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Article| April 01 2017
Health Risk Behaviors With Synthetic Cannabinoids Versus Marijuana
Heather B. Clayton, PhD;
Heather B. Clayton, PhD
aDivision of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention,
Address correspondence to Heather B. Clayton, PhD, MPH, Health Scientist, Survey Operations and Dissemination Team, Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE Mailstop E-75, Atlanta, GA 30329. E-mail: hhc9@cdc.gov
Richard Lowry, MD;
Richard Lowry, MD
Carmen Ashley, MPH;
Carmen Ashley, MPH
Amy Wolkin, DrPH;
Amy Wolkin, DrPH
bOffice of Applied Research, Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response, and
Althea M. Grant, PhD
cOffice of Noncommunicable Diseases, Injury, and Environmental Health, Office of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose.
Pediatrics (2017) 139 (4): e20162675.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2675
CME Quiz Close Quiz
Heather B. Clayton, Richard Lowry, Carmen Ashley, Amy Wolkin, Althea M. Grant; Health Risk Behaviors With Synthetic Cannabinoids Versus Marijuana. Pediatrics April 2017; 139 (4): e20162675. 10.1542/peds.2016-2675
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Data are limited on the behavioral risk correlates of synthetic cannabinoid use. The purpose of this study was to compare the behavioral risk correlates of synthetic cannabinoid use with those among marijuana users.
Data from the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a cross-sectional survey conducted in a nationally representative sample of students in grades 9 through 12 (N = 15 624), were used to examine the association between self-reported type of marijuana use (ie, never use of marijuana and synthetic cannabinoids, ever use of marijuana only, and ever use of synthetic cannabinoids) and self-report of 36 risk behaviors across 4 domains: substance use, injury/violence, mental health, and sexual health. Multivariable models were used to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios.
Students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids had a significantly greater likelihood of engaging in each of the behaviors in the substance use and sexual risk domains compared with students who ever used marijuana only. Students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids were more likely than students who ever used marijuana only to have used marijuana before age 13 years, to have used marijuana ≥1 times during the past 30 days, and to have used marijuana ≥20 times during the past 30 days. Several injury/violence behaviors were more prevalent among students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids compared with students who ever used marijuana only.
Health professionals and school-based substance use prevention programs should include strategies focused on the prevention of both synthetic cannabinoids and marijuana.
Adolescent Health/Medicine, Substance Abuse
What's Known on This Subject:
Although the effects of synthetic cannabinoids are similar to marijuana, synthetic cannabinoids can be more potent and may result in adverse health effects not commonly observed with marijuana. Information on synthetic cannabinoid use among high school students is limited.
What This Study Adds:
This study contributes to the limited epidemiologic data on synthetic cannabinoid use among high school students. Furthermore, this study shows that synthetic cannabinoid use is associated with a higher prevalence of health risk behaviors than observed with marijuana use alone.
Synthetic cannabinoids, frequently referred to as "synthetic marijuana" by the general public, are a group of compounds that produce an effect similar to the psychoactive ingredient in cannabis (tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]).1,–3 In contrast to marijuana, synthetic cannabinoids are not derived from a plant; instead, the compounds are synthesized in a laboratory. Although the effects of these synthetic compounds may be similar to the natural THC compound in cannabis, they may be more potent and can result in adverse health effects not commonly seen with THC.1 According to data from poison centers in the United States, the use of synthetic cannabinoids has resulted in tachycardia, drowsiness/lethargy, nausea, vomiting, agitation/irritability, hypertension, chest pain, hallucinations/delusions, confusion, and dizziness/vertigo.3,–5 Severe effects that have been noted include seizures, permanent cardiovascular damage, renal damage, stroke, psychosis, paranoia, aggression, anxiety attacks, dependence, and death (through suicide, adverse reaction, or overdose).1,4,6,–11 The toxic effects of synthetic cannabinoids result from the type, mixture, and amount of product used.12 Furthermore, producers of synthetic cannabinoid products frequently change formulas to avoid detection and regulation,4 so a user's experience with synthetic cannabinoids can vary over time.13,14
Synthetic cannabinoids have been marketed as herbal incense and may be available for purchase through gas stations, headshops and other specialized stores, as well as the Internet.1,3,4,15 Users of synthetic cannabinoids have cited several motivations for use, such as an expectation that it may provide a more intense high than that experienced with marijuana, affordability, ease of access, to avoid detection from standard drug tests, and the belief that it is safe.13,16,17 Unfortunately, deceptive marketing techniques, such as labeling synthetic cannabinoids as a safe and "natural" blend of herbs, have been used, which gives users the false impression that synthetic cannabinoids are a safe drug alternative.15
To date, few epidemiologic data on the use of synthetic cannabinoids among adolescents and young adults have been available.1,18 Available research comes from case studies, poison center, and emergency department data, which have sought to describe the adverse outcomes associated with the use of synthetic cannabinoids.3,–5,13,19 To our knowledge, only 1 study, which used the nationally representative Monitoring the Future (MTF) data to explore the use of synthetic cannabinoids among 12th-grade high school students, examined behavioral correlates of synthetic cannabinoid use in an adolescent population.1 That study reported that past-year use of synthetic cannabinoids was 10.1% and that the use of synthetic cannabinoids was correlated with other substance use behaviors such as ever use of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, and other illicit drugs.1 Unfortunately, because the MTF study does not collect data on other behavioral domains such as sexual health, injury, violence, and mental health among the sample of 12th-grade students, researchers have not been able to explore associations between other health risk behaviors and synthetic cannabinoid use among high school students.
The 2015 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) included, for the first time, a measure of ever synthetic cannabinoid use among high school students. The inclusion of this variable allows for an exploration of behavioral correlates of synthetic cannabinoid use among students in the United States. This study has 2 primary objectives: (1) to identify behavioral correlates of ever synthetic cannabinoid use and (2) to compare observed behavioral correlates of ever synthetic cannabinoid use with those of ever marijuana only use.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has conducted the national YRBS biennially since 1991. The YRBS is a school-based, cross-sectional survey that uses an independent 3-stage cluster sample design to obtain a nationally representative sample of students in grades 9 through 12 who attend public and private schools in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.20 Participation in the YRBS is both anonymous and voluntary, and the YRBS adheres to local parental permission requirements. Students complete a self-administered questionnaire during a regular class period, with responses recorded on an answer sheet or computer-scannable questionnaire booklet. For 2015, the school-level response rate was 69%, the student-level response rate was 86%, and the overall response rate was 60%.21 The sample size for the 2015 YRBS was 15 624 students.21 YRBS data are weighted to account for the oversampling of Hispanic and black students, as well as to adjust for school and student nonresponse. Imputation is not used for missing data. Information on the psychometric properties of the YRBS questionnaire as well as more detailed information on sampling strategies have been published elsewhere.20,22 The national YRBS was reviewed and approved by an institutional review board at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
All behavioral measures were assessed by self-report. Ever use of synthetic cannabinoids was assessed with the following question: "During your life, how many times have you used synthetic marijuana (also called K2, Spice, fake weed, King Kong, Yucatan Fire, Skunk, or Moon Rocks)?" Ever use of marijuana was assessed with the question, "During your life, how many times have you used marijuana?" Response options for both ever use of synthetic cannabinoids and ever use of marijuana were combined to form 2 groups: "1 or more times" or "0 times." These variables were then combined to construct a 3-level variable to describe the type of marijuana use: (1) never use of marijuana and synthetic cannabinoids, (2) ever use of marijuana only, and (3) ever use of synthetic cannabinoids. It should be noted that most students in the category of "ever use of synthetic cannabinoids" also reported ever use of marijuana. In fact, only 1.6% of all students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids had not used marijuana. We examined 36 health risk behaviors from the domains of substance use, injury/violence, mental health, and sexual health (assessed on the YRBS) to determine the relative strength of their association with the 3-level marijuana use variable (Table 1). Demographic characteristics assessed in this analysis included sex, grade (9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th) race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic), and geographic region.
Health Risk Behaviors Possibly Associated With Marijuana and Synthetic Cannabinoid Use: National YRBS, 2015.
Health Risk Behavior .
Questionnaire Item .
Analytic Coding .
Current cigarette use During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes? ≥1 vs 0 days
Current electronic vapor products use During the past 30 days, on how many days did you use an electronic vapor product? ≥1 vs 0 days
Current alcohol use During the past 30 days, on how many days did you have at least 1 drink of alcohol? ≥1 vs 0 days
≥5 drinks in a row (binge drinking) During the past 30 days, on how many days did you have ≥5 drinks of alcohol in a row, that is, within a couple of hours? ≥1 vs 0 days
Ever took prescription drugs without a doctor's prescription During your life, how many times have you taken a prescription drug (such as OxyContin, Percocet, Vicodin, codeine, Adderall, Ritalin, or Xanax) without a doctor's prescription? ≥1 vs 0 times
Ever used inhalants During your life, how many times have you sniffed glue, breathed the contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaled any paints or sprays to get high? ≥1 vs 0 times
Ever used cocaine During your life, how many times have you used any form of cocaine, including powder, crack, or freebase? ≥1 vs 0 times
Ever used heroin During your life, how many times have you used heroin (also called smack, junk, or China white)? ≥1 vs 0 times
Ever used methamphetamines During your life, how many times have you used methamphetamines (also called speed, crystal, crank, or ice)? ≥1 vs 0 times
Ever used ecstasy During your life, how many times have you used ecstasy (also called MDMA)? ≥1 vs 0 times
Ever used hallucinogenic drugs During your life, how many times have you used hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, acid, PCP, angel dust, mescaline, or mushrooms? ≥1 vs 0 times
Ever injected any illegal drug During your life, how many times have you used a needle to inject any illegal drug into your body? ≥1 vs 0 times
Tried marijuana before age 13 y How old were you when you tried marijuana for the first time? <13 vs ≥13 years
Current marijuana use During the past 30 days, how many times did you use marijuana? ≥1 vs 0 times
Current frequent marijuana use During the past 30 days, how many times did you use marijuana? (excludes students who did not report using marijuana in the past 30 days) ≥20 vs. <20 times
Injury/violence
Rode with a driver who had been drinking alcohol During the past 30 days, how many times did you ride in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? ≥1 vs 0 times
Drove when drinking alcohol During the past 30 days, how many times did you drive a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? (excludes students who did not drive a car or other vehicle during the past 30 days) ≥1 vs 0 times
Sexual dating violence During the past 12 months, how many times did someone you were dating or going out with force you to do sexual things you did not want to do? (excludes students who did not date or go out with anyone during the past 12 months) ≥1 vs 0 times
Physical dating violence During the past 12 months, how many times did someone you were dating or going out with physically hurt you on purpose? (excludes students who did not date or go out with anyone during the past 12 months) ≥1 vs 0 times
Ever physically forced to have sexual intercourse Have you ever been physically forced to have sexual intercourse when you did not want to? Yes versus no
Bullied on school property During the past 12 months, have you ever been bullied on school property? Yes versus no
Electronically bullied During the past 12 months, have you ever been electronically bullied? Yes versus no
Threatened or injured with a weapon on school property During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? ≥1 vs 0 times
Did not go to school because of safety concerns During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on your way to or from school? ≥1 vs 0 days
In a physical fight During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight? ≥1 vs 0 times
Carried a weapon During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club? ≥1 vs 0 days
Felt sad or hopeless During the past 12 months, did you ever feel so sad or hopeless almost every day for ≥2 weeks in a row that you stopped doing some usual activities? Yes versus no
Seriously considered attempting suicide During the past 12 months, did you ever seriously consider attempting suicide? Yes versus no
Attempted suicide During the past 12 months, how many times did you actually attempt suicide? ≥1 vs 0 times
Sexual risk behaviors
Ever had sexual intercourse Have you ever had sexual intercourse? Yes versus no
Had first sexual intercourse before age 13 y How old were you when you had sexual intercourse for the first time? <13 vs ≥13 years
Had sexual intercourse with ≥4 persons during their life During your life, with how many people have you had sexual intercourse? ≥4 vs. <4 persons
Currently sexually active During the past 3 months, with how many people did you have sexual intercourse? ≥1 vs 0 persons
Drank alcohol/used drugs before last sexual intercourse Did you drink alcohol or use drugs before you had sexual intercourse the last time? (excludes students who were not currently sexually active) Yes versus no
No condom use during last sexual intercourse The last time you had sexual intercourse, did you or your partner use a condom? (excludes students who were not currently sexually active) No versus yes
Did not use any method to prevent pregnancy The last time you had sexual intercourse, what 1 method did you or your partner use to prevent pregnancy? (excludes students who were not currently sexually active) No versus yes
To account for the complex sample design of the survey, we conducted all analyses by using SUDAAN statistical software (Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC). We conducted descriptive analyses to present the distribution of demographic variables by type of marijuana use (never use versus ever use of marijuana only, never use versus ever use of synthetic cannabinoids, and ever use of marijuana only versus ever use of synthetic cannabinoids) and compared distributions by using the χ2 test. We assessed the associations between type of marijuana use (independent variable) and the 15 variables in the substance use domain (outcome variables) with logistic regression models that calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Three substance use outcome variables (first marijuana use at age <13 years, current marijuana use, and current frequent marijuana use, defined as using marijuana ≥20 times during the past 30 days) were not applicable to students who never used marijuana and, as a result, analyses with these 3 outcomes were conducted with a 2-level response variable: ever marijuana use only (referent value) and ever synthetic cannabinoid use. All models in the substance use domain included sex, race/ethnicity, and grade as covariates. Models excluded geographic region because this variable was not significant in bivariate analyses. The associations between type of ever use of marijuana only (independent variable) and the 21 outcome variables in the remaining health behavior domains (ie, injury/violence, mental health, and sexual health) were also assessed with logistic regression models that calculated aPRs and 95% CIs. Each of these models included sex, race/ethnicity, grade, nonmedical use of prescription drugs, and other illicit drug use (including inhalants, hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamines, and ecstasy) as covariates. It was necessary to include these substance use variables as covariates in the models for injury/violence, mental health, and sexual health domains because previous research has revealed that other types of substance use are associated with marijuana use as well as injury/violence, mental health, and sexual health behaviors.1,18,23,–25 Linear contrasts were conducted to compare results for all health behavior domains by type of marijuana use (never use versus ever use of marijuana only, never use versus ever use of synthetic cannabinoids, and ever use of marijuana only versus ever use of synthetic cannabinoids). Significant differences were denoted by P < .05.
Nationwide, 61.1% of students never used marijuana and synthetic cannabinoids, 29.5% ever used marijuana only, and 9.4% ever used synthetic cannabinoids (Table 2). Only 22.8% of students who ever used marijuana also ever used synthetic cannabinoids; however, 98.4% students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids reported ever use of marijuana (data not shown). The type of marijuana use varied significantly by sex, race/ethnicity, and grade, but not by geographic region (Table 2).
Demographic Characteristics by Type of Marijuana Use Among US High School Students: National YRBS, 2015.
Nonuse (n = 9049) .
Ever Used Marijuana Only (n = 4585) .
Ever Used Synthetic Cannabinoid (n = 1554) .
P (χ2 test) .
Total 61.1 (57.8–64.2) 29.5 (26.6–32.6) 9.4 (8.1–11.0)
Male 50.0 (45.6–54.4) 50.8 (47.9–53.6) 57.8 (54.8–60.7) <.01
Female 50.0 (45.6–54.4) 49.2 (46.4–52.1) 42.2 (39.3–45.2)
Non-Hispanic white 58.1 (52.0–64.0) 48.8 (43.0–54.6) 52.4 (45.7–58.9) <.0001
Non-Hispanic black 11.6 (9.8–13.7) 17.0 (14.1–20.4) 11.4 (8.5–15.1)
Hispanic 19.7 (15.5–24.7) 25.8 (20.8–31.6) 28.4 (23.0–34.6)
9th 32.7 (30.1–35.4) 17.5 (15.4–19.7) 21.0 (17.9–24.4) <.0001
10th 27.0 (24.0–30.2) 23.2 (21.3–25.2) 24.8 (21.3–28.7)
Geographic region
Northeast 18.4 (9.5–32.6) 18.7 (9.8–33.0) 17.0 (8.1–32.2) .1232
Midwest 26.6 (15.7–41.3) 16.9 (9.7–27.7) 21.3 (11.6–35.7)
South 25.7 (16.0–38.6) 27.8 (17.3–41.3) 33.2 (20.7–48.7)
West 29.3 (19.4–41.7) 36.6 (23.5–52.1) 28.5 (18.4–41.4)
Data are presented as percentages (95% CIs).
The adjusted prevalence of every substance use behavior included in our analysis was greater among students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids (aPRs ranged from 4.85 for current alcohol use to 151.90 for ever use of heroin) and students who ever used marijuana only (aPRs: 3.45 for current alcohol use to 15.78 for ever use of ecstasy) compared with students who never used marijuana and synthetic cannabinoids (Table 3). According to the results of the linear contrasts, students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids had a consistently greater likelihood of engaging in all other substance use behaviors than students who ever used marijuana only. In models that compared marijuana outcomes among students who ever used marijuana only versus students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids, those who ever used synthetic cannabinoids were more likely to have tried marijuana before 13 years of age (aPR = 2.35), be a current marijuana user (aPR = 1.36), and be a current frequent marijuana user (aPR = 1.88).
Prevalence of Substance Use Behaviors by Type of Marijuana Use and Associations Between Substance Use Behaviors and Type of Marijuana Use Among US High School Students: National YRBS, 2015
Substance Use Behaviors .
Nonuse .
Ever Used Marijuana Only .
Ever Used Synthetic Cannabinoid .
% .
aPR .
95% CI .
Current cigarette usea 2.3 — Reference 17.7 7.98 (6.28–10.14)b 46.2 20.55 (15.57–27.11)b,c
Current electronic vapor products usea 9.4 — Reference 41.7 4.56 (4.02–5.18)b 63.5 6.74 (5.89–7.70)b,c
Current alcohol usea 15.7 — Reference 56.0 3.45 (3.09–3.85)b 78.6 4.85 (4.34–5.43)b,c
Binge drinkinga,d 5.3 — Reference 32.6 5.83 (4.74–7.17)b 55.0 9.82 (8.07–11.97)b,c
Ever took prescription drugs without a doctor's prescription 5.8 — Reference 25.0 4.36 (3.74–5.09)b 60.6 10.36 (8.69–12.35)b,c
Ever used inhalants 2.9 — Reference 7.3 2.80 (2.19–3.58)b 30.4 11.15 (8.52–14.60)b,c
Ever used hallucinogenic drugs 0.3 — Reference 8.6 29.77 (12.95–68.40)b 40.5 133.04 (57.54–307.63)b,c
Ever used cocaine 0.3 — Reference 5.9 19.10 (10.80–33.76)b 33.5 105.44 (60.83–182.74)b,c
Ever used heroin 0.1 — Reference 1.2 12.52 (5.10–30.73)b 15.7 151.90 (62.29–370.41)b,c
Ever used methamphetamines 0.2 — Reference 2.5 15.54 (8.83–27.35)b 21.9 133.57 (67.20–265.49)b,c
Ever used ecstasy 0.4 — Reference 6.1 15.78 (8.41–29.61)b 31.4 77.98 (42.71–142.39)b,c
Ever injected any illegal drug 0.2 — Reference 1.2 4.50 (2.24–9.04)b 12.5 49.65 (26.04–94.64)b,c
Tried marijuana before age 13 years — — — 14.3 — Reference 35.2 2.35 (1.93–2.88)c
Current marijuana usea — — — 51.5 — Reference 70.7 1.36 (1.28–1.45)c
Current frequent marijuana usee — — — 23.3 — Reference 43.0 1.88 (1.65–2.14)c
All models were adjusted for sex, grade, and race/ethnicity. —, not applicable.
On at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.
Linear contrast indicates significantly different from the nonusers group, P < .05.
Linear contrast indicates significantly different from the marijuana-only group, P < .05.
Defined as drinking ≥5 drinks of alcohol in a row within 2 hours.
Defined as using marijuana ≥20 during the 30 days before the survey among students who reported using marijuana during the 30 days before the survey.
The adjusted prevalence of most health risk behaviors in the domains of injury/violence, mental health, and sexual health was greater among students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids and students who ever used marijuana only compared with students who did not use marijuana and synthetic cannabinoids (Table 4). In the injury/violence domain, compared with students who did not use marijuana and synthetic cannabinoids, ever use of marijuana only was significantly associated with 8 of the 11 behaviors and ever use of synthetic cannabinoids was significantly associated with 10 of the 11 behaviors. Linear contrasts showed that 3 of the injury/violence behaviors were significantly more likely to occur among students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids compared with students who ever used marijuana only, as follows: (1) rode with a driver who had been drinking alcohol, (2) did not go to school because of safety concerns, and (3) engaged in a physical fight. Both ever use of marijuana only and ever use of synthetic cannabinoids were associated with the 3 outcomes in the mental health domain, but no significant differences were identified between ever use of marijuana only and ever use of synthetic cannabinoids in the observed associations. For the sexual health domain, ever use of marijuana only was associated with 6 of the 7 sexual risk behaviors and ever use of synthetic cannabinoids was associated with all 7 sexual risk behaviors. According to linear contrasts, all 7 of the sexual risk behaviors were significantly more likely to occur among students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids compared with students who ever used marijuana only.
Prevalence of Selected Health Behaviors by Type of Marijuana Use and Associations Between Selected Health Behaviors and Type of Marijuana Use Among US High School Students: National YRBS, 2015
Selected Health Behaviors .
Ever Used Synthetic Marijuana .
Rode with a driver who had been drinking alcohol 13.2 — Reference 26.1 1.67 (1.48–1.87)a 41.4 2.02 (1.67–2.45)a,b
Drove when drinking alcohol 2.1 — Reference 11.6 3.64 (2.52–5.23)a 24.8 4.54 (2.89–7.14)a
Sexual dating violencec 7.4 — Reference 11.5 1.27 (0.94–1.71) 20.0 1.39 (1.03–1.87)a
Physical dating violencec 5.7 — Reference 11.2 1.47 (1.22–1.78)a 21.2 1.84 (1.43–2.36)a
Ever physically forced to have sexual intercourse 3.4 — Reference 9.5 2.20 (1.69–2.86)a 17.3 2.87 (1.98–4.16)a
Bullied on school propertyd 19.2 — Reference 20.7 1.07 (0.96–1.20) 25.9 1.04 (0.85–1.28)
Electronically bulliedd 13.0 — Reference 18.2 1.34 (1.14–1.57)a 23.8 1.34 (1.07–1.68)a
Threatened or injured with a weapon on school propertyd 3.5 — Reference 6.6 1.51 (1.14–2.01)a 16.1 2.13 (1.44–3.13)a
Did not go to school because of safety concernse 3.8 — Reference 5.7 1.26 (0.99–1.60) 14.9 2.14 (1.60–2.86)a,b
In a physical fightd 14.5 — Reference 28.9 1.79 (1.58–2.01)a 51.6 2.37 (2.02–2.78)a,b
Carried a weapone 12.0 — Reference 18.7 1.36 (1.14–1.61)a 34.3 1.72 (1.36–2.18)a
Felt sad or hopeless 23.5 — Reference 36.8 1.39 (1.29–1.50)a 47.5 1.52 (1.32–1.75)a
Seriously considered attempting suicide 13.3 — Reference 22.2 1.44 (1.23–1.70)a 32.7 1.54 (1.22–1.95)a
Attempted suicided 5.4 — Reference 11.1 1.61 (1.29–2.00)a 22.0 1.93 (1.46–2.57)a
Ever had sexual intercourse 22.5 — Reference 66.5 2.32 (2.07–2.60)a 82.4 2.75 (2.42–3.14)a,b
Had first sexual intercourse before age 13 years 1.6 — Reference 5.4 2.38 (1.80–3.14)a 14.8 4.11 (2.84–5.94)a,b
Had sexual intercourse with ≥4 persons during their life 3.1 — Reference 20.4 4.15 (3.29–5.23)a 38.3 6.20 (4.71–8.15)a,b
Currently sexually activef 15.5 — Reference 48.6 2.45 (2.13–2.81)a 66.5 3.17 (2.72–3.68)a,b
Drank alcohol/used drugs before last sexual intercourseg 3.3 — Reference 22.8 4.33 (3.00–6.25)a 43.9 5.62 (3.83–8.23)a,b
No condom use during last sexual intercourseg 35.0 — Reference 43.7 1.20 (1.05–1.38)a 55.1 1.47 (1.19–1.81)a,b
Did not use any method to prevent pregnancy 10.6 — Reference 13.2 1.20 (0.90–1.60) 20.1 1.92 (1.47–2.49)a,b
All models were adjusted for sex, grade, race/ethnicity, lifetime nonmedical use of prescription drugs, and other illicit drugs (including inhalants, hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamines, and ecstasy). —, not applicable.
Among students who reported dating during the 12 months before the survey.
One or more times during the 12 months before the survey.
Had sexual intercourse with at least 1 person during the 3 months before the survey.
Among students who were currently sexually active.
To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the association between ever use of synthetic cannabinoids and health risk behaviors in domains such as injury/violence, mental health, and sexual health among a nationally representative sample of US high school students. Furthermore, this study contributes new evidence on how behavioral correlates differ by type of marijuana use. Overall, we observed that ever use of synthetic cannabinoids was associated with the majority of health risk behaviors included in our study and that those associations tended to be more pronounced for ever use of synthetic cannabinoids than for ever use of marijuana only, particularly for substance use behaviors and sexual risk behaviors.
Given that synthetic cannabinoids are a relatively recent issue in the United States, high school students' use of the drug was not monitored in national surveillance systems until the 2011 MTF study cycle1 and the 2015 YRBS cycle.21 As a result, much of the available literature on the use of synthetic cannabinoid is primarily focused on emergency department and poison center data.3,–5,13,19 With such limited information available on the correlates of synthetic cannabinoid use, no studies were identified with which we can compare our findings on health behavior domains such as injury, violence, mental health, and sexual health. However, a small number of studies conducted in adolescent and/or adult populations identified similar associations between the use of synthetic cannabinoids and other substance use behaviors.1,18,26 For example, Winstock and Barratt26 conducted an anonymous online survey of a nonrepresentative sample of >15 000 respondents from around the world and observed a high prevalence of other self-reported substance use behaviors among past-year users of synthetic cannabinoids: alcohol (97.8%), marijuana (95.0%), tobacco (84.2%), ecstasy (50.7%), and mushrooms (36.9%). Furthermore, in a study conducted in patients aged ≥18 years in a residential substance use disorder treatment program in the Midwest, ever users of synthetic cannabinoids, compared with never users of synthetic cannabinoids, had a significantly greater prevalence of using heroin, methadone, prescription opioids, prescription sedatives, amphetamines, ecstasy, marijuana, hallucinogens, inhalants, and tobacco.18 Last, in the MTF study of synthetic cannabinoid use among 12th-grade students, synthetic cannabinoid use was associated with ever use of alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs and cigarette smoking.1
In our study, >98% of students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids also ever used marijuana. This almost complete overlap in marijuana use among users of synthetic cannabinoids has also been observed by other researchers.18,26 We observed that students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids were more likely to have currently used marijuana and to have currently frequently used marijuana compared with students who ever used marijuana only. Furthermore, students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids were more than twice as likely to have tried marijuana before age 13 years compared with students who ever used marijuana only, suggesting that early marijuana use may have been a risk factor for subsequent synthetic cannabinoid use among our study population. Youth may progress from marijuana use only to the use of synthetic cannabinoids for a variety of reasons, such as ease of access, perception of safety, and ability to be undetected by many drug tests. Because our data are cross-sectional, and the 2015 YRBS did not have a question that captured the age of initiation of synthetic cannabinoid use (which we could have compared with the age of marijuana initiation), we are limited in our ability to investigate this relationship further. Although data on the relationship between marijuana use and the use of synthetic cannabinoids are limited, it should be noted that researchers have described marijuana use as a risk factor for subsequent use of other illicit drugs.27,28 For example, in a retrospective cohort study on drug use in 29 393 French adolescents, the risk of other illicit drug use was 21 times greater among cannabis experimenters and 124 times greater among daily cannabis users compared with nonusers.27 Much of the published literature has focused on identifying predictors of progression from cannabis use to other illicit drug use.27 Some predictors that have been described include a genetic predisposition, depressive symptoms, stress, peer influence, early onset of cannabis use, high frequency of cannabis use, and drug availability.27,29,–35 Some of these predictors are a difficult target for public health prevention efforts (ie, genetic predisposition), but preventing the initiation of marijuana use, particularly among early adolescents (before age 13 years), may have an impact on reducing the use of synthetic cannabinoids and other illicit substance use behaviors. According to data from the nationally representative 2014 School Health Policies and Practices Study, many elementary and middle schools do not emphasize substance use prevention in health education instruction (50.0% of elementary schools, 66.7% of middle schools, and 86.9% of high schools require instruction on alcohol or other drug use prevention).36 Nationwide, opportunities to provide coverage of substance abuse prevention topics in school health education programs aimed at early adolescents are certainly being missed.
It is unclear what impact the legalization of marijuana will have on the use of synthetic cannabinoids. If marijuana use becomes more socially acceptable, adolescents may be more likely to try marijuana, although the evidence is conflicting.37,–40 There is a concern that if marijuana use increases, the use of synthetic marijuana may also increase. Fortunately, federal and state legislative and enforcement efforts have greatly reduced access to synthetic cannabinoids. For example, changes in the legal status of synthetic cannabinoids are thought to have contributed to declining use among high school students, with past-year use of synthetic cannabinoids decreasing among 12th-graders from 11.3% in 2012 to 5.3% in 2015.41 Despite the evidence that synthetic cannabinoid use is declining, recent reports indicate that synthetic cannabinoids are still available and that acute poisonings from synthetic cannabinoids have increased.4,42,43
There are several limitations of our study. Because our data are cross-sectional, it was not possible to determine the temporality of the associations we observed between type of marijuana use and health risk behavior domains. Furthermore, behaviors were self-reported; therefore, it was not possible to determine the extent to which over- or underreporting occurred, but it should be noted that YRBS questions have generally shown good test-retest reliability.20,22 Because these data apply only to adolescents who attend school, they are not representative of all individuals in this age group.44 Nationwide, in 2012, only ∼3% of individuals aged 16 through 17 years were either not enrolled in a high school program or had not completed high school.
The use of synthetic cannabinoids has emerged as an important public health issue among high school students due to the popularity of the behavior (1 of 10 students) and the severity of the adverse consequences associated with use. Our results indicate that students who use synthetic cannabinoids tend to engage in more risky behaviors than students who use marijuana only. To prevent marijuana use and the use of synthetic cannabinoids, it is important that health professionals and school-based substance prevention programs include strategies that reduce the initiation of marijuana and synthetic cannabinoid use, particularly among students younger than 13 years of age.
adjusted prevalence ratio
YRBS
Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Dr Clayton conceptualized and designed the study, carried out the initial analyses, and drafted the initial manuscript; Dr Lowry, Ms Ashley, Dr Wolkin, and Dr Grant conceptualized and designed the study and reviewed and revised the manuscript; and all authors approved the final manuscript as submitted.
The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
FUNDING: No external funding.
COMPANION PAPER: A companion to this article can be found online at www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2016-3009.
Palamar
Synthetic cannabinoid use in a nationally representative sample of US high school seniors.
Drug Alcohol Depend
Marusich
Moving around the molecule: relationship between chemical structure and in vivo activity of synthetic cannabinoids.
Life Sci
Adolescent synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to Texas poison centers.
Pediatr Emerg Care
Wolkin
Notes from the field: increase in reported adverse health effects related to synthetic cannabinoid use—United States, January–May, 2015.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
Ridpath
, et al.
Notes from the field: severe illness associated with reported use of synthetic cannabinoids—Mississippi, April 2015.
Every-Palmer
Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: an explorative study.
Synthetic cannabinoid intoxication: a case series and review.
J Emerg Med
Obafemi
Myocardial infarction associated with use of the synthetic cannabinoid K2.
). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/128/6/e1622
Chimalakonda
K2 toxicity: fatal case of psychiatric complications following AM2201 exposure.
J Forensic Sci
Tofighi
Internet highs—seizures after consumption of synthetic cannabinoids purchased online.
J Addict Med
Brents
The K2/Spice phenomenon: emergence, identification, legislation and metabolic characterization of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense products.
Drug Metab Rev
Synthetic cannabinoids.
Am J Med Sci
A review of clinical manifestations in adolescent and young adults after use of synthetic cannabinoids.
J Spec Pediatr Nurs
Hillebrand
Olszewski
Sedefov
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Subst Use Misuse
Vidourek
Reasons for synthetic THC use among college students.
J Drug Educ
Zawilska
Wojcieszak
Spice/K2 drugs—more than innocent substitutes for marijuana.
Int J Neuropsychopharmacol
Fratta
Beyond THC: the new generation of cannabinoid designer drugs.
Front Behav Neurosci
Bonar
Ashrafioun
Ilgen
Synthetic cannabinoid use among patients in residential substance use disorder treatment: prevalence, motives, and correlates.
Ghosh
Herlihy
Van Dyke
, et al;
Notes from the field: severe illness associated with reported use of synthetic marijuana—Colorado, August–September 2013.
Brener
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MMWR Recomm Rep
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MMWR Surveill Summ
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Reliability of the 1999 Youth Risk Behavior Survey questionnaire.
J Adolesc Health
Teesson
Patterns and correlates of new psychoactive substance use in a sample of Australian high school students.
Drug Alcohol Rev
Zhou
Goebert
Hishinuma
The risk of adolescent suicide across patterns of drug use: a nationally representative study of high school students in the United States from 1999 to 2009.
Teen dating violence victimization and patterns of substance use among high school students.
Winstock
Synthetic cannabis: a comparison of patterns of use and effect profile with natural cannabis in a large global sample.
Mayet
Legleye
Falissard
Cannabis use stages as predictors of subsequent initiation with other illicit drugs among French adolescents: use of a multi-state model.
Addict Behav
Secades-Villa
Garcia-Rodríguez
Probability and predictors of the cannabis gateway effect: a national study.
Int J Drug Policy
Kendler
A twin study of early cannabis use and subsequent use and abuse/dependence of other illicit drugs.
Psychol Med
Fergusson
Cannabis use and other illicit drug use: testing the cannabis gateway hypothesis.
Does cannabis use encourage other forms of illicit drug use?
Van Gundy
Rebellon
A life-course perspective on the "gateway hypothesis".
J Health Soc Behav
Into the world of illegal drug use: exposure opportunity and other mechanisms linking the use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine.
Am J Epidemiol
Patterns of drug use from adolescence to young adulthood: III. Predictors of progression.
Degenhardt
Dierker
Chiu
Evaluating the drug use "gateway" theory using cross-national data: consistency and associations of the order of initiation of drug use among participants in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys.
. 2014 School Health Policy and Practices Study. Available at: www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/shpps/pdf/shpps-508-final_101315.pdf. Accessed April 27, 2016
Hasin
Medical marijuana laws and adolescent marijuana use in the USA from 1991 to 2014: results from annual, repeated cross-sectional surveys.
Lancet Psychiatry
D'Alessio
Dariano
The effect of medical cannabis laws on juvenile cannabis use.
Prevalence of marijuana use does not differentially increase among youth after states pass medical marijuana laws: commentary on Stolzenberg et al. (2015) and reanalysis of US National Survey on Drug Use in Households data 2002-2011
Bhatty
Organic and synthetic cannabinoid use in adolescents.
Pediatr Ann
National Institute on Drug Abuse
. Monitoring the Future Study: trends in prevalence of various drugs. Available at: https://www.drugabuse.gov/trends-statistics/monitoring-future/monitoring-future-study-trends-in-prevalence-various-drugs. Accessed October 14, 2016
Riederer
Campleman
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Scheunemann
Increase in adverse reactions associated with use of synthetic cannabinoids—Anchorage, Alaska, 2015–2016.
. Trends in high school dropout and completion rates in the United States: 1972–2012.
National Center for Education Statistics, US Department of Education
. NCES Publication 2015-015. Available at: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2015/2015015.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2016
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text:
Cameron House unveils plans for £2 million upgrade to clubhouse and spa
The clubhouse and spa are located within the grounds, two miles away from the main hotel, which was devastated by a huge fire in 2017.
Laura FergusonJournalist
An artist's impression of what the new clubhouse will look like
Cameron House has unveiled plans for a £2 million upgrade to the clubhouse and spa in the grounds of the five-star resort.
Previously known as The Claret Jug restaurant, then renamed Clubhouse at Cameron, the clubhouse and spa are located about two miles away from the main hotel near Luss, which was devastated by a huge early-morning fire in December 2017.
Plans were previously announced for Cameron House Hotel, The Leisure Club, The Great Scots bar and Cameron Grill will reopen in 2020.
Jordanhill Campus fire - major west end blaze contained to main building
The Clubhouse at Cameron has been fully renovated while retaining original features such as the stone fireplace and flagstone floor. Meanwhile, the Café Spa has been revamped with contemporary furnishings of Scottish wools and soft leather.
How the Clubhouse at Cameron is set to look when it opens
Commenting on the project, resort director Andy Roger said: "This work represents the start of an exciting transformation of what was previously called the Carrick Resort into the Cameron Club and Spa. Relocating the Café Spa to the ground floor level has allowed us to increase capacity and transform the Spa arrival experience. All of this was completed with the utmost care to ensure any changes make the most of our stunning setting. We are excited to continue to plan the next phases of the overall project and look forward to welcome guests to the new Clubhouse and Café Spa."
The clubhouse will serve traditional gastropub food alongside a selection of cocktails, wines, and beers. The Café Spa will offer a choice of health-focused dishes.
Glasgow cycling charities team up to create 'Aye Cycle' online hub
Phase two of the Cameron Club and Spa renovation will also see the treatment rooms and spa facilities upgraded.
What the Cafe Spa will look like after its renovation
Greyline Design's Gavin Liddle added: "Our key aim for The Clubhouse at Cameron was to create a welcoming, characterful space with a laid-back feel. As well as a full renovation of the interior, the lighting has also been upgraded throughout to create a warm and relaxing atmosphere where guests can take a moment to sit back and enjoy the beautiful surroundings of Loch Lomond.
"As a stand-alone development, the Café Spa was an exciting clean sheet design opportunity. We mixed hard finishes such as grey parquet flooring with three-dimensional bronze mosaic and timber wall panelling, creating a calming space with warmth and character."
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Ben first picked up the guitar 14 years ago after hearing his favourite rock bands and wanting to play along. He developed a huge enthusiasm for all things guitar which resulted in him writing/playing with local bands in his mid teens then onto a Music Performance course at Stratford upon Avon College. Ben was consistently among top performers and after graduation commenced on a career performing across the country with many touring artists.
I've been teaching for the last 7 years, with students ranging from 5 yr olds learning to play their new christmas presents to 65 yr olds starting because they never had time before. My passion for guitar and music definitely rubs off on my students, culminating in the live showcases I put on several times a year. This enables the students to play with our live band giving them that first taste of live performance, an excellent chance for family and friends to see their progress and have a party!


Stuttering: What is the Natural History?
Prof. Reilly: Stuttering was more common than previously thought. The cumulative incidence of stuttering by four years old was 11%, which is more than twice what has previously been reported. Developmental stuttering was associated with better language development, non-verbal skills with no identifiable effect on the child's mental health or temperament by four years of age.


Cantalas is a Scrabble word. Scrabble point value for cantalas: 10 points.
Cantalas is a Words with Friends word. Words with Friends point value for cantalas: 10 points.
Above are the results of unscrambling cantalas. Using the word generator and word unscrambler for the letters C A N T A L A S, we unscrambled the letters to create a list of all the words found in Scrabble, Words with Friends, and Text Twist. We found a total of 80 words by unscrambling the letters in cantalas. Click these words to find out how many points they are worth, their definitions, and all the other words that can be made by unscrambling the letters from these words. If one or more words can be unscrambled with all the letters entered plus one new letter, then they will also be displayed.


text:
学位プログラム・専攻
試験日程
大学院説明会
人文社会ビジネス科学学術院(東京地区)
人間総合科学学術院(東京地区)
東京キャンパスパンフレット
証明書発行希望の方
教室ご利用希望の方
取材ご希望の方
募集要項:国際経営プロフェッショナル専攻
Overview Chart of Application Process MBA-IB Official Website 案内PDF Web Entry MBA-IB Brochure
募集要項を印刷する
[Important] Information on Change in Method of Implementing Future Entrance Examinations, Etc., in Response to the COVID-19 Infections
[Important] Special Measures for Graduate School Entrance Examinations Due to the Impact of the COVID-19 Infection, etc.
The University of Tsukuba Graduate School Entrance Examination for the academic year 2023 is announced as "Entrance Examination on the University Campus" in principle. Some programs may shift to online entrance examinations. In addition, we plan to set up supplementary examinations (online, etc.) for applicants who are unable to come to the University due to the effects of the COVID-19 infection, etc.
※Conditions for coming to the examination center and the setting of supplementary examinations will be announced on this website approximately one month prior to the examination date, based on the status of the spread of the COVID-19 infection, etc. Please be sure to check the announcement column on the Application Guidelines website.
※The latest information on the entrance examinations is published on the Information page of the Graduate Admissions site, so it can be checked at any time.
Information page of the Graduate Admissions site URL https://eng.ap-graduate.tsukuba.ac.jp/
Information environment and other requirements for taking the online entrance examination
The following preparations and arrangements are required on the examinations are to be held online.
1.Have a bright quiet private room environment
2.Have a network environment capable of sending and receiving video
3.Have a personal computer with a camera and microphone
(using a speaker for voice output. The use of earphones or headphones, etc., that are fitted to the body are prohibited)
4.Have a smartphone (with a camera) * Item 4 on the left is for emergency use in case of occurrence of network problems
Note that if you have questions regarding the examination environment or if you would like to do a communication test as preparation in advance for the possibility of online examinations, contact the inquiry desk of your program.
[Important] Procedures for Revision of "Deemed Export" for Security export control (For all applicants)
(Important) Procedures for Revision of "Deemed Export" for Security export control (For all applicants)
Self-Declaration on Specific Categories (Documents to be submitted)
Overview Chart of Application Process
Enrollment capacity: 30 students
Format: Part-time (weekday evenings and Saturdays)
Degree type: Professional Degree (equivalent to Master's Degree)
Degree conferred: Master of International Business Administration (国際経営修士(専門職))
Location: Tokyo Campus
Fees (as of April 2022):
– Admission Fee: JPY 282,000
– Tuition: JPY 535,800 per year (JPY 267,900 per term)
– Total for two years: JPY 1,353, 600
Financing: Specialized Practice Education and Training Benefits (専門実践教育訓練指定講座)
Those who aim to become international business management professionals who can act autonomously in the new global business environment.
Integrated evaluation will be made based on the review of information submitted through Web entry, Supporting documents and individual interviews (including English proficiency). The supporting documents include transcripts, personal essays and professional recommendations.
The individual interview will be conducted to understand applicants' career experience, motivation, analytical and communication skills and future vision.
Qualification for Admission
The aim of the MBA Program in International Business at the University of Tsukuba, Graduate School of Business Sciences, is to respond to the social need for the reeducation and training of working professionals. Qualifications for Admission are as follows.
– At least one-year work experience by March 2023
– Work experience can be from any industry including both full-time and part-time jobs.
– EXCEPTIONS: Jobs held while enrolled as a full-time student DOES NOT qualify as work experience.
– Applicants without work experience are not eligible to apply.
– Bachelor's degree holder in any subject
– Applicants without a bachelor's degree may still be considered if they meet either of Qualification 2 (go through Eligibility screening).
– Applicants without a bachelor's degree but with a higher degree still need to go through Eligibility screening under Qualification 2.
Qualification for Admission 1 (Applicants with a Bachelor's Degree)
Qualification for Admission 2 (Applicants without a Bachelor's Degree)
Qualification for Admission 1
If the applicants meet one of the following "Qualification for Admission 1″, please make sure to complete the Web Entry and submit the Supporting documents to the Academic Service Office (15. Inquiries and Where to submit) within the following period.
We would strongly recommend that applicants download the necessary forms from 6. List of Supporting Documents in advance.
Web Entry:
Tuesday, September 6, 2022, 10:00 ~ Saturday, September 24, 2022, 15:00
Please make sure all applicants complete the Web entry as soon as possible within the designated period above because if you don't complete the Web entry in time we cannot accept your application.
Supporting Documents Submission:
Tuesday, September 6, 2022 ~ Saturday, September, 24, 2022
— Registered mail or Courier: Must be delivered by September 24, 2022.
— Submit in person: Must be submitted by September 24, 2022, 17:00.
(Click here to check the office hours.)
Applicants who have graduated or will graduate from a university or college recognized under Article 83 of the School Education Law of Japan by March 2023.
: Applicants who have graduated or will graduate from a 4-year university in Japan by March 2023.
Applicants who have received or will receive a bachelor's degree under Article 104-4 of the School Education Law of Japan by March 2023.
: Applicants who have received or will receive a bachelor's degree from the National Institution for Academic Degrees by March 2023.
Applicants who have completed or will complete at least 16 years of school education overseas by March 2023.
: Applicants who have graduated or will graduate from an overseas university or college which requires at least 16 years to complete primary to higher school education by March 2023.
Applicants who have completed or will complete 16 years of school education in an overseas country while residing in Japan through correspondence courses offered by foreign educational institution by March 2023.
: Applicants who have graduated or will graduate by March 2023 after completing an online education program offered by an accredited university or college overseas, where it requires at least 16 years to complete primary to higher school education.
Applicants who have completed or will complete 16 years of school education by March 2023 at an educational institution which has been established under the educational system of an overseas country and also recognized by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
:Temple University, Japan Campus (General Studies, Communication Studies, Arts)
【"Communication Theater" and "Art" was terminated due to the change of the names on August 9, 1989】
【"Tourism and Hospitality Management" was terminated on August 31 2009】
:Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Japan College (Chinese Medicine)
:Beijing Language and Culture University, Tokyo College (Chinese Department)
:College of Tokyo Shanghai University (Chinese Department)
:Lakeland University – Tokyo, Japan Campus (Bachelor of Arts degrees)【formally recognized on April 26, 2021】
:Jinan University Japan Campus (Chinese / Overseas Chinese Education (Bachelor), College of Chinese Language Culture; Department Chinese)【formally recognized on October 27, 2021】
(6) If you fall under this qualification, please contact us before the Eligibility Submission Period starts.
Applicants who have received or will receive a degree corresponding to a bachelor's degree by March 2023 by completing a 3-year or more than 3-year program (including completion of a program of an accredited university or college overseas by taking correspondence courses in Japan, and completion of a program of an educational institution which has been established under the educational system of the said overseas country and also recognized as in the preceding paragraph) from a university overseas or other school overseas (which in regards to the comprehensive conditions of education such as activities for educational studies, limited to those assessed by person(s) who are authorized by foreign governments or related institutions, or equivalents designated separately by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology).
: Applicants who have completed less than 16 years of school education overseas and, have received or will receive a degree corresponding to a bachelor's degree from educational institution assessed by person(s) who are authorized by foreign governments or related institutions, after completing a 3-year or more than 3-year program by March 2023.
Applicants who have graduated or will graduate from a specialized training college (limited to those which require a minimum of 4 years of study and are designated by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology under the Education Enforcement Order (Article 155-1-5 of Minister Ordinance)) by March 2023.
: Applicants who have completed a specialized training college and hold the degree of Koudo-Senmonshi or will complete a specialized training college by March 2023 and are expected to hold the degree of Koudo-Senmonshi.
Applicants who have been specially designated by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology under the Education Enforcement Order (Article 155-1-6 of the Minister Ordinance) of having the academic competence equivalent to those who have graduated from a university or college.
: Applicants who are over 22 years of age and have the first teacher's certificate of elementary school, junior high school, senior high school or kindergarten, or those who have a teacher's license for physically handicapped or mentally handicapped children education, etc.
Click here to check details.
Those who are qualified as either of the following Qualification for Admission 2 need to go through the Eligibility screening process (*).
Please download the necessary forms from 6. List of Supporting Documents in advance and make sure to submit it to the Academic Service Office (15. Inquiries and Where to submit) within the following period.
(*) "Eligibility screening": The University of Tsukuba will evaluate whether or not the applicants' academic competence is equivalent to those who have graduated from university before their applying for the program. The University will put on hold the application until completing the Eligibility screening. A passcode necessary for the Web Entry will be provided if The MBA-IB Admissions Committee deems that your academic competence is equivalent to those who have graduated from a university or college. The University will put on hold the application until completing the Eligibility screening.
Please do not pay the Application fee until the result of Eligibility screening is notified.
Eligibility Screening Submission:
Tuesday, August 16, 2022 ~ Saturday, August 27, 2022
— Registered mail or Courier: Must be delivered by August 27, 2022.
— Submit in person: Must be submitted by August 27, 2022, 17:00.
Applicants are still required to complete the Web entry and submit the rest of the required materials if they pass the Eligibility screening. A passcode necessary for the Web entry will be provided to only those who have passed the Eligibility screening.
Please make sure to pay the Application fee for the First screening, complete the Web entry and submit the rest of the required materials (Certificate of payment, Postal stamp) to the Academic Service Office (15. Inquiries and Where to submit) within the period mentioned in Qualification for Admission 1.
Applicants who are or will be over 22 years of age by March 2023 and have been deemed equivalent or superior to university graduates by the University of Tsukuba.
Applicants who graduated from upper secondary school, junior college, technical college, higher vocational school, school in the miscellaneous category, Japan branch / campus of a foreign university, international school or other, and also have been deemed equivalent to university or college graduates as having sufficient academic competence by the University of Tsukuba pursuant to its rules and regulations.
Foreign applicants who have completed less than a total of 16 years of school education (including primary, secondary, and higher school education) overseas and have completed approximately one year or more than one year as a research student or research fellow in a university or a National Inter-university Research Institute in Japan or overseas.
Applicants who have been enrolled in a Japanese university for more than 3 years by the end of March 2023 and recognized by the University of Tsukuba for having earned prescribed credits and received excellent grades.
Applicants who meet one of the following criteria and are recognized by the University of Tsukuba for having earned prescribed credits and received excellent grades.
Applicants who have completed 15 years of school education (including primary, secondary, and higher school education) overseas.
Applicants who have completed 15 years of school education of an overseas country through a distance education program offered by a foreign educational institution while residing in Japan.
Applicants who have completed 15 years of school education at an educational institution which has been established under the educational system of an overseas country and also recognized by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
Applicants who entered into a graduate school by the rules in Article 155-1-7 of the School Education Law of Japan and are recognized by the University of Tsukuba as having the necessary academic ability to receive its education.
: Applicants who jumped to the graduate school without completing the undergraduate education should submit the Certificate of completion from the graduate school they attended.
List of Supporting Documents
All the required documents and Signature/Seal on the documents MUST be original.
For Applicants under Qualification for Admission 1: must submit all the required documents below.
For Applicants under Qualification for Admission 2: must submit all the required documents below except the documents marked with "(*)".
17_Eligibility Confirmation Document (Designated Form)
Applicants under Qualification for Admission 2 must submit the Eligibility Confirmation Document.
Required for
Check List for Application Documents
All 01_Check List (Designated Form)
01_Check List (Notes and Sample)
Certificate of (expected) Graduation
<undergraduate and (if any) above>
All ・Submit the original copy issued in Japanese or English.
・For the Certificates issued in other languages, attach the Japanese or English version translated by a professional translator or the institution where the certificate is originally issued.
・Photocopy certified by the university you have graduated or relevant public officials will be accepted.
・If the Academic Transcript is separately issued Liberal Arts subjects and Major subjects, submit both transcripts.
・Applicants under Qualification for Admission 2 must submit the Certificates for two of the highest qualification.
Academic Transcript
<undergraduate and (if any) above> All
<for transferred credit(s)> If Applicable ・If there is a transfer credit(s) in the Academic Transcript, submit the transcript issued by the institution where the credit(s) was originally earned.
Employment History All 05_Employment History (Designated Form)
05_Employment History (Sample)
Personal Essay All 06_Guidelines for Personal Essay
・No designated form is available, must be typed on A4 paper.
Professional Recommendation Form All 07_Guidelines for Professional Recommendation Form
07_Professional Recommendation Form (Designated Form)
07_Professional Recommendation Form (Sample)
・Any forms without recommender's hand-written signature and NOT submitted in the sealed and signed envelope will not be accepted.
English Test Score
<TOEIC, TOEFL iBT, TOEFL iBT Special Home Edition or IELTS (Academic)> All
・Official score submitted NOT directly from the testing institution will not be accepted.
・ Scores of TOEIC-IP and TOEFL-ITP will not be accepted.
Certificate of (expected) Graduation If Applicable ・Applicants who have graduated with a Bachelor's degree, Master's degree or Doctoral degree (excluding distance education programs) from a program where English is the official medium of instruction will be exempted from submitting the English Test Score.
Academic Transcript If Applicable
Medium of Instruction Certificate If Applicable ・ Applicants who have graduated with a Bachelor's degree, Master's degree or
Doctoral degree (excluding distance education programs) from a program conducted entirely in English in a country/area where all instruction was NOT provided in English (e.g. Bangladesh, India, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines … etc.), you MAY be qualified for a waiver. Attach a document that certifies the official medium of instruction was English in the program you graduated from.
・e.g.: Official letter issued by the
university, Webpage copy that shows the official medium of instruction … etc.Click here to check details.
Certificate of Payment for the First Screening (*) All
(Except for government-sponsored international students) ・Affix the tear-off portion of the Certificate of Payment in the designated location of the sheet or staple with the Certificate.
・Applicants under Qualification for Admission 2, please do not pay the application fee until the result of Eligibility Screening is notified.
Postal Stamp (JPY 460) (*) Applicants residing in Japan ・Enclose the stamps to the sum of JPY460.
Documentary evidence of a change of name
(Abstract of Family Register) If Applicable ・If your current family name is different from that on your submitted certificates, submit the proof of name change (e.g. Abstract of Family Register (戸籍事項証明書).
Residence Card Copy
(both sides) International Applicants residing in Japan
Passport Copy International Applicants residing overseas
Certificate of Government-sponsored International Student If Applicable ・MEXT scholar students currently enrolled in another university in Japan must submit the Certificate issued by the university currently enrolled. Please do not pay the application fee.
Eligibility Confirmation Document Applicants under Qualification for Admission 2
・Applicants under Qualification for Admission 2 must submit the Eligibility Confirmation Document.
STEP 1: Check Application Guidelines and Qualification for Admission
STEP 2: Complete Web Entry
STEP 3: Submit Supporting Documents
STEP 4: First Screening Result
STEP 5: Second Screening
STEP 6: Final Result
STEP 7: Admission Procedures
Applicants under Qualification for Admission 2 need to go through the Eligibility screening process before paying the Application fee and proceed the Web entry.
Complete the Web entry within the designated period above. Web Entry System (Web入力システム) is only available during the Web entry period, applicants cannot access the page by then.
【Information necessary for the Web Entry】
/ Program of Your Choice All Follow the instructions and complete all mandatory fields marked with "*".
Upload a clear ID photo in JPEG format, MUST BE taken:
Within the last three months;
Full face;
Front view;
Bareheaded against a plain light colored background;
Less than 500KB.
English Test Score All Follow the instructions and complete all mandatory fields marked with "*".
Qualification for Admission All Follow the instructions and complete all mandatory fields marked with "*".
Educational Background All Follow the instructions and complete all mandatory fields marked with "*".
the Application Fee Payment All
(Except for government-sponsored international students) Make sure to pay the application fee for the First Screening by a credit card or at a convenience store in Japan before completing the Web Entry and enter the relevant information in the last section of the Web Entry.
[Credit Card]
Receipt Number
[Convenience Store]
Name of Convenience Store / Date of Payment / Payment Number
【Designated Forms to be downloaded】
PLEASE DO NOT FORGET TO DOWNLOAD, SAVE AND PRINT THE FOLLOWING FILES.
THE UNIVERSITY OF TSUKUBA WON'T SEND THE ADMISSION TICKET TO APPLICANTS.
WEB ENTRY PLATFORM WILL BE CLOSED AFTER THE DEADLINE.
Admission Ticket All
Mounting Sheet for the Certificate of Payment (First Screening) All Affix the tear-off portion of the Certificate of Payment in the designated location of the sheet or staple with the Certificate.
*For Applicants under Qualification 2, please do not pay the application fee until the result of Eligibility Screening is notified.
Note 1: Once applicants click the "Submit to Apply" button, applicants will not be able to go back to edit.
Note 2: Payment must be made before completing the Web entry.
Note 3: Applicants under Qualification for Admission 2 are still required to pay the Application fee and complete the Web entry when the Eligibility is confirmed. Detail will be notified with the Eligibility screening result.
Tuesday, September 6, 2022 ~ Saturday, September 24, 2022
Submit all the required documents by Postal mail (Registered mail) / Courier service or bring it in person to the University of Tsukuba. Applicants are strongly encouraged to submit it in one package. Please write "MBA-IB Application" in red on the front of the envelope.
Note 1: Any delay in the Application Documents will impede application evaluation and processing.
Note 2: Any application documents delivered after the deadline will not be accepted.
Note 3: Applicants who are inevitably unable to continue the application process and would like to decline the application, please contact the Academic Service Office (15. Inquiries and Where to submit).
Friday, October 21, 2022, 15:00
STEP 5: Second Screening (Interview)
Saturday, November 12, 2022 (Only for applicants residing overseas)
Sunday, November 13, 2022 (Applicants residing in Japan)
Friday, December 2, 2022, 15:00
Before mid-February 2023
For Applicants with Disabilities
The University of Tsukuba welcome applications from applicants with disabilities and are committed to making reasonable adjustments to enable them to participate fully in admission process.
The Admissions Committee view applications from applicants with disabilities on the same grounds as those from other applicants. All applications are assessed purely on academic merit and potential, according to the published screening criteria.
Please contact the Academic Service Office (15. Inquiries and Where to submit) in advance to discuss your application and submit the following materials by Saturday 27th August 2022. After having carefully studied the proposal, assistance may be offered.
Photocopy of Physical Disability Certificate (If applicable)
Original copy of Medical Certificate issued in the past 3 month (Required)
Request for Consideration Related to Disability (Required)
University of Tsukuba have the special measures of examination fee exemption for the victims of disasters in Japan. For more details, please confirm this website.
This applies only to the victims of disasters in Japan.
First Screening: JPY 7,000
Payment Period: Tuesday, September 6, 2022 ~ Saturday, September 24, 2022
Second Screening: JPY 23,000
Payment Period: Notified to the successful applicants of First Screening
A non-refundable application fee will be payable online by credit card or at the convenience store in Japan. Payment must be made before completing the Web entry. Any transaction charges will be borne by the applicants.
Check the detailed procedure on How to make Payment of Examination Fee at Convenience Store or by Credit Card.
Note 1: For Applicants under Qualification for Admission 2, please DO NOT pay the Application fee until result of Eligibility screening is notified.
Note 2: For Government-sponsored international students enrolling in a university in Japan, the Application fee will be waivered by submitting "Certificate of government-sponsored international student" issued by the university enrolled.
For Government-sponsored international students currently enrolled in other department of the University of Tsukuba, it's not necessary to submit "Certificate of government-sponsored international student", the Admissions Comittee will confirm your status internally.
Payment Platform (e-shiharai.net)
https://e-shiharai.net/ (Japanese)
https://e-shiharai.net/english/ (English, only for Credit Card payment)
1. Online Payment by Credit Card
>1: Access the Payment platform to pay the application fee.
>2: A 12-digit receipt number will be provided when completing the payment.
>3: Put the receipt number in the designated box on the Web entry system and click the "Submit" button.
>4: Print "収納証明書"(Certificate of Payment) or Payment result page.
>5: Affix the tear-off portion of the Certificate in the designated location of the mounting sheet which will be automatically created after completing the Web entry, or Staple the Payment result page with the sheet.
>6: Submit the sheet together with the other required documents by the designated deadline.
2. Payment at Convenience Store
Applicants are still required to access the Payment platform to obtain a payment number before your payment will be processed.
You can pay the application fee at either of the following convenience store (number of digit obtained via payment platform) in Japan.
Seven-Eleven (13-digit Payment Slip Number)
Lawson, MINI STOP, Family Mart (11-digit Customer Number (+ 4-digit Verification Code))
>1: Access the Payment platform to obtain a payment number.
>2: Visit a convenience store in Japan to pay the Application fee and obtain the Certificate of payment.
>3: Put the name of Convenience store, Date of payment and Payment number in the designated box on the Web entry system and click the "Submit" button.
>4: Affix the tear-off portion of the Certificate in the designated location of the mounting sheet which will be automatically created after completing the Web entry.
Screening Criteria
1. First Screening: Application Documents
Applicants will be evaluated based on the score received from their application documents.
The number of successful applicants of the First Screening will be about twice as many as the enrollment capacity.
2. Second Screening: Interview (only for Applicants who pass the First screening)
Applicants will be evaluated based on the score received from the First screening and interview.
Evaluation Standards
Point Allocation
First Screening
Document Screening 130pt Evaluated based on submitted documents.
(Business experience, motivation and problem awareness, etc.)
Proficiency 20pt Evaluated based on submitted TOEIC, TOEFL iBT, TOEFL iBT Special Home Edition or IELTS (Academic) Scores.
Second Screening
Interview 50pt An individual interview will be conducted in English to evaluate basic academic ability, experience, motivation, communication skills, future vision, etc.
Interview Site
For Applicants Residing Overseas
9:00 ~ 19:00 *Details will be notified via email; refer to "12. Result Announcement".
For Applicants Residing in Japan
9:00 ~ 19:00 Tokyo Campus, University of Tsukuba
3-29-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
*Details will be notified via postal mail; refer to "12. Result Announcement".
Note 1: Any individual request about the interview schedule will not be accepted under any circumstances.
Note 2: Regardless of nationality, applicants residing overseas are required to take their interview at the specified time on Saturday, November 12, 2022 and those residing in Japan on Sunday, November 13, 2022.
For Applicants residing overseas who wish take their interview at the Tokyo Campus on Sunday November 13, 2022, please request it during the Web entry. In this case, any individual request about interview schedule will still not be accepted.
Result Announcement
The examinee numbers of successful applicants will be posted on the Tokyo Campus Webpage (https://www.office.otsuka.tsukuba.ac.jp) and on the bulletin board outside of the Bunkyo School Building.
Result will remain posted for one week from the day of announcement.
Any telephone or email inquiries about results will not be accepted.
First Screening Result:
Note 1: Result and Guidelines for the Second Screening will be sent to the successful applicants of the First Screening.
– For Applicants residing in Japan: By Postal mail (Registered mail)
– For Applicants residing overseas: By email
Note 2: Result will be sent to the unsuccessful applicants of the First Screening by Postal mail (Registered mail) or Courier.
Second Screening Result:
Note 1: Notification of Acceptance and documents necessary for Admission Procedures will be sent to the successful candidates.
– For Candidates residing in Japan: By Postal mail (Letter-pack)
– For Candidates residing overseas: By Courier
Note 2: Unsuccessful applicants and successful applicants of the First Screening who do not proceed to the Second Screening will not be notified.
Documents necessary for the Admission procedures will be sent to the final successful candidates together with the Notification of Acceptance.
Note 1: If there is any change in the Fees during the school year, the newly adopted amount will be applied.
Note 2: The Admission fee will NOT be refunded, even to applicants who decline the offer of admission after completing the Admission procedures.
Note 3: Tuition fees should be paid by automatic account transfer AFTER enrollment. Please pay the Admission fee ONLY at the time of the Admission procedures.
◆Security Export Control:
University of Tsukuba has established the University of Tsukuba Rules on Security Export Control in accordance with the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act, and conducts strict examinations for acceptance of international students, etc. International applicants who fall under any of the conditions set out in said regulations may be unable to enter their desired course or program.
◆Your application will not be accepted if:
– the application requirements and documents fail to be complete;
– the application documents are delivered after the designated period.
– the Web Entry submission is not completed within the designated period.
◆You cannot make changes to the information on the Web Entry System and the Application documents once you submit them. Make sure to double-check before submitting
◆All the Application documents and Signature/Seal on the documents must be original.
◆Application documents and application fee will not be returned to the applicants.
◆The University of Tsukuba is unable to assist applicants in finding accommodation for the Entrance Examination.
◆Any telephone or email inquiries about results will not be accepted under any circumstances.
◆Multiple enrollment in other graduate level programs of the University of Tsukuba as well as other universities is not allowed.
Academic Affairs Section (MBA-IB),
Academic Service Office for the Business Sciences Area,
(筑波大学社会人大学院等支援室(MBA-IB教務担当))
Address: 3-29-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0012, Japan
(東京都文京区大塚3-29-1)
Tel: +81(0)3-3942-6918
Inquiry: https://www.mbaib.gsbs.tsukuba.ac.jp/contact-us/
Results from the entrance examination, as well as personal information obtained by the University of Tsukuba from the application documents, will be used not only for affairs concerning admission and screening, but also research and study aimed at improvement of the admission procedure and the university education. We will carefully take care of the data not to be disclosed as a specific person. Also, we will use the data to screen students for scholarships from the Japan Student Services Organization, which are offered to individuals who have completed the Admission Procedure.
Security Export Control:
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(博士前期課程)
法学学位プログラム
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筑波大学Webサイト
筑波大学附属図書館
©2020 University of Tsukuba All Rights Reserved.


Download "Institutional Repository. University of Miami Law School. A. H. Toothman. University of Miami Law Review"
2 BOOK REVIEWS THE IMPROVEMENT OF CONVEYANCING By LEGISLATION. By Lewis M. Simes, assisted by Clarence B. Taylor. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Law School Pp. xxv, 421. ($5.00) Recent years have witnessed considerable interest in the complexities, weaknesses, and difficulties involved in the rather common experience of transferring a piece of real estate.' Articulation of the perplexities, however, is not enough. Development of a more rational, simplified and secure method of protecting the real estate purchaser is a vital necessity. Toward the accomplishment of this goal, The Improvement of Conveyancing By Legislation is a valuable tool and a notable addition to the available literature. This book is the first publication of an intensive research project jointly sponsored by the University of Michigan Law School and the Real Property, Probate and Trust Law Section of the American Bar Association. The other publications, Model Real Estate Title Standards, and A Handbook For More Efficient Conveyancing, have already been published. 2 Each part is a complete unit. The importance of the work is both attested and enhanced by the pre-eminence of its principal author, Professor Simes, in the property field. It is altogether fitting that, after retirement, he and Michigan should continue their cooperation for the improvement of the law. A significant feature of The Improvement of Conveyancing by Legislation is that the suggested remedies are practical, pragmatic, and attainable. The reforms are not radical or revolutionary. They are aimed at making the existing system more workable, not at supplanting it with something entirely different. An ardent reformer might be somewhat disappointed because the basic property structure and conveyancing system are not changed. The realist, however, after noting the lack of progress made by the Torrens system, and the lack of enthusiasm for any attempt to radically change, 3 if indeed it could be constitutionally possible, the entire 1. See, e.g., the following articles in a symposium on the Reform of Real Property Law, 35 N.Y.U.L. REV (1960): Dunham, From Rural Enclosure To Re-Enclosure of Urban Land; Browder, Future Interest Reform; Lesar, Landlord and Tenant Reform; Cribbet, Conveyancing Reform; Cross, Interplay Between Property Law Change and Constitutional Barriers To Property Law Reform; Megarry, Change But Not Decay; A Century of The English Law of Real Property. In addition, see the extensive bibliography contained in the book under review at pp ; other articles cited in n.4, and Cook, American Land Law Reform: Co-ownership, Dower and Curtesy, 1960 DUKE L.J Published respectively in 1960 and Cf. the chief features of the English system as depicted by Megarry, Change But Not Decay: A Century of The English Law of Real Property, 35 N.Y.U.L. REV (1960).
3 1961] BOOK REVIEW property and estate structure, will be happy enough with improvements. The book wisely adopts what appears to be the most feasible method of reform. The Improvement of Conveyancing By Legislation contains 33 model acts plus a text discussion fully explaining the objective of each and depicting what each act will and will not do. The book is divided into two principal parts: Part I entitled Major Remedies, and Part II being entitled Specific Problems and Their Solution. There are also four appendices dealing primarily with the major remedies and discussing at length problems of constitutionality, the effectiveness of particular provisions, and comparing similar legislation already enacted in various states. There is also an index, a table of cases, and a most valuable bibliography on marketable title legislation. The four major remedies relied on to simplify conveyancing procedures are: (1) marketable title acts; (2) curative acts; (3) an act concerning the evidentiary effect of the record; and (4) statutes of limitations. Statutes of limitation and curative acts are, of course, quite common, but the model acts are designed to be more comprehensive, unified, and complete. The "Act concerning the evidentiary effect of the record" is based on common law presumptions, common procedures, and specific matters dealt with in particular legislation in various states. Explanatory texts and notes clarify the provisions of each act. The material on marketable title legislation should be of vital interest to the attorney in Florida 4 and other jurisdictions where such an act or other reform is being considered. This is one of the principal methods of reform and is discussed at length. The effect of the act, its operation and its limitations, the constitutional aspects, and a detailed study of similar legislation already existent in some states, presents a balanced and objective appraisal of its utility. The value of this material to a practitioner in a state with a newly enacted marketable title act will be immeasurable. The Improvement of Conveyancing by Legislation is not a code on conveyancing procedures but, instead, is a compilation of model acts which can be enacted separately or in conjunction with each other. Together, the acts constitute a coherent and unified attack on a tremendously complex problem, but each act can and should be tailored to the particular needs of the particular state. In promulgating the model acts, the authors took pains to make the acts complement each other and to avoid contradictory provisions. In adapting them to the needs of particular states, the draftsmen will likewise have to exercise caution to avoid conflicts and to attain uniformity. 4. See, e.g.: Aigler, Marketable Title Acts, 13 U. MIAMI L. REV. 47 (1958); Catsman, Proposed Marketable Title Act for Florida, 13 U. FLA. L. REV. 334 (1960); Carmichael, The Current Proposed Marketable Title Act, 34 FLA. B.J (1960); Catsman, Function of A Marketable Title Act, 34FLA. B.I. 139 (1960).
4 UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI LAW REVIEW [VOL. XV Principal aims of the suggested acts include lessening of the burden of the title examiner, and making the title record more complete, more reliable, and more accessible. In this manner, the whole system becomes more comprehensible and more workable. Encompassed within the confines of this little volume is a wealth of material on the workings of the present conveyancing system and on suggestions for its improvement. Not only the scholar and reformer, but every practitioner who ever reflects on the process of land transfer, will find the book of utmost significance and usefulness. Ralph E. Boyer Professor of Law University of Miami School of Law INSURANCE AND PUBLIC POLICY. By Spencer L. Kimball. The University of Wisconsin Press, Pp ($6.00) Professor Kimball has presented a detailed study of the social-politicallegal interplay which occurred between insured and insurer during the great growth years ( ) of the insurance industry. Wisconsin was chosen as the locus because of its historical position as a non-radical state, neither leader nor laggard, in its insurance industry and in legislation concerning that industry. Thus, the book is representative and could be applied to many states after minor transpositions of time and detail. The author initiates the neophyte into the industry by showing the reason for and the growth of insurance from the individual single line underwriter, to the syndicate, to the multiple line corporation. Byways are constructed into the workings of the stock, mutual, reciprocal and state fund methods of reaching the ultimate objective of insurance-spread of risk. Two basic types of insurance are investigated, life and property. Property is dealt with in both the fixed and inland marine lines. The author considers the creation of the fund needed to meet claims, the protection of that fund, the administration of claims and the action and reaction between the industry and the public. Considered under these major headings are rating regulations, premium collection, licensing of agents and internal management of companies, particularly with regard to fund investments. The most interesting aspect of this book is Professor Kimball's thorough outline of the legislative and administrative actions taken by state legislatures and insurance commissioners. Not only are the successful laws and regulations set forth but also those attempted and thwarted or completed and aborted, with the reasons for all.
The ATA Board of Directors concurred that this information be shared with not only ATA members, but all of the Appraisers in Texas.
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FLORIDA CASE NUMBER SC Lower Court Case Number 4D ELLER DRIVE LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, Petitioner, vs.
SUMTER COUNTY, FLORIDA FIRE RESCUE SERVICES ASSESSMENT ANNUAL ASSESSMENT RATE RESOLUTION THE VILLAGES FIRE DISTRICT ADOPTED: AUGUST 23, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE SECTION 1. AUTHORITY.... 3 SECTION 2.
DRAFT (October 14A, 2009) Note: Pagination and line breaks will be corrected when "DRAFT" header is removed.
CHAPTER Intangibles CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After careful study of this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Explain the accounting alternatives for intangibles. 2. Record the amortization or impairment of intangibles.
Date 18/1/2010. Date 19/1/2010. Date 19/1/2010. Date 29/1/2010. Date 21/1/2010. Date 21/1/2010. Date 3/2/2010. Date 8/4/2010.


text:
package org.javacs.rewrite;

import com.sun.source.util.Trees;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.util.Map;
import org.javacs.CompilerProvider;
import org.javacs.FindHelper;
import org.javacs.lsp.Position;
import org.javacs.lsp.Range;
import org.javacs.lsp.TextEdit;

public class AddException implements Rewrite {
    final String className, methodName;
    final String[] erasedParameterTypes;
    final String exceptionType;

    public AddException(String className, String methodName, String[] erasedParameterTypes, String exceptionType) {
        this.className = className;
        this.methodName = methodName;
        this.erasedParameterTypes = erasedParameterTypes;
        this.exceptionType = exceptionType;
    }

    @Override
    public Map<Path, TextEdit[]> rewrite(CompilerProvider compiler) {
        var file = compiler.findTypeDeclaration(className);
        if (file == CompilerProvider.NOT_FOUND) {
            return CANCELLED;
        }
        try (var task = compiler.compile(file)) {
            var trees = Trees.instance(task.task);
            var methodElement = FindHelper.findMethod(task, className, methodName, erasedParameterTypes);
            var methodTree = trees.getTree(methodElement);
            var pos = trees.getSourcePositions();
            var lines = task.root().getLineMap();
            var startBody = pos.getStartPosition(task.root(), methodTree.getBody());
            var line = (int) lines.getLineNumber(startBody);
            var column = (int) lines.getColumnNumber(startBody);
            var insertPos = new Position(line - 1, column - 1);
            var packageName = "";
            var simpleName = exceptionType;
            var lastDot = simpleName.lastIndexOf('.');
            if (lastDot != -1) {
                packageName = exceptionType.substring(0, lastDot);
                simpleName = exceptionType.substring(lastDot + 1);
            }
            String insertText;
            if (methodTree.getThrows().isEmpty()) {
                insertText = "throws " + simpleName + " ";
            } else {
                insertText = ", " + simpleName + " ";
            }
            var insertThrows = new TextEdit(new Range(insertPos, insertPos), insertText);
            // TODO add import if needed
            TextEdit[] edits = {insertThrows};
            return Map.of(file, edits);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The courting of social conservatives by the NDP. NDP leadership candidate Charlie Angus visited Muslim groups in Brampton and Mississauga to secure endorsements on Jagmeet Singh's constituency turf. Meanwhile, the idea that Quebecers would never vote for a turban-wearing Sikh is raising concern among NDP partisans. And then there's this thing about Singh's campaign maybe being undermined by India.
Guelph as a glimpse into a future without newspapers. Torstar killed the Guelph Mercury in 2016 as part of its ongoing effort to try and boost its ever-sinking business. The next to go will be Star Touch, just in time for new CEO John Boynton's first full quarterly earnings report, which he hopes will herald some eventual growth. For now, what's taken over are scrappy startups, which are so far failing to offset fears that local democracy is screwed.
Sears boycotter doesn't seem to know what she's protesting. Tracy Brown, a 54-year-old painter from Stratford, is central to a Canadian Press story about calls to #BoycottSearsCanada over how it jilted former employees like Mike Myers' brother. The foaming dissent includes Brown declaring a halt to a lifelong tradition of travelling to downtown Toronto to see the store's Christmas displays, even though there hasn't been a Sears there since 2014, and even though that Eaton Centre location had only been there for a dozen years before it closed.
The original name of FedEx Office was phased out in 2008. Now the stores will now disappear entirely, as the shipper is pulling out of retail operations in Canada.


text: Q: ¿ Porqué mi servi worker no corre en la Versión 96.0.4664.45 e chorome? Cree un servi worker con js para un sistema, Registra, instala, activa y actualiza, actualmente la versión de mi navegador es  Versión 96.0.4664.45, al publicar no corre el sw en mi navegador, al probarlo en navegador de versión 6 si funciona el sw.  Lo que no entiendo porque se da esta situación se supone que el sw es compatible con chorome no importa la versión.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Very few attorneys have the skill and experience to handle divorces involving the valuation of patents or other financial instruments such as limited liability companies (LLC) or real estate partnerships.
With more than 35 years of experience in business and real estate law, Robert Hajek has a comprehensive understanding of the issues involved when patents and other financial instruments must be valued and divided during a divorce. He also has access to highly knowledgeable financial experts who can render an opinion regarding the value of these assets.
There are many divorce lawyers to choose from in Minnesota. However, there are few divorce lawyers who also have the real estate and business background necessary to tackle the complex process of valuing patents and other financial instruments. Inexperienced attorneys will rely heavily on expensive consultants to gain an understanding of the basic information that Robert has already mastered.
Robert has extensive experience working with business appraisers. In fact, he regularly consults with business and real estate appraisers to prepare them to testify at trials. As a result, he is able to quickly and comprehensively understand the most complex asset valuation issues such as minority interest and liquidity discounts.
Though Robert has a deep understanding of these aspects of asset valuation, he also has access to a network of experienced financial consultants. When necessary, Robert will work closely with consultants to assist them in obtaining and analyzing information and rendering an opinion that supports your claims.
If your divorce involves the valuation and division of patents or other financial instruments, who do you want on your side of the table — a lawyer with a few years of divorce experience or an attorney with more than 35 years of experience in divorce, business law and real estate law? Call Robert Hajek at 952-373-0121 or contact him online.