text:
Q: Got undefined from the CORS API call in React I am trying to call a REST API hosted locally using CORS, and fetch the data to visualize on my front-end wrote using React. But I keep getting undefined from the data fetch function, and the function works well when I console out the data in the 'onload' handler. Here are my two scripts doing data fetching:

// App.js
import {fetchIntradayDataHR, fetchDailyLogHR} from './DataFetch';

// ...
  componentWillMount() {
    // Called the first time when the component is loaded right before the component is added to the page
    this.getChartData();
  }

  getChartData() {
    var url = "http://127.0.0.1:8080/heart";
    // var response = fetchIntradayDataHR(url);

    console.log(fetchIntradayDataHR(url));
    *// Got undefined here.*

    this.setState({ ... });
  }

// DataFetch.js
// Helper function to sort out the Browser difference
function createCORSRequest(method, url) {
  var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
  if ("withCredentials" in xhr) {
    // "withCredentials" only exists on XMLHTTPRequest2 objects.
    xhr.open(method, url, true);
  } else if (typeof XDomainRequest != "undefined") {
    // Otherwise, check if XDomainRequest.
    xhr = new XDomainRequest();
    xhr.open(method, url);
  } else {
    // Otherwise, CORS is not supported by the browser.
    xhr = null;
  }
  return xhr;
}

export function fetchIntradayDataHR(url) {
  var xhr = createCORSRequest('GET', url);
  if(!xhr) {
    alert('CORS not supported!');
    return {};
  }

  xhr.onload = function() {
    var parsedResponse = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText);
    var parsedObj = renderIntradayData(parsedResponse);

    console.log(parsedObj);
    // Got the correct result here tho...

    return parsedObj;
  };

  xhr.onerror = function() {
    alert('Error making the request!');
    return {};
  };

  xhr.send();
}

// ...

A: fetchIntradayDataHR is an asynchronous function . Then , you need to pass a callback to be running when the response comes .
So, the first change is the signature of fetch function :
export function fetchIntradayDataHR(url, onSuccess, onLoad) {}

instead of
export function fetchIntradayDataHR(url) {}

Then in the React Component, you will call this function accordingly and the callback will includes this.setState :
var url = "http://127.0.0.1:8080/heart";

const onSuccess = (response) => this.setState({ok : true});
const onError = (error, response) => this.setState({ok: false});
fetchIntradayDataHR(url, onSuccess, onError);

instead of
var url = "http://127.0.0.1:8080/heart";
// var response = fetchIntradayDataHR(url);

console.log(fetchIntradayDataHR(url));

this.setState({ ... });

Brief you code can as the following :

// App.js
import {
  fetchIntradayDataHR,
  fetchDailyLogHR
} from './DataFetch';

// ...
componentWillMount() {
  // Called the first time when the component is loaded right before the component is added to the page
  this.getChartData();
}

getChartData() {
  const url = "http://127.0.0.1:8080/heart";
  // var response = fetchIntradayDataHR(url);
  const onSuccess = (data) => this.setState({data: data, fetching: false});  //!--- ⚠ ATTENTION
  const onError = (error) => this.setState({message: error, fetching: false});  //!--- ⚠ ATTENTION
  this.setState({fetching: true}); // start fetching
  fetchIntradayDataHR(url, onSuccess, onError);  //!--- ⚠ ATTENTION
  console.log(fetchIntradayDataHR(url)); * // Got undefined here.*

  this.setState({...
  });
}

// DataFetch.js
// Helper function to sort out the Browser difference
function createCORSRequest(method, url) {
  var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
  if ("withCredentials" in xhr) {
    // "withCredentials" only exists on XMLHTTPRequest2 objects.
    xhr.open(method, url, true);
  } else if (typeof XDomainRequest != "undefined") {
    // Otherwise, check if XDomainRequest.
    xhr = new XDomainRequest();
    xhr.open(method, url);
  } else {
    // Otherwise, CORS is not supported by the browser.
    xhr = null;
  }
  return xhr;
}

export function fetchIntradayDataHR(url, onSuccess, onError) {
  var xhr = createCORSRequest('GET', url);
  if (!xhr) {
    alert('CORS not supported!');
    return {};
  }

  xhr.onload = function() {
    var parsedResponse = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText);
    var parsedObj = renderIntradayData(parsedResponse);

    console.log(parsedObj);
    // Got the correct result here tho...
    onSuccess(parsedObj); //!--- ⚠ ATTENTION

    return parsedObj;
  };

  xhr.onerror = function() {
    onError('Error making the request!');  //!--- ⚠ ATTENTION
    return {};
  };

  xhr.send();
}

// ...


text:
YOUR STORY MATTERS!
We want to hear your journey! Share with us both the challenges and the opportunities that playing sports at the amateur, collegiate, or professional level has brought you.
Share Your Story With Us!
The Power of Conversation Jan 09, 2023
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How to Stick to Your Resolutions Dec 19, 2022
As we reach the end of the year, we're all looking forward to setting goals and resolutions for the year to come. Setting resolutions is an important part of reflecting on what you've...
The Comparison Trap and How to Avoid It Nov 28, 2022
We've all been there. We're mindlessly scrolling through our favorite social media app and we see someone's incredible post of how amazing everything is going for them. We feel...
The Power of Community Nov 14, 2022
"What should young people do with their lives today? Many things, obviously. But the most daring thing is to create stable communities in which the terrible disease of loneliness can be...
How to Prepare for Life After the Game (Part 2) Aug 22, 2022
When it comes to preparing for life after sports, it's all about YOU. Prioritizing yourself is the most important part of the process. In our last blog post, How to Prepare for Life...
The transition into life after sports is one which everyone will face at some point in his or her athletic career. No matter how old you are when it happens, and whether it's your choice or...
Put Yourself First Jun 06, 2022
Putting yourself first is a simple concept, but it's easier said than done. You've heard the flight attendants during the security briefing say, "Be sure to put your own oxygen...
The Power of Knowing What You Want Apr 25, 2022
We're all busy handling life's many responsibilities. Whether it's school, work, family or sports, it can be really overwhelming to get the to-do list crossed off. When...
How Embracing Our Mistakes Can Help Us Grow Mar 06, 2022
Making mistakes is normal. We all do it, despite how hard we all try not to. Mistakes are a natural part of life. When we make a mistake, we can often try to deflect blame onto something or someone...
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Confidence is a huge part of success. It's an important step towards getting buy-in and creating legitimacy around something. But there's a BIG difference between presenting ...
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Life is full of things we are afraid of. Fear looks different to all of us, but no one is immune from it. Fears can be a good thing. They can make us cautious of dangerous situations. Fear of...
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Have you ever found yourself constantly thinking about the next thing? You're in a meeting and the only thing you can think about is all the work you have to do, or the presentation you have...
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Theory is useless when not applied. Hence, I started to gain experience early on in Asian countries on various topics. My working positions have a common structure: starting from the current situation, proposing improvments or changes, and implementing these again.


Heart disease is the number-one killer of both men and women, but the latter are significantly less likely to survive heart attacks. According to 2016 American Heart Association statement, 26 percent of women will die within a year of a heart attack compared with just 19 percent of men. The gap widens with time: By five years after a heart attack almost half of women die, compared with 36 percent of men.
The reason has eluded researchers for years, but the authors of the new study point to the disparity in male and female representation in emergency doctors as a potential source of answers. The researchers analyzed a Florida Agency for Health Care Administration database containing every heart attack case from every ER in the state (excluding Veterans Affairs hospitals) between 1991 and 2010.
The researchers divided 500,000-plus cases into four categories: male doctors treating men; male doctors treating women; female doctors treating men; and female doctors treating women. "All of those are statistically indistinguishable except for male doctor–female patient," says Brad Greenwood, an author on the study and a data scientist at the University of Minnesota. If a heart attack patient is a woman and her emergency physician is a man, he says, her risk of death suddenly rises by about 12 percent.


text:
New Seedless Concord Grape From Cornell Available This Fall
Photo Credit - Justin Sullivan / Getty Images
GENEVA, N.Y. (AP) — New York grape breeders have produced a fruit that's so big and flavorful they've named it after Mount Everest.
The Everest Seedless is a new variety developed at Cornell University's agricultural research station in Geneva. Horticulture professor Bruce Reisch says the new fruit is a cold-tolerant, blue Concord-type grape with berries about twice the size of the traditional Concord.
While most American Concords are used for jam, juice or wine, the new one is intended as a table grape to be eaten fresh. It's the first truly seedless Concord.
Everest Seedless is exclusively licensed to Double A Vineyards in Fredonia, and vines can be purchased from them this fall. Reisch predicts it will be popular with home gardeners as well as professional growers.
Filed Under: Cornell University, fredonia, geneva


When the sixth-generation iPhone was released last week, reviews noted a substantial boost in processing speed compared to last year's iPhone 4S, mostly due to Apple's new A6 SoC. At the time, the chip was thought to be clocked at around 1GHz, however a new benchmark using Primate Labs' Geekbench for iPhone shows a consistent clock speed of 1.3GHz.
Primate Labs' John Poole told Engadget that the latest version 2.3.6 released on Wednesday provides more accurate CPU reporting as a result of an improved processor frequency detection algorithm.
"Earlier versions of Geekbench had trouble determining the A6's frequency, which lead to people claiming the A6's frequency as 1.0GHz as it was the most common value Geekbench reported," Poole said.
Initial reports found on Geekbench's online device log, presumably from a reviewer testing the handset's prowess, showed the handset's CPU to be twice as fast as the previous A5 series despite being clocked at 1.02GHz. The relatively low clock speed prompted speculation as to how Apple managed to squeeze out the dramatic performance improvements, with theories ranging from new memory handling methods to a totally redesigned core.
Coming on the heels of Wednesday's discovery, some publications have reported the A6 as having the ability to dynamically overclock itself during CPU-intensive situations, however Poole disagrees with the hypothesis.
"I don't believe the A6 has any form of processor boost," Poole said. "In our testing, we found the 1.3GHz was constant regardless of whether one core or both cores were busy."
To confirm Poole's results, AppleInsider tested an AT&T version of the iPhone 5 with Geekbench 2.3.6. Curiously, the first run pegged the A6 at 1.10GHz, though after killing and reopening the app, the software reported a consistent clock speed of 1.29GHz.
The A6's dual-cores were in fact designed in-house by Apple and feature a "manual" layout that is said to be faster than computer-constructed counterparts.


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An exclusive cluster of 127 Duplex and Quadruplex Condominium. Tucked away on a verdant strip of land (1.7 hectares) along the Bay City (a P 150-Billion public urban development project). Sentosia is "bay-built. Fortified with special materials to withstand the bay environment similar to other coastal town in the Mediterranean .
A residential property located in one of the country's most promising business districts, fast traffic,15 minutes away from the airport and 5 minutes away from the country's capital. Close proximity to the commercial areas (Mall of Asia) and PAGCOR City (Las Vegas Type Casino). Maintains a low density of persons per square meter (non populated & non-industrialized), giving residents a more spacious rest and recreational area.
First Ym Realty Marketing Co.
You searched for Sentosia Town Homes and this page shows the full details of this accommodation to let. This House is located in San Isidro in Pasay. This property has 3 bedrooms, 0 bathrooms and the rent is PHP 55000 monthly. This accommodation for rent was last updated on 2014-05-30 14:47:50. The classified has been displayed 3363 only today. You can see other lettings in Pasay.


Reiki Love Spells, Are you tired of looking for true love and happiness in your life and don't want to try anymore as you have tried each and every way to get a happy and lovely life, then you should not get disappointed?
Life is full of opportunities and there are numerous solutions of a single problem, you might have left any effective solution and you should also try it.
Have you tried Reiki love spells to get all your love problems solved, if No, they you should try it, how can you forget this effective way to get love in your life.
No matter, what phase of your life is running, you can try it anytime.
Loving someone is not enough, getting him/her in life make the sense of your feelings for someone. The power of Reiki basically deals with the energies of black magic, ghosts and spells to get the desired results.
If you are heartbroken or looking for happiness and harmony in your relationships with someone, then you can try Reiki love spells.
You better cast effective Reiki spells as it make your life content. You get a spiritual touch with the help of rune stones, meditation as these are the techniques of performing Reiki.
It helps understand the spiritual path to get someone in your life. Even if you are facing the hard time of your life, you can cast these Reiki spells as sometimes the tough situations can be easily and quickly resolved by these spells. These are the best spells for universal spiritual energy and it can help getting quick result.
It is also called the energy of pure love or universal energy. If you want to get noticed by someone you like or want to get closer to your loved one, then these wishes can be fulfilled with the help of Reiki love spells.
This magical power also deals in exorcism and curses too. It was basically introduce to heal and eliminate all the negative effects of the dark and bad energies in your life.
It has 2 levels include Master and Practical level. Pentagram is a sign or symbol which was introduced in Master level. It helps remove all the negativity from your life that may be related to evil eyes, curse and spells.
It detects all the evil eyes and negative spells implements on you via food or any object. As everyone possesses the attraction energies and some people have a lot of attraction energies to radiate.
You can apply these energies to attract happiness and love in your life. If you love someone and want to get married with him/her or you want to get back your lost love, then the only solutions is to try Reiki love spells.
it would be better is you take the help from any specialist as he/she guide you and offer you the right way and procedures to perform it.
It helps attract someone in your life. If you are alone or want your ex-lover back with you then you should try Reiki to bring back lost love.
These are the powerful spells that brings positive results quickly. You can cast some spells to get back lost love and enhance happiness and harmony in your relationship again.
These spells direct the positive energies to the mind and soul of your ex-lover and harmonize the spirit. You can harmonize yourself and your loved one too with the help of Reiki. Casting a Reiki helps promote emotional, mental and physical healing.
If you are a woman who want to attract your husband, then you can get the benefit of these divine energies by casting the magical spells. Reiki to attract husband is also recommended for the women who want to make their husband listen and understand them carefully.
Those women who are facing the bad phase in their married life and reach to the track of divorce, they can also have a fresh start of broken relationship with their husbands with the help of Reiki to attract husband.
Nowadays people are not having harmony, faith and honestly with their spouse and leading an unhappy married life, it is unfair.
Some partners have to suffer as of the heartache after the broken relationships. Your husband may not care for you or he may be in extra marital affair, still you need not to worry about. You can get your husband back in your life with the help of these Reiki spells.
If you have got your true love and never want to let her/him go, then you need to get married with him/her. You might be finding it difficult to convince the parents and relative to get inter caste marriage.
Yes this happens and it is quite obvious as love marriages are not allowed in many religion and caste. If you can't go with your loved one and desperately want to get married with her, then try Reiki for love marriage.
This is the magical way that helps convince your parents and create a harmony in the relationships.
This creates an aura of positive energy around you and brings happiness for your life. These powerful magic spells works very well and help heal all the mental disorders associated with depression and disappointment in your life. You can get healing, peace and restoration when you will cast the spells.


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Home » Ohio State Tackles Assembly Line Ergonomics
ColumnsAutomotive AssemblyWorkstations AssemblyOn Campus
Ohio State Tackles Assembly Line Ergonomics
KEYWORDS assembly line ergonomics / hand-tool ergonomics
Rising health care costs are one of the biggest challenges facing the American auto industry today. In fact, some OEMs and Tier One suppliers spend more on health care than on steel—as much as $2,000 per vehicle produced.
Reducing injuries on the assembly line and improving productivity are essential to reining in skyrocketing health care costs. That's the goal of Ohio State University's Center for Occupational Health in Automotive Manufacturing (COHAM).
"We design assembly tasks and processes that minimize occupational health risks and enhance productivity and quality," says William Marras, COHAM director and a professor in the department of integrated systems engineering. "Our mission is to empower state-of-the-art technology and cutting-edge analysis methods to protect worker health, reduce worker injuries and optimize high-tech vehicle production."
Many leading automotive manufacturers, such as BMW, Faurecia, Honda and Toyota, have turned to COHAM for assistance since the organization was created six years ago. Research projects have changed the way that air bags, bumpers, doors, headliners, instrument panels, wiring harnesses and other subassemblies are installed and attached in vehicles.
"We are the only university-based full-scale manufacturing operation in the world where automobile manufacturers and suppliers can test the effect of manufacturing systems on the health of workers," claims Marras. "This approach provides quantitative cost-benefit information to manufacturers so that they can make production decisions based upon scientific evidence."
Marras and his colleagues tap into basic ergonomic research techniques developed at Ohio State's biodynamics laboratory. The 3,500-square-foot facility is equipped with a wide variety of tools that measure how the body works and how it responds to various types of muscle stresses and joint loads.
Engineers at the facility have developed several testing devices in-house. For instance, a wrist motion monitor measures how rapidly wrists move when performing various assembly tasks. A lumbar motion monitor studies back movement and exertion.
When tackling a new ergonomics challenge, engineers first visit the manufacturer's assembly line to talk with operators and take basic measurements.
"However, there are limits on what you can do on the plant floor," says Marras. "For instance, you can't do MRIs or strap a bunch of electrodes onto assemblers. That's where COHAM comes in."
The center features 5,000-square-feet of simulated plant floor. It includes conveyors, parts bins, workstations, overhead hoists, zero-gravity arms, and a wide assortment of pneumatic, electric and battery-powered fastening tools.
"It's designed to look like a real auto plant and it provides us with a lot of flexibility," says Marras. "For example, we can easily change the speed of the assembly line to measure and monitor how operators react."
Full-time line workers are typically involved in all COHAM research projects. In addition, Ohio State students are brought in to simulate new hires.
Several years ago, Marras and his colleagues conducted a research project for Honda aimed at reducing musculoskeletal injuries associated with DC-electric torque tools. The engineers tested a variety of right-angle fastening tools and evaluated how they affect the upper extremities of assemblers.
One of the most recent COHAM projects involved the development of a carriage that tilts cars sideways so assemblers can easily access interior areas while standing. As part of the study, the engineers had 12 people install components in a car's interior, underbody and engine compartment while standing. They measured stresses on the people's bodies when the car was tilted at different angles.
"Of nine different installation tasks, seven became much less strenuous when the car was tilted on its side 45 degrees," says Marras. "The other two showed similar improvements when the car was tilted completely sideways at 90 degrees."
Recent Articles by Austin Weber
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Austin has been senior editor for ASSEMBLY Magazine since September 1999. He has more than 21 years of b-to-b publishing experience and has written about a wide variety of manufacturing and engineering topics. Austin is a graduate of the University of Michigan.
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text:
Pilots School
How Do You Become A Fire Pilot?
Pilot School / By Roger
A fire pilot is also referred to sometimes as an aerial firefighter. They are pilots that are specifically trained to fly over tailwheels and at low levels over a variety of terrain types. You will need to have skills in both of these areas if you wish to become a successful fire pilot.
1 How much do Cal Fire helicopter pilots make?
2 How much does a firefighter pilot make?
3 Can fire planes fly at night?
4 Can water bombers fly at night?
5 How do water bomber planes refill?
There is not a huge supply of fire pilots and it is often hard to find someone willing for the job. This means that there is not a specific route into the profession, and people will come to it from all walks of life. Many come from military backgrounds, although this is by no means a requirement.
If you are used to flying in smaller, less powerful planes with little to no automation, this may be the job for you. Many fire pilots begin by serving as a pilot in an observation plane. They then move onto a SEAT or the right seat of larger aircraft.
You will need to meet specific requirements as part of your fire pilot training. There is a certain number of hours of flight training you need to complete (often around 4,000), as well as experience in specific aircraft.
You must also hold a valid Federal Aviation Administration Commercial or Airline Transport Pilot certificate with rotorcraft-helicopter training. You will also need a valid Class 1 or 2 FAA Medical Certificate and a valid FAA Helicopter Instrument rating.
Ideally, you will have logged a minimum of 500 hours of low-level flights, 50 hours of Night Vision Goggle flight, and 50 hours of instrument time.
How much do Cal Fire helicopter pilots make?
The starting salary for a Cal Fire helicopter pilot is anywhere from $93,504 to $126,060 per annum. For a Chief Fire pilot, the salary falls somewhere between $107,511 and $144,930.
Cal Fire is one of the most highly regarded aerial firefighting forces across the entire globe. Other aerial fire forces are based on Cal Fire's operational model due to its effectiveness. The pilots have a large fleet to choose from that includes helicopters, air tankers, and air tactical planes.
The Cal Fire pilots help with fire suppression and prevention, vegetation management, and perform preventative maintenance on helicopters. They also assist with search and rescue missions, reconnaissance, law enforcement, medivacs, administrative flights, and aerial photography.
How much does a firefighter pilot make?
Generally speaking, Forest Service and other aerial fire pilots will make less than those in the Cal Fire aviation program. Starting salaries for Forest Service pilots are set at around $73,600 to $113,800.
If you are a captain on a larger air tanker plane you are likely to earn between $100,000 to $360,000 depending on your level of seniority.
Some of the firefighter pilot roles available will be on a seasonal basis. A typical season lasts for between 4 and 6 months and the salary will be given for this period. This is because wildfires are more prevalent during certain phases of the year and there will be a greatly reduced need for aerial firefighters during the lulls.
This means that some pilots will become aerial firefighters during the off-season to make some additional money. Others will simply work as an aerial firefighter for part of the year, earn their salary, and then take the rest of the year off to spend as they like.
Can fire planes fly at night?
Prior to the 1970s, aerial firefighters could fly at night. During the 1970s this was stopped as the United States had concerns about the safety of the activity and the increased cost. In 2014, this was reinstated by the Governor of Colorado. He also set up an organization called the Colorado Center of Excellence for Advanced Technology Aerial Firefighting.
One major goal of this organization was to conduct research on nighttime firefighting operations. A 2018 report stated that the complexity and cost of these night operations were substantial. Despite this, many countries including the United States have decided to reinstate nighttime firefighting activities. It is believed that the benefits of the practice outweigh the downsides.
Many firefighters believe that working at night makes it safer and more effective to combat fires. This is due to the reduced temperatures and wind speed combined with an increase in ambient humidity. These factors work to the firefighter's advantage, making it much easier to get the fire under control. There are also fewer aircraft in the sky and fewer communications over the aviation radio channels which again make it easier for aerial firefighters to do their job.
Can water bombers fly at night?
Water bombers are aerial firefighting planes that carry water, or water-based gels and foams to combat fires. They differ from other aerial firefighting planes which will carry a chemical that stops fires.
Water bomber planes will tackle the hotspots of the fire. This means that they drop water onto the worst affected areas to 'knock down' the temperature. This then makes it easier for ground crews to tackle and neutralize the fire. They tend to be tasked with targeting the edge of flames.
Water bombers are widely regarded as the more effective fire management tool. This is because they can carry a huge amount of fire retardant materials and get to the scene of the fire very quickly.
As mentioned earlier, it is often easier for firefighters to tackle flames at night time. This means that water bombers are allowed to fly at night, despite the additional dangers involved.
Winds of 40 miles per hour are suitable for planes to fly in but would cause any chemicals or water dropped to dissipate into a mist. This would not be effective at tackling the fire and as such, weather conditions need to be taken into consideration when deciding whether it is safe and worthwhile to fly at night.
How do water bomber planes refill?
Water bomber planes will scout out the nearest large body of water to the fire in question. This will need to be an open source of water, meaning that the planes can easily refill. The pilot will approach the water and lower the plane until the underside skims the water's surface.
They will then 'keep it on the step', meaning that the pilot taxis along the water as fast as possible without returning to the air. This is generally at a speed of around 70 knots. Scoops are then lowered into the water for the plane to collect water to fight the fire. They direct the flow of water up and into the tanks on board.
The pressure created by the plane being kept on the step is what drives the water into the tanks onboard the plane. This means that no pumps are required to collect water. Every plane differs in how rapidly it can uptake water. One of the largest, the Martin Mars, can uptake 1,100 liters or a ton of water per second.
The water is then kept in the tanks through the use of a check valve and vents on the upper side of the tank. This ensures there is no pressurization of the water.
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text:
Treading Gulf Waters
Ahmad Makia
009_08 / 25 February 2016
NASA, Islands formation.
Issued under a Creative Commons license.
Xanith is Arabic slang for males with effeminate characteristics. It derives from the Classical Arabic word mukhanath – mukhannathun in plural – for transgender, intersex, or eunuch. The earliest records of the mukhanath are found in Islamic hadiths where they are referred to as men who are 'freed' from physical – read: sexual – needs.[1] Under Islamic scholarship, they are depicted as a unique people with innate qualities: men who resemble women in voice, features, and gait. Islamic judgment decrees that, since xanith have 'inherited' these qualities, they are not guilty of their practices, but immoral if they choose to be.[2] In effect, the practice of sodomy is prohibited in Islam, but non-heteronormative sexuality and behaviour are acknowledged and negotiated.
Today, and historically, the xanith is understood to be an exclusively male-to-female enterprise. The more scientific, ethnographic, and Western academic classification of the xanith emerged with Norwegian anthropologist Unni Wikan's 1977 study in Oman, titled Man Becomes Woman: Transsexualism in Oman as a Key to Gender Roles.[3] Most of the legitimized literature on the xanith came about from Wikan's research, which somehow pigeonholed the xanith as indigenous to Oman and the Arabian Peninsula.
In her study, Wikan outlined the way Oman's genders were stylistically distinguished at the time. She observed that men generally wear white tunics, women 'wear patterned cloth in bright colours', while xaniths wear a solid coloured tunic, normally in pastel colours.[4] Men have short hair; women keep theirs long; and the xaniths grow theirs somewhere between these two lengths. While men comb their hair 'backward away from the face' and women comb theirs 'forward from a central parting', Wikan observed, xaniths comb theirs 'diagonally forward from a side parting', oiling it heavily in a style closer to that of the women, just as their falsetto voices mimic the sound of the bodies the xaniths emulated.[5] Xaniths wear vibrant make-up, dishdashas slightly tighter at the waist, and a cloud of oud. They participate in social structures relegated to women, such as entering the bride's chamber before she is unveiled, singing with women during the wedding celebration, and eating with them. As Wikan noted, it is 'behaviour, and not anatomy' that forms 'the basis for the Omani conceptualisation of gender identity.'[6]
According to Wikan, the xanith is traditionally a domestic servant, homosexual prostitute, or both. Occupying a third gender space, xaniths perform sexual favours for men, typically occupying a submissive role in the exchange. Yet, despite embodying the role of a woman, a xanith can also be released from her 'duties' so as to convert back to a 'man' upon proof of consummation with a chosen bride, making her no longer a xanith.[7] Similarly, once a xanith has entered old age, they are drawn back into the domain of men, albeit tenuously, as John Archer and Barbara Lloyd note.[8]
Since Wikan's 1977 study, the body of the xanith has become a fashionable figure, along with hijras[9] of the subcontinent, in the North Atlantic discourse around third genders, and ultimately of varying non-white conceptions of sexuality. Marjorie Garber discusses the fetishization of the xanith in the western gender discipline and how it derives from the Empire's legacy in inhabiting and possessing the 'Other'. Garber also explains how studying the xanith – beginning with Wikan's research – is yet another example of how westerners look east for role models in cultural masquerade.[10]
NASA, Island formations.
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These points are pertinent, but we[15] will pay no attention to the controverted discussions that followed the publishing of Wikan's article since they appear as essentialzing, sometimes masturbatory, and represent polemics/discussions confined to the university-industrial-complex. (See Murray[11], Shepherd[12], [13].) After all, discourse around the xanith often comes off as the western world peering into the 'erotics' of the east in its own quest to agitate assumptions on gender fixities.[14]
Today, we will try something different by attempting to draw a wider cartography of sexuality through Indian Ocean maritime relations and consider how various identities within the regions around Oman relate back to Oman and the Gulf region. We are interested in creating another vocabulary around xanith communities, not as a critique or subversion of the above, but simply to produce a new space of critical thought around the Gulf's human geography. The literature encountered detail certain practices – homosexuality and transgender – as imports from Oman into the Swahili coast and some parts of South Asia, or somehow originating in the lands of the contemporary Omani nation and belonging to identifiable peoples that were later introduced to other places.
In Lawrence E. Mbogoni's book Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History (2012), he questions if liwat were already in practice across East Africa or is if it were in fact of alien origins, or in other words, introduced by the Omani Empire.[16] Our issue with this proposal is similar to the issues we have with the nation-state disciplinewhere social and political practices are perceived to be from the closed, dry, and terrestrial without ruminating on how neighbouring waters inform and shape our social landscapes. Xanith comes from Oman, point A, and then arrives to the Swahili coast, point B. What is missing from the literature on xanith is the journey across the ocean and the water. What is at stake is how we can identify frameworks for citizenry, identity and sexuality pertinent to Oman, the Gulf region, and its connection to the Indian Ocean, through maritime conceptions of space.
In contemporary Oman, the oldest independent state in the Arab world, xanith is granted some form of legitimacy: accepted, frowned-upon, pitied, but not celebrated. In many ways, the culture is an open secret of sorts. Similar to the Islamic-sanctioned 'informality' with the mukhannath, in Oman, xanith is nation-state sanctioned 'informality'.
The literature on Omani sexuality prior to Wikan's article details a range of 'perverse' practices found not only within Oman, but in and around the region at large, from the practice of keeping concubines and pederasty, to homosexuality and relations with xaniths.[17] Most of these accounts come from the Swahili coast, or more officially termed as the Sultanate of Zanzibar, a spinal stretch from Somalia through to Kenya, up until the northern parts of Mozambique and Madagascar. Oman's overseas territories also included the Comoros Islands, Socotra, some parts of present day U.A.E., Gwadar, a province in today's Pakistan, and the southern coast of present-day Iran. This geography corresponds to the territory Oman ruled in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, at the height of the Omani Sultanate, during which time it was a participant in the Indian Ocean slave trade between the Swahili coast and the Arabian Peninsula, trafficking around 50,000 bodies annually.[18] At the time, the Sultanate of Oman under the Al Sayd dynasty – who continues to rule over Oman today – was a powerful commercial empire and competed against Portugal and Britain for control over the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf.
In 1840, though the sources vary, Oman's capital moved from Muscat, the present day capital, to Stone Town of Zanzibar City, Tanzania, on the east coast of Africa.[19] By this time, Said bin Sultan established a ruling Arab elite and encouraged ivory and clove plantations laboured by the Black slave population. Thus, Oman's Sultans and their rich alliesdeveloped a cash crop economy and also encouraged wealthy Indian merchants to resettle in Zanzibar, who till today control a substantial percentage of the nation's wealth.[20] One of the most prominent figures of Oman's rule on the East Coast is Tippu Tip, a Swahili-Zanzibari trader of mixed Arab and African descent whose black features are known to have imbued in him an inferiority complex and a rejection of his physiognomy. Tip identified as a wealthy Arab merchant and punished those who mistook him as an African. Tib led major expeditions into the African interior – reaching as far as the Congo region – to capture slaves that would harvest ivory, carry it back to Zanzibar Town and then be sold into the slave market. He became one of the biggest slave merchants of the Indian Ocean, and was known for being violent when capturing slaves, owning himself around 10,000 humans.[21]
Under Oman's rule, a variety of sexual relations were introduced into east Africa via the Empire's presence and domination, as reported in historic European records from Zanzibar and Mombasa where xanithappears in little flurries.[22] Mbogoni compiles a few of these records: Christopher B. Rigby notes that 'numbers of sodomites come from Muscat, and these degraded wretches openly walk about dressed in female attire, with veils on their faces.'[23] Gill Sheperd's research in Mombasa claims that 'significant of our understanding of the Swahili, homosexuality is common in the two original areas of the Arab immigrants to East Africa: Saudi Arabia and Oman. Their incorporation into Swahili life was often as superiors – traders, rulers, wealthy settlers – and their attitudes to homosexuality must have been influential.'[24] In M. Haberlandt's ethnography of effeminate Black slaves in Zanzibar, he attributes such practices 'to the influence of Arabs' who '[engage] in sex at an early age, [where] oversaturation occurs soon.'[26]
In BR Burg's book Sodomoy and the Pirate Tradition (1995), he discusses how the ship developed in complete divergence from the social and religious institutions that existed on land. The physical and psychological limits of the ship as well as its isolation from social attitudes and developments of the 'land' characterise marine societies as their own independent institutions, or homosexual institutions, to be precise.[27] Burg convinces the reader that the separation of heterosexual institutions from the mariners created an environment where homosexuality, male-to-male relationships were not perceived as part of an exotic realm, and that such acts were normalised and considered to be of ordinary behaviour.[28] Thus, the ship presented a novel space, in which men renegotiated masculine identities and hierarchies.
Naturally, practices from the sea spilled onto the land. Thus, colonies did not only become commercial and religious outposts of the coloniser, they absorbed to an extent the social order of marine institutions as well, including pirates and others travelling outside the dominion of admirals, merchants, and governorates. In Marcus Rediker's research, he proposes how the isolated wooden world of the deep sea resulted in very unique marine cultures that did not travel to places as ambassadorships of their nations, empires, or sultanates.[29] Rather, Rediker asserts that the ship itself offered another kind of frontier or cultural borderland.[30] This is especially true since marine societies have historically developed their own languages, social systems, commerce, and sexual identities. If you look through the vast space of the Indian Ocean and the land and water territories that once comprised the Omani seafaring empire, you will find a spectrum of non-cisgender bodies: hijras in Pakistan, mashogas on the Kenyan coast, dojense in Iran. Were Indian Ocean transgender and intersex identities birthed at sea on ships, and then introduced into port cities? Was xanith born on the ship and not in Oman? This isn't too farfetched of an idea since present day births in international waters where no nation claims sovereignty will list the birthplace as 'at sea'. In Herman Melville's Moby Dick, the Nantucketer whaler and sailor is not depicted as only a seafarer, but a sea-dweller, and as such appears as almost extra-terrestrial. Could the xanith be extra-terrestrial too?
In Sugata Bose's work A Hundred Horizons (2006), he suggests an interregional arena of the Indian Ocean as a radical space for understanding identity and society. Apart from looking at continental identifications, or national ones, he explained, why not use the water as a place for affinity?[30] He does so by using the 2004 tsunami as an example of how a shared border with water ties people together, and reveals their shared histories and destinies. Bose writes:
Regional entities known today as the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, which underpin the rubric of area studies in the Western academy, are relatively recent constructions that arbitrarily project certain legacies of colonial power onto the domain of knowledge in the post-colonial era. The world of the Indian Ocean, or for that matter, that of the Mediterranean, has a much greater depth of economic and cultural meaning.[31]
The Swahili identity that you find spread across the Gulf, the subcontinent, the Indo-Malay Peninsula, and the east coast of Africa is the result and representation of this confluence of 'cultural meaning' that Bose is proposing. In this geography, xaniths are more respected as a maritime identity belonging to the water, not the land. Then, can we also propose crossovers and convergences between the xanith, the hijras of the subcontinent and Thailand's so-called lady-boys? Do they belong to this oceanic 'interregion',[32] rather than to their landed nations?
The vast corpus of Indian Ocean trade communities – pre-European colonialism - provide a lens into several layered geographies spread across the south eastern hemisphere that did not necessarily feedback into a centralised state existing on land, but a large oceanic space that evaded a localised, land-locked state with a clearly defined boundary, such as the Arabian Peninsula. These distinctions of land and water as spaces for belonging and identification are pertinent for understanding the social make-up of the Gulf, especially after their post-Trucial State setup. The Peninsula's land earned power after oil was discovered in its interiors during the late twentieth century, while its coasts had over time gained importance as strategic ports for global trade. With the discovery of oil, the Gulf States began to encroach on their maritime infrastructures as spaces for export, which had thus far been for importations. What was considered as the ocean and water freezone was co-opted into the land affairs of the Peninsula and became their direct interface with the world, thus overshadowing the oceanic interregion.
In the systems of today's small yet powerful Gulf States, designed by Europeans who legitimised their transition from colonial geographies into post-colonial ones in the twentieth century, rooted pieces of land with its rooted set of people are projected as the rightful owners and rulers of this space: a space drawn up in absence from its wetlands. This land-locked state is especially noticeable when you inspect the Peninsula's main architecture of governance, the majlis. It is a confined and rigid space – with little ventilation – alluding to 'democracy', political participation or collective inclusion, where few subjects voice the needs of the 'people'.[33]
The best way to define this rigid land-space is in isolation from water. Under this line of inquiry, the nation can only be dry, not wet. Think of the inland federational harmonisation of the U.A.E., and tensions existing at sea over islands that Iran claims as its own. Or how Iran's Kish Island belongs to none of Iran, the U.A.E., Qatar, Oman, Kuwait, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, but an officiated logistical space for the facilitation of historic interregional patterns of movement, trade, and migration. The water exemplifies the 'Gulf', an orbit of silenced and unacknowledged histories that emerge from the sea and linger at the bay of the Peninsula, sitting outside its dry, landed majlis. Thus, the Gulf as an identity, geography, and concept becomes a place for state evasion, identification, and belonging. Gulf-Indians and Gulf-Iranians (who are historic merchants, sailors, migrants, proconsuls, pirates) are identifiable groups in this type of belonging oscillating between the positions of the Gulf and the Peninsula: the water and the majlis.
Water as an urban and operative space becomes a reactive and deliberate form of statelessness: in the Gulf's case, a space resisting the arbitrary frontiers of the Peninsula as enforced by the region's historical colonisers and its local collaborators. Following this logic, positions of belonging in the Gulf literally become fluid, interchangeable, and malleable, just as a xanith can move between genders and return to the position of male elder, so too can a migrant to the Gulf occupy positions from indentured labour all the way up to a self-made billionaire from the Gulf. In the Omani Empire example, the only parcels claimed to be part of the Sultanate where places at the edge of water and land: the coast. Even though the likes of Tippu Tip reached far into the central African interior, there was never an interest in claiming the land, but only the rims that reach out to the sea, thus creating, or more accurately claiming, maritime jurisdictions and not only landed properties.
In this sense, xanith, and the practice of homosexuality in some instances, can be seen as politicised identity that performs these tensions of belonging to the Gulf by existing at the margins of the land, performing in order to navigate and remain within a context, as well as identify with a place.
The Diesel, one of the better known critical pieces of Gulf literature, is a great example of this premise. Written by Thani al-Suwaidi, an Emirati poet and writer, and published in 1994, it narrates the life of a villager in a small Emirati coastal town, following a transgender protagonist who had to choose between living in a man's body as a conventional 'man' or listening to his inner female soul.[34] The author, sometimes dubbed 'author of the shock novel',[35] explains that the book is about the petroleum age which radicalised notions of community and society in the Gulf, especially in the Emirates, and is a fantastical snapshot of the collision between the old world and the new one.
In the novella, The Diesel is born to parents who long for a son after many pregnancy difficulties. The mother passes away after giving birth. Not explicitly said in the book, but the father and family hold The Diesel responsible for the mother's death and ultimately marginalised growing up in his community. Eventually, The Diesel, experiences a 'calling' and takes on a daring career as a female entertainer and singer. She becomes the most sought-after voice luring sheikhs who beg to hear her voice at their celebrations and weddings. Eventually, The Diesel's popularity grows to the extent that she is able to incite a rebellion against the ruling elite.
Throughout the pages of the book, the water surrounding the land appears as a vibrant, politicised and emancipatory space for The Diesel, while supernatural characters and queered folkloric figures swoop in and out of the story acting as guides for The Diesel's nebulous place in the world: the sea. In one scene, she comes across a dervish who explains, 'these mortals have become embalmed, they know sea, sky, and mosque, but never ask themselves why they drown, why they haven't learned to live under the water, why fish don't adapt to living on dry land, why there should be this divine limitation and siege, why the Lord gave the largest area of the earth to the fish, or why there are more fish than people'.[36]
It is true: why haven't we learned to live with water? Why the land-apartheid? Today, we row through the Gulf and find only a slither of what it could potentially do. It is a muddy path, but there is something gorgeous, aesthetically and critically, when all that is solid dissolves into water.
[1] Everett Rowson, 'The Effeminates of Early Medina,' Journal of the American Oriental Society 111.4 (1991): pp. 671-693.
[3] Unni Wikan, 'Man Becomes Woman: Transsexualism in Oman as a Key to Gender Roles,' Man 12 (1977): pp. 304-319.
[8] John Archer and Barbara Llyod, Sex and Gender (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 102.
[9] Officially recognized as a third gender in South Asia and a community of gender-liminal people led by a guru.
[10] Marjorie Garber, Vested Interests: Cross-dressing and Cultural Anxiety (New York: Routledge, 1997), pp. 648-651.
[11] Stephen Murray, 'The Sohari Khanith,' in Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature, ed. Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe (New York: New York University Press, 1997), pp. 244-256.
[12] Gill Shepherd, 'Transsexualism in Oman?' Man 13 (1978): pp. 133-134.
[13] J. M. Carrier, 'The Omani Xanith Controversy,' Man 15 (1980): pp. 541-542.
[14] Marjorie Garber, Vested Interests: Cross-dressing and Cultural Anxiety (New York: Routledge, 1997).
[15] The 'we' pronoun is used to reflect the nature of this work: a collective research project. The essay should be considered a work by the author, his peers, and Dubai.
[16] Lawrence Mbogoni, Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History (Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, 2012).
[17] Sarah Croucher, 'A Concubine is Still a Slave,' in The Archaeology of Colonialism: Sexual Encounters and Intimate Effects, ed. Barbara L. Voss and Eleanor Conlin Casella (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), pp. 67-81.
[18] Mbogoni, op cit.
[20] Croucher, op cit., pp. 67-81.
[21] Abdul Sheriff, Slaves, Spices and Ivory in Zanzibar: Integration of an East African Commercial Empire into the World Economy, 1770-1873 (London, Nairobi, Tanzania, Athens, Ohio: James Currey, Heinemann Kenya, Tanzania Publishing House, Ohio University Press, 1987).
[22] See Mbogoni and Croucher, op cit.
[23] Mbogoni, op cit., p. 165.
[26] B. R. Burg, Sodomy and the Pirate Tradition: English Sea Rovers in the Seventeenth-Century Caribbean (New York: New York University Press, 1995), p. 148.
[28] Marcus Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700-1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. xi.
[30] Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006).
[33] Abdel Razaq Takriti, Monsoon Revolution: Republicans, Sultans, and Empire in Oman, 1965-1976 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).
[34] Thani Al-Suwaidi, The Diesel, trans. William Maynard Hutchins (New York: Antibookclub, 2012).
[35] Ibid., translator's note.
Ahmad Makia is co-founder of THE STATE and a fiction reader for Structo magazine. He is currently researching two projects, 'The Pan-Arab Hangover' and 'The Gulf Turn', and living in Dubai.
The Taste of Displacement
Dena Al-Adeeb
Banner image: Nada Sehnaoui, To Sweep, Beirut 2011 and London 2011, 400 sweeps and text. Courtesy of the artist.


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Row After Row — People's Light & Theatre Company
Seven score and thirteen years ago, a relatively new nation, the United States, found itself divided over issues of states' and human rights that centered primarily on the peculiar institution of slavery. A bloody Civil War was fought, carnage being assured by the military tactics of the time. Battles affected not only soldiers but all neighboring citizens whose land was trampled, whose livestock was commandeered, and whose homes and persons were often disrespected by marauding partisan troops.
The Civil War is a critical moment in American history because it tested whether the new nation brought forth on this North American continent would prevail as a single, unified entity, or separate into two or more sovereign nations, with a resultant bitterness promising more conflict and eternal rancor.
The War Between the States fascinates so much, people have made a lifelong study of it. Battlefields are visited. Memorabilia is collected. History is discussed and debated. Some are so interested in the war, they re-enact its great battles, aiming for strict authenticity and adherence to the way war would be waged in the mid-19th century.
In "Row After Row," Jessica Dickey introduces us to three of the re-enactors, two men who immerse themselves in Civil War scholarship and who are devoted to making sure every aspect of their maneuvers are in keeping with the reality of the time and place the re-enactment is being staged, and one woman who has just moved to Gettysburg from New York and participates in a re-do of Pickett's charge in response to a flyer she saw in a supermarket and as a way to meet people and make friends in her new hometown.
The men, one of whom is a history teacher, are serious about their business. They have spent thousands on buying actual uniforms, weapons, and regalia from the Civil War. They can tell if a fabric or thread count is different from those used by Union or Confederate forces. They know every turn of every battle and intricately discuss how one general triumphed while another disappointed and how their positions may have been reversed. They stay so close to actual events, the teacher in Dickey's play is assigned to play a deserter looking for a hiding place and seeking pardon when caught by a soldier from the opposite force.
The woman wonders aloud what all the fuss is about and why a re-enactment has to be so true to the actual event. She also wonders why women are only recently, and reluctantly. allowed to be re-enactors and whether the Civil War had any meaningful effect for women and minorities that she says continue to be without the liberty and equality Abraham Lincoln talks about in The Gettysburg Address.
There is the thrust of Dickey's play. It's based on the conceit that the Civil War did one major job. It brought freedom to millions who has been kept as property and made to labor against their will and unrewarded. The question "Row After Row" poses is whether 150 years later, the United States is any further advanced in its including of women, ethnic groups, immigrants, and sexual and religious minorities within the mainstream. The idea it posits is the U.S. has not lived up to the ideals Lincoln expresses when he says, "conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." Dickey's character, Leah, not one to shy from an argument, uses herself as an example. Of course she mentions current hot-button issues like equal pay for equal work, but she also asks why it took so long for the men of Gettysburg to permit a woman to participate in a community event and why the other characters, Tom ad Cal, are stunned to find her sitting in a part of a bar where the locals understand women are not supposed to tread.
Leah is a forward sort with an attitude and arsenal of direct tactics men rarely encounter in Gettysburg. When Cal, a contractor who is the less welcoming of Leah, and the more doctrinaire about authenticity in re-enactment, gets vehement about a point Leah challenges, she leans across the table they're sharing and kisses him. Hard and wet right on his beery lips. A new Battle of Gettysburg has begun.
This is a woman who has come a long way in being able to express herself and take bold stances. Tom and Cal are not accustomed to her level of candor or forwardness. Tom, the gentler and more appeasing of the men, tries to fit into the politically correct mode Leah practically demands, but he can be nonplussed by Leah's iron-fisted parries and attacks and wonders about a bond that, against all odds, seems to form between Leah and Cal.
"Row After Row" never makes much impact as a play because, while it is watchable and entertains for its duration, it stays on the level of conceit. We become aware of Dickey's premise and glean what the playwright is saying more from the heated dialogue between Leah and the men than by anything we actually see dramatized.
Dickey takes us from period to period. We are in the Gettysburg of 1863 as well as in the Gettysburg of today. We witness real war scenes in addition to some that are re-enacted. We see illustrations of what Leah is saying in terms of minorities not participating equally in the American dream, and we understand the particular brutality of the Civil War, fought as it was by men rushing towards each other firing guns and thrusting bayonets, but we rarely have an emotional or visceral response to what we are told or shown.
The problem with "Row After Row" is it remains polemic, and while Dickey's premise of asking how much freedom the Civil War afforded all people is tantalizingly provocative, her play doesn't go much beyond the expected or already said.
The issues Leah introduces don't rise past the discussion level. Points are made early and clearly, so it occasionally becomes tedious to hear them repeated. Some arguments take on a life of their own and give the characters a chance to spar and volley points of view, but tension on the People's Light stage doesn't often lead to intensity in Dickey's play. Especially when you know most of Dickey's conclusions will favor Leah.
Maybe that's the crux of the matter. Leah's point of view rings so soundly in today's context, it's difficult for Cal to gain the logical traction to create a real debate that might sway the audience one way then another before individuals makes up their mind about individual points. "Row After Row" becomes pat in terms of whose side we can reasonably be on. Talk of authenticity and tradition makes some mark, but it pales next to whether a woman should be able to participate in a community event or enjoy her beer in a room habit has reserved for men, let alone issues that deal with literal gender-neutral equality. Leah may be adventurous and independent, but she knows many other women aren't, and she speaks out about more than being permitted to play a soldier in a staged re-enactment.
Characters develop. We learn more about Tom, who as a Jewish man, has some sympathy for Leah's point of view, and Cal, whose gruff exterior and truculent way of speaking make it surprising when we find out he is a devotee of opera and theater, but these remain pleasant and interesting tidbits, incidentals about characters we like and about whom we don't mind hearing more. They amuse, but they do not translate or contribute to a meaningful play.
"Row After Row" engages, but it is most thematically effective when Leah makes pronouncements or Cal gives some kneejerk response to something Leah says. Dickey would like the contemporary Civil War, the 21st century conflict conducted along gender lines, to be enacted on the People's Light stage. She makes a strong attempt to transfer the philosophy Leah espouses to her interaction with Tom and Cal, but the scenes that don't involve declaiming or arguing, lack depth and have little theatrical effect, a sudden kiss or similar bold tactic from Leah notwithstanding.
In spite of Dickey's creativity in setting some scenes of on the Gettysburg battlefield of 1863 or of showing how a re-enactment is meant to be guided by facts, "Row After Row" does not rise beyond its words and its central concept about the Civil War not accomplishing all one may hope. Ancillary scenes are pleasant and entertaining to watch, but they don't relate to or reinforce Dickey's basic theme. They show history without commenting on it or inviting the audience to have a strong or mixed reaction.
In a play about conflict, and the repercussions of conflict, Dickey needs to look at Shaw and see how to make her barroom dust-up into an argument in which both sides hold some ground, including some equal ground. "Row After Row" needs to spark more debate in its audience's mind about who is right, even if on a matter on which an audience member may have wavering feelings, such as whether a public bar can have a room all the locals agree is set aside for men. The answer on the surface is 'no.' The bar is public. It space is open to anyone of any gender who wants to occupy it. But what about agreement and tradition? Is that always to be thrown out of the window because of equality and political correctness? There's where you find real conflict, in those gray areas where, possibly, the "right" thing to think and do needs to be bent out of time-honored habit.
If Leah always holds the high ground, and always wins on the logic of contemporary decency, where is the play? I, for one, kept waiting for Dickey to bring it to new levels. What she offers never bored me, but it never engaged me or made me think much about the issues raised. Nothing, except the idea of tying equality to a war that was fought to assure it, was new enough to make "Row After Row" (in which "row" can be produced "roe" as in columns of soldiers or "rowl," as in bickering) soar off the stage with any excitement or insight. At best, Leah reinforces various matters that are being bandied about in the current mid-term political elections.
Now comes the other dichotomy. For all that is doesn't thrill or provoke deep, questioning thought, "Row After Row" is enjoyable. Director David Bradley has taken a straightforward approach to the play, providing atmosphere and a strong sense of place in the Civil War scenes, and giving reality and sincerity to the scenes in the Gettysburg bar.
He also lets a romance brew, one Dickey develops cunningly, and watching that relationship bloom might be the thread that keeps one most constantly attuned to all that goes on in "Row After Row."
Bradley's excellent cast also commands one's attention. Teri Lamm, William Zielinski, and Kevin Bergen each define her or his character with the care Cal would demand from a Gettysburg enactor. Their sincerity and authenticity, whether playing their 21st century selves or Civil War counterparts, is consistent and makes you forget you are watching actors instead of individuals going about their lives.
Lamm is staunchly no-nonsense as Leah. With her New York attitude intact, she brooks no disagreement that flies in the face of what Leah views as the truth.
Lamm's combative approach drives Dickey's play. This is a woman who will not budge from an opinion or pronouncement, let alone a seat she is peacefully and inobtrusively occupying while relaxing with a beer or two in a local tavern.
She will also not run from a fight. Lamm's Leah challenges anything she thinks needs further reflection, especially from two men who live in a parochial town and who may not have been too frequently acquainted with some modern thought on certain subjects.
Lamm is bold and sudden. You never anticipate Leah planting a big smooch on Cal and telling the shocked men she did it because she thought it was the most effective way to "shut him up." This is not her only surprise, as Lamm brings whatever liveliness there is to Bradley's production.
William Zielinski has the ability to look slight in one part and massive in another. Maybe it's the great gray denim coat he wears to play to a Confederate general, but Zielinski's Cal seems like a big country bear that likes to hoist a few with friends on any occasion, who has the jokes and patter to get along with any group of men, and who reveres the traditions of Civil War enactment to the tune of spending $3,000 on a musket and $1,000 for his handsome coat.
Cal is Leah's foil. He isn't as backwards as he is a creature of habit. He would not have women participate in re-enactments because women were not accepted into the armies that fought the Civil War. He is not interested in the issues Leah raises. They represent political matters that are beyond his usual notice, and he doesn't want to hear about them when he's trying to celebrate another glorious, and well-attended, Gettysburg re-enactment.
Cal's traditional, disinterested ways also lead in a different direction. Cal, as played by Zielinski, may be quick to argue or dismiss Leah's points, but he is a gentleman of sorts and has an innate respect for women even if he is willing to use foul language and lose his temper at the taunting Leah.
Zielinski's performance of Cal is constantly on the mark, but his portrayal of a Civil War general, both in the throes of leading troops and during an incident of mercy is remarkable for its depth and texture. Zielinski makes you want to see more Civil War scenes just to watch him expand his characterization of General James Longstreet, one of the finer in Lee's chain of command during the Civil War.
Kevin Bergen makes us more curious about his character, Tom, as he makes use of Tom's quietness and scholarly bent to bring out more facets about the high school teacher who leads a more conventional life than Leah or Cal but who understands what it means to be a minority because he is Jewish in an area of Pennsylvania where few of his landsmen reside.
Bergen's Tom wants to be decent in contrast to Cal's reactionary crassness. He hints to Leah at one point he doesn't know why he remains friends with Cal and that he limits their encounters to these Civil War activities.
Tom also wants understanding. Though a teacher, and a great student of the Civil War, he does not want much more from life that to be with his wife and family, educate his students, and have a weekend now and then in which he gets to plays scenes from the conflict he knows so well.
Like Cal, Tom is a native of Gettysburg and inured to its traditions and love of Civil War lore. Unlike Cal, he is not giving to hunting or other pastimes that mid-Pennsylvanians tend to favor.
Bergen makes the most of Tom's demure nature. Though he has a scene or two in which Tom flares up, Bergen portrays his character as a simple man with simple standards. There are crises in his life, which he discusses with Leah, saying Cal would be too obtuse or insensitive to listen to them, but Bergen keeps Tom sympathetic and more interesting by the calmness and soft-spoken nature that makes him almost a part of the tavern's woodwork between moments when he adds his two cents to Leah and Cal's squabbles.
Bergen is moving as the rabbi's son who seeks sanctuary from a Gettysburg farm woman who agrees to hide him and let him avoid the fighting he abhors. Lamm is equally good as the woman who, skeptical at first, gives the deserter shelter. She also does a fine job as a girl who dresses as a boy so she can fight with the Union at Gettysburg.
"Row After Row" depends on costumes that meet Tom and Cal's criteria for Civil War authenticity while being plausible for a barroom celebration. Marla Jurglanis, as usual, is up to that task and provides uniforms that are realistic on the battlefield and comfortable enough when jacket and vests are unbuttoned for the tavern scenes.
Luke Hegel-Cantarella's set is equally creative and serviceable. The room he designs for the tavern has all of the right period fixtures and furniture while looking like a lot of bars you'd find along Route 30 (the Lincoln Highway) or in the Poconos. The stone wall of the bar serves nicely as a house in the Civil War scenes. Lily Fossner's lighting adds to the moods of sequences when Zielinski's Longstreet is surveying a battle or Bergen's deserter is pleading for help from Lamm's gun-toting farmer.
Whether sounds suggest a battle in the distance or the cheap music one might hear at a bar, Christopher Colucci wove them into "Row After Row" with his expected subtlety and dexterity.
"Row After Row" runs through Sunday, November 9, at People's Light & Theatre Company, 39 Conestoga Road (on Route 401 just south of Route 30), in Malvern, Pa. Showtimes are 7:30 p.m. Wednesday and Thursday, 8 p.m. Friday and Saturday, 2 p.m. Wednesday, Saturday, and Sunday, and 7 p.m. Sunday. Tickets range from $47 to $27 and can be obtained by calling 610-644-3500 or by visiting www.peopleslight.org.
This entry was posted on November 3, 2014 by nzoren in Theater Reviews and tagged Civil War, Comedy, David Bradley, Gettysburg, Jessica Dickey, Kevin Bergen, Malvern, Pa., People's Light & Theatre Company, Re-enactment, Row After Row, Teri Lamm, Theater, William Zielinski.
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Very sorry to hear this. I can identify with all of the things you have said in your post just from the two or three occasions that we met.


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Wishing I had a proper camera! Seeing #orcas was a dream come true.
Did you know you can reliably see killer whales in Australia? We spent the day with @naturalistecharters watching these fascinating creatures at #bremercanyon off the south west of Western Australia.
Our plane wouldn't land as the pilot feared the airstrip was too wet after recent rain so we had to get the chopper back. Woo hoo!!!
Ridiculous colours and patterns of the Kimberley by air.
Cooling off at #Kooljaman on the Kimberley coast. Gorgeous.
In peak season there's probably a 3 hour queue but we were fortunate enough to stumble across this beachside restaurant that exceeded all expectations.


The holiday life of a food blogger differs from those who read food blogs. We begin early to think up fun new recipes to ring in a given holiday; cooking, and photographing our creations at times months ahead (I don't start that early, but am creating about a month before a holiday to post for readers to have time to whip up some fun creations before the holiday hits). As you might imagine, when the holiday actually arrives, we are onto the next thing, often leaving me stumped for ideas to celebrate 'in real life' as it feels I've already eaten through that holiday!
In addition to re-experiencing some of the fun holiday recipes I've whipped up on Boulder Locavore, I am fortunate to be surrounded by inspiring colleagues who create beautiful food, in the creativity of their flavors and approach, as well as their sharing of their recipes in photography. I pulled together a little collection to share today, in the event you too are caught off guard by the arrival of Valentine's Day and could use some inspiration!
In addition, check out my Pinterest Valentine's Day board. It's full of cyber inspiration for fun food, treats and Valentines (including some great paper Fortune Cookie Valentines we are endeavoring this week at home!).
What will you be doing to celebrate your favorite Valentine(s)?
So many people are going gluten free so this looks like a very beneficial post for people who need other options! I like the heart hidden in the cake one!
What's funny is MANY foods are actually already naturally gluten-free the way they are made without modification, but most people just don't realize it!
Oh these all look delicious! Whether you are gluten free or not!
Oh my goodness! This is like everything I've ever wanted for Valentine's day wrapped up with a gorgeous bow. I'm trying out the hidden heart valentine's day pound cake today! Happy Valentine's day and thanks for making mine super delicious!
What beautiful creations! I will definitely be making the hidden heart pound cake for my husband and the chocolate marshmallow pops for my eight year old. I want to try all of them, because they look so delicious! The added bonus is that they are gluten-free.


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Queen Rania Launches "I Am Change" Exhibit at Children's Museum, Raises Conservation Awareness
(Office of Her Majesty- Press Department- Amman) Her Majesty Queen Rania al Abdullah officially launched today the new "I Am Change" exhibit at the Children's Museum- Jordan which aims to raise children's awareness on water and energy conservation.
Funded by the United States Agency for International Development under its Public Action for Water, Energy and Environment Project, this modern and dynamic exhibit will challenge children's conceptions related to water and energy and orient them to a "new mindset" about the role every citizen can play to conserve water and energy. It will also introduce children to new ways of preserving these vital sources; teach them about alternative energy sources and environmental protection.
Her Majesty toured the new exhibit and watched, along with visitors, a presentation explaining the challenges Jordan faces when it comes to water and energy shortage, showing procedures individuals can take to improve the situation.
During her tour, the Queen chatted with children who were enjoying the learning experience offered by the facility's various sections including the "Water in Your Day" section which demonstrates the surprising amount of water that normal daily activities consume, and the "Turn It Off" section that explains how some common household appliances can consume power, even when seemingly powered off.
His Excellency US Ambassador Stuart E. Jones, His Excellency Hazem Nasser, Minister of Water and Irrigation, His Excellency Malek Kabariti Minister of Energy & Mineral Resources and representatives of government institutions and partners, as well as the international donor community, attended the inauguration.
During the opening ceremony, H.E. Ambassador Jones stated that he shares with Her Majesty her continuous and unwavering leadership, commitment, and support to provide the next generation with the tools and skills necessary to face different complex challenges such as water and energy shortage.
The "I Am Change" exhibit is also linked to a bilingual multilevel micro-site that provides an energized space for those who want to make a difference and help invent solutions to face the challenges of Jordan's water and energy scarcities. This user-friendly, informative micro-site can be accessed by students, teachers and parents and will prepare users for their exhibit experience by providing tools and educational games that introduce concepts related to water and energy. The material included in the micro-site is linked to the national teachers' training curricula and will enable teachers and parents to build on children's experiences gained during their visit to the exhibit.
Mrs. Sawsan Dalaq; Director of the Children's Museum Jordan expressed her happiness in launching this exhibit saying: "We are proud to have been able to construct and put together an enormous exhibit that tackles a very important and global issue worldwide. We are grateful for the help and support of our donors and partners in this project for helping us provide an interactive and fun beneficial experience to all visitors and children."
About the Children's Museum- Jordan
The Children's Museum Jordan is a non-profit educational organization launched by HM Queen Rania Al Abdullah in 2007. The Museum offers over 110 indoor and outdoor permanent exhibits and educational facilities such as the library and art studio along with year-round educational programs and events for children. Since its opening, the Children's Museum has welcomed over 900,000 visitors.
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King Abdullah II
Queen Rania's official website
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Video: AEROSMITH Performs At STEVEN TYLER's Second Annual 'Grammy Awards Viewing Party'
Last night, iconic music legend and humanitarian Steven Tyler celebrated his second annual Grammy Awards Viewing Party to benefit Janie's Fund with over 500 friends and supporters, including Sharon Stone, Leonardo DiCaprio, Mark Wahlberg, Alice Cooper, and more at Raleigh Studios Hollywood. Hosted by Jane Lynch, the exclusive gala featured a live viewing of the ...
PETE SANDOVAL No Longer Has a Relationship With MORBID ANGEL: 'I Don't Even Speak To Them'
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VOIVOD, CANCER BATS And KOBRA AND THE LOTUS Among 2019 JUNO AWARDS Nominees
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Watch METALLICA, FOO FIGHTERS, MILEY CYRUS, ADAM LEVINE Pay Tribute To CHRIS CORNELL At 'I Am The Highway' Concert
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KILLSWITCH ENGAGE Frontman 'To Get Help' After Announcing Split With Wife: 'I Won't Be Another Statistic Of Suicide'
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JESSE LEACH On Recording Next KILLSWITCH ENGAGE Album: 'This Was The Single Hardest Process I've Ever Had To Deal With'
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PIG DESTROYER To Release New Song 'The Cavalry' As DECIBEL Magazine's 100th Flexi
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KILLSWITCH ENGAGE And PARKWAY DRIVE Announce U.S. Co-Headline Tour; BLABBERMOUTH.NET Presale Available
KILLSWITCH ENGAGE and PARKWAY DRIVE have announced a massive co-headline tour, dubbed "Collapse The World". The trek will take place in spring 2019, kicking off on April 18 in San Francisco and running through May 16 in Milwaukee. AFTER THE BURIAL will appear in the lineup as a support act. A special BLABBERMOUTH.NET presale will ...
IGGY POP To Executive-Produce 'Punk' Docuseries Feat. JOHNNY ROTTEN. MARKY RAMONE, DUFF MCKAGAN
Premium network EPIX has greenlit "Punk", a four-part docuseries from executive producer John Varvatos. Varvatos brings his passion and deep connection to the roots of the punk movement to the series, partnering with filmmaker Derik Murray's Network Entertainment to produce the quintessential story of punk. The series is currently in production, and will premiere on ...
JOHAN SÖDERBERG On The Best Part Of Being In AMON AMARTH: 'You Get To See The Whole World And Meet People Who Like What We Do'
DJ Jesse of the WSOU radio station recently conducted an interview with guitarist Johan Söderberg of Swedish death metallers AMON AMARTH. You can listen to the entire chat via the SoundCloud widget below. A few excerpts follow (transcribed by BLABBERMOUTH.NET). On putting together AMON AMARTH's new retrospective documentary and live DVD, "The Pursuit Of Vikings: ...
Members Of BAD BRAINS, MONSTER MAGNET And MURPHY'S LAW Pay Tribute To TODD YOUTH At New York City Memorial
A memorial for Todd "Youth" Schofield, the American guitarist best known for his work with WARZONE, MURPHY'S LAW and DANZIG, was held this past Thursday night (November 8) in New York City. The event took place at Niagara in Manhattan's Lower East Side, which, in its former life, was the infamous A7 club where the ...
KILLSWITCH ENGAGE Vocalist Has Never Liked The Term 'Metalcore': 'I'd Say We're More Of A Metal Band'
Simon Takla of PBS Metal Genesis recently conducted an interview with frontman Jesse Leach of Massachusetts metallers KILLSWITCH ENGAGE. You can listen to the entire chat via the Soundcloud widget below. A few excerpts follow (transcribed by BLABBERMOUTH.NET). On whether doing "Alive Or Just Breathing" 15th-anniversary shows last year validated his 2012 return to the ...
LIGHT THE TORCH Vocalist HOWARD JONES Talks Demise Of DEVIL YOU KNOW: 'It Was A Rough Ride'
Prior to LIGHT THE TORCH's October 19 performance in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, vocalist Howard Jones (ex-KILLSWITCH ENGAGE) spoke with Cameron Buchholtz of the city's 100.5 The KATT radio station. The full conversation can be streamed below. A few excerpts follow (as transcribed by BLABBERMOUTH.NET). On the delay between the release of the group's debut album, ...
Mercury Retrograde - TANTRIC
Flashback to the late nineties when DAYS OF THE NEW refugees Todd Whitener, Jesse Vest and Matt Taul found a distinctive voice in the form of Hugo Ferreira to join a little band originally called C-14, quickly rebranded as TANTRIC. Quickly, the band grabbed a coveted deal with Madonna's Maverick Records and was asked in ...
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BULLETBOYS Frontman MARQ TORIEN To Record 'Really Different,' 'Completely Out-Of-The-Box' Solo Album
Prior to BULLETBOYS' performance in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 12, vocalist/guitarist Marq Torien spoke with Sydney Taylor of MA Entertainment Global. The full conversation can be viewed below. A few excerpts follow (as transcribed by BLABBERMOUTH.NET). On the group's latest album, "From Out Of The Skies": Marq: "This record was kind of risky ...
JESSE LEACH On Collaboration With HOWARD JONES For KILLSWITCH ENGAGE's Next Album: 'It's A Real Heavy S**t-Kicker'
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Listen To New TERRORIZER Song 'Caustic Attack'
"Caustic Attack", a new song from American grindcore icons TERRORIZER, can be streamed below. The track is the title cut of band's long-anticipated new full-length, which will be released on October 12 via The End Records. Produced by Jason Suecof (DEICIDE, ALL THAT REMAINS, KATAKLYSM, BATTLECROSS) at Audiohammer Studios in Sanford, Florida and featuring the ...
CHTHONIC Releases Video For Acoustic Version Of 'Millennia's Faith Undone'
Taiwanese metallers CHTHONIC have released a music video for a delicate acoustic version of "Millennia's Faith Undone", taken from their latest album "Battlefields Of Asura". CHTHONIC usually leaves the audience a ferocious impression; however, the release of the acoustic album "Timeless Sentence" four years ago and the music video of "Defenders Of Bú-Tik Palace" (acoustic ...
Loved - KEN MODE
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KILLSWITCH ENGAGE Singer Is 'About Halfway Through' Recording Vocals For New Album
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TOM MORELLO Says It's 'Miraculous' RAGE AGAINST THE MACHINE Made Four Albums
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Jungle Rot - JUNGLE ROT
Call them thrash, call them death metal, call them deathcore, whatever. JUNGLE ROT has been on the scene since the early nineties, long enough to chew up 14 drummers and six bassists, prior to James Genenz, who's been in the group since 2004, firstly as a guitarist. Dave Matrise, who came to JUNGLE ROT after ...
CAST THE STONE Feat. Members of MISERY INDEX, CATTLE DECAPITATION: Listen To Entire 'Empyrean Atrophy' EP
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KILLSWITCH ENGAGE Announces Rescheduled USA Tour Dates; BLABBERMOUTH.NET Presale
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text:
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// Server static content and use EJS for templates
app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/public'));
app.set('view engine', 'ejs');

// Configure Socket.io
io.configure('production', function(){
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io.configure('development', function(){
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io.sockets.on('connection', function (socket) {
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app.get('/:id/mobile', function(req, res) {
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console.log('✔ ' + config.name + ' is now listening on port ' + config.port + '...');
server.listen(process.env.PORT || config.port);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Ogden Legion CC, host for seven extremely successful years to Calgary's wheelchair curlers, succumbed to financial pressures and closed its doors this summer, forcing the wheelchair curling program to relocate to the Garrison Curling Club.
Regular weekly Sunday evening sessions resume at 4.45pm, commencing October 16th.
The ice is in at the Jasper Place CC, site of last year's Nationals and also host of this season's Provincial Championship January 20-22, 2012. A tweet from Cathy, the club manager (@1CathyC) suggested a wheelchair curling clinic is planned for the October 1st weekend. Contact her for more information.