text:
Justia Regulation Tracker Department Of Commerce National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act; General Provisions for Domestic Fisheries; Application for Exempted Fishing Permit, 40751-40752 [2017-18146]
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act; General Provisions for Domestic Fisheries; Application for Exempted Fishing Permit, 40751-40752 [2017-18146]
Download as PDF Federal Register / Vol. 82, No. 165 / Monday, August 28, 2017 / Notices DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration RIN 0648–XF328 Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act; General Provisions for Domestic Fisheries; Application for Exempted Fishing Permit National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce. ACTION: Notice; request for comments. AGENCY: The Regional Administrator, NMFS West Coast Region, has determined that twenty-seven exempted fishing permit (EFP) applications warrant further consideration; therefore, NMFS is requesting public comment on the applications. All EFP applicants request an exemption from various prohibitions under the Fishery Management Plan for U.S. West Coast Fisheries for Highly Migratory Species (HMS FMP) to test the effects and efficacy of using deep-set buoy gear (DSBG) and linked buoy gear (LBG) to harvest swordfish and other highly migratory species (HMS) off of the U.S. West Coast. This notice also announces and requests public comment on NMFS' intent to extend a DSBG EFP. DATES: Comments must be submitted in writing by September 27, 2017. ADDRESSES: You may submit comments on this document, identified by NOAA– NMFS–2017–0025, by any of the following methods: • Electronic Submission: Submit all electronic public comments via the Federal e-Rulemaking Portal. Go to www.regulations.gov/ #!docketDetail;D=NOAA-NMFS-20170025, click the ''Comment Now!'' icon, complete the required fields, and enter or attach your comments. EFP applications will be available under SUMMARY: Relevant Documents through the same link. • Mail: Attn: Chris Fanning, NMFS West Coast Region, 501 W. Ocean Blvd., Suite 4200, Long Beach, CA 90802. Include the identifier ''NOAA–NMFS– 2017–0025'' in the comments. Instructions: Comments sent by any other method, to any other address or individual, or received after the end of the comment period, may not be considered by NMFS. All comments received are a part of the public record and will generally be posted for public viewing on www.regulations.gov without change. All personal identifying information (e.g., name, address, etc.), confidential business information, or otherwise sensitive information submitted voluntarily by the sender will be publicly accessible. NMFS will accept anonymous comments (enter ''N/ A'' in the required fields if you wish to remain anonymous). FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Chris Fanning, NMFS, West Coast Region, 562–980–4198. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: In 2015, the Pacific Fishery Management Council (Council) recommended that NMFS consider issuing three DSBG EFPs to target swordfish and other HMS off of the U.S. West Coast. After requesting public comment and completing required analyses, NMFS approved DSBG EFPs for the Pfleger Institute of Environmental Research (PIER), Timothy Perguson, and Stephen Mintz for the 2015–2016 fishing seasons. Fishing activities under EFPs have yielded two years of additional data to supplement an existing five years of data from DSBG research and trials. In December 2016 and January 2017, NMFS reissued the PIER and Perguson EFPs for a duration of two years. NMFS continues to support testing alternative gears as a means to increase domestic fishing opportunity while minimizing non-target bycatch and interactions with protected species. 40751 At its recent meetings, the Council received additional applications for EFPs and recommended that NMFS consider issuing or reissuing EFPs to a suite of interested applicants. During its November 2016 meeting, the Council recommended that NMFS reissue Stephen Mintz' EFP for the 2017–2018 fishing seasons. At its March and June 2017 meetings, the Council recommended that NMFS consider issuing a total of twenty EFPs to authorize use of DSBG and/or LBG (see Table 1). LBG is defined as connectable segments of linked buoys floating at the ocean surface, connected to vertical lines with heavy weights allowing a horizontal line with three hooks to sink to the same depth as the terminal hook of DSBG. Additionally, seven other DSBG EFP applications were submitted for Council review, and require additional information for future consideration (see Table 2). NMFS is requesting public comment on the twenty applications recommended for issuance by the Council as well as the seven applications that were not formally recommended by the Council at this time. If all applications were approved, the EFPs would allow up to thirty-two vessels to fish with DSBG and six vessels to fish with LBG, throughout the duration of each EFP, in the U.S. West Coast Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) with permitted exemption from the requirements of the HMS FMP pertaining to non-authorized gear types. Aside from the exemption described above, vessels fishing under an EFP would be subject to all other regulations implementing the HMS FMP, including measures to protect sea turtles, marine mammals, and seabirds. For up-to-date information on HMS EFPs, please visit NMFS West Coast Region's ''Status of Exempted Fishing Permits'' Web page (http:// www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/ fisheries/migratory_species/status_ exempted_permits.html). TABLE 1—EFP APPLICATIONS RECOMMENDED FOR ISSUANCE BY THE PFMC PFMC recommended EFPs asabaliauskas on DSKBBXCHB2PROD with NOTICES Name Date of council recommendation Number of vessels Deep-Set Buoy Gear Applicants Mintz, Stephen ............................................................................................................. Hepp, Fred ................................................................................................................... Jacobs, Kent ................................................................................................................. Kastlunger, Jordyn ....................................................................................................... Harris, Phil .................................................................................................................... Corbin, Denny .............................................................................................................. Diller, William ................................................................................................................ Cullen, Roger ............................................................................................................... VerDate Sep<11>2014 18:45 Aug 25, 2017 Jkt 241001 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 November 2016 ........................................ March 2017 ............................................... March 2017 ............................................... March 2017 ............................................... March 2017 ............................................... March 2017 ............................................... March 2017 ............................................... June 2017 ................................................. E:\FR\FM\28AUN1.SGM 28AUN1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 40752 Federal Register / Vol. 82, No. 165 / Monday, August 28, 2017 / Notices TABLE 1—EFP APPLICATIONS RECOMMENDED FOR ISSUANCE BY THE PFMC—Continued PFMC recommended EFPs Name Date of council recommendation Haworth, David & Arthur Lorton ................................................................................... Ball, Bob ....................................................................................................................... Ford, John .................................................................................................................... Graves, Michael ........................................................................................................... Kennedy, Raymond ...................................................................................................... Massen, Lance ............................................................................................................. Selck, Dustin ................................................................................................................ Shvets, Anatolii ............................................................................................................. Sidielnikov, Andrii ......................................................................................................... Spinale, Paul ................................................................................................................ Stephens, J & B ........................................................................................................... June June June June June June June June June June June 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 Number of vessels ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 March 2017 ............................................... June 2017 ................................................. 3 3 Linked Buoy Gear Applicants Pfleger Institute of Environmental Research ............................................................... Haworth, David & Arthur Lorton ................................................................................... TABLE 2—EFP APPLICATIONS THAT THE PFMC HAS YET TO RECOMMEND FOR ISSUANCE Submitted EFPs Name Date of submission Number of vessels Deep-Set Buoy Gear Applicants asabaliauskas on DSKBBXCHB2PROD with NOTICES Lutoshkin, A .................................................................................................................. Maassen, L ................................................................................................................... Masuda, S .................................................................................................................... McCarthy, M ................................................................................................................. Rynkevic, R .................................................................................................................. Sokolova, T .................................................................................................................. Sviridov, V .................................................................................................................... In March 2017, the Council also recommended that in addition to current terms and conditions on issued EFPs, NMFS also impose the following stipulations: 1. Require 100 percent observer coverage for the first ten sets of new EFP participants (a set is defined as 10 pieces of buoy gear soaked for at least eight hours). Once attained, observer coverage may be reduced to 30 percent of fishing days; 2. Prohibit vessels from being more than three nautical miles from any piece of gear; 3. Require proper maintenance of configured gear in accordance with their EFP; and 4. Require each piece of DSBG and the terminal ends of LBG to be marked with a radar reflector and flag, and require buoys to be marked with the fishing vessel's official number. NMFS considers the Council's recommendations for additional conditions to apply to all issued and proposed DSBG and LBG EFPs. NMFS is also requesting public comment on the Council's recommendations for VerDate Sep<11>2014 18:45 Aug 25, 2017 Jkt 241001 June June June June June June June 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 additional terms and conditions for the requested EFPs. NMFS will consider all public comments submitted in response to this Federal Register Notice prior to issuance of any EFP mentioned within this Notice. Additionally, NMFS will analyze the effects of issuing EFPs in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act and NOAA's Administrative Order 216–6, as well as ensure compliance with other applicable laws, including Section 7(a)(2) of the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), which requires the agency to insure that the proposed action is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered or threatened species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat. Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1801 et seq. Dated: August 23, 2017. Margo B. Schulze-Haugen, Acting Director, Office of Sustainable Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service. [FR Doc. 2017–18146 Filed 8–25–17; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 3510–22–P PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Estuarine Research Reserve System Office for Coastal Management, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. AGENCY: Notice of Public Comment Period for the Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan revision. ACTION: Notice is hereby given that the Office for Coastal Management, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce is announcing a thirty-day public comment period for the Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan revision. Pursuant to 15 CFR Section 921.33(c), the revised plan will bring the reserve into compliance. The Jobos Bay E:\FR\FM\28AUN1.SGM 28AUN1
RIN 0648-XF328
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act; General
Provisions for Domestic Fisheries; Application for Exempted Fishing
AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce.
ACTION: Notice; request for comments.
SUMMARY: The Regional Administrator, NMFS West Coast Region, has
determined that twenty-seven exempted fishing permit (EFP) applications
warrant further consideration; therefore, NMFS is requesting public
comment on the applications. All EFP applicants request an exemption
from various prohibitions under the Fishery Management Plan for U.S.
West Coast Fisheries for Highly Migratory Species (HMS FMP) to test the
effects and efficacy of using deep-set buoy gear (DSBG) and linked buoy
gear (LBG) to harvest swordfish and other highly migratory species
(HMS) off of the U.S. West Coast. This notice also announces and
requests public comment on NMFS' intent to extend a DSBG EFP.
DATES: Comments must be submitted in writing by September 27, 2017.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments on this document, identified by
NOAA-NMFS-2017-0025, by any of the following methods:
Electronic Submission: Submit all electronic public
comments via the Federal e-Rulemaking Portal. Go to
www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=NOAA-NMFS-2017-0025, click the
``Comment Now!'' icon, complete the required fields, and enter or
attach your comments. EFP applications will be available under Relevant
Documents through the same link.
Mail: Attn: Chris Fanning, NMFS West Coast Region, 501 W.
Ocean Blvd., Suite 4200, Long Beach, CA 90802. Include the identifier
``NOAA-NMFS-2017-0025'' in the comments.
Instructions: Comments sent by any other method, to any other
address or individual, or received after the end of the comment period,
may not be considered by NMFS. All comments received are a part of the
public record and will generally be posted for public viewing on
www.regulations.gov without change. All personal identifying
information (e.g., name, address, etc.), confidential business
information, or otherwise sensitive information submitted voluntarily
by the sender will be publicly accessible. NMFS will accept anonymous
comments (enter ``N/A'' in the required fields if you wish to remain
anonymous).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Chris Fanning, NMFS, West Coast
Region, 562-980-4198.
In 2015, the Pacific Fishery Management Council (Council)
recommended that NMFS consider issuing three DSBG EFPs to target
swordfish and other HMS off of the U.S. West Coast. After requesting
public comment and completing required analyses, NMFS approved DSBG
EFPs for the Pfleger Institute of Environmental Research (PIER),
Timothy Perguson, and Stephen Mintz for the 2015-2016 fishing seasons.
Fishing activities under EFPs have yielded two years of additional data
to supplement an existing five years of data from DSBG research and
trials. In December 2016 and January 2017, NMFS reissued the PIER and
Perguson EFPs for a duration of two years. NMFS continues to support
testing alternative gears as a means to increase domestic fishing
opportunity while minimizing non-target bycatch and interactions with
protected species.
At its recent meetings, the Council received additional
applications for EFPs and recommended that NMFS consider issuing or
reissuing EFPs to a suite of interested applicants. During its November
2016 meeting, the Council recommended that NMFS reissue Stephen Mintz'
EFP for the 2017-2018 fishing seasons. At its March and June 2017
meetings, the Council recommended that NMFS consider issuing a total of
twenty EFPs to authorize use of DSBG and/or LBG (see Table 1). LBG is
defined as connectable segments of linked buoys floating at the ocean
surface, connected to vertical lines with heavy weights allowing a
horizontal line with three hooks to sink to the same depth as the
terminal hook of DSBG. Additionally, seven other DSBG EFP applications
were submitted for Council review, and require additional information
for future consideration (see Table 2).
NMFS is requesting public comment on the twenty applications
recommended for issuance by the Council as well as the seven
applications that were not formally recommended by the Council at this
time. If all applications were approved, the EFPs would allow up to
thirty-two vessels to fish with DSBG and six vessels to fish with LBG,
throughout the duration of each EFP, in the U.S. West Coast Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ) with permitted exemption from the requirements of
the HMS FMP pertaining to non-authorized gear types. Aside from the
exemption described above, vessels fishing under an EFP would be
subject to all other regulations implementing the HMS FMP, including
measures to protect sea turtles, marine mammals, and seabirds. For up-
to-date information on HMS EFPs, please visit NMFS West Coast Region's
``Status of Exempted Fishing Permits'' Web page (http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/fisheries/migratory_species/status_exempted_permits.html).
Table 1--EFP Applications Recommended for Issuance by the PFMC
PFMC recommended EFPs
Date of council       Number of
Name                    recommendation         vessels
Deep-Set Buoy Gear Applicants
Mintz, Stephen....................  November 2016.......               1
Hepp, Fred........................  March 2017..........               2
Jacobs, Kent......................  March 2017..........               1
Kastlunger, Jordyn................  March 2017..........               1
Harris, Phil......................  March 2017..........               1
Corbin, Denny.....................  March 2017..........               1
Diller, William...................  March 2017..........               1
Cullen, Roger.....................  June 2017...........               1
Haworth, David & Arthur Lorton....  June 2017...........               3
Ball, Bob.........................  June 2017...........               1
Ford, John........................  June 2017...........               1
Graves, Michael...................  June 2017...........               1
Kennedy, Raymond..................  June 2017...........               1
Massen, Lance.....................  June 2017...........               1
Selck, Dustin.....................  June 2017...........               1
Shvets, Anatolii..................  June 2017...........               2
Sidielnikov, Andrii...............  June 2017...........               1
Spinale, Paul.....................  June 2017...........               1
Stephens, J & B...................  June 2017...........               2
Linked Buoy Gear Applicants
Pfleger Institute of Environmental  March 2017..........               3
Table 2--EFP Applications That the PFMC Has Yet To Recommend for
Submitted EFPs
Name                  Date of submission       vessels
Lutoshkin, A......................  June 2017...........               1
Maassen, L........................  June 2017...........               1
Masuda, S.........................  June 2017...........               1
McCarthy, M.......................  June 2017...........               2
Rynkevic, R.......................  June 2017...........               1
Sokolova, T.......................  June 2017...........               1
Sviridov, V.......................  June 2017...........               1
In March 2017, the Council also recommended that in addition to
current terms and conditions on issued EFPs, NMFS also impose the
following stipulations:
1. Require 100 percent observer coverage for the first ten sets of
new EFP participants (a set is defined as 10 pieces of buoy gear soaked
for at least eight hours). Once attained, observer coverage may be
reduced to 30 percent of fishing days;
2. Prohibit vessels from being more than three nautical miles from
any piece of gear;
3. Require proper maintenance of configured gear in accordance with
their EFP; and
4. Require each piece of DSBG and the terminal ends of LBG to be
marked with a radar reflector and flag, and require buoys to be marked
with the fishing vessel's official number.
NMFS considers the Council's recommendations for additional
conditions to apply to all issued and proposed DSBG and LBG EFPs. NMFS
is also requesting public comment on the Council's recommendations for
additional terms and conditions for the requested EFPs.
NMFS will consider all public comments submitted in response to
this Federal Register Notice prior to issuance of any EFP mentioned
within this Notice. Additionally, NMFS will analyze the effects of
issuing EFPs in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act
and NOAA's Administrative Order 216-6, as well as ensure compliance
with other applicable laws, including Section 7(a)(2) of the Endangered
Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), which requires the agency to
insure that the proposed action is not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of any endangered or threatened species or result
in the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical
habitat.
Authority:  16 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.
Margo B. Schulze-Haugen,
Acting Director, Office of Sustainable Fisheries, National Marine
Fisheries Service.


Many people are audited by the IRS for suspected tax fraud each year. Auditors are well trained and know exactly what to look for. There is a big difference between willful acts of fraud and honest mistakes. Tax law is complicated and auditors expect to find an error or two in almost every tax return, most of the time they will give you the benefit of the doubt, but if you have been accused of tax fraud this can be a very stressful experience.
Tax refund fraud: this occurs when someone fills out a tax return with inaccurate information and requests a refund from the IRS.
Child tax credit fraud: this occurs when married couples both file as head of household and split qualifying children between them to claim more earned income tax credit.
Tax preparer fraud: usually this takes the form of claims for improper deductions, inaccurate business losses, and excessive expenses.
Corporate tax fraud: this type of fraud takes many different forms including failure to report income earned in exchange for stock, inflation of losses and overstated deductions.
Employer tax fraud: this includes falsifying payroll tax returns and paying employees with cash.
Here are some tips to help you in this circumstance.
Retain legal help: Although many people are found guilty of tax fraud each year, others are wrongfully subjected to invasive IRS investigations, which sometimes may lead to wrongful allegations of fraud. If you've been charged with tax fraud, you should retain a tax fraud attorney as soon as possible. Always hire a specialist tax fraud attorney. In this case, not just any attorney will suffice. You need one that is expert in this type of law.
Do not talk to Federal agents: If Federal agents show up at your place of business, you are not required to talk to them. The responsibility is upon the IRS to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that you knew that your tax return understated your tax. All communication with Federal agents should be done through your counsel.
Don't ignore the problem: Talk to your attorney, don't just ignore the problem it will not go away.
Stay calm: Because tax laws are complicated, the IRS has a heavy burden in trying to prove you have purposefully understated your tax.
Don't destroy or alter records: under no circumstances should you attempt to alter or destroy any of your financial records. This will only worsen your situation. This applies to both paper and electronic documents.
Always tell the truth: do not lie to your attorney or to investigators. Lying, avoiding answering questions and giving evasive answers will immediately indicate to investigators that you are trying to hide fraudulent activity. Do not speak to investigators without the presence of your attorney.
Think about making a voluntary disclosure: If it is clear that your tax was underreported, you should consider making a voluntary disclosure as soon as possible. The IRS will only consider a voluntary disclosure prior to them opening an official investigation into your tax returns.
Tax negligence is the lesser of the two offenses. It refers to acts of carelessness and accidental errors made on your tax return. If you are faced with allegations of negligence, you may face a fine of 20 percent of the amount you underpaid. This is much more desirable than the penalty for tax fraud which can amount to hefty fines and time in prison.
Your Federal income tax is due on April 15. You can get an automatic extension to delay the due date until October 15th. This does not extend the due date for paying your taxes. If you fail to file you will not get arrested but your situation will worsen over time. It is better to file and not pay than not to file at all as the penalties are less. When you fail to file, the IRS may file a substitute return for you. When the IRS calculates your income it will not give you credit for any deductions or exemptions you may be entitled to.
You should never take an accusation of tax fraud lightly. If the IRS has contacted you, or you have been charged with a tax fraud crime, you should speak to a tax fraud attorney straight away.
Alfie Mitchell works as an accountant for small/medium sized business owners and takes to the web to share his top tax tips each year.
Internet Security: How Vulnerable Are You?


text:
Full-Size Vans Only Vehicles With Rising Residual Values
November 26, 2014 • Paul Clinton • Bookmark +
Photo of 2011 E-150 cargo van courtesy of Ford.
During a year that has brought several new Euro-style vans to commercial fleets, older-style boxier full-size vans have shown stellar results at auctions. The vehicles should finish the year as the only category that will increase in residual value, while the broader market should depreciate more than 12 percent.
Full-size vans are expected to increase 1.7 percent in value in 2014, while the broader used vehicle market is expected to fall 12.4 percent, according to Ricky Beggs, senior vice president and editorial director at Black Book.
The current strength on used full-size van values corresponds to an economic recovery in the service sector for plumbers, electricians, carpet layers, and other service fleets. These fleets also buy passenger van models and convert them to cargo vans by removing seating. Additionally, the new European-style vans such as the Ram ProMaster and Ford Transit have brought more interest and attention to the category, even though the first used European-style vans won't appear at auctions for at least 12-16 months after being placed into service, according to Beggs.
"There's more demand for that older box van," Beggs said. "It's a good choice for the buyer who's looking for a more reasonable price of entry for that tool."
Almost 233,000 full-size vans have been sold at auction through October in both cargo and passenger models. At the same time a year ago, just over 206,000 had been sold.
Vans make up a higher percentage of used-vehicle sales in the fleet industry. For the seven leading fleet management companies who provide vehicle sales data to Black Book, vans made up 6.6 percent of their sales for 2014. Those fleet management companies recorded a sales mix of 59 percent cargo vans and 41 percent passenger vans, Beggs said.
As the European-style vans begin to arrive into the used-vehicle market in the coming years, they should deliver excellent value to fleets offering them for resale, Beggs said. Black Book forecasted the 2014 models, including the Ram ProMaster, to return 33.5 percent of their value after five years of service. Cargo versions should return 34.1 percent, while passenger models should return 32.5 percent.
By Paul Clinton
Depreciation Returns to the Used-Vehicle Market
Read more about Full-Size Vans Depreciation Black Book

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Pasar orden de una lista a otra Buenas, tenemos una lista que está ordenada por un fitness ya calculado llamada 'puntuados'. Estamos intentando que 'poblacionNueva' conserve el orden de 'puntuados' pero que no aparezcan los valores fitness de cada elemento.
def selection_and_reproduction(poblacionNueva):

listaVistos = []
puntuados = [ [calcularFitness(i), i] for i in poblacionNueva]
def takeSecond(puntuados):
    return puntuados[0]
puntuados = sorted(puntuados, key=takeSecond)
print("NUEVA ITERACION:\n")
print("Puntuados:\n%s"%(puntuados))

selected =  puntuados[(len(puntuados)-indAReproducir):]

for i in range(len(poblacionNueva)-indAReproducir):
    punto = random.randint(1,largo-1)
    padre = random.sample(selected, 2)

    while punto in listaVistos:
        punto = random.randint(1,largo-1)
    print("Punto:%s"%(punto))
    listaVistos.append(punto)

    print("Punto:%s"%(punto))
    print("Padre:%s"%(padre))
    poblacionNueva[i][:punto] = (padre[0])[1][:punto] #Se mezcla el material genetico de los padres en cada nuevo individuo
    print("Primera parte:%s"%(poblacionNueva[i][:punto]))

    poblacionNueva[i][punto:] = (padre[1])[1][punto:]
    print("Segunda parte:%s"%(poblacionNueva[i][punto:]))

    i = poblacionNueva[i][:punto] + poblacionNueva[i][punto:]

    print("Individuo Generado CON FITNESS:%s"%[calcularFitness(i),i])

    print("Poblacion Nueva FINAL:\n%s"%(poblacionNueva))

return poblacionNueva

EDIT 1: Generamos una poblacion inicial random. puntuadoses una lista de listas donde cada lista esta formado por el valor fitness y un número de 5 cifras y además esta ordenada por el valor fitness. Se generan 4 individuos a partir de los padres (numeros con mayor valor fitness, en este caso 2). PoblacionNuevadeberia ser una lista de listas donde las primeras 4 fuesen los 4 individuos generados y las dos ultimas los padres de la poblacion anterior.
Como se observa, ya en la primer individuo generado, el orden de puntuadosse pierde en la primera Poblacion Nueva Final.

A: El orden de la lista no es "automático". Al alterar un individuo de la población, se alterará el orden que se tenía por FITNESS, siendo necesario volver a ordenar la lista. Lo adecuado sería volver a ordenar la lista al finalizar las mutaciones antes de retornar. Si no necesitas el fitness para nada, lo mejor es usar directamente la función calculaFitness para ordenar la población.
poblacion_nueva = sorted(poblacion, key=calculaFitness)

Desconozco algunas variables y funciones que usas. Las he dejado como "globales" con lo que tu código podría quedar algo así:
def selection_and_reproduction(poblacion):

    global largo
    global indAReproducir
    global calcularFitness

    num_mutantes = len(poblacion) - indAReproducir
    poblacion_nueva = sorted(poblacion, key=calcularFitness)

    # usamos como padres los que tienen más fitness
    padres =  poblacion_nueva[num_mutantes:]

    listaVistos = []

    for i in range(num_mutantes ):

        (padre, madre) = random.sample(padres, 2)

        # obtener un punto aleatorio que no se haya mirado ya
        punto = random.randint(1, largo-1)
        while punto in listaVistos:
            punto = random.randint(1, largo-1)
        listaVistos.append(punto)

        print("Punto:", punto)
        print("Padres:", padre, madre)

        #Se mezcla el material genetico de los padres en cada nuevo individuo
        poblacion_nueva[i] = padre[0][1][:punto] + madre[1][1][punto:]

        individuo = poblacion_nueva[i]
        fitness = calcularFitness(individuo)
        print(f"Individuo Generado con FITNESS {fitness}: {individuo}")

    poblacion_nueva.sort(key=calcularFitness)
    print("Poblacion Nueva FINAL:\n%s"%(poblacion_nueva))

    return poblacion_nueva

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This article is based on a presentation to the Securex 2001 conference, organised by CMP, 630 Chiswick High Road, London W4 5BG. Tel 020 8987 7877.
Published by the Builder Group in Security Installer magazine (December 2001).
WHAT IS DIGITAL RECORDING? It is the video equivalent of going from vinyl records to CD audio. But why use digital recording anyway? For three reasons: labour, labour and labour. It is all about handling and storage and how much time is involved – if it takes 45 seconds to change a tape, that could add up to a couple of hundred hours per year in some CCTV schemes.
What medium does digital recording use for storage? There are a variety of media: hard disk, removable hard disk, RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disks), DVHS, DV (digital video), DAT (digital audio tape), Exabyte, AIT (advanced intelligent tape), CD-ROM or WORM (write once read many), DVD (digital versatile disk) or PD (photo-optic disk).
How much can they store?
* EXABYTE up to 14GB, stackable to 12TB.
* DVD up to 4.7GB.
They are not compatible, except you can play CDs on a DVD machine, but not the other way round.
Dilemma: When evidence is seized by the police, how much other material do they take? Do they have a right to that other material – does it take a court order? Will the police replace the media they took? Not very likely.
How long will a recording last?
It depends on the data compression used. A quick calculation for the equivalent of an E180 tape: 50 fields per second for three hours equals 540,000 images. Compress to, say, 20kB per image would mean the disk needed is 10.8GB.
Common compression types include JPEG, JPEG 2000 (a superseding version, not compatible with JPEG), MPEG 1 and MPEG 2, wavelet and H261 and H263. Too much compression can ruin the image, but some compression types give fixed quality. Smaller pictures mean smaller files – but a smaller picture also means less detail. CIF (Common Intermediate Format) is only 352 pixels by 288 high.
Can I play my recording in court?
It is unlikely – though possible, if you take your own equipment – because there is no compatibility … yet. But there is hope for the future in the form of a group called the Digital Forum.
It is a myth that predictive compression (MPEG) is not accepted in court. All compression techniques are permissible – unless the judge rules them out.
* What does the customer/installer need?
* The ability to export to something like CD.
How does the customer know which to buy?
* What do you need from the recordings?
* How long will you keep them? The recommendation is 31 days.
and VCR? – Don't throw them out.
* How will you make evidential copies?
A final warning: the technology may be out of date in six to nine months – but think of the benefits!
and is now reproduced with their kind permission.
An interesting title perhaps, but it is often what we expect of our poor coaxial cable.
In modern town centres we have now far exceeded the maximum cable run for realistic cables and as a result we have graduated to the "black art" of optical fibres for our transmission in town for links of 200m to over 15km. The telecommunications providers charge what appear to be high rates, but justify it by saying, "we are losing telephony revenue by giving fibres to CCTV". This causes some Authorities to explore alternative means of transmission of the signals to the control room.
Microwave, radio, GSM, PSTN, ISDN, LASER, Ethernet, ATM Internet and HDSL are all media that can be used for the transmission of CCTV pictures. Not all of these will give us full frame rate of video (50 fields per second) and therefore need to be chosen for the appropriate application. There are also pro's and con's to each, which I will try to briefly cover.
Probably the most commonly used alternative medium is microwave. The equipment is well proven and generally reliable. In some circumstances, such as Watford, town centre TV systems are all transmitted on microwave to the control room. In this case on important factor is frequency management. With many signals coming into the same receiving point there is the potential for cross talk between signals. It is therefore important for the individual links to be chosen for the frequency and the directions of transmission to minimise the possibility of interference. This is best achieved by the Tenderers for any particular system, involving the microwave manufacturer at the survey stage and getting a transmission plan drawn up. This must include the possible future expansion of the cameras "we cant afford this year but will add next year (or whenever)." If the potential expansion is not included in the original plan, then it is likely that when the expansion is carried out that it may not be possible to integrate the new links without complications of interference with existing signals.
A problem often overlooked when microwave is used over tidal water is reflected signal paths. Water reflects microwave, therefore a link will often have both a direct signal and a reflected signal. In a static situation this is not a problem, but where the tide rises and falls the reflected path changes and causes interference with the received signal.
Another medium becoming popular is radio, because of the proliferation of mobile systems. This is at the high UHF or low microwave bands of 1394MHz or 2.4 and 2.8GHz, of which a number of manufacturers are Radio Communications Agency (RCA) licence exempt, within certain criteria of range or power limiting. Many of the issues highlighted above for microwave also apply to radio transmissions. This can include items such as reflected signal path, which will not be tidal but vehicle movement, and also line of sight transmission, but we have the added complication that the link may only operate over 20 metres in a town centre because the antenna is at low level. "High gain antenna available", but if it is installed on the transmitter, does this now exceed the Effective Radiated Power (ERP) and contravene the exemption of the licence?
The fanfare that accompanied the start of use of GSM as a transmission medium has come to little at this stage. The maximum data rates at the moment over GSM are limited to 19.2k bits per second, ie slower than a dial up telephone link on PSTN. Hold your breath until the next generation of GSM, which will, supposedly, have data transmission rates of up to 2Mbits per second. This will give picture update rates of 100 times that of the current links (15 times as fast as ISDN 2e). When this does happen, watch what happens to the possibly more costly fibre link prices, we may have systems that dial up each camera to access the pictures rather than having 32 continuous images all the time in the control room. There are rumours of further developments in telecommunications that will possibly supercede GSM and give even better results.
Or in American speak POTS (Plain Old Telephone System). The telephone system we all know and love, that with the right equipment and a couple of modems, we can send signals to the other end of the country, or even the world, for the cost of a phone call. The disadvantage is that the data pipe this gives us is not very big, just 38.4kbps effectively (56kbps modems only work at 56kbps in one direction). This means that with the data compression we can expect picture updates every seven to 20 seconds depending upon the resolution. In simple terms this means the higher the resolution, the slower the update rate.
The newer digital telephone system that enables much faster data transmission rates of 128kbps dial-up (192kbps leased line), that is 3 times the speed. Thus the update rate is faster......not always... because when signals are sent as PSTN we sometimes only send the changes, but with many of the ISDN systems the whole picture is sent every time, which means more data and more data takes longer. The ISDN system is not in place all over the world, but it is "e" European harmonised, so it can be used through Europe (where installed) without compatibility problems. The USA is starting to install ISDN, but most of their digital telephony is on Switch 56, which is not compatible with ISDN.
Not the Star Wars weapon, but a low power, often Infra-Red, light source onto which the video signal is modulated. No licence is required and , according to the spec sheets, will work up to 1km. Sounds good doesn't it. However beware there are some considerations to bear in mind. We have a beam diameter of about 2 milli-radians (or 0.1 degrees) which, in practical terms, is a beam diameter of 2m at a range of 1km. Because we are using light, any physical obstruction may cause the beam to be broken and the signal to be lost, so birds, fog, heavy rain and vehicles can all cause our signal to disappear. The bracketry that is used to mount the equipment is critical as well. Using aluminium brackets is not recommended, the preference is steel. This is due to the relative coefficients of expansion, aluminium expands faster than steel and therefore the direct sunlight falling on one side of the bracket causes the expansion of one side of the bracket, with respect to the other. This results in the bracket twisting and the beam is twisted off target and the signal is lost. Whilst steel brackets will have a similar effect, the effect is much smaller and therefore more likely to stay on target.
Digital data networks are becoming the norm in many companies for routine data transfer and computer file sharing. If we convert the video signal to a digital data stream, it is possible to use the data network to convey the signal around a building. The problem with this form of transmission is the amount of data required to be transmitted. The majority of existing data networks are such as the 10baseT or 100baseT (10Mbps or 100Mbps). They are used for the transmission of day to day data used in a company and thus there is often some resistance to putting "bl.....y security pictures on my network" from IT managers. The IT manager has to make sure that the software for viewing and control is only put on the relevant PCs in the company, which again can differ from the priorities of the security manager.
Having identified the right people to have access to the images and the sorted out the politics, there is then the practical problem of how many cameras you can have on your network . Images at or near full frame rate will require data streams of around 1.5Mbps for compressed data using ITU H.261 video conferencing techniques and with CIF (small) image sizes. Therefore you could have up to 6 cameras on a 10baseT system before there would be too much data flying around. Alternatively other manufacturers will give you full screen video at 15fields per sec at a data rate of 6Mbps using Wavelet compression, which is only 1 camera on the 10baseT network. But don't forget this is just the CCTV on the network. "What about my precious data" The Network just clogged and nobody could work.
Beware when you look at these systems. Remember that you have to keep both systems working therefore check the networks from all aspects.
Not the hole in the wall where we get our the banks money, but Asynchronous Transfer Mode. A data network that really "cooks with gas", a maximum rate of 2.4Gbps and at that rate it usually has to be provided on an optical fibre backbone. There are a number of manufacturers providing ATM equipment for CCTV such as Baxall & Plettac etc who provide cameras that will either connect directly to the digital network or with their own interface equipment. These are now what can be truly called digital cameras. The signal coming out of the RJ45 connector (or whichever they use) is a stream of binary 1s and 0s that cannot be connected to a standard monitor.
Because of the cost of installing the structured cabling and backbones required for such high speed data networks, it is not yet, in my opinion an economic solution to install fresh for CCTV. However, if you have an existing ATM network, then the option of CCTV over this transmission medium is viable.
This is a new alternative from BT to the well known and loved? RS1000 fibre system they have been providing for a number of years. For long distance transmission the RS1000 has been very expensive. BT have developed RS3000 (HDSL) in parallel with the ADSL system, for use in home and business for "always on" connections to the Internet. The system is provided as a service, at the moment, and you provide a composite video signal at one end and get the composite video at the other end. Unlike ADSL the HDSL is capable of transmission at the same rate both to and from the exchange. It is a point to point link that is cabled on copper to the exchange, so you cannot be further than 3km, along the cable route, from the exchange. The system uses BTs own CODEC and can take one, two or five cameras that share the transmission "pipe". The "pipe" for this service is a 2Mbps shared between the number of cameras the link provides. Because of the nature of the CODECs used it can give a very good update rate for control of pan and tilt cameras.
I am only going to mention that IP addressable cameras are available, because things are moving so quickly that they will be out of date before I finish writing this statement. However, there is much specmanship regarding the performance of the cameras. Very high compression rates and very small images (QCIF) are just two of the ways of overcoming some of the problems with the World Wide Wait. More ominously, if a camera has an IP address and is connected to the Internet then there is a possibility that the camera and receiving computer could be found and the security compromised by your security pictures being watched by those who are not authorised. However watch this space.
ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, asymmetric because it gives downstream (from service provider to you) rates of 512kbps and upstream rates of 256kbps. An always one connection to the Internet, also used for Video on Demand (Home Choice) and Astreaming video. Provided by telecommunications companies such as NTL and BT.
ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode A data network that breaks the data into packets 48 Byte packets and sends them with routing information (5 Bytes).
CIF - Common Intermediate Format. A video format often used in video conferencing systems that easily supports both NTSC and PAL signals. CIF is part of the ITU H.261videoconferencing standard. It specifies a data rate of up to 30 frames per second (fps), with each frame being a size of 352 pixels wide by 288 pixels high.
CODEC - Coder Decoder. A piece of video transmission equipment that converts the signals from analogue to digital and uses advanced data compression techniques including Conditional Refresh.
Refresh - sending the data that relates to the changes. In other words only the movement is transmitted (after the original whole picture is first sent).
Data Rates - Data rates in serial transmission, are always expressed as bits per second not Bytes per second so 2Mbps is 2 mega bits per second, not 2 mega Bytes per second.
GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication, the current mobile telephone network system.
HDSL - High-bitrate Digital Subscriber Line. The big brother of ADSL. Gives a point to point transmission rate of 2Mbps but is provided as video in to video out.
IP address - Internet Protocol address. A series of numbers that uniquely identifies your location such as 164.54.96.215, which is the web page of the Advanced Photon Source, but could equally be a piece of equipment.
LASER - Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. A Laser produces light that is one wavelength (monochromatic), in phase (coherent) and an almost parallel beam.
PSTN - Public Switched Telephone Network. The standard dial up analogue telephone network that most people have at home.
QCIF - Quarter Common Intermediate Format. A video conferencing format that specifies data rates of up to 30 frames per second (fps), with each frame being only 176 pixels wide by 144 pixels high. This is one fourth the resolution of full CIF. QCIF support is required by the ITU H.261 video conferencing standard. Because the image size is one quarter the size of CIF it transfers one fourth the amount of data and is suitable for video conferencing systems that use telephone lines.
Closed Circuit television can cut crime by up to 30%. However, planning and running a system is far from straight forward.
CCTV expert Jon Laws takes a candid look at the issues.
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) can be a powerful deterrent against crime, and a useful tool for catching offenders. Whether they are used inside or outside, CCTV cameras have a good record in helping to protect property and staff.
Whether your business is situated in a business park or a town centre, external security can be a problem. However, criminal damage, graffiti and theft from parked vehicles have all been successfully prosecuted and deterred by CCTV systems. In fact, in some areas of the country, Local Authorities are reporting a staggering 85% reduction in vehicle crime - which may in part be due to the spread of external CCTV.
Those who invite the public onto their premises can also use CCTV to improve their internal security. CCTV can help guard against theft of goods by the public and staff. It can also help protect your staff. This is particularly important as the Health and Safety at Work Act requires all employers to provide a safe place of work. CCTV can help with this requirement by deterring violence in the workplace.
Installing internal CCTV can also deter burglary out of hours. If a system is properly monitored it will help in any prosecution.
Despite an urban myth that "digitally recorded evidence is not acceptable in court", digital evidence has always been allowed under Section 69(1) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE).
There are some provisos regarding the correct operation of equipment and handling of data. This position has recently been upheld by a House of Lords committee.
If you are trying to assess whether or not you are at risk from particular types of crime and could benefit from a CCTV system, you may wish to talk to your local constabulary. Police Crime Prevention/Reduction officers are normally a good source of advice on the security situation in your area.
Sadly, in most businesses it is almost impossible to measure the financial benefits of installing a CCTV system. After all, how do you measure the cost of a crime which was not committed? Unless there is a history of regular crime against the property, it is very difficult to quantify the reduction. However, it is possible to ascertain the level of shrinkage both before and after the installation of CCTV, which can help give a measure of improvement. It is even possible that the crime rate could apparently rise after you fit CCTV. (This is a particularly common phenomenon in town centres.) It is normally because the crime is now actually being detected and registered.
CCTV systems vary in price from £500 for one camera and one monitor (without recording) which may be suitable for a corner shop to town centre systems which can cost around £18,000 per camera. It is even possible to pay as much as £80,000 per camera for a high-end motorway system.
Fortunately, economies of scale can bring the price per camera down. For example, a system of four medium resolution colour PTZ (pan, tilt and zoom) cameras on the same industrial or retail building (which involve no civil works such as trenching to install) would cost about £3,000 per camera position (or £12,000 in total).
This would include such things as video switching and control, recording, display and installation. However, it would not include a console. There are also other costs which you may have to incur. For example, you will have to make the area in which the video recorder is kept secure - or you could risk theft of the taped evidence as well as your goods.
Unfortunately, senior management tend to view CCTV as a loss-making area, rather than one that helps prevent loss. But CCTV can actually be a profit-maker. It may be possible for a larger business with a secure area to create a monitoring centre. This could remotely monitor systems for other local CCTV users out of hours. Remote cameras can be connected to a monitoring centre by normal dial up telephone lines (PSTN), or digital lines (ISDN).
Monitoring initiatives of this type can be co-ordinated by local bodies such as the Chamber of Commerce. In addition, independent security consultants can also offer advice to help identify requirements before investment is made in such an initiative.
The number of cameras you will need will depend not only on the size and layout of the area to be monitored, but also on the type of camera being used. The area a camera can cover is affected by its rotating and zoom capabilities.
Some cameras allow a number of pre-set positions to be programmed in, which are followed either in sequence or randomly. This makes monitoring easier and may make it appear that the camera is actually being manned.
However it is worth noting that, as the direction in which the lens is pointing in a PTZ (pan, tilt and zoom) camera can be obvious, particular care needs to be taken with the housing unit. In such a case it is a good idea to opt for a housing unit which does not show the viewing area, or gives the appearance that it contains several units.
Some companies opt for a dummy camera rather than a fully functioning one. However, this cheap option is simply not worth considering. Most criminals are fully aware of all the different types of dummy camera on the market. The usual clue is the little red light at the front to show it is on. Almost all real cameras have any power indicators at the rear of the camera so they do not interfere with the picture.
Dummy cameras can also pose additional problems. If you fit dummy cameras and a sign announcing "you are being monitored by CCTV", you may leave yourself open to prosecution. For example, if a customer is mugged on your premises, they may ask for the tapes covering the incident. It is then possible that your sign could become misleading advertising.
You could even be taken to Court if the customer claimed they only came into your shop because there was CCTV and thought they would be safe.
Many CCTV systems in small to medium businesses are monitored during the day by local staff. However, at night there is often no monitoring due to lack of resources. This could create problems as potential offenders would be just recorded, without a possible response until after the event.
If you wish to install a CCTV system you will need planning permission, under the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 or Town Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1990 regulations.
There are a few exemptions which apply where the installation is jointly-owned and carried out with the Local Authority.
Applications are tested by the Local Authority using the subjective test - "does it materially affect the appearance of the building?". If it does not, the application will probably be granted. However, there may be regional differences in the way the test is applied.
The less obtrusive the camera, the more likely it is that permission will be granted. This may be why many businesses have installed dome cameras, which blend into the surroundings much more easily than conventional pan, tilt & zoom cameras.
However, if you are considering a dome camera it is also important to note that they are difficult to maintain. For example, it is difficult keep the outside clean - after all, it is nearly impossible to fit a 'windscreen wiper' onto a glass dome.
If you want to install CCTV onto a building in a conservation area, you will have to look far more closely at the effect on the building's appearance.
There is also likely to be more red tape. If a building has a Grade 1, Grade 2 or 2* listing you will have to obtain Listed Building Consent before you may install CCTV internally or externally. In such a case, it is a good idea to carry out a visual survey of the surrounding areas to familiarise yourself with the way bracketry and cameras in other CCTV installations have been designed to blend in to the surroundings.
This can also help to highlight precedent if necessary.
There are also cases where planning permission for new developments, particularly where a liquor licence is required or there are likely to be high concentrations of people, is made conditional on the company funding the installation of a CCTV camera to link into an existing town centre scheme.
These type of requirements tend to vary with the severity of a region's alcohol abuse problems and the coverage of the premises by existing town centre CCTV.
Most CCTV systems in public areas now need to be registered with the Data Protection Registrar. The Data Protection Act 1998 came into force on the 1 March 2000 and includes the collection, storage and handling of personal data about living individuals.
This includes privately-owned shopping centres and malls, because there is an open invitation to the public to enter the premises, so they are classed as public places.
CCTV system controllers must allow the 'Data Subjects' (which are the videotaped public) to check the accuracy of the information held. This basically means the subject can view the material.
The Data Subject also has a right to a copy of the information (a copy videotape) but they do not have a right to see personal data relating to any other Data Subject.
This implies that the faces of any other Data Subjects in the scene may need to be blocked out. It also means Data Subjects should not be allowed to visit the control room and see pictures being recorded. However, after receiving the application from the Data Subject, the normal processing of data does not have to stop.
Covert recording of employees by an employer is also limited by the Data Protection Act. Data can now only be collected to solve specific problems like fraud, theft or bullying.
There is a possibility that a Data Subject could start civil proceedings against the owner of a CCTV system if material collected by the system is made available to the media and is used. This is because in such cases the data may be being used for purposes other than described under the Data Protection registration.
So how do you choose a supplier and are there any standards or regulations they should adhere to?
The bad news is that there is no mandatory regulation of the CCTV industry.
However, many systems integration companies are voluntary members of industry inspectorates such as NACOSS (National Approval Council for Security Systems), BSIA (British Security Industries Association) and SSAIB (Security Systems and Alarm Inspection Board).
Members must comply with a code of practice (CoP) for CCTV systems installation. The codes differ from body to body but all set a minimum quality standard, which is monitored as part of an on-going audit of member companies. Violations must be corrected within a specified period. This gives end-users added confidence that a system bought from a member company will be of an acceptable standard.
Users can also take complaints to the relevant inspectorate, so they do not have to go to the expense of seeking legal advice.
There are a large number of companies with good CCTV skills.
However, when looking at a company it can help to start by asking whether it has experience in your particular industry. It is also useful to ask for references from past clients. You should also check whether the CCTV company provides on-going training to their installation and maintenance staff.
You should also check whether the company is a member of one of the accepted industry associations such as NACOSS, BSIA, SSAIB or ECA Security. It is also a good idea to find out if the company has a quality management system (such BS EN ISO 9000, formerly BS 5750).
The British and European Standard for CCTV, BS EN 50132, is still being formulated. However, the first and most useful part for end-users has been issued and includes the Operational Requirement description and guidance: 'BS EN 50132-7 Alarm Systems - CCTV surveillance systems for use in security applications, Part 7 Application guidelines'. This specification includes details of the Rotakin, a 1.6m tall roughly man-shaped standard test target. The only other part issued is part 2-1 which details requirements for black and white cameras. These specifications are for manufacturers rather than end-users. However, purchasers should note that manufacturers and systems installations companies are not legally required to comply with a British Standard unless it is specified in the Contract. Installation companies are not approved to this standard. Therefore purchasers should be wary of marketing literature or salespeople implying otherwise.
There are many very capable companies who will design, supply and install CCTV systems. Many companies will have a preferred solution and will keep this equipment in stock. This can be an advantage as it means they can respond more quickly to a request. However, it is possible the preferred solution will not be the most suitable one for your needs. It is important to look at all the alternatives before making your decision. One way of doing this is to employ an independent security consultant who specialises in CCTV. A consultant can carry out a full risk assessment.
In some cases, a CCTV system may not be the best solution for your company at all.
For example, it may be that a good security fence rather than a CCTV system is your best line of defence. After all a fence does not need to be monitored to be effective but a CCTV system usually does.
One of the first steps in purchasing a CCTV system is to establish the Operational Requirement (OR).
This is the system definition agreement which forms the basis for the detailed design. It should be agreed between the client and the installer and will help avoid disputes after installation. For example, issues such as whether the system can be used to read registration numbers may need to be addressed in the OR.
Users are normally asked to define issues such as the purpose for each camera, the image size and whether cameras are required for detection, recognition or identification within the Operational Requirement. Whether the material will be suitable for Court evidence is also an issue which may be need to be included.
ORs also tend to define a standard target which will enable objective testing of the final system to be carried out. This will be required to confirm all the specified criteria have been met. There are a number of documents which will provide help with drawing up a good OR. These include the Police Scientific Development Branch's CCTV Operational Requirements Manual Publication No 17/94 and BS EN 50132-7. Alternatively, a security consultant can also help create an OR.
You may find that CCTV equipment manufacturers try to sell you additional features and functions. Try to stick to the requirements you identified in the OR to avoid being sold something you do not need. For example, some companies sell frame integration for low-light use but it is unlikely you will need this feature.
In addition, while presets, which enable PTZ cameras to be automatically positioned, are useful, few users need more than eight presets per camera.
However, there are some features which you may wish to think about.
If your system will look into public areas you may wish to define privacy zones into which the camera cannot be moved. In addition, where your CCTV system is integrated to another system, such as alarms, a Graphical User Interface (GUI) can also be a very useful feature. If you have such a system and the alarm goes off, it may be possible to show a layout of the alarmed area, select the correct camera and move it to a preset location. You may also be able to display specific instructions for the security guard.
It is possible to opt for digital CCTV. However, unless you have a data system such as an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or a Local Area Network (LAN) with a very high data transfer rate (>100Mbps), it will not be economical to install digital CCTV. If you are being offered digital equipment, it is possible all may not be as it seems. Some cameras are called digital but are generally not ATM or true digital cameras (machine vision).
These cameras normally come with Digital Signal Processing (DSP) which means they have some extra features but can be used with a normal CCTV system.
The current cost of digital recording is much higher than the cost of using analogue tapes.
In addition, quality of digital recording quality tends not to be quite as good as an analogue recording on its first day with a brand new tape. However, digital quality is constant and replay is very good with noiseless freeze frame.
Although the on-going cost of renting or leasing is normally higher than capital or lease purchase, these methods usually include fully comprehensive maintenance within the contract terms. However, it is possible to be locked into contracts for up to seven years, which may cause problems. CCTV technology changes very rapidly, so it is possible a system could be out of date in as little as three to five years. It is generally accepted that the capital purchase is the best route, with the value written off over four years but with a life of up to 10 years if properly maintained.
On-going costs include maintenance, monitoring staff and consumables. The highest cost will probably be monitoring staff.
For example, a dedicated control room merely undertaking CCTV monitoring would need a staff of between five and eight people for a three-shift system. In addition, cover for absence sickness and annual leave could also be required.
This could cost up to £60,000 annually. The average operator can efficiently monitor up to 32 images comprising eight quad (four pictures per screen) monitors, if they know the area they are monitoring and concentrate on areas which are more likely to have trouble. Some companies run their CCTV monitoring on 12-hour shifts. However, this can greatly reduce the efficiency of your monitoring staff.
Other companies also give monitoring staff other secondary tasks. This can introduce variety and help improve efficiency. It is important to note that both the system manager and operating staff will need formal training, which can be provided by specialist training centres such as Tavcom Training.
Comprehensive maintenance cover could cost about 15% to 20% of the equipment's initial cost each year.
If you do not have a fully comprehensive contract, you will be subject to call-out charges or the cost of replacement equipment if things go wrong.
Most contracts do not cover vandalism and misuse. Similarly, cost of consumables such as lamps for Infra-red illuminators and video recorder heads are often excluded.
Manufacturers recommend replacement of video heads every 10,000 hours but it is a good idea to replace them once a year (or after 8,760 hours) if your recorder operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
It is also a good idea to note the average life of the lamps so preventative maintenance can take place to minimise downtime.
At present, there is no compatibility of recording media between manufacturers. This is even the case where the same type of recording medium, e.g. Digital Audio tape (DAT), Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) or Digital VHS tape (D-VHS tape) is used.
This can lead to the Courts, amongst others, having problems with the exchange of evidence.
An industry group, the Digital Forum, is trying to establish standards in digital recording file exchange formats to avoid these compatibility problems.
Information on the CCTV market is available from the following sources.
A selection of CCTV installation companies operating in the UK have been included here.
from the various industry bodies listed above.
only with the simple CCD chips of approximately 10 years ago.
What is a CCD Chip?
is passed from bucket to bucket through the device.
(h) have an unlimited lifetime.
but used manual iris lenses.
CCD chips has improved markedly since their introduction.
then processed during the next one-fiftieth of a second.
enables better processing to be carried out, although light leaks onto the shift registers.
down the screen, known as transfer smear.
transfer smear, because of careful profiling in the design of the chip.
by the photodiodes to be dealt with in two different ways.
handling, better than 20-40 times that of the conventional hyper HAD.
processed line by line, in the manner of the interline transfer device.
possible to obtain the appropriate chips.
(g) data, as defined by the Data Protection Registrar.
resultant picture bounce of unsynchronised cameras.
blue and green = white).
darker parts of the picture to be seen.
and compensates by adjusting the colours to achieve this white level.
with time or as external lighting changes.
potential problem when evidential material is being collected.
them to within the camera, thus allowing the purchase of cheaper, lighter lenses.
average over the whole picture.
produces the effect of a visible pulsing of the lighting.
be considered as an alarm device.
people and objects to be silhouetted.
used with electronic iris and field integration.
longer lengths of coaxial cable.
to memorise the multitude of settings required for the operation of the camera.
and can aid where infra-red lighting is used, causing a change in focus.
even slow motions that can be seen when using long integration periods.
visibility where the levels of contrast are low.
code number is entered to prove ownership.
documented carefully for each camera within the system.
manufacturers give independent views. Who have the marketing strategists targeted?
within a busy control room environment.
modification can be carried out, but puts a premium on to the price of the control system.
the data rate reduces to approximately eight Mega bits per second.
transmission and storage. Will it be MPEG, JPEG, wavelet or even fractal compression?
is rather limited as well — only 4.5m!
cameras are digital cameras, but all DSP cameras still have an analogue video output.
compensation and the aspects of motion detection that some manufacturers include.
actually improve the pictures further.
Act 1998, all personal data must be fairly obtained.
starlight (0.0001 lux) and they cost less than £10,000.
industrial timelapse VCR will not be able to record this form of signal.
of the system to be as effective as possible.
written and introduced, which has created its own set of problems.
interested parties the Local Authority planning department and English Heritage.
previously required (column, transmission cabinet and Electricity board pillar).
There has also been the recent development of the dual function camera column.
existing lighting fixtures can be applied.
minimum because there are no "extras" and no hidden costs due to delays.
exposed nuts have been undone.
(ARC). There is, as yet, no standard for the design of the CCTV Control Room.
by the sometimes over stressed CCTV operator.
have sight of personal data being collected relating to other data subjects ie.
witness to an incident if they were to see it during their visit to the control room.
employ a specialist consultant to ensure all aspects are covered.
SK9 5AF Tel 01625 545742.


The Latest episode of my Entertainment Law podcast, Entertainment Law Update, is now available for your enjoyment. Listen here, or subscribe and download in your favorite podcast listening app. Show notes are located at http://entertainmentlawupdate.com/95.
4 (Follow up) John Oliver, HBO Beat Coal Executive's Defamation Lawsuit-And Yes, Mr. Nutterbutter is Back.


A small paradise on earth, offering the perfect mix of tranquil beautiful countryside and turquoise sea, set to the pulsating beat of house music. Ibiza is full of life. Especially during the hot summer months when thousands of residents and visitors gather to celebrate life with unforgettable parties. You are planning to visit the White Island? Then read on for our guide on how to spend a weekend in Ibiza!
Ibiza, in Catalan Eivissa, is the third largest Balearic Island. It has a hilly landscape with a rugged coastline and sandy beaches and coves in between. Ibiza's capital Eivissa is a lively, charming yet metropolitan city. Its old town Dalt Vila is a sought-after destination thanks to its numerous restaurants, bars and shops. Furthermore, there is a vibrant gastronomic scene around the city's harbour. Thousands of visitors come to Ibiza every year to relax at the gorgeous beaches, visit the famous hippie markets, enjoy the most exclusive restaurants and hotels or party until sunrise. There are millions of fun things to do. So let us help you plan how to spend a weekend in Ibiza!
There are numerous stunning beaches all over the small island of Ibiza. Cala d'Hort, Aguas Blancas, Las Salinas and Es Cavallet are among the most popular ones.
Enjoy a movie under the stars or morning yoga followed by breakfast in this breathtaking place surrounded by red cliffs with the sound of the Mediterranean Sea.
Beautiful people, tasty food, great music and a simply fabulous environment. El Chiringuito is situated on one of Ibiza's most beautiful sandy beaches, Es Cavallet.
A beautiful place, great crowd and fantastic music. Rent a sun bed and spend the day in your most Vogue/ Harper's Bazaar boho chic beach outfit and glance at the fab people behind your sunglasses. Sunday is the day to come. The place turns into a club from 6pm until midnight.
Ibiza's large, number one open air club where you dance by the pool under the stars until midnight. Always hosting the best DJs and welcoming a fabulous party scene.
Dine in the beautiful courtyard of this exclusive restaurant and enjoy lovely food. Located in Eivissa town this restaurant offers exquisite Mediterranean cuisine.
High quality tapas, good wine and great ambience, all at a reasonable cost. Located in the heart of the White Island's capital, Can Terra Ibiza has become one of the most authentic meeting points of Ibiza attracting both residents and visitors.
If you prefer it more tranquil, enjoy your lunch under the shades of the olive and orange trees in the lush garden of Paloma. It is situated in the countryside of San Lorenzo.
This dreamy rural chic restaurant, situated in the beautiful and tranquil countryside, offers local organic food, with some freshly picked products from the garden.
This place is magical. A small piece of heaven on the countryside of Ibiza. The century old unique farm is a mix between Bali and Ibiza. Surrounded by lush tropical palm trees, oranges, olives and flowers.
Decorated by Lázaro Rosa Violán, this 5 star hotel on Placa Vara del Rei in Eivissa town is all set to become a new hotel dream of choice.


In another first for the tourism sector, in-bound tour operator Rosie Holiday has sealed direct air charters that will link China's "Diamond of the Bohai Gulf" Tianjian with Fiji.
Over 200 million dollars will be invested by the ACCOR Group of hotels in Fiji. The investment will include improving the services of four of their hotels in the country as well as opening a new one later this year.
Air Vanuatu is planning for the future with the introduction of new direct services from Melbourne to Port Vila which will commence on 19 June 2019.
Ancient Philosopher Plato says, "You can discover more about a person in an hour of play than in a year of conversation" and Nanuku Auberge Resort Fiji agrees.
Air New Zealand has new shortlife economy class (PBAGP02/SWRKP02/ SDLXP02) fares to Samoa, effective for sales immediately to 4 February 2019.
Get extra love this Valentine's with sweetheart flight deals from Australia, New Zealand, United States, Hong Kong, and Singapore to Fiji.


The Timmerman Family Photo Album has slots for 64 Cabinet Cards and one tintype. 2 Cabinet Cards are missing, for a total of 63 ancestor family photos in this album. I estimate most of the cabinet cards in this album are from the period 1890 - 1910.
15 of the Cabinet Card photographs were identified with writing on the album pages. One was identified in period handwriting on the verso (back) of the photo.
Before I remove photographs from an antique album, I photograph the album in its intact and original form. That way I can place the photos back or, if the album itself cannot be saved, I have a record of the original placement of the photos. This can be a good clue for identifying the subjects.


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ABEV or DEO: Which Is the Better Value Stock Right Now?
Investors with an interest in Beverages - Alcohol stocks have likely encountered both Ambev (ABEV) and Diageo (DEO). But which of these two stocks is more attractive to value investors? We'll need to take a closer look to find out.
We have found that the best way to discover great value opportunities is to pair a strong Zacks Rank with a great grade in the Value category of our Style Scores system. The proven Zacks Rank puts an emphasis on earnings estimates and estimate revisions, while our Style Scores work to identify stocks with specific traits.
Right now, Ambev is sporting a Zacks Rank of #2 (Buy), while Diageo has a Zacks Rank of #3 (Hold). Investors should feel comfortable knowing that ABEV likely has seen a stronger improvement to its earnings outlook than DEO has recently. However, value investors will care about much more than just this.
Value investors also tend to look at a number of traditional, tried-and-true figures to help them find stocks that they believe are undervalued at their current share price levels.
Our Value category grades stocks based on a number of key metrics, including the tried-and-true P/E ratio, the P/S ratio, earnings yield, and cash flow per share, as well as a variety of other fundamentals that value investors frequently use.
ABEV currently has a forward P/E ratio of 19.16, while DEO has a forward P/E of 21.49. We also note that ABEV has a PEG ratio of 2.11. This popular figure is similar to the widely-used P/E ratio, but the PEG ratio also considers a company's expected EPS growth rate. DEO currently has a PEG ratio of 2.27.
Another notable valuation metric for ABEV is its P/B ratio of 2.68. The P/B is a method of comparing a stock's market value to its book value, which is defined as total assets minus total liabilities. By comparison, DEO has a P/B of 8.54.
Based on these metrics and many more, ABEV holds a Value grade of B, while DEO has a Value grade of C.
ABEV stands above DEO thanks to its solid earnings outlook, and based on these valuation figures, we also feel that ABEV is the superior value option right now.
Ambev S.A. (ABEV) : Free Stock Analysis Report
Diageo plc (DEO) : Free Stock Analysis Report
ABEV
Ambev S.A.


Terminology is based on W3C's Architecture of the World Wide Web [[WEBARCH]] and Hyper-text Transfer Protocol [[HTTP11]].

4.2.2 LDPR servers MUST provide an RDF representation for LDPRs.

4.3.1 LDPR servers MUST support the HTTP GET Method for LDPRs.
on response to OPTIONS, see .

This specification imposes the following new requirements on HTTP OPTIONS for LDPCs.


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Alappuzha CITY GUIDE
Alappuzha Directory
Railway Station Chengannur
Chengannur, Alappuzha - 689121 Alappuzha 689121 View On Map
About us - Railway Station Chengannur
This is an exclusive business profile of Railway Station Chengannur located in , Alappuzha. From this Page, you can directly contact Railway Station Chengannur from the enquiry form provided on the right. On the left you can get the Verified Mobile Number of Railway Station Chengannur – feel free to call us to know more about our products & services. We will soon update our Catalog which you can download to get latest information about all our products & services and latest deals & offers by Railway Station Chengannur. Do check out our Job Openings section to know about all the vacancies in Railway Station Chengannur. You can also check out our Photo Gallery section to see latest photos of Railway Station Chengannur. Before leaving, do not forget to give us your review and rating if you have been a customer of Railway Station Chengannur in the past.
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Olaf Lindenbergh (born 6 February 1974) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a defender.

Club career
Lindenbergh was born in Purmerend. After playing in the youth level at ZOB, Ajax and De Graafschap, he began his professional career at De Graafschap that played in the Eerste Divisie. His debut was on 12 November 1994 in a 1–0 win over VVV. He became a key player for the team straight away and helped them to gain promotion to the Eredivisie for the following season, in which he made 30 appearances. In total he took part in 159 games for De Graafschap, scoring six goals, with the club permanently in the top flight. During the 1999–2000 season, he left De Vijverberg to continue his career at AZ Alkmaar.

At AZ, Lindenbergh was a first team regular from the start, but he struggled to gain appearances in his second season at the club. As of 2001 he was back on track and became one of the key players of the team unexpectedly made it to the UEFA Cup semi-finals in 2005, only to be beaten on away goals by Sporting Lisbon. Ajax manager Danny Blind acknowledged Lindenbergh's good form and declared an interest in signing him. At the end of the 2004–05 season, Lindenbergh agreed to a move to the Amsterdam ArenA.

He made his debut for the club in 2005 in the 2–0 Eredivisie victory against Willem II. He went on to play eighteen games that season, as well as gaining some Champions League experience along the way. Ajax went on to win the KNVB Cup that same season. When Blind left Ajax and Henk ten Cate was appointed as the new manager, times changed for Lindenbergh and he only appeared in 12 matches that season. Still he participated in the KNVB Cup, which Ajax successfully defended. Following speculation about a transfer (Lindenbergh, along with Michael Krohn-Dehli were deemed surplus to requirements, and were not even allowed to train with the first team to keep their fitness up), Lindenbergh signed with Sparta Rotterdam.

International career
While at De Graafschap, Lindenbergh was called up into the Netherlands under-21 national team squad.

Personal life
Lindenbergh joined amateur club ASV De Dijk of the Vierde Klasse in 2012.

References

 Voetbal International website and 2007/2008 presentation magazine

External links
 Player profile – Sparta Rotterdam
 Career stats – Voetbal International
 Player profile – Ajax
 Voetbal International profile
 Lindenbergh Sky Sports Profile & Latest News
 Lindenbergh Yahoo Profile

 Lindenbergh Eurosport Profile

1974 births
Living people
People from Purmerend
Dutch footballers
Association football defenders
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
De Graafschap players
AZ Alkmaar players
AFC Ajax players
Sparta Rotterdam players
AGOVV Apeldoorn players
FC Volendam players
ASV De Dijk players
Footballers from North Holland

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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