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Americanization and the California Indians - A Case Study of Northern California.
Introduction: In previous discussions found in Unit I, we learned a great deal about how the California Indians fared under Spanish and Mexican colonization. We concluded that the many Indian nations neither flourished nor thrived under their colonial policies. As we will learn today, the Americanization of California was even worse for its Indian people. The destructive patterns set during westward expansion that were reliant upon the Anglo-American belief in Manifest Destiny assured that with the progression of statehood, the number and strength of California Indians would be greatly diminished.
Our focus today is on Northern California - how the Americanization of California influences the political, economic, spiritual, and cultural lives of the many Indian nations living in the northern part of the state.
Discussion Goals - Americanization and the California Indians - A Case Study of Northern California.
To understand California's "Indian Problem" and the conflicting white interpretation of how to handle this problem.
To learn about California policies created to deal with the Indian Problem during its early years.
To examine the Federal Indian Policies that were applied to California Indians during the last five decades of the 19th Century.
To understand citizen attitudes about California Indians, especially through an examination of the Indian Island Massacre in Eureka, California.
Goal #1: To understand California's "Indian Problem" and the conflicting white interpretation of how to handle this problem.
By 1848 somewhere between 70,000 and 100,000 Indians and slightly more than 800 white people lived in California. Later that year when gold was discovered, the population mix began a dramatic alteration. By the time California became a state in 1850, California Indians were a minority and a "problem" for the newly-migrated Californians who came from various parts of the world. For the next decade, the "problem" of what to do with California's Indian population was especially acute in Northern California where the new state government, California's white citizens, and the federal government had conflicting interpretations of how to handle the "Indian problem."
California citizens wanted the Indians removed from Northern California as quickly as possible.
The State of California had three primary interests:
protecting white settlers and miners from Indian attack,
protecting white property from Indian loss or attack, and
using Indians as an involuntary, coerced labor force
The Federal government was bound by three distinct policies that determined how the Americans in every state would deal with Indians: the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution, and the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act of 1890.
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 defined the manner in which the United States government would deal with the Indian nations. Section 14, Article 3 of the Ordinance proclaimed, "The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and, in their property, rights, and liberty, they shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice and humanity, shall from time to time be made for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them."
The Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution (Article 1, Section 8) declares that "The Congress shall have the power to regulate Commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes." The Constitution thereby specified that there were three governmental entities within the United States with forms of sovereignty - Indian tribes, state governments, and the federal government.
The Indian Trade and Intercourse Act of 1790 placed nearly all interaction between Indians and non-Indians under federal - not state - control - including buying and selling of Indian land. It also established the new boundaries of Indian Country, protected Indian lands against non-Indian aggression, subjected trading with Indians to federal regulation, and stipulated that injuries against Indians by non-Indians was a federal crime. The conduct of Indians among themselves while in Indian country was left entirely to the tribes.
In addition, the federal government was bound by its treaties with Indian nations. Treaties were legal, government-to-government agreements between two legitimate governments - the United States and an Indian nation. When an Indian nation signed a treaty, it agreed to give the federal government some or all of its land as well as some or all of its sovereign powers. In return, the federal government entered into a trust responsibility with the Indian Nation in which the federal government in exchange for some or all of Indian land, is legally responsible for the protection of tribal lands, assets, resources, and treaty rights. The trust responsibility bound the United States to represent the best interests of the tribe, protect the safety and well-being of tribal members, and fulfill its treaty obligations and commitments.
How are the goals similar to and different from all three entities dealing with the "Indian problem?"
What types of conflicts can you predict given these conflicting ideas of how to handle the "Indian problem?"
Goal #2: To learn about California's Legislative Policies Dealing with the "Indian Problem"
The famous historian of California, Hubert Howe Bancroft, summed up the state politics towards Indians in a few succinct but horrific sentences:
"That part of the early intercourse between aboriginal Americans and European which belongs to history may be briefly given, short work was made of it in California. The savages were in the way; the miners and settlers were arrogant and impatient; there were no missionaries or others present with even the poor pretense of soul saving or civilizing. It was one of the last human hunts of civilization, and the basest and most brutal of them all." (Bancroft, History of California, 1963: 474)
Among the ranks of American historians, there is still controvery over the idea that federal Indian policies may have been genocidal in nature and consequence. However, there is little to no argument among historians that what happened in California was genocide.
A little bit of background about the formal origins of the word genocide is important. In 1944, the word was created from the Greek word "genos" meaning race - plus "cide" from Latin "cidium" meaning to kill or an act of killing. In 1948, the U.N. adopted the definition below:
"In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
The following acts shall be punishable:
(a) Genocide;
(b) Conspiracy to commit genocide;
(c) Direct and public incitement to commit genocide;
(d) Attempt to commit genocide;
(e) Complicity in genocide. "
This is the definition most often used in domestic and international discussions of genocide. As we learn more about California policies dealing with the Indian nations within its borders, it will be important to remember the definition of genocide and to also think about how and why such policies fit into this definition.
So, let's begin with 1850 when the first California Legislature met to begin making the laws governing the new state. From the beginning, California neither recognized Indians as citizens with civil rights, nor did it treat Indians as sovereign people. As soon as the state government was created, the new legislators - those men largely ruled by pro-slavery and pro-southern sentiments - passed a series of legislative acts that legally did the following
allowed Indians to be used for involuntary, forced labor - a new type of slavery
denied Indians equal protection under the law
encouraged vigilante justice
Examples of such Legislation:
1. In 1850, California's first legislature passed the Act for the Government and Protection of Indians - which wrote the following into law.
Indians could not testify against whites.
Landowners could not permit Indians who were peaceably residing on their land to continue to do so.
Whites could obtain control over Indian children by virtue of forced apprenticeships.
Indian adults convicted of vagrancy and other crimes could be forced to work for whites who paid for their bail.
Alchohol could not be sold or given to Indians.
Indians convicted of stealing a horse, mule, cow, or any other valuable could receive any number of lashes not to exceed 25, and fines not to exceed $200.
Indians found strolling, loitering where alchohol was sold, begging, or leading a "profligate course of life" would be liable to arrest.
2. California passed a law in 1854 "making it a crime to disinter, mutilate or remove the body of any deceased person" - but Indian bodies were understood to be exempt from the law. This begins a period of Indian grave robbing that does not end until federal legislation (NAGPRA, 1990) is passed in the late 20th Century that specifically makes this practice illegal.
3. In 1860, California passed an amendment to the Act for the Government and Protection of Indians [Approved April 18, 1860.] In essence, this amendment declared that Indians who were not already indentured/enslaved could be kidnapped.
"Sec. 3. County and District Judges in the respective counties of this state, shall, by virtue of this act, have full power and authority, at the instance and request of any person having or hereafter obtaining an Indian child or children, male or female, under the age of fifteen years, from the parents or person or persons having the care or charge of such child or children, with the consent of such parents or person or persons having the care or charge of any such child or children, or at the instance and request of any person desirous of obtaining any Indian or Indians, whether children or grown persons, that may be held as prisoners of war, or at the instance and request of any person desirous of obtaining any vagrant Indian or Indians, as have no settled habitation or means of livelihood, and have not placed themselves under the protection of any white person, to bind and put out such Indians as apprentices, to trades, husbandry, or other employments, as to them shall appear proper, and for this purpose shall execute duplicate articles of indenture of apprenticeship on behalf of such Indians, which indentures shall also be executed by the person to whom such Indian or Indians are to be indentured - such indentures shall authorize such person to have the care, custody, control, and earnings, of such Indian or Indians, as shall require such person to clothe and suitably provide the necessaries of life for such Indian or Indians, for and during the term for which such Indian or Indians shall be apprenticed, and shall contain the sex, name, and probable age, of such Indian or Indians; such indentures may be for the following terms of years: Such children as are under fourteen years of age, if males, until they attain the age of twenty-five years; if females, until they attain the age of twenty-one years; such as are over fourteen and under twenty years of age, if males, until they attain the age of thirty years; if females, until they attain the age of twenty-five years; and such Indians as may over the age of twenty years, then next following the date of such indentures, for and during the term of ten years, at the discretion of such Judge; such Indians as may be indentured under provision of this section, shall be deemed within such provisions of this act, as are applicable to minor Indians."
What were the goals of such legislation?
Promoting Indian slavery. Californians interpreted the 1850 law in such a way that all Indians, including children, faced indentured servitude through a simple procedure of arrest and "hiring out" through any local justice-of-the-peace. Once they were indentured, the term limitation was almost always ignored, thus resulting in slavery.
The result was a profitable slave trade in Indian men, women, and children throughout Northern California. Children were readily bought and sold for household work and women were purchased for both household work and sexual liaisons.
Another practice occurred when officials picked up Indians as vagrants. These officials would then turn the Indians over to the ranchers and other people who needed laborers. After four months, the employer would return the Indians to the city, usually to a place where alcohol was served. Shortly after their return, the Indians would be picked up once again as vagrants, and returned to the labor force.
In 1860, the Act was amended to allow for any Indian not already indentured to be kidnapped.
Denying Indians equal protection under the law by forbidding Indians to defend themselves in a court of law and describing the only type of life acceptable to white Californians was to contract Indians out as servants.
Under the 1850 Act, article 6 states that "in no case shall a white man be convicted of any offence upon the testimony of an Indian." This clearly is denial of equal protection - the belief that Indians did not deserve equal protection under the law in the land they had occupied for generations, or justice in the case of murder or abuse.
Enslaving Indians and denying them equal protection became illegal in 1866, when, to comply with the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution, the State Legislature repealed the law. (The 14th Amendment provides that no state should infringe on any citizen's "privileges or immunities" nor "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law," nor deny to any person "the equal protection of the law." )
But all this did was remove the legal barriers. Persons who were already enslaved were not immediately released, nor was the law adequately enforced until the end of the century.
It was not until 1872 that the California Constitution was amended to allow Indians to testify in courts of law.
Pomoting vigilante violence by empowering and funding militias. In 1850 with the first California constitution, Article VII gave the Governor the power "to call for the militia, to execute the laws of the State, to suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." In his annual address to the California Legislature on Jan. 7, 1851, Governor Burnett highlighted significant events of 1850, including "repeated calls ... upon the Executive for the aid of the militia to resist and punish the attacks of the Indians upon the frontier." During 1850, Governor Burnett called out the militia two times. Additionally ...
In April 1850, the California Legislature enacted two laws: An Act concerning Volunteer or Independent Companies, and An Act concerning the organization of the Militia.
The Volunteer Act provided that citizens of any one county could: organize into a volunteer or independent company; arm and equip themselves in the same manner as the army of the United States; prepare muster rolls (attendance records) twice a year; and render prompt assistance and full obedience when summoned or commanded under the law. This is a copy of discharge papers from one of the Trinity Rangers.
The lengthy Militia Act established that all "free, white, able-bodied male citizens, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, residing in [the] State" were subject to state-mandated military duty.
In 1851, the legislature set the rates of pay for the troops - $1,100,000 for the "suppression" of Indian hostilities.
In 1857, the Legislature issued bonds for $410,000 for the same purpose.
Both of the 1850 acts were replaced in 1855 and amended in 1856 and 1857 - but none repealed the militia nor the money provided to militias. In 1866, the National Guard replaced militias in this capacity.
Studies conducted in the late 20th Century of the California archives found that while it was impossible to determine exactly the total number of units and men engaged in militia attacks against the California Indians during the period of 1850 to 1859, the official record verifies that the governors of California called out the militia on "Expeditions against the Indians" on a number of occasions, and at considerable expense - $843,573.48. (Comptroller of the State of California, Expenditures for Military Expeditions Against Indians, 1851-1859, Sacramento: The Comptroller, Secretary of State, California State Archives, Located at "Roster" Comptroller No. 574, Vault, Bin 393.)
Do any of these acts passed by the California Legislature constitute genocide? If so, how and why?
Even if the word "genocide" did not exist in the 1850s, how do you suppose that Californians were able to legally hunt and kill Indian people without opposition?
Selected Incidents of Indian Genocide in Northern California, 1851-1860
Thompkins Ferry Massacre, 1851. After several white miners were killed outside of Trinidad by local Indians, a group of men formed a committee that hunted down and massacred as many local Indians as they were able to find.
Bridge Gulch, April or May 1852. After Colonel John Anderson was killed by some Wintun Indians, 30 volunteers were deputized. A group of 70 men surrounded and open fired upon a camp of men, women, and children. Between 80 and 300 Indians were massacred, depending upon the accounts given.
Orleans Bar, April 1852. After miners discussed the "Indian problem," they voted to kill on sight any Indians having a gun.
Weaverville, May 1852. In revenge for the killing of five cows belonging to a white man, 153 Wintun Indians were killed.
Yontoket Massacre, 1853. Somewhere between 450-200 Tolowa people were murdered by citizens from Crescent City.
Round Valley, 1856-1860. Drydon Laycock, a local resident, claimed that during this period, settlers went out "two or three times a week" and killed "on an average, fifty or sixty Indians on a trip."
Mendocino War, 1859-60. After local Indians stole about 600 head of cattle and killed 19 white settlers, a group of ranchers from Laytonville claimed to have killed 283 men and taken 292 prisoners to the Mendocino Reservation
Goal #3: To examine the Federal Indian Policies that were applied to California Indians during the last five decades of the 19th Century
While the state was enslaving and eliminating California natives, the federal government spent the next four decades trying to bring California Indian policy into compliance with Federal Indian policy. As such, they took four approaches:
Negotiating treaties
Removing Indians from their ancestral lands and placing them on newly-created reservations
Educating and assimilating Indian children
Alloting Indian lands
1. Negotiating Treaties - 18 Treaties (negotiated with 139 sovereign nations). In 1851, the federal government appointed three Indian Commissioners to negotiate treaties with California Indians. Because the federal government recognized Indian tribes as foreign nations, treaties were the legal means for developing an agreement and ensuring peace with them.
In 1851, Redick McKee, George W. Barbour, and O. M. Wozencraft began a 500-mile journey through California. None of the three Commissioners had any knowledge whatsoever of California Indians or their cultural practices, especially those regarding land ownership and use.
As treaty makers they were under federal orders to make certain arrangements with California Indian tribes. As they moved through the state they made camps, sent out the word that the treaty-making party was anxious to talk with the local peopie, visited Indians in villages, and invited them to attend treaty-making sessions.
In short, the three Commissioners did not have the slightest idea of the actual extent of tribal lands of any group with whom they met nor did they understand any of the many Indian languages spoken throughout the state. They did not understand the political nature of the tribes with whom they met, nor did they know if any of the "chiefs" with whom they negotiated the treaties had any authority to cede tribal or village lands.
It was McKee who negotiated all the treaties north of San Francisco. McKee believed that while white Californians would never allow the Indians to keep all of their ancestral land or to roam freely throughout the state, Indians, nonetheless, were entitled to reservations that gave them enough farm and grazing land to labor for their own well being. In just over three months, he traveled from Sonoma Valley to Redding, meeting with Indian tribes along the way. This is what he accomplished
Negotiated 18 total treaties which et aside 7,488,000 acres of land, or about 11,700 square miles (7.5% of all California) for Indian use.
Promised various kinds of federal aid - especially schooling, clothing, farming instruction and equipment); and
Guaranteed rights to maintain traditional hunting and fishing practices.
When they were done, McKee believed he had negotiated the treaties in good faith, that they would be honored both by the California and Federal governments, and that the new reservations would be "forever guaranteed." What McKee and his colleagues quickly discovered, however, was that many Californians were absolutely opposed to creating reservations and giving "savages valuable land." (Raphael, Little White Father, 1993:108.) Thus, McKee and all the Indian nations with whom he negotiated got caught up in what is now known as the story of the 18 Lost Treaties.
Selected Chronology of the 18 Lost Treaties
1850 In October, after California was admitted to the Union, Congress authorized the appointment of Indian Agents to the new state.
In October, Redick Mckee was appointed one of three Indian Agents to work in California.
On December 29, McKee and his associates arrived in California.
1851 McKee negotiated treaties with Northern California tribes between May and November, thereby creating four different reservations and negotiating five treaties with tribes along the lower Eel River Valley, Clear Lake, Scott's Valley, and the Klamath-Trinity regions.
1852 In January, McKee arrived in San Francisco after negotiating the treaties; he was immediately summoned to Sacramento to defend his "land grab on behalf of the Indians."
In February, The California Assembly passed a resolution to "use all proper means to prevent Congress confirming the Indian reservations which have been made in the state." A similar resolution was passed by the California Senate which claimed that the treaties "committed an error in assigning large portions of the richest mineral and agricultural lands to the Indians, who did not appreciate the land's value." Among the many statements made to encourage the state legislature to reject the treaties were the following:
"To place upon our most fertile soil the most degraded race of aborigines upon the North American continent; to invest them with the rights of sovereignty, and to teach them that they are independent nations, is planting the seeds of future disaster and ruin." (As quoted in the Los Angeles Star.)
"As to the wild Indians now located within this State, your committee must protest against locating them within our limits. Occupying an important frontier position on the great Pacific...it is indispensable that this State should be wholly occupied by a homogeneous population, all contributing, by their character and occupation, to its strength and independence. To take any portion of the country west of the Sierra Nevada, for the home of the wild, and generally hostile Indians, would be manifestly unwise and impolitic. " (As quoted in Ray Raphael, Little White Father.)
The legislature - Assembly voting 35 to 6 and Senate voting 19 to 4 - instructed the United States senators from California to oppose ratification of the treaties, and called for the federal government to remove the Indians from the state as they had done in other states.
President Millard Fillmore submitted the 18 treaties to the U.S. Senate for ratification. The Senate went into secret session to discuss the treaties. They failed to ratify them and instead, ordered the treaties to be placed in secret files where they remained for the next 53 years. The Indian tribes were never informed of either the California legislature's recommendation to Congress or of Congress's decision to not ratify the treaties.
1905 The 18 lost treaties were found.
1928 Several California Indian Nations sued the federal government for the lost compensation involved in the unratified 18 treaties. The basis for compensation was the reservation land promised, not the vast amount of land surrendered.
1944 The lawsuit was settled with a total award of $17,053,941. After the federal government deducted expenditures of $12 million for the protection of California Indians from the award, Congress eventually authorized payments of $150 to each California Indian.
2. Removing Indians from their ancestral lands and placing them in newly-created reservations. The Federal government approved five new military reservations in March 1853. The Congressional resolution that created the reservations made several points quite clear.
Reservations did not require the federal government to make a treaty with the California tribes, nor did their establishment require any Indian approval.
Each reservation could not exceed 25,000 acres. Five reservations were approved, thereby granting a total of 125,000 acres to the entire California Indian population. (This was about 60 times less than the land negotiated in the unratified 18 treaties set aside for reservations.)
Reservations could not be established in any lands inhabited by white California citizens. All reservations, then, would be created in the most undesirable and uninhabited areas of the state.
The federal government, not the Indians, would own and control reservation land.
All Indians would be forcibly removed to an assigned reservation for their own "protection."
3. Educating Indian Children. In 1881, an elementary school system for Indians was established in California. However, the Indians soon recognized that the schools were a threat to their culture, as well as to the tribe as a political unit.
"As a result, considerable resistance to the schools developed. Native peoples destroyed the day school at Potrero in 1888, and burned the school at Tule River in 1890. At Pachanga, a Luiseno named Venturo Molido, burned the school and assassinated the school teacher in 1895." (Heizer, 1978:115)
In 1891, school attendance was made mandatory. But while attendance was mandatory, there were still Indian children who did not attend.
Much of the destruction and violence could have been avoided if the school system and the government had recognized the great importance the Indians placed on being able to maintain their cultural beliefs.
4. Alloting Indian Land. A major tool the federal government used in trying to assimilate Indians during this time was the General Allotment Act of 1887, also known as the Dawes Act.
The Bureau of Indian Affairs began ordering California allotments of various sizes at Rincon, Morongo, and Pala Reservations in 1893. The next year, allotments were begun at Round Valley Reservation. By the turn of the century, 1,614 individual allotments were made among eight reservations in the state."
Other Indians, such as the Cupenos from Warner Springs, chose to fight for their lands in the courts. With the assistance of the Indian Rights Association, they began a suit to stop their eviction from their home at the Warner Ranch. In 1888, they won a favorable decision which temporarily stopped their eviction. However, the case was appealed to the United States Supreme Court, and in 1903, the Cupenos were evicted from their home.
Thus, by the end of the 19th Century, federal governmental policies ensured that California Indians had been herded onto reservations, had witnessed their children trying to be assimilated through forced education, and had lost much of their land through allotment.
But federal and state policies were not the only actions that were destroying the Indian Peoples of Northern California. The citizens - primarily farmers and miners - turned to vigilante actions designed to exterminate the local Indian population. While we have already talked about vigilante activities legally sanctioned and paid for by the state government, it is instructive to learn about at least one case study of such actions in Eureka, California.
Goal #4: To understand citizen attitudes about California Indians, especially through an examination of the Indian Island Massacre in Eureka, California.
As we have already read in Chapter 1 of Wherever There's a Fight, the lives of California Indians were endangered from the early days of the Gold Rush. Sam Brannan, the owner of The Californian, wrote an editorial on March 15, 1848 that stated, "We desire only a White population in California; even the Indians among us, as far as we have seen, are more a nuisance to the country, we would like to get rid of them." As Elinson and Yogi comment, "His attitude reflected popular sentiments" (p. 14)
Three years later, Governor Peter Burnett announced in his annual message to the citizens of California, "That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the two races until the Indian race becomes extinct, must be expected; while we cannot anticipate this result with but painful regret, the inevitable destiny of the race is beyond the power and wisdom of man to avert." (As quoted in Elinson and Yogi, p. 16).
To get a better understanding of how such popular sentiments were put into action, we are going to use the example of the events that led up to and followed the massacre at Indian Island in Humboldt County.
Cold Call: 11th Cold Call on required reading - "Genocide and Extortion" in The Journal at http://www.northcoastjournal.com/humboldt/genocide-and-extortion/Content?oid=2130748
Chronology of Indian Island
Pre-Contact. About 1500-2000 Wiyot people lived in their ancestral territory that included the current tows of McKinleyville, Blue Lake, Arcata, Eureka, Kneeland, Loleta, Fortuna, Ferndale, and Rohnerville. Indian Island was and remains the center of the Wiyot People's world. It is home to the ancient village of Tuluwat and the traditional site of the World Renewal Ceremony held annually to welcome the new year. The ceremony lasted between 7-10 days and began with the men leaving the island and returning the next day with the needed supplies. The elders, women, and children remained behind. The ground beneath Tuluwat village is an enormous clamshell mound (or midden). This mound, measuring over six acres in size and estimated to be over 1,000 years old, is an irreplaceable physical history of the Wiyot way of life. Contained within it are remains of meals, tools, and ceremonies, as well as many burial sites.
1850. The town of Eureka was founded by a group of miners who needed a more convenient route to the overland trail from Sacramento the California gold fields. Shortly thereafter, Humboldt Bay became the busiest port between San Francisco and Portland. As Eureka's population and economy grew, its white residents became increasingly uneasy about local Indians whom ranchers blamed for thefts and cattle loss. Merchants began to see Indian villages that thrived along the Bay as a direct threat to their growing trade.
1860. An army officer at Fort Humboldt observed, "Cold-blooded Indian killing being considered honorable, shooting Indians and murdering even squaws and children that have been domesticated for months and years, without a moment's warning and with as little compunction as they would rid themselves of a dog." An editorial in the Humboldt Times opined, "The whites cannot afford horses and cattle for their [Indian] sustenance, and will not. Ergo, unless Government provides for the Indians, the settlers must exterminate them."
In February, the Humboldt Volunteer Militia was created, two years after Humboldt citizens sent the following letter to the governor:
"It has now been two months since the Indians in this vicinity started in open hostility to us, though so far they have confined their operations to the trail connecting this County to Weaverville. This being our direct channel of communication with the Sacramento Valley, and a trail over which the United States Mail must pass once a week, it is of the utmost importance that it should be kept open. The Indians on this trail first manifested their hostility to us by shooting a man who was traveling alone. We supposed that a few men would be sufficient to punish the Indians and make them ask for peace, and accordingly, a party was organized, provided for by private means and sent in search of the hostiles. After trailing the Indians for several days, they were attacked from ambush and one man was killed. In the meantime their camp which they had left unguarded was attacked, and ten mules were killed. This party consisted of only twelve men. Subsequently, another party of twenty-five men went out who were provisioned at a heavy private expense. In endeavoring to drive the Indians from the vicinity of the trails, they were fired upon in a deep canyon, and one man was killed, another wounded. The company has now disbanded, not feeling inclined to incur further danger and hardships at their own expense. The trails are now closed, there being no travel over them except by night or in large parties. The question now is what is there to.be done? There are no troops here at the garrison and the people are not able to carry on a war at their own expense. The people of the county are of the opinion that if the militia could be called out, and arms furnished, the merchants would feel encouraged to furnish supplies, and wait for the State to pay. We can furnish the men if they can only be supplied."
On February 16, The Indian Island Massacre occured at the hands of the newly-created Humboldt Volunteer Milita. Armed with hatchets, clubs, and knives, militia men paddled to Indian Island where Wiyot men, women, and children were sleeping after a week of ceremonial dancing. Two other villages were raided on the same night – one on the Eel River and another on the South Spit. Somewhere between 80-100 people were killed on Indian Island. A baby, Jerry James, was the only infant that survived the massacre on the Island. Another 200-600 Wiyot were massacred in the other raids.
On February 29th journalist Bret Harte published a front-page editorial in The Northern Californian in which he expresses horror over the massacre. Subsequently, he was run out of the county and moved to San Francisco.
"Our Indian troubles have reached a crisis. Today we record acts of Indian aggression and white retaliation. It is a humiliating fact that the parties who may be supposed to represent white civilization have committed the greater barbarity. But before we review the causes that have led to this crowning act of reckless desperation, let us remind the public at a distance from this savage-ridden district, that the secrecy of this indiscriminate massacre is an evidence of its disavowal and detestation of the community. The perpetrators are yet unknown.
The people of this county have been long-suffering and patient. They have had homes plundered, property destroyed, and the lives of friends sacrificed. The protection of a Federal force has been found inadequate and when volunteer forces have been raised and the captured savages placed on reservations, by some defective screw in the Federal machinery, they have escaped. They have returned to their old homes. Old outrages have been renewed. The friendly Indians about the Bay have been charged with conveying arms and ammunition to the mountain tribes and receiving slaughtered beef as a reward. A class of hard-working men who derive their subsistence by cattle raising have been the greatest sufferers, and if in the blind fury of retaliation they spare neither age or sex, though they cannot be excused a part of the blame should fall upon that government which places the responsibility of self-defense on the injured party. If your government says, virtually, 'Protect yourselves,' it cannot consistently find fault with the manner.
Justice demands that we should show thus much in explanation. We do not extenuate. If the deed was committed by responsible parties, we will give place to any argument that may be offered in justification. But we can conceive of no palliation for woman and child slaughter. We can conceive of no wrong that a babe's blood can atone for. Perhaps we do not rightly understand the doctrine of 'extermination.' How a human being ... could with cruel, unpitying hand carry out the 'extermination' that his brain had conceived - who could smite the mother and a child so wantonly and cruelly - few men can understand. What amount of suffering it takes to make a man a babe-killer, is a question for future moralists. What will justify it, should be a question of present law.
It is the 'beginning of the end.' It will not be strange if these separate tribes are gathered into a burning focus on every trail. It will not be safe for the white man to travel alone. Every tree may hide some wretched and revengeful father. A spirit has been raised that nothing but blood will appease. An 'irrepressible conflict' is really here. Knowing this, was it policy to commence the work of extermination with the most peaceful? And what assistance can be expected from a Legislature already perplexed with doubts and suspicion, in the face of the bloody record we today publish?
A report was brought from Eureka on Sunday morning, that during the night nearly all the Indians camping on Indian Island, including women and children, were killed by parties unknown. A few loaded canoes bringing the dead bodies to Union on their way to Mad river, where some of the victims belonged, confirmed the report. But when the facts were generally known, it appeared that out of some sixty or seventy killed on the Island, at least fifty or sixty were women and children. Neither age or sex had been spared. Little children and old women were mercilessly stabbed and their skulls crushed with axes. When the bodies were landed at Union, a more shocking and revolting spectacle never was exhibited to the eyes of a Christian and civilized people. Old women, wrinkled and decrepit, lay weltering in blood, their brains dashed out and dabbled with their long gray hair. Infants scarce a span long, with their faces cloven with hatchets and their bodies ghastly with wounds. We gathered from the survivors that four or five white men attacked the ranches at about 4 o'clock in the morning, which statement is corroborated by people at Eureka who heard pistol shots at about that time, although no knowledge of the attack was public. With the Indians who lived on the Island, some thirty from the mouth of Mad river were staying, having attended a dance on the evening previous. They were all killed with the exception of some few who hid themselves during the massacre. No resistance was made, it is said, to the butchers who did the work, but as they ran or huddled together for protection like sheep, they were struck down with hatchets. Very little shooting was done, most of the bodies having wounds about the head. The bucks were mostly absent, which accounts for the predominance of female victims.
On Monday we received a statement from our Senior, at Eureka en route for San Francisco. He says: 'About 9 o'clock, I visited the Island, and there a horrible scene was presented. The bodies of 36 women and children, recently killed, lay in and near the several ranches - they were of all ages, from the child of but two or three years to the old skeleton squaw. From appearances, the most of them must have been killed with axes or hatchets - at the heads and bodies of many were gashed as with such an instrument. It was a sickening and pitiful sight. Some 5 or 6 were still alive and one old woman was able to talk, although dreadfully wounded. Dr. Lee, who visited them and dressed the wounds of those live, says that some will recover if properly cared for.' It is not generally known that more than three bucks were killed - though it is supposed there must have been 15 or 20. It is thought that the bodies of the men were taken away by Indians early this morning as four canoes were seen to leave the Island.
On the beach south of the entrance it is reported that from thirty to fifty were killed. It is also reported, that at Bucksport, all were killed that were there. I passed in sight of them about 11 o'clock and saw the ranches on fire. It is also said that the same has been done at the several ranches on Eel river.
No one seems to know who was engaged in this slaughter, but is supposed to have been men who have suffered from depredations so long on Eel river and vicinity. It is said that some jerked beef, about 100 lb., was found in one of the Indian ranches on Indian Island and on south beach. Indian Island is scarcely one mile from Eureka, the county seat of Humboldt county. With the exception of the conjectures that the Indians on the Island offer aid and assistance to the mountain Indians, they are peaceful and industrious, and seem to have perfect faith in the good will of the whites. Many of them are familiar to our citizens. 'Bill' of Mad river, a well known and rather intelligent fellow, has proven a faithful ally to the white men on several occasions and - has had his wife, mother, sister, two brothers and two little children, cruelly butchered by men of that race whom he had learned to respect and esteem.
Some of the victims lived a few hours after having been brought up to Union. A number of citizens visited the scene where the canoes were unloaded; and it is but justice to the community and simple humanity to say, that the general expression was one of deep sympathy with the miserable sufferers, and honest, deep and utter abhorrence of the act of wanton brutality, and its perpetrators."
After 1860. An estimated 200 Wiyot people still lived in the area. Federal troops collected the surviving Wiyot people from other villages and confined them to the Klamath River Reservation. After a disastrous flood on the Klamath, the Wiyot were moved to the Smith River Reservation and later to the Hoopa and Round Valley Reservations.
1870. A shipyard repair facility was built on part of the Island and operated there until the 1980s. During that time, it dumped creosote, solvents, and other chemicals that were used to maintain ships.
Late 19th Century. Non-Indian settlers built dikes and channels on Indian Island that changed tidal action along the shore and caused some erosion of the clamshell-shaped mound.
Early 1900s. A church group purchased 20 acres in the Eel River estuary for homeless Wiyot people. This land later became known as the Table Bluff Rancheria of Wiyot Indians.
1910. Under 100 full blood Wiyot people were estimated to be living in Wiyot territory.
1913. Anthropologist Alfred Kroeber sent one of his staff members, Llewellyn Loud to Humboldt County to collect Indian human remains. Loud conducted most of his work at Indian Island. He recorded 24 skeletons existing in 22 graves that existed prior to the 1860 massacre.
1918. Loud published his report and thereafter, Indian Island became a popular site for local hobbyists and entrepreneurs to search for collectables and human remains.
1923. Eureka dentist, H. H. Stuart began extensive excavations of Indian graves at Indian Island. He eventually dug up 382 graves.
1960. The City of Eureka acquired ownership of most of Indian Island.
1961. Eureka High School teacher and collector of local history, Cecile Clarke received uanimous approval from the Humboldt County Board of Supervisors "to excavate and preserve relics of Indian tribes native to this region" on Indian Island.
1963-69. Clarke and her team excavated sites on Indian Island. It carried out radiocarbon dates tests confirming the site's original occupation as 880A.D.
1992. In February, the first candlelight vigil was held to remember those who lost their lives in the Massacre and to help the community heal. About 75 people participated that year and by 1996, over 300 participated. The Wiyot hope that at some point, the vigil can be held on Indian Island which remains inaccessible to the Wiyot.
2000. The Wiyot Tribe purchased 1.5 acres of Indian Island and began cleaning the debris and pollutants left on the village site.
2004. On May 18th, the Eureka City County unanimously approved a resolution to return 60 acres - comprising the northeastern tip of Indian Island where the Tribe once celebrated its World Renewal Ceremony - to the Wiyot Tribe. Some of the remaining Wiyot people lived on the 88-acre Table Bluff Reservation and 550 members were enrolled in the Wiyot nation.
2009. In February, the Wiyot Tribe had its 17th candlelight vigil
2010. In February, the Wiyot Tribe commemorated the 150 year anniversary of the Indian Island Massacre.
2013. The Wiyot Tribe completed the clean-up of dioxin, asbestos, and other toxins left by the former shipyard.
2014. In February, the Wiyot Tribe had it 22nd and final candlelight vigil as shown in the photograph to the right.
In March, Eureka Major Frank Jager wrote the following letter to the Wiyot people, "As Mayor of Eureka, on behalf of the City Council and the people of Eureka, we would like to offer a formal apolgy to the Wiyot people for the actions of our people in 1860. Nothing we say or do can make up for what occurrred on that night of infamy. It will forever be a scar on our history We can, however, with our present and future actions of support for the Wiyot, work to remove the prejudice and bigotry that still exists in our society today." Other city officials then rewrote the letter, left out the apology and the reference to prejudice and bigotry, and delivered what many Eurekans have called the "non-apology" letter.
Between March 28-30, 2014, the Wiyot Tribe held its first World Renewal Ceremony since February 1860. This sacred ceremony took place over three consecutive days at Tuluwat on Indian Island, Pimad on the South Jetty, and at Rrawuraghumuk at Table Bluff Reservation.
2015. In April, the Eureka City Council received a request from the Yurok Tribe to transfer more of the publicly-owned land on Indian Island to the Tribe. On April 7, the City Council unanimously voted to refer the tribe's request to a committee that promised an "expeditious" process.
Conclusions - Americanization and the California Indians - A Case Study of Northern California
The State of California decided to solve the "Indian Problem" through policies of forced labor, slavery, and vigilante militia whose job it was to kill local Indians.
The policies of the federal government in regard to California Indians paralleled the federal policies for all Indian Nations of North America: making treaties, removing Indians from their ancestral homelands and placing them on reservations, educating their children through Americanization and assimilation, and alloting Indian lands.
State and Federal attitudes about the "Indian Problem" resulted in policies and/or actions that had enormous consequences for the Indians of California:
Many of the previously sovereign Indian Nations became semi-sovereign, impoverished nations largely dependent upon the U.S. government for their well being.
The Indian nations of California were the victims of genocidal policies. The vast majority of the Indians who had lived in California had either been forcibly removed to Indian reservations, or they had been killed.
The Indian population of 1850, ranging between 70,000-100,000, dropped to about 30,000 by 1870. By the 1900 federal census, only 16,000 Indians were recorded in California.
Northern Californian citizens responded to Indian raids, Indian killings, and economic competition from Indian communities with acts of vigilante violence – none of which were punished by local, state, or federal agencies.
Despite the many attempts to destroy the Indians of California, within several generations, most nations had survived and replenished their populations and maintained many of their tribal cultural, political, economic, and spiritual traditions.
By the end of the twentieth century, California had more Indian people than any other state in the nation.
About one-sixth of the estimated Indian population of the nation lived in California - approximately 320,000 Indians.
The Bureau of Indian Affairs served about 56,000 Indians who live on California's 104 federally recognized Indian reservations, about one-third of which are located in Northern California.
About 200,000 urban Indians and 75,000 other indigeneous Indians live on about 80 reservations that are not federally recognized.
As of late 1999, approximately 52 California Indian Nations had applied to the Bureau of Indian Affairs for federal recognition


The firm is scheduled to open a service delivery center in Gurgaon, India, in late November. The firm has already received regulatory approval and secured 5,500sqft of office space there.
Planning for the Singapore office is still in its early stages, with office space yet to be secured, but Axiom hopes to open the office there later this year. However, Axiom will not be structured as a law firm in Singapore, but still intends to have lawyers on the ground serving its Asia-Pacific clients.
The firm is now looking to build a team to staff these two latest additions to its office line-up, which will be modeled on its other "managed services" centers in Belfast, Chicago, and Houston. All Asian offices will be staffed by a mix of lawyers, negotiators and paralegals who will work directly with the existing global clients rather than trying to attract local ones. Gurgaon will also act as the company's global center for reporting and data analytics.
"This widely acclaimed legal bestseller has provoked a tidal wave of debate within the legal profession."


text:
Calymmaria tubera est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Cybaeidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de Californie aux États-Unis. Elle se rencontre dans les comtés d'Alameda, de Fresno et de Mariposa.

Description
Les mâles mesurent de  à .

Publication originale
 Heiss & Draney, 2004 : Revision of the Nearctic spider genus Calymmaria (Araneae, Hahniidae). Journal Of Arachnology, , ,  (texte intégral).

Liens externes

Notes et références

Cybaeidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de Californie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Music Reviews, Music News and Pop Culture
NEWS: POLYVINYL ANNOUNCES RECORD STORE DAY 2016 RELEASES
Limited edition releases from Deerhoof, Xiu Xiu, and Ida available Record Store Day 2016.
Polyvinyl Announces 2016
Record Store Day Releases
Limited edition titles from Deerhoof, Xiu Xiu and Ida
DEERHOOF – OFFEND MAGGIE
Offend Maggie was originally released in 2008 on Kill Rock Stars, but has since fallen out of print on vinyl. This LP is the first to feature current guitarist Ed Rodriguez.
Limited to 2500 (white vinyl w/ gatefold jacket).
New sequence by drummer Greg Saunier.
"Deerhoof offset the cutesiness with fuzzed-out riffs and brawny beats that even AC/DC fans could dig." – Rolling Stone
"Though the sludgy abrasiveness of 1970s classic rock dominates, the influences, instruments and electronic sounds fly by at a dizzying pace." – Paste
XIU XIU – PLAYS THE MUSIC OF TWIN PEAKS
Australia's Gallery of Modern Art commissioned Xiu Xiu to reinterpret the music from Twin Peaks for their David Lynch: Between Two Worlds exhibition. Since then, the band has performed select concerts all over the globe culminating in a proper studio album of the compositions.
Limited to 2000 (180-gram 2xLP on red & blue vinyl).
Mixed by Deerhoof's Greg Saunier.
Produced by Jherek Bischoff (Amanda Palmer, Ariel Pink).
"It's difficult to overstate the cultural impact of Twin Peaks 25 years ago. Transferring his art-house cinema ethic to the small screen, David Lynch's cerebral, surrealist murder mystery series towered like a desert skyscraper over the wastelands of mainstream US TV drama.
A large part of the series' appeal lay in the hypnotic, spectral soundtrack that won a Grammy for its composer, Angelo Badalamenti. Invited earlier this year to reinterpret that music for a Lynch retrospective at the Gallery of Modern Art in Brisbane, Californian avant-noise trio Xiu Xiu have now taking their work on a world tour."
– The Guardian
Stream Xiu Xiu's interpretation of the show's theme, "Falling," on Pitchfork.
IDA – WILL YOU FIND ME
To celebrate the 15-Year Anniversary of Ida's classic album Will You Find Me, this gorgeous record is being re-issued as a deluxe 2xLP in expanded packaging, including a gatefold jacket and lyric insert.
Limited to 2000 (180-gram black vinyl in gatefold jacket with download code).
Remastered for vinyl and expanded to a 2xLP at 45RPM.
Ida's Daniel Littleton on the reissue:
"This is how I always dreamed this music should be presented to the world. Will You Find Me was recorded to be a double album, to be heard analog, 45rpm, to be a gatefold, to be on a quality vinyl pressing in this way. This repressing recontextualizes this work in a way that really matters to me, and I feel like our real vision for this album has finally been realized, 15 years or so after it came out, this music gets another life, as close to our original vision as we will ever get."
"Will You Find Me is sad, pretty, hope-filled, exquisitely crafted, and utterly haunting."
– Entertainment Weekly"[The songs on Will You Find Me are] like the whispers of uncertain lovers in a perpetual dance of vulnerability and assurance, parting and reconciliation." – The New York Times
Tags: 2016, Deerhoof, Ida, news, Polyvinyl, Xiu Xiu
Written by Paris365
An entertainment journalist for 20 years, Michael McCarthy was a columnist and contributing editor for the magazines Lollipop and LiveWire. He co-created and wrote for Cinezine, one of the '90's most popular movie E-zines. The only time he's not listening to music is when he's watching television shows and movies or reading, usually music magazines.
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Ritch graduated from the Human Kinetics program at the University of Windsor in 1986. After 5 years in the field of ergonomics and rehabilitation, he co-founded Proactive Ergonomic Concepts Inc. As a consultant, he has had the opportunity to provide disability management services to over 80 companies in Southwestern Ontario. Pinnacle Rehabilitation was founded in 1990 to better serve clients and provide Physiotherapy services to our local community.
Grant graduated from the school of Physical Therapy at the University of Western Ontario in 1996. Since then, he has worked in the field of orthopaedics, taking several post graduate courses to improve his skills and knowledge in providing exemplary patient care. Grant is a Credentialed McKenzie Therapist providing care in the field of mechanical diagnosis and treatment of spinal and peripheral joint problems. His compassion along with his experience and skills has proven to be an effective combination in provided excellent therapy.
Mario graduated from the University of Windsor in 2002 with an Honours Bachelor of Human Kinetics degree in Movement Science. Since then, he has served as a Professional Clinical Kinesiologist in Essex County. Mario's schooling includes Chronic Pain Management, Thoracic Stabilization, Lumbar Strengthening, Pre and Post Surgical Hip and Knee Strengthening, and Treatment of the Reconstructed ACL. Mario recently completed both Fundamental and Advanced Kinesio Taping courses.
Cristina has been working as a Registered Physiotherapist in the area of outpatient orthopaedics since graduating from the University of Western Ontario in 1999. She is a member of the CPA, OPA, orthopaedic division. Additionally, Cristina has taken multiple post graduate courses in Manual Therapy, McKenzie Mechanical Assessment and Treatment, Acupuncture, Fundamentals of Kinesio Taping, and Advanced Kinesio Taping courses. Her strong interest in sports rehabilitation led her to attend the Fowler-Kennnedy Sports Symposiums to remain current in the field. Cristina is interested in assisting in the education of future physiotherapists as a supervisor for physiotherapy students.
Devon received her Bachelor of Science degree from Hillsdale College in Michigan while on an athletic scholarship for volleyball. She earned her Master of Physiotherapy in 2010 from the University of Western Ontario. Since that time Devon has continued her studies in Acupuncture, Manual Therapy, McKenzie therapy of the cervical and lumbar spine, Kinesiotaping, Mulligan Manual Therapy, and with the Fowler-Kennedy clinic on "the unstable shoulder". Devon has also become certified in pelvic therapy as it relates to urinary incontinence and/or pelvic pain in females.
Jill graduated with an Honours Bachelor of Human Kinetics degree from the University of Windsor in 2010, and a Master of Physical Therapy degree from the University of Western Ontario in 2012. Jill is a Certified integrated Manual Therapist completing a series of 10 Manual intensive course through the Great Lakes Seminars in the United States. These included courses in the extremities, sacroiliac joint, cervical-thoracic and a four day synthesis course and exam. She has also completed her acupuncture certification through the Acupuncture Foundation of Canada. She has completed Level 1 and 2 lower extremity courses through the Orthopaedic Division of the CPA, Mulligan Manual Therapy and a Functional Exercise and Strengthening Course. She has plans to further her education by continuing her training in functional exercise and TMJ rehabilitation. She has experience working with orthopaedic, geriatric, and peadiatric clientele.
Megan graduated from the University of Windsor in 2011 with a Bachelor of Arts and Science in Biology and Psychology with great distinction. She completed her Masters of Physical Therapy from the University of Western Ontario in 2013, and received the Pediatric Physiotherapy Award for her class. Since graduating, Megan has advanced her knowledge and clinical skills with post-graduate education. Megan has completed her Level 3's in Manual Therapy from the Canadian Physiotherapy Orthopedic Division, and will be continuing with the Intermediate Practical Exam in April 2017. Megan is certified in McKenzie Mechanical Diagnosis and Treatment (MDT) A and B, the Mulligan Concept, Soft Tissue Release, Acupuncture (AA1 from AFCI), the Shoulder Complex from APTEI, and is a member of the Canadian Physiotherapy Association. Megan is committed to being a life-long learner in order to stay current in the field, and strives to deliver compassionate, individualized, and evidenced-based care for her patients.
Laura graduated from the PTA program at Canadian College of Health, Science and Technology in July of 2013, where she was the recipient of the President's Award for top academic performance. After completing her placement hours at Pinnacle's LaSalle location, she was hired on as part of the team. She has completed Fundamentals of Kinesio Taping and Advanced Kinesio Taping courses, and applies these techniques in the clinic. She enjoys working alongside our talented therapists and she is passionate about delivering exceptional care to our patients.
Janice has been with our team since 2006. In that time, she has become a friendly familiar face, always willing to go the extra mile for patients.
Cansu joined the Pinnacle team in 2016. She makes everyone feel welcome and adds to your physiotherapy experience.
Our warm, friendly staff are knowledgeable and ready to work with you to get you back to health and comfort.


text:
Amid rising COVID cases, people still continue avoiding precautions
Aashish Mishra
Kathmandu, Aug. 21: Over the last week, Nepal detected an average of 639 new cases of COVID-19 every day. The positivity rate hovered around 12.5 per cent and fatality stood at around 1.2 per cent. The Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) has placed Kathmandu and Lalitpur in the red zone, meaning they both have more than 500 active cases of the coronavirus each.
Beyond the valley, the number of people admitted to hospitals for the disease has crossed 150, those in the Intensive Care Units (ICUs) is over 40 and the count of people requiring ventilators is also steadily rising.
The country's COVID graph is going up and has been for quite some time. Yet, this surge in infection does not seem to have fazed people at all. At the Ason market on Saturday, nearly every face visible was uncovered. Physical distancing seemed to be an outlandish concept for the people gathered on the streets of Bhaktapur on Friday to celebrate the successful conclusion of the Saparu (Gai Jatra) festival and in Patan, devotees visiting the Krishna Temple on the occasion of Krishna Janmastami on Friday had hardly adopted any safety precautions.
"We are not afraid of the coronavirus anymore," said Rocket Maharjan, 27, who was out with his friends at Basantapur, Kathmandu on Saturday without a mask on. "COVID is in the past now," said Samjhana Karki, 29, who was also without a mask visiting Patan Museum, Lalitpur on Saturday. "We [indicating her and the family members she was with] are not bothered."
But maybe they should be. As per the MoHP's daily bulletin, most of the people testing positive for the coronavirus in this latest wave belong to the age group 21 to 30. Data has shown that people who have already been vaccinated or have already contracted the virus are still susceptible to infection. Health experts and the Health Ministry have asked people to adopt precautions but those calls appear to have gone largely unheard. Pharmacist Kapil Chapagain said that this was evidenced by the drop in the sale of hand sanitizer. "Sales have plunged compared to last year," he said. "Despite the rise in infections, people are not serious about taking preventative measures."
Chapagain also said that people displaying suspicious symptoms were choosing to self-medicate with over-the-counter drugs than getting themselves tested.
This casual attitude of the public could be dangerous, especially with regard to the BA.5 subvariant of the omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 that was detected in the country last month. As Dr. Rochelle Walensky, director of the USA's Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, said during a White House briefing in June, the subvariant is more transmissible and more immune-evading and calls for caution.
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Fri, 6 January 2023
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Trivial things to stop doing in 2023
The music of the valley


Wrong. Discounted hourly rates are, at best, a first step. At worst, any benefit is lost with firms increasing the number of hours they bill on your projects.
Without competitive pricing for a clearly defined scope of work, you risk paying too much. At the very least, you have no idea whether or not you are paying too much or not.
Even if you've got great hourly rates, you've got an opportunity on any project to secure fixed pricing or reduce agreed rates further. Underutilisation is an expensive problem for law firms. It may be that your RFP lands at a time when your preferred firm is particularly keen to secure your work.
But sometimes that makes for an easy cop-out. Law firms devote a lot of energy to convincing you that they're different to their competitors. In fact, the differences between firms are often insignificant.
You've gone to the trouble of setting up your panel of law firms. You've already decided they have what it takes, otherwise they wouldn't be on your panel. They're hungry for your work, often hungrier than you think.
Give them a chance to pitch for your work. They will surprise you.
Well, you may know what work of that type has previously cost you, or can guess on what it might cost based on your experience. What you don't know is what a panel firm is willing to charge for it on this occasion.
A desire to expand their work for you.
They've done it before for another client so have done all the hard work.
They haven't done it before, and are willing to do it at next to nothing so that they can build their expertise.
They're concerned about a competitor securing the work.
… The list goes on (and on).
Unless you ask, you do not know. Why waste the chance?
Our PERSUIT pilot found that the price gap between firms for fixed scope work can vary by as much as 600%. The average (excluding outliers like that 600%) between the accepted price and the highest price was 33%.
To test these myths for yourself register your interest in a free PERSUIT trial.


It felt like this weekend was a dream! I can't believe how quickly it has come and gone. Our grand opening/first Revival was a hit! Thank you everyone who came out to support. Shout out to Emiiy, Mavis, Dougie, Tisha and Joe, my In-Laws Carl and Grace for coming in to help pull this all together (and cooked up some delicious food thanks to the Delish Dish Cincinnati http://delishdishcincy.com/). An extra special shout out to my increibly amazing husband Garett, for without him, none of this would have ever come to be. I am so lucky and grateful to have you in my life. I look forward to seeing many more faces come through the doors of Columbus Furniture Revival!! Here are some photos of the shop and our first Revival!
I am so in love with our Item of the week! A 1954 Robins Egg Blue refrigerator that is in excellent working condition!! Come check it out along with allo of our other one of a kind pieces of furniture and housewares!


text:
indian journalism review
'We won't kill VT. We will make Mirror No.2'
The following are edited excerpts of the address to the editorial employees of Vijaya Karnataka, Vijay Times, and The Times of India-Kannada by Ravi Dhariwal, executive director, Bennett, Coleman & Co and the newly appointed chief executive officer, Times Publishing, on Wednesday, January 31 in Bangalore:
We believe in the future of VPL (Vijayanand Printers Limited). We believed that VK would always be the No. 1 paper in Karnataka. The lead VK has over Praja Vani would increase. VK is a long-lasting property. In the last few months our lead over PV has increased. In the last five months, VK has increased by 40,000 copies. We are totally convinced that VK will be No 1 and will continue to be the market leader. Nothing has dissuaded us from doing anything other than improving it.
We were always very worried about Usha Kirana. In the publishing business it is extremely important to be profitable. You need to add pages, people, machinery and adopt technology at a high cost. If you are a loss-making company where will money come from? Without profit you cannot prosper.
English languages papers are more profitable than vernacular. The price of the newspaper is only a fraction of making a paper. A 24-page paper like VT costs anywhere between Rs 7 and Rs 9 to produce. We collect 50 praise by selling it. We have to be depend upon advertisements for revenue. Only the No. 1 and No. 2 newspapers make money while others lose.
Usha Kirana was very low in circulation and it was sustaining heavy loss. It is not easy to make money in language papers. We took a hard decision that we should close down UK. We believed that instead of UK, if we publish a mirror version of The Times of India in Kannada we thought it would become the No. 3 Kannada language paper. If we can make ToI-Kannada into a nice, Bangalore-centric Kannada paper which also reflects the world view, it would be successful.
When we discussed it with the UK editor, we were very excited. The paper is made somewhere else, translated into Kannada, 30 percent are original stories. The results are very good, though it is in the market only a few days. Readers are happy. No reservations about it. Our print order on January 30 was 60,000 copies. H D Deve Gowda and Chief Minister H D Kumaraswamy were happy about the ToI-Kannada paper.
I congratulate you for the success of this new Kannada paper. This decision had a huge impact on the profitability of VPL. The company was losing Rs 12 crore a year. Vijay Sankeshwar and Anand Sankeshwar said, "We are finding it difficult to run, please take over VPL." When we took over, we thought that it would achieve zero-loss within one year and the company had to stand on its own legs and not on ToI.
When we took over, VT was seen as a poor man's English product. The VT staff tried to make it better. It made progress when a new editor came in. It showed constant improvement. We were able to get to a lakh of copies in Bangalore. Despite that, a poor man's English paper will
not work in Bangalore.There was a disconnect between the language and what VT stood for. VT was losing Rs 1.5 crore a month, UK 50 lakhs while VK was making profit.
About four months ago we proposed to the editor to change name and make it as Bangalore Mirror as we are certain to launch it soon. VT should have moved in that direction. The editor said he would make changes. He was not able to make changes as we wanted. I congratulate the editorial staff of the paper, but it could not become No 2. Unless we become No 2 it will not be possible to make money.
You should make Bangalore Mirror vibrant, make it young, make it more successful and make it a paper for English speaking people rather than a poor man's English paper. Pack it with Bangalore-centric stories, sprinkling of National, international stories, lot of sport of entertainment IT and glamour activity. If you say yes, it will be a successful paper.
You may have received a lot of information. We have no intention of closing VT, but we want to make it No 2 in different name. We did not intend to kill it. We intend to be No. 1 and No. 2 in Bombay, Delhi and Bangalore. If you go well with Bangalore Mirror we can achieve it soon. This is a challenge to VT staff . I had discussions with the editor but he did not want to be a part of this change. I am requesting you to join us in this journey. Once we succeed, we will be No 2.
We need to integrate our advertisement and sales all over the country. Only 16 percent has improved in advertisement. I want VPL to be much more profitable.
Production centres to be more centralised and modernised with much more IT connectivity. We can understand how it will move. We must build brands, make it more profitable and invest the returns to improve the newspaper.
You are apprehensive what would happen to the staff. It is our intent to keep as many as you as possible. We also need more people in VK, ToI Kannada. We will transfer from one to another. A coordinator will come and make this transformation happen under the leadership of
Vishweswara Bhat who will be in charge during the transformation.
Whether you play your part in VK, ToI Kannada or Bangalore Mirror is left to you depending upon your merit. Come with your head, heart and passion to work. If it is not there, this is not a place for you to work.
As an outsider I have an absolute belief in this company. We believe in VK and its leadership, it is a great great product. No where in the world within two years has a paper become a leader in its place.
I sincerely hope it will go from success to success. ToI Kannada is a great start. Initial signs of ToI Kannada is very good. We will spare no efforts to make Bangalore Mirror a good paper. We will make it work. Come with full passion, dedication and a positive attitude.
Reporter Narayan Ammachchi: Sir, Our major apprehension is that Bangalore Mirror will not be allowed to compete with ToI.
Dhariwal: The two products will be totally different. ToI is known for its national, international and sports coverage.It represents the world view. Civil society is bigger than state. We have no agenda, no politics. ToI has a lofty editorial policy. It believes in Mahaveera's policy. It talks from youth to a youth, adult to adult. ToI presents stories in its own way.
Bangalore Mirror will be for young people. It will be for the IT employee with Rs 20 K to 30 K monthly income. He is not interested in politics. He gives importance to what is happening in city and not in the nation. Bangalore Mirror will have one nation, one internatinal page and lots of sports, Bollywood stories, entertainment, city-centric, fashion and IT stories. It is a very different productfrom ToI. It will not be fighting with ToI but will be complimentary to ToI.
In Bombay they read ToI at home. Read Mumbai Mirror on way to office. Total circulation of all other papers in Mumbai including DNA and others is not much, compared to Mumbai Mirror.
http://www.exchange4media.com/peoplemovement/movement_fullstory.asp?section_id=23&news_id=24635&tag=19362&pict=2
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Comments: 2 Posted by: churumuri Categories: For the record
1 February 2007 at 1:11 pm · Reply
Finally! Having missed that "all-important" meeting, I was desperate to know what really transpired, what was said and how the "move" would be justified. Thanks for the report.
Nikhil Moro
I can imagine how much VT, or BM, or whatever they plan to call it, will miss Krishna Prasad.
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Just as I did for the previous "Scrap It Friday" post, I worked on the left side of the double page layout putting all the pieces on accordingly and then worked on the right side of the double page layout. For the first step on the left side, I added the two light blue cardstock pieces to their places.
Then, I added the two green pieces of cardstock to their spots.
Next, I added the two yellow pieces to their places on the left side of the double page layout.
Once all the colored cardstock pieces were in place, I then added the two square pieces that have animals on them to their spots on the layout.
Before adding my center cardstock piece, I added the two striped strips to each of their places.
Finally, I added the center white cardstock to its place on the double page layout to finish the page.
Here on the right side of "Mosaic Moments The Barn Yard" double page layout, I add the one light blue cardstock pieces to its spot.
Then, I added the four green cardstock to their places on the right side of the double page layout.
Next, I added the yellow squares to their place on the layout.
With all the solid cardstock pieces in their places, I added the animal pattern pieces to their spots on the double page layout.
Finally, I added the striped strips to their spots to finish the right side of the double page layout.
And there you go, another quick page that could quickly be finished wherever you go scrapbooking. These two pictures I took at the zoo I used to work at here at home. The peacocks and peahens thought they owned the place since they just roamed around as they pleased. But watching them everyday spreading their feathers out was great! They are so pretty; doncha think?!
Need pictures printed but don't have time or access to the right printer? Visit Snapfish for all your photo needs. You can even use their website for storing all your pictures and sorting them in albums, so you know what is what. Also, don't forget to go to eBates for a 10% cash back for Snapfish and other various stores.


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Pinsent Masons launches paralegal focused trainee programme partnership with LexisNexis Pinsent Masons launches paralegal focused trainee programme partnership with LexisNexis
Pinsent Masons launches paralegal focused trainee programme partnership with LexisNexis
28 Nov 2022 | 09:30 am | 1 min. read
Multinational law firm Pinsent Masons has launched a paralegal Solicitor Qualifying Examination (SQE) career pathway initiative with LexisNexis as it seeks to broaden access to the legal profession.
The partnership will enable paralegals at LexisNexis, a legal intelligence provider, to access practical, supervised legal training as part of the SQE while paralegals at Pinsent Masons' can be seconded to LexisNexis to hone their research and knowledge skills.
The initiative follows the launch of the firm's Paralegal Centre of Excellence in 2021 – a team of more than 120 paralegals with experience across a range of disciplines, sectors and jurisdictions. The centre of excellence supports an alternative career path for professional paralegals and enables those who wish to become a lawyer gain the experience required to become a trainee.
Head of Managed Legal Services Delivery at Pinsent Masons, Richard Coffey, said: "Enabling everyone to thrive in their career and pursue their chosen career path is a vital aspect of the Paralegal Centre of Excellence. This partnership with LexisNexis provides another option and route to a legal career for those who wish to become a qualified solicitor.
"We are proud of the progress we have made in advancing legal services and taking a fresh approach to client delivery as well as the way in which we support and engage with our people and their careers. This is an exciting next step for us and our paralegals."
As part of the programme LexisNexis has developed a unique qualification process which will see candidates undertake part-time study for both SQE1 and SQE2 with global legal education provider BARBRI, with qualifying work experience being obtained through secondments to Pinsent Masons.
Head of LexisPSL Hub, Josh Giddens, said: "LexisNexis are already known for its leading legal intelligence content and best practice guidance across more than 36 practice areas. We employ hundreds of legal experts to create our content and now are able to offer aspiring solicitors the opportunity to really understand the black letter of the law and how to put it into practice via the SQE route and our unique qualification process. The legal market is rapidly evolving and, as a leading LegalTech supplier, it is really exciting for LexisNexis to work with Pinsent Masons and BARBRI in offering new, innovative routes to qualification."
Richard Coffey
Client & Legal Project Management Lead
+44 121 260 4010 Email
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The family of Christopher Tully has confirmed that a body found in the Schuykill River this weekend was that of the missing school teacher and father of three. Tully had a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, and jumped out of his parents' car Jan. 6 on his way to a mental health treatment facility while in deep distress.
Tully's story struck an especially sad note for Philadelphia Magazine senior writer Liz Spikol, who covers mental health issues. "I wish I could have talked to him, I wish I could have told him that things do get better," she said.
Spikol not only has the same diagnosis as Tully did, she shares an eerily similar experience.There was a day, years ago, when she thought she couldn't take it anymore. She was riding in her mother's car along City Line Ave., on her way back from receiving treatment for bipolar disorder.
"I just felt panic, and I also felt like I can't do this anymore, I can't be in this car, I have to get out," she recalled. "And I just got out while my mother was driving." It was the same spot where Tully got out of his parents' car.
Spikol's mom chased after her, got her back into the car. And after years of struggling to adjust medications and lifestyle, the Philadelphia Magazine writer has enjoyed a long stretch of stability and wellness.
Living with bipolar disorder requires discipline and vigilance, agreed psychiatrist Guillermo Otero, medical director of Einstein's Crisis Response Center. He says he asks his patients to track measures of wellness on a daily basis.
Otero says he likens bipolar disorder to diabetes when talking to newly-diagnosed people. It takes effort to manage it, but it can be done. Healthy lifestyle, and following a regimen will result in the least amount of complications. He says the disorder requires a close relationship between the person affected by it and their therapist — because things change frequently, and it's important to react quickly, and adjust treatment.
Despite all of this, Spikol wants people to know that bipolar disorder is manageable.


As a fellow sufferer of over half a century (it is true, really!) it occurred to me as I woke this morning that now might be a great time to remind people of some of the things that could seriously help improve their quality of life during this season of BBQs, summer fairs and other outdoor events. I know it has been worse for many this year in the UK, perhaps because plants have had to work around the excessive rainy periods we are still experiencing?
Apart from the BIG sunglasses that I discovered really helped by accident, no doubt by preventing pollen reaching my eyes… We were all wearing them in the 70s. Mine were ginormous white plastic ones which I would not be seen dead in these days it has to be said! – my options were entirely drug-based, and some of those killed people such as one that I found really worked 'Triludan' which apparently was only dangerous if you were swigging it back with grapefruit juice (hence the image!) and I was, so I guess that is one of my nine lives gone?
Triludan was not the only medication which interacts very badly with grapefruit juice so check it out and make sure none of yours are. If you are using Cetirizine instead then beware that it can cause suicidal thoughts and even actions. It affected three in my own family alone and I know of others also affected – I'm not kidding, Google it! Pfizer's trials listed it as a side effect in 2% of cases (from recollection) but that was considered not statistically significant – I disagree and reported it through the Yellow Card scheme and suggest you do the same if affected by any drugs.
•	Do not hang your washing out blowing in the breeze all day (in the pollen) and then expect that pollen to stay outdoors – I mean, why would it, when it could be inside putting its feet up too away from the risk of being rained down the drain?
•	Taking your clothes off after coming in from outside and have 'indoor' and 'outdoor' clothing can really help too.
•	Wash your hair, eyebrows and eyelashes with a mild shampoo to remove all traces of pollen. Otherwise every time your eyelashes flicker you could be peppering your eyes and nose with pollen particles.
•	Some believe that taking 1 teaspoon of local honey daily for a few months ahead of and during the hayfever season will help – there are those who say this is rubbish but the only way of finding out what works for you is to try it.
Then too there was the one thing that several people told me, but I just did not listen. Well why would I? I liked my ice cream, cheese and garlic bread. This single biggie has changed my life, once I finally got the message.
I cut out cow's milk for just two weeks as a trial but found I could not be bothered any more. It was too much like hard work to be triple checking things and making sure there was no lactose, lactate, casein and more. I returned to cow's milk consumption and within 24 hours I was dragging myself around feeling absolutely rotten. I thought I was 'going down with something' and then I suddenly realised that this is how I had been feeling before I gave up cow's milk. The decision then became much easier, I would eliminate cow's milk from my diet but of course I had to ensure that I had substitute calcium and protein sources in my diet and this is especially important for growing children. Consider Pure spread or drizzled extra virgin olive oil on bread, Swedish Glace ice-cream and a suitable fortified milk substitute ensuring it does not cause you alternative issues e.g. Oat, Rice, Almond or Soya milk? Osteoporosis is a very real risk if you are not getting enough calcium and vitamin D so do be very careful and if in doubt do seek medical advice!
Not everyone is intolerant to cow's milk and it can seem to some like this 'allergies business' is a bit of a fad, a band wagon that everyone is jumping on, but believe me when I say that if you are wondering whether this applies to you or someone you care about then it is worth trying an elimination diet of a single food type such as cow's milk, done scrupulously for 3-4 weeks to rule it out, or as in my case rule it very firmly in as a culprit!
There is growing research in this area such as: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4586534/ but do make sure you do not leave yourself undernourished in terms of the calories that different food groups provide and even more importantly the range of nutrients they contain: vitamins, minerals, trace elements.
It is now 18 years since I eliminated cow's milk products entirely and I maintained that for a full five years. Now what I do is avoid them entirely when the pollen count is high, minimise them a little when I notice I am getting allergy symptoms and the rest of the time, whilst I routinely have a cow's milk substitute in my drinks and on my cereal – making sure it is calcium and vitamins enriched – I also eat some cheese, yoghurts, ice-cream and cream.
What measurable differences have I noticed? Well my grass pollen allergy which used to last from late May to mid-July approximately had extended until I was suffering symptoms such as a blocked nose and 'colds that would not clear' from January to November. I had previously been diagnosed as having perennial rhinitis and told to use a steroid nasal spray together with sodium cromoglycate eye drops. My window for symptoms now has gradually shrunk back to being just May – July as it was when I was a young child.
Modifying my diet in just this one small area has given me back my life as well as saving me a fortune in tissues, reduced the number of people giving me a wide berth because they think I am contagious with my streaming nose and repeated sneezing and allowed me to spend weeks outdoors on the allotment, admiring the view from under canvas out in the countryside and much much more.