or a bank of parallel capacitors sufficiently charged and sized to be able to provide at least two separate shock pulses to predetermined electrodes positioned in the heart. Additionally, the capacitor 78 can be two or more separately charged capacitors (or bank of parallel capacitors) on separate lines to provide two separate and sequential shock pulses as controlled by the controller 74 and/or the discharge circuit 80. However, it is preferred that the capacitor 78 be a relatively large capacitor for insuring sufficient charge and decay period (i.e., long time constant and low tilt) to provide sufficient energy for two shock pulses. For example, a capacitor with capacitance in the range of 200 - 1000 µf or more, having an associated time constant in the range of 30 ms, would typically be charged to approximately 100 - 200 volts and would deliver a V(peak) in a typical first waveform of about 50-100 volts leading edge. If additional shocks beyond two are administered, then a larger capacitor may be employed. In the alternative wherein the electronic package employs a circuit to further shape the waveform, the capacitor may be charged to a higher voltage range (such as around 200 V).
One preferred embodiment of the foregoing apparatus is an implantable system for the defibrillation of the ventricles of the heart of a patient in need of such treatment. The system comprises a plurality of primary electrodes, at least one auxiliary electrode, a power supply, and a control circuit. The plurality of primary electrodes are configured for delivering a defibrillation pulse along a predetermined current pathway in a first portion of the heart, the current pathway defining a weak field area in a second portion of the heart. At least one auxiliary electrode is configured for delivering an auxiliary pulse to the weak field area, with the at least one auxiliary electrode configured for positioning through the coronary sinus and in a vein on the surface of the left ventricle of the heart. The control circuit is operatively associated with the primary electrodes, the at least one auxiliary electrode, and the power supply, the control circuit configured for delivering a cardioversion sequence comprising a monophasic auxiliary pulse through the auxiliary electrode, followed by a biphasic defibrillation pulse through the primary electrodes, with the defibrillation pulse delivered within 20 milliseconds after the auxiliary pulse, and with the first phase of the defibrillation pulse in opposite polarity to the auxiliary pulse.
The auxiliary pulse may be from .5 or 1 to 5 or 10 milliseconds in duration, with a 2 millisecond pulse currently preferred. The time interval from the end of the auxiliary pulse to the leading edge of the primary pulse may be from 1 or 2 milliseconds to 10, 15 or 20 milliseconds, with a delay of about 5 milliseconds currently preferred.
The optimal auxiliary-to-primary interval may differ depending on the type of rhythm or condition of the myocardial tissue at the time the therapy is applied. Therefore, the control circuitry may also be configured to sense a characteristic of the cardiac rhythm (e.g., an activation interval or a dynamical pattern of consecutive activation intervals) and then select an optimum auxiliary-to-primary shock time interval (e.g., from a look up table stored in a microprocessor memory).
In general, the control circuit is configured so that the auxiliary pulse is not more than 40% or 50% of the peak current and not more than 20% or 30% of the delivered energy (in Joules) of the defibrillation pulse. In a preferred embodiment, the trailing edge voltage of the auxiliary pulse is approximately or about equal to the leading edge voltage of the defibrillation pulse. Particular voltage, current, and energy outputs will depend upon factors such as the condition of the tissue and the particular disorder being treated. In general, the auxiliary pulse may have a peak voltage of from 20 or 30 volts to 200 or 250 volts, with a peak voltage range of 50 to 150 volts preferred. The energy of the auxiliary pulse may be from .01 or .05 to 1 or 2 Joules. The energy of the defibrillation pulse may be from 5 or 10 Joules to 30, 40 or 50 Joules.
Systems as described above may be implanted in a patient by conventional surgical techniques, or techniques readily apparent to skilled surgeons in light of the disclosure provided herein, to provide an implanted defibrillation or cardioversion system.
Additional features can also be added to the invention without affecting the function of the invention and result thereof. Such additional features include, but are not limited to, safety features such as noise suppression or multiple wave monitoring devices (R and T), verification checking to reduce false positive, precardioversion warning, programmed delayed intervention, bipolar configured sensing electrodes, intermittently activated defibrillation detector to reduce energy drain, a switching unit to minimize lines from the pulse generator, etc.
Although the system has been described above as an implantable system, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the invention could also be incorporated into an external system which employs catheters to position the electrodes for a short time within a patient's heart.
The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting thereof. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.
characterised in that three defibrillation electrodes (50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55) are carried by each of said first and second catheters (20, 21) and said control circuit being configured to select a first and second pair of atrial defibrillation electrodes (50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55), with said first pair of atrial defibrillation electrodes configured for delivering for delivering an atrial defibrillation pulse along a first current pathway and said second pair of atrial defibrillation electrodes configured for delivering a second defibrillation pulse along a second current pathway that is different from said first current pathway, and wherein said control circuit is configured for delivering an atrial defibrillation shock comprising in sequence said first and second atrial defibrillation pulses.
An implantable system according to claim 1, said system including a first electrode (50) configured for positioning in the right atrium (36) and a second electrode (51) configured for positioning in the right ventricle (32), with said control circuit (15) configured so that said ventricular defibrillation pulse is delivered between said first and second electrodes (50, 51).
An implantable system according to claim 1, said system including a first electrode (52) configured for positioning in the left pulmonary artery (45) and a second electrode (55) configured for positioning in a coronary vein on the surface of the left ventricle (34), with said control circuit (15) configured so that said ventricular defibrillation pulse is delivered between said first and second electrodes (52, 55).
An implantable system according to claim 1, said system including a first electrode (50) configured for positioning in the right atrium (36) and a second electrode (55) configured for positioning in a coronary vein on the surface of the left ventricle (34), with said control circuit (15) configured so that said ventricular defibrillation pulse is delivered between said first and second electrodes (50, 55).
Implantable system according to claim 1, said system including a first electrode (52) configured for positioning in the left pulmonary artery (45) and a second electrode (55) configured for positioning in a coronary vein on the surface of the left ventricle (34), with said control circuit (15) configured so that said ventricular defibrillation pulse is delivered between said first and second electrodes (52, 55).
An implantable system according to claim 1, said system including a first electrode (51) configured for positioning in the right ventricle (32) and a second electrode (55) configured for positioning in a coronary vein on the surface of the left ventricle (34), with said control circuit (15) configured so that said ventricular defibrillation pulse is delivered between said first and second electrodes (51, 55).
An implantable system according to claim 1, said system including a first electrode (50) configured for positioning in the right atrium (36) and a second electrode (54) configured for positioning in the distal coronary sinus (42), with said control circuit (15) configured so that said atrial defibrillation pulse is delivered between said first and second electrodes (50, 54).
An implantable system according to claim 1, said system including a first electrode (52) configured for positioning in the left pulmonary artery (45) and a second electrode (53) configured for positioning in the proximal coronary sinus (40), with said control circuit (15) configured so that said atrial defibrillation pulse is delivered between said first and second electrodes (52, 53).
An implantable system according to claim 1, said system including a first electrode (50) configured for positioning in the right atrium (36) and a second electrode (53) configured for positioning in the proximal coronary sinus (40), with said control circuit (15) configured so that said atrial defibrillation pulse is delivered between said first and second electrodes (50, 53).
An implantable system according to claim 1, said system including a first electrode (54) configured for positioning in the distal coronary sinus (42) and a second electrode (52) configured for positioning in the left pulmonary artery (45), with said control circuit (15) configured so that said atrial defibrillation pulse is delivered between said first and second electrodes (54, 52).
An implantable system according to claim 1, said system including a first electrode (52) configured for positioning in the left pulmonary artery (45) and a second electrode (50) configured for positioning in the right atrium (36), with said control circuit (15) configured so that said atrial defibrillation pulse is delivered between said first and second electrodes (52, 50).
a defibrillation electrode (54) configured for positioning in the distal coronary sinus (42).
A system according to claim 1, wherein the system includes a first and second pair of atrial defibrillation electrodes (50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55) operatively associated with said control circuit and power supply, with said first pair of atria! defibrillation electrodes configured for delivering an atrial defibrillation pulse along a first current pathway and said second pair of atrial defibrillation electrodes configured for delivering a second defibrillation pulse along a second current pathway that is different from said first current pathway, and wherein said control circuit is configured for delivering an atrial defibrillation shock comprising in sequence said first and second atrial defibrillation pulses the first atrial defibrillation pulse is not greater than 8 joules.
A system according to claim 13, wherein the second atrial defibrillation pulse is not greater than 8 joules.
A system according to claim 14, wherein said second atrial defibrillation pulse follows said first atrial defibrillation pulse by 0 to 500 milliseconds.
a defibrillation electrode configured for positioning anterior to the left atrium (38) of said heart (30).
a defibrillation electrode (51) configured for positioning in the right ventricle (32) of said heart (30).
a defibrillation electrode (50) configured for positioning in the right atrium (36) of said heart (30).
a defibrillation electrode (54) configured for positioning in the distal coronary sinus (42) of said heart (30).
a controller (74) connected to said monitoring electrode configured for controlling the time of delivery of said first defibrillation pulse.
A system according to claim 23, wherein said monitoring electrode (51) is configured for positioning in the right ventricle (32) of said heart (30).
A system according to claim 1, said control circuit (15) including a switch (82), with said switch (82) programmable to alter the coupling of said power supply to said atrial defibrillation electrodes.
A system according to claim 1, with said control circuit (15) including a capacitor (78) and a switch (82) operatively associated with said capacitor (78), said switch (82) configured to deliver a biphasic pulse as said first atrial defibrillation pulse and a biphasic pulse as said second atrial defibrillation pulse.
A system according to claim 1, wherein said system includes a first and second pair of ventricular defibrillation electrodes operatively associated with said control circuit (15) and said power supply, with said first pair of ventricular defibrillation electrodes configured for delivering a first ventricular defibrillation pulse along a first current pathway and said second pair of ventricular defibrillation electrodes configured for delivering a second defibrillation pulse along a second current pathway that is different from said first current pathway, and wherein said control circuit (15) is configured for delivering a ventricular defibrillation shock comprising in sequence said first and second ventricular defibrillation pulses.
the control circuit (15) being configured to deliver a cardioversion sequence comprising a monophasic auxiliary pulse through said auxiliary electrode and a biphasic defibrillation pulse through said primary electrodes.
A system according to claim 28, said control circuit (15) configured so that said biphasic defibrillation pulse is delivered within 20 milliseconds after said auxiliary pulse.
A system according to claim 29, said control circuit (15) configured so that the first phase of said defibrillation pulse is in opposite polarity to said auxiliary pulse.
A system according to claim 30, wherein said control circuit (15) is configured so that the trailing edge voltage of said auxiliary pulse is equal to the leading edge voltage of said defibrillation pulse.
a second primary electrode (51) configured for positioning in the right ventricle (32).
A system according to claim 32, wherein said first and second primary electrodes (50, 51) are carried by a common transvenous lead.
with said control circuit (15) configured for delivering said monophasic auxiliary pulse through said first and second auxiliary electrodes.
A system according to claim 34, with said second auxiliary electrode configured for positioning in the anterior portion of the right atrial appendage or in the right ventricular outflow track.
A system according to claim 34, wherein said first and second primary electrodes (50, 51) are carried by a common transvenous lead.
A system according to claim 28, wherein said system includes a first and second pair of atrial defibrillation electrodes configured for delivering an atrial defibrillation pulse along a first current pathway and said second pair of atrial defibrillation electrodes configured for delivering a second defibrillation pulse along a second current pathway that is different from said first current pathway, and wherein said control circuit is configured for delivering an atrial defibrillation shock comprising in sequence said first and second atrial defibrillation pulses.


This article is about the song. For the occupation, see Stripper. For other uses, see Stripper (disambiguation).
"The Stripper" is an instrumental composed by David Rose, recorded in 1958 and released four years later. It evinces a jazz influence with especially prominent trombone slides, and evokes the feel of music used to accompany striptease artists.
The song came to prominence by chance. Rose had recorded "Ebb Tide" as the A-side of a record. His record company, MGM Records, wanted to get it on the market quickly, but discovered there was no B-side available for it. Rose was away at the time the need for the B-side song surfaced. An MGM office boy was given the job of going through some of Rose's tapes of unreleased material to find something that would work; he liked the song and chose it as the flip side for the record.
The song reached #1 on Billboard's Top 100 chart in July, 1962. It became a gold record. Billboard ranked the record as the #5 song of 1962.
It was the theme melody in the Swedish record sales list Kvällstoppen in the 1960s. It also became known as the background music for a contemporary Noxzema Shaving Cream commercial, featuring Swedish model Gunilla Knutsson, and for a key scene in the films The Scarecrow (1973) and Slap Shot (1977). The piece features in the films The Scarecrow (1973) Slap Shot, The Full Monty (1997) and Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005). It was used on BBC Television in 1976 by the British comedians Morecambe and Wise in their "Breakfast Sketch" routine, where they perform a dance using various kitchen utensils and food items.
^ Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits. New York: Billboard Books. p. 112. ISBN 0823076776. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
^ Bacon, James (21 July 1964). "Beatles Hit In New Film; Rose Is Happy". Gettysburg Times. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
This page was last edited on 17 March 2019, at 01:56 (UTC).


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What is Heroin Drug and Effects of Heroin Drug
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Substance abuse a not a new term now and everyone know about the term "Drugs". Though if this term is used in a negative way, it leads to many deaths taking drugs, one of which is Heroin apart from many other deadly drugs such as Brown Sugar drug. In this article you will know about "Heroin Drugs and its Effects".
What is Heroin Drug?
Heroin is an extremely addictive, illegal drug. It is utilised by millions of addicts around the globe who are incapable to overcome the need to continue taking this drug each day of their lives—perceptive that if they halt, they will suffer the fear of withdrawal.
Heroin is an opioid drug that is manufactured from morphine, a naturally happening substance take out from the seed pod of the plant of Asian opium. Heroin typically seems as a white or brown dust or as a black gluey substance, recognised as black tar heroin.
History of Heroin Drug
History of Heroin drug is very interesting and you will be surprised to know that it was first manufactured as a solution to morphine drug addiction and also for treatment of Tuberculosis.
It was manufactured by the Bayer pharmaceutical company in Germany in 1898. Heroin was the solution to "Morphine addiction" which was the major problem in the late eighteen century. But, surprisingly later Heroin drug was proved to be even more addictive than morphine.
How Heroin Drug is Consumed
Heroin can be vaccinated, breathe in by snorting or inhaling, or smoked. All three ways of administration bring the drug to the brain very fast, which donates to its health risks and to its greatest risk of addiction, which is a chronic reverting disease produced by variations in the brain and categorised by un-containable drug-seeking no concern the significance's.
Heroin is a sedative drug, which implies it decelerates down the messages travelling among your brain and body.
In year 2011, 4.2 million Americans of aged 12 or older (or actually 1.6 percent) had used heroin minimum once in their survives. It is predictable that about 23 percent of persons who use heroin become reliant on it.
About 13.5 million people in the world gross opioids, counting 9.2 million who make use of heroin. A heroin addiction is costly to uphold. At the elevation of someone's addiction, they may devote around dollar 250 each day.
Effects of Heroin Drug
Heroin drug can severely affect the brain. When it arrive the brain, heroin is changed back to morphine, which fixes to molecules on cells recognised as opioid receptors. These receptors are situated in many parts of the brain (and also in the body), particularly those convoluted in the sensitivity of pain and in recompense.
Heroin drug misuse is related with many of serious health disorders, counting deadly overdose, impulsive abortion, and contagious diseases like HIV and Hepatitis. Chronic users might develop distorted veins, contamination of the heart lining and valves, swellings, constipation and intestinal cramping, and kidney or liver illness.
Pulmonary difficulties, counting several types of pneumonia, may outcome from the deprived health of the user and also from effects of heroin on inhalation.
In adding to the effects of this drug, street heroin frequently contains toxic contaminants or additives that can block blood vessels prominent to the lungs, kidneys, liver, or brain, producing long damage to vigorous organs.
Street name of Heroin Drug: H, Hell Dust, Horse, Junk, Nose Drops, Skag, Smack, Thunder, Big H
As well the risk of impulsive abortion, heroin misuse throughout pregnancy (composed with related influences like poor nourishment and insufficient prenatal care) is also related with lesser birth weight, a significant risk issue for later postponements in development. Moreover, if the mother is frequently abusing the drug, the baby may be born physically reliant on heroin and could grieve from neonatal abstinence syndrome, a drug withdrawal syndrome in babies that needs hospitalization.
Heroin use can also lead to: collapsed veins, contamination's of the heart lining and valves, Skin contagions like cellulitis and abscesses, great risk of getting HIV or AIDS, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, lung diseases, like pneumonia and tuberculosis, miscarriage, etc.
Heroin is seriously addictive drug with many harmful effects and overcoming heroin drug addiction is challenging for many addicts. For living a healthier life, one must concentrate on its effects and understand it thoroughly. As described above, consumption of heroin drug has a number of harmful effects varying from inhalation problem, brain disorder to even death of a person.
Hence, one must try to avoid as long as possible the consumption of heroin drugs after knowing its harmful effects and once addicted should get a heroin drug consultation immediately.
Tags:Heroin Addiction, Substance Abuse, Tips
Rajbir Singh	May 7, 2019
visit the website or call us http://www.navjyotifoundations.com/contact/
Alcohol- the word itself creates an image of a drunk person, out of his conscience, creating havoc on everything that comes in his path. It disrupts the life of each and every person that consumes it, at any point in …
RehabCenter|July 30, 2020|
How to Get Maximum Benefits From Alcohol Addiction Support Groups
5 Free Android Apps for Alcohol Addicts to become Sober

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
College Elves
Company Fundraising
Picture by: Wirestock - Freepik.com
A film project for Ukraine
The money for the project comes mainly from crowdfunding, which will start in 2023. We face the dilemma that funds raised in crowdfunding might be better donated to Ukraine right away. To solve this, we are launching an international company fundraising in crowdfunding, where companies donate an amount of cents determined by them to our cooperation partner Stand With Ukraine Foundation for every euro reached in crowdfunding. Perhaps you know the principle from the sponsored run at your children's school.
Our goal: Through the participation of the companies, even a higher amount is collected for the people in Ukraine per donated euro in crowdfunding. The money from the company fundraising will be transferred directly to the Stand With Ukraine Foundation, so that the funds are clearly separated from those in crowdfunding and the Foundation as an NGO can also issue a donation receipt.
In order to get the whole thing up and running, we are dependent on support
and therefore turn to your foundation.
collegeelves@gmail.com
"Contact us - we will send you the papers!"
Stand With Ukraine Foundation
The Stand With Ukraine Foundation is a Los Angeles-based nonprofit organization whose mission is to save, support, strengthen and preserve Ukraine - the frontline of freedom and peace in the world, defended with the lives of the brave.
ACTIVISM AND LOBBY WORK: Our volunteers tirelessly organize rallies and campaigns in support of Ukraine in the U.S. and around the world. We lobby effectively to influence key policy decisions and change the course of the war in Ukraine's favor.
AID TO UKRAINE AND VOLUNTEER CENTERS: The SWU Foundation operates several volunteer centers that provide humanitarian aid. We purchase, collect, pack and ship life-saving medical aid and basic military supplies that Ukraine desperately needs as a result of the Russian invasion.
CULTURAL DIPLOMATION: An important part of our activity is the promotion of Ukrainian language and culture at our events, where we present Ukrainian art, music, dances, films and traditions, because we defend not only the territorial integrity of Ukraine, but also our own cultural identity. SWU Foundation is committed to protecting cultural rights, which are essential for a peaceful, inclusive society.
https://www.swufoundation.org
Project Initiator
My name is Lars Czekalla, I've studied acting in Los Angeles, work as a teacher and I am a part-time writer, actor and director. The associated production company is in the process of being founded.
When the war broke out, I was in the U.S. studying, and even there it was a drastic experience: I've never felt as helpless as I did the moment my friend Alex was in Kyiv and the Russians invaded Ukraine, heading for the city. I tried everything to help her somehow: from writing a letter to the American president, to demos, to donations, to getting involved in the Stand For Ukraine Foundation, to flying across the Atlantic to get my apartment in Germany ready for her so that she had a place to stay with her sister and a friend. Then, through the Ukrainian community in L.A., I saw the pictures and videos that were not shown on the news and personally witnessed the tears of those whose hometown was just bombed. Therefore, I would like to use my creative potential to support Ukraine, in addition to donations.
Please join.
2021: Comic - College Elves - Volume 1 (ENG/GER)
2020: Book - Kinder der Schatten : Unsterblich (GER)
2018: Film (episodic) - Nerds 4 Fame (GER)
2016: Kinder der Schatten: Frischfleisch (GER)
2014: Shaphiriane und der Gott der Feuers (GER)
2012: Shaphiriane und der Mythos des Drachen (GER)
2011: Shaphiriane und die Seele des Drachen (GER)
New York Film Academy (Los Angeles): Acting for Film
SAE Institute (Hamburg): Video Production


Why Writing is So Important - Four words: "I am a writer"
Why now is a great time to be a writer, and why good writing is more important than ever.
Recently, I was talking with the CEO of a health and wellness startup who told me that he feels that writing is the most important skill a startup needs. I was surprised to hear him say that. His startup depends on the latest in wearable technology and the expertise of many fitness and nutrition professionals, so I thought he'd have other things higher on his list of importance.
I may have been surprised, but I couldn't agree with him more. As he explained to me, in the "information age," there is nothing more important than explaining your product or service, and convincing people to invest in it. As a serial entrepreneur who had just raised an impressive Series A round of funding, it thrilled me to hear this from someone who knows what he's talking about.
It's not enough to let the genius of your idea and the perfection of your execution draw potential customers to you. You have to "get your name out there," and stand out in a sea of similar ideas. Even if your startup is completely unique and of immeasurable value, you need to be able to explain why it's worthwhile.
Copy is the most important building block you have to develop your brand. Be it on your website, in advertising, your social presence, blog posts or an email campaign, your copy is how potential customers get to know you. Your copy needs to be able to make someone interested in what you have to offer, explain why they should care, then convince them to buy or sign up.
That may seem like a lot to ask out of a few short sentences online.
That's why those sentences need to be as effective as they could possibly be in order to carry all that weight.


"Beauty is, in some ways, boring. Even if its concept changes through the ages, nevertheless a beautiful object must always follow certain rules … Ugliness is unpredictable and offers an infinite range of possibilities. Beauty is finite. Ugliness is infinite, like God." — Umberto Eco.
This is the first time, in the history of my whole life, that I've really considered it: To inject, or not to inject, my face.
We're confident that of all the 22-year old part-Dutch, part-Irish, part-model, part-freelance photographers out there, Daniëlle Siobhán Mol is the nicest.
Poppy Lai is a beauty blogger from Taipei, Taiwan. We spoke to her about body image, Taiwanese identity and more.
In March 2018, a 22-year old version of photographer Carolyn Stritch took a trip to Disneyland in California.
August 1st, 2016. A new profile is created on Instagram. Her name is Louise Delage (@louise.delage). She is 25, she is beautiful, she lives in Paris and so she is, by some definitions, perfect.
Jesse Alexandra is a stylist and fashion student from Manchester. We spoke to her about self-love, connection and making real life friends from Instagram.
Photographer Eui-Jip Hwang collected advertisements and media images from South Korea's beauty industry and reappropriated them for a series called Live Your Dream. We spoke to him about Korean identity, the illusion of perfection and more.
"They say people live to be happy. If you actually think about what happiness is, it's nothing much. When you get to eat ramen after feeling really really hungry, that's happiness." — Kim Namjoon, also known as RM of BTS.
I was sitting on dead grass when one of my favourite delusions peeled away from reality like old wallpaper. I am not a teenager anymore, I thought. Not even close.
On what surely must be the hottest day of what surely must be the hottest summer in the history of England, Mary Benson sits on a sofa, in her flat, drinking herbal tea, breastfeeding.
Lauren, who is just nineteen, has the wisdom of someone who's traversed the pages of a real life adventure story and returned to tell its tale.
Thanks to fashion designers, the air is cloudy with aspiration.


text:
Aaron's, 2120 South Washington Street, Grand Forks, ND, 58201-6392, others food stores
North Dakota - List of United States Miscellaneous Food Stores, Drinks, Retail Bakeries, Frozen Meat & Fish Markets
Company Name: Aaron's
Post: 58201-6392
County: Grand Forks
City: Grand Forks
Address: 2120 South Washington Street
Fax:	unknown
Contact Owner: Janette Wyatt
Web site: unknown
SIC code:	541100 Industry group: FOOD STORES, Business category: GROCERY STORES, Subcategory: OTHERS FOOD STORES
Gross Annual Sales (Revenue): Unavailable
Description: Aaron's is a business categorized under others food stores, which is part of the larger category grocery stores. Aaron's is located at the address 2120 South Washington Street in Grand Forks, North Dakota 58201-6392. The Owner is Janette Wyatt who can be contacted at (701)772-2299.
Review: Electronics | Furniture Stores | Appliances,
Working hours: Mon: 10:00 am - 07:00 pm, Tue: 10:00 am - 07:00 pm, Wed: 10:00 am - 07:00 pm, Thu: 10:00 am - 07:00 pm, Fri: 10:00 am - 08:00 pm, Sat: 10:00 am - 05:00 pm, Sun: Closed
Was this page helpful? Yes -0 No -0Click here to Inform about a mistake 17 Rating:
Location & access map for "Aaron's"
Photo from "Aaron's"
Click here add new review about: Aaron's (Meat, Fish, Fruit, Grocery Food Stores)
© 2013-2021 north-dakota.food-us.org Food Markets, Health Foods, Seafood-Retail, Smoking & Curing Service, Drinks, Juices, Fruits-Glace, Doughnuts


You all treat our team well! Thank you!
This quotation really looks fabulous and the process was very easy.
The close rate for your products is 5 times any other carrier with our agents.
You guys are great to work with!
Your coverage is the best. I always point out the coverage.
You guys are great! So quick and easy!


For the past 10 years, Cult has proudly supported the National Association of Women in Construction through sponsorship of their annual International Women's Day scholarship – one of the most significant programs on offer to their members.
Earlier this month at Cult Sydney, the scholarship was awarded to Dr Fiona Lamari, Lecturer in Construction Project Management at Queensland University of Technology.
On Thursday 7 March, Cult Sydney hosted the annual NAWIC International Women's Day Scholarship Award Breakfast, welcoming over 100 members of the not-for-profit organisation. Dr Fiona Lamari, Lecturer in Construction Project Management at Queensland University of Technology, was announced as the 2019 winner, and with support from Cult has been awarded a $20,000 research scholarship.
Fiona's research proposal titled 'Engagement with Regional School Students through Virtual Construction Site Tour - an Immersive Experience' aims to promote the rewarding and diverse careers in the construction industry to female high school students through virtual reality. It will enable students to step onto a construction site and experience a high-rise building being developed and will measure the effectiveness of virtual reality as an engagement strategy for regional female high school students.
"I am grateful to have the opportunity to create an immersive experience for female high school students so they can take a peek at what goes on behind the gates on a construction site. I want to ignite their curiosity and have them walk away excited, wanting to find out more." – Dr Fiona Lamari.
On behalf of the Cult team, we'd like to congratulate Fiona – we're looking forward to seeing the outcomes of her research this coming year!
Click here to find out more about NAWIC, and here for more on the NAWIC IWD Scholarship.


Please feel free to browse through this site to explore real estate information for Orlando, Celebration, Windermere, Davenport, Kissimmee, Winter Park and surrounding areas. Our comprehensive real estate website offers direct access to the latest properties for sale and features community information, consumer links, school information, free reports, answers to commonly asked real estate questions and more. This is your one stop shop for Orlando, Celebration, Windermere, Davenport, Kissimmee, and Winter Park real estate information.


Would you like to learn more about how Groupment can help you manage groups and events to enhance opportunities for student involvement and leadership on your campus? Contact us! We'd love to hear from you!


text:
package esri.mrm.mobile;

public enum NonServiceWorkOrderType
{
  Base, Break, Lunch;

  public static boolean contains(String test)
  {

    for (NonServiceWorkOrderType c : NonServiceWorkOrderType.values())
    {
      if (c.name().equals(test))
      {
        return true;
      }
    }

    return false;
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Is there a word mirroring common usage of "proportional" (which I characterize as "monotonically increasing as a function of")? In mathematics, a and b are proportional if their ratio, a/b is constant (DEFINITION 1).
In common language, proportional is often used to mean something more like "when a goes up, b also goes up (and vice versa)" (DEFINITION 2).
I'm looking for a word other than "proportional" which matches DEFINITION 2.

A: The word that springs to mind for me is correlated:

to bear reciprocal or mutual relations :  correspond · If two things correlate, a change in one thing results in a similar or opposite change in the other thing.
from m-w.com

A correlation can be either positive (as A goes up, B also goes up) or negative (as A goes up, B goes down).  In the absence of a qualifier, a positive correlation is generally assumed, so you should definitely specify when a correlation is negative. (You may want to specify positive correlations as well, just to be complete.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Big Time is the sixth studio album by American singer-songwriter Angel Olsen, and her first original release since All Mirrors (2019). The album was released on June 3, 2022 by Jagjaguwar. Produced by Olsen and Jonathan Wilson, the album was preceded by the singles "All the Good Times", "Big Time" and "Through the Fires". The record was accompanied by a 28-minute visual counterpart, directed by Kimberly Stuckwisch.

Critical reception

At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 88 based on 22 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". John Amen of PopMatters praised the album, writing, "With Big Time, Olsen draws inspiration from some of popular music's most perennial templates, revamping them and, once again, reinventing herself."

Track listing

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the Big Time liner notes.

Musicians

 Angel Olsen – vocals (all tracks), guitar (1–8)
 Dan Higgins – horn arrangement (1), flute, saxophone (1, 6, 8)
 Emily Elhaj – bass (1–4, 6–9), guitar (1)
 Jake Blanton – guitar (1–4, 6, 9), bells (1), sitar (4)
 Jonathan Wilson – drums (1–4, 6–9), guitar (1, 2, 4, 6–8), Mellotron (1, 6), percussion (1–4, 6–10), zither (3); bass, double bass (5); mandolin (6), harmonium (8)
 Drew Erickson – string & horn arrangements, conductor, piano (all tracks), organ (1–4, 6, 7, 9), Wurlitzer (3), harpsichord (4, 5, 7, 8), bass (6), clavichord (7), synthesizer
 Steve Holtman – trombone (1, 6, 8)
 Wayne Bergeron – trumpet (1, 6, 8)
 Gus Seyffert – guitar (2)
 Spencer Cullum – guitar (2, 3, 7)
 Grant Milliken – vibraphone (4, 7, 9)
 Jacob Braun – cello (5, 6, 8, 10)
 Zach Dellinger – viola (5, 6, 8–10)
 Andrew Bullbrook – violin (5, 6, 8–10)
 Wynton Grant – violin (5, 6, 8–10)

Technical
 Angel Olsen – production
 Jonathan Wilson – production, mixing
 Adam Ayan – mastering
 Grant Milliken – studio personnel
 Mirza Sherrif – studio personnel

Charts

References

External links

2022 albums
Angel Olsen albums
Jagjaguwar albums

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Island Gardens, Millwall 1859
Tower Hamlets, England, Greater London
Island Gardens, Millwall is a small riverside park covering about 1.2 hectares, noted for its views across the Thames. The site was designed as a public park and opened in 1895. The principal feature was the gravelled promenade that afforded fine views of Greenwich's Royal Naval Hospital across the river.
By the mid-19th century the Island Gardens site was a reed ground, and by the late-19th century most other riverside sites had already been developed. The site was acquired for the development of a public open space. The cost of laying out the gardens was £2000 and they were opened to the public on 3 August 1895.
Visitor Facilities
This is a municipal site for general public use. Opening is unrestricted.
The gardens are laid out on level ground, with a slight slope south towards the river.
The following is from the Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest. For the most up-to-date Register entry, please visit the The National Heritage List for England (NHLE):
www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list
Public gardens, opened 1895, which commemorate the spot which Sir Christopher Wren chose in about 1680 as having the best view of Greenwich Hospital.
LOCATION, AREA, BOUNDARIES, LANDFORM, SETTING
Island Gardens, c 1ha, is located at the southern tip of the Isle of Dogs, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The rectangular site is bounded by the River Thames to the south, by Saunders Ness Road to the north, by a housing development (Luralda Gardens) to the east, and by a community centre (Calders Wharf) to the west. The gardens are mostly bounded by metal park fencing, with some stretches of brick wall or wooden fencing. They are laid out on level ground, with a slight slope south towards the river.
ENTRANCES AND APPROACHES
There are several entrances to the gardens from the north, off Saunders Ness Road, and a further entrance in the south-east corner from the riverside walkway adjacent to Luralda Gardens. These are all simple entrances through iron gates. The main entrance to the gardens is in the north-west corner, with a new (1998) entrance gate. A stable and outbuildings which were adjacent to the entrance in the north-east corner were demolished as part of the 1998 renewal works; these have been replaced by a walled parks yard.
The circular brick entrance (listed grade II) to the Greenwich Footway Tunnel, built in 1902, is located on the south-west edge of Island Gardens.
GARDENS AND PLEASURE GROUNDS
Walks, paved with golden macadam (originally gravel), run along the four sides of the gardens. The path along the south side is straight, the path to the north serpentine and those to the west and east curve gently. The 200m riverside walk to the south has mature plane trees lining its north side and the boundary fence on the south side. There are outstanding views from this walk up, down, and especially across the Thames to the Royal Naval College (Greenwich Hospital), the National Maritime Museum, the Queen's House, and the Cutty Sark. The walk on the north side of the gardens is lined by mature plane trees and backed to the south-east and north by a perimeter shrubbery.
The central areas of the gardens are lawn with scattered mature plane trees and other trees. A semicircular path formerly linked the two entrances on the north side and led to the centre of the gardens. This central path, and the two existing paths along the north and south sides, were all linked by a cross-path, running from the northern boundary down to the southern boundary. At the centre of the gardens, where the central path joined the cross-path there was a circular paved area, on which stood a late C19 bandstand, surrounded by a rockery. The cross-path, central path, bandstand, and rockery no longer exist and the area was grassed over in the late C20.
On the east side of the gardens there are bedding displays on the lawns, on the site of a bowling green (removed late C20), and in the south-east corner is the site of a gymnasium which stood in the corner of the park in the late C19. In the north-west corner there is a late C20 brick building, Island Gardens Cafe, with an adjacent paved terrace.
J J Sexby, The Municipal Parks, Gardens and Open Spaces of London (1898), pp 447-455
E Cecil, London Parks and Gardens (1907), pp 133-134
John Rocque, Plan of London, 1762-1766
C & J Greenwood, Map of London from an Actual Survey, 1827
B R Davies, London and its Environs, 1841
Stanford's Library Map of London and its Suburbs, 1862
OS 25" to 1 mile: 1st edition surveyed 1868
2nd edition published 1894
3rd edition published 1913
Description written: March 1998
Amended: February 2000
Edited: November 2003
Description: The rectangular site is bounded by the River Thames to the south.
Access & Directions
Access Contact Details
Docklands Light Railway to Island Gardens Station.
Detailed History
The communication point between Greenwich and the Isle of Dogs has been an important one for at least four hundred years. There was a ferry between these points throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, Pepys recording several trips on it in his diaries. The river wall, which existed when Island Gardens were laid out, was built after a great breach in the previous wall in 1660, which caused extensive flooding in the area.
Prior to 1830 the Isle of Dogs was sparsely inhabited, as shown on the plan of London by C & J Greenwood, published 1827, and by the mid 19th century the Island Gardens site was a reed ground. By the late 19th century most of the riverside areas of the Isle of Dogs had been developed for wharfage and commercial premises; the land on which Island Gardens was laid out was almost the only portion which was not developed. The freehold was owned by the trustees of Lady Margaret Charteris, let to the Admiralty, who had sub-let the land to the Cubitt trustees. The condition of the lease was that no building, except villa residences, could be built without consent. One villa (Osborne House) and the foundations for a second were prepared, but it was found that there was no market for such houses in the locality.
It had been proposed from the 1880s to acquire the ground as open space, which was much needed for the local population, and one of the early proposals involved a recreation ground (to be laid out by the Earl of Meath on behalf of the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association) attached to the landing stage for a free ferry. This proposal never materialised but negotiations were reopened in 1889. It took four years to negotiate the purchase of the site with the three parties who had rights over it, but the freehold rights were finally bought for £8700, of which £3500 came from the Poplar District Board of Works.
The cost of laying out the gardens was £2000 and they were opened to the public on 3 August 1895. The Greenwich Footway Tunnel was opened in 1902 as an alternative to the free ferry proposal. Since the mid 20th century there has been a general deterioration of the fabric and the loss of certain features. Island Gardens were refurbished in 1998 and are now maintained by the London Borough of Tower Hamlets.
https://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1000815
http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.asp?ID=THM022
http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/Documents/Leisure-and-culture/Parks-and-open-spaces/island-gardens-management-plan.pdf
Tower Hamlets Council
The Town Hall, Mulberry Place, 5 Clove Crescent, London, E14 2BG
{English Heritage Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest} (Swindon: English Heritage 2008) [on CD-ROM]Historic England Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest
London Parks and Gardens Trust
Urban Park
Principal Building:
Parks, Gardens And Urban Spaces
Survival:
Hectares:
Open to the public:
Last Survey:
The National Heritage List for England: Register of Parks and Gardens
Reference: GD1809
Locality: England, Greater London
Island Gardens Park, Saunders Ness Road, Docklands, Tower Hamlets, London
E14 3EB
OSGB
Map Sheet No.:
OS Eastings ABS:
OS Northings ABS:
OS Original:
TQ384783
Historical Location: Middlesex
Merton Road
Eckington Gardens
St Peter's Cornhill
Edgwarebury Park
Elms Pond Open Space and Lakeside
Royal Victoria Patriotic Building Grounds
St Mary's Cemetery, Wandsworth
Malcolm Park


text:
Q: How do I solve the error "Segmentation fault (core dumped)" #include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

void space_to_tab(char *string) {
    char str [strlen(string)];
    int size = 0;
    while(string[size] != '\0'){
        if(string[size] == ' ')
            str[size] = '\t';
        else
            str[size] = string[size];
        size++;
    }
    *string = *str;
}

int main() {
    char *str = "aa b";
    printf("%s\n", str);
    space_to_tab(str);
    printf("%s\n", str);
}

I just started with C programming and I want to switch the spaces in a string with tabs and I get the error "Segmentation fault (core dumped)".
I belive the error is in "*string = *str;" but I dont know how to change the pointer of one string to the other.

A: You should not modify literal strings (i.e. "aa b") as this results in undefined behaviour (hence the segmentation fault). Instead you should modify an array like such:
char str[] = "aa b";

See In C, can I initialize a string in a pointer declaration the same way I can initialize a string in a char array declaration?


The head of Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov wanted to see in Grozny, the author of the video in which an unidentified man threw in young people the aluminium can.
According to Kadyrov, the behavior of the native of the Republic set him off. He apologized to the young people and promised to «re-educate» the author of the video, when he returns home.
«I suggest you immediately, this minute to respond, and the first flight, wherever, to arrive in Grozny and relatives to come! Otherwise, you within hours can find!» the appeal says the head of the Republic, published in social networks.


text:
Why Aren't the Most Useful Mac Apps on the App Store?
it's Tuesday night and I'm Command Tab-ing my way through 10 different apps, some with 3-4 windows
I feel my brain pulsing and my ring finger going numb on the Tab key.
That's how the idea of rcmd began.
We have two Command keys on a Mac keyboard, and the right hand side one is almost never used.
What if I use it exclusively for switching apps?
I remembered using Contexts for a while, which provides a Spotlight like search bar for fuzzy searching your running apps.
But that needed a bit more key presses than I wanted (that is 1) and more attention than I wanted to give (which is none).
My idea sounded a bit simpler: Right Command + the first letter of the app name
Just for this simple app we had to solve the following problems:
What do I do when there are multiple running apps with the same first letter?
How do I persist key assignments if necessary?
What if the user assigned the key to an app that's no longer running?
There are dozens of running apps while only about 10% of them are actual apps launched by the user. How do I filter those out?
How do I only listen to the Right Command key?
The sandbox also limits what APIs you can use, and which system components you can communicate with.
The defacto way of reacting to Right Command + some other key is to monitor all key events (yes, just like a keylogger), and discard events that don't contain the Right Command modifier flag.
that's not allowed on the App Store.
because with those permissions, an app would be able to do all kinds of nasty stuff
But for rcmd's use case, we're restricted to APIs that don't require these permissions.
That's the Carbon API
only lets us listen to Any Command + R, not specifically the Right Command.
A workaround I found for this was: - Listen for flagsChanged - Set a global boolean to true when the there's a rightCommand modifier - Discard the event if the boolean is false
Now the weirdest limitation hits me.
There's no way to discard a hotkey event and forward it back to the system so it can use it for the next handler.
At this point we seriously considered dropping the App Store idea and just going the self publishing route.
But just thinking what we would have to do for that triggered something akin to PTSD.
Implement the Paddle SDK for licensing
Add Sentry for error reporting
Lose the useful App Store analytics
Lose ratings and reviews
Add Sparkle for auto-updating
Host the app bundle for download somewhere
Finding yet another workaround seemed much easier.
It turns out that RegisterEventHotKey is plenty fast.
So fast that we were able to register the hotkeys only when Right Command was being held,
and unregister them when the key was released.
Because of the sandbox, there's no way to get a list of windows for an app and, say, focus a specific one, or cycle between them.
But I found a little gem while I was customising my fork of yabai, a way to trigger Exposé for a single app:
CoreDockSendNotification("com.apple.expose.front.awake" as CFString)
rcmd is one of those things: a bit quirky, unique in its approach, and incredibly useful for a specific group of people.
Free trials for non-subscription apps have been allowed since mid-2018 on the App Store, and are supposed to be implemented using in-app purchases.
Unfortunately, this approach has a lot of inconveniences
The trial doesn't start immediately
You have to create your own UI for starting a trial, buying the full app after the trial ends, showing the trial status etc.
You have to provide some kind of limited functionality if the trial ends
we decided to not implement any free trial and just sell the app for a one-time fair price.
3 years ago, I would have probably chosen to make the app open source and give it away for free
I would have thought: I'm making a ton of money at this company, what I would get by selling a small app would be peanuts anyway.
Only recently I realised that this approach kept me dependent on having a job where I click-clack useless programs 8 hours a day, only to get 1-2 hours after work for my projects, and sacrifice my health and sanity in the process.
In my whole 7-year career as a professional API Glue Technician and experienced Wheel Reinventer, I never did anything remotely as useful as even the simplest app I can code and publish in 2 months right now.
At those companies, most of my work was scraped anyway when the redesign period of the year came.
So I'd rather have those peanuts please.
Here are some of the apps I find most useful, and what I think is the main reason for them not being in the App Store:
Alfred - Full Disk Access - Accessibility Permissions
BetterTouchTool - Accessibility Permissions.
Karabiner-Elements
Reacting to and changing keyboard input in realtime needs a special keyboard driver which is only allowed by Apple on a case by case basis.
You have to request DriverKit entitlements from Apple, and they have to deem you worthy of those entitlements.
Sublime Text - Full Disk Access
Of course, there are other code editors on the App Store like BBEdit but they have this initial phase where you have to manually give them access to your / (root) directory.
Resizing windows, listening for global trackpad gestures, detecting titlebars, moving windows to other spaces/screens.
All of these need Accessibility Permissions.
Sip - the sandbox limitation is the primary reason
CleanShot X
Audio recording (this needs installing an audio loopback device)
Pressed keys overlay (needs Input Monitoring permissions)
Select single window (needs Accessibility Permissions for getting the window position and size)
Sketch - the unique pricing model is something they would have a hard time implementing on the App Store.
Parallels Desktop
They actually have an App Store edition, but it's severely limited.
Sharing things between the host and the VM is probably the largest functionality affected by the sandbox.
Low-level communication with monitors is only possible by using a lot of private and reverse engineered APIs (IOKit, DisplayServices, IOAVService etc.)
Accessibility Permissions are also needed for listening and reacting to brightness and volume key events.
Soulver - I think the free trial limitation is the only thing keeping such a self-contained app outside the App Store.
The Peanut Butter Secret: A Lavish Tax Dodge for the Ultrawealthy
Today Mr. Baszucki's company, Roblox, the maker of one of the world's most popular video-gaming platforms, is valued at about $60 billion.
Mr. Baszucki is worth an estimated $7 billion.
Yet he and his extended family are reaping big benefits from a tax break aimed at small businesses.
The tax break is known as the Qualified Small Business Stock, or Q.S.B.S., exemption.
It allows early investors in companies in many industries to avoid taxes on at least $10 million in profits.
The goal, when it was established in the early 1990s, was to coax people to put money into small companies.
But over the next three decades, it would be contorted into the latest tax dodge in Silicon Valley, where new billionaires seem to sprout each week.
Thanks to the ingenuity of the tax-avoidance industry, investors in hot tech companies are exponentially enlarging the tax break.
The trick is to give shares in those companies to friends or relatives.
Even though these recipients didn't put their money into the companies, they nonetheless inherit the tax break, and a further $10 million or more in profits becomes tax-free.
The savings for the richest American families — who would otherwise face a 23.8 percent capital gains tax — can quickly swell into the tens of millions.
The maneuver, which is legal, is known as "stacking," because the tax breaks are piled on top of one another.
The idea for this tax break came from the venture capital and biotech industries in the early 1990s.
Venture capital firms were raking in huge profits from early investments in high-flying start-ups like Gilead Sciences and MedImmune.
The exemption became law in August 1993.
It allowed investors in eligible companies to avoid half the taxes on up to $10 million in capital gains
(it would later be changed to eliminate all taxes on the $10 million)
or 10 times what the investors paid for their shares.
There were a few restrictions.
To be eligible for the tax break, investors had to hold the shares for at least five years.
Industries like architecture and accounting were excluded.
And, at least in theory, the companies couldn't be big: They had to have "gross assets" of $50 million or less at the time of the investments.
That number wasn't picked at random. At the time, a new professional hockey team, the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, had just been created with a price tag of $50 million.
The team was owned by the Walt Disney Company. Lawmakers feared that if Disney stood to benefit from the tax break, it risked a public backlash
Tax experts had discovered a big loophole.
While the law said that the benefit was off-limits to people who bought shares from other investors, there was no similar restriction on people who received the shares as gifts.
If investors gave shares to family or friends, they, too, could be eligible for the tax break.
And there were no limits on the number of gifts they could make.
Stacking was born — and it became a rite of passage for a select slice of Silicon Valley multimillionaires, according to lawyers, accountants and investors.
As the tax break's popularity has grown, the strategies for exploiting it have grown more aggressive.
The benefit is limited to either $10 million in tax-free capital gains or 10 times the "basis" of the original investment.
The tax basis is the cost of an investment — the money you spent or the assets you contributed in exchange for shares.
One way to expand the value of the tax break is to find ways to inflate the basis.
The strategy is called "packing."
But let's say you want to save more. Here's how you can pump up the basis.
Little Company developed software patents, and you put those patents into a new company that you also own.
The patents grow to be worth $5 million.
Then you merge the two companies. The basis for your investment in the original Little Company has now soared to $6 million.
That means you are eligible to avoid taxes on 10 times that — $60 million — even though your out-of-pocket investment remains $1 million.
Another increasingly common strategy has been to put shares into multiple trusts that benefit the same children.
All China's Gamers Want for Christmas Is an AAA Game to Call Their Own
Within China, players like to joke that AAA titles are defined as those that take "a lot of time, a lot of resources, and a lot of money" to make.
These qualities are not typically counted among the Chinese gaming industry's strengths,
which is one reason miHoYo's announcement attracted such attention domestically.
they have traditionally not been willing to invest the time and money needed to create original AAA titles.
domestic PC games remain heavily indebted to JRPG conventions,
with critics expressing frustration at their emphasis on story over gameplay.
Hunger for a domestically produced AAA game has increased as Chinese players are exposed to European and American titles, and especially since the popular gaming platform Steam became accessible in China in 2018.
The experience of the Chinese film industry is a useful reference here.
When Hollywood films were first screened widely in Chinese theatres in the early 21st century,
domestic filmmakers struggled to match the high production values of their Hollywood competitors.
this increased competition and pressure was not a death knell for the local film industry,
as producers eventually cracked the code,
melding Hollywood styles and tropes with Chinese stories to great success
Obviously, Chinese gamers hope that the country's game makers can replicate the success of their film industry peers, but the comparison overlooks key differences between the two industries.
In particular, the ascension of China's film industry over the past decade has coincided with the country's rise to the top of the global box office rankings.
By comparison, China's single-player PC and console game markets, which are key to the success of any AAA game, remain miniscule.
The disparity between gamers' expectations and the overall state of the market can be seen from the overinflated hype that surrounds every new major Chinese console game release.
To put that in context, arguably the most successful Chinese AAA-style game to date is 2018's "Sword of Legends 3," which has sold 2 million copies,
many of them discounted from the game's already low 99-yuan ($15) original price point.
Outside of the AAA space, some Chinese console and PC-game developers have had success selling to overseas gamers.
Yet, even if this overseas strategy does prove viable, it's unlikely to satisfy Chinese gamers who are hungry for a true Chinese AAA title.
In the absence of strong domestic demand, the most successful Chinese PC and console games generally skirt around overly "Chinese" subject material and themes to avoid alienating international gamers.
For local players still harboring dreams of seeing AAA techniques used to tell a truly Chinese story, these successes can feel disappointing.


text:
Q: Get state of soft input keyboard on Android I have an EditText in my Android app, with a normal keyboard attached to it, e.g. there are no custom filters, or other restrictions set on it. I would like to find out if the user uses the QWERTY keyboard, or she switched to another type, for example to the one where the numbers are displayed, and other special characters. Is this possible?
Thanks.


text:
PLN comments on use of body scanners at PA jail
The Morning Call, June 3, 2018. http://www.mcall.com/news/police/mc-nws-opioid-...
Body scanners halt inmate overdoses at Berks County facility
By Pamela LehmanContact Reporter
Of The Morning Call
The man climbs several steps into a large X-ray chamber and onto a conveyor belt that moves him along with a slight hum for 8 seconds, a journey that will reveal even the most creative hiding spots for contraband.
The body scanner, about 8 feet high, looks similar to those at security gates in airports. As the man passes through it, a nearby computer screen displays images of his organs with such clarity that prison guards can plainly see hidden weapons or drugs, as well as the blurry contents of his breakfast.
The man just went through a $100,000 scanner at the Wernersville Community Corrections Center in Berks County, where inmates have been adept at hiding contraband, authorities say.
Some took their shoes apart to hide drugs in the soles, or hid drugs in their nose or ears. One inmate filled a condom with drugs, fastened a string around it, tied the string to his tooth and swallowed it.
State officials tout the high-tech scanner as a way to stop the flow of opioids into Pennsylvania's prisons, work-release facilities and halfway houses.
Wernersville authorities say smuggled drugs caused 32 overdoses there over the last two years, including one fatal overdose. Since the scanner was installed in January, there have been no overdoses at the halfway house.
"This is something that has completely eliminated drug overdoses and reduced assaults on staff who aren't conducting strip searches as often," Wernersville Director Daniel D. McIntyre said. "It's a great tool that has really made a difference."
The body scanner, which offers much more detailed images than a metal wand detector and does away with the need for a strip search, is a new part of Gov. Tom Wolf's opioid initiative plan, which calls for a body scanner to soon be installed at the state prison in Northumberland County. Authorities say they hope additional body scanners will be added to the state's prison facilities.
But Alex Friedmann, managing editor of the monthly Prison Legal News magazine, questions whether the scanner will stop determined inmates who may be struggling with addiction from smuggling drugs.
"While the drop in overdoses at the Berks County facility is a good outcome, if people want to bring drugs into a facility, they will find a way to do so," Friedmann said.
Despite the efforts to rehabilitate inmates at Wernersville and reach out to the community with events such as repairing ball fields and cleaning up cemeteries, McIntyre said the overdoses made the headlines.
Ambulances were called so often to the facility that nearby residents took to Facebook to complain about the wailing sirens, said Lt. Jason Somers, one of several staff members trained to operate the body scanner.
One of the Wernersville overdoses was fatal. Lucas T. Olmedo Jr., 30, was an inmate when he was found unresponsive Oct. 5, 2016. Olmedo's cause of death was due to an accidental overdose, according to the Berks County coroner's office.
According to 2017 figures provided by the Department of Corrections, there were 160 nonfatal overdoses at prisons and other facilities throughout the state and 11 fatal overdoses.
The body scanners are costly. They also take up a lot of space and need to be installed in a place where the radiation they produce can't escape the area, officials say.
That, said Friedmann of the magazine Prison Legal News, has raised health concerns among some about inmates being exposed to excessive levels of radiation.
"Unlike travelers who may encounter such scanners at an airport infrequently, residents at a halfway house may be scanned multiple times a day," Friedmann said.
But McIntyre said the scanner is programmed for safe radiation exposure, and if an inmate passes through several times, it won't allow an additional body scan to be completed if it poses a risk.
During a recent visit, a male staff member volunteered to give a first-hand demonstration of how the scanner works. A guard asked the volunteer to show the inside of his mouth, lifting up his tongue to show there were no drugs hidden there. Those being scanned also must turn their hands and feet outward in order for the scan to reveal objects hidden between fingers and toes.
As the conveyor belt moved the man through the scanner, his organs and bones were easily visible, as well as the rivets and zipper on his jeans.
Somers, the lieutenant who works at Wernersville, pointed to several objects hidden among the man's clothes and body — a pair of scissors shoved into his sock, a screwdriver tucked into a side pocket. And hidden against the dark spot of the man's sternum bone was a handcuff key taped to his chest.
Although there are many places to effectively hide a small bag of drugs from human eyes, Somers said the machine is remarkably thorough.
He said inmates soon realized the body scanner measures density and would try to hide drugs along the thickest parts of their body, like the pelvic area and large bones of their thighs. But Somers showed a scan with just a slight variation in coloring along the man's thigh, indicating that something was likely hidden there. Authorities said a physical search uncovered a bag of drugs.
Somers said the scanner is effective in stopping drugs from coming into the facility.
He pulled a bottle of narcan, an opiate antidote, from his pocket.
"Really, I can't remember the last time I had to use this," he said. "I have narcan that's about to expire and that's never happened before."


Getting a Home Inspection listing all items to either repair or replace so you don't have to negotiate at sale time .
Getting a Home Inspection listing all items to either repair or replace along with home maintenance items so you know exactly what you are getting for your money.
Getting a Home Inspection listing all items to either repair or replace due to loan approval of loan defaults.
Getting a Home Inspection listing all items to either repair or replace along with home maintenance items makes your home last longer and have nice curb appeal.
Getting a Radon measurement is a very important part of home purchasing or your existing home.
In the United States alone 21,000 people die each year contributed to radon gas that the by products of radon gas are inhaled and get stuck in the lungs creating health issues.
I use Sun Nuclear model #1028 that is the most accurate monitor available and it only takes 48 hours to give you an hour by hour reading.


Youth Crime is increasing at an alarming rate and imprisonment as the only measure of punishment has become a contentious issue for the South African Correctional Services. National and international awareness has been raised about young people at risk in the 1992 campaign " Justice for the children: No child should be caged". The question that needs to be asked is whether imprisonment really does effect the punitive motives of deterrence, retribution, protecting the community and rehabilitation of the offender. The introduction of correctional supervision as a sentencing option has ushered in a new phase in our criminal justice system. The South African model of correctional supervision is described as a community-based sentence that is served within the community and the probationer is subject to stringent conditions such as house arrest, community service, monitoring and the attendance of treatment programmes. The study aimed to identify the variables that appear to be operating in determining the successful and or unsuccessful correctional supervision sentences with young offenders; and to contribute to a better understanding of working with young offenders in the community and to make positive recommendations concerning their rehabilitation. The design applied in this study was the exploratory-descriptive design. It was exploratory since the field of correctional supervision at this stage is not well developed and descriptive because the researcher described features of this phenomenon. This was combined with an empirical investigation that explored the youth's experience on correctional supervision. Another component of the empirical investigation consisted of how the parents or significant other as well as the supervision committee perceived the respondents' adjustment on correctional supervision. The findings of the empirical investigation clearly showed that although the respondents found house arrest extremely difficult to comply with, their overall functioning and adjustment in the community was positive. Factors that emerged from the study that can promote a successful correctional supervision sentence were factors such as positive support systems that can instill discipline, no involvement in gangsterism, no family pathologies such as alcoholism, family violence and financial problems. Factors such as negative attitude of staff members, familial problems, stringent house arrest conditions, financial problems impeded the youths functioning on correctional supervision. The correctional social worker together with the multi-disciplinary team both have a cardinal role to play in the treatment of the young offender. The various professions with their expertise have a major role to play in the treatment programmes geared to assist the young offender to reintegrate and function positively in the community.


contributed a political, hide and seek illustration to the second issue of 100% zine, themed 'unseen'. it has 10 more real interesting 'unseen' takes from different artists. its currently exhibited in filter and available stores all over. gruhaha!


The fully cloud-based CAD offerings from Onshape recently received yet another expansion in the form of Onshape Enterprise. The latest offering enters the ring as a "premium edition" of Onshape that allows large companies or those with widely dispersed staff to securely use and access the CAD tools they need without placing the organization's entire workflow in jeopardy.
Since Onshape is fully accessible through the cloud, many of the traditional restrictions impeding CAD collaboration, such as version incompatibility, lengthy download times, and storage restrictions, are rendered moot. With older CAD and PDM (product data management) software, it can be difficult to maintain up-to-date licenses on tens, hundreds, or even thousands of staff members' systems spread across the globe, and even more of a nightmare to control who has access to what parts of the workflow.
According to Dave Corcoran, co-founder and VP of product at Onshape, the issues can be split into four main categories: "control, agility, access, and visibility." 'Control' refers to the difficulties that come with attempting to manage hundreds or thousands of CAD files and their copies strewn across various systems, with many private, unmanaged, or incomplete files ending up in the hands of people who shouldn't even have access to them. This not only slows down the overall production process, but can also endanger a company's IP. To combat this, Onshape Enterprise automatically tracks the sign-in locations as well as the activities of all validated users, all the time. This allows management to see by whom, how, and from where their CAD files are being used.
'Agility' in this context refers to the amount of design work being done versus downtime, and according to Mr. Corcoran, "the average engineer spends less than half his or her time on actual design work, with the balance eaten up by administrative and software issues." Onshape Enterprise dramatically reduces this downtime since all users will always have the latest version running, and all data and design documents are stored in the same place along with a digital paper trail showing what changes were made to any file and by whom.
Onshape Enterprise has been developed to meet the needs of expanding organizations, and as an organization grows the number of stakeholders who require access to its data increases. However, setting up new CAD seats and PDM vaults can be a time consuming and expensive process, with long installs as well as hardware and software changes being frequent. To help ensure that your engineers are not spending their days on IT support duty, Onshape Enterprise can instantly extend CAD access to any specified user both inside or outside of the organization. Additionally, Onshape Enterprise also introduces new user categories such as the 'light user' and 'guest user.' An Enterprise 'light user' can be given access to design data and activity without receiving access to the full arsenal of CAD modelling capabilities, and only costs 1/10th the price of a 'full user' account. A light user can, for example, be a member of an organization's marketing or sales team who requires non-engineering access to certain documents. 'Guest' status can also be assigned to users, giving them access only to documents shared with them, allowing external contractors, vendors, and suppliers to access certain files without exposing an entire IP to the world.
Finally, according to Mr. Corcoran, one of the most pronounced flaws still plaguing engineering teams worldwide is their lack of access to realtime data, that is very little or no visibility of what other members of the engineering team are up to, especially in larger organizations. To solve this, Onshape Enterprise introduces new realtime analytics capabilities that provides managers with in-depth details regarding active projects, documents, and users. This again is thanks to the fact that Onshape runs on a centralized cloud database as opposed to using local file systems. "We can permanently record all user activity as it happens, including every login, extrude, fillet, mate, merge, share, export and comment in realtime," wrote Mr. Corcoran on the Onshape blog.
To summarize, Onshape Enterprise introduces a slew of new features aimed at improving the efficiency and ergonomics of CAD usage in complex organizations. This includes comprehensive audit logs, centralized access reporting, instant setup, new user types, project activity tracking, and raw analytics data export tools.
For more information on Onshape Enterprise, visit their website or check out their YouTube channel for more in-depth tutorials. The video below provides a short introduction to the company and their philosophy for those interested.


Statue of Saint John Bosco of 60 cm.
Statue of Saint John Bosco, 60 cm of fiberglass, handmade in Italy.
Saint John Bosco, foundator. He is commemorated on the 31 of January.
He was born on the 16th of August 1815 in Castelnuovo. He died on the 31st of January 1888 in Turin.
When he received the episcopal order, he began his activity in Turin. He educated through the love, he persuaded the youths to love their teachers, their studies and all the aspects of their education.
A group of volunteers devout themselves to help him and in 1869 the new Salesian Institute was approved from the Holy See.
John Bosco put it under the protection of Mary Helper of Christians and of Sain Francis of Sales, who gave the name to the institute.
The institute spread in Europe and it created also a feminine community, which was based on the same values.
John Bosco was canonized in 1934 by Pope Pio XI.
He is illustrated in the priest's cassock, with a band and a black mozzetta, with a white collar.