text:
Erguotou () is a Chinese liquor. It is a type of light-aroma baijiu made from sorghum. The most famous brands are Red Star (红星, Hóngxīng) and Niulanshan (牛栏山), both from Beijing. It is available in various strengths, the average being 50% alcohol by volume or 100 proof.

"Red Star was the first distillery formed in the People's Republic [of China]" In 1949, many of the old distilleries had either been destroyed in the civil war or gone out of business, so it was a group of twelve former baijiu distilleries that came together to form the new 'Red Star' distillery. "Red Star master blender Wang Qiufang watered down the èrguōtóu from the standard 68 percent alcohol level to a more palatable 65...a Japanese Communist who fought against his compatriots in World War II designed the label, which also remains more or less unchanged."

The name "second distillation" [二锅头] indicates its level of purity. It is a clear, potent spirit and takes six months to produce. It is one of the most commonly drunk baijiu in Beijing, and thus has a deep cultural association with China's capital and beyond. According to Drunk in China author Derek Sandhaus, it is considered "the Coca-Cola of baijius".

See also
Baijiu
Maotai

References

Baijiu
Chinese distilled drinks
Beijing cuisine

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Published: Apr 10 at 12:09 p.m.
Updated: Apr 10 at 1 p.m.
Breakfast can be so much more than bacon and eggs. Luckily there are many exceptional breakfast restaurants dishing up inventive plates to awaken your palate. Here are five breakfast spots that elevate the most important meal of the day.
With a small, hyper local menu that changes frequently, Dartmouth's Cafe Good Luck regularly impresses with unique tales on breakfast. I'm quite partial to their breakfast salad but the recent savoury porridge bowl changes everything. Wild rice porridge with creamed kale and mustard greens, bacon, a poached egg, pea shoots, and herbs is exactly the kind of breakfast that celebrates spring.
Though a few menu items remain consistent (namely the widely popular McCoastal breakfast sandwich, the peanut butter, banana and bacon Elvis waffle and, my personal favourite, the fried chicken durty bird sandwich) the Coastal Cafe is known for its inventive and crazy delicious menus. Where else are poached eggs served on a maple coffee bacon jam and gruyere melt or French toasted brioche tossed in cinnamon sugar, strawberries, graham crunch, and whipped mascarpone?
You know a good breakfast restaurant when it's incredibly hard to decide what to order. Such is the case at Black Sheep where gnocchi with duck confit, chocolate babka French toast and even breakfast poutine are on the menu. But the front runner for inventive breakfasts may be the falafel waffle, a spiced chickpea waffle topped with whipped tahini, avocado, pickled salad, date molasses and a poached egg. Yes please.
One of the newest to the brunch game (yes, it's sadly only available on the weekends) is beer bar Hopyard. Their brunch menu, like their regular menu, is full of interesting flavour profiles. Dishes like the pork belly sweet potato hash with salsa verde or the breakfast bowl with hash, eggs, bacon, rise and grind sauce, Cheerio brittle and crispy kale. The vegan bagel and lox made of cured carrot may be the most intriguing.
I've already expressed my love for the cilbir, a Turkish dish of poached eggs in garlic yogurt with fresh chimichurri and spicy Aleppo pepper butter, but the Robie Street Station has all the ingredients for a unique breakfast. Get pulled pork with your remedy breakfast or pull from the lunch menu and fulfil that fried chicken sandwich breakfast dream.
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Integrative therapy in North Palm Beach refers to therapy in which elements from different types of therapy may be used. Therapists 'integrate' two or more therapeutic styles (e.g. Cognitive and Family Systems) to bring about a personalized and practical approach to healing. These North Palm Beach integrative therapy Therapists practice an integrative therapy style.


What is a defence witness?
A trial usually involves Magistrates or a jury hearing evidence firstly from the prosecution witness (which may include the "victim" of an alleged crime, eye witnesses and police officers). This is because the prosecution are bringing the case.
On the conclusion of the prosecution case the court would usually next hear evidence from the person (or persons) accused of the crime.
The next event would be to hear from any defence witnesses.
All witnesses should be treated professionally and with respect, no matter which "side" is calling them to give evidence.
As a witness, you are helping to ensure that justice is done. If you know something about an incident you may be asked to give evidence in court for the prosecution or defence.
If you know one of the people involved in a case, you may be asked to provide evidence as a character witness, usually by the defence. Your evidence can be crucial to the outcome of the case.
As a prosecution or defence witness attending court, you can receive free help and support from the Witness Service, which has staff and volunteers in every Crown Court and magistrates' court in England and Wales.
In the preparation of the case you will usually have provided a statement setting out what you can recall. Two copies of this will be sent to you, one for signature and one for you to retain.
There is no requirement for your statement to be sent to the prosecution or the court in advance of any trial hearing. Occasionally the defence will send a statement to the prosecution if it is likely that the evidence contained in it can be agreed. This means that the paper statement can be read to the court.
It is very unusual for the evidence of a defence statement to be agreed by the prosecution.
Usually therefore the only way that the information within the statement can be presented at court – is if you attend court to give evidence.
What will happen at court?
You will have been advised in advance of the day and time you will be required to attend. This is to try and ensure that you are kept waiting for as short a period of time as possible. The Witness Charter suggests that the aim should be to keep any waiting period under 2 hours if at all possible.
When you enter the court building, court security officers will carry out searches on all court users, including witnesses. They may ask you to remove all items from your pockets, and place them in a tray – along with any bags, to go through an x-ray machine. They will then ask you to walk through a metal detecting arch – before running a wand over you.
They can ask anyone who may disrupt court business or pose a threat to the safety of other court users to leave the premises.
Before you enter the courtroom (where circumstances permit) the defence lawyer or representative will introduce themselves to you and will answer any practical questions you may have.
There are sometimes delays which are unavoidable and a defence representative, or HMCTS staff will keep you updated where possible.
It is recommended that you make arrangements in case delays do occur (e.g. bring reading materials, make childcare arrangements).
What will happen when you give evidence?
The Court Usher will show you to the witness box.
You will be expected to give your name in court when you give evidence. Judges, magistrates and HMCTS staff will only require you to disclose your address in open court if it is relevant to the case.
You should stand up but if you have a difficulty you may ask the Magistrate or Judge if you can sit down.
If you feel unwell or become upset at any point while giving evidence you should tell the Judge or Magistrates.
If at any stage you do not understand the question you should make this known to the questioner or the Judge or Magistrate.
The defence lawyer will start asking you questions.
After you've given evidence for the defence, you will be asked questions by the prosecution lawyer. This is called cross-examination.
It's their job to try to present a different version of events and they may challenge what you have already told the court. If you don't understand a question, feel upset by their questions or feel unwell, you should say so. The magistrate or judge might let you have a break before you carry on. You can ask for a drink of water or a tissue if you need one.
If you want to leave the court building, for example to get some fresh air, you should let the defence representative know, and ensure that they have a contact number for you.
You shouldn't go too far away in case you're needed back at short notice.
You're free to go after you've given evidence. You can stay to watch the rest of the trial if you're aged 14 or over.
You mustn't discuss anything you said or heard in court with other witnesses who haven't given their evidence yet. This includes talking about it on social media sites like Twitter of Facebook.
You can claim expenses for going to court to give evidence – you need to request a form to fill in. Make sure you keep receipts for expenses (e.g. parking) – you'll need to hand these in with the form.
Find out how much you can claim on GOV.UK.
You won't usually be able to claim expenses if you're a character witness.
You also won't be able to claim expenses if you attend court but refuse to give evidence.
At Morton's Solicitors, we have a specialist team of criminal defence solicitors and we are always happy to answer any questions you might have. Call 0161 477 1121 for more details.


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text:
Obesity in French Inmates: Gender Differences and Relationship with Mood, Eating Behavior and Physical Activity
Aude Lagarrigue,
Affiliation CHU Rangeuil, Service de médecine légale et médecine en milieu pénitentiaire, Toulouse, France
Soufiane Ajana,
Affiliations INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219-Bordeaux Population Health, Bordeaux, France, Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219- Bordeaux Population Health, Bordeaux, France
Lucile Capuron,
Affiliations INRA, Nutrition et neurobiologie intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France, Univ. Bordeaux, Nutrition et neurobiologie intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
Catherine Féart,
Marie-Pierre Moisan
* E-mail: Marie-Pierre.Moisan@inra.fr
Aude Lagarrigue Soufiane Ajana ... Marie-Pierre Moisan
Inmates, notably women, are at greater risk for obesity and metabolic complications than the general population according to several studies from high income countries. Data regarding French correctional institutions are lacking so far. To fill this gap, we have assessed in a sample from a French prison (33 females and 18 males) the gender-specific effect of incarceration on weight and body mass index (BMI) and examined their current metabolic status. Furthermore, to reveal the possible determinants of increased obesity, we analyzed emotional vulnerability, eating behavior and physical activity using self-reported questionnaires.
In this sample, obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2) was already frequent in women (18.2%) but rather scarce for men (11%) at prison entry. Incarceration worsened the rate of obesity in both genders (21.2% and 16.7% respectively). At the time of study, abdominal obesity estimated through waist circumference was particularly prevalent in women (69.7%) versus men (27.8%) and metabolic syndrome was detected in 33% of female against none in male inmates. Abdominal obesity was associated with female sex (p<0.03), low physical activity (p<0.05) and eating disorder (p = 0.07) in univariate analyses. Low physical activity remained significant as an explanatory factor of higher abdominal obesity in multivariate analysis. A marked difference between genders was found for practice of physical activity with a higher proportion of women compared to men being inactive (37.9% vs. 11.8%) and fewer women being very active (17.2% vs. 41.2%).
This study revealed that a significant proportion of women of this correctional institution combined established obesity, a metabolic syndrome and very little practice of physical activity which put them at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Thus, obesity should be better surveyed and treated in prison, especially for female inmates. Increased physical activity, adapted to obese women, would be the first mean to decrease obesity and gender differences.
Citation: Lagarrigue A, Ajana S, Capuron L, Féart C, Moisan M-P (2017) Obesity in French Inmates: Gender Differences and Relationship with Mood, Eating Behavior and Physical Activity. PLoS ONE 12(1): e0170413. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170413
Editor: Yvonne Böttcher, University of Oslo, NORWAY
Received: July 26, 2016; Accepted: January 4, 2017; Published: January 19, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Lagarrigue et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: Data access has been restricted by the Ethics Committee. Data are available from the CHU Toulouse Institutional Data Access / Ethics Committee for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data. Request should be sent to the Ethics Committee president: Dr Ségolène CLAEYSSENS claeyssens.s@chu-toulouse.fr. Medical data are limited to CHU Toulouse or a specific authorization to the commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (https://www.cnil.fr) is required.
Funding: This study was supported mostly by grants from Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), program "Défi genre" and by a grant from Sodexo Justice Services to MPM. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Among the most prevalent non-communicable diseases, obesity and diabetes are reported as major problems for the general population and represent thus important public health issues. Unhealthy diets and inadequate physical activity are the main factors contributing to overweight, obesity and type 2 diabetes [1]. Some populations are particularly vulnerable to these disorders. For instance, inmates are often mentioned, especially women. A recent systematic review including 13 studies with a total of 46711 prisoners (39631 [85%] men and 7080 [15%] women) reported that male prisoners were less likely to be obese than males in the general population (prevalence ratio ranged from 0.33 to 0.87, except one study in USA 1.02) whereas female prisoners were more likely to be obese than non-imprisoned women (prevalence ratio 1.15 to 1.18 except one study in UK 0.70) [2].
So far, there is no study interested on the relationship between incarceration and overweight, obesity or weight change in French correctional institutions. Consequently, the effect of gender on this relationship is still unknown. However, in the general French population, obesity rate is higher in women than in men and increases more rapidly in women (from 8.3% in 1997 to 15.7% in 2012) than in men (8.8% in 1997 to 14.3% in 2012) [3]. For both sexes, obesity rate is inversely proportional to income level, reaching 24.1% in the poorest part of the population. Obesity increases gradually with age, peaking at 19.5% between age 55–64 with no more gender difference after 55 year of age [3]. Given that most prisoners come from the poorest and most marginalized sections of the society and since the incarcerated population is aging, prisoners may be at greater risk for obesity and its complications, especially women. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a pilot study in a French correctional institution to assess the effect of incarceration on weight and obesity status and to investigate the influence of gender. Furthermore, to study the possible determinants of increased weight and obesity parameters we analyzed emotional vulnerability, physical activity and eating behavior in the same enrolled participants. We found that indeed a large proportion of incarcerated women of this French prison are obese with metabolic complications. Lack of physical activity appears as a major explanatory factor.
The study was conducted from September 2012 to September 2013 in inmates from the adult correctional institution of Seysse's, France, a facility that holds individuals before trial or sentencing, or individuals serving short sentences (less than 1 year). There were on average, during the study period, 46 female inmates in this prison, who were all informed of the study by mail and during a medical visit conducted by the physician investigator (AL). The study was then proposed to a sub-sample of male inmates that match the recruited women in terms of age, length of incarceration and judiciary status (detainee vs. sentenced). Pregnant or breast-feeding female subjects were excluded from the study. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant. The study was approved by the local research ethic committee of Rangeuil hospital, Toulouse, France in July 2012 (project # 38–0712).
All participants were given the questionnaires related to mood, coping strategies, traumatic history, eating behaviors and physical activity with the instruction to fulfill the documents alone. Later on, they were called for a specific medical visit where the physician investigator collected the filled questionnaires, as well as demographic (age, marital status, number of children, educational attainment, previous occupation), judiciary (length of incarceration, detainee vs. sentenced status, presence of subsequent offence, work in prison, indigence, number of visit per month) and clinical/medical information (smoking, drug addiction, alcoholism, presence and type of specific diet, previous medical history, medication before and since incarceration). During this visit, the weight, waist circumference (WC) and arterial pressure of study participants were measured and a blood sample was drawn by a nurse for further biological assessments (i.e. presence of metabolic syndrome). For the weight, the participants were without clothes and fasted. The height was checked with a height wall gauge. WC was measured as the minimum value between the iliac crest and the lateral costal margin using a meter tape. Blood pressure was measured once, after a rest. Participants were fasted overnight before the blood sampling. The height and weight of each participant when entering prison were measured at prison entry and available to the physician from the prison's medical records.
Weight and metabolic parameters.
Body mass index (BMI) when entering prison and BMI at the time of the study (i.e., during incarceration) were calculated from measured height and weight and individuals were categorized as underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<25 kg/m2), overweight (25 kg/m2≤BMI<30 kg/m2), or obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Abdominal obesity was defined by a WC ≥ 80 cm for women and WC ≥ 94 cm for men, as per International Diabetes Federation (IDF) [4]. Weight change was calculated from weight measured at prison admittance and current weight at the time of the study. Fasting glycemia, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), triglycerides (TG), LDL- and HDL- cholesterol were measured from the subjects' blood samples by routine electrophoresis (HbA1C) or enzymatic (Glycemia, TG, HDL/LDL) analyses. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the criteria provided by the IDF [4], i.e. abdominal obesity plus any two of the following criteria: raised TG≥1.7 mmol/l, reduced HDL cholesterol <1.29 mmol/l in females, <1.03 mmol/l in males, raised systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg or diastolic ≥85 mmHg, raised fasting glucose ≥5.6 mmol/l. Presence of atherogenesis was estimated by an atherogenic index (ratio of total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol) over 4.5.
Mood symptoms and emotional vulnerability.
Psychometric self-report questionnaires were used to assess depressive symptoms, anxiety, traumatic history and coping strategies. The intensity of depressive symptomatology was evaluated with the French version of the 13-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) [5]. BDI scores can be categorized as follows: 0–3 = no, 4–7 = light, 8–15 = moderate ≥16 = severe depressive symptoms. Trait and state anxiety were assessed using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Y form (STAI-Y) [6]. The scale STAI Y-A evaluates "state anxiety" defined as a transitory emotional state whereas the scale STAI Y-B evaluates "trait anxiety" defined as a personality trait considered as being a relatively stable tendency "to perceive stressful situations as dangerous or threatening, and to respond to such situations with elevations in the intensity of state anxiety reactions". The following median norms were used to classify the participants: STAI-B = 40 in women, STAI-B = 35 in men [7]. History of trauma was determined using the traumatic history questionnaire (THQ), a history collection instrument that explores various types of trauma (general traumatic life events, crimes, physical/sexual trauma) [8], and coping strategies were measured with the French version of the 29-item Ways of Coping Checklist [9]. Norms for each dimension of these questionnaires were defined as early reported (8, 19).
Eating behaviors.
The French version of the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns (QEWP) was used as a continuous score with a score above 8 indicating binge eating disorder, as earlier proposed in a non patient community sample [10]. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) was used to evaluate 3 distinct factors of eating behavior: food restriction operated by the subject (restrained eating), emotional eating and externality (sensitivity to external cues), each expressed as continuous scores [11]. The norms for this test in females/males were for restrained eating: 2.49/1.84, for emotional eating: 2.06/1.72, for external eating: 2.68/2.64.
Physical activity.
Physical activity was assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short version. Scoring was performed following recommendations published on www.ipaq.ki.se (guidelines for data processing and analysis). Continuous scores were expressed as MET level x minutes of activity x events per week where MET = metabolic equivalent task, a physiological measure expressing the energy cost of physical activities. The 3 categories, inactive, minimally active and very active (or HEPA for health enhancing physical activity) where determined as recommended (www.ipaq.ki.se).
Sociodemographic, judiciary, clinical and physical characteristics were described by their medians, interquartile range (IQR) and distributions. We firstly compared these characteristics based on gender, and then between participants without (i.e. control) and with abdominal adiposity (i.e. those with a WC over the sex-specific thresholds) using the Mann Whitney Wilcoxon's test (due to the sample size) and Chi-Square or Fisher's exact tests when appropriate. Spearman correlations were performed between the various psychological assessments.
The sample size being too small for a regular logistic regression, multivariate exact logistic regression was used to identify the socio-demographic, judiciary, clinical and physical variables that were independently associated with prevalence of abdominal adiposity. The variables included in this analysis were those associated with abdominal adiposity at p≤0.05 in crude univariate analysis, except sex to avoid over-adjustment (i.e. WC is defined by sex-specific thresholds). We chose this threshold (p≤0.05) because we did not have enough power (only 51 observations available) to run an exact logistic regression on a higher number of covariates. IPAQ categories and QEWP scores were both maintained as the 2 main explanatory variables in the regression model. IPAQ categories were preferred to IPAQ MET continuous score because of the highly asymmetric distribution of this continuous score. The SAS statistical package (Version 9.3 SAS Institute) was used for these analyses.
Characteristics of participants and gender differences
Demographic and judiciary data.
Characteristics of study participants are shown in Table 1. Among the 46 women imprisoned at the time of the study, 3 were pregnant, 1 was retained in disciplinary district and 9 refused to participate, resulting in 33 female volunteers. Only 18 men, matched to women for age, judiciary status and duration of incarceration, were enrolled, mainly due to a lack of interest for the study. The median age of the cohort was 41 y (IQR 14 y), 54.9% of inmates were sentenced and the median duration of incarceration was 10 months (IQR 26 months) with no statistical difference between genders as ensured by the study design. There were no statistical gender differences for education level, familial status or number of children. A large proportion of female (69.7%) and of male (50.0%) inmates was regular smokers. The same percentage of female and male inmates worked in prison (61%). First incarceration and the number of visit per month from family or friends were more frequent in women but not statistically different from men.
PowerPoint slide
Table 1. Characteristics of study participants regarding demographic and judiciary data.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170413.t001
Weight parameters and metabolic syndrome.
At the time of prison entry, 24.2% of females and 16.7% of males were overweight, and 18.2% of females and 11.1% of males were obese (Fig 1A). Between prison entry and the time of the study, only a small majority of inmates of both sexes gained weight (57.6% of women and 55.5% of men in a range from +1.3% to +45.8%). Among the individuals who increased the most their weight (over 20%), 2 women and 1 men were underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) when entering prison and 1 male inmate probably gain lean mass rather than fat mass because his HDL cholesterol was high (2.1 mM), his WC was only 96 cm and he was classified as highly physically active following the IPAQ test. Additionally, more men lost weight (33%) than women (21.2%) in a range from -1.6% to -15.1%. In both sexes, there was no association between weight gain and the duration of incarceration (Fig 1B).
Fig 1.
Body Mass Index (BMI) in kg/m2 (A), weight change (B), abdominal obesity (C), and metabolic syndrome (D) in participants. White squares = women, black diamond = men, * individual underweight on prison reception.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170413.g001
Between prison entry and the time of the study the percentage of overweight participants increased from 24.2% (8/33) to 30.3% (10/33) in women and decreased from 16.7% (3/18) to 11% (2/18) in males while obesity increased from 18.2% (6/33) to 21.2% (7/33) in women and from 11.1% (2/18) to 16.7% (3/18) in men (Fig 1A).
A large gender difference was observed for WC: 69.7% (23/30) of female vs. 27.8% (3/18) of male inmates (p = 0.0004) being above thresholds considered for abdominal obesity (Fig 1C). Additionally, 33.0% (11/33) of women vs. 0% of men had metabolic syndrome (p = 0.005) (Fig 1D). Eight of these 11 women with metabolic syndrome are regular smokers (72.7%). An atherogenic index over 4.5 was present in 27.5% of inmates regardless of gender. Five of the women with the metabolic syndrome (45.5%) also had an atherogenic index above 4.5. Of note, among the 11 female subjects presenting a metabolic syndrome, only 1 woman was declared diabetic with a specific diet provided to her as well as statin medication.
Mood impairment, emotional vulnerability and eating behavior.
Study participants scores for the psychometric tests are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Study participants' scores for the psychometric tests.
Both women and men displayed high depressive and anxiety symptoms compared to norms but there was no statistical difference between genders for Beck, STAI-A & -B scores. Trait and state anxiety measures were highly correlated (STAI-A and STAI-B scores, r = 0.83, p<10−6) and both were also positively correlated to Beck scores (r = 0.68, p<10−6 for Beck-STAI-A and r = 0.77, p<10−6 for Beck-STAI-B). When classified according to severity score, 24.2% of female and 33.3% of male inmates had severe depressive symptoms (Beck score ≥16). Regarding coping strategies, equivalent scores were found between genders for each dimension. Interestingly, for both genders, scores were more elevated in the coping dimensions of planful problem solving and escape avoidance. For trauma history, there was no statistical difference between gender for total number of events of each trauma type, although the average number and frequency of each type of physical and sexual assaults experienced by imprisoned women were always higher than for imprisoned men (e.g. "unwanted intercourse/sex" 46.9% vs. 5.5%, "being beaten" 43.8% vs. 33%).
The QEWP test revealed a non-significant trend (p = 0.08) for higher eating disorder in women compared to men (2.0 vs. 1.0 for continuous score). Binge eating disorder (BED, QEWP score >8) was present in 27.3% of women and 11.0% of men, which is elevated compared to a nonpatient community sample where less than 5% reached this score of 8 [10]. In this study the gender difference was not statistically significant. No gender differences were detected for any of the three dimensions evaluated by the DEBQ although women tended to score higher than men for each dimension. QEWP score were positively correlated with depressive (r = 0.31, p<0.05) but not anxiety symptoms. QEWP scores were also positively correlated with DEBQ emotional and external eating scores (r = 0.29, p<0.05 for both) and close to significance for restrained eating (r = 0.26, p = 0.07).
A marked difference was found for physical activity between genders (Table 3). Higher scores in men were particularly significant for total MET scores (p = 0.007) and for time spent walking per day (p = 0.01). There was also a trend for number of days per week doing intense activity (p = 0.09). When physical activity was considered as categories (Fig 2), a trend for gender differences is also observed (p = 0.08): a higher proportion of women compared to men were inactive (37.9% vs. 11.8%) but fewer women were very active (17.2% vs. 41.2%). Among the 11 women with metabolic syndrome, 10 are classified as either inactive or minimally active (90.9%) after IPAQ test.
Fig 2. Participants distribution in IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) Categories.
HEPA = Health Enhancing Physical Activity.
Table 3. Physical activity estimated by IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) scores.
Association of adiposity with mood, eating behavior and physical activity
As shown in Table 4, inmates with abdominal obesity (n = 26) were more often women (p≤0.003), and had a significantly lower total IPAQ MET score (IPAQ MET: p = 0.03) than the others (n = 25). Moreover, inmates with abdominal obesity displayed higher systolic blood pressure (SBP: p = 0.05), higher LDL cholesterol (LDL: p = 0.07), higher restrained eating (DEBQ restrained eating: p = 0.06) and higher QEWP score (p = 0.07) with borderline significance compared to inmates without abdominal obesity.
Table 4. Characteristics of inmates stratified according to risk waist circumference (WC), risk WC = 1 when WC≥ 80 cm for women and WC≥94 cm for men.
Regarding determinants significantly associated with abdominal obesity in univariate analysis, we have performed multivariate analysis to identify those which were independently associated with abdominal obesity. In this analysis, IPAQ and QEWP were considered as main explanatory variables. After a backward elimination procedure, abdominal obesity was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure independently of IPAQ categories (Table 5). Indeed, a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity was observed with higher blood pressure (p = 0.03) and IPAQ inactive category (p = 0.04), while QEWP scores were not associated with abdominal obesity (p = 0.30) in the fully adjusted model.
Table 5. Association of abdominal obesity with physical activity (IPAQ category), eating disorder (QEWP score) and blood pressure (SBP).
This study shows that at entry into prison, women and men are frequently diagnosed as obese, as already reported by Herbert et al, 2012 [2] for high-income countries. At the time of study the prevalence of obesity had increased for both women and men. These data underline that the issue of obesity was already present in these women before entering prison and that incarceration worsens the prevalence of obesity, especially in men. Our data also show that participants underweight at prison entry gained weight following imprisonment pointing to a positive effect of incarceration on these subjects' weight. A significant proportion of women lost weight (21.2%). Among those, 2 were obese and 2 others had a high WC (≥80), the rest lost little weight (2 or 3 kg) and none become underweight, again suggesting that incarceration improved the weight status of some subjects. Potential reasons may be a better balanced diet through the provided meals and limited snacking outside the meals for these subjects.
Regarding the scarce literature on this topic, the proportion of overweight or obese women in our study (51,2% with BMI>25) is in the lower range of what was found in the most recent surveys for female inmates in Spain (59.1%,[12]) and Australia (58%,[13]) and considerably lower than in USA (70%, [14]) but higher than in the study done in UK (40% after 1 month of incarceration [15]). A more recent longitudinal study from a statewide department of corrections in the east south central region of USA (2715 men and 217 women) found that prisoners' BMI gain across a 7-year period was particularly high in women, change in BMI for female prisoners being on average 5.34 while only 0.67 in male prisoners [16]. The comparison with the present study is difficult because the duration of incarceration was much variable in this French cohort. However, the maximum of BMI change found was 0.45 in one of the woman, again arguing for much less weight gain than in USA. In any case, in our study and abroad, a large proportion of imprisoned women were overweight or obese before prison and imprisonment worsens their weight.
Besides BMI, WC was measured to estimate abdominal obesity because the latter is more deleterious for health than peripheral obesity. Women appeared to present considerably higher prevalence of abdominal obesity than men but close to French norms (i.e. 67.6% for women and 52.3% for men using the same thresholds). In the recent Spanish survey [12], abdominal obesity was also found considerably higher in female inmates compared to males: 54.4% of women had a risk waist circumference against 15.2% of men, using thresholds from US National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). With these norms, 48.4% of the imprisoned women and 5.5% of men of this study's sample are above the thresholds for cardiovascular risk, while in the French population there are 43% of women and 27% of men above these thresholds [3]. These observations were reinforced by analyzing the presence of metabolic syndrome which, again, is elevated in imprisoned women but not in men of this study's sample. Conversely, cardiovascular risk estimated by the atherogenic index was equivalent in male and female inmates of this study's sample while in the Spanish survey it was present in 44.4% of men and 23.9% of women. The present study probably underestimates obesity and its complications in men but confirms that cardiovascular- and diabetes-risk associated obesity is particularly high in imprisoned women. Because these data were not available from subjects at prison admittance we cannot conclude whether abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome have appeared during incarceration or not.
No gender differences were observed for depressive and anxiety symptoms and no relationships were found with either obesity or metabolic parameters. For both sexes, these scores are high compared to the norms from healthy populations. Similarly, neither gender differences nor correlation with obesity were found for each coping scores or for the number of traumatic events experienced by female vs. male subjects or inmates with abdominal obesity vs. non-obese subjects. Absence of gender differences for emotional traits was unexpected since the prevalence of mental illness was already reported as higher in female than in male prisoners for depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder [17,18,19]. This apparent discrepancy can be explained by various factors: (i) the size of the enrolled male sample is small and a bias towards highly depressive and anxious men may have occurred (ii) different psychometric tools were used to assess depressive and anxiety symptoms across studies (iii) there is no published data from French prisons to date. The lack of association between mood and obesity may stem from a ceiling effect with all inmates having such high depressive and anxiety symptoms, poor coping and heavy trauma history that obesity cannot be discriminative.
Eating behavior evaluated by the QEWP questionnaire revealed a tendency for higher eating disorder in imprisoned women vs. men, both having higher scores of binge eating disorder than the norms. Inmates with abdominal obesity had also a clear tendency for higher scores of eating disorder than those without abdominal obesity although in multivariate analysis QEWP scores alone did not explain abdominal obesity.
There was no gender differences for eating behavior evaluated through the DEBQ although women scored higher for emotional and restrained eating and less for external eating. Interestingly, inmates with abdominal obesity showed a tendency for higher restrained eating.
The positive correlations found between BED, depressive symptoms and emotional eating is often found in obese patients with BED. Indeed, negative emotions, tension and instability are antecedents of binge eating which is for the subjects intended to serve the function of reducing negative emotions [20]. Restrained eating is also often encountered in obese persons that overeat after a period of slimming when the resolution to diet is abandoned [11].
Finally, physical activity was found to be a major factor explaining both gender differences and abdominal obesity. IPAQ total Met scores medians are over 2 times lower in women than men and also over 2 times lower in inmates with abdominal obesity compared to participants without abdominal obesity. The factor IPAQ category remains significant as an explanatory factor of abdominal obesity in multivariate analysis. The data collected suggest that most women are inactive or minimally active while most men are either minimally active or very active. Although the variability is high within genders, women spend less time walking and do less intense physical activities. The opportunity for prisoners to exercise takes place either during the time they are allowed to go for a walk in the prison yard, twice a day for 1 hour, or during organized sport programs occurring once or twice a week for 2 hours and on a voluntary basis. The present findings suggest that women would do less walking during their time out in the prison yard and that they would not engage as much as men into sport programs to do intense physical activities. Few studies have looked at physical activity in prison and the relationship with overweight or obesity. In their systematic survey, Herbert et al [2] reported on six studies (4 in Australia and 2 in UK) that adequate physical activity (over 150 min per week) is achieved in Australian but not in UK prisons for both male and female inmates. In the Spanish survey, sedentary life (<30 min physical activity per day) was found linked to diabetes prevalence in prison [12].
We acknowledge several limitations to our study. First, the size of the population is small, particularly for men. We were unable to recruit a representative male population from the same institution or even an equivalent absolute number, mainly because male inmates were not interested in the study. Nevertheless, we decided to present the gender differences observed as an indication for further studies. Second, our findings are based on data from a single French prison located in the south western part of France. Variability in several of the assessments done in this study probably exists between correctional institutions. Regarding overweight and obesity, this part of France is less affected than the general French population [3] which suggest that the present observations will presumably be more alarming in other institutions. A third limitation is that our data are based on self-report and, as such, raises the possibility of under-reporting because of social desirability concerns. Again, if a social desirability bias was operating, the present results would be all the more alarming. Fourth, we have not examined the energy intake of the inmates. Meals are provided by the prison and the content is highly controlled to offer a balanced nutrition but there are no differentiations between men and women who are both served a diet of ~2400 kcal/d. Inmates eat in their cell, on their own for most women. In addition, inmates can purchase food at the prison store. Thus, the energy intake is variable between prisoners but probably above needs for most of them.
This study provides new data highlighting obesity as a health problem in women incarcerated in a French prison. The population studied is small but it has the advantage that multiple confounding factors were considered. Obesity is an issue before incarceration in women and is aggravated after, although moderately in this sample compared to other high-income countries. In addition to obesity, metabolic syndrome, binge eating and a high level of anxio-depressive symptoms are present. Since smoking is frequent and the practice of physical activity low, these women are at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Physical activity seems to be the major difference with male prisoners. Therefore, increased physical exercise, if well suited for obese women, combined with a healthier nutrition encouraged by nutritional education, appear as factors on which interventions should be focused.
The authors wish to thank Anne-Marie Devreux and Françoise Moos for their support and interesting discussions on the study.
This study was supported mostly by CNRS, program "Défi genre" and by a grant from Sodexo Justice Services.
Conceptualization: AL MPM.
Data curation: AL SA LC CF MPM.
Formal analysis: SA LC CF MPM.
Funding acquisition: MPM.
Investigation: AL MPM.
Methodology: SA LC CF MPM.
Project administration: AL MPM.
Resources: AL MPM.
Supervision: AL MPM.
Validation: AL MPM.
Visualization: MPM.
Writing – original draft: AL MPM.
Writing – review & editing: AL SA LC CF MPM.
1. Beaglehole R, Bonita R, Horton R, Adams C, Alleyne G, et al. (2011) Priority actions for the non-communicable disease crisis. Lancet 377: 1438–1447. pmid:21474174
PubMed/NCBI
2. Herbert K, Plugge E, Foster C, Doll H (2012) Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in prison populations worldwide: a systematic review. Lancet 379: 1975–1982. pmid:22521520
3. ObEpi (2012) OBEPI: Enquête épidémiologique nationale sur le surpoids et l'obésité. INSERM/KANTAR HEALTH/ROCHE
4. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J (2006) Metabolic syndrome—a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med 23: 469–480. pmid:16681555
5. Collet L, Cottraux J (1986) [The shortened Beck depression inventory (13 items). Study of the concurrent validity with the Hamilton scale and Widlocher's retardation scale]. Encephale 12: 77–79. pmid:3743520
6. Spielberger CD B-SM, Paulhan I, editor (1993) Inventaire d'Anxiété Etat-Trait Forme Y (STAI-Y). Paris: Les Editions du Centre de Psychologie Appliquée. 68 p.
7. Bergua V, Meillon C, Potvin O, Bouisson J, Le Goff M, et al. (2012) The STAI-Y trait scale: psychometric properties and normative data from a large population-based study of elderly people. Int Psychogeriatr 24: 1163–1171. pmid:22436140
8. Green BL, editor (1996) Psychometric review of Trauma History Questionnaire (Self-report). Lutherville, MD: Sidran.
9. Paulhan I, Nuissier J, Quintard B, Cousson F, Bourgeois M (1994) [The measurement of "coping". French translation and validation of the Vitaliano's scale (Vitaliano et al. 1985)]. Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 152: 292–299.
10. Spitzer RL, Yanovski S, Wadden T, Wing R, Marcus MD, et al. (1993) Binge eating disorder: its further validation in a multisite study. Int J Eat Disord 13: 137–153. pmid:8477283
11. van Strien T, Frijters J. E. R., Bergers G. P. A. and Defares P. B. (1986) The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. Int J Eat Disord 5.
12. Vera-Remartinez EJ, Borraz-Fernandez JR, Dominguez-Zamorano JA, Mora-Parra LM, Casado-Hoces SV, et al. (2014) [Prevalence of chronic diseases and risk factors among the Spanish prison population]. Rev Esp Sanid Penit 16: 38–47. pmid:25072788
13. Indig D, Topp, L., Ross, B., Mamoon,H., Border BK, S. McNamara, M. (2009) NSW Inmate Health Survey: Key Findings Report. Justice Health Statewide service, NSW Health.
14. Khavjou OA, Clarke J, Hofeldt RM, Lihs P, Loo RK, et al. (2007) A captive audience: bringing the WISEWOMAN program to South Dakota prisoners. Womens Health Issues 17: 193–201. pmid:17572105
15. Plugge EH, Foster CE, Yudkin PL, Douglas N (2009) Cardiovascular disease risk factors and women prisoners in the UK: the impact of imprisonment. Health Promot Int 24: 334–343. pmid:19854844
16. Gates ML, Bradford RK (2015) The impact of incarceration on obesity: are prisoners with chronic diseases becoming overweight and obese during their confinement? J Obes 2015: 532468. pmid:25866674
17. Fazel S, Danesh J (2002) Serious mental disorder in 23000 prisoners: a systematic review of 62 surveys. Lancet 359: 545–550. pmid:11867106
18. Drapalski AL, Youman K, Stuewig J, Tangney J (2009) Gender differences in jail inmates' symptoms of mental illness, treatment history and treatment seeking. Crim Behav Ment Health 19: 193–206. pmid:19533597
19. Binswanger IA, Merrill JO, Krueger PM, White MC, Booth RE, et al. (2010) Gender differences in chronic medical, psychiatric, and substance-dependence disorders among jail inmates. Am J Public Health 100: 476–482. pmid:19696388
20. Nicholls W, Devonport TJ, Blake M (2016) The association between emotions and eating behaviour in an obese population with binge eating disorder. Obes Rev 17: 30–42. pmid:26644173
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It's pretty clear to most people what Missouri laws mean by speeding. If you're speeding, you're going faster than the legal speed limit. In reckless driving, speed may or may not be a factor. But it goes beyond that simple definition. What is it? Here are some facts to help you understand the difference between speeding and reckless driving.
How Does Missouri Define Reckless Driving?
In Missouri reckless driving laws, there actually is not a law that uses the term "reckless driving." Instead, Missouri driving Missouri law uses the term "careless and imprudent." It's a vague law, but it's based on the idea that every driver should drive in a prudent manner.
Prudent is a synonym of wise. Imprudent driving, on the other hand, is careless driving or dangerous driving. Missouri uses the word prudent to define driving that meets the following criteria.
Drivers must operate their vehicles in a careful and prudent manner.
Drivers must drive at a safe speed.
Drivers must drive with the intent not to endanger people or property.
So, who decides when you are driving imprudently, not just speeding but reckless driving? It's up to the law enforcement officer to make that call. It's strictly a judgement call, since there is no specific action that always breaks this law.
What Happens If Your Get Caught?
Getting caught for careless and imprudent driving can have serious consequences. If you plead guilty or are convicted, you'll take a 4-point hit to your driving record. Is reckless driving a misdemeanor? Yes, careless and imprudent driving alone is a Class B misdemeanor. If you have an accident due to careless driving, that's a Class A misdemeanor.
Then, what is reckless driving ticket cost beyond the damage to your license? A reckless driving penalty can be up to a 6-month jail term and fines up to $500 if you don't have an accident or up to a 1-year jail term and fines up to $1,000 if you do have an accident.
In addition, your insurance rates will likely go up. If you get a traffic ticket for careless and imprudent driving and you have a CDL, you could lose your commercial driver's license and possibly your job.
The rules for careless and imprudent driving are vaguer than those for an ordinary speeding ticket. What's more, the penalties can vary widely from case to case. So, it makes sense to talk to a traffic lawyer in Kansas City, Missouri who can explain your situation and help you decide what to do next. In reality, speeding and reckless driving are both offensives you want to keep off your record. Call me if you have any questions.
Next PostWhat Cars Get Pulled Over the Most for Traffic Tickets?


text:
Become an SOT
(Class 2 or 3)
Step-by-step guide to becoming an Special Occupational Taxpayer (SOT) and working with NFA firearms
Guide Description
This guide walks you through every step to become a Special Occupational Taxpayer (SOT). Unlike other guides, however, it doesn't just tell you the steps to fill out an application. Instead, this RocketFFL guide also educates you about the many requirements of being an SOT and it helps you make some important decisions along the way. In other words, it helps you to become an SOT the RIGHT way!
This guide has four chapters, each with their own lessons. For a full break-down of the contents of this guide, see the Curriculum below. The four chapters are:
Introduction,
Taxpayer Requirements,
Registration, and
NFA Compliance
Each lesson in these chapters is broken down into an easy-to-digest way.
If you'd like to sample some of the lessons, I've made them free for you to review - just click on the free trial button above! You can check out lesson 1.3 Background for an example of important, but dry, information distilled into just what you need to know. You can review lesson 1.4 Classes of SOT if you're still wondering whether becoming an SOT is right for you. And, you can preview lesson 2.1 Taxpayer Identity to learn how SOTs are treated by the ATF and some introductory requirements.
Add the Get Your FFL Guide
You must have an FFL in order to become an SOT. If you don't qualify for an FFL (you can determine this with the Get Your FFL free trial), then you won'e be able to become an SOT.
If you don;t have your FFL yet, you should consider taking the Get Your FFL guide along with this guide. If you bundle this guide along with the Get Your FFL guide now, you save $30! Get both guides together HERE.
Here's a note: notice that the guide is titled "Becoming an SOT" and not "Getting Your SOT." This is because an SOT is the type of taxpayer you become, it is not a thing that you "have" like an FFL. When others talk about "getting an SOT" or they "have their SOT," it's a sure sign that they don't really understand what is going on. Also, "Class 3" is one of the types of SOT you can become (dealers). Another type is "Class 2" (manufacturers). There's no such thing as a "Class 3 firearm!" Instead, that NFA firearm was made by a Class 2 SOT and is sold by a Class 3 SOT. These are just a couple of the many indicators that you're getting accurate professional information from RocketFFL.
Follow-up With Training
This guide provides you with a LOT of firearm compliance information - all of it created by an actual firearms attorney! In addition to the education you'll receive in this guide on the requirements of becoming an SOT, you'll also receive basic NFA firearms compliance training in Chapter 4, NFA Compliance. This chapter has three lessons:
NFA Compliance,
NFA Transfer, and
NFA Forms
Even with all of this training, it's still not enough to truly master firearms compliance. RocketFFL offers follow-on firearms compliance training courses that dive deeper into each area of FFL compliance. For example, this guide discusses the differences between certain NFA Forms and NFA Firearms. However, the follow-on course on ATF Compliance teaches you many of the nuances of when to use which form and special considerations for NFA Firearms that each would take an entire Chapter to discuss.
This is not an attempt to make you pay for the whole story. You're already getting more and better information than you can get anywhere else! Instead, it allows you to become an SOT and get started off on the right foot. Once you're ready to take, or have an employee take, a course in professional-level compliance training, we're here for you!
Get Updates Automatically!
If you sign up for and use this guide, you'll automatically get updated if/when things change in the future - this is true for all RocketFFL courses and guides!
Praise for this course:
Be the first to review this course.
Ryan Cleckner
info@rocketffl.com
A True Gun-Guy
Ryan Cleckner served as a special operations sniper team leader with the U.S. Army's elite 1st Ranger Bn. (1/75) on multiple combat deployments. Ryan is a graduate of the premier Special Operations Target Interdiction Course (SOTIC), among other military training courses, and has taught snipers and police sharpshooters from around the world. He is the best-selling author of the Long Range Shooting Handbook, he writes firearm related articles for RECOIL Magazine, GunDigest, and TheTruthAboutGuns.com, he hosts the Going Ballistic podcast and the Trigger Words Podcast, he has a number of instructional YouTube videos on long range shooting, and he can do this:
A Firearms Industry Expert
Ryan is a firearms attorney and a firearm industry executive. He managed federal government relations for the National Shooting Sports Foundation, he was a Vice President of Remington Outdoor Company (Remington Arms and Ammunition, AAC, DPMS, Bushmaster, Dakota, Marlin, and more) overseeing all firearm compliance matters, and he was a voting board member of the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturer's Institute (SAAMI). In addition to running RocketFFL and RocketCCW, he is also an attorney with the country's premier firearm compliance program, FFLGuard.
A Passion for Teaching
Ryan loves to teach. He taught for years as a sniper instructor and as adjunct faculty teaching outdoors-realted courses at a local college. In addition to his firearms compliance courses and FFL guides available through RocketFFL and his online firearm safety training for CCWs at RocketCCW, he continues to teach firearm-courses, write books and articles, host the Going Ballistic Podcast, and create videos. He also teaches Constitutional Law at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, AL.
15 Texts
1 - Introduction
1.1 - How to Use This Guide
1.2 - Summary
1.3 - Background FREE PREVIEW
1.4 - Classes of SOT FREE PREVIEW
2 - Taxpayer Requirements
2.1 - Taxpayer Identity FREE PREVIEW
2.2 - Locations
2.3 - Employees
3 - Registration
3.1 - Registration Process
3.2 - Complete Registration Form
3.3 - Registration Checklist
3.4 - Registration Submission
4 - NFA Compliance
4.1 - NFA Firearms
4.2 - Transfers
4.3 - Forms
5 - Receipt of SOT Registration
5.1 - Resources
Use your Call To Action description to encourage students to sign up for your course
ATF Compliance
Get Your FFL
Get Your FFL & Become an SOT - BUNDLE
© Copyright RocketFFL 2021


I just let Angel plant handfuls of nasturtium seeds last week from a bunch of leftover seed packets…maybe the rabbits will leave them alone.
Do you put them in salads, or just enjoy the colors?
I always plant some Nasturtiums. When the kids were little I would put a blossom on their plates and tell them it was dessert! I plant mine right in the sun. I used to only plant them in containers or window boxes, until I visited a lovely garden a few years back. She had them planted in her flower beds, and I love how they just filled in and meandered around the edges. I found a variety Peaches and Cream this year and it has beautiful green and white leaves. No flowers yet tho. Hope you and Angel have lots of blossoms!
The first time Hubby and I went to Giverney to see Monet's gardens, he took one look at at the nasturtiums trailing across the paths and said, " Can WE do that?" I laughed, wondering exactly what he meant by "we"… I have them somewhere in the gardens every year. They're great companions for thepole beans.
Wow, you have been to Monet's gardens! How amazing!
Edibles 🙂 – do you eat them?
Think I must find some of these – they really are pretty.
So easy to grow from seed, just push them into the soil!
Both the leaves and flowers are edible. I don't find the flowers to have a lot of flavor, but oh so pretty to top a salad, or plain old frosted cupcake! The leaves are slightly peppery! I saw Martha Stewart once put a tiny scoop of raspberry and orange sherbert onto a leave of Nasturtium. It was so pretty–never done it, but so remember it!! Funny!
Great ideas – love the cupcake one.


text:
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PlayersKyle Dagostino Finishes Fifth at the 2021 NORCECA Championship
This week's biggest news in volleyball came from the historic conclusion of the 2021 North, Central America, and Caribbean Volleyball Confederation (NORCECA) Championship. There the Puerto Rican Men's National Team took home their first NORCECA title. The team's first gold medal has also given them an automatic bid into Russia's 2022 FIVB World Championships.
The event also saw a momentous run from the Mexican national team taking home their third bronze medal, showing the program's growth. The Canadian men took home second, losing to Puerto Rico, and the USA took 5th.
BYU Alumni Opposite hitter Gabriel García was the kill leader for the championship match with 11 points, 10 kills, and one ace. While Cal Baptist alumni, Arturo Iglesias, was selected as MVP for his performance as the team's leading setter. The competing teams also had a great supporting cast of players from the NVA, with LA Blaze, Vegas Ramblers, OC Stunners, IE Matadors, and Southern Exposure being represented.
Southern Exposure saw their very own Kyle D'Agostino making his 6th appearance in an international tournament with Team USA. Since the 2021 NVA Championships in San Bernadino, Kyle has stayed in California, training with the national team in preparation for this event.
This NORCECA Championship team has been a dynamic mix of current alternatives to the USA. Olympic and VNL Teams, along with the top players from the USA. Collegiate Team. Led by captain Joshua Tuaniga, the event allowed veteran players such as Da'gostino, Tuaniga, and Jake Hanes to learn what it is like as the leaders of a national team. The shared experiences of this roster will be vital as the US looks to develop the future of USA Volleyball.
Moving forward, the USA still has Eric Shoji and Dustin Watten securing the starting libero position for the senior team. Still, Kyle Dagostino is right there as the next alternative. Along with Stunner's Josh Ayzenberg and LBSU's Mason Briggs in the wings, the future is bright for the United States defensive power for years to come.
NORCECA Championships: USA vs Guatamala
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wERYMflLoJc
NORCECA Main Website
https://www.norceca.net/
"Volley On With the NVA!"
– NVA Staff Writer
Tim Lourich Selected As the 2021 NVA Best Middle Blocker!
Uchenna Ofoha Begins His 5th Season With A New Team In France.
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The Waterfront Restaurant in Deal's Beachbrow Hotel, which has long been a favourite with anglers, will cook whatever guests catch - and is offering a third night free on midweek breaks.
Alaska's celebrated sights and wild wilderness will provide the backdrop for four brand-new Oceania Cruises' summer 2011 itineraries, featuring off-the-beaten-path ports of call and an 'Alaskan Immersion' collection of interactive shore excursions.
Golf and Gulf Coast fishing – a popular buddy-trip combination along the Gulf Shores of Alabama – is available again, thanks to an added eight-week season of recreational red snapper fishing.
With 35 holiday parks around the UK, Haven Holidays are renowned for their action-packed family holidays.
Aranui 3 are offering first timers and experienced fishermen - and women - alike the opportunity to fish the undiscovered tropical waters of French Polynesia around the remote island chains of the Marquesas and the Tuamotus.
Le Méridien Al Aqah Beach Resort will welcome back world-renowned British angler Martin James as he teaches his acclaimed fly-fishing academy at the resort from April 9 to 18, 2010, with a new course designed to teach children the basics of fly-fishing.
You can enjoy some of England's industrial heritage first hand when you stay at 'The Old Mill' at Rothbury in Northumberland.


These 10 games and interactive lessons will assist your kids and teens learn about money and enhance important expertise in financial literacy, a subject most school don't emphasize within the classroom. You probably have some fabulous items to auction off however wish to maximize the variety of bidders, then this can be a great solution to do it. That is also excellent for colleges since grandparents and remote members of the family also can join in the fun and raise money for an important trigger!
HubPages is free to join, and in case you maintain with it, you might be able to begin earning money from articles about a wide variety of subjects that you select. Gradual Money Institute is a 501 (c)(three) nonprofit organization registered within the United States. A particular characteristic of money plant is that it may grow in a water-stuffed container with none soil. The Cavern route has a Large Key chest (you'll come to treasure these afterward), two Small Key chests, enough money baggage that you won't miss the tree-stash a lot, and extra foes to battle, which means extra drops. For example, the U.S. authorities will exchange mutilated Federal Reserve notes (U.S. fiat money) if at least half of the physical note might be reconstructed, or if it may be otherwise confirmed to have been destroyed. It's SO necessary for youths to start studying how one can handle money at an early age.
If I need something, first I'll see if I can make it, if not then I'll see if I can get it free, both by asking individuals or skip diving, or go to a car boot sale, or trawl the charity retailers for it. There isn't any disgrace in shopping for second hand, there may be far too much stuff going into landfill, so if a brand new dwelling may be discovered for one thing that another person no longer needs, I am all for it.
Too many people suppose what isn't real and entire love is – in order that they find yourself marrying neither for mutual, real and complete love, nor money. In effect the banks at the moment are charging the client and the vendor for doing all the work for what amounts to giving banks money for nothing. After I don't acquired time to seize a present for somebody I usually give money inside an envelope. Our Ministry of Finance has outlined that it does not fit the definition of authorized tender, nor that of electronic money and that it needs to be thought-about a method of alternate. Because the money out there in society at all times corresponds to an actual loan, there is no such thing as a longer €100 but solely €80 euros obtainable.
Although many crops may be grown hydroponically, money plants can survive on the naturally occurring minerals in plain water, with out the addition of vitamins. In accordance with a preferred belief, a money plant loses its power whether it is grown from one's personal reducing.


From Russia: How About a Portable Nuclear Reactor – Massed Produced!
Hello, I was drinking my morning coffee and remembered an article from Russia Today that I read before bed last night. So I hunted it down and it was as good as I remembered. Russia it seems started an Idea back in 2006 and actually broke ground (So to speak) in 2007. Then the project … Continue reading From Russia: How About a Portable Nuclear Reactor – Massed Produced!


If you've been following my blog for a while, you probably know that when it comes to serums I tend to switch things up. A lot! Once I finish a bottle, I tend to try something else. Part of it is boredom, part of it is always wanting to see what the next best thing is. Unless the results are amazing, I will usually purchase something different. Well my friends, it has happened. I used up an entire bottle of the Sunday Riley Good Genes serum and I just repurchased my second bottle!! I know, I was shocked as well!
You've probably heard a lot of hype about this serum. Well, it's all true! The serum is packed with key ingredients that plump the look of fine lines to reveal brighter, renewed skin, and support natural circulation to create a smooth, vibrant complexion. It also helps restore damaged skin, reduce hyperpigmentation and scars, reduce the depth and number of lines and wrinkles, and increase skin firmness. Sounds great right? This serum does everything I mentioned above, but that's not the reason I repurchased it… well it's part of the reason. The main reason is that it has evened out my skintone. The difference is quite amazing. I still see some scaring, but my overall complexion is incredible. My skin looks more luminous and I don't even have to highlight as often now because it just glows. I use one pump every night and I feel that's enough to keep my skin looking great. It is a bit on the pricier side, but it really is worth it. A lot of hype yes… but there's a reason there's a cult following for this product. It's absolutely amazing.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Good Genes, serum, Skincare, Sunday Riley. Bookmark the permalink.
This has been on my wishlist for so long! You say you've tried lots of other serums – what would you say this is most comparable to? Or is it like a super mix of two or more?
Thanks I'll have to look that one up. I'm considering the Rodial Super Acids Daily Serum after trying a sample but want to make sure I make the right investment!
I've used a few things from Rodial and love every one of them. Let me know once you try the Super Acids Daily Serum.. would love to see what you think .


text:
Idioms by Topic
by hook or by crook
by any possible means
achieve something by any method available
reach your goal by any way necessary, be that good or bad
The farmer will not sell us the land. By hook or by crook, he is hanging on to it.
I have never met such a stubborn child. By hook or by crook, he will not apologise when he is naughty.
Ken is determined to hang on to his old banger of a car by hook or by crook.
She was going to beat this illness by hook or by crook.
She ultimately decides that she will win him by hook or by crook.
Sarah resolves to find her husband an organ donor by hook or by crook.
During a tough time, staying positive is difficult demand, but it must be done – by hook or by crook.
There is said to have been a medieval custom in England for the wealthy landowners to allow the workers and peasants to gather firewood from their forests. However, they were only allowed to take wood that they could reach will a hook (reaper's bill hook) or with a shepherd's crook.
The earliest example of the phrase in its original form comes from John Gower in Confessio Amantis (1390) when he wrote:
"What with hepe and what with croke they make her maister ofte winne."
(In medieval times, a curved bill-hook was known as a hepe).
In 1583 Philip Stubbes used the phrase in the more modern way in Anatomie of Abuses:
"Either by hooke or crooke, by night or day."
There is another suggestion to the history of this phrase, but the idiom predates these theories.
Used by Oliver Cromwell in the mid-1600s when talking about villages near Waterford in Ireland. On opposite sides of the Waterford, channels are the villages of Hook Head and Crooke. Cromwell apparently said that you could take Waterford 'by Hook or by Crooke' if you landed your army at one or other of these villages.
Selfish, Success
B Share your thoughts
call the shots ❯❮ big mouth
Add your thoughts Cancel reply
Write & Win
take for granted
Meaning: to underestimate the value of something or someone
Example: I took the weather for granted when I lived in America. Now I am struggling to get used to the cold. Read on
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the brains behind
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This beautiful Smart Cover, made of fine leather.
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text:
Q: Winsorizing grouped data (without NaNs) gives maximum above the required percentile I need to winsorize DataFrame with different groups. Nonetheless even after winsorization I receive maxima higher than the 99th percentile at which I winsorize. Do you know why is it the case? And how can I get maximum equal to the 99th percentile? Note that MWE does not contain any NaNs that played role here.
MWE adapted from this question:
from scipy.stats import mstats
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

def using_mstats_df(df):
    return df.apply(using_mstats, axis=0)

def using_mstats(s):
    return mstats.winsorize(s, limits=[0.01, 0.01])

N, M, P = 484, 1, 121
dates = pd.date_range('2001-01-01', periods=N//P, freq='D').repeat(P)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.random((N, M))
                  , index=dates)
df.index.names = ['DATE']
grouped = df.groupby(level='DATE')
sumstats = grouped.describe(percentiles=[.01,.02, .5, .98, .99])

mstats_result = grouped.apply(using_mstats_df)
wgrouped = mstats_result.groupby(level='DATE')
wsumstats = wgrouped.describe(percentiles=[.01,.02, .5, .98, .99])

# Check if winsrization worked as expected (==0)
# For N, M, P = 484, 1, 121 it is non-zero!
# For N, M, P = 10**3, 1, 100 it is indeed zero
diff = wsumstats.loc[:, (0,'max')] - wsumstats.loc[:, (0,'99%')]

where in my case diff yields (when N, M, P = 484, 1, 121):
DATE
2001-01-01    0.000030
2001-01-02    0.000330
2001-01-03    0.001215
2001-01-04    0.001268
dtype: float64

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


6 Days Beijing Panorama Tour,Beijing, China tours, China tour package.
This morning our tour will begin with a visit of the Tiananmen Square, the symbolical heart of China and gathering place for the masses. It is the biggest public square in the world, which can hold one million people. Then we will go on our city tour to visit the Forbidden City and experience the ancient Emperor's daily life. For 5 centuries Chinese emperors carried out their administration here. With almost 10,000 rooms, it was the centre of the Ming and Qing dynasties, a massive complex of palaces,pavilions, courtyards and gardens where 24 emperors used to live. Forbidden City was the largest palace in the world, and in the past it was indeed a forbidden place for commoners. Your tour here will include private access to the Emperor's palace.
After lunch, we will head to the Shichahai Area - the old part of Beijing. First you have a chance to visit the 300-year old courtyard for about one-hour. With the help of your English speaking tour guide, we will explains to you the detailed information of the old courtyard (Siheyuan ) about its history, its layout, its Fengshui, and its traditional Chinese culture involved. Hutongs are a kind of ancient city alley or lane and are very typical for Beijing. Most of them can be found close to the Forbidden City, and many were built during the three dynasties of Yuan, Ming and Qing. Today, the Hutong is a living museum of Beijing history showing the traditional lifestyle of Beijing people. You will take a pedcab and drive through the zigzag and narrow alleys or hutongs. Two people share one rickshaw. And then you can get to the Drum Tower. Ascending the 67-meter high and two-story Drum Tower dating from 1420 is sure to bring you back to the old Beijing by seeing the big drum tower and having bird's eye view of the surrounding communities of hutongs and siheyuan - existing traditional courtyards in Beijing.
After dinner, we will enjoy the famous Kung fu show in Beijing Red Theater. The show is called the Legend of Kung fu, it tells the story of a young boy, Chun Yi (the pure one), who in order to pursue spiritual and physical harmony, is apprenticed as a monk to learn Kung Fu. Along the way he overcomes obstacles, is distracted and tempted, but ultimately achieves the designation of master who will enlighten the younger generations.
Sightseeing: Mutianyu Great Wall, Beijing National Stadium (Bird's Nest/Olympic Stadium), National Swimming Centre ('The Water Cube'),Beijing Roast Duck Dinner.
After the first day experiencing, today we will be transferred to the surrounding countryside of Beijing and visit the Mutianyu Great Wall, the pride of China and one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Whereas Genghis Khan contemplated it as a military obstacle, Bill Clinton described it as an unbelievable achievement of the humankind. The hike takes about 2-3 hours. After lunch, continue to visit Changling, one of the 13 Ming Tombs the 13 emperors of the Ming.
On the way back to hotel, you will be driven to visit the main 2008 Beijing Olympic venues, take an exterior visit of both the Beijing National Stadium (Bird's Nest/Olympic Stadium) and the National Swimming Centre (The Water Cube), feel free to take some photos of the stadiums.
You will enjoy the world famous Beijing roast duck dinner at local restaurant, surely your tiredness will be driven away after the delicious dinner.
After lunch, we will continue by visiting the Summer Palace. Equally famous as the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace is called 'Yiheyuan' (Garden of Nurtured Harmony) in Chinese. Until nowadays, it is the best preserved and the largest imperial garden in China. You will regret it if you leave Beijing without having visited this grand imperial garden.
In the evening, we will enjoy the world famous Beijing Opera (Peking Opera) at Liyuan Theater. It is regarded as the national opera in China, which also has a complete system of stage performance compared with other 360 types of traditional dramatic forms in China. Since it has achieved the highest artistic accomplishments, it is the most influential and representative of all operas in China in the past 200 years.
Today, we will pay a full day visit to the Chuandixia ancient village - The village is located in the west area of Mengtougou District. It is well known for its well preserved over 600 Ming and Qing dynasty-style houses housed by 70 families. These houses are constructed on the side of a hill, surrounded by mountains and forests. You will feel the real Beijing farmers'lives while seeing the beautiful landscape at Ghuandixia village. You will taste the simple but tradition farmer's food at lunch and visit their houses.


Many people have a problem with their feet – they sweat a lot, especially during those warm, summer days. The worse thing is that those sweaty feet are the ideal target for many fungal infections.
However, there is one highly effective ingredient that can help you deal with this issue naturally and that is apple cider vinegar. The apple cider vinegar is actually a versatile item which you can often find at home.
It comes with potent antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties. That is why it can act as a good natural remedy when it comes to dandruff, allergies, and body odor.
According to Doctor NDTV although apple cider vinegar has an aroma which can be intolerable for some people, its many health benefits by using it on your feet exceed this disadvantage.
Surely you are aware that our feet have a lot of germs and they suffer from lack of oxygen since they are covered all day by their socks and shoes. This can be hard for the feet since it can cause fungal infection such as calluses, dry feet, and asperities.
Apple cider vinegar can help for this not to happen. Read on how to use apple cider vinegar to take proper care of your feet.
After a long busy day, you can use apple cider vinegar to relax your tired feet. In hot water, add one cup of apple cider vinegar, one cup of sea salt and one cup of Epsom salt.
Soak your feet in this mixture, and that will help you relax your feet and soothe your pain.
To eliminate the bad smell of the feet, you should soak them in a basin where you will add 1part of apple cider vinegar and 2 parts of water. Soak your feet in this mixture for 5 minutes on a daily basis.
In order to neutralize the odor, you can add baking soda or a couple of drops of thyme essential oil. You should know that when it comes to treating foot odor lifestyle choices matter as well.
For instance, you can wear shoes made of canvas or leather. Why? Because they let your feet to breathe in comparison to shoes which are made from plastic materials.
In addition, you should feel free to wear wool socks and breathable cotton.
In order to deal with this issue, you should mix equal amounts of apple cider vinegar and water and soak your feet in the mixture every day for around ten minutes. Perhaps this can help with this problem.
Apple cider vinegar comes with potent anti-fungal properties, and they can help in case of toenail fungus.
You should mix 2 parts of water and 1 part of apple cider vinegar and soak your feet in this mixture. Soak them for around 15 minutes on a daily basis.
In order to treat the dry areas, soften the dry areas and exfoliate the skin you should soak your feet in apple cider vinegar for around 45 minutes. Then you should gently scrub your dry areas with the help of a pumice stone, and you should moisturize them.
It is said that the acidity of apple cider vinegar might help eliminate calluses and warts.
In order to do that you must soak your feet in a foot basin with hot water for 5 minutes. After that you should soak them in apple cider vinegar but this time for 15 minutes. After, dry them thoroughly.