Conditional branching is used in surveys to direct respondents to skip inappropriate questions or to answer additional follow-up questions. When surveys are implemented on the World Wide Web, conditional branching can be automated in different ways. This study compares three implementations: (a) a manual form which replicates the paper-and-pencil version in a scrollable browser window, (b) a semi-automatic form which also shows the whole survey but auto-scrolls to the next appropriate question, and (c) an automatic form that displays only one item per screen and implements all branching. The surveys used for the study involved follow-ups of one, two, or three questions. The three implementations were counterbalanced in a within-subjects design. As expected it was found that completion times increased with the number of follow-up questions. More importantly, the automatic item-by-item implementation proved significantly faster than either the manual or the auto-scrolling versions. Respondents found the auto-scrolling to be disorienting. These results suggest that automatic branching should be used but with graceful jumps that guide the respondents' focus of attention without loosing it. Keywords Questionnaires, Surveys, Conditional Branching, User Interface, World Wide Web, CSAQ.


Sam: Please explain the difference between experiential and non-experiential bliss.
Sundari: Blissful implies bliss-less. The bliss of knowledge is very different from bliss as most people understand the meaning of that word. The bliss of the self is not a feeling. It is just knowledge. The problem lies in the misunderstanding of the word "bliss." There are two kinds of bliss: ananda, which is experiential bliss, and anantum, which is the bliss of the self. The bliss of the self, that which is always present, unlimited and non-changing, is not an experience, because it is your true nature, anantum.
The bliss of self-knowledge can be experienced as a feeling though, such as the bliss of deep sleep, which is inferred when you wake up, or as parabhakti, where love is known to be you, your true nature, meaning consciousness, the self. Parabhakti is having all you could ever want and knowing that it will never leave you. It is love loving itself. It is limitless satisfaction, parama sukka or tripti are words used in the texts.
When I know I am awareness, I am prema, limitless love. This love is knowledge because awareness is intelligent. Prema is only known when self-knowledge has negated the doer. That is not to say that the bliss disappears when self-knowledge is firm. It is just does not matter whether the experience of bliss is present or not, because the bliss of self-knowledge is always present because the bliss of self-knowledge is the bliss of the self.
Below is what Swami Paramarthananda says about the two kinds of blisses.
Paramarthanda now gives the following explanation: "Sathyam means 'time-wise limitlessness,' Anantam means 'space-wise limitlessness,'" so he translates "Sathyam Jnanam Anantam Brahman" into "Brahman is the eternal, all-pervading consciousness." Anantam as a term to describe limitlessness is not sufficient, as it does not include time.
Ananda in "Sat Cit Ananda" again means limitlessness. There are two kinds of ananda: bimbaananda and pratibimbaananda. Bimbaananda is the original ananda, also called atmaananda. It is my nature, always present but not experienceable. It cannot be gained; it is to be claimed and owned.
Pratibimbaananda is reflected ananda; it can be experienced in a sattvic mind. Translating ananda into "bliss" is reducing ananda to pratibimbaananda, experiential bliss. In the spiritual world, you find this mistranslation and misunderstanding all over, especially in Yoga.


I am penning this blog from a conference in Denver, Colorado. It is the PMDMC. This is an annual gathering of public broadcasting stations from across the country and really is a who's who of that business. I am here because BiddingForGood has a number of very successful clients who are in the public media business. I am also personally a big fan of public broadcasting, a devoted listener of my local NPR station, an avid fan of Downton Abby, Nova, Masterpiece Theater and of course, Doc Martin. So for me, it is very exciting to be where so many people that make all this happen are coming together! This conference is also called the "Revenue" conference which means that many of the people who are here are in development or membership or underwriting. There are marketing folks here too and lots of station managers as well.
The first keynote address yesterday was opened up by Paula Kerger, the CEO and President of PBS. She opened by first complimenting the 1100 people in the room. She complimented them on their dedication, their passion for their work, and the incredible storytelling that they do. But then she did something quite unexpected. She reminded everyone in the room that without the development professionals, without the folks who drive the revenue for the stations, there would be no news. Without the underwriting staff and the membership staff who build relationships with local businesses and advertisers, there would be no storytelling. It has not been easy to be in this business over the last few years. Budgets are incredibly tight. The media business is getting disrupted left and right. But Ms. Kerger reminded the assembled crowd that the "revenue" people have not given up. They have continued to do the hard work that is keeping the business afloat. Of course what everyone wants is not only to survive but to thrive.
So I applaud the fundraisers in every corner of our society who are doing the hard work of helping their organizations both survive and hopefully thrive. I applaud the volunteers that help mount auctions and run events and spread the good word. There are program people on the front lines delivering on the mission of their organization, but let us never forget the "revenue" people who make it all possible. That is the community that BiddingForGood supports. These are the people that help us develop better software and provide the services that make the business of fundraising work. We are now nearing the $250 million mark on our Good-O-Meter, and we continue to celebrate all of this great work. Helping more and more fundraisers meet their goals and support their worthy causes is what we look forward to every day.
What a great event, Perry. Glad you are there – and thank you for the reminder to support the public broadcasting stations and their development folk. Hard work!


text:
KSWT online - Tv live
Click on the player, the broadcast will open on the official website of the channel
KSWT
Land: Verenigde Staten
KSWT 5 van de 5
KSWT, virtual and VHF digital channel 13, is a CBS-affiliated television station located in Yuma, Arizona, United States, that also serves El Centro, California. Owned by Northwest Broadcasting and operated by News-Press & Gazette Company via a shared services agreement (SSA), the station is sister to Yuma-licensed NBC affiliate KYMA-DT (channel 11), which is owned by Northwest and operated by NPG; El Centro-licensed Fox and ABC affiliate KECY-TV (channel 9), which is owned by NPG; and low-power Telemundo affiliate KESE-LP (analog channel 35), which is also owned by NPG. KSWT maintains transmitter facilities located northwest of Yuma. All three stations share studios located on South 4th Avenue in downtown Yuma.
13WMAZ
Verenigde Staten - Lokale TV
13WMAZ is a television station in Central Georgia. The station signed on for the first time on September 27, 1953. It is the fourth-oldest station in
16 WAPT
Verenigde Staten - Weer
With its first broadcast in October 1970, WAPT became Jackson's first ABC affiliate. Today, the station features four daily newscasts and boasts
KUSA, virtual and VHF digital channel 9, is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Denver, Colorado, United States. The station is owned by
Verenigde Staten - Algemeen
ABC News is the news division of the American Broadcasting Company, owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company.
3BTV
3BTV is broadcast by i2i Technology Ltd. 3BTV combines cutting edge Internet skills and technology with the highest quality production values.
Verenigde Staten - Nieuws
Cable News Network (CNN) is a U.S. cable news channel founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. Upon its launch, CNN was the first channel to provide 24-hour

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


If you avoid making garments with zips because you're just a little bit scared of them, or you just can't get them to work for you, or even if you just want a refresher and a few professional tips, then this is the workshop for you.
You will learn how to sew a concealed zip and neaten it off with a facing.
And even how to insert a zipped fly quickly and professionally.
You'll be working on sample sized pieces but all the notes and handouts will be yours to take home and use to help you improve your sewing at home too.
This is the perfect opportunity to really take the standard of your sewing up to the next level with tuition from an industry professional with over 30 years experience.
All materials zips and equipment will be provided as well as plenty of tea, coffee and cake to keep you sewing.
Places are limited to ensure plenty of 1:1 support.


A gorgeous mix of iridescent hues creates a subtle hint of color in these earthy elegant earrings. An 18k vermeil brushed disc playfully dangles from the gold encased stone. 18k Vermeil, 1"L.
Available in labradorite or moonstone.


Is it time to deepen your Reiki practice?
and living life abundantly through Reiki.
The Reiki Shinpiden Level III Master-Practitioner Training Program at Northeast Reiki Center is for practitioners ready to adopt a life-style that immerses them in universal life energy for living life enthusiastically and abundantly. As a participant, you learn additional ways of applying the system of Reiki for mind-body healing and spiritual self-realization. It's powerful inner work for moving out of a limiting view of who we are towards experiencing an expanded dimension of human consciousness — that we are truly Spiritual Beings of Light.
This program offers many exercises to deepen your connection to Reiki at every level and provides you with opportunities for tremendous personal growth and self-discovery. The training is for those who want the benefits of acquiring advanced Reiki concepts and techniques, but don't necessarily want to teach Reiki classes to others.
In an uplifting group setting we focus on what it means to walk the path as a Reiki Master. You receive the Master attunement (Reiju); learn the Master symbol (Shirushi) and mantra (Jumon) and their life-enhancing applications; learn additional Japanese Reiki techniques and meditations for cultivating your Ki and deepening your daily practice; learn how to administer the Level I attunements to loved ones and individuals with chronic and life-threatening illness; receive an illustrated Reiki Master manual and your Reiki Master-Practitioner certificate. We meet one Sunday a month for three months to learn, share experiences, engage in in-class and homework exercises and lots of practice.
• learn how to use the Master symbol and mantra to help you unlock a doorway to your true self.
• learn self-empowering ways to work with Reiki's to release old patterns, limiting beliefs and unhealthy habits so you can thrive and manifest what you want in your life.
• explore the deeper meanings behind Usui Sensei's intent for Reiki to be applied as a life practice.
• learn advanced Japanese Reiki techniques and meditations to purify, cultivate, balance your Ki.
• discover new intuitive ways of working with Reiki that enhance the effectiveness of your treatments for others, including working with Byosen — the energy frequency emitted by imbalances in tense, injured or ill areas of the body.
• learn techniques to tap into and trust your connection to your higher self for accurate guidance and insights related to important decisions in your life.
• explore how you are applying three basic keys to enlightenment to your relationships and life.
• learn and become proficient in administering the Reiki Level I attunements to individuals who have chronic or life-threatening illness so they can give themselves daily Reiki healing treatments (or to one of their family members so they can provide Reiki regular healing sessions for their loved one).
• receive additional information for developing a Reiki Practitioner Healing Practice.
• learn the keys to creating and facilitating your own Reiki Circle or Reiki Share.
• discover how as Reiki Masters, we raise the energetic vibration of our planet by shifting from a personality-mind way of being in life to a more enlightened heart-soul way of being in life.
• contemplate ways of how to bring Reiki out into the world in your own, unique way.
• receive ongoing support and continuing education opportunities for practice after the training.
Note: If you can't attend our regularly scheduled training dates, we may be able to schedule a special Reiki Level III Master-Practitioner Training that fits with your schedule. Call 508-808-5696 for more information.


text:
Home >Companies >News >Titan institutes an award for social impact products
Photo: Ramesh Pathania/Mint
Titan institutes an award for social impact products
1 min read . Updated: 25 Jul 2018, 11:37 AM IST Staff reporter
The start-ups will be awarded a cash price of up to ₹65 lakh each, depending on their business requirements, mentored by Titan and Tata Trust
Titan Company Ltd announced its first Design Impact Awards on Tuesday in Mumbai, shortlisting eight start-ups across fields like healthcare, water conservation and agriculture after nearly a year-long evaluation process of going through nearly a 1,000 entries. The start-ups will be awarded a cash price of up to ₹ 65 lakh each, depending on their business requirements, mentored by Titan and Tata Trust and may also find opportunities for larger collaborations with Tata group companies, top executives told Mint.
"We will look at enabling these start-ups through partnerships and collaborations," said Bhaskar Bhat, managing director of Titan, adding that the company will also look at the possibility of whether some of these ideas even those outside of the eight shortlisted but among the entries received could be handed over to other group companies and if they can take them forward.
"We might collaborate and take some of these start-ups and forward ideas may be with our company or with other Tata group companies. There is an opportunity for us to leverage it. It gives us a wide canvas," said Revathi Kant, chief design officer of Titan.
Nearly a year ago, Titan initiated the Product Design Award calling for entries that have a social impact. The company got 993 entries of which 121 applicants were asked to submit a detailed plan. From these, 18 were shortlisted and presented to a jury, chaired by Harish Bhat who is brand custodian of Tata group, which then selected eight winners.
The winners included U-Sense, a company that has created a credit card-sized test, for sensing UTI infection quickly using nano-fibre technology at a cost of ₹ 30 per unit. There was another that tested eight parameters of diabetes called Anupath, offering a small palm-sized solution for a mobile solution. The companies in the field of water conservation and waste water recycling included Nanosolution, a one step low cost solution to treat waste water and Zerodor, a manufacturer of waterless urinals, save 1.5 lakh litres in one PAN per year. There was Green-House-In-A-Box that was hoping to help marginal farmers increase their productivity sevenfold and at the same time use 90% less water.
The startups were facilitated in the presence of Ratan Tata and Harsh Mariwala, chairman, Marico Ltd who was the chief guest.
The Impact Awards will be driven as a part of the company's annual corporate social responsibility agenda, said Kant.


text:
Home Pinecrest Seniors at The Palace Suites find fulfillment in volunteering
Pinecrest Featured
Pinecrest Home
Seniors at The Palace Suites find fulfillment in volunteering
Kerry Green-Phillips
The Palace Suites' Betty Carson and Phyllis Ehrlich.
Living in a retirement community offers opportunities to find fulfillment in volunteering. In addition to the satisfaction of helping others, studies have shown that the act of giving of one's time and talents may contribute to longevity.
According to research published online in the APA Journal Health Psychology, people who volunteer may live longer than those who don't, as long as their reasons for volunteering are to help others rather than themselves. This was the first time research has shown volunteers' motives can have a significant impact on life span. The study found that volunteers lived longer than people who didn't volunteer if they reported altruistic values or a desire for social connections as the main reasons for wanting to volunteer.
At The Palace Suites in Kendall, residents take advantage of their freedom from housework and cooking and the accessibility of the community's transportation to volunteer both within the community and throughout Miami Dade County.
Betty Carson has been a long-time volunteer at Baptist Hospital, located not far from the Kendall community. She works every Tuesday for four hours and has been volunteering at the hospital for almost 19 years.
"I started volunteering with their newborn cuddling program," she explained. "It was so rewarding rocking the babies. Once the program ended, I helped out wherever I was needed."
Carson said it makes her feel marvelous to be able to help others.
"I remember a woman in the hospital who was alone and crying," she said. "She was so afraid. I asked her how I could help and she said she would like to have a Bible. I found one in the chapel and brought it to her.
Her appreciation for this small act of kindness made me feel so good. From that point on, I was hooked as a volunteer. On Tuesdays, I may walk my feet off but I have a good feeling knowing I've done something positive for others."
Phyllis Ehrlich also finds satisfaction in volunteering. Some of her efforts tap her expertise and years as a gerontologist. She serves as an ombudsman for the southern district of the State of Florida, handling crisis calls and assessing assisted living facilities and nursing homes.
She finds living at The Palace allows her to continue her life.
"I'm able to maintain an outside life and my many friends enjoy visiting The Palace," she said. "There are many interesting people to learn from and that I can relate to."
To share her love of reading, she facilitates a short story discussion group that she initiated for her neighbors.
"There was interest in having a book club at The Palace Suites but no one wanted to make the commitment to read a book every month," Ehrlich said. "Recognizing peoples' needs and interests, short stories seemed a perfect solution. We meet once a month and the class has taken off with flying colors."
Her other passion practices the philosophy she shared with her husband, Ira, and it's written on a piece of paper she carries with her: Our primary concern is for people who fall between the cracks of our society.
Helping the homeless in Miami Dade County is something Ehrlich also feels passionate about and she was happy to learn The Palace shared her desire to be of service to others. A representative from Chapman Partnership was invited to the active retirement community to explain the work of the organization and their needs, enabling residents to understand their plight. Ehrlich and The Palace's activity director, Adrian Cabrera, launched "Knock the Socks" based on the meeting.
Underway for six months, residents, families and employees are encouraged to donate new socks, t-shirts, underclothes and shoes for men, women and children and whatever is donated each month is doubled by The Palace.
Other residents also find satisfaction channeling their volunteering interests at The Palace and the community welcomes the diversity of interests.
"All someone needs to do is offer their time," said Cabrera. "We'll find something that fits their interests."
To learn more about The Palace Suites or to schedule a tour, call 305-270-7000 or visit www.ThePalace.org.
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Festivals events and a new ER ribbon cutting kick off 2020


Due to the imposed tug and towage service regulation filed by the St. Vincent Port Authority July 2010, Crowley Caribbean Services announces effective Sunday, March 4, 2012 , all cargo to/from St. Vincent will be assessed a Tug Service Charge of $90 per unit. This charge will be applicable on all open tariff and contract cargo moving between the U.S. and San Juan, Puerto Rico to/from St. Vincent.
Please rely on Crowley for schedule changes and operational updates. Crowley's current sailing schedules are always available by visiting http://www.crowley.com/What-We-Do/Shipping-and-Logistics/Overview.


text:
Robin Williams dies at 63 with a legacy to honor
Posted by Ryan | Aug 11, 2014 | Features, News | 0 |
[Source: Entertainment Weekly]
Academy Award winner Robin Williams dies at 63. He was one of Hollywood's most delightful, iconic actors and he will surely be missed.
It's hard to imagine that the jovial man pictured above would have any reason to end his life. Whatever the reason for his death may be, the public should focus on what he did with his life and remember that among so much greed in Hollywood, he was one of the good ones. He was an actor that we associated with things that made us happy. He was someone that demanded a smile or a laugh despite how you were feeling. He was more than an actor or comedian…he was a genuinely good person.
Outside of winning an Oscar for "Good Will Hunting" or dressing in drag as our favorite British nanny in "Mrs. Doubtfire," Robin Williams was a true humanitarian. He had a passion for helping the unfortunate through more than just money, he took action. When he played the role of "Patch Adams," a doctor who believed that laughter helped the terminally ill, it wasn't that far of a stretch. In addition to a variety of other causes he supported, he was an avid supporter of St. Jude's hospital and their battle against children's cancer. The video below is just one of many commercials he had done supporting St. Jude to help raise an astounding $72 million dollars. If you search online, you'll find more videos than you can count featuring Williams and a patient of St. Jude.
Robin Williams also was a part of the Comic Relief charitable event alongside Billy Crystal and Whoopi Goldberg. The event, frequently held on HBO, helped to feed and house the homeless and was a huge success. It drew in a number of celebrities who participated in the event, but the constants over the years have always been Robin Williams, Billy Crystal, and Whoopi Goldberg.
Robin Williams, Whoopi Goldberg, and Billy Crystal – Comic Relief Charity
When Robin Williams' close friend and former college classmate Christopher Reeve ("Superman") was paralyzed, he immediately took action funding much of his treatment and joining the board of the later charitable organization, the Christopher Reeve Foundation. Despite contributing financially, he contributed to many of the moments of happiness in Christopher Reeves' life after the accident. Christopher Reeves' first laugh after his accident was a result of Robin Williams visiting him dressed as a doctor and claiming to be his proctologist. The true sign of a gifted comedian is bringing laughter to someone in the most dire of situations.
Robin Williams and friend Christopher Reeve
Robin Williams was involved in a plethora of other charities and causes as well. He toured the Middle East five times with the USO tour to help with troop morale and in 2010 donated 100% of the proceeds from his shows to earthquake victims in New Zealand. The list of other involvements encompass every realm of charity including human rights, environmental, education, health care, war veterans and soldiers, a variety of diseases, and even animal cruelty. The full list can be found at LooktotheStars.org.
Robin Wililams USO tour
The one story that I found most inspiring was a conversation I had with a co-worker about 10 years ago, forgive me if I paraphrase. She told me about her uncle who had a window business in California and he had the opportunity to work on Robin Williams' house. It was a hot day and her uncle and his workers were working even harder in the excruciating heat. Despite their hard work, they were forced to stop what they were doing because Robin Williams came outside and demanded it. He claimed that it was too hot for them to be working so hard and without knowing these individuals, invited them into his home for some cold drinks. Out of all of the great things Robin Williams has done, this act struck a chord with me. Helping a child with cancer or the homeless are actions of apparent charity that are amazing, but the small charitable acts of just being kind to an everyday individual are frequently lost. That story, whether embellished or not, is what made me look a little closer into the life of Robin Williams. It made me see that he was someone that didn't just care about someone when it was appropriate, he cared about others even at the least opportunistic moments which I find to be the most genuine acts of kindness.
Robin Williams was a man that cared for others more than himself. He saw the power that his gift of laughter and kindness could bring the world and ensured that he pushed himself above his own limits when it came to charity. Among the cynics in this world, he was an idealist that believed there was no such thing as never, as long as you never gave up.
"No matter what people tell you, words and ideas can change the world."
Robin Williams – 1951 to 2014
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For the past month or so, the Auburn grounds crew has been ripping up and in the process of replacing the turf at Hitchcock Field in Samford Stadium at Plainsman Park. There were rumors that foul territory would be replaced with artificial turf to allow for more practice opportunities and less upkeep. We're not talking about the old stuff in the Astrodome. We're talking that good squishy stuff in Auburn's football indoor practice facility.
According to this picture from @precision_turf, we have proof. I can't tell yet if the outfield foul lines will be on the fake turf or the real turf, but it shouldn't make that much of a difference. I'm interested to see what this is going to look like with real grass and dirt next to it, but it doesn't bother me.


text:
Victor Henry Webster (1905–1980) was an Australian politician and medical officer. Trained in Melbourne and Perth, he moved to Tennant Creek. He was a member of the Northern Territory Legislative Council for Tennant Creek from 1947 to 1950. He published a book, Bush Medicine, in 1948.

References

1905 births
1980 deaths
Politicians from Melbourne
Members of the Northern Territory Legislative Council
20th-century Australian politicians

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
package org.jnosql.artemis;

/**
 * The Converter storage
 */
public interface Converters {

    /**
     * Return a new instance from the converter
     *
     * @param converterClass the converter class
     * @return a converter instance
     * @throws NullPointerException when converter is null
     */
    AttributeConverter get(Class<? extends AttributeConverter> converterClass);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Golden Globes on NBC began with Seth Rogen touting the power of one billboard to hype a film called "The Room"and ended with director Martin McDonagh accepting the Best Picture award for his billboard movie.
Billboards are a hot property, like an award-winning script in Hollywood.
McDonagh's "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri" swept four Golden Globes on January 7, after also winning Best Picture from the Australian film academy two days earlier. It won People's Choice at the Toronto International Film Festival, sometimes an Oscar precursor.
The plot of McDonagh's dark comedy and Seth Rogen's riff about a single billboard promoting an obscure film share a common point about media messaging: billboards are effective communication.
In McDonagh's small-town revenge parable in fictional Missouri, lead character Mildred Hayes (played by Golden Globe Best Actress Frances McDormand) wants to be heard. Her all-caps billboards, three of them, give her voice.
Billboards shown in this award-winning film were custom built by family-owned Allison Outdoor Advertising Company in rural Sylva, NC, where much of the movie was filmed. The filmmaker insisted on printed paper, which was glued to three billboards installed in a cow pasture in western North Carolina.
Today, paper and glue are all but gone, replaced by large-format recyclable single-sheet vinyl attached to billboard posters.
In McDonagh's small town or Rogen's Los Angeles, billboards are exclamation points. They are seen by real people in the real world, repeatedly.
Today's billboards are flexible, with quick change of copy. Prior to the Golden Globes, billboards cheered for "Three Billboards" with this all-caps message: THIS BILLBOARD DESERVES AN AWARD.
After the awards show, the "copy" on these digital billboards was changed quickly to say thank you and to tout the number of Golden Globe awards.
OUTFRONT Media's digital display in Times Square.
Digital billboards are located in big markets and small towns like Sylva, NC (population 2,644). Nationwide, more than 7,300 billboards are digital.
The current buzz in Hollywood highlights that signs are part of our culture — fundamental to shared stories — and also for the promotion of those stories.
In 2016, Warner Brothers, HBO, and Universal were among the top-20 customers of OOH advertising.
Rogen's Hollywood-billboard story was about a single billboard promoting an off-beat film. Describing this billboard at the Golden Globes show, Rogen recalled, "there was no studio, and there was no distributor. There was just like this guy's head" on a billboard with a phone number.
A film inspired by that billboard, "The Disaster Artist," was nominated for two Golden Globes and won Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy (James Franco).
Billboards are a hot property.


text:
package org.locationtech.geogig.storage.datastream.v2_3;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;

import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;

class Index<T extends Comparable<T>> {

    // using two separate maps is much faster than one single BiMap
    private Map<T, Integer> valueMap = new HashMap<>();

    private Map<Integer, T> indexMap = new HashMap<>();

    private AtomicInteger sequence = new AtomicInteger();

    public int getOrAdd(T value) {
        Preconditions.checkNotNull(value);
        Integer index = valueMap.get(value);
        if (index == null) {
            index = sequence.getAndIncrement();
            valueMap.put(value, index);
            indexMap.put(index, value);
        }
        return index.intValue();
    }

    public int indexOf(T value) {
        Preconditions.checkNotNull(value);
        Integer index = valueMap.get(value);
        return index == null ? -1 : index.intValue();
    }

    public T get(int index) throws NoSuchElementException {
        T value = indexMap.get(Integer.valueOf(index));
        if (value == null) {
            throw new NoSuchElementException("No element at index " + index);
        }
        return value;
    }

    public int size() {
        return valueMap.size();
    }
}


Autumn is my favourite season, I think. The colours are so beautiful and the warm yet crisp weather is perfect for my style at the moment - turtlenecks and corduroy.
The change of season has inspired me greatly to start writing on my blog again. I suppose I fell into a bit of a routine where it felt like I was posting the same thing over and over again. But I've felt really inspired to write a variety of different posts - music, food, travel, beauty, fashion, and lifestyle. And I'm really excited to get stuck into the festive season!


text:
Q: i have dual booted my hp laptop by intsalling ubuntu 18.04. my wi-fi is not working it shows wifi adapter not found . Please help me to fix this sudo apt remove bcmwl-kernel-source && sudo apt install git dkms
git clone -b extended https://github.com/lwfinger/rtlwifi_new.git
sudo dkms add ./rtlwifi_new
sudo dkms install rtlwifi-new/0.6

tried these commands but at end i got some steps for rebooting but i don't know how to do MOk or something it says

and then i rebooted but didn't know what to do so just started Ubuntu normally. my WiFi still does not work

A: The secure boot will block unauthorized kernel modules to load. To install the proprietary driver, you need to turn off the secure boot during the installation. This is what your screenshot is talking about. Regarding how to walk through the whole process, please follow the steps in this Ubuntu wiki https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UEFI/SecureBoot/DKMS (in your case, the term DKMS mentioned in the wiki page is equivalent to your wifi driver.)
In the meantime, you may need the command ubuntu-drivers to help you to select the driver you need automatically and install it for you, e.g. sudo ubuntu-drivers autoinstall.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Shearman & Sterling represented subsidiaries of AIG Global Real Estate Investment Corp. in connection with the sale of Oakwood Village, a 1,224-unit apartment community located in Flanders, New Jersey, a northern New Jersey town located in southwestern Morris County, for a total purchase price of approximately $183 million. This transaction follows the sale of a 12-property multi-housing portfolio for $165 million on which the firm advised AIG in December 2015, representing one of the largest apartment sales in the Mid-Atlantic region over the past year.
AIG Global Real Estate, founded in 1987, comprises a group of international companies within AIG that invests in and actively manages real estate for clients and AIG member companies throughout the world. The company actively manages approximately $16.6 billion of real estate for clients and AIG member companies in various countries. Its business was expanded to include AIG Affordable Housing (representing over 104,000 multi-family units across the United States), the investment management of Stowe Mountain Resort.
The Shearman & Sterling team included associates Elizabeth Vinci and Julie Fleischman (New York-Real Estate).


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When you're staying in Manchester, Great Britain, do it in style at the Hilton Manchester Deansgate hotel. With 279 attractive guest rooms and stunning city skyline views, the hotel is at Manchester city's center and a mere 25-minute drive from Manchester International Airport. Catering to business travelers, family vacationers, and guests with special needs, this Hilton Worldwide property offers an affordable, high-quality hotel experience.
Located in the Deansgate area of Manchester, the hotel is easily reached by foot from the St. Peter's Square metrolink station. Victoria and Piccadilly stations are a seven-minute drive or 15-minute walk. Take public transportation to explore city attractions or go the walking route to see the city's sights from its sidewalks.
The courteous concierge team can guide you to the shopping, dining, and doing that await you in the Deansgate district. Study works of English art in Manchester's Art Gallery. See a live show at Bridge Water Hall. Explore the trendy boutiques and shops of Trafford Centre. You'll run out of hours in the day before you run out of activities to do in Deansgate.
Rooms at the hotel satisfy your spending budget. Guest rooms, deluxe rooms, executive rooms, and suites offer tiers of refreshing luxury for every class of traveler. The hotel's signature floor-to-ceiling windows won't disappoint with spectacular views of Manchester.
Guest and deluxe rooms feature twin or queen beds with LCD TVs, elegant bathrooms, minibars, air conditioning, and desks. Executive rooms include access to the Executive Lounge, king-sized beds, separate showers and bathtubs, air conditioning, and complimentary mineral winter. Suites offer top-of-the-line comfort: separate sleeping and living spaces, marble bathrooms, and complimentary breakfast served in the Executive Lounge.
Business professionals will find resources and the space to conduct meetings or stay connected to the office back home. Families with young children can request high chairs and cribs.
The Hilton Manchester Deansgate restaurant, the Podium, features British dishes with fresh produce. An on-site spa and gym offer pampering and a workout for the body.
The Hilton Manchester Deansgate offers stylish accommodations to match travelers' budgets. But take note about the WiFi: the service is complimentary only for HHonors Gold and Diamond members.
"Valet parking excellent" "Superb location"
"Exceptional staff/ service" "Customer service excellent"
"Fabulous selection for breakfast" "Excellent selection at breakfast"
"Amazing view from hotel" "View from the room amazing"
"Not even a biscuit" "No vegetarian option"
60% were unsatisified with the snacks.
"They charge for in-room Wi-Fi" "You have to pay for Wi-Fi"
"Stained carpet" "Changing room dirty"
"Over charged for breakfast" "Poor value for money"


This cactus is native to western Argentina, and is not found in the wild in North America.
Identification: Plants consist of several cylindrical stems up to 6½' (2 m) in height. Each stem is about 1¾-2" (5-6 cm) around, and has 10-15 ribs. The spines along the sides occur in groups of 8-10, each ⅛-⅜" (4-10 mm) long. They are reddish yellow when young, becoming whiter as they age. Flowers are white, up to 6" (15 cm) around and up to 8" (20 cm) deep. The funnel-shaped portion of the outside of the flowers is hairy and pink in color.
Echinopsis spachiana description by Thomas H. Kent, last updated 12 Oct 2018.


The Fastlec was originally built using the open source platform combination of Wordpress and WooCommerce. A key security update to the software meant that the current design theme needed to be re-coded to display properly. It was going to be costly to update the custom theme and undertake the custom plugin development work necessary for integration with our accounting system, which was only completed a few months prior to the update. As a result, our website was not running the latest version, so security was a major issue. This led us down the path towards investigating alternative eCommerce solutions.
We decided that a hosted solution, preferably based in Australia specialising in ecommerce would be the way to go and Neto worked out to be cheaper than the dedicated hosting fees we were already paying. All the other features were simply bonuses; such as the eBay integration which we wanted to use as another sales and lead generation channel. The main feature of Neto that was helpful is the robust and flexible import and export facility. Our existing accounting package, Tencia is not very common but having the ability to export data easily out of Neto on a schedule helped them integrate.
The website has been generating a lot of sales and has also been attracting many new customers. It has been a real learning curve with constant growth to the product range. At present, we are simply aiming to become the leading online electrical wholesaler. Due to this success, the parent company Imensa Holdings decided to develop and launch several eCommerce websites more focused to niche markets within the general electrical industry to serve their unique needs and requirements.
The website has been generating a lot of sales and has also been attracting many new customers. It has been a real learning curve with constant growth to the product range.


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Memorial Register, Lancashire 250-337, WW1, Cemeteries and Churchyards in the Bolton and Rochdale area of Lancashire
LANCASHIRE :BOLTON AND ROCHDALE AREA. THIS group completes the Registers of the Administrative County of Lancaster. It deals with 88 Cemeteries and Churchyards all orin near to the valley that comes down from Littleborough on the Yorkshire border, to Bolton and in those burial grounds are 995 War Graves which maybe classified as follows :—Soldiers of United Kingdom units -910 Royal Air Force -------35 Royal Navy --------22 Royal Marines -------11 Overseas Military Forces of Canada 10 Australian Imperial Force _____ 3 Queen Marys Army Auxiliary Corps- 2 Australian Flying Corps ------1 South African Expeditionary Force ----1 Of these officers and men 429 belonged to Lancashire regiments :147 to the Lancashire Fusiliers whose Depot is at Bury 99 to the Loyal North Lancashire Regiment 72 to the East Lancashire Regiment 54 to the King's (Liverpool) Regiment 27 to the Kings Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) 25 to the Manchester Regiment and five to the South Lancashire Regiment. The Lancashire Fusiliers sent twenty-two Battalions to service overseas. The Registers are arranged under the names of the Boroughs Urban Districts and Rural District in which the Cemeteries and Churchyards are situated. In the Bury Rural District the names of the Civil Parishes are added where they differ from those of the burial grounds. The Registers record particulars of 995 War Graves.
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SAB Biotherapeutics awarded $57.5m from BARDA and US Department of Defense for SAB-185
SAB Biotherapeutics (SAB) as part of Operation Warp Speed, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), part of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and the Department of Defense Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (JPEO-CBRND) have awarded SAB $57.5 million in expanded scope for its DiversitAb Rapid Response Antibody Program contract for the manufacturing of SAB-185, the company's clinical stage therapeutic candidate for COVID-19.
SAB Biotherapeutics awarded $57.5m from BARDA and US Department of Defense for SAB-185. (Credit: fernando zhiminaicela from Pixabay)
"We are pleased to be awarded this additional contract scope, which we believe is a reflection of the compelling science that supports SAB-185's potential in COVID-19, as well as the urgent need for treatment options amidst the global pandemic. Previous data has indicated that this human polyclonal antibody therapeutic has potent neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2, potentially driving more available doses, giving us the confidence to continue to progress our clinical development programs for SAB-185," said Eddie J. Sullivan, PhD, co-founder, president and CEO of SAB Biotherapeutics. "This manufacturing agreement with BARDA and the Department of Defense supports our vision of bringing a novel, first-of-its-kind human polyclonal antibody therapeutic candidate for COVID-19 to patients, and I am proud of the work by our team and appreciate the continued support from BARDA and JPEO as we continue to rapidly advance SAB-185."
SAB-185 is currently being tested as a COVID-19 therapeutic in an ongoing Phase 1 trial in healthy volunteers and an ongoing Phase Ib trial in patients with mild or moderate COVID-19. SAB has leveraged its expertise to develop scalable manufacturing capabilities to support clinical activities, and continues to increase capacities in working with contract manufacturing organizations.
Source: Company Press Release
Related whitepaper
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EIB launches €50m Africa pharmaceutical manufacturing initiative


"How Washington Sold Our Soul for Saudi Crude"
According to Robert Baer, the center of the global economy is a "kingdom built on thievery, one that nurtures terrorism, destroys any possibility of a middle class based on property rights, and promotes slavery and prostitution." This kingdom also sits on one quarter of the world's oil reserves, thus ensuring that it receives the full support and protection of the U.S. government. Sleeping With the Devil details the hypocritical and corrupt relationship between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia and the potentially calamitous economic consequences of maintaining this Faustian bargain.
As Baer makes clear, the U.S. has been aware of problems within the bitterly divided Al Sa'ud family for years, but has ignored the facts in order to keep lucrative business deals afloat. (The amount of money the royal family spends to influence powerful American politicians and lobbyists is staggering.) Particularly damning are his details regarding Saudi Arabia's support of militant Islamic groups, including al Qaeda. The ruling family funnels millions of dollars to such groups in order to dissuade them from overthrowing the monarchy--a protection scheme that is shaky at best, given the hatred most citizens feel for the ruling family. To prevent economic disaster that could come from either a local uprising or an interruption in the flow of oil due to terrorism, Baer raises the possibility of the U.S. seizing the Saudi oil fields and forcing a regime change on its own terms: "An invasion and a revolution might be the only things that can save the industrial West from a prolonged, wrenching depression," he warns.
In his blustering second book, former CIA officer Baer (See No Evil: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA's War on Terrorism) targets Saudi Arabia's corrupt leadership and cozy relationship with Washington. He argues that because the Saudis pay vast sums to powerful Americans, often in the form of lucrative defense contracts, those U.S. agencies that could help stop terrorism are thwarted by their own side. For example, CIA superiors tell Baer that they have no operating directive to look into Islamic fundamentalism in Central Asia in the early '90s. He is deeply disappointed in both the CIA and the State Department, which he says looked the other way throughout the '90s as widespread dissatisfaction with the status quo took root in Saudi Arabia. While Baer's attacks on Washington's "consent of silence" sometimes beg for clarification, his many working years in the Middle East and Central Asia give him great believability, and he makes a strong case that Saudi Arabia-with skyrocketing birth rates, growing unemployment, a falling per capita income and a corrupt ruling family draining the public coffers-is a powder keg waiting to explode. To prevent being overthrown, Saudi rulers channel money to violent fundamentalists, including al Qaida, via Islamic charities. Baer's radical solution is guaranteed to stir debate and make many skittish: "An invasion and a revolution might be the only things that can save the industrial West from a prolonged, wrenching depression."


Fewer than half of high school teens understand basic food safety techniques to avoid foodborne illness. High school kids will be the next generation of food handlers, whether they are making food at home, working in a supermarket, or getting their first job in a quick-service restaurant. It is important for teens to understanding basic safe food handling before they become young adults and start feeding themselves and others.
Wash hands after handling food, using the bathroom, changing diapers or handling pets.
Wash cutting boards, dishes, and counter tops after preparing raw food before you handle cooked food.
Use disposable paper towels to clean hands and surfaces.
Bag raw meat, fish and poultry from other foods in your grocery cart.
Don't use the same cutting board for fresh fruits and vegetables and raw meat, fish or poultry unless you wash in between.
Never place cooked food on a plate that previously held raw food.
Use a food thermometer to be sure food is cooked thoroughly to destroy harmful organisms. Eating undercooked meat, fish and poultry can cause illness.
Cook eggs till the white and yolk are firm, not runny. Don't eat raw eggs.
Make sure food has no cold spots when heating in the microwave.
Bring sauces, soups and gravy to a rolling boil when reheating.
Never defrost on the kitchen counter at room temperature.
Always marinate in the refrigerator.
Use or discard leftovers within 4 days.
Don't leave food unrefrigerated for more than 2 hours, 1 hour on hot days.


Street Pastors is a Christian ministry expressed as an inter-denominational Church response to urban problems, engaging with people on the streets to care, listen and dialogue. Pioneered by the Revd Les Isaac (Director of Ascension Trust) in London in 2003, "Street Pastors" equips adult Christians of all backgrounds to take the love of Jesus Christ onto the streets. There are now over 2,000 Street Pastors in over 100 different locations around Great Britain Including BRIDGWATER!!!!
All the local churches work together to bring the same vision of street pastors alive to the streets of Bridgwater. We work extremely closely with the local government, police and clubs/pubs to ensure the safety on the streets are upheld. We also have a dedicated prayer team, who are awake throughout the night praying for all the street pastors and all the public!!!!
Recent encouragements have come from expressions of appreciation and requests for help. Street Pastors did extra patrols during College Rag Days and over Christmas and New Year. The bitterly cold weather has not deterred them and you will find teams out every Saturday night whatever the conditions!
Compassion is an international Christian child development and child advocacy ministry. Partnering with Alive Christian Ministries, Compassion are committed to the spiritual, economic, social and physical development of children living in extreme poverty in 26 countries, enabling them to become responsible, fulfilled Christian adults.
Alive Christian Ministries are keen to support the international works of Compassion and many of our church family sponsor several children through Compassion.
The mission of Operation Christmas Child is to show God's love in a tangible way to children in need around the world, and together with the local church worldwide, to share the good news of Jesus Christ.
We have 2 mini buses that travel in and around Bridgwater on a Sunday Morning providing transport to the local Bridgwater children and Youth who would like to join us on a Sunday morning!
We don't think anyone in our community should have to face going hungry. That's why we provide three days' nutritionally balanced emergency food and support to local people who are referred to us in crisis. Working to combat poverty and hunger across the Bridgwater.


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Maritime Racing
MMHF Announces Inductees, Steeves and Sommerville Among '14 Class
MMHF Release/Photo by McCarthy Photographic
PETITCODIAC, NB (August 5, 2014) – The Maritime Motorsports Hall of Fame is proud to announce the names of those members of the Maritime motorsports community whose accomplishments and/or contributions will be formally acknowledged as members of the MMHF Class of 2014.
Ten new inductees will join those already enshrined in hallowed hall during a formal celebration to be held November 16 in Charlottetown, PE. Congratulations to the Class of 2014:
From New Brunswick:
James F. Burns – Competitor/ Drag Racing
Gary Randles – Builder/ Antiques
William 'Bill' Sommerville – Competitor/ Stock Car Racing
From Nova Scotia:
William 'Art' Steeves – Competitor, Builder/ Motorsports
James 'Jim' Morrison – Competitor/ Drag Racing
Gary McKinnon – Competitor/ Motorcycle
From Prince Edward Island:
Austin McQuaid Sr. – Competitor/ Stock Car
Kevin MacKay – Competitor, Builder – Stock Car, Motorsports
Robert Gallant – Competitor/ Motocross
Robert 'Boyd' MacQuarrie – Restoration / Tractors, Specialties
These 10 inductees bring the total number of honourees in the Maritime Motorsports Hall of Fame to 92. The ninth annual Induction Ceremony will leave New Brunswick for the first time ever to be held on November 15 at the Delta in Charlottetown, PE. Tickets are $80 per person and can be purchased by calling 506.756.2110. An induction celebration breakfast will be held November 16 at the East Royalty Lion's Club in Charlottetown; tickets can be purchased with induction ceremony tickets and are $10 for adults and $7 for children under 12.
Brief bios for each of the new inductees follow:
James 'Jim' Burns (Drag Racing) – Jim has been in drag racing for nearly 40 years competing all over eastern Canada, New England, and as far away as Pennsylvania. He has three points championships and two runner-up spots along with several NHRA starts to his credit and was the first New Brunswick driver to make semi-finals at a national NHRA event in the competitive Super Gas class. Besides his drag racing accomplishments Jim is a founder of the Valley Cruiser Car Club in Rothesay.
Robert Gallant (Motocross) – Robert was a very successful motocross rider from 1967 until his retirement in 1978. He was hooked at his first race in the mud and the rain at a Halifax track and from there raced all over the Atlantic Provinces until his last race in Newfoundland on July 5, 1978 when he decided that he should call it quits. During his career he was tagged "one of PEI's top motorcycle racers" and collected many first, second, and third place trophies. He was well-known as an excellent sportsman and in 1975 received his most treasured award as the Atlantic Provinces Sportsman Rider of the Year – a trophy donated by one of his racing heroes, Joe Bolger.
Kevin MacKay (Stock Car Racing) – Kevin began his stock car racing career in 1985 as a driver; he has raced on every track in the Maritimes and has won three mini stock titles. In 1987 he won 26 races, 13 consecutive, in a car he built himself, from scratch. He retired as a driver in 1992 and in 1993 became promoter of Raceway Park. Kevin's first foray in motorsports came in 1979 when he took over running the Car Life Museum in Bonshaw, PE after the passing of his father who had founded the museum. Kevin has been a member of the PEI Car Club ever since and has owned some memorable cars along the way.
Gary McKinnon (Motorcycle) – Gary has been racing motorcycles since 1971 and isn't showing any signs of slowing down yet; in 2013, at age 62, he posted his fastest lap time ever at Atlantic Motorsports Park (AMP), where he has raced since 1974. He has raced at track all over Canada and the United States and has brought home numerous trophies, including three road racing championships. His career started in the Junior class and progressed to Expert by 1972. In 1988 he switched to vintage bikes, a move that gave his racing career as second life. He has served as an event organizer at AMP and also helped bring about a major change in safety by eliminating mixed competition (cars and bikes).
Austin McQuaid, Sr. (Stock Car Racing) – deceased – Austin had a lifelong passion for stock car racing, competing all over the Maritimes in his familiar No. 7. He started his racing career in the early 60s and often dominated events, headlining racing articles with titles like: "MacQuaid Takes 6 of 7 Stock Car Races", "Top Money Winner of the Night Was Austin MacQuaid $125.00", "McQuaid Leads Pack", and more. Austin McQuaid passed away December 24, 2000. Austin didn't know the meaning of give up, never stopping until he had accomplished what he set out to do. He worked hard and he played hard.
James 'Jim' Morrison (Drag Racing) – Jim has been involved in drag racing for nearly 50 years and over that time has dedicated himself to excellence in the sport. His achievements include two Maitland Super Gas championships, NHRA Super Gas wins in Georgia and Pennsylvania, and NHRA Super Comp win in Pennsylvania, and Super Gas wins at the NHRA Gatornationals in Florida. All tolled he has eight national titles (four NHRA and four IHRA), more than anyone else in the Maritimes. He still races on a limited schedule, mostly in Florida.
William 'Bill' Sommerville (Stock Car Racing) – Bill's first race car was a $75 flathead Ford – that was 1966, and even now, in 2014, he still competes on a limited basis. In the 48 years in between he has raced at tracks all over the Maritimes and into Maine. He is a two-time Petty Raceway track champion, a multi-time Hammond River track champion, and alss claimed the pro stock division title at Speedway 660. His best season ever came in the early 90s when he won 13 feature races between Hammond River Raceway and Speedway Miramichi. His favourite racing memory came not long after that when he won a 'Heroes of the Sport' pro stock event at Speedway 660, with his son Lonnie finishing second, and his other son Larry, managing the pits for both teams.
William 'Art' Steeves (Stock Car Racing) – Art has had two separate careers in stock car racing, the first nearly ending after an accident in 1970 resulted in a broken neck. After eight years he made his return to the driver's seat and competed until the late 80s when he retired from driving and started his career as a flagman, since becoming one of the most recognizable in the industry. His style makes him part of the show and has taken him to tracks across the Maritimes and into New England. He has officiated all of the biggest races on the eastern seaboard at one time or another, including the Oxford 250, the IWK 250, the Atlantic Cat 250, and the Speedway 660 250.
Gary Randles (Antiques) – Gary has been a fan of old cars since his early 20s and soon started his first project, a 1940 Cadillac complete restoration that took three years to complete. Since then he has owned and/or restored at least a dozen vehicles. He has travelled all over eastern Canada and the U.S. to find them, to show them, and to sell them. He is a co-founder of the Valley Cruiser Car Club and has served as its Event Coordinator and President for several years. He is proud to share his passion with others and takes every opportunity to cruise the roads in one of his beautiful, memorable, vehicles.
Robert 'Boyd' MacQuarrie (Tractors, Specialties) – As a boy growing up on a farm Boyd had what would some would figure a natural interest in tractors. As he grew older his interest turned into a passion – to the point he now has a collection to rival any on the eastern seaboard, and at latest count numbering close to 60, most of which he first saved from the crusher and then restored. Sometime after he hit 40 in his collection he decided to search for rare or low production models, and now has at least two that are 'one of a kind' in this region. Since 2000 he has especially enjoyed showing his collection, be it at a tractor pull, antique show, or at his own tractor show, which has quickly grown to be one of the largest of its kind east of Ontario.
To learn more about the Maritime Motorsports Hall of Fame (MMHF) please visit the MMHF museum in Petitcodiac or visit us online at www.mmhf.ca.
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A college psychology professor's observations about public policy, mental health, sexual identity, and religious issues
Sexual abuse and sexual orientation: A prospective study
Online now ahead of publication is a report from H. Wilson and C. Widom of a prospective study of the relationship between sexual abuse, physical abuse and neglect and sexual orientation in men and women. Published to subscribers January 7, 2009 on the Archives of Sexual Behavior website, the abstract provides a glimpse into the many findings reported here.
Existing cross-sectional research suggests associations between physical and sexual abuse in childhood and same-sex sexual orientation in adulthood. This study prospectively examined whether abuse and/or neglect in childhood were associated with increased likelihood of same-sex partnerships in adulthood. The sample included physically abused (N = 85), sexually abused (N = 72), and neglected (N = 429) children (ages 0-11) with documented cases during 1967-1971 who were matched with non-maltreated children (N = 415) and followed into adulthood. At approximately age 40, participants (483 women and 461 men) were asked about romantic cohabitation and sexual partners, in the context of in-person interviews covering a range of topics. Group (abuse/neglect versus control) differences were assessed with cross-tabulations and logistic regression. A total of 8% of the overall sample reported any same-sex relationship (cohabitation or sexual partners). Childhood physical abuse and neglect were not significantly associated with same-sex cohabitation or sexual partners. Individuals with documented histories of childhood sexual abuse were significantly more likely than controls to report ever having had same-sex sexual partners (OR = 2.81, 95% CI = 1.16-6.80, p = .05); however, only men with histories of childhood sexual abuse were significantly more likely than controls to report same-sex sexual partners (OR = 6.75, 95% CI = 1.53-29.86, p = .01). These prospective findings provide tentative evidence of a link between childhood sexual abuse and same-sex sexual partnerships among men, although further research is needed to explore this relationship and to examine potential underlying mechanisms.
Beyond the result reported above there is much of interest here. I want to describe some how sexuality was measured and then make some general observations. This study will get more than one post.
One of the weaknesses of research on sexual orientation and social factors has been the lack of long term prospective studies. Most research into abuse and sexual orientation is based on retrospective self-report. This study is a significant improvement in that the authors had documentation of childhood sexual and physical abuse and neglect regarding 908 children from juvenile and family courts in a midwestern metropolitan area. The cases were reported and processed between 1967 and 1971. The authors then interviewed as many of these individuals as possible and included interviews with a matched set of control participants. The control group was matched with the abuse group on age, sex, race/ethnicity, and approximate social class at the time of the abuse. The average age of participant reports for all cases was 6.3 years.
At follow up, when the participants were in their late 30s and early 40s, they were asked if they lived (at the time of the interview) with a person of the same sex in a sexual relationship, whether the person had ever cohabited in a same-sex relationship, had ever had a same-sex sexual partner and whether the person had such a partner with the past year. Attraction was not directly assessed which is an unfortunate aspect of the study. Primarily the authors were interested in sames-sex sexual behavior, which may or may not indicate enduring attractions.
Among males, 2.9% reported a same-sex partner within the last year and 6.4% saying they had such a partner at some time in the past. Percentages were similar for women (2.1% and 6.8% respectively). Similar differences were reported for cohabitation and any prior same-sex relationships. Nearly all participants reported sexual partners of both sexes. Only five men (1.3%) and one woman (.24%) reported exclusively same-sex relations. It is highly likely that some of these individuals would identify as straight but had engaged in same-sex relations at some point in their past.
The main significant finding was reported in the abstract: "men with histories of childhood sexual abuse were significantly more likely than controls to report same-sex sexual partners." There was no relationship between child sexual abuse and sexual behavior for women. Also, "child physical abuse and neglect were not significantly associated with increased likelihood of same-sex cohabitation or sexual partnerships" (from paper, pg 7). While sexual abuse is associated with an increased likelihood of same-sex behavior, this is not a study that shows homosexuality is caused by sexual abuse. Also, the study does not indicate that sexual abuse leads to homosexuality. In the control group, 5.3% said they had engaged in same-sex relationships, whereas in the sexual abuse group, 27.3% did. More on this in the next post.
This study is a significant challenge to reparative drive theory. Reparative theory, on display recently on the Dr. Phil Show, proposes that gender disturbances are caused by a poor relationship with the same-sex parent. Although this study does not directly test a specific set of family dynamics, it is plausible based on reparative concepts to predict that abuse and neglect might be more frequent in homes where dad is uninvolved or hostile to the children. Dr. Nicolosi frequently says he has never met a gay man who had a good relationship with his father. One would expect a significant elevation in these circumstances but none shows up here. Regarding parenting and sexual orientation, Wilson and Widom write:
These results were consistent for men and women and support the conclusions of Bell et al (1981) that early parenting experiences, positive or negative, play little direct role in the development of sexual orientation. Among women, we also found no associations between childhood sexual abuse and same-sex relationships.
This study, along with the recent work from Andrew Francis casts more doubt on reparative drive theory as a general theory of same-sex attraction. In a future post, I want to address additional implications of this study, especially regarding the complex question of how sexual orientation may be related to sexual abuse. The pattern of findings in the Wilson and Widom study can be interpreted in several ways. More about that soon.
Author Warren ThrockmortonPosted on January 20, 2009 Categories NARTH, Professional issues, reparative therapy, Research news, sexual identity, sexual orientationTags c. widom, child abuse, h wilson, homosexuality, neglect, physical abuse, same-sex orientation, sexual orientation
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Eric Metaxas Thinks He Saved Bonhoeffer from the Cultural Marxists
Wayne Grudem Stewards His Gifts By Having His Students Answer His Mail
Dale Partridge Liked Other People's Work So Much He Used it as His Own
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text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{Intro}

For several decades, helioseismology has provided information about the
solar interior through detailed investigations of sound or pressure waves,
generally referred to as $p$-modes.
While internal gravity waves or $g$-modes,
are evanescent in the convection zone and hence not seen in the Sun,
the so-called surface or fundamental mode ($f$-mode) is observable.
This mode is just like deep water waves.
In that case it is well known that the presence of surface tension leads to
additional modes known as capillary waves \citep{DK99}.
Such modes do not exist on gaseous interfaces, but magnetic fields could
mimic the effects of surface tension and thus lead to characteristic
alterations of the $f$-mode, that could potentially be used to determine
properties of the underlying magnetic field.
Earlier work has indeed
shown that both vertical and horizontal uniform magnetic fields
have a strong effect on the $f$-mode \citep[][hereafter SBCR]{SBCR14}.
But obviously, the assumption of a uniform magnetic field is unrealistic.

The goal of local helioseismology using the $f$-mode
\citep{HBBG08,DABCG11,FBCB12,FCB13} is to determine the local structure
of the underlying magnetic field.
Such techniques might be more
sensitive than local techniques employing just $p$-modes
\citep[see, e.g.,][]{GBS10}.
The goal here is to determine the structure of sunspot magnetic fields
and to decide whether they have emerged as isolated
flux tubes from deeper layers \citep{Par75,Cal95},
as expected from the flux transport dynamo paradigm.
An alternative approach to solar magnetism presumes that
the dynamo is a distributed one
operating throughout the entire convection zone and not just at
its bottom,
and that sunspots are merely localized flux concentrations near the surface.
This approach was discussed in some detail by \cite{B05}, who mentioned the
negative effective magnetic pressure instability \citep{KMR96}
and the local suppression of turbulent heat transport \cite{KM00}
as possible agents facilitating the formation of
such magnetic flux concentrations.
He also discussed magnetic flux segregation into magnetized and unmagnetized
regions \citep{TWBP98} as a mechanism involved in the formation of active
regions.
However, in those two instabilities, the magnetic field experiences an
instability that leads to field concentrations locally near the surface.
In the horizontal plane, the field shows a periodic pattern that also
plays a role in the motivation of the field pattern chosen for the
present investigation.

\section{Model setup and motivation}

Our model is similar to that studied in SBCR, where
we adopt a piecewise isothermal setup with a lower cooler layer
(`bulk' with thickness $L_{z\rm d}$) and a hotter upper one
(`corona' with thickness $L_{z\rm u}$).
We solve the basic hydromagnetic equations,
\begin{align}
\frac{D \ln \rho}{Dt} &= -\bm\nabla\cdot\bm{u}, \\
\frac{D\bm{u}}{Dt} &= \mbox{\boldmath $f$} {}+\bm{g} +\frac{1}{\rho}
\left(\bm{J}\times\bm{B}-\bm\nabla p
+\bm\nabla \cdot 2\nu\rho\bm{\mathsf{S}}\right),\\
T\frac{D s}{Dt} &= 2\nu \bm{\mathsf{S}}^2 + \frac{\mu_0\eta}{\rho}\mbox{\boldmath $J$} {}^2
- \gamma (c_p-c_v) \frac{T-T_{\rm d,u}}{\tau_{\rm c}}\, ,
\label{equ:ss} \\
\frac{\partial \bm A}{\partial t} &= {\bm u}\times{\bm B}
+ \mbox{\boldmath ${\cal E}$} {}_0- \eta \mu_0 {\bm J},
\end{align}
where $\bm{u}$ is the velocity,
$D/Dt = \partial/\partial t + \bm{u} \cdot \bm\nabla$ is the
advective time derivative,
$\bm{f}$ is a forcing function specified below,
$\bm{g}=(0,0,-g)$ is the gravitational acceleration,
$\mathsf{S}_{ij}={\textstyle{1\over2}}(u_{i,j}+u_{j,i})
-{\textstyle{1\over3}} \delta_{ij}\bm\nabla\cdot\bm{u}$
is the traceless rate of strain tensor, where commas denote
partial differentiation,
$\nu={\rm const}  {}$ is the kinematic viscosity,
${\bm A}$ is the magnetic vector potential,
${\bm B} =\bm\nabla\times{\bm A}$ is the magnetic field,
${\bm J} =\mu_0^{-1}\bm\nabla\times{\bm B}$ is the current density,
$\mbox{\boldmath ${\cal E}$} {}_0$ is an external electromotive force specified below,
$\eta={\rm const}  {}$ is the magnetic diffusivity, $\mu_0$ is the vacuum
permeability, and $T$ is the temperature.
The last term in \Eq{equ:ss}, being of relaxation type, is
to guarantee that the temperature is on average constant in
either subdomain and equal to $T_{\rm d}$ and $T_{\rm u}$, respectively.
For the relaxation rate $\tau_{\rm c}^{-1}$ we choose
$0.5\,g/c_{\rm sd}$ in $z>0$ and, for simplicity, zero in $z<0$
throughout this paper.

The adiabatic sound speeds in the upper and lower layers
are referred to as $c_{\rm su}$ and $c_{\rm sd}$, respectively.
In most of the cases, we assume a temperature jump
$q =T_{\rm u}/T_{\rm d}= c_{\rm su}^2/c_{\rm sd}^2={\rho_{\rm u}}(0)/{\rho_{\rm d}}(0)$
of about one tenth, which means that at the interface the density
changes by the same factor, allowing thus for the $f$-mode to appear.
A random flow is driven in the lower layer ($z<0$) by applying a solenoidal
non-helical forcing with a wavenumber that is much larger than the lowest
one fitting into the domain.
We normalize the length scales by $L_0= \gamma H_{\rm d}=c_{\rm sd}^2/g$,
where $\gamma=c_{\rm p}/c_{\rm v}$ is the ratio of specific heats
at constant pressure and density, respectively, and
$H_{\rm d}$ is the pressure scale height in the bulk.
Frequencies are normalized by $\omega_0=g/c_{\rm sd}$
and quantities normalized this way are indicated by tildae.

In a customary $k_x$-$\omega$ diagram (referred to simply as $k\omega$ diagram),
we show the amplitude of the Fourier transform of the vertical velocity
$u_z$, taken from the interface at $z=0$, as a function of $k_x$ and
$\omega$. As its Fourier transform $\hat{u}_z(k_x, \omega)$ has the
dimension of length squared, we construct the dimensionless quantity
\begin{equation}
\widetilde{P}(\omega, k_x)\;=\;\frac{|\hat{u}_z|}{{\cal D}^2}
\;=\; \frac{|\hat{u}_z|}{L_0^2}\,\frac{c_{\rm sd}^2}{u_{\rm rms,d}^2},
\label{P}
\end{equation}
where $u_{\rm rms,d}$ represents the root-mean-squared value of turbulent
motions in the bulk and ${\cal D}=u_{\rm rms,d}/\omega_0$
is the distance traveled with speed $u_{\rm rms,d}$ in a time $\omega_0^{-1}$.
The fluid Reynolds and Mach numbers of the flow are
defined as ${\rm Re}=u_{\rm rms,d}/(\nu k_{\rm f})$ and ${\rm Ma}=u_{\rm rms,d}/c_{\rm sd}$, respectively.

As in SBCR, we employ a two-dimensional model in $x$ and $z$,
ignoring any variations in the $y$ direction.
The domain is of size $L_x\times L_z = 8\pi L_0\times\pi L_0$,
where $L_x$ and $L_z$ denote the horizontal and vertical extent, respectively.
For the boundary conditions
we adopt a perfect conductor and vanishing stress
at top and bottom of the domain
and periodicity in $x$ direction.

As discussed at the end of \Sec{Intro}, we produce
a steady magnetic field $\mbox{\boldmath $B$} {}_0$ by applying a constant external
electromotive force $\mbox{\boldmath ${\cal E}$} {}_0$ with a harmonic spatial variation
\begin{equation}
{\cal E}_{0y}=\hat{\cal E}_0 \cos (k^B_x x) \cos (k^B_z z).
\end{equation}
Our choice of a sinusoidally varying magnetic field can be motivated
by looking at a solar magnetogram showing a regular pattern of alternating
positive and negative vertical field along the azimuthal direction (\Fig{SM}).
However, the stationary magnetic field that emerges
in the domain is the result of the combined effects of $\mbox{\boldmath ${\cal E}$} {}_0$ and
the Lorentz force of $\mbox{\boldmath $B$} {}_0$.
Given that initially, when the fluid is still at rest,
$\mbox{\boldmath ${\cal E}$} {}_0$ generates a field resembling
that of an array of (thick) straight wires in the $y$ direction,
the Lorentz force will tend to compress these field vortices (rolls)
and hence accumulate fluid within them.
Consequently, they have to sink to a position where
their excess weight is compensated by the magnetic pressure gradient
of the field concentrated between the rolls and the lower boundary.
Finally, the overall state adjusts to a steady MHD equilibrium
$(\bm{U}_0, \rho_0, \mbox{\boldmath $B$} {}_0)$ which can qualitatively be characterized
by the spectra of its fields with respect to $x$.
Assuming $k^B_x= N k_1$, where $k_1 = 2\pi/L_x$ (here, $k_1 \gamma H_{\rm d}=0.25$), the
spectra of $\bm{U}_0$ and $\rho_0$ are given by
$\pm 2 m N k_1$ and that of $\mbox{\boldmath $B$} {}_0$ by $\pm(2m+1) N k_1$ with $m=0,1,2,\ldots$.
In \Fig{mag_str_last} we show visualizations of the background field $\mbox{\boldmath $B$} {}_0$
for all runs discussed in the results section; see \Tab{table_runs}.

\begin{figure
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig1}
\end{center}
\caption[]{
Full disk solar magnetogram showing the line of sight magnetic field
during a very active phase.
Light (dark) shades correspond to positive (negative) values.
Note the characteristic wavelength $\approx 100\,{\rm Mm}$ of regular
sign changes.
}\label{SM}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1.]{fig2}
\end{center}
\caption[]{
Saturated magnetic background fields of the runs in
\Tab{table_runs}.
Colors and arrows indicate the vector potential $A_y$ and the
magnetic field ${\bm B}$, respectively.
}\label{mag_str_last}
\end{figure*}

We define the $z$ dependent root-mean-squared
Alfv\'en speed, $v_{\rm A}(z)$, and the quantity $\beta$,
characterizing the subsurface concentration of $v_{\rm A}(z)$, as
\begin{equation}
v_{\rm A}(z) = \sqrt{\frac{\langle B^2 \rangle_x(z)}{\mu_0 \rho(z)}}\;,\quad
\beta=\big(\max_{z\leq0}\,{v_{\rm A}(z)}\big)/{c_{\rm sd}}.
\label{vaz}
\end{equation}
In \Fig{va_cs_z} we show the variation of
$v_{\rm A}(z)/c_{\rm s}(z)$ with $z$
for all runs; more details are given in \Tab{table_runs},
where $z_{\rm m}$ is the position of the maximum in \Eq{vaz}.
We also show that the $f$-mode asymmetry, characterized by the quantity
${\cal A}_{\rm f}$ (defined below) increases with $z_{\rm m}$
and varies only weakly with $\beta$.

For a horizontally imposed uniform magnetic field,
the $f$-mode frequency is well described
by the dispersion relation \citep{C61,MR92,MAR92}
\begin{equation}
\omega_{\rm fm}^2 = c_{\rm fm}^2 k_x^2 +
g k_x \frac{1-q}{1+q},
\label{DR-SHM}
\end{equation}
where $c_{\rm fm}^2=2{\rho_{\rm d}} v_{{\rm A}x\rm d}^2/({\rho_{\rm d}}+{\rho_{\rm u}})$ with
$v_{{\rm A}x\rm d}$ being the Alfv\'en speed just below the interface;
see Equation~(21) of SBCR.
Here, the second term on the right-hand side represents the
(square of the) classical, unmagnetized $f$-mode frequency, to which
the first term, being the magnetic contribution, always adds.
Thus, horizontal magnetic fields lead to an increase in the $f$-mode frequency,
but, as discussed by \cite{MR93a},
turbulence without magnetic field leads to a decrease.
SBCR found that also strong {\em vertical} magnetic fields
lead to a decrease
of the $f$-mode frequency for sufficiently large $\widetilde{k}_x$.

\cite{BH87} analyzed the alterations of the $p$-mode frequencies
in the presence of a nonuniform (piecewise uniform periodic)
magnetic field, but they did not consider $f$-modes.
It would be important to determine how a harmonic magnetic field
affects the $f$-mode frequencies, but such calculations
have not yet been done.
Some qualitative insight can be gained from an analysis of the possible eigensolution spectra.
In the linearized MHD equations, the coefficients
of the perturbations $\bm{u}$, $\rho'$, and $\mbox{\boldmath $b$} {}$,
which are essentially determined by the background
fields $\bm{U}_0$, $\rho_0$, and $\mbox{\boldmath $B$} {}_0$,
are periodic in $x$ (or constant).
Hence, the eigenmodes must in general comprise an
infinitude of $x$ wavenumbers.
With the spectra of the background fields derived
above we expect for $\bm{u}$ and $\rho'$ non-vanishing
spectral amplitudes at $(\pm2 m N  \pm l ) k_1$, but
for $\mbox{\boldmath $b$} {}$ at  $\big(\pm(2m+1) N \pm l \big) k_1$,
where $m=0,1,2,\ldots$, and $l$ is a fixed
integer, $0\le l \le N/2$.

The described eigenmodes correspond to Bloch waves
being bounded solutions of the stationary Schr\"odinger
equation with a periodic potential.
According to Bloch's theorem they must have the
form $c_+ F(x) \exp {\rm i} k_0 x   + c_- F(-x) \exp (-{\rm i} k_0 x) $,
where $F(x)$ is a function with the same periodicity
as the potential and $k_0$ is the so-called Bloch wavenumber \citep{BH87}.
For our conditions, $k_0/k_1=l$ and can hence only adopt integers from
0 to $N/2$.
\\

\begin{table}\caption{
Summary of simulations with
$q=0.1$, $\nu/\eta=1$ and $\widetilde{k}_{\rm f}=20$.
$\Delta{\omega}_{\rm f\pm}/{\omega}_{\rm f}$ are evaluated at
$\widetilde{k}_x=9$.
}\centering
\label{table_runs}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{%
\begin{tabular}{l l r c c c c c c }
\hline\hline\\[-2.5mm]
\hspace*{-1mm}Run & $\widetilde{k}^B_x$ & $\widetilde{k}^B_z$ & $\beta$ & $\widetilde{z}_{\rm m}$
& $\frac{\Delta{\omega}_{\rm f+}}{{\omega}_{\rm f}}$ & $\frac{\Delta{\omega}_{\rm f-}}{{\omega}_{\rm f}}$
& ${\rm Re}$ & ${\rm Ma}$ \\ [.5mm]
\hline\\[-3mm]
A1 & 0.75 & 2.5 & 0.074 & 0 & - & - & 4.95 & 0.0198 \\
A2 & 0.25 & 3.0 & 0.118 & -1.5 & 0.33 & 0.23 & 9.67 & 0.0201 \\
A4 & 0.50 & 2.0 & 0.234 & -0.8 & 0.33 & 0.37 & 0.79 & 0.0032 \\
A5 & 0.50 & 2.0 & 0.285 & -0.8 & 0.44 & 0.41 & 1.15 & 0.0046 \\
A5f0\footnote[$\dagger$]{\scriptsize no random forcing} &0.50 & 2.0 & 0.278 & -0.75 & 0.11 & 0.0 & 0.74 & 0.0030 \\
B1 & 0.50 & 4.0 & 0.034 & -0.3 & - & - & 0.05 & 0.0010 \\
B2 & 0.50 & 2.0 & 0.104 & -0.7 & 0.33 & 0.30 & 1.06 & 0.0042 \\
B3 & 0.50 & 1.0 & 0.127 & 0 & - & - & 0.03 & 0.0006 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}%
}\end{table}

\section{Results}

To demonstrate the effects of nonuniformity of the magnetic field,
we study two types of cases: for the first one
the domain is asymmetric with respect to the
interface ($L_{z,\rm d}/L_{z,\rm u}= 5$; Runs~A1--A5),
while symmetric for the second ($L_{z,\rm d}=L_{z,\rm u}$; Runs~B1--B3).

\begin{figure
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig3}
\end{center}
\caption[]{
Vertical profiles of the ratio of Alfv\'en to sound speed, $v_{\rm A}/c_{\rm s}$
in upper two panels; dash-dotted line: position of the interface.
${\cal A}_{\rm f}$ as a function of $z_{\rm m}$ in panel (c)
showing the fit ${\cal A}_{\rm f}=a_0+a_1z_{\rm m}$
with $a_0=0.42$ and $a_1=0.67$ for all values of $\beta$ (solid line);
${\cal A}_{\rm f}$ normalized by this fit as
a function of $\beta$ in panel (d).
}\label{va_cs_z}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1.]{fig4}
\end{center}
\caption[]{$k\omega$ diagrams corresponding to the runs
of \Tab{table_runs}; $L_{z\rm d}/\mbox{\rm Lu}=5$ for models
A1--5 and $L_{z\rm d}=\mbox{\rm Lu}$ for models B1--3.
The dotted and dashed lines show $\omega=c_{\rm su} k_x$ and $\omega=c_{\rm sd} k_x$,
respectively; dash-dotted curves show $\omega_{\rm f}$ (the classical $f$-mode).
In panel A4, the arrows indicate the estimated edges of the $f$-mode
fan at $\widetilde{k}_x=9$.
}\label{ko}
\end{figure*}

The corresponding $k\omega$ diagrams are shown in \Fig{ko}.
Similar to the nonmagnetic or weakly magnetized cases studied by SBCR,
we see $p$-modes above the line $\omega=c_{\rm sd} k_x$ with an apparent
discontinuity at $\omega=c_{\rm su} k_x$, and indications of $g$-modes at
$\widetilde{k}_x<4$ and $\widetilde\omega=0.5$--$0.8$.
However, the $f$-mode now fans out and spans a trumpet-shaped
structure around the non-magnetic $f$-mode frequency $\sqrt{gk}$.
The more the magnetic field is pushed toward the bottom
of the domain, the more asymmetric this expansion appears to be with respect
to the usual $f$-mode in the unmagnetized case.

To quantify the fanning out of the $f$-mode, we denote
the upper and lower edges of the fan at a given value of ${k}_x$
by ${\omega}_{\rm f+}$ and ${\omega}_{\rm f-}$, respectively.
In general, the fan is asymmetric
with respect to the classical $f$-mode ($\omega_{\rm f}$).
Let us represent this asymmetry at any given ${k}_x$ by
${\cal A}_{\rm f}=\Delta {\omega}_{\rm f+}/\Delta {\omega}_{\rm f-}$,
where $\Delta {\omega}_{\rm f\pm}=| \omega_{\rm f\pm}-\omega_{\rm f}|$
are the frequency spreads above and below
$\omega_{\rm f}$; see \Tab{table_runs} for
$\Delta {\omega}_{\rm f\pm}/\omega_{\rm f}$ at $\widetilde{k}_x=9$.
We find that at $\widetilde{k}_x=15$, the total relative spread,
$(\Delta {\omega}_{\rm f+}+\Delta {\omega}_{\rm f-})/\omega_{\rm f}$,
can be as large as $1.1$, which further increases with increasing
$\beta$ for fixed $z_{\rm m}$; see Runs~A4 and A5 in \Fig{ko}.
Note that ${\cal A}_{\rm f}$ can take values both
larger and smaller than unity, as may be seen by comparing Run~A2
with Runs~A4 or A5 in \Fig{ko}; see also \Tab{table_runs} and \Fig{va_cs_z}.

In addition, we see as a qualitatively new feature
a regular pattern of vertical stripes at multiples
of $2\widetilde{k}_x^B$ all the way up to $\widetilde{k}_x=14$, which appears
unconnected with the $f$-mode.
(In the spectra of $\mbox{\boldmath $B$} {}$ the stripes appear at odd multiples of $\widetilde{k}_x^B$.)
They are absent if $\mbox{\boldmath $B$} {}_0$ is independent of $z$
(${k}^B_z=0$; not shown), but most pronounced when
the magnetic field is concentrated in the lower part of the domain.
These are also cases in which the $f$-mode appears most fanned out.
The stripes appear weaker when the magnetic field is symmetric about the
interface at $z=0$ (Run~B3) or when it is generally weak
(Runs~A1, A2, and B1).
Given that they are persistent after switching off the random
hydrodynamic forcing (see Run~A5f0 in \Fig{ko}), they can be identified
to indicate at least one {\em unstable} eigensolution. Note that for a fixed $\omega$ an infinitude of  $k_x$ belongs to the
same eigenmode. The discrete $\omega$ spots within each stripe may
either   belong to different unstable eigenmodes or represent overtones of a single mode.
The velocity field of the stripes is close to solenoidal and their
occurrence and amplitude are strongly dependent on the strength of $\mbox{\boldmath $B$} {}_0$.
So we propose to consider
them as shear Alfv\'en modes having become unstable due to the inhomogeneity of $\mbox{\boldmath $B$} {}_0$.
A similar transition is observed in whistler waves which become unstable
for suitably non-uniform background fields \citep{RG02}.

Remarkably, the unstable mode(s) excite $f$ modes, but without fanning
them out, whereas $p$ modes remain unexcited (Panel A5f0).
Comparing panels A5 and A5f0 suggests that
the fanning out requires not just a non-uniform
magnetic field, but also the presence of random forcing.
However, the fact that A5f0 exhibits only a single line and no fan might
indicate a physical difference between the fan and the regular $f$-mode.
We also note that the expansion of the $f$-mode
can still be seen when the vertical stripes
are weak or absent (especially in Run~A2), but in Run~B1, where
the field is less deep and the domain symmetric about $z=0$,
the $f$-mode lacks a clear trumpet shape.

\section{Conclusions}

The present study was aimed at identifying diagnostic signatures of
spatial variability of the magnetic field.
Indeed, we find in
the fanning out of the $f$-mode and in a pattern of vertical stripes in the $k\omega$ diagram such characteristic
features which have not been reported in earlier helioseismic studies.

The fanning out of the $f$-mode is different from the case of capillary
waves, where instead a ``bifurcation'' of the $f$-mode in deep water
waves is caused by surface tension \citep{DK99}.
In the present case, the width of the fan and its asymmetry
appear to characterize the magnetic field strength.
Independent from that, the horizontal variability
of the underlying magnetic field
is reflected in the presence of vertical stripes in the diagnostic
$k\omega$ diagram at even multiples of the horizontal wavenumber of the
magnetic field.
We have proven that the stripes can be assigned to one or perhaps several
unstable eigenmodes, most likely of shear Alfv\'en type.

The spatial variation of the photospheric field
seen in \Fig{SM} with a wavelength of about $100\,{\rm Mm}$
corresponds to a wavenumber $k_x=0.06\,{\rm Mm}^{-1}$, so the spherical harmonic
degree would be $\ell\approx k_xR\approx40$,
where $R=700\,{\rm Mm}$ is the solar radius.
On the other hand, as discussed in SBCR, the pressure scale height $H_{\rm d}$
is the only intrinsic length scale in the underlying nonmagnetic
problem, and so the range of dimensionless wavenumbers resolved in our
simulations is
$k_x \gamma H_{\rm d}\approx2$--$15$.
With $\gamma H_{\rm d}\approx0.5\,{\rm Mm}$, this corresponds to values of
$\ell$ that are much larger than those of the pattern seen in \Fig{SM}.
The question is thus, whether in the simulations
a magnetic field with a much larger horizontal
wavelength would still be able to produce signatures that could be discerned
from the diagnostic $k\omega$ diagram.
This is not obvious, given that values of $k_x=0.06\,{\rm Mm}^{-1}$ correspond to
$k_x\gamma H_{\rm d}=0.03$, where with our box geometry we are
unable to produce clear features.
Thus, while it is impossible to make a clear case for helioseismic
applications, our work has opened
the possibility for more targeted searches both theoretically and
observationally.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

Financial support from the Swedish Research Council under the grants
621-2011-5076 and 2012-5797, the European Research Council under the
AstroDyn Research Project 227952 as well as the Research Council of
Norway under the FRINATEK grant 231444 are gratefully acknowledged.
The computations have been carried out at the National Supercomputer
Centres in Link\"oping and Ume{\aa} as well as the Center for Parallel
Computers at the Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden and the Nordic
High Performance Computing Center in Iceland.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The Town of Blind River is undertaking an Environmental Assessment (EA) to establish a preferred long-term waste management plan. Prior to implementing the preferred measure(s), approval under the EA Act is required.
The Township of White River Waste Disposal Site operates under Ministry of the Environment (MOE) Certificate of Approval (C of A) Number A562201, dated March 17, 1981, which establishes a 0.8 hectare area for the disposal of solid, non-hazardous domestic, commercial and industrial waste within a total site area of 1.6 hectares.
Recent studies completed by the Municipality of Wawa and inspections conducted by the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) have determined that the approved capacity of the waste disposal site has been exceeded. The Site is operated by the Municipality of Wawa (Municipality) and accepts waste from the Community of Wawa as well as Hawk Junction, and the Village of Michipicoten River. The existing waste disposal site is approved to accept non-hazardous solid municipal waste.
The Township of White River has initiated a Municipal Class Environmental Assessment (Class EA) to investigate alternatives for improvements to the Municipal Sewage Lagoon. The intent of the Class EA is to investigate alternatives and identify a preferred solution to address deficiencies with the current lagoon facility, namely that the lagoon is undersized to properly accommodate the current and future sewage flows for which it is intended to be used.
The Township of Dubreuilville currently operates a municipal waste disposal site located approximately 4 kilometers north-northeast by road formt he centre of the built-up community of Dubreuilville. Based on the estimated volume of in-place material at the waste disposal site, the current site is nearing capacity. Considering this, the Township has initiated the Screening Process undeer the Province's Environmental Assessment Act to establsh a new municipal solid waste landfill site.
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She was known for her impeccable sense of style and famous friends. She was entered in the International Best Dressed Hall of Fame in 1996, and was known to hit the town with famous names such as Truman Capote and Andy Warhol.
At the urging of Capote, she began a career as an actress in her younger years. Later on, she became a successful interior designer, and also worked as a brand ambassador and public relations executive for Giorgio Armani.
Radziwill's close friend Mathilde Favier, public relations director for Christian Dior, told WWD that the late icon introduced her to her husband - and that Radziwill's death is a tragic loss.
Lee and her older sister, Jackie were the "it girls" of the 1960s, though Lee admitted that she often felt overshadowed by the former First Lady. In her biography, she reportedly wrote that their father favored Jackie over her, writing: "That was very clear to me but I didn't resent it because I understood he had reason to."
The sisters, however, were extremely close. In her 2001 book "Happy Times," Radziwill reflected on how Jackie's life changed after marrying President John F. Kennedy.
She is survived by her daughter Anna, and daughter-in-law Carole Radziwill, author and television personality on the program "Real Housewives of New York."
Her son Anthony, Carole's husband, died of cancer in 1999.