text:
The Life of Samuel Johnson
by James Boswell
To Bennet Langton, Esq., At Langton, Near Spilsby, Lincolnshire
'TO BENNET LANGTON, ESQ., AT LANGTON, NEAR SPILSBY, LINCOLNSHIRE 'DEAR SIR,—What your friends have done, that from your departure till now nothing has been heard of you, none of us are able to inform the rest; but as we are all neglected alike, no one thinks himself entitled to the privilege of complaint. 'I should have known nothing of you or of Langton, from the time that dear Miss Langton left us, had not I met Mr. Simpson, of Lincoln, one day in the street, by whom I was informed that Mr. Langton, your Mamma, and yourself, had been all ill, but that you were all recovered. 'That sickness should suspend your correspondence, I did not wonder; but hoped that it would be renewed at your recovery. 'Since you will not inform us where you are, or how you live, I know not whether you desire to know any thing of us. However, I will tell you that THE CLUB subsists; but we have the loss of Burke's company since he has been engaged in publick business, in which he has gained more reputation than perhaps any man at his [first] appearance ever gained before. He made two speeches in the House for repealing the Stamp-act, which were publickly commended by Mr. Pitt, and have filled the town with wonder. 'Burke is a great man by nature, and is expected soon to attain civil greatness. I am grown greater too, for I have maintained the news-papers these many weeks; and what is greater still, I have risen every morning since New-year's day, at about eight; when I was up, I have indeed done but little; yet it is no slight advancement to obtain for so many hours more, the consciousness of being. 'I wish you were in my new study; I am now writing the first letter in it. I think it looks very pretty about me. 'Dyer is constant at THE CLUB; Hawkins is remiss; I am not over diligent. Dr. Nugent, Dr. Goldsmith, and Mr. Reynolds, are very constant. Mr. Lye is printing his Saxon and Gothick Dictionary; all THE CLUB subscribes. 'You will pay my respects to all my Lincolnshire friends. I am, dear Sir, most affectionately your's, 'March 9, 1766. 'SAM. JOHNSON.' Johnson's-court, Fleet-street.' The Honourable Thomas Hervey and his lady having unhappily disagreed, and being about to separate, Johnson interfered as their friend, and wrote him a letter of expostulation, which I have not been able to find; but the substance of it is ascertained by a letter to Johnson in answer to it, which Mr. Hervey printed. The occasion of this correspondence between Dr. Johnson and Mr. Harvey, was thus related to me by Mr. Beauclerk. 'Tom Harvey had a great liking for Johnson, and in his will had left him a legacy of fifty pounds. One day he said to me, "Johnson may want this money now, more than afterwards. I have a mind to give it him directly. Will you be so good as to carry a fifty pound note from me to him?" This I positively refused to do, as he might, perhaps, have knocked me down for insulting him, and have afterwards put the note in his pocket. But I said, if Harvey would write him a letter, and enclose a fifty pound note, I should take care to deliver it. He accordingly did write him a letter, mentioning that he was only paying a legacy a little sooner. To his letter he added, "P. S. I am going to part with my wife." Johnson then wrote to him, saying nothing of the note, but remonstrating with him against parting with his wife.' In February, 1767, there happened one of the most remarkable incidents of Johnson's life, which gratified his monarchical enthusiasm, and which he loved to relate with all its circumstances, when requested by his friends. This was his being honoured by a private conversation with his Majesty, in the library at the Queen's house. He had frequently visited those splendid rooms and noble collection of books, which he used to say was more numerous and curious than he supposed any person could have made in the time which the King had employed. Mr. Barnard, the librarian, took care that he should have every accommodation that could contribute to his ease and convenience, while indulging his literary taste in that place; so that he had here a very agreeable resource at leisure hours. His Majesty having been informed of his occasional visits, was pleased to signify a desire that he should be told when Dr. Johnson came next to the library. Accordingly, the next time that Johnson did come, as soon as he was fairly engaged with a book, on which, while he sat by the fire, he seemed quite intent, Mr. Barnard stole round to the apartment where the King was, and, in obedience to his Majesty's commands, mentioned that Dr. Johnson was then in the library. His Majesty said he was at leisure, and would go to him; upon which Mr. Barnard took one of the candles that stood on the King's table, and lighted his Majesty through a suite of rooms, till they came to a private door into the library, of which his Majesty had the key. Being entered, Mr. Barnard stepped forward hastily to Dr. Johnson, who was still in a profound study, and whispered him, 'Sir, here is the King.' Johnson started up, and stood still. His Majesty approached him, and at once was courteously easy. His Majesty began by observing, that he understood he came sometimes to the library; and then mentioning his having heard that the Doctor had been lately at Oxford, asked him if he was not fond of going thither. To which Johnson answered, that he was indeed fond of going to Oxford sometimes, but was likewise glad to come back again. The King then asked him what they were doing at Oxford. Johnson answered, he could not much commend their diligence, but that in some respects they were mended, for they had put their press under better regulations, and were at that time printing Polybius. He was then asked whether there were better libraries at Oxford or Cambridge. He answered, he believed the Bodleian was larger than any they had at Cambridge; at the same time adding, 'I hope, whether we have more books or not than they have at Cambridge, we shall make as good use of them as they do.' Being asked whether All-Souls or Christ-Church library was the largest, he answered, 'All-Souls library is the largest we have, except the Bodleian.' 'Aye, (said the King,) that is the publick library.' His Majesty enquired if he was then writing any thing. He answered, he was not, for he had pretty well told the world what he knew, and must now read to acquire more knowledge. The King, as it should seem with a view to urge him to rely on his own stores as an original writer, and to continue his labours, then said 'I do not think you borrow much from any body.' Johnson said, he thought he had already done his part as a writer. 'I should have thought so too, (said the King,) if you had not written so well.'—Johnson observed to me, upon this, that 'No man could have paid a handsomer compliment; and it was fit for a King to pay. It was decisive.' When asked by another friend, at Sir Joshua Reynolds's, whether he made any reply to this high compliment, he answered, 'No, Sir. When the King had said it, it was to be so. It was not for me to bandy civilities with my Sovereign.' Perhaps no man who had spent his whole life in courts could have shewn a more nice and dignified sense of true politeness, than Johnson did in this instance. His Majesty having observed to him that he supposed he must have read a great deal; Johnson answered, that he thought more than he read; that he had read a great deal in the early part of his life, but having fallen into ill health, he had not been able to read much, compared with others: for instance, he said he had not read much, compared with Dr. Warburton. Upon which the King said, that he heard Dr. Warburton was a man of such general knowledge, that you could scarce talk with him on any subject on which he was not qualified to speak; and that his learning resembled Garrick's acting, in its universality. His Majesty then talked of the controversy between Warburton and Lowth, which he seemed to have read, and asked Johnson what he thought of it. Johnson answered, 'Warburton has most general, most scholastick learning; Lowth is the more correct scholar. I do not know which of them calls names best.' The King was pleased to say he was of the same opinion; adding, 'You do not think, then, Dr. Johnson, that there was much argument in the case.' Johnson said, he did not think there was. 'Why truly, (said the King,) when once it comes to calling names, argument is pretty well at an end.' His Majesty then asked him what he thought of Lord Lyttelton's History, which was then just published. Johnson said, he thought his style pretty good, but that he had blamed Henry the Second rather too much. 'Why, (said the King,) they seldom do these things by halves.' 'No, Sir, (answered Johnson,) not to Kings.' But fearing to be misunderstood, he proceeded to explain himself; and immediately subjoined, 'That for those who spoke worse of Kings than they deserved, he could find no excuse; but that he could more easily conceive how some might speak better of them than they deserved, without any ill intention; for, as Kings had much in their power to give, those who were favoured by them would frequently, from gratitude, exaggerate their praises; and as this proceeded from a good motive, it was certainly excusable, as far as errour could be excusable.' The King then asked him what he thought of Dr. Hill. Johnson answered, that he was an ingenious man, but had no veracity; and immediately mentioned, as an instance of it, an assertion of that writer, that he had seen objects magnified to a much greater degree by using three or four microscopes at a time, than by using one. 'Now, (added Johnson,) every one acquainted with microscopes knows, that the more of them he looks through, the less the object will appear.' 'Why, (replied the King,) this is not only telling an untruth, but telling it clumsily; for, if that be the case, every one who can look through a microscope will be able to detect him.' 'I now, (said Johnson to his friends, when relating what had passed) began to consider that I was depreciating this man in the estimation of his Sovereign, and thought it was time for me to say something that might be more favourable.' He added, therefore, that Dr. Hill was, notwithstanding, a very curious observer; and if he would have been contented to tell the world no more than he knew, he might have been a very considerable man, and needed not to have recourse to such mean expedients to raise his reputation. The King then talked of literary journals, mentioned particularly the Journal des Savans, and asked Johnson if it was well done. Johnson said, it was formerly very well done, and gave some account of the persons who began it, and carried it on for some years; enlarging, at the same time, on the nature and use of such works. The King asked him if it was well done now. Johnson answered, he had no reason to think that it was. The King then asked him if there were any other literary journals published in this kingdom, except the Monthly and Critical Reviews; and on being answered there were no other, his Majesty asked which of them was the best: Johnson answered, that the Monthly Review was done with most care, the Critical upon the best principles; adding that the authours of the Monthly Review were enemies to the Church. This the King said he was sorry to hear. The conversation next turned on the Philosophical Transactions, when Johnson observed, that they had now a better method of arranging their materials than formerly. 'Aye, (said the King,) they are obliged to Dr. Johnson for that;' for his Majesty had heard and remembered the circumstance, which Johnson himself had forgot. His Majesty expressed a desire to have the literary biography of this country ably executed, and proposed to Dr. Johnson to undertake it. Johnson signified his readiness to comply with his Majesty's wishes. During the whole of this interview, Johnson talked to his Majesty with profound respect, but still in his firm manly manner, with a sonorous voice, and never in that subdued tone which is commonly used at the levee and in the drawing-room. After the King withdrew, Johnson shewed himself highly pleased with his Majesty's conversation, and gracious behaviour. He said to Mr. Barnard, 'Sir, they may talk of the King as they will; but he is the finest gentleman I have ever seen.' And he afterwards observed to Mr. Langton, 'Sir, his manners are those of as fine a gentleman as we may suppose Lewis the Fourteenth or Charles the Second.' At Sir Joshua Reynolds's, where a circle of Johnson's friends was collected round him to hear his account of this memorable conversation, Dr. Joseph Warton, in his frank and lively manner, was very active in pressing him to mention the particulars. 'Come now, Sir, this is an interesting matter; do favour us with it.' Johnson, with great good humour, complied. He told them, 'I found his Majesty wished I should talk, and I made it my business to talk. I find it does a man good to be talked to by his Sovereign. In the first place, a man cannot be in a passion—.' Here some question interrupted him, which is to be regretted, as he certainly would have pointed out and illustrated many circumstances of advantage, from being in a situation, where the powers of the mind are at once excited to vigorous exertion, and tempered by reverential awe. During all the time in which Dr. Johnson was employed in relating to the circle at Sir Joshua Reynolds's the particulars of what passed between the King and him, Dr. Goldsmith remained unmoved upon a sopha at some distance, affecting not to join in the least in the eager curiosity of the company. He assigned as a reason for his gloom and seeming inattention, that he apprehended Johnson had relinquished his purpose of furnishing him with a Prologue to his play, with the hopes of which he had been flattered; but it was strongly suspected that he was fretting with chagrin and envy at the singular honour Dr. Johnson had lately enjoyed. At length, the frankness and simplicity of his natural character prevailed. He sprung from the sopha, advanced to Johnson, and in a kind of flutter, from imagining himself in the situation which he had just been hearing described, exclaimed, 'Well, you acquitted yourself in this conversation better than I should have done; for I should have bowed and stammered through the whole of it.' His diary affords no light as to his employment at this time. He passed three months at Lichfield; and I cannot omit an affecting and solemn scene there, as related by himself:— 'Sunday, Oct. 18, 1767. Yesterday, Oct. 17, at about ten in the morning, I took my leave for ever of my dear old friend, Catharine Chambers, who came to live with my mother about 1724, and has been but little parted from us since. She buried my father, my brother, and my mother. She is now fifty-eight years old. 'I desired all to withdraw, then told her that we were to part for ever; that as Christians, we should part with prayer; and that I would, if she was willing, say a short prayer beside her. She expressed great desire to hear me; and held up her poor hands, as she lay in bed, with great fervour, while I prayed, kneeling by her, nearly in the following words: 'Almighty and most merciful Father, whose loving kindness is over all thy works, behold, visit, and relieve this thy servant, who is grieved with sickness. Grant that the sense of her weakness may add strength to her faith, and seriousness to her repentance. And grant that by the help of thy Holy Spirit, after the pains and labours of this short life, we may all obtain everlasting happiness, through JESUS CHRIST our Lord; for whose sake hear our prayers. Amen. Our Father, &c. 'I then kissed her. She told me, that to part was the greatest pain that she had ever felt, and that she hoped we should meet again in a better place. I expressed, with swelled eyes, and great emotion of tenderness, the same hopes. We kissed, and parted. I humbly hope to meet again, and to part no more.' 1768: AETAT. 59]—It appears from his notes of the state of his mind, that he suffered great perturbation and distraction in 1768. Nothing of his writing was given to the publick this year, except the Prologue to his friend Goldsmith's comedy of The Good-natured Man. The first lines of this Prologue are strongly characteristical of the dismal gloom of his mind; which in his case, as in the case of all who are distressed with the same malady of imagination, transfers to others its own feelings. Who could suppose it was to introduce a comedy, when Mr. Bensley solemnly began, 'Press'd with the load of life, the weary mind Surveys the general toil of human kind.' But this dark ground might make Goldsmith's humour shine the more. In the spring of this year, having published my Account of Corsica, with the Journal of a Tour to that Island, I returned to London, very desirous to see Dr. Johnson, and hear him upon the subject. I found he was at Oxford, with his friend Mr. Chambers, who was now Vinerian Professor, and lived in New Inn Hall. Having had no letter from him since that in which he criticised the Latinity of my Thesis, and having been told by somebody that he was offended at my having put into my Book an extract of his letter to me at Paris, I was impatient to be with him, and therefore followed him to Oxford, where I was entertained by Mr. Chambers, with a civility which I shall ever gratefully remember. I found that Dr. Johnson had sent a letter to me to Scotland, and that I had nothing to complain of but his being more indifferent to my anxiety than I wished him to be. Instead of giving, with the circumstances of time and place, such fragments of his conversation as I preserved during this visit to Oxford, I shall throw them together in continuation. Talking of some of the modern plays, he said False Delicacy was totally void of character. He praised Goldsmith's Good-natured Man; said, it was the best comedy that had appeared since The Provoked Husband, and that there had not been of late any such character exhibited on the stage as that of Croaker. I observed it was the Suspirius of his Rambler. He said, Goldsmith had owned he had borrowed it from thence. 'Sir, (continued he,) there is all the difference in the world between characters of nature and characters of manners; and THERE is the difference between the characters of Fielding and those of Richardson. Characters of manners are very entertaining; but they are to be understood by a more superficial observer than characters of nature, where a man must dive into the recesses of the human heart.' It always appeared to me that he estimated the compositions of Richardson too highly, and that he had an unreasonable prejudice against Fielding. In comparing those two writers, he used this expression: 'that there was as great a difference between them as between a man who knew how a watch was made, and a man who could tell the hour by looking on the dial-plate.' 'I have not been troubled for a long time with authours desiring my opinion of their works. I used once to be sadly plagued with a man who wrote verses, but who literally had no other notion of a verse, but that it consisted of ten syllables. Lay your knife and your fork, across your plate, was to him a verse: Lay your knife and your fork, across your plate. As he wrote a great number of verses, he sometimes by chance made good ones, though he did not know it.' Johnson expatiated on the advantages of Oxford for learning. 'There is here, Sir, (said he,) such a progressive emulation. The students are anxious to appear well to their tutors; the tutors are anxious to have their pupils appear well in the college; the colleges are anxious to have their students appear well in the University; and there are excellent rules of discipline in every college. That the rules are sometimes ill observed, may be true; but is nothing against the system. The members of an University may, for a season, be unmindful of their duty. I am arguing for the excellency of the institution.' He said he had lately been a long while at Lichfield, but had grown very weary before he left it. BOSWELL. 'I wonder at that, Sir; it is your native place.' JOHNSON. 'Why, so is Scotland YOUR native place.' His prejudice against Scotland appeared remarkably strong at this time. When I talked of our advancement in literature, 'Sir, (said he,) you have learnt a little from us, and you think yourselves very great men. Hume would never have written History, had not Voltaire written it before him. He is an echo of Voltaire.' BOSWELL. 'But, Sir, we have Lord Kames.' JOHNSON. 'You HAVE Lord Kames. Keep him; ha, ha, ha! We don't envy you him. Do you ever see Dr. Robertson?' BOSWELL. 'Yes, Sir.' JOHNSON. 'Does the dog talk of me?' BOSWELL. 'Indeed, Sir, he does, and loves you.' Thinking that I now had him in a corner, and being solicitous for the literary fame of my country, I pressed him for his opinion on the merit of Dr. Robertson's History of Scotland. But, to my surprize, he escaped.—'Sir, I love Robertson, and I won't talk of his book.' An essay, written by Mr. Deane, a divine of the Church of England, maintaining the future life of brutes, by an explication of certain parts of the scriptures, was mentioned, and the doctrine insisted on by a gentleman who seemed fond of curious speculation. Johnson, who did not like to hear of any thing concerning a future state which was not authorised by the regular canons of orthodoxy, discouraged this talk; and being offended at its continuation, he watched an opportunity to give the gentleman a blow of reprehension. So, when the poor speculatist, with a serious metaphysical pensive face, addressed him, 'But really, Sir, when we see a very sensible dog, we don't know what to think of him;' Johnson, rolling with joy at the thought which beamed in his eye, turned quickly round, and replied, 'True, Sir: and when we see a very foolish FELLOW, we don't know what to think of HIM.' He then rose up, strided to the fire, and stood for some time laughing and exulting. I asked him if it was not hard that one deviation from chastity should so absolutely ruin a young woman. Johnson. 'Why, no, Sir; it is the great principle which she is taught. When she has given up that principle, she has given up every notion of female honour and virtue, which are all included in chastity.' A gentleman talked to him of a lady whom he greatly admired and wished to marry, but was afraid of her superiority of talents. 'Sir, (said he,) you need not be afraid; marry her. Before a year goes about, you'll find that reason much weaker, and that wit not so bright.' Yet the gentleman may be justified in his apprehension by one of Dr. Johnson's admirable sentences in his life of Waller: 'He doubtless praised many whom he would have been afraid to marry; and, perhaps, married one whom he would have been ashamed to praise. Many qualities contribute to domestic happiness, upon which poetry has no colours to bestow; and many airs and sallies may delight imagination, which he who flatters them never can approve.' He praised Signor Baretti. 'His account of Italy is a very entertaining book; and, Sir, I know no man who carries his head higher in conversation than Baretti. There are strong powers in his mind. He has not, indeed, many hooks; but with what hooks he has, he grapples very forcibly.' At this time I observed upon the dial-plate of his watch a short Greek inscription, taken from the New Testament, [Greek text omitted], being the first words of our SAVIOUR'S solemn admonition to the improvement of that time which is allowed us to prepare for eternity: 'the night cometh when no man can work.' He sometime afterwards laid aside this dial-plate; and when I asked him the reason, he said, 'It might do very well upon a clock which a man keeps in his closet; but to have it upon his watch which he carries about with him, and which is often looked at by others, might be censured as ostentatious.' Mr. Steevens is now possessed of the dial-plate inscribed as above. He remained at Oxford a considerable time; I was obliged to go to London, where I received his letter, which had been returned from Scotland. 'TO JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ. 'MY DEAR BOSWELL,—I have omitted a long time to write to you, without knowing very well why. I could now tell why I should not write; for who would write to men who publish the letters of their friends, without their leave? Yet I write to you in spite of my caution, to tell you that I shall be glad to see you, and that I wish you would empty your head of Corsica, which I think has filled it rather too long. But, at all events, I shall be glad, very glad to see you. I am, Sir, yours affectionately, 'SAM. JOHNSON.' 'Oxford, March 23, 1768.' Upon his arrival in London in May, he surprized me one morning with a visit at my lodgings in Half-Moon-street, was quite satisfied with my explanation, and was in the kindest and most agreeable frame of mind. As he had objected to a part of one of his letters being published, I thought it right to take this opportunity of asking him explicitly whether it would be improper to publish his letters after his death. His answer was, 'Nay, Sir, when I am dead, you may do as you will.' He talked in his usual style with a rough contempt of popular liberty. 'They make a rout about UNIVERSAL liberty, without considering that all that is to be valued, or indeed can be enjoyed by individuals, is PRIVATE liberty. Political liberty is good only so far as it produces private liberty. Now, Sir, there is the liberty of the press, which you know is a constant topick. Suppose you and I and two hundred more were restrained from printing our thoughts: what then? What proportion would that restraint upon us bear to the private happiness of the nation?' This mode of representing the inconveniences of restraint as light and insignificant, was a kind of sophistry in which he delighted to indulge himself, in opposition to the extreme laxity for which it has been fashionable for too many to argue, when it is evident, upon reflection, that the very essence of government is restraint; and certain it is, that as government produces rational happiness, too much restraint is better than too little. But when restraint is unnecessary, and so close as to gall those who are subject to it, the people may and ought to remonstrate; and, if relief is not granted, to resist. Of this manly and spirited principle, no man was more convinced than Johnson himself. His sincere regard for Francis Barber, his faithful negro servant, made him so desirous of his further improvement, that he now placed him at a school at Bishop Stortford, in Hertfordshire. This humane attention does Johnson's heart much honour. Out of many letters which Mr. Barber received from his master, he has preserved three, which he kindly gave me, and which I shall insert according to their dates.
Return to the The Life of Samuel Johnson Summary Return to the James Boswell Library


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2014 Presidents message
AI Secures Annual Meeting Speaker
April 25, 2014 by Appraisal Institute Staff
I'm excited to share that the Appraisal Institute has secured another exciting general session speaker for its 2014 Annual Meeting, taking place August 4-6 at the Hilton Austin in Texas! Discounted early registration closes June 1, so be sure to sign up today.
AI Announces Annual Meeting Speaker
Brian Olasav, managing director, McKenna Long & Aldridge LLP, has accepted AI's invitation to speak at the closing general session of its 2014 Annual Meeting. Olasav will address "A $19 Trillion Education: Are We Smarter Now than in 2008?" According to the U.S. Treasury Department, household net worth plunged by more than $19 trillion during the financial crisis. A large component of this arose from an unforeseen national depression in residential and commercial real estate values. Olasav will discuss what real estate markets and professionals, particularly appraisers, can learn and apply.
Attendees at this year's AI Annual Meeting will experience first-class education and extensive networking options, the opportunity to earn Appraisal Institute CE credit and state credit, cutting-edge exhibits from valuation profession vendors, an awards dinner honoring top valuation professionals and the chance to explore numerous social and recreational activities in Austin.
Learn more about the 2014 Annual Meeting, view the recently posted session descriptions and speakers and register today. [Read more…]
2014 Presidents message, Appraisal Institute Topics: 2014 President's Message, AI Connect, Brian Olasav, Fred Grubbe
AI Addresses 'Green' Issues at White House Roundtable
March 28, 2014 by Appraisal Institute Staff
I'm excited to share that the Appraisal Institute has secured a terrific general session speaker for its 2014 Annual Meeting, taking place August 4-6 at the Hilton Austin in Texas! Registration is now open, so be sure to sign up today.
Mark G. Dotzour, Ph.D., chief economist and director of research for the Real Estate Center at Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas, has accepted our invitation to speak at a general session of the 2014 Annual Meeting. As chief economist, he is currently doing market research to monitor how global and national trends are likely to impact residential and commercial real estate markets, and he will share his insights with Annual Meeting attendees.
Attendees will experience first-class education and extensive networking options, the opportunity to earn Appraisal Institute CE credit and state credit, cutting-edge exhibits from valuation profession vendors, an awards dinner honoring top valuation professionals and the chance to explore numerous social and recreational activities in Austin.
Learn more about the 2014 Annual Meeting and register today. [Read more…]
2014 Presidents message, The Appraisal Institute Topics: 2014 President's Message, AI Connect, AI Relief Foundation, Annual Meeting, green valuation, Mark G. Dotzour, Valuation of Sustainable Buildings Professional Development Program
AI Continues Efforts on SBA Going Concern Appraisals
February 28, 2014 by Appraisal Institute Staff
The 2014 Annual Meeting is just over five months away, and I'm excited to share that AI has secured an exciting keynote speaker! Registration opens March 3, so be sure to sign up on Monday.
Eugene A. Cernan, a retired astronaut and the last man to walk on the moon, will be the keynote speaker at the Appraisal Institute's 2014 Annual Meeting, which will take place August 4-6 at the Hilton Austin in Austin, Texas. Cernan will talk about his 20 years as a naval aviator, including 13 years with NASA. Cernan left his mark on history with three missions in space as the pilot of Gemini IX, the lunar module pilot of Apollo X and the commander of Apollo XVII. He was the second American to walk in space and the last to walk on the moon.
In addition, Annual Meeting attendees will experience first-class education and extensive networking options, the opportunity to earn Appraisal Institute CE credit and state credit, cutting-edge exhibits from valuation profession vendors, an awards dinner honoring top valuation professionals and the chance to explore numerous social and recreational activities in Austin.
Learn more about the 2014 Annual Meeting. [Read more…]
2014 Presidents message, Appraisal Institute Topics: Annual Meeting Keynote Speaker, Appraisal Institute Annual Meeting, Collateral Risk Network, Eugene A. Cernan, Fred Grubbe CAE, Lance Coyle, SBA Policy
Appraisal Institute to Launch New Website This Weekend
January 31, 2014 by Appraisal Institute Staff
In my first monthly email message, I want each of you to know how honored and excited I am to serve as your 2014 president. I look forward to working on your behalf in the coming year! Despite the nasty weather that's embraced most of the U.S., the Appraisal Institute continues to move forward in many important areas, which are detailed below. I'm particularly pleased to share that AI will launch its new website on February 2, and I encourage you to check out all of the great new features and improved functionality. Here's some more information on the website.
The Appraisal Institute's new and improved website will launch at 9 a.m. CST, February 2. The new site will feature a wide range of improvements to the overall user experience, including a comprehensive facelift and enhanced navigation. A PowerPoint presentation and FAQs throughout the site will provide tips and updates. AI also will unveil a mobile website on February 2.
SPECIAL NOTE: During the changeover to the new website, the Appraisal Institute's website will be unavailable from 6 a.m. CST, Saturday, February 1, to 9 a.m. CST, Sunday, February 2. All web-related functions, including online education, will be unavailable during this time. [Read more…]
2014 Presidents message, The Appraisal Institute Topics: AI Vice President, review designations, SBA Policy
Appraisal Institute Launches YouTube Channel
April 2, 2012 by Appraisal Institute Staff
Be sure to check out the Appraisal Institute's new YouTube channel that launched April 2. YouTube is AI's latest entry into the social media space, joining the organization's Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn sites, along with the "Opinions of Value" blog.
Click here to view the Appraisal Institute's first YouTube video featuring AI President Sara W. Stephens, MAI, discussing the 2012 Annual Meeting in San Diego.
The creation of the YouTube channel allows AI to continue to interact with its key audiences and to become part of a very active social media platform. Sixty hours of video are uploaded to YouTube every minute, and more than 4 billion videos are viewed each day. More than 800 million unique users visit YouTube each month, and 100 million people take a social action on YouTube (such as likes, shares and comments) every week.
Be sure to visit often to view Appraisal Institute videos on topics of interest to members, consumers and anyone connected to the real estate valuation profession.
If you have an "opinion of value," please share your comments.
2014 Presidents message, 2015 President's Messages, AI Connect, Appraisal Institute, Appraisal Institute Annual Meeting, Appraisal Institute Annual Meeting, Appraisal Institute blog, appraisal myths, appraisal regulation, appraisal threshold Topics: Appraisal Institute, Appraisal Institute Annual Meeting, YouTube

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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 * StackAdapt API
 *
 * Use this API to create Native Ads and Campaigns on the StackAdapt Platform Use this API to create Native Ads and Campaigns on the StackAdapt Platform
 *
 * OpenAPI spec version: 2.0.0
 *
 * Generated by: https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-codegen.git
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

/**
 * NOTE: This class is auto generated by the swagger code generator program.
 * https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-codegen
 * Please update the test case below to test the endpoint.
 */

namespace CollingMedia\StackAdapt;

use CollingMedia\StackAdapt\Api\CampaignApi;
use \CollingMedia\StackAdapt\Configuration;
use \CollingMedia\StackAdapt\ApiClient;
use \CollingMedia\StackAdapt\ApiException;
use CollingMedia\StackAdapt\Model\CampaignRequest;
use \CollingMedia\StackAdapt\ObjectSerializer;
use Exception;

/**
 * CampaignApiTest Class Doc Comment
 *
 * @category Class
 * @package  CollingMedia\StackAdapt
 * @author   http://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-codegen
 * @license  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Apache Licene v2
 * @link     https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-codegen
 */
class CampaignApiTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{

    protected $campaign;

    /**
     * Setup before running any test cases
     */
    public static function setUpBeforeClass()
    {
        Configuration::getDefaultConfiguration()->setApiKey('api_key', $_ENV['api_key']);
    }

    /**
     * Setup before running each test case
     */
    public function setUp()
    {

    }

    /**
     * Clean up after running each test case
     */
    public function tearDown()
    {

    }

    /**
     * Clean up after running all test cases
     */
    public static function tearDownAfterClass()
    {

    }

    /**
     * Test case for createCampaign
     *
     * Create new campaign.
     *
     */
    public function testCreateCampaign()
    {
        $api_instance = new CampaignApi();
        $body = new CampaignRequest();

        $body->setAdvertiser($_ENV['advertiser']);
        $body->setState('paused');

        try {
            $result = $api_instance->createCampaign($body);
            $this->campaignId = $result;
            print_r($result);
        } catch (Exception $e) {
            echo 'Exception when calling CampaignApi->createCampaign: ', $e->getMessage(), PHP_EOL;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Test case for findCampaign
     *
     * Find campaign by id.
     *
     */
    public function testFindCampaign()
    {
        $api_instance = new CampaignApi();
        $body = new CampaignRequest();

        $body->setAdvertiser($_ENV['advertiser']);
        $body->setState('paused');

        try {
            $result = $api_instance->findCampaign($this->campaign->id);
            $this->campaignId = $result;
            print_r($result);
        } catch (Exception $e) {
            echo 'Exception when calling CampaignApi->createCampaign: ', $e->getMessage(), PHP_EOL;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Test case for findCampaigns
     *
     * Return all campaigns.
     *
     */
    public function testFindCampaigns()
    {
        $api_instance = new CampaignApi();

        try {
            $result = $api_instance->findCampaign($this->campaign->id);
            $this->campaignId = $result;
            print_r($result);
        } catch (Exception $e) {
            echo 'Exception when calling CampaignApi->findCampaign: ', $e->getMessage(), PHP_EOL;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Test case for updateCampaign
     *
     * Update existing campaign.
     *
     */
    public function testUpdateCampaign()
    {
        $api_instance = new CampaignApi();
        $body = new CampaignRequest();

        $body->setAdvertiser($_ENV['advertiser']);
        $body->setName('Test Campaign');

        try {
            $result = $api_instance->updateCampaign($this->campaign->id, $body);
            $this->campaignId = $result;
            print_r($result);
        } catch (Exception $e) {
            echo 'Exception when calling CampaignApi->updateCampaign: ', $e->getMessage(), PHP_EOL;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Test case for deleteCampaign
     *
     * Delete a campaign.
     *
     */
    public function testDeleteCampaign()
    {
        $api_instance = new CampaignApi();
        try {
            $result = $api_instance->deleteCampaign($this->campaign-id);
            $this->campaignId = $result;
            print_r($result);
        } catch (Exception $e) {
            echo 'Exception when calling CampaignApi->deleteCampaign: ', $e->getMessage(), PHP_EOL;
        }
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Good Times Plans to Open Eight Bad Daddy's Burger Bar in 2016
Good Times Restaurants Inc., operator of Good Times Burgers & Frozen Custard, a regional quick service restaurant chain focused on fresh, high quality, all natural products and Bad Daddy's Burger Bar, a full service, upscale concept, announced its preliminary unaudited financial results for the first fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2015.
Key highlights of the company's financial results include:
Same store sales for company-owned Good Times restaurants increased 4.8 percent for the quarter on top of last year's increase of 8 percent, which makes 22 consecutive quarters of same store sales growth.
Same store sales for company-owned Bad Daddy's restaurants increased 6.5 percent for the quarter.
Total revenues increased 76 percent to $13,838,000 for the quarter.
Restaurant Level Operating Profit (a non-GAAP measure) for Good Times restaurants increased $60,000 or 5.8 percent over last year for the quarter.
The company opened two new Bad Daddy's restaurants during the quarter and has opened one additional restaurant after the quarter ended.
Sales for the Bad Daddy's restaurants for the quarter were $6,709,000 and Bad Daddy's Restaurant Level Operating Profit (a non-GAAP measure) was $976,000 or 14.5 percent as a percent of sales.
Adjusted EBITDA (a non-GAAP measure) for the quarter increased 109 percent to $245,000 from $117,000 for the quarter.
The company ended the quarter with $9 million in cash.
Boyd Hoback, president and CEO says, "We continue to make good progress in both brands and in laying the foundation for accelerated growth. Our growth in Good Times' same store sales this quarter represents a three year compound growth rate of approximately 33 percent, so we are obviously very happy with that and, as expected, our growth rate is moderating to the low to mid-single digits."
Hoback concludes, "We have opened three new Bad Daddy's restaurants so far this fiscal year. While it's still early, we are pleased with the performance of the new stores and anticipate that the average sales of the three new stores opened so far will meet or exceed the average sales of the system, with two above and one below that average."
The Company currently anticipates and reiterates the following for fiscal 2016:
Total revenues of around $67 million to $69 million.
Total revenue estimates assume same store sales growth of approximately 4 percent for the Good Times concept and low single digits for the Bad Daddy's concept.
General and administrative expenses of approximately $6.1 million to $6.2 million, including around $800,000 of non-cash equity compensation expense.
The opening of one Good Times restaurant.
The opening of eight Bad Daddy's restaurants (three have already opened, and one restaurant is expected to open on February 15, one in late March, and three during the balance of the fiscal year).
Total Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $4.2 million to $4.5 million.
Restaurant pre-opening expenses of around $2.6 million to $2.7 million.
Capital expenditures (net of tenant improvement allowances) of approximately $10 million to $11 million.
Bad Daddy's Burger Bar
POS/Computer Systems/Software
TouchBistro is an all-in-one POS and restaurant management system that makes running (more)
Ergo Chef, LLC
4 Eagle Road
SabreTooth Technologies LLC.
4214 Beechwood Dr # 102
Since 1988, SabreTooth Technologies has been the back of house software solution for (more)
Robust Promotions
164 S Myrtle Avenue, Suite 1


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text:
Q: Android HttpGet: What are the exceptions should be check before execute the request? Update:
String xmlList = null;
            // defaultHttpClient
            DefaultHttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();
            try {

                HttpGet request = new HttpGet(URL);
                HttpResponse response = null;
                response = httpClient.execute(request);
                //HttpResponse httpResponse = httpClient.execute(request);
                HttpEntity httpEntity = response.getEntity();
                xmlList = EntityUtils.toString(httpEntity);

             }
            catch (MalformedURLException e) {
                xmlList = "URL: is a malformed URL";
                e.printStackTrace();
            } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
                xmlList = "URL: UnsupportedEncodingException";
            } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
                xmlList = "URL: ClientProtocolException";
            } catch (SocketTimeoutException  e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
                xmlList = "URL: SocketTimeoutException";
            } catch (ConnectTimeoutException  e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
                xmlList = "URL: ConnectTimeoutException";
            } catch (IOException e) {
                xmlList = "URL: IOException";
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            finally {
                httpClient.getConnectionManager().shutdown();
            }
            // return XML
            return xmlList;

UPDATE END
i am building an app that reads data from website and i would like to know what are the exception should be check before  execute the request?
the exceptions i am thinking of:
1) bad url
2) host not responding
3) time out
....
....

here is my code:
DefaultHttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();
HttpGet request = new HttpGet(SongsManager1.URL);
HttpResponse response = null;
response = httpClient.execute(request);
//HttpResponse httpResponse = httpClient.execute(request);
HttpEntity httpEntity = response.getEntity();
xmlList = EntityUtils.toString(httpEntity);

A: You can check if there is network connectivity and if not display a message to the user that whatever the app tries is not possible.
But any further checking is unnecessary since you see what you get from the result of your query: Exceptions (e.g. bad url, timeout, ..), status codes, etc.

A: You could do the following checks,

*

*ClientProtocolException

*IOException - This internally catches a lot of exceptions. You can check out the details in the android docs

*URISyntaxException

You can do an network connectivity check before sending the request. Details are there in the link provided in zapl's post.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


American Book Award winner Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni is a master of many different genres. Her hit novels to date include The Mistress of Spices (1997), Sister of My Heart (1999), One Amazing Thing (2010), and Oleander Girl (2013). Studios have optioned many of Divakaruni's works for films or television, including a big screen adaptation of The Mistress of Spices in 2005. She is also an accomplished poet, playwright, and an award-winning author of short stories and teen literature. Divakaruni's short fiction and essays have appeared in more than 50 publications. Her newest novel, Before We Visit the Goddess, is set in India and Texas – two places she has lived in and knows intimately. It explores the bounds of multi-generational and transcontinental bonds, twinned themes that have become the author's hallmark. It charted high on bestseller lists in both the United States and India.


Crime victims often suffer trauma. How does this affect their memory and development of post-traumatic stress? This presentation reviews major theories of trauma and memory and interventions to help victims. Presented by Danielle Hett, MSc, a PhD candidate at the University of Birmingham School of Psychology and a member of the Crisis, Disaster and Trauma BPS section.


text:
Natalya V. Kovtun
Doctor of Philology, Professor, V.P. Astafiev Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University.
Education and Degrees
Doctor of Sciences (Philology), Tomsk State University (2005)
Candidate of Sciences (Philology): Herzen Russian State University (1995)
Diploma: Krasnoyarsk State University (1986)
Academic Title: Professor (2013)
"Russian culture and literature of the 20th century", "Postmodernism esthetics", "Ideology and myth poetry of traditionalist prose", "Utopia / anti-Utopia in modern Russian prose", "Types of art creativity: a utopia and anti-Utopia (the 20th century)", "Russian literature of the 20th – 21st centuries".
Supervised six Candidate dissertations.
The author of 251 publications, including 238 scientific works: 19 monographs, 13 methodical works, including 5 tutorials used in teaching practice.
N.V. Kovtun gave lectures at Vilnius University (Lithuania), the University of Zagreb (Croatia), the University Rome III (Italy), Friedrich Schiller University, Jena (Germany), the Siedlce University (Poland), the University of Pisa (Italy), the Jagiellonian University (Krakow, Poland), Wrocław University (Poland).


text:
Pop Culture Club
Pop Culture Club fosters culture of critical thinking, inclusivity
Pop Culture Club president Sabrina Melki (left) and treasurer Leyshell Williams say the club has helped them thrive outside of their comfort zones.
The new president of CCRI's Pop Culture Club describes it as an eclectic blend of "everything nerdy" – a club that tiptoes the fine line of culture acceptance, covering everything from Star Trek and anime to Harry Potter and "Exploding Kittens" (that's a card game, for those not in the know.)
The club encourages students from all walks of life to share their interests and learn what inspires others in a judgment-free zone aimed at connecting the dots between what they love and what they learn in the classroom.
It's an all-encompassing club, one that might not target a specific group of students, but helps fill in the cracks for those who haven't quite found the right fit.
"When we hear students say, 'I don't know where I belong,' we say, 'You belong with us,'" said club president Sabrina Melki, a first-year student originally from North Carolina. "We're just trying to keep everyone open-minded to everyone's differences."
The club began last spring as the brainchild of its inaugural president, Logan England, who approached psychology Associate Professor Rachel Rogers about the idea of a weekly meeting for students to apply certain elements of pop culture to what Rogers and other professors were teaching on campus.
Rogers, who often draws from outside influences in her curriculum, loved the idea and helped the students launch the club last fall.
"It was exactly the kind of thing I like about psychology, that you can find a connection from what you enjoy – your hobbies and interests – to what you're learning in the classroom," Rogers said. "I wanted to support that."
In addition to weekly meetings, students from the Pop Culture Club also organize fundraisers. Last semester, they hosted a toy drive to collect stuffed animals for Scares That Care, a charitable organization that fights childhood disease and illness. They also teamed with CCRI's Anime Club during the spring for a bake sale to raise money to research recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, a rare skin disease that claimed the life of England's daughter, Cassie, in 2014 at the age of 16.
They're also planning a quidditch tournament fundraiser this fall based on the fictional sport popularized in the Harry Potter series.
Beyond the charitable endeavors, the Pop Culture Club is fostering a culture of critical thinking, which Rogers hopes will keep students more engaged in the classroom. Melki and fellow member Leyshell Williams, the club's treasurer, find examples of art imitating life, both past and present.
At one recent meeting, they watched a 1968 episode of "Star Trek" that featured what is believed to be American television's first on-screen interracial kiss. They discussed the reaction during that era – according to actress Nichelle Nichols, who locked lips with William Shatner in the now infamous scene, television executives wanted to film an alternate version to avoid upsetting Southern affiliates – to how interracial relationships are perceived in pop culture today.
"Back then, that was huge," said Melki, who is African-American and Lebanese. "Nowadays, it's nothing."
They also discussed the depiction of deity in media by watching episodes of the popular television series "Supernatural" and "Lucifer," comparing how God and Lucifer are portrayed differently in each show.
Characters from the Marvel and DC Comics series, both in print and film, are popular talking points among club members, too, because, Melki said, some of the recent rebranding efforts are aimed toward a more modernized version of the average consumer.
Spider-Man, for example, is no longer depicted in the Marvel Universe by Peter Parker, whose character was killed off in 2011 and replaced by Afro-Latino teenager Miles Morales, created by writer Brian Michael Bendis with inspiration from former U.S. President Barack Obama and actor Danny Glover.
Morales' introduction received a mixed reception among readers and critics, prompting The Washington Post to publish an editorial titled, "Sorry, Peter Parker. The response to the black Spider-Man shows why we need one."
The character of Ms. Marvel, created in 1977, is now depicted by fictional Pakistan-American teenager Kamala Khan from Jersey City, who made her first appearance in the Marvel Universe in 2013. Twenty-five years ago, DC Comics introduced Static, a black superhero whose real-life identity is teenager Virgil Hawkins, named after the civil rights pioneer who fought to desegregate Florida schools after the University of Florida in Gainesville denied his application in 1949 because of his skin color. The character gains his superpowers after getting doused with experimental chemicals in a gang war.
The storylines, Melki said, tackle modern-day issues all genders and races face and help readers identify with the characters on a more personal level. The 2018 blockbuster film "Black Panther," based on the popular Marvel Comics character, depicts its lead antagonist, Erik Killmonger, as an outsider in the fictional African nation of Wakanda despite being African-American. It's a cultural trend both Melki and Williams can relate to; Williams is Indian and African-American.
"When you look at Killmonger, you see somebody who is biracial. He is half Wakandan and half African-American. He truly doesn't fit in with either one and, as biracial females, we agreed we never fit in," Melki said.
"I never fit in with my Lebanese side because I'm too black and she never fit in because she is too Indian and our black sides were like, 'You guys are too light.' Watching that show, we saw the tribalism within Wakanda and we saw the problems in America biracial people have as well. It was nice to see that being relayed to adults, teenagers and even some children. It's good to have that representation for children who are African-American because they have a superhero that looks like them.
"Kids can look at a comic book and go, 'Oh, my gosh! I look like him!' and that's important."
Melki and Williams both grew up in North Carolina, but never crossed paths until they met each other through the Pop Culture Club.
Melki, who was diagnosed with high-functioning autism as a youth, attended Mary E. Phillips High School, an alternative education school in Raleigh. Williams briefly attended Jaunita Sanchez in Providence. Both endured bullying for what they loved. Melki graduated but admits she was "scared" to attend college until she visited CCRI.
"You knew when you go somewhere and you don't fit in right? When I walked into CCRI, I felt a bit of warmth," Melki said. "No one here was judging me. They were here to help me, support me and get me to where I need to be."
Williams, 21, ultimately dropped out of Juanita Sanchez, but earned her GED® credential before enrolling at CCRI. Like Melki, she's embraced the college experience and has found a home away from home within the Pop Culture Club.
"I grew up where a lot of people don't understand the same things as me, so to find people who like the same things as me has been great," Williams said. "I really wasn't sure how I would like college. I definitely didn't like high school, so if I could find people that actually liked the same things as me and find out the school is really inclusive in that, it was important to me."
Joining the Pop Culture Club has helped both Melki and Williams thrive outside of their comfort zones without fear of being harassed or ridiculed. Their goal is to extend the same olive branch to those looking for a stimulating conversation or just a place to enjoy what they love among others willing to listen.
No matter your vice, the Pop Culture Club has an open seat for you to share your passion, find out what drives others and think outside the box. It's a melting pot of ideas, beliefs and backgrounds, bringing diverse students together to laugh, learn and ultimately help others along the way.
"We're definitely up for debates on all kinds of issues. We don't shame anybody. We're open," Williams said. "I definitely think it's a good thing, even if you only stop by for one meeting or you come every other meeting. This is a definitely a nice community to be a part of."


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I strive to take such an approach with my writing, purposely leaving few words to convey the essence of a poem. I yearn for readers to, even if for an instance, grasp the manner in which I express my honest emotions to the world, day to day. I want you to understand me, almost silently.
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In a more fragile European context, strong and stable partners like the UK should not be sidelined, writes François Le Goff.
When French President Emmanuel Macron addressed the European Parliament in April, he offered a broad definition of Europe that not only paid tribute to its democratic values and respect for the rule of law but also to the "diversity of ideas, languages and landscapes" that made it so unique in the world.
These were the key components of European identity, he told MEPs, and in the Western world Europe's longstanding international commitment to environmental, health and climate protection distinguished it quite clearly from allies such as the US. There was therefore no identity crisis for Europe as its distinctive traits were firmly established.
This is all very welcome and the question that then comes to one's mind is where the UK features in this encouragingly broad vision? Could one of the oldest modern democracies, known for its openness and tolerance towards other cultures and distinctive entrepreneurial spirit, be confined to Europe's outer circles post-Brexit? If diversity and democratic values are an integral part of the European DNA, Britain would surely have a full role to play in it.
However, many on the continent and in France in particular continue to take a narrow view of Britain's future relationship with the EU. Recent comments by the EU's Brexit negotiator Michel Barnier about the UK's restricted access to the Galileo space programme post-Brexit are, in that sense, a concern. Participants from both sides of the Channel shared this concern during the Club of Three's annual Plenary meeting in Paris at the end of May.
The EU is right to stick to its treaties and fundamental principles. But it should also start to be more inclusive where possible and put more emphasis on Europe's core values. The rapidly changing European context warrants a major rethink. These values are being challenged from within: Hungary is increasingly moving towards an authoritarian system and Poland is under EU investigation over its compliance with the rules of law. If this trend is to be confirmed, how could such countries still be EU Member States while the UK would languish at Europe's periphery? The answer of course is not more exclusion but greater inclusiveness, dialogue and encouragement.
Times have changed since the election of President Macron in France. In May 2017, the EU looked safe and was looking forward to a brighter future after the traumatic outcome of the EU referendum in the UK. Angela Merkel was set to be re-elected as German chancellor and the Euro crisis, also still dormant, seemed to be under control. Britain, however, appeared in trouble and deeply embroiled in internal arguments over its future relationship with the EU.
But the far-right's rise to power in Austria and, more recently, Italy is a vivid reminder that the populist threat has not gone away. This has left the French President rather isolated in Europe and the worrying prospect of a more fragmented European Parliament following next year's election will not make his task of rallying Europeans easier. The biggest threat is now coming from Italy where the Five-Star/Lega government has fuelled fresh and very serious concerns about the Eurozone and put the fragile EU deal on migrants in jeopardy.
In this new context, Europe will need to rely on strong and stable partners like the UK who have the same core values and have showed great resilience over the years despite its current problems with Brexit and uncertain future. It would be a strategic error to limit its role to just a handful of issues such as defence and security. The UK's expertise in areas including energy, environmental protection, scientific research, digitalisation and finance cannot be ignored. It has and will continue to contribute significantly to Europe's standing in the world vis-à-vis major powers such as China and the US.
François Le Goff is General Secretary of the Club of Three. The views and opinions expressed in this article are personal.


text:
Chiu is a romanization of various Chinese surnames, based on different varieties of Chinese. It may correspond to the surnames spelled in the following ways in Mandarin pinyin:
 Zhào () or Zhāo (), from the Cantonese pronunciation
 Zhāng (), from the Hokkien pronunciation; more commonly spelled Teoh or Teo
 Zhōu (), from the Hokkien pronunciation
 Qiū () or Qiú (), from a variant of the Mandarin Wade–Giles spelling Ch'iu
 Jiù (), from the Mandarin Wade–Giles spelling

Notable people
 Angie Chiu (; born 1954), Hong Kong actress
 Only Won (born Baldwin Chiu, 1974), American musician, actor, and producer
 Chiu Ban It (;  – 2016), Singaporean Anglican bishop
 Barbara Chiu, Canadian table tennis player
 Ben Chiu (; born 1970), Taiwan-born American technology entrepreneur
 Bondy Chiu (; born 1973), Hong Kong actress and singer
 Bryan Chiu (born 1974), Canadian footballer; centre in the Canadian Football League
 Caroline Chiu (; born 1984), Hong Kong swimmer
 Chiu Chang (; born 1950), Taiwanese Democratic Progressive Party politician
 Chiu Chi-ling (; born 1943), Hong Kong actor
 Chiu Chih-wei (; born 1972), Taiwanese Democratic Progressive Party politician
 Chiu Ching-chun (; born 1949), Taiwanese Kuomintang politician, magistrate of Hsinchu County
 Chiu Chuang-chin (; born 1956), Taiwanese Democratic Progressive Party politician
 Chiu Chuang-huan (; born 1925), Taiwanese politician, Vice-Premier from 1981 to 1984
 Chiu Chuang-liang (; born 1955), Taiwanese Democratic Progressive Party politician
 Chiu Chui-cheng (), Taiwanese politician, Mainland Affairs Council member
 Chiu Chun Kit (; born 1983), Hong Kong football defender
 Connie Chiu (born 1969), Hong Kong-born Swedish fashion model
 David Chiu (politician) (; born 1970), American politician in California
 David Chiu (poker player) (; born 1960), American professional poker player
 David Jung-Kuang Chiu (1936–2006), American academic
 Deacon Chiu (; 1924–2015), Hong Kong businessman
 Donna Chiu (; born 1965), Taiwanese singer
 Frederic Chiu (born 1964), American concert pianist
 Chiu Fu-sheng (; born 1947), Taiwanese real estate developer and film producer
 Gian Chiu (born 1989), Filipino basketball player
 Chiu Hin Chun (; born 1994), Hong Kong rower
 Chiu Hin-kwong (; born 1928), Hong Kong doctor and politician
 Hong-Yee Chiu (; born 1932), Shanghai-born American astrophysicist
 Chiu I-huan (; born 1990), Taiwanese football striker
 Chiu Kuo-cheng (; born 1953), Taiwanese general
 Chiu Jeng-jiann (), Taiwanese politician, Deputy Minister of Science and Technology
 Chiu Keng Guan (), Malaysian film director
 Kim Chiu (; born 1990), Filipina actress
 Melissa Chiu (born 1972), Australian museum curator
 Paul Chiu (; born 1947), Taiwanese Kuomintang politician
 Chiu Ping-kun (; born 1964), Taiwanese athlete and judge in the sport of archery
 Prince Chiu (; born 1989), Taiwanese singer
 Roy Chiu (; born 1981), Taiwanese actor
 Rebecca Chiu (; born 1978), Hong Kong professional squash player
 Samson Chiu (), Hong Kong film director
 Sharlene Chiu, Canadian television reporter
 Chiu Tai-san (; born 1956), Taiwanese Democratic Progressive Party politician
 Tom Chiu (; born 1971), Taiwan-born American music composer and violinist
 Chiu Tsui-ling (; born 1994), Taiwanese singer in Japan
 Chiu Tzu-tsung (), Taiwanese politician, Atomic Energy Council member
 Wah Chiu (), Hong Kong-born American biophysicist
 Chiu Wen-ta (; born 1950), Taiwanese medical educator and politician
 Chiu Yi (; born 1956), Taiwanese Kuomintang politician, member of the Legislative Yuan for Kaohsiung
 Chiu Yi-ying (; born 1971), Taiwanese Democratic Progressive Party politician
 Chiu Yu-hung (; born 1994), Taiwanese football goalkeeper
 Chiu Yu Ming (; born 1991), Hong Kong football goalkeeper

Fictional characters
 Chiu, net idol alter ego of Chisame Hasegawa, from the manga/anime franchise Negima!
Candy Chiu, a character from Gravity Falls

See also

Chew (disambiguation)
Chic (disambiguation)
Chik (disambiguation)
Chu (disambiguation)

References

Chinese-language surnames
Multiple Chinese surnames

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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