text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The quantum mechanics of classically chaotic few-degrees of freedom
systems has become an intensively studied in the field of ``quantum
chaos'' \cite{stock,cas87}.  One key feature is quantum localization,
i.e. the localization of the quantum wavefunction while the
corresponding classical distribution shows diffusion
\cite{stock,cas87,berry}.  In periodically driven systems, this effect
has primarily been studied in the kicked rotor, e.g.
\cite{cas79,fish,adachi,rotor}, and in the Rydberg atom in a
sinusoidal electric field, e.g. \cite{jensen,bay,koch,buch98,buch95,leo}.
For both systems, quantum localization is closely related to Anderson
localization in transport in disordered systems
\cite{cas87,buch98,fish}.  One signal of this analogy are strong
fluctuations in the quantum system for different observables when
varying some external parameter.  A third system experimentally and
theoretically studied is the periodically kicked Rydberg atom (e.g.
\cite{jones,frey,brom,burg89,hill,KleSch,bucks,
  noordam,yo00,reinhold04}), i.e. a hydrogen like atom prepared in a
high-lying state and subjected to a sequence of ultra-short impulses.
In a recent publication, we showed the existence of quantum
localization in the positively kicked Rydberg atom \cite{eper03}, i.e.
the hydrogenic system with the initial state prepared in a highly
elongated quasi-one dimensional state localized on one side of the
nucleus and the periodic impulsive momentum transfer $\Delta p > 0$
pushing the electron away from the nucleus.  The classical phase space
of this system is globally chaotic with all tori destroyed for
arbitrarily small $\Delta p$, and the classical survival probability
decays algebraically, $P_{\rm sur}\propto t^{-\alpha}$, with
$\alpha\approx 1.5$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig:psurK} and \cite{hill}). In
contrast, by following the time-dependent system up to a few thousands
of kicks we could show both the quantum suppression of classical
ionization and the ``freezing out'' of the wavefunction, the hallmarks
of quantum localization.  Several issues remained open, however. They
include 1) The origin of a slow, yet noticeable, decay of the
localized states, 2) the dynamical role of high harmonics (up to
infinity) present in the system, and 3) the properties of strong
fluctuations present in the localization regime.

In the following paper we address these issues. We identify two
characteristic time-scales (``break times'') in this system. In
addition to the localization time $\tau_l$, where quantum and
classical dynamics begin to differ from each other due to universal
destructive interferences, there is a second break time $\tau_D$ where
localization is broken. Beyond $\tau_D$, a second cross-over occurs
where the classical dynamics becomes more stable. This second
cross-over in the kicked atom is related to the presence of
non-classical photoionization.

In the next section, Sect.~\ref{sec:meth}, we describe the method used
in our studies and in Sect.~\ref{sec:psur} we show that quantum
localization in the kicked Rydberg atom is transient. Strong
fluctuations in the survival probability as a function of frequency
for fixed times are studied in Sect.~\ref{sec:fluctuations} and in the
last section (Sect.~\ref{sec:summary}) a summary is given.

\section{Method}
\label{sec:meth}

The Hamiltonian of the one-dimensional kicked Rydberg atom is (in
atomic units)
\begin{equation}
H(t)=H_0-q\Delta p\sum_{k=1}^K \delta(t+T/2-kT) \;,
\label{eq:hamdelta}
\end{equation}
where $H_0=\frac{p^2}{2}-\frac{1}{q}$ is the hydrogen Hamiltonian and
$q$ the position of the electron. $\Delta p$ and $T$ are the strength
and the period of the train of kicks, respectively.  We will use the
number $K$ of kicks and time $t=K\times T$ interchangeably.
The restriction to a 1D model in the present context is necessary
since the study of the long-time limit in 3D is currently
computationally not feasible. Our previous studies for up to
$10^3$ kicks have shown that the 1D model can reproduce essential
features of the 3D problem.
For a more detailed discussion of the relation between the 1D model
and the real 3D dynamics, see \cite{eper03} and references therein.
In the case $\Delta p>0$, i.e.
the kicks directed away from the nucleus, the classical phase space is
void of stable islands and the effect of quantum localization has been
shown to set in within a few hundreds of kicks \cite{eper03}.  In the
opposite case $\Delta p<0$ stable islands persist allowing for
survival of Rydberg states both classically and quantum mechanically,
referred to as stabilization \cite{yo00}.

The unidirectional kicks build up an average field $F^{\rm av}=-\Delta
p/T$. Hence, the time-periodic Hamiltonian (\ref{eq:hamdelta}) can be
decomposed into the time-independent Stark Hamiltonian
\begin{equation}
H_{\rm Stark}=H_0+qF^{\rm av}
\label{eq:hamstark}
\end{equation}
plus an infinite series of harmonics of equal strength,
\begin{eqnarray}
H(t)=H_{\rm Stark}+2F^{\rm av}q\sum\limits_{m=1}^{\infty}
\cos\left(2\pi m/T\left(t-\frac{T}{2}\right)\;\right) \; .
\label{eq:hamfourier}
\end{eqnarray}
In this paper, we will highlight the influence of the higher harmonics
$m>1$, their presence distinguishing our system from the Rydberg atom
driven by a microwave field.  For the ``positively kicked'' Rydberg
atom with $\Delta p>0$ (i.e. $F^{\rm av}<0$) the Stark Hamiltonian
possesses a potential barrier with maximum at $E^{\rm
  barrier}=-\sqrt{2|F^{\rm av}|}$ and $q^{\rm barrier}=\sqrt{1/|F^{\rm
    av}|}$ resulting in a finite number of quasi-bound states and a
continuum.  To keep the Stark Hamiltonian invariant, i.e. the average
field fixed, we vary $\nu$ and $\Delta p$ such as to keeping the
average field $F^{\rm av}$ fixed.

To calculate the long-time evolution of the quantum system we
represent the period-one time-evolution operator
\begin{equation}
U(T)=\exp(-iH_0\;T/2)\,\exp(i\Delta p \,q)\,\exp(-iH_0\;T/2)
\label{eq:floqop}
\end{equation}
in a basis $\mid n \rangle$ defined by $H_0\mid n \rangle = E_n \mid n
\rangle$ by means of the pseudo-spectral method \cite{tong}.
Dirichlet boundary conditions are applied at $q=0$ and $q=q_{\rm
  max}$.  Solving the eigenvalue equation $U(T) \mid
\phi_j\rangle=\exp(-iT{\cal E}_j) \mid \phi_j\rangle$ yields the
time-dependent wavefunction in terms of Floquet states $\mid \phi_j
\rangle$ as
\begin{equation}
\mid\psi(KT)\rangle=U(T)^K\mid\psi(0)\rangle=
\sum\limits_j d_j \exp(-iKT{\cal E}_j)\mid\phi_j \rangle
\label{eq:psiT}
\end{equation}
with $d_j=\langle \phi_j \mid \psi(0) \rangle$.  A masking function in
$q$ is introduced to avoid spurious reflections at $q_{\rm max}$ (see
\cite{eper03}).  For the low frequencies used in this paper, we apply
the masking operator three times per period.  The convergence of the
wavefunction obtained is tested both by varying $q_{\rm max}$ and by
comparison with direct solutions of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger
equation (i. e. without facilitating the Floquet states $\phi_j$) as
described in \cite{eper03,tong}.

For later reference we introduce scaled units, denoted by the
subscript $0$.  They leave the classical dynamics invariant and are
defined by $E_0=E\times n_i^2$, $T_0=T/(2\pi n_i^3)$, $\nu_0=1/T_0$,
and $F_0^{\rm av}=F^{\rm av}\times n_i^4$ where $n_i$ is the principal
quantum number (action) of the initial state \cite{koch}.  Note that
the transition energy due to to absorption of one photon
$E_0^\gamma=n_i^2\times \hbar\omega= n_i^2\times 2\pi/T= \nu_0/n_i$,
is {\it not} scaling invariant.

\section{Transient quantum localization}
\label{sec:psur}

\subsection{Survival probability and effective quantum number}

One measure to study quantum localization is the survival probability,
defined as $P_{\rm sur}(K)=\langle\psi(KT) | P_{\rm bound} |
\psi(KT)\rangle$ where $P_{\rm bound}$ is the projection operator onto
bound hydrogenic states.  The underlying picture is that transport
along the energy axis towards the continuum is considered to be the
equivalent of conductance in disordered systems \cite{borgonovi}.
Correspondingly, suppression of energy absorption from the pulse
sequence and, thus, suppression of ionization is identified as
localization in a purely chaotic system or stabilization when the
classical phase space is mixed.

\begin{figure}[h]
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc1a.ps}
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc1b.ps}
\caption{
  Classical $P_{\rm sur}^{\rm cl}$ (dashed line) and quantum $P_{\rm
    sur}^{\rm qm}$ (solid lines) survival probability for the
  positively kicked Rydberg atom as a function of number $K$ of kicks
  for $|F_0^{\rm av}|=0.005$ ($\Delta p_0\approx 0.021$). The quantum
  data are shown for 11 frequencies $\nu_0$ uniformly distributed
  between 1.45 and 1.45008, $n_i=50$.  {\bf (a):} Long-time behavior,
  the dashed-dotted line indicates a fit to a power-law with exponent
  $\alpha=-1.5$, Eq.~(\ref{eq:algebraic}), and {\bf (b):} short-time
  behavior. }
\label{fig:psurK}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h]
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc2a.ps}
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc2b.ps}
\caption{
  Mean principal quantum number $\langle n \rangle$,
  Eq.~(\ref{eq:neff}), for the same parameters as
  Fig.~\ref{fig:psurK}, $\langle n \rangle_{\rm cl}$: dashed line;
  $\langle n \rangle_{\rm qm}$: solid lines.  {\bf (a):} Long-time
  behavior (of $\log\langle n\rangle$), the dashed-dotted line
  indicates a fit to a power-law, and {\bf (b):} short-time behavior
  of $\langle n\rangle$. The arrow in (b) indicates an approximate
  localization time defined in Eq.~(\ref{eq:taul}). }
\label{fig:neffK}
\end{figure}

The classical $P_{\rm sur}^{\rm cl}(K)$ is obtained by the classical
trajectory Monte Carlo method (CTMC) with a micro-canonical ensemble
to represent the initial state \cite{arbi,ctmc}.  The classical phase
space (for $\Delta p>0$) is fully chaotic without any tori left
intact. We show an example for the survival probability in
Fig.~\ref{fig:psurK}. The classical $P_{\rm sur}^{\rm cl}(K)$ for
times larger than $K_0$ kicks decays algebraically \cite{hill},
\begin{equation}
P_{\rm sur}^{\rm cl}(K) = (K/K_0)^{-\alpha}
\label{eq:algebraic}
\end{equation}
with $\alpha\approx 1.5$. Both the time $K_0$ and the factor $\alpha$
are only weakly dependent on the parameters of the field ($\nu_0$ and
$\Delta p_0$). By contrast, the quantum survival probability $P_{\rm
  sur}^{\rm qm}(K)$ displays a very different and much more complex
behavior. One intriguing feature is an extreme sensitivity to the
driving frequency $\nu_0$, especially in the long-time limit (compare
also to the results in e. g.  \cite{cas87,buch98,fish}). The resulting
fluctuations in the kicked atom will be studied below in more detail
(see Sect.~\ref{sec:fluctuations}).

For characterization of quantum (de)localization it is useful to
introduce another observable that describes the bound portion of the
wave packet.  Inspired by the relation $n=1/\sqrt{-2E}$ for bound
states, we introduce a mean quantum number as
\begin{equation}
\langle n(K) \rangle =\langle\psi(KT) | P_{\rm bound} \;
\frac{1}{\sqrt{-2H_0}} \; P_{\rm bound}| \psi(KT)\rangle/P_{\rm sur}(K) \; .
\label{eq:neff}
\end{equation}
In this equation, the expectation value is calculated for the portion
of the wavefunction residing in the bound subspace. Equation
(\ref{eq:neff}) characterizes the specific position of that part of
the wavefunction that remains bound, in particular that remains
localized or stabilized near the initial state (or initial torus).
Indeed, $\langle n \rangle$ displays a characteristically different
behavior classically $\langle n \rangle_{\rm cl}$ and quantum
mechanically $\langle n \rangle_{\rm qm}$, both at short times
(Fig.~\ref{fig:neffK}b) and long times (Fig.~\ref{fig:neffK}a).  The
sharp drop of $\langle n \rangle_{\rm qm}$ from $50$ to $1$ at
$K\approx 10^6$ will be analyzed in Sect.~\ref{sect:longtime}.  The
corresponding non-normalized distributions $P(n,t)$ whose mean values
are given by $\langle n \rangle$ are depicted in Fig.~\ref{fig:ndist}.
The quantum $P^{\rm qm}(n,t)$ remains well localized close to the
initial state while the time evolution of $P^{\rm cl}(n,t)$ features a
rapid increase of width in the energy distribution and a shift towards
increasingly lower energies (i.e. smaller $n$).

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=8cm,angle=0]{figtransloc3abit.ps}
\includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc3b.ps}
\caption{
  (Color online) Time-dependent spectral distribution $P(n,t)$, both
  classically (a) and quantum mechanically (b) for the same parameters
  as Fig.~\ref{fig:neffK} (data shown for $\nu_0=1.45$).  }
\label{fig:ndist}
\end{figure}

Note, that classically $n$ does not possess a lower bound $n=1$, as
the quantum distribution does. The fact that the energy distribution
can grow to negative values without bound is at the root cause for the
algebraic decay.  The probability for crossing the $E=0$ line (i.e.
the $n=\infty$ line) in the next time step and thus for reducing
$P_{\rm sur}^{\rm cl}$ decreases as the mean distance to the $E=0$
line as measured by $\langle n(K) \rangle_{\rm cl}$ increases with
$t$.  We now relate the power-law decay Eq.~(\ref{eq:algebraic}) to
the motion of $P^{\rm cl}(n,t)$ away from the threshold.  The
classical survival probability for large times is well fitted by
Eq.~(\ref{eq:algebraic}) with $K_0\approx 1000$. The scaled average
quantum-number is also well described by a power-law,
\begin{equation}
\langle n_0 (K)~\rangle_{\rm cl} = b(K/K_0)^{-0.5} \;,
\label{eq:neffpowerlaw}
\end{equation}
where the power-law decay is assumed to start at the same time as that
of the survival probability and $b\approx 1.8$.  The differential form
of Eq.~(\ref{eq:algebraic}),
\begin{equation}
\frac{d P_{\rm sur}^{\rm cl}(K)}{dK}=
-\frac{\alpha}{K} P_{\rm sur}^{\rm cl}(K) \; ,
\label{eq:algebraicdiff}
\end{equation}
can now be expressed by means of Eq.~(\ref{eq:neffpowerlaw}) as
follows,
\begin{equation}
\frac{d P_{\rm sur}^{\rm cl}(K)}{dt}
=-\frac{d}{K_0}\langle n_0(K)~ \rangle_{\rm cl}^2
P_{\rm sur}^{\rm cl}
\label{eq:powerdiff}
\end{equation}
with $d=\alpha/b^2$.  For some cases with stronger average fields
($F_0^{\rm av}=0.02$ and $0.05$) shown in Figs.~\ref{fig:neffave} and
\ref{fig:tprobave} (where $K_0\approx 60$ and $9$, respectively) we
find that the power-law for $\langle n_0 \rangle_{\rm cl}$,
Eq.~(\ref{eq:neffpowerlaw}), holds with approximately the same
constant $b$.  Hence, Eq.~(\ref{eq:powerdiff}) is still applicable and
the constant $d$ has essentially the same value.

\begin{figure}[h]
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc4a.ps}
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc4b.ps}
\caption{
  $\langle n \rangle$ averaged over the interval
  $1.45\le\nu_0\le1.47$.  In {\bf (a)}, $n_i=50$ and in {\bf (b)},
  $|F_0^{\rm av}|=0.02$.  Full line: quantum result and dashed line:
  classical result.  The arrows indicate the lifetimes of the ground
  state estimated by direct coupling to the continuum. The average is
  calculated on the logarithmic scale, i.e. shown is
  $10^{<\log_{10}n>}$. }
\label{fig:neffave}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h]
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc5a.ps}
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc5b.ps}
\caption{
  $P_{\rm sur}$ averaged over the interval $1.45\le\nu_0\le1.47$.  In
  {\bf (a)}, $n_i=50$, in {\bf (b)}, $|F_0^{\rm av}|=0.02$.  Full
  line: quantum result, dashed line: classical result and
  dashed-dotted line: fit of classical result to a power-law.  The
  arrows indicate the lifetimes of the ground state estimated by
  direct coupling to the continuum.  The average is calculated on the
  logarithmic scale.  }
\label{fig:tprobave}
\end{figure}

We now compare the numerical signatures of quantum localization for
intermediary times as seen in $P_{\rm sur}$, Figs.~\ref{fig:psurK}a
and \ref{fig:tprobave}, to the signatures seen in $\langle n \rangle$,
Figs.~\ref{fig:neffK}a and \ref{fig:neffave}.  In all cases studied,
the $\langle n \rangle^{\rm qm}>\langle n \rangle^{\rm cl}$ and a
clear discrepancy between the quantum and the classical value can be
seen for weak fields and low $n_i$.  The discrepancy decreases as
$|F_0^{\rm av}|$ or $n_i$ increases, i.e. $\langle n \rangle^{\rm qm}$
approaches the classical limit, however quite slowly. The approach to
the classical limit appears faster in $P_{\rm sur}$. Here signatures
of quantum localization can only be see for weak fields and low $n_i$
while in the other cases shown, $P_{\rm sur}^{\rm qm}$ has already
reached the classical limit.  We thus conclude that the more locally
focused $\langle n \rangle$ provides stronger signature of quantum
localization, i.e. the suppression of diffusion away from the initial
state, than the $P_{\rm sur}$ probing the entire bound part of phase
space.

\subsection{Short-time dynamics: the cross-over to quantum localization}
\label{sec:shortt}

We take now a closer look at the short time dynamics for the weak
field strength, Fig.~\ref{fig:psurK}b and Fig.~\ref{fig:neffK}b. Here
a first surprise appears.  One would, generally, expect $P_{\rm
  sur}^{\rm cl}$ and $P_{\rm sur}^{\rm qm}$ to agree with each other
up to the localization time (or quantum break time, also referred to
as Ehrenfest time) $\tau_l$. The present case is non-generic in that
the classical phase space distribution remains up to $\tau_l$
($\approx 200$ kicks) more localized when one identifies $P_{\rm sur}$
as a measure for localization.  This quantum enhancement of ionization
takes place even though the classical $\langle n \rangle_{\rm cl}$
moves closer to the ionization threshold while the quantum $\langle n
\rangle_{\rm qm}$ remains close to the initial vale
(Fig.~\ref{fig:neffK}b).  The origin is a true quantum effect:
perturbative single photon absorption of high frequency $m\nu_0$ from
higher-harmonic components with $m\ge m_c(n_i)$ sufficient to reach
the continuum. Here
\begin{equation}
m_c(n_i)=n_i/(2\nu_0)
\label{eq:mc} \; .
\end{equation}

A border for the field strength at which a single kick driving a
high-lying Rydberg state displays quantum-classical correspondence can
be found as follows \cite{jbhcp}: The average classical energy
transfer from a kick is
\begin{equation}
\Delta E_k = \Delta p_0^2  \; .
\end{equation}
This energy transfer can be resolved quantum mechanically if $\Delta
E_k$ is not smaller than the quantum energy spacing $\Delta
E_{n_i}^0=1/{n_i}$, leading to the critical momentum transfer
\begin{equation}
\Delta p_0^{\rm crit}=1/\sqrt{n_i}.
\label{eq:dpcrit}
\end{equation}
For $\Delta p_0 > \Delta p_0^{\rm crit}$, the quantum and classical
distributions after a single kick agree all the way up to the
threshold $E=0$ since the quantum level spacing decreases as
$n\to\infty$, and a good agreement between the quantum and classical
survival probabilities is achieved. The difference between the
classical and quantum distributions for $\Delta p_0 < \Delta p_0^{\rm
  crit}$ can be understood by considering the dipole limit $\Delta p_0
< \Delta p_0^{\rm dipole} = 1/n_i$, for which the transition operator
for a single kick, $\exp(i\Delta p\;q)$, reduces to
\begin{equation}
\exp\left(i\Delta p\;q\right)\approx 1+i\Delta p_0 q_0 n_i+ ... \;.
\label{eq:dipole}
\end{equation}
In this limit, the quantum transition amplitude is proportional to
$\Delta p$ and the probability is proportional to $\Delta p^2$.
By contrast, the classical probability is proportional to
$\Delta p^5$ implying that the quantum survival probability after
one kick is smaller than the classical one \cite{jbhcp}.
Physically, this can be understood by
considering the Fourier transform of a delta kick,
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta(t-t_0)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int\limits_\infty^\infty d\omega
\exp\left(i\omega(t-t_0)\right) \; ,
\end{eqnarray}
indicating a ``white'' spectrum.
The quantum system can absorb (virtual) photons of arbitrarily
high frequency from the white spectrum accompanied by only a small
momentum transfer $\Delta p_0\ll 1$. Processes with large energy
transfer $\Delta\omega_0\gg 1$ but small momentum transfer $\Delta p_0$
are far from the
line  $\Delta \omega_0 \approx \Delta p_0^2/2$ in the
$\Delta\omega_0\;-\;\Delta p_0$
dispersion plane for a quasi-free electron,
and thus effectively is inaccessible for a classical momentum transfer
process. Only for deeply bound electrons with large local orbital
momentum, $p_0$, near the nucleus, with
$\Delta\omega_0\approx p_0 \Delta p_0 \gg \Delta p_0^2/2$ can such
processes occur in the classical case.
The density of classical phase space points
for the initial state with such high  $p_0$ is, however, very small.
In the quantum case, the high-frequency components in the driving
field interact
non-locally with the whole initial state
leading to an enhanced ionization probability.
This corresponds to dipole allowed transitions.
Classical-quantum correspondence
is only restored when classical diffusion in phase space dominates
the quantum enhancement due to (virtual) photon absorption.

\begin{figure}[t]
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc6a.ps}
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc6b.ps}
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc6c.ps}
\caption{
  As Fig.~\ref{fig:psurK}b, however for {\bf (a):} $|F_0^{\rm
    av}|=0.02$ and $n_i=50$, {\bf (b):} $|F_0^{\rm av}|=0.05$ and
  $n_i=50$, and {\bf (c):} $|F_0^{\rm av}|=0.02$ and $n_i=200$.  }
\label{fig:psurdiff}
\end{figure}

For $n_i=50$ and $\nu_0=1.45$ the corresponding critical fields are
$|F_0^{\rm crit}|=0.033$ and $|F_0^{\rm dipole}|=0.0047$, i.e. the
case studied in Figs.~\ref{fig:psurK} and \ref{fig:neffK} are close to
the dipole limit. The important point is that the dynamical role of
the high-harmonics spectrum of (virtual) photons is responsible for
the surprising, non-generic features of the periodically kicked
Rydberg atom, different from other systems such as the Rydberg atom in
a microwave field. This is directly verified by increasing the field
such that the scaled momentum transfer $\Delta p_0\approx \Delta
p_0^{\rm crit}$, see Fig.~\ref{fig:psurdiff}.  We show first a case in
the transition region ($|F_0^{\rm av}| =0.02$, $n_i=50$) where still
some traces of the non-generic features at short times can still be
seen.  For larger $n_i$ or larger $|F_0^{\rm av}|$ such that $\Delta
p_0 > \Delta p_0^{\rm crit}$ the quantum-classical agreement for short
times is quite well fulfilled while discordance is found only for
larger times, $t>\tau_l$.  The short-time dynamics now conforms with
the naive expectation of close classical-quantum correspondence for
all $t< \tau_l$.

\begin{figure}[h]
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc7a.ps}
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc7b.ps}
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc7c.ps}
\caption{
  As Fig.~\ref{fig:neffK}b, however for {\bf (a):} $|F_0^{\rm
    av}|=0.02$ and $n_i=50$, {\bf (b):} $|F_0^{\rm av}|=0.05$ and
  $n_i=50$, and {\bf (c):} $|F_0^{\rm av}|=0.02$ and $n_i=200$.
  The arrows indicate an approximate localization time defined in
Eq.~(\ref{eq:taul}).  }
\label{fig:neffdiff}
\end{figure}

Well-known arguments \cite{aleiner} for the localization time lead to
the order of magnitude estimate
\begin{equation}
\tau_l\approx \frac{1}{\langle L \rangle}\;
\ln\left(\frac{\langle q \rangle }{\lambda_i}\right) \; \; ,
\label{eq:taul}
\end{equation}
where $\langle q \rangle=n_i^2$ is the typical spatial extension of
the initial state, $\lambda_i=n_i$ the wave length of the initial
state, and $\langle L \rangle$ the mean Lyaponov exponent.
$\tau_l$ is indicated by arrows in Fig.~\ref{fig:neffK}b
and Fig.~\ref{fig:neffdiff}. For $\langle n \rangle$,
$\tau_l$ gives a reasonable estimate for the number of kicks up to where
quantum and classical dynamics mirror each other.

The situation for the survival probability is more involved: For
$\Delta p_0 < \Delta p_0^{\rm crit}$, Eq.~(\ref{eq:dpcrit}) (see
Figs.~\ref{fig:psurK} and \ref{fig:psurdiff}a), no agreement between
$P_{\rm sur}^{\rm cl}$ and $P_{\rm sur}^{\rm qm}$ is found for short
times and a break time $\tau_l$ now defined as the time where $P_{\rm
  sur}^{\rm cl}$ gets smaller than $P_{\rm sur}^{\rm qm}$ due to
quantum localization takes on a different meaning. Consequently, this
break time is not well described by Eq.~(\ref{eq:taul}).  For the
cases with $\Delta p_0 > \Delta p_0^{\rm crit}$,
(Figs.~\ref{fig:tprobave} and \ref{fig:psurdiff}b and c) we find no
clear numerical signatures of localization in $P_{\rm sur}$.

\subsection{Long-time dynamics: the second cross-over}
\label{sect:longtime}

Quantum localization in the kicked Rydberg atom is transient.  After a
large but finite number of kicks (Figs.~\ref{fig:psurK}b and
\ref{fig:psurdiff}), the quantum survival probability rapidly
decreases and at a second cross-over time (delocalization time)
$\tau_D$ falls below even the classical value.  Simultaneously,
$\langle n\rangle_{\rm qm}$ drops sharply from values near $n_i$ to 1
(Figs.~\ref{fig:neffK}b and \ref{fig:neffdiff}b).  Beyond the
cross-over point, $\langle n\rangle_{\rm cl}$ falls to values well
below unity inaccessible to quantum mechanics.  There, the residual
fraction of the classical phase is ``sheltered'' and continues to
decay slowly, i.e.  algebraically.  By contrast, the quantum
bound-state probability decays exponentially in the long-time limit.
Beyond $\tau_D$ the slow classical algebraic decay ``wins'' over the
exponential decay.  This novel scenario is markedly different from the
sinusoidal driven Rydberg atom, where the quantum transport is bounded
from below because of the regular phase space region, or, in a quantum
picture, because of vanishingly small transition probabilities
to states with low principal quantum numbers \cite{cas87,koch,saw02}.

The rate of the long-time decay and, thus, of $\tau_D$ can be
estimated from the decay rate of the state $n=1$ due to the high
harmonics.  This is the lowest-lying and most stable component of any
coherent superposition forming a Floquet state.  All frequencies of
the driving field Eq.~(\ref{eq:hamfourier}) with scaled energy
$m\nu_0$ large enough to couple the Stark state having the largest
overlap with the $n=1$ hydrogenic state to the Stark continuum
contribute to the transition probability according to Fermi's golden
rule,
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_m=2\pi\rho(E_m) |F^{\rm av} z(n=1,E_m)|^2 \; .
\label{eq:golden}
\end{equation}
with $E_m=-1/2+m\nu_0/n_i^3$. Both dipole matrix elements $z(n,E)$ and
the density of continuum states $\rho(E)$ are numerically obtained by
diagonalizing the Stark Hamiltonian (\ref{eq:hamstark}) in the
pseudo-spectral basis.  Summing over all contributions leads to a
delocalization time $\tau_D=\left(\sum_m\Gamma_m\right)^{-1}$ which
corresponds to within a factor of two to the lifetime of the most
long-lived Floquet state with $\langle n \rangle\approx 1$.  $\langle
n \rangle_{\rm qm}$ averaged over an interval in $\nu$ ($1.45\le \nu_0
\le 1.47$) together with the estimated $\tau_D$ are shown in
Fig.~\ref{fig:neffave}. $\tau_D$ clearly gives a good estimate of the
time-scale on which the break-down of quantum localization as seen in
$\langle n \rangle$ takes place.  The estimated $\tau_D$ also coincide
with $P_{\rm sur}^{\rm qm}$ getting smaller than the classical value
(Fig.~\ref{fig:tprobave}).  We thus attribute the break-down of
quantum-localization to the higher harmonics in the driving field.
The breakdown of localization is expected if the
ground state $n=1$ is directly coupled to the continuum.
We note parenthetically that an experimental realization would require
half-cycle pulses with high-frequency components in the UV region.
Work is currently under way on a protocol
to produce half-cycle pulses in the atto-second regime
\cite{atto}.

We now comment on the decay of the quantum survival probability for
$|F_0^{\rm av}|=0.005$ and $0.02$, $n_i=50$, seen for intermediate
times ($K <10^6$ and $10^4$ in Figs.~\ref{fig:tprobave}a and b,
respectively).  Here $\langle n \rangle^{\rm qm}\approx n_i$
(Fig.~\ref{fig:neffave}) indicating the localization of the quantum
distribution $P(n,t)^{\rm qm}$ (see also Fig.~\ref{fig:ndist}b). As
for $\langle n \rangle$, Eq.~(\ref{eq:neff}), we attribute the decay
of the localized bound-part of the quantum wavefunction in the kicked
atom to the higher harmonics present in the driving field, directly
coupling the wave packet localized close to the initial state with the
continuum.

\section{Fluctuations in the survival probability}
\label{sec:fluctuations}

The quantum survival probability shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:psurK} display
strong fluctuations under small variations of the kick frequency. Such
fluctuations are a direct consequence of the photonic localization
scenario \cite{cas87,buch98,jensen}, to be described in the following.

\subsection{High harmonics in the localization regime}

The observation of localization, i.e. the suppression of ionization,
or, equivalently, the freezing out of portions of the wavefunction
near $n_i$, raises the question as to the underlying mechanism in the
presence of the harmonic spectrum (Eq.~(\ref{eq:hamfourier})~). High
harmonics cannot only directly couple to the continuum, see
Sect.~\ref{sect:longtime}, but they also can lead to sequential
excitation through a ladder of intermediate (quasi)bound states.  This
channel is the dominant mechanism for the excitation and ionization by
the harmonic driving by the lowest harmonic $\nu_0$.  Jensen et al.
\cite{jensen} have discussed the suppression of the sequential ladder
excitation by an harmonic driving as a mechanism for localization
(``photonic localization''). It is therefore instructive to extend
this approach to the present multi-photon case.

Following \cite{jensen} we assume quasi-resonant one-photon
transitions to dominate the time evolution, i.e. we consider only
transition between (bound) states with energy differences to the
initial state approximately equal to $k$ times the fundamental photon
energy $E_0^\gamma=\nu_0/n_i$.  The detunings
\begin{equation}
\Delta_k=E_k-E_{n_i}-k\nu
\label{eq:detuning}
\end{equation}
for the quasi-resonant states $\mid k \rangle$ form a pseudo-random
sequence of numbers.  Using the rotating wave approximation and
setting $c_k(t)=b_k(t)\exp(-i\Delta_k t)$, with $b_k(t)$ the expansion
coefficient for the ${\rm k^{th}}$ quasi-resonant state in the
interaction picture, leads to a set of coupled differential equations,
\begin{equation}
i\frac{dc_k}{dt}=\sum\limits_{k'} H^J_{kk'} c_{k'}
\label{eq:andersondiff}
\end{equation}
with the matrix $H^J$ given by
\begin{equation}
H^J_{kk'}=\Delta_k \, \delta_{kk'}+V_{k,k'} .
\label{eq:andersonmatrix}
\end{equation}
The semiclassical expression for the coupling matrix elements is
\cite{jensen}
\begin{equation}
V_{kk'}\approx 0.411F/\left((n_k\,n_{k'})^{3/2} (m\nu_0)^{5/3}\right)
\end{equation}
with $m=|k-k'|$ and $n_k$ the main quantum number of the ${\rm
  k^{th}}$ quasi-resonant state.  While for the harmonically driven
case $V_{kk'}\ne 0$ only for $m=1$, the coupling matrix elements for
the periodically kicked Rydberg atom in the ${\rm m^{th}}$ off
diagonal are proportional to $m^{-5/3}$. Due to the randomness of the
detunings $\Delta_k$, the matrix $H^J$ is thus a pseudo-random,
power-law banded matrix. In random power-law banded matrices with the
elements decreasing as $m^{-\beta}$, the eigenstates are (weakly)
localized for $\beta\ge 1$ \cite{fyod}. Our extension of the model
introduced in \cite{jensen} on the basis of \cite{cas87} thus predicts
that the eigenstates for the kicked Rydberg atom should be localized.
Infering from the numerical observation of quantum localization that
the detunings are ``sufficiently'' random, the generalization of the
photonic localization scenario appears applicable.

We finally comment on the (semi)classical border $n_i\to\infty$.
Increasing $n_i$ from 50 to 200, the quantum localization for
$|F_0^{\rm av}|=0.02$ almost vanishes (Figs.~\ref{fig:neffave}b and
\ref{fig:tprobave}b).  This indicates that a delocalization border is
present in the kicked atom similar to that found for the harmonically
driven system \cite{cas87}. The presence of a delocalization border
implies a maximum $n_i$ for the applicability of the photonic
localization theory.  Detailed studies of this border in the kicked
Rydberg atom remain to be performed.

\subsection{Characterization of parametric fluctuations}

\begin{figure}[h]
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc8a.ps}
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc8b.ps}
\caption{
  Survival-probability $P_{\rm sur}$ versus frequency $\nu$ for some
  numbers $K$ of kicks. $n_i=50$ and $|F_0|^{\rm av}=0.005$.  The
  dashed lines give the classical results.  }
\label{fig:psurnu}
\end{figure}

We turn now to a quantitative description of the parametric
fluctuations of $P_{\rm sur}^{\rm qm}$ under variation of $\nu_0$ seen
in Fig. \ref{fig:psurK}.  Fig.~\ref{fig:psurnu} displays the evolution
towards an increasingly complex fluctuation pattern as $K$ increases.
The amplitudes of the fluctuations increase by several orders of
magnitude.  Strong fluctuations in the survival probability have also
been found e.g.  in the harmonically driven Rydberg atom \cite{buch98}
and in the kicked rotor when subjected to a varying Aharonov-Bohm flux
\cite{casati01} or a variation of the kicking frequency
\cite{sandro06}.

In order to characterize the increasingly finer scale on which these
fluctuations occur, we determine the average distance between adjacent
maxima and minima on the frequency scale, $\langle
\delta_{\nu_0}(K)\rangle$.  At times smaller than the delocalization
time $\tau_D$, $\langle\delta_{\nu_0}(K)\rangle$ is rapidly decreasing
(Fig.~\ref{fig:avedist}).  A similar build-up of fluctuations in the
survival probability with time is observed for the kicked rotor
\cite{sandro06}.  In the very-long time-limit beyond $\tau_D$, where
the dynamics of the kicked system is governed by the decay of the
ground state, no further fluctuations are produced but
$\langle\delta_{\nu_0}(K)\rangle$ saturates.

\begin{figure}[h]
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc9.ps}
\caption{
  Average distance $\langle\delta_{\nu_0}(K)\rangle$ between extrema
  in $P_{\rm sur}$ as a function of number $K$ of kicks.  $n_i=50$ and
  $|F_0^{\rm av}|=0.005$.  We analyze a set containing $10^6$ points
  on $1.45\le\nu_0\le 1.45008$.  }
\label{fig:avedist}
\end{figure}

It is now tempting to inquire whether the complexity of the
fluctuations in the $P_{\rm sur}^{\rm qm}$ can be described by an
approximate fractal dimension.  For example, the fluctuations in the
kicked rotor in the chaotic regime have been shown to have a fractal
structure \cite{casati01,sandro06}.  Fractal conductance fluctuations
have been predicted \cite{ketz} and experimentally found, e.g.
\cite{hegger}, for the transport through cavities with mixed classical
phase space. A fractal structure has also been found in the survival
probability of a system with a mixed phase space \cite{casati00}. In
both cases, a semiclassical explanation based on on a classical
power-law decay has been proposed.  Since the kicked Rydberg atom
displays classically such a power-law decay even though its phase
space is fully chaotic, rather than mixed, a fractal is a conceivable
candidate.

\begin{figure}[h]
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc10a.ps}
  \includegraphics[width=5.5cm,angle=-90]{figtransloc10b.ps}
\caption{
  Fractal analysis of $\log_{10}(P_{\rm sur})$ for $n_i=50$ and
  $|F_0^{\rm av}|=0.005$.  In {\bf (a)} we show the data analyzed for
  $2\times 10^6$ points in the interval $1.45\le\nu_0\le 1.47$ for
  different numbers $K$ of kicks and in {\bf (b)} we combine the wide
  set of (a) with data for a dense set containing $10^6$ points in the
  interval $1.45\le\nu_0\le 1.45008$ for $K=6.8\times 10^7$.  }
\label{fig:fract}
\end{figure}

For a given ``resolution'' $\Delta\nu_0$ in frequency we calculate the
local fractal dimension $D(\Delta\nu_0)$ by means of a variational
method \cite{varmeth}. Rigorously, this value should be independent of
$\Delta\nu_0$. In the present physical context, we are satisfied if
$D(\Delta\nu_0)$ is approximately constant over at least one order of
magnitude in $\Delta\nu_0$.  The fractal analysis of the data shown in
Fig.~\ref{fig:psurnu} is presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:fract}a. Since the
survival probability fluctuates over many orders of magnitude, we
analyze the logarithm of the data.  After more than $10^5$ kicks, a
plateau starts to develop, the width of which reaches almost two
orders of magnitude for larger $K$.  The value of $D$ on the plateau
increases with $K$ up to about $D\approx 1.2$.  The process of
increasingly finer rescaling is transient and stops beyond $K>10^7$
when $\tau_D$ is reached.  Zooming in on a narrow frequency interval
for $K>K_D$, (Fig.~\ref{fig:fract}b), the plateau value is still is
$D\approx 1.2$, but the width of the plateau is only about one order
of magnitude.  Thus, a tendency towards a non-integer dimension can be
found in the positively kicked Rydberg atom. The value is weakly
dependent on the number $K$ of kicks for which the fractal analysis is
made and appears to approach $D\approx 1.2$.

It is now instructing to compare this value with the semiclassical
prediction \cite{ketz,casati00,lai92} based on the power-law decay
with exponent $\alpha=1.5$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig:psurK}) of the classical
survival probability $P_{\rm sur}^{\rm cl}(K)$, $D_{\rm
  SC}=2-\alpha/2=1.25$. The value for $D_{\rm SC}$ is remarkably close
to the plateau value found from the fractal dimension analysis.  We
thus conclude that the onset of a self-similar fluctuation pattern can
be observed with a dimension close to the semiclassical prediction
derived from the classical power-law decay.  We note that this process
is transient in that the finest scale for the fluctuations is
determined by the time $\tau_D$ beyond which the most stable bound
state decays.

\section{Summary}
\label{sec:summary}

We have studied the long-time limit of quantum localization of the
positively kicked Rydberg atom, involving clear signatures of a
quantum suppression of classical ionization.  We compare the
localization as seen in the survival probability to that seen in an
average quantum number $\langle n \rangle$ describing the position of
the localized part of the wavefunction (see Eq.~(\ref{eq:neff})~).  In
$\langle n \rangle$ clearer signatures of quantum localization
prevailing to higher field strengths and larger quantum numbers are
found.  Two cross-over times could be identified. The cross-over from
classical-quantum correspondence to localization ($\tau_l$) and the
destruction or delocalization at a much later time ($\tau_D$).
Remarkably, beyond $\tau_D$, the quantum system decays faster then the
classical counterpart due to direct transitions to the continuum
resembling photoionization.
This process, identified in the present paper within a 1D model,
is expected to be operative in a full 3D model as well.
Quantum localization is accompanied by strong fluctuations
in the survival probability after a given number of kicks as a function
of the frequency of the driving field. The average
distance between the fluctuations
$\langle\delta_{\nu_0}(t)\rangle\propto 1/t$ until $t=\tau_D$,
whereafter $\langle\delta_{\nu_0}\rangle$ saturates.  In the
localization regime, the complex fluctuation pattern approaches a
fractal.

In this paper we have highlighted effects caused by the higher
harmonics in the driving field distinguishing the kicked atom from the
Rydberg atom driven by a microwave field. Further studies comparing
these two systems, including an assessment on how closely the quantum
localization in the kicked Rydberg atom is related to Anderson
localization using e.g. the methods in \cite{cas87,buch98}, is left
for forthcoming studies.

\begin{acknowledgements}
  This work was supported by the FWF (Austria) under grant no SFB-016.
  Discussions with Andreas Buchleitner and Shuhei Yoshida are
  gratefully acknowledged.
\end{acknowledgements}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Automation;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using System.Windows.Controls.Primitives;
using System.Windows.Data;
using System.Windows.Documents;
using System.Windows.Ink;
using System.Windows.Input;
using System.Windows.Markup;
using System.Windows.Media;
using System.Windows.Media.Animation;
using System.Windows.Media.Effects;
using System.Windows.Media.Imaging;
using System.Windows.Media.Media3D;
using System.Windows.Media.TextFormatting;
using System.Windows.Navigation;
using System.Windows.Shapes;
using System.Windows.Shell;
using stm32GateWayDebug;

namespace stm32GateWayDebug {

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        [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Maintainability", "CA1502:AvoidExcessiveComplexity")]
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            #line default
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
John Calhoun | Jul 01, 1997
Australian-born DP Christopher Doyle plies his trade in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and now the mainland With "Temptress Moon," Chen Kaige's period drama shot in mainland China, director of photography Christopher Doyle makes a big leap from the spontaneous world of Hong Kong cinema for which he is best known. But it's not the first shift of gears in Doyle's life. According to the DP's resume, he has been a sailor, rancher, irrigation specialist, and "traveling dog's body." Now he is vice president of

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Experts advocate protein-centred nutrition policy
•Protein-rich foods
Dayo Ojerinde
Nutrition experts have stressed the urgent need for a protein-centred nutrition policy, saying such a policy would guarantee and produce sound leaders that the country would be proud of.
The experts said this during a webinar tagged, 'Nigeria Protein Awareness Campaign,' a protein pull media campaign supported by the United States Soybean Export Council and other partners to create awareness about the prevalence, status and impact of protein deficiency in Nigeria.
Public Health Expert and National Chairperson Women in Global Health, Nigeria, Dr. Adepeju Adeniran, noted that there was the need for a concerted effort towards ensuring that the entire population enjoys a measure of good health.
She listed key factors responsible for protein consumption habits in Nigeria to include the availability of food source, affordability of the food, taste of the food, knowledge of its nutrition value and personal choice or preference of the buyer.
Quoting studies that have shown that most of those who consumed protein in Nigeria depended on animal protein, she said, "78 per cent of households that consumed protein consumed meat/fish/poultry; 31.25 per cent of households that consumed protein consumed nuts and seeds; 20.28 per cent of households that consumed protein consumed a dairy product, cheese, yoghurt or milk; 16.15 per cent of households that consumed protein consumed eggs; 72.9 per cent of households that consumed protein consumed dark green vegetables; while 7.47 percent of households that consumed protein consumed insects or other small sources of protein."
Also, the Managing Director of Pinecrest Specialist Hospital, Dr. Omadeli Boyo, said it was unfortunate that Nigeria had assumed the status of a country with the second-highest rate of children with stunted growth for children under five.
Boyo said no fewer than two million children in the country currently suffer from acute malnutrition with the government only able to reach two out of 10 for treatment.
Head of Department, Home Economics, Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Dr. Beatrice Oganah-Ikujenyo, said the current situation where nutrition is in the Ministry of Health and also Agriculture presents a challenge, stating that the implementation becomes easier when there is a Ministry of Food.
protein-centred nutrition policy


text:
UN Vote On Israeli Settlements Delayed Indefinitely
A U.N. Security Council measure condemning Israeli settlements in occupied territories has been put on hold.
Article by Matt Picht
A showdown over Israel at the United Nations is on ice — perhaps permanently.
The U.N. Security Council was due to vote on a measure condemning Israel's controversial settlements in occupied portions of the West Bank and Jerusalem.
SEE MORE: Some Israeli Lawmakers Want To Quiet Muslims' Call To Prayer
But the measure was pulled by its sponsor, Egypt, following some diplomatic pressure from Israel.
The U.S. has vetoed similar resolutions in the past; the Obama administration did so in 2011. But administration officials were weighing abstaining or even supporting this latest measure.
There's no uncertainty over Donald Trump's stance on Israel. At the behest of Israel, the president-elect publicly demanded Obama veto this latest measure.
SEE MORE: Christians, Jews And Muslims United To Help This Syrian Refugee Family
And Trump's pick for U.S. ambassador to Israel endorses Israeli settlements, a break from the U.S.' typical position on the issue.


Women's Issues, Guy's Don't want to go here! Women only!
I noticed us "chicks" like to talk about things that might be sensitive to guys. So I thought we could warn the guys and jump in here when we want to talk...chick stuff.
I'd love to start it by asking for some help!
My skin has a problem keeping moisture during the winter. I use Estee Lauder moisturizer but nothing I use I feel dry all the time during the winter. Anybody have any suggestions?
I always had the same problem in the winters (and Fall, sometimes too). Try using Oil of Olay Body Wash for extra dry skin. It's heaven!! I don't have to add any lotion afterwards any more! Such a relief!
Happiest of New Years to you, and to everyone, too!!
Dreamer I'll give that a try. Now what can I put on the heels of my feet. They are not in very goood shape. Cracked and I don't understand cause I have socks on all of the time. Help Sister Dreamer!
Good idea Annabelle! Ooh! My kind of topic....skin care! We have someone on this board who is an expert in all this stuff. Hopefully she will see this and come in and help us all out.
I have very sensitive skin that is prone to breakout if I use certain products. So I have to use fragrance-free items. I personally have found that the stuff you buy in the drug store is just as good as the very expensive department store items. I tend to use a lot of Neutrogena products. Cetaphil has an excellent moisturizer for dry, sensitive skin. I use that and when I put that stuff on, I don't need anything else the rest of the day either!
I use a pumpice stone on my heals and then apply plain ole vaseline on my heels with socks on at night and that helps me. There is probably something better though.
It is traditional among my people that any women's council no matter how small must have a male representive present. He is not permitted to say anything or make any kind of jestures or remarks. So you will be having an eye kept on you.
Ah! I wondered who would be the first guy in here to see what we're gabbing about! You can be our honorary representative. I am sure your wife could give us some advice too!
I had rough and cracked heels. I started using pumice stone to smooth out then I put a treatment lotion called Kerosel. You can find it where foot care is in Walmart or probably anywhere else.
I am sceptic on new products so I hve to try them before I suggest them to others. I tried the Kerosel. i cant believe how smooth my heels are getting. U use it once a day. I recommend it.
Here's an old-fashioned remedy for really dry skin. My hands crack and bleed in the winter (old house, humididty drops to about 40%)Anyway, I put Bag Balm on my hands before bed. It's greasy, it doesn't have a pleasant smell, but it works. You could use it for calloused heels too, just lather it on and put on some socks.
The stuff was literally made for cows. I know, not too attractive, but if it works, it works. You can buy it in any drug store I think. I've had this tin for a while.
It helps to moisurize just after you get out of the shower, while your skin is still wet. This is helping me battle these dastardly dry western winters.
Richard, glad to see you are taking such good care of us!
Old Raven, Your voice keeps cracking. Why?
Suave makes a great body wash called Milk and Honey. It is almost like bathing with lotion. I recommend it.
I'm quite fond of the Bodyshop's lotions with hemp.. that's smoothing and moisturising extremely.
My mother makes lotions and stuff herself, I can ask her for a recipe as well.
It helps when you put on Penaten/Nivea Baby-creme in your face before going out into the cold. Compact powder helps against the shiny bits.
If you have to put on make up you might want to take a fat-containing or lanolin (great stuff) containing moisturiser or night cream..
For day to day use I use the L'oreal nature based range or boots botanics range (the wake-up eye cream is great!), a fat or lanolin containing moisturiser for cold days and a simple moisturiser for all others.
oldraven you crack me up! too funny! But what you said is really true. I live in the dryest climate in the world, I think! Sometimes putting on baby oil right after a shower really helps. I will have to get some of that Suave body wash though. That sounds really good.
I agree with AD. Any lotion or creme with hemp in it will help. Slather it on before bed and wear cotten socks or gloves (depending on what part of you was slathered!) Bodyshop has lots of nice products, and they are environmentaly friendly.
My Gramma used to melt and strain chicken fat, and use that on her skin. Depends on how you feel about animal products, I guess.
hemp handcreme is a great thing.. I often need to work something containing fat into my hands to protect & heal them because I work with chemicals alot and I need my hands to feel if a surface is thoroughly dry.


I don't watch much television, but when I do, it's not Duck Dynasty. Frankly, I've only seen parts of a few episodes, which didn't keep my attention for long. That's not to say that the show isn't entertaining, because if it wasn't, then millions of people wouldn't be tuning into every episode. Whether you like the show, hate it, or have never seen it, chances are you've heard about it, or seen their merchandise at your local Wal-Mart. The Nation has officially gone Duck Crazy, and with Phil's recent comments, there will be no one left from hearing the Duck Gospel.
What I find interesting is how so many evangelical Christians are inflamed by A&E's decision to ban Phil from the show. Their majority position is that Phil was excercising his freedom of speech, based on his Biblical convinctions. However, what they aren't acknowledging is the apparent bigotry and ignorance, particularly involving homosexuality. Phil went on by lumping homosexuals in with terrorists. Whether his heart was in the right place or not, his mouth and mind weren't, and to compare homosexuality to terrorism is completely irresponsible to say the very least. Freedom of speech doesn't give anyone the right to say whatever they like, regardless of the injury to others, and then blame it on their belief system. The family did release an official statement this morning, which did not include an apology for Phil's comments. They did acknowledge them as "unfiltered" and then offered a scripture on loving thy neighbor, which I thought was odd, because it certainly didn't sound like his comments were promoting love and acceptance.
From what I've seen, read, and heard about the Robertson family, they seem like good people. Perhaps this will give them an opportunity to grow, learn, and gain a whole new demographic…LGBT. Wouldn't that be crazy? Some real Jesus stuff.
How has Phil's comments affected your attitude towards the show?


This is a pen case made through pressing a pure brass plate. The curves applied on the body resembles the body of a vintage car, and this is all made by experienced craftsmen in Tokyo.
This solid Brass Pen Case provides a sturdy place to keep writing stationery and holds up to 5 standard size pens/pencils. Place your favourite brass stationery in it and complete your trip through time!
Like all brass goods, the copper within the brass oxidises over time and may develop verdigris, similar to rust. This is simply a unique characteristic of brass and is completely harmless, and is even said to make it even more attractive. But no matter, if you prefer its original glossy finish, simply give it a quick buff with some metal polish and voila! Good as new.


Good news, folks. Samsung has begun pushing out the Android 4.4.2 KitKat update for the Galaxy Note 2 (GT-N7100).
For now, the update is only available in France (XEF) through the Kies PC companion software. No information on an OTA rollout just yet, but knowing Samsung, it shouldn't be too far behind.
Other countries should follow over the coming days, with priority given to unlocked versions of the Note 2. Carrier-branded models are subject to more approvals and testing, so they tend to lag when it comes to system updates.
According to the folks at Sam Mobile, who put the update through its paces, the Android 4.4.2 update for the Galaxy Note 2 brings all the KitKat-specific features found on other Samsung devices, including support for cloud printing, NFC tap-to-pay support, all white icons in the status bar, full-screen album art, and the ability to put a camera shortcut on the lockscreen. The phone's performance and general smoothness seems to have been improved, and we expect that a number of bug fixes and tweaks have been applied under the hood.
In terms of Samsung features, the most visible are the Knox security suite and Wallet, Samsung's own mobile payments app.
This is an official build bearing the N7100XXUFND3 version number. To check for your update, go to Settings > About phone > Software update on your phone, though it's also worth trying plugging your Note 2 in Kies for a manual check.


This instrument is now fully playable after restoration. The top is sound with 1 shrinkage repair. It has a 9-piece bowl back in maple and ebony with a couple of repairs. It has the original ebony fingerboard and brass frets. The tuners, tail and bridge are originals. It has been refinished throughout and with a coat of Tru-oil for protection on the top. It has been restrung with ultra-light GHS bronze wound classical strings, and is now playing well with a strong, ringing sound with fair sustain and volume and an easy playing action.
Other than cleaning, I have repaired as follows… 1) repaired a shrinkage crack in the top; 2) repaired a split rib in the bowl; 3) refinished with tru-oil throughout and a coat on the top; 4) levelled the frets and refitted the bridge; and 5) strung and set up.
Refinished throughout, and tru-oil to protect the top.
Book-matched, spruce top, close-grained at the centre. One long, almost invisible, shrinkage repair.
Oval hole, approx. 65 x 40mm.
9-piece, maple and ebony bowl-back. Some seam repairs.
Single-piece, maple neck and head. Small indentations from a capo.
Original steel and brass. All working.
Original in brass with 4 string posts.
Original rosewood bridge refitted, with new bone saddle.


Sherry Fitzgerald P Burke auctioneers in Roscommon town are offering for sale a superb, modern commercial complex featuring eleven retail units and four office units.
Also featured is an outdoor Garden Area of 607 square metres. There is sure to be keen interest in this rare and unique opportunity to acquire this quality retail and office portfolio.
This landmark business park –'Roscommon Retail Park' – is located at Circular Road, Roscommon, directly adjacent to Roscommon town centre and to SuperValu and Tesco stores, at the heart of Roscommon town's commercial centre.
This modern complex comes on to the market with both surface and basement parking. The eleven retail units are on a ground floor area of over 3,000 square metres, while there's a store/stockroom which covers an area of 497 square metres.
The four office units are also highly desirable and conveniently located. Already the complex has a number of high profile tenants including FeelyStone, Toytown and Castlemine Farm Shop.
John Earley, FIPAV of Property Partners Earley is this offering new to the market a number of primely located investment properties in Athlone Town. All of the properties are currently let on very attractive rental terms with the tenants in same not affected.
The second property is a located at Custome Pier, Athlone, which is a restaurant property just over the town bridge and overlooking the River Shannon. The property is currently let to a restaurant for €15,000 per annum on a 15-year lease (tenant not affected). Price guide: all offers after €120,000.
The third portfolio of properties are four quality four-bedroom duplex-style student apartments located at Croi Oige, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Roscommon. They have a gross annual rental income of c. €8,800. Price guide: €90,000 each. They can be sold in one or more lots should market interest dictate.
Lots on offer at Pat Hughes Co.
This week Pat Hughes and Co., Roscommon, have on offer at Anvil Court, Roscommon an attractive two-bedroom town house. The residence is been sold fully furnished with a tenant if required. The company is accepting every offer in excess of €75,000 for this very well finished and is a well located property. Viewing is highly recommended.
At €90,000 this spacious six-bedroom dormer residence brought to the market by Sherry FitzGerald P. Burke Auctioneers, Roscommon, represented excellent value.
The property is located at Cloonlara North, Williamstown, Co. Galway, on a large elevated site with outbuildings located within walking distance of Ardeevin National School and also with easy access of Williamstown and Glenamaddy.
The accommodation on the ground floor comprises of entrance hall, sitting room, kitchen come dining room, utility, four bedrooms and main bathroom. On the first floor is a large landing area, two additional bedrooms and attic store.
Ivan Connaughton Auctioneers, Athleague, are currently offering this luxurious five-bedroom two-storey residence at Coolmeen, Fuerty, Co. Roscommon, standing on a large mature site located in a much sought after residential area c. 5 miles from Roscommon town, just off the Roscommon/Castlecoote Road.
The residence boasts spacious living accommodation throughout and is finished to a very high standard. The accommodation includes on the ground floor: porch to front, reception hallway, sitting room, toilet, living room, kitchen/dining room, conservatory, utility while the first floor comprises of five bedrooms in all with two en-suite and bathroom.
Ivan Connaughton Auctioneers, Athleague, are now offering a very spacious five-bedroom bungalow residence located at Ardsallagh, Roscommon town, just off the Athlone Road in close proximity to all amenities, set adjacent Roscommon County Hospital.
Standing on a large mature site, with a range of outbuildings to side and rear this property has been priced to sell with viewing highly recommended.
The accommodation includes porch to front, reception hallway, sitting room, living room/office, kitchen/dining room, utility, five bedrooms in all and bathroom.
John Earley, FIPAV, of Property Partners Earley, Roscommon, is this week offering lands containing c. 16 acres for sale located at Carrigy, Rooskey, Co. Roscommon as his land bargain of the week.
This week Cathal O'Brien, Estate Agent and Auctioneers, is offering for sale a fine four-bedroom bungalow residence with large site area at Frenchlawn, Ballintubber, Co. Roscommon.
The property is now guiding at €80,000 and all reasonable offers will be considered. It is presented for sale in excellent condition throughout being substantially modernised in recent times.
The accommodation includes reception/hallway, sitting room, kitchen, bedrooms four in all and bathroom. It also includes oil fired central heating and landscaped gardens.
Property Partners Earley, Roscommon, are this week offering new to the market, two number prime properties currently at shell finish located at Ballymoe, Co. Galway.
Both properties are currently in shell condition internally and "we now invite all offers for both properties for immediate sale" say the auctioneers.
A very attractive three-bedroom semi-detached residence located at No. 6 Dudley Heights, Glenamaddy, Co. Galway, which has been brought the market by Ivan Connaughton Auctioneers, Athleague, Co. Roscommon.
The residence is located on a corner site in much sought after development within walking distance of all amenities. This residence has been finished to a very high standards with viewing highly recommended.
The accommodation includes on the ground floor a reception hallway, sitting room, kitchen/dining room, utility, bedroom while the first floor includes three bedrooms in all with one en-suite and bathroom.


Graham Toomey is an emerging Aboriginal artist from the Wiradjuri and Wongaibon Aboriginal nations of western New South Wales."All my life I have always loved art. At school I always looked forward to the art class and I remember how good it made me feel. Those feelings still live with me today and I feel blessed that it's a part of my life. I also feel blessed to be an Aboriginal from the Wiradjuri and Wongaibon lands and to feel the belonging and connection to not only my own homelands, but to the land and to its water whereever I journey. While I was studying Aboriginal art some years ago, I constantly felt a spiritual force or presence with me while I was creating. I feel this spiritual happening was, and are, my ancestors, who provide knowledge, ideas and thoughts to create works. I feel this is their way of connecting to me and to this world, while I connect to them and to their world.


text:
Q: Just installed django-tinymce but the HTMLField is not showing up in the admin view I used pip to install it, and followed the usage directions found here: http://django-tinymce.googlecode.com/svn/tags/release-1.5/docs/.build/html/usage.html under the section "The HTMLField model field type". I re-synced the db (not even sure that was needed), restarted apache2, and yet the text field is still just a textarea.
Any suggestions on what I am missing? Do I need to somehow link the django-tinymce templates into my media directory?
EDIT: Initialization code for the texarea, as requested:
   <script type="text/javascript">tinyMCE.init({"relative_urls": false, "spellchecker_languages": "Arabic=ar,Bulgarian=bg,Bengali=bn,Bosnian=bs,Catalan=ca,Czech=cs,Welsh=cy,Danish=da,German=de,Greek=el,+English / British English=en,Spanish / Argentinean
Spanish=es,Estonian=et,Basque=eu,Persian=fa,Finnish=fi,French=fr,Frisian=fy,Irish=ga,Galician=gl,Hebrew=he,Hindi=hi,Croatian=hr,Hungarian=hu,Indonesian=id,Icelandic=is,Italian=it,Japanese=ja,Georgian=ka,Khmer=km,Kannada=kn,Korean=ko,Lithuanian=lt,Latvian=lv,Macedonian=mk,Mongolian=mn,Dutch=nl,Norwegian=no,Norwegian Bokmal=nb,Norwegian Nynorsk=nn,Polish=pl,Portuguese / Brazilian Portuguese=pt,Romanian=ro,Russian=ru,Slovak=sk,Slovenian=sl,Albanian=sq,Serbian / Serbian Latin=sr,Swedish=sv,Tamil=ta,Telugu=te,Thai=th,Turkish=tr,Ukrainian=uk,Vietnamese=vi,Simplified Chinese / Traditional Chinese=zh", "elements": "id_Body", "language": "en", "directionality": "ltr", "theme": "simple", "strict_loading_mode": 1, "mode": "exact"})</script>

A: Your config:
tinyMCE.init({"relative_urls": false,
          "spellchecker_languages": "Arabic=ar,Bulgarian=bg,Bengali=bn,Bosnian=bs,Catalan=ca,Czech=cs,Welsh=cy,Danish=da,German=de,Greek=el,+English / British English=en,Spanish / Argentinean Spanish=es,Estonian=et,Basque=eu,Persian=fa,Finnish=fi,French=fr,Frisian=fy,Irish=ga,Galician=gl,Hebrew=he,Hindi=hi,Croatian=hr,Hungarian=hu,Indonesian=id,Icelandic=is,Italian=it,Japanese=ja,Georgian=ka,Khmer=km,Kannada=kn,Korean=ko,Lithuanian=lt,Latvian=lv,Macedonian=mk,Mongolian=mn,Dutch=nl,Norwegian=no,Norwegian Bokmal=nb,Norwegian Nynorsk=nn,Polish=pl,Portuguese / Brazilian Portuguese=pt,Romanian=ro,Russian=ru,Slovak=sk,Slovenian=sl,Albanian=sq,Serbian / Serbian Latin=sr,Swedish=sv,Tamil=ta,Telugu=te,Thai=th,Turkish=tr,Ukrainian=uk,Vietnamese=vi,Simplified Chinese / Traditional Chinese=zh",
          "elements": "id_Body",
          "language": "en",
          "directionality": "ltr",
          "theme": "simple",
          "strict_loading_mode": 1,
          "mode": "exact"
})

works fine for me when i change the parameter "elements" to the name of one of my textareas on my page. I suppose you do not have a html element with the name "id_Body", right? If so, change the parameter to the name of one of your html-elements on your page.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


"Matt Lambert's art jewelry series, "RAW," imagines a material shift in the relationship between expectation and observation, and thereby challenges social norms of gender, sexuality, and labor as they are produced in relation to the body. Lambert's circular woven necklaces appear to be made of a chain-linked metal material, but are actually composed of light-weight laser-cut, hand-dyed leather. They appear heavy, but are deceptively feather-light." - Excerpt from "RAW: Imagining the Liminal Spaces of Queer Embodiment"


text:
Swift Water Designs restoration technicians Joe Sybrian, right, and Heather Carey cut posts to be used in building beaver dam analogs as part of the restoration project along the North Fork Sprague River on Harmony Preserve on Nov. 12, 2021.
Staff photo by Arden Barnes / Report for America
Anabranch Solutions crew lead Samantha Bango works on a beaver dam analog as part of a restoration project along the North Fork Sprague River on Harmony Preserve on Nov. 12, 2021.
Jared Vigil, an aquatic resources technician for the Klamath Tribes, places hay along Fivemile Creek to prevent extra sediment from entering the waterway.
Jesse Sampson, an aquatic resources technician for the Klamath Tribes, carries a bale of hay to place along Fivemile Creek to prevent extra sediment from entering the waterway on Nov. 17, 2021.
The North Fork Sprague River spreads over a meadow on Harmony Preserve on Nov. 12, 2021.
Fivemile Creek winds through the forest burned by the Bootleg Fire on Nov. 17, 2021.
Aquatic resources technicians for the Klamath Tribes work to place hay along Fivemile Creek on Nov. 17, 2021.
James Esqueda, Aquatic Resources Technician II for the Klamath Tribes, stands by a pickup full of hay while watching his crew as they begin restoration work along Fivemile Creek on Nov. 17, 2021.
Swift Water Designs restoration technician Heather Carey pets Chunk Mama, left, and Fungus before getting back to work on the restoration project along the North Fork Sprague River on Harmony Preserve on Nov. 12, 2021.
Anabranch Solutions crew lead Samantha Bango works on a beaver dam analog as part of the restoration project along the North Fork Sprague River on Harmony Preserve on Nov. 12, 2021.
Trees burned in the Bootleg Fire this past summer line the North Fork Sprague River on Harmony Preserve on Nov. 12, 2021.
The bark on a Ponderosa Pine along Fivemile Creek was charred by the Bootleg Fire this past summer.
Trees burned in the Bootleg Fire this past summer rise into the sky along Fivemile Creek on Nov. 17, 2021.
Natayah Lang, an aquatic resources technician for the Klamath Tribes, spreads hay along Fivemile Creek on Nov. 17, 2021.
A beaver dam was built alongside man-made beaver dam analogs in the North Fork Sprague River on Harmony Preserve.
Crew members take a break before continuing work on the restoration project along the North Fork Sprague River on Harmony Preserve on Nov. 12, 2021.
Crews work to mitigate Bootleg Fire sediment loading, but hurdles remain
By Alex Schwartz H&N Staff Reporter / Report for America
Alex Schwartz
As the Bootleg Fire raged through the Sprague River watershed in mid-July, Joe Garrett and Nate Ganong feared the old ranch they had purchased last fall would burn up before they had the chance to transform it into the wildlife preserve they both envisioned. Winds reaching speeds of 50 mph roared over Bailey Flat, north of Bly, causing fire crews to begin evacuating.
But then, right as the flames reached the property line, the wind suddenly died down. The meadow and surrounding uplands along the North Fork Sprague remain largely green, while the trees just upstream stand toasted and torched.
"It's hard not to feel spiritual about that," Garrett said. "It was just absolutely miraculous."
Garrett said the stars have aligned in more ways than one on this 912-acre property, now called Harmony Preserve. He and Ganong — both avid fly fishermen — purchased it last October and have been working with Trout Unlimited and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to restore its land and water.
While Harmony Preserve is largely a private fishing getaway for the current Bay Area residents, both of whom have roots in the Klamath Basin, it's also an exceptional opportunity to provide habitat for fish and wildlife, naturally store water and even capture eroded sediment from the Bootleg Fire scar.
"We're doing everything we can to bring it back to baseline," Garrett said. "This is the only chance we get to err on the side of kindness. Why not pay forward with a project like this?"
Human beavers
As the North Fork Sprague emerges from a canyon cut into the slopes of Gearhart Mountain, the preserve's meadow provides the first spot for the river to deposit phosphorus-rich volcanic sediment carried from its headwaters, now almost entirely burned by the Bootleg Fire. The ashy, hydrophobic soils — no longer held together by ground vegetation — will severely erode into rivulets and streams, sending excess phosphorus into Upper Klamath Lake.
The lake's nutrients, which were already too high before the fire thanks to land use changes, fuel ever-worsening blue-green algae blooms that scientists believe contribute to the death of entire year-classes of juvenile C'waam and Koptu, driving the fish toward extinction.
Charlie Erdman, restoration project coordinator with Trout Unlimited, said Harmony Preserve sits at an ideal spot in the watershed to help capture some of that phosphorus before it can continue downstream. Historically, the wet meadow caused water to slow down and spread out into various channels, directed by beaver dams.
Sediment would settle to the riverbed and nutrients would be absorbed by wetland and riparian vegetation, filtering the Sprague. The beaver dams also created calm, deep pools that provided ideal places for juvenile trout and salmon to take shelter and snack on invertebrates living in the submerged wood. Bringing back those natural processes could turn Harmony Preserve back into a sediment filter right as it's most needed.
"It's just nice to work on a project where you really feel like, by doing a little bit, you can have a really big pull," Erdman said.
Erdman said the fire drove many beavers out of the uplands and into the preserve area, and just during the past two months they've been hard at work creating structures that are slowly helping to reflood a meadow that used to be cattle pasture. But the beavers, whose populations were decimated by fur traders in the early 19th Century, need a little help.
That's where TU's project comes in. By installing structures that function similarly to beaver dams, contracted restoration crews from Swift Water Designs and Anabranch Solutions are helping the Sprague reclaim the meadow. They chopped down burned trees and invasive junipers on the property and placed them at various points in the stream, securing the logs with wooden posts to keep them in place during periods of high water.
Some structures span the width of the river, slowing water and allowing sediment to settle out, while partial blockages create eddies perfect for baby fish. It's a dance of erosion and deposition that brings the river back to a semblance of how it functioned naturally.
"Rivers are supposed to be dynamic, and these structures will really help restore those processes," Erdman said.
The Harmony Preserve project employs process-based restoration, a relatively low-tech approach that lets the Sprague — not construction equipment — do most of the work. Other than using machines to cut the trees and posts and move them to the riverbank, all the human "beavers" have to do is decide where to place the structures.
Biologists came out to the preserve in October to study the river course and determine where they would place the faux beaver dams. They took into account the topography of the area and used a tool developed to analyze how many natural blockages a given stream can handle. While they used scientific data to place each structure, work on the ground brought in an element of improvisation — the stream had the final say.
"This is just a suggestion to the river," said Samantha Bango, one of the Anabranch crew's leaders on the project. "This is having a conversation with the river, rather than having a monologue with the river. It's that low-tech piece — we're talking with the river. We're creating this conversation of where it might go."
This work wasn't scheduled to start until next year, but after the Bootleg Fire burned almost the entire watershed upstream from Harmony Preserve, the project partners decided it was crucial to get those sediment traps placed in the river before high flows return this winter and spring.
Though the project is taking place on private land, the partners still had to get permission from state and federal agencies, including the Oregon Department of State lands and Endangered Species Act approval from the Fish and Wildlife Service. But Erdman said getting those permits took less than a month, which is virtually "unheard of" in the restoration space.
"The permitting process was really easy for this project, mainly because the state agencies and federal agencies that are in charge of that process recognize the urgency of getting this work done before weather came in," he said.
Kevin Swift, owner of Swift Water Designs, said red tape is primary obstacle to completing restoration work. In his company's home state of California, the shortest permitting process they've gone through is seven weeks. Particularly in the Klamath Basin, where expansive restoration work has been desperately needed for decades to revive species on the brink of extinction, the very laws designed to protect the environment can sometimes get in the way of healing it.
"As far as I'm concerned, regulations are the choke point, period. That's the thing that's keeping us from doing more work, sooner," Swift said. "We need a regulatory environment that explicitly demands more, better work, faster."
Permitting woes
Despite being the original stewards of the land burned by the Bootleg Fire, the Klamath Tribes haven't been so lucky in their push to mitigate sediment loading from the burn scar. Still, they're doing what they can.
On Wednesday morning, a small group of tribal members met along the banks of Fivemile Creek in the Fremont-Winema National Forest, surrounded by bare, blackened trees and ashy, moon-like soils. The Bootleg burned incredibly hot here, incinerating the pine needles that dead trees would usually drop to the forest floor. Spring snowmelt will scour the hillside and erode the charred soil into the river without those needles there to slow it down.
Near where the old OC&E Line crosses the tributary to the Sprague River, the five aquatic resources technicians unloaded bales of hay from their trucks and began spreading the straw in a 10-foot-wide strip parallel to the streambank. The sight and smell of beige straw pieces was particularly out of place in the severely burned forest.
Team leader James Esqueda said the weed-free hay will mimic the function of those lost pine needles, allowing runoff to enter Fivemile Creek while capturing some of the sediment it carries. The Tribes' Aquatics Department surveyed public lands in the Bootleg burn area over the last several months, identifying key drainages to apply sediment-capturing treatments to.
But Esqueda said this straw mulching is the least effective measure the Tribes have in their arsenal. They'd much rather be doing instream work similar to the crews on Harmony Preserve: placing structures that capture sediment within the stream itself. But the lengthy process of securing the necessary permits from public agencies to do so has kept them confined to the slopes, spreading hay.
"We're scratching the surface. This is all they're going to, for the time being, allow us to do," Esqueda said.
Stan Swerdloff, the Tribes' aquatics director, said his staff have had to request permits from multiple different agencies, which vary depending on who owns the land they hope to work on.
Despite wanting to implement sediment mitigation projects to prevent life from getting worse for endangered suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, the Tribes must get ESA approval to work in many streams considered critical habitat for endangered bull trout. Even laws protecting cultural sites get in the way, despite the fact that those sites are part of the Klamath Tribes' own history.
"It's been agonizing, to say the least," Swerdloff said. "Each individual land type has given us a different set of problems."
While the bureaucratic nature of permitting is necessary to an extent to prevent environmental harm, Swerdloff said the processes don't lend themselves to the timely implementation of emergency measures. The Tribes have been in permitting limbo for the better part of two months and only recently got the go-ahead from the Forest Service just to do the straw spreading.
"A lot of this stuff that we're running up against is counterintuitive," Swerdloff said. "I'm not blaming people — this is just the way that bureaucracies are set up. They're not set up to handle emergencies."
On Forest Service land, at least, specific measures identified in the Bootleg Fire's burned area emergency response (BAER) report released this summer can be fast-tracked and easily funded by the federal government. But Mark Buettner, a fisheries biologist on the Klamath Tribes' aquatics team, said the BAER report didn't make any recommendations for sediment mitigation, requiring the Tribes to seek out private grant funding to do that work.
"They estimated that severe short-term impacts would occur but did not propose any actions," Buettner said.
The Tribes used their grant money to hire staff and purchase hay bales to place directly into streams as check dams, which is a faster process than constructing beaver dam analogs. But Buettner said the Forest Service no longer considers straw bales as automatically approved post-fire emergency measures. That drew the permitting process out by several weeks as the Forest Service performed a National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) analysis, which will eventually allow an exception for the bales.
Additionally, the Forest Service is requiring the Tribes to get permits from the Army Corps of Engineers, which can take 30-60 days to review an application. They've said they will expedite the review, and just this week Green Diamond gave the Tribes permission to place bale dams in streams on their property. Still, Swerdloff worries that the go-aheads are coming too late for tribal crews to make sufficient headway on instream work before the areas get snowed out.
"It's going to take time, and time is our enemy right now. In the past two months, we could've gotten a lot done," Swerdloff said. "We've got adequate funding for the emergency work, and we've hired staff to help us, and we just can't do the work."
The irony of not being allowed to quickly perform restoration work on Klamath, Modoc and Yahooskin ancestral homelands isn't lost on Esqueda. Though the Klamath Tribes have entered into a master stewardship agreement with the Forest Service and have some say in how the forest is managed, they can't do this work without federal permission because they don't own the land.
"It's extremely frustrating to us as a Native people and the first stewards of this land. We love our land. We want to take care of our land. What has been done before is not working," he said. "Let us get out on that landscape and do what we want to do. Who better than us?"
Klamath Tribal Chairman Don Gentry shared that frustration, adding that while the Tribes owning the land outright wouldn't fully exempt them from all environmental permits, it would allow this work to be done more quickly. But more urgent is finding a way to consolidate the dizzying number of permits that must be acquired to help the watershed recover from ever-worsening wildfires.
"There's various ways to improve — I'm just not sure how to pull it all together. But hopefully folks see there's a real need to, so we can provide emergency short-term mitigation of fire impacts," Gentry said. "How do we work more cooperatively together on landscape management?"
Natayah Lang, an aquatic resources technician who was hired on temporarily to do sediment mitigation work, said that while she'd rather be getting into Fivemile Creek itself to build nutrient-capturing structures, every molecule of phosphorus counts.
"I like that we're putting in an effort at least. It's better than not doing anything," Lang said. "It's no as much as we'd want to do, but it's something."
Charlie Erdman
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