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This category comprises of articles on current topics,informative comprehensions or any chosen open page articles by a guest writer,either in response to the recent topic or other.The articles shall be driven by logic, information and data.
February 22, 2016 / Vishu Mishra	/ 1 Comment
comedy nights with kapil a.k.a. cnwk
'Comedy nights' show has gone to dogs. Period.
This post is all about the angst against the duffed up entertainment with the change of hosts.
"If the skin were parchment and the blows you gave were ink,
Your own handwriting would tell you what I think."
― William Shakespeare, The Comedy of Errors
Yes! I have invoked Shakespeare to deal with this burden of viewer agony. I have borrowed this plainly without reading the eternal script and it doesn't take a genius to understand its (the quote) meaning. That is the whole duffing point. In times of such high needs (in India & around) for good humor, even normality or un-originality can serve much better than profanity.
Egregious Errors–
Bad adaptation : –
1a) Background on hosts – There are three visible stars, as seen within the ongoing timeline of the show i.e. Krishna, Bharti & Sudesh Lehri.
Bharti & Krishna
Krishna is a dancer wannabe superstar and a half-committed comedian. He seems confused between his propensity for stardom & his sustenance as a comedian, that is just a stock act to propagate his career & chase his fonder dreams. He is erring like a broken record with endless & untimely tributes to Govinda as a show filler. His real personality as an interviewer is amorphous & confusing at best.
e.g. He referred to the glasses of Mika as an attempt to look smart without having an onstage presence, that the honorable guest i.e. Dharmendra was also wearing one! It was ironical at best, as the segue was just about finishing with comments by Dharmendra, i.e. his mantra for youthfulness at the age of 80. It was dealt away with a smile & a comic response from the maestro actor himself.
Krishna clearly came across too green on the show's turf & lacks ability to co-ordinate interviews, also without having any grasp of outstanding improvisations such as kapils'. The genius of kapil is, he did all of this within the limits of comic license while also maintaining the decency of show & dignity of the guests.
Bharti is a loud-mouth pseudo comic, she derives slapstick humor at expense of others & demands emotional support on being the only noticeable female comedian in the industry. Her humor is clearly insulting many a times (even to most dignified guests e.g.1), it is downright profane & falls hard on the audience at most times. The periodic laughter that the in house audience generates, is almost like a punishment of compulsory humility & a taken for granted largesse by all of us, the humor deprived people. All her acts are an uncomfortable reminder of our sorry situation with limited options on comedy shows.
e.g.1 – At today's show end she refereed to the star trio as – "ye log itne velle thodi hein ki yahin ruke rahein" ( these people are not so useless to stay here for you (people).
There was a momentary pause from the 80 year old maestro Indian actor (Dharmendra) to her comments & it felt harsh even by the most un-orthodox hosting standards. There is a clear lack of comic class , improvising intelligence, sensitivity towards guests-audience dynamism & basic understanding of show's concept. Personally i think, her on-screen presence is hell on my ears & makes the situation awkward within the purview of family viewing. It is simply an agony not entertainment. I am a viewer i.e. a customer to their TV show business & i am expressing my ire over it.
I can only say that i am sorry (but not giving or granting) for all of them. If they have the audacity to resume hosting of the best comedy show without matching to its quality. They have opened a Pandora's box of abject criticism & they must be ready for it. I feel they have robbed & mocked us on something, which had turned the part of our Sunday nights.
"If she lives till doomsday, she'll burn a week longer than the whole world."
Sudesh Lehri is the only genuine stand up comedian in this rag sack. He is fully committed to being a comedian & it is reflective in his demeanor. However, he is not burdened with the center spot & his credit is usually painted over by these broad stroking limelight hogs. Just like any true comedian, there is this tragedy to his art form.
Sudesh Lehri
"A rose by any other word would smell as sweet" (what is there in a name?) – William Shakespeare , Romeo & Juliet
1b) Falsely Adopting a prodigy : Comedy nights with Kapil is a groundbreaking show. It is a super-hit not only in India but internationally sweeping TRP's across all major nationalities. The recognition of an Indian comedy show as this is unprecedented! It is simply an intellectual asset of the TV world & pride of our urban heritage.
The (above mentioned) three stooges have assumed the lordship of this screen-house without much intelligent thoughts to its audience & format. The demand of show is simply this:
Clean & crass free comedy.
Outstanding improvisation as an add on.
Suitability to family viewing i.e. suitable for all age groups.
Genuine public interaction & their extempore contribution on stage.
Good hosting with dignified treatment to celebrity guests.
Insightful & fact based interviews advancing fan-star relationship.
However, the stooges are doing the usual mistake of running with roasting humor & the comedy of profanity. It is their staple & familiar comfort zone but it is a disgrace even a betrayal to show's tradition. It is done at expense of guests & even falls too hard on the ear of the organic audience.
2) Who is hosting the show ? : The hosting & interview is a split between the hogs i.e. Krishna & Bharti. It not only breaks the continuity of the show but also leaves the viewers in confusion. Conceptually, the show revolves around a celebrity interview & everything else is an add-on. Until the image of a center stage host is fixed (ringmaster), no act can be profoundly build around it. I cannot remember even one single successful TV interview show in past/present, with changing & unsettling hosts like this one. It gives an impression that the centrifugal drives are missing or too unsorted in their stage script.
Further, the hosting part is generally taken as an organic interaction with the celebrities & the lesser known facts from their personal lives are brought to notice. It is only logic that the interviewer must hold up his end as a real person & his personalities or characters can pop in as cameo. Kapil did it by introducing other comic talents as secondary add ons. Here, Krishna & Bharti are in characters even while conducting their 'less-interesting' interviews. While on stage, their characters cannot be switched & often we see dolly speaking as krishna & bharti verbally switching with a he/she tone. It is simply too chaotic & doesn't build up on the dialogue segment!
3) Interacting with people is missing : It is a people's show and so what made kapil sharma a comedian of people or a champion of people's voices. Neither Krishna nor bharti have the demeanor that is inviting to set up a genuine dialogue with common audience. Rather as an observation, their behavior is too aggressive & even intimidating that will inhibit any open & expressive interaction with audience.
No one from audience is willing to dance,hop, speak or act on the stage. Kapil has said it time & again that the impromptu acts by the in house people, is the major reason for show's success.
By desperately trying to compete & make a creative equivalence with kapil's concepts. I think the stooges are killing the U.S.P. & making a bigger mistake in garb of chasing a different route.
4) The great mistake by Kapil Sharma : It is a great betrayal of people's trust. With no active comic talent hunts in India & not many clean comedy shows. It is imperative that the show must go on with what was working. It is an earnest requirement of the TV world with an otherwise coma state in its dreary milieu. It is even a national duty to do so when the breakdown is so visible & imminent.
The show has generated loyalists with a major chunk from the family audience around the world. The unprecedented success & meteoric rise of Kapil Sharma has lead him on false grounds, now chasing lesser dreams. It started with a beautiful idea to entertain people & deviated towards a show pandering to the celebrity creme' de la creme', to now an untoward starry eyed chase of a comedian to turn a bolly-wood superstar.
He is chasing stardom as an actor-comedian, while the general public has universally accepted him as a comedian & a champion of common man's voice. He is already on the highest ground available to any artist in the world, i.e. a genuine comedian who reverberates the feelings of people. Time will only tell if Kapil Sharma will realize his forte & his ticket to immortality in a world full of – cliches, copycats & hogging performers.
Thank you for reading. If you like this post then share it with your buddies & spread the opinion, as i sincerely feel that public opinion is supreme. After all, we are at the receiving end of whatever comes out of this brew. It is full of commercial bias that is eating out our free loading entertainment. We must raise our opinions and do so vociferously.
I hate it when someone take a plunder on my sources of entertainment & deprives me of the humor, in a life full sober reality.
The comedy of egregious errors
Junkman's review : Comedy nights live
I give this new show 2 out 5. how high do you rate it, tell me in the comments.
Hrithik Roshan for seventh James bond? (article with poll) & Who is the best James Bond ever?
October 4, 2014 October 5, 2014 / Vishu Mishra	/ 2 Comments
Before we even begin our discussion, lets put our hearts and minds to an un-deniable & un-biassed fact- If you ever want to see an Indian James Bond, Hrithik Roshan is your best Bet!
Hrithik Roshan, James Bond 007
To briefly lay his repertoire– Hrithik Roshan is a 40 year old leading Indian actor. He is known worldwide – for his oodles of charm, Greek god looks, impeccable physique & rare versatility. His broodingly suave presence and hunger for perfection, puts him leaps & bound ahead of his contemporaries in Indian cinema.
His selected filmography includes–
'Kaho na pyaar hai, Koi mil gaya, Lakshya, Krrish-2 &3, Dhoom-2, Zindagi na milegi dobara, Agneepath' .
Seemingly, he can rightly pull off lover & fighter's combo with masterful superiority. His on-screen brilliance in his roles, that sway in romance & action have brewed this whole discussion.He is five feet & eleven-a-half inches tall,wears coolness with ease and aces nods of acceptance with sharp looking suits. All these befitting of a perfect spy under discussion.
It makes him a thoughtful prospect for the role of James Bond. The recently released movie Bang-Bang has torched this idea. This possibility has turned a fond out-cry, among his fans around the world.
'The role of James Bond is simply the fantasy of every man and soaring ambition of every actor'.
Can he get shortlisted by MGM among the finest in the world?
lets see-
Q. But firstly, how do we describe James Bond ? before the selection of actor is discussed.
Ans. The character of James Bond owes royalty to the genius of Ian Fleming's first James Bond novel (1952).
James bond, Commonly defined – 'He is a brooding man of mystery, who is irresistible to ladies and world's most favorite spy – 007'.
James Bond a sketch, 1952
Ian Fleming inspiration– Ian Fleming was a war veteran and naval commanding officer, who served in world war-II. His desire to write a spy novel got inspired from – his wartime experiences, his sense of esteem about British spy's achievements in World war-I and him closely observing individuals, whom he came across during his tenure in Intelligence division.
Ian Fleming,at work
He wrote his first novel in the spring of 1952. He devoted two months to its completion and also used this time to drew away from personal problems. He was well-known to be a heavy drinker and smoker.
James Bond stories– His Plot is originally set in post world-war Britain, conceptualizing a free world against the soviet union situation and enemy leaders of complex-obscure origin (Slavic, Mediterranean, or Central European ). It was often said, that thewhole plot was set to pandering the inflated & insecure self-image of British in post war era.
Structure & Character of james Bond– The bond character would vacillate between – duty & sacrifice, love & death, cupidity & ideals, Luxury & discomfort, Chance & planning.
Bond's character– A Good looking heterosexual male, cold in eyes & cruel mouth(jaw-line), dark-short hair, measures half inch shy of 6 feet & weighs round-about 76 kg.
Fleming's bond
Bond is depicted as a spy in his mid to late thirties. His idiosyncrasy and habits would involve – simple dining ( like cold beef & potatoes), heavy drinking (preferably dry martini or scotch) & heavy smoking (60- 70 sticks a day). Along would compliment an affinity for drugs, at eventful occasions ( professional moments or psychological reasons). His life suffers with mild amnesia and his world is full with laws of gun. Where murder is done as a playful trick & enemy is a wild beast, who savages with no thinking. However, bond is – perspicacious, skillful and deals with equanimity.
Bond's favourite weapon-A Walter pistol
Bond is also an exceptional marksman, one of the best in the secret service. His abilities cuts through other fields of action such as – hand-to-hand combat, underwater swimming, playing golf & driving fancy automobiles. He loves to shoot with an automatic pistol ( .25 ACP Beretta or Walther PPK 7.65mm) and drives elegantly, in his Mark II Continental Bentley.
Bond's car, mark II continental bentley
Adaptations to fleming's bond – After Fleming's death in 1964, there have been lot of adaptations to his novels with screen-writing,new novels & setting the plot in the current times. One of the most recent being the work of William Boyd's bond novel 'solo', released in 2013. Boyd agrees that there have been massive changes, that have shifted the bond movies far from Fleming's projection. However, there are lot of intrinsic things than cannot be changed about the story. It is most certain that the next movies will focus on adaptation in current scenario .William Boyd agrees that his story of a plot in africa, a 1969 civil war is highly unlikely to become a movie.
William Boyd, author of latest bond novel 'solo' :2013
William Boyd undeniably states about the bond character– "There is a certain amount of weaponry, automobiles and two beautiful women he has relationships with. It would not be a Bond novel without these things in it"
Pros and cons in selection– MGM'S Selection is a long race of worldwide voting and nomination, based on popularity and actor's international impact. It is followed by shortlisting, based on actor's filmography and screen tests (action scenes for the movie or previously performed). It is long before the MGM Lion roars in agreement.
if Hrithik is to be chosen as the new bond, following shall fall for & against him in the process-
1. Pros–
a. Looks and physical description of Fleming's bond matches picture-perfect with Hrithik (almost 6 feet, thin ,dark short hair, elusive & alluring spy)
b. Bond attires in sharp suits & carries attitude which is cool yet sharp ,brooding yet engaging & smooth yet active. Hrithik conduct these passionately since the beginning of his career.
c. Bond movies are majorly themed on romance-action, which is reflective of Hrithik's major filmography.
d. Bond is a spy in his late thirties. Hrithik is perfectly aged for that role at 40.
2 Cons-
a. Ethnicity– Bond is primarily British in origin. Hence, it has to be a historic decision to choose someone from Indian background. Most stalwart actors have turned down the role( clint eastwood, burt reynolds & adam reynolds) on their professional opinions that bond must be enacted by a British actor. Hrithik will find that a tough ground to break, even with his exceptional considerations.
b.English accent– Something that is non-negotiable, bond must and must have an authentic English accent.If an indian accent slips through screening, with a flat tongue or indian accent tourettes start acting up in the scenes. It is simply a cross-marking by the MGM and British director.
C. Bollywood and world image – Though bolly-wood has broken lot of grounds at different levels, with personal or combined achievements. It is still not as widespread,critically acclaimed and popular as American or British cinema. Hrithik will find it tough to sway the votes in his favour. He will not only face accomplished British actors, in race for the seventh title but needlessly carry hopes of Indian cinema to break grounds with his single spectacular achievement. Quite Simply, Indian actor chosen for a bond role will be the breakthrough of the century for bolly-wood at world stage.
MGM LION, will it roar for Hrithik?
D. Domestic comparisons & mongering– India being largest democracy in the world, filled with loudest and most chaotic mouths. The whole scenario will break clouds over apple to apple comparisons. However unimportant, Hrithik will face lot of criticism at home,sully comparisons, news-hour debates and media created competition with Indian stalwart actors. These all names are in no less measure, deserving of a consideration-
nominee -1, best bet with : Dabangg,kick, Ek tha tiger
nominee -2, best bet with :Race -1&2,agent vinod
nominee -3, best bet with : baadshan, don series, main hoon na, ra-1, jab tak hai jaan
Now, lets look at some of the stalwart International actors, that our home boy is up-against. Can he shine among the light of these giants? All these actors are well-earmarked,critically noted &publicly approved of favourable bond choices.
Finally, have a look at these six actors who have played James Bond over the years.
MY NAME IS BOND,JAMES BOND…
Now, have one final look at the man on our weighing scale-
Hrithik Roshan,Seventh James Bond?
Choose to vote for or against this idea–
Surely, India has a big advantage with a large populous supporting Hrithik Roshan for the role of James Bond. The same frenzy helped Taj Mahal get voted as world's no.1 wonder of the world, among the top seven. Hrithik Roshan is no less than a wonder man to the masses of Indian cinema viewers.
Note of Dedication: At last,this post and information is intended for all Hrithik Roshan's fans. It is however dedicated to the masterful acting skills, dialogue delivery and on-screen performances of stalwart actor Late. Jeremy Brett.
He is one of my all time favorite actors and best to portray as Sherlock Holmes. Owing to reasons best known to him, Mr. Brett denied the role of James Bond, as offered to him before Sean Connery.
However, it is my firm belief that he would have out-classed the performances of even Sean Connery and Pierce Brosnan by quantum proportions. Here it is ( my dedication),to the Best James Bond that could never happen somehow.He smiles with his perspicacity & broodiness,those thoughtful depths unknown to most men. A picture of him as Sherlock Holmes is below-
Jeremy Brett-Legendary portray as Sherlock Holmes & best ever James Bond Prospect of all times
Hrithik Roshan as seventh James Bond
Being a reader- chapter 5/5
July 1, 2013 August 29, 2014 / Vishu Mishra	/ Leave a comment
#Narration of my reading journey–
Since I realized that being a poor reader is an obstacle to my aspiration of being a good writer & developing those supporting skills, I was really worried. With the medicines working for my sinus problem in the backdrop of self-renovation. I made it a regular habit to read the first page of newspaper for some time.
Slowly & steadily, I moved on to the sports section & added one big article from the editorial section of 'the Hindu'. My efforts increased to reading the entire two pages of editorial & the first page by the end of month& half. During this time, I was completely fascinated by the binding language of the eminent writers, advocates, social workers, environment experts, editors. Their articles were filled with a strong appeal, amazing & gripping ideas & abstract theories that can engage the most ingenious minds.
I felt privileged to reach this milestone. So, I started writing in a diary– their styled- sparkling ideas & aesthetic valued phrases, along with the difficult words, to later find their meaning. I found that with regular reading, my time span of completing the task reduced considerably & my comprehensive skill improved significantly. I was no more mind boggled by the heavy phrases, bulky lines, I was beginning to see the forest beyond the thick foliage & heavy wood barks.
Later in the year, I tried to tune around my other skills to aspire to same level of writing. So, with personal volition & valuable suggestion from my creative writing course teacher. I worked on my grammar & tried to grasp techniques from the book- ' how to read better & faster'. I was already cruising along with my vocabulary Building project. I realized that there's always more to learn than you know right now. One must always pursue an interest like a student not a master. You can never be a master of a language but mastering your reading ability is definitely one of the most advanced skills in the world & it can be most frustrating too for poor readers.however, its rewards are great on personal, intellectual & recreational ends.
For active netizen – you may be belonging to a social network circle, connected to a cause, belonging to a highly vocal society where every person is an authority to be a republic of his own opinions & challenge others on theirs. In such an environment, it is only befitting to be aware of the latest bubbles & things that are trending in the nation, for e.g. I am an Indian and this is the most complicated place in terms of demographic variations, socio-political debates, the vociferous breast-beating contests of ideas of our nation. In such a place, it is important to be part of all revolutions & one can achieve it by being a good reader. It can really help you in the execution of your ideas & moral templates on the seemingly active & ever-erupting opinion volcano.
Hopefully, some tips in this write-up will help you along as it has helped me.i am sure reading will further improve my short-comings,as it has before in this personal journey narrative of past one year.
From being a bad reader towards being a reader.
In goodwill of all who need to voice their genuine opinion, to add their ideas & voices to the world.
being a reader


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Villa Chamoun was built in 1965 by my grandfather Toufic Selim Chamoun, an inventor, mechanical engineer and industrialist. He went to the U.S. and worked at the Ford Motor Company in the 1920s and was heavily influenced by the architecture of Morris Lapidus as well as Frank Lloyd Wright's style. He dismantled the stones of the family residence — a stately home built during the Ottoman era — and gave them away to the people of Hasroun. He envisioned a modernist home for his family of eight children, which he accomplished. Completed in 1965 and inaugurated by the former Lebanese president Camille Chamoun, the villa became a socio-political hub in the north, hosting foreign guests, politicians and dignitaries. It was a glamorous destination and brought life to the village and the region.
Photos – Ieva Saudargaitė
How did you come up with the concept?
Initially, it was all about renovating a family home. However, what became clear was that it would require 14 members of staff to keep it going, the way it was run by my grandfather as a family home. The family elected me to take on this project and turn Villa Chamoun into a guesthouse to protect the caliber and quality of the property, making sure the experience today is what it used to be during my grandfather's time. I wanted to resurrect the 1960s and offer people a unique experience in Lebanon — a retro escape.
What made you decide to collaborate with Lebanese designers and creatives, including Rana Salam, Milia Maroun, Nada Debs and Fares Dagher?
These Lebanese designers are dear friends, and I have been in awe of their talents for a long time. I wanted to orchestrate a collaboration between them to bring the vision of Villa Chamoun to life. They all had the same brief of reimagining the 1960s within their respective trades. Only Nada Debs could conceptualize my memories of casual dinners in the grand salon, while it was Milia Maroun's Kimabaya that I could see myself wearing as I wandered around the villa. Joyful childhood memories all centered on the pool, so Rana Salam being the queen of fun made this space bright and colorful. Fares Dagher's subtle lighting design was critical in the design of the entire villa, and the cherry on top ended up being his retro mushroom lamps.
What are some of the unique features of the guesthouse?
The 1960s retro design is the underlying theme of Villa Chamoun; you truly feel like you have stepped back in time. Everything about the property, indoors and outdoors, adds up to a unique experience that could only be had at the villa and in Hasroun. Our Whiskey Bar Michel is curated by The Malt Gallery, while the catering is by Cat & Mouth, with resident chef Joseph Tawk at the helm. The rose garden, known as Les Maries-Roses, has a life-size chess board where guests can play and learn from our chess master. The rooftop has a spectacular view of the Qadisha Valley. Furthermore, you can get a massage, work out and star gaze at night. The pool experience comprises a unique op-art designed pool, towels and a gazebo. The Potager de Téta is a formal English-style vegetable garden for guests to pick their own produce.
What can guests do in the area?
The village of Hasroun was coined as the Rose of the Mountain by Alfonse Lamartine, and it is one of Lebanon's five most beautiful villages. You can go hiking in the Qadisha Valley or the Cedars of God forest. Other activities include caving, cliff diving and hunting in the fall. Furthermore, there are plenty of places of interest, such as the Gibran Khalil Gibran museum, the Qadisha Grotto, Jetté de Bcherri and the village of Mar Charbel, which is the highest village of Lebanon.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Wash, peel and grate carrots. Chop onions and make a slit in green chilies.
Heat oil in a pan add peanuts and fry till golden brown, then add cumin seeds after it crackles add curry leaves, chopped onions and green chili. Saute them and add ginger garlic paste to it ; saute till the raw flavor goes.
Now add grated carrots and all dry powder and saute in low flame till carrots get cooked. Then add the cooked rice along with salt and mix well. Garnish with fresh cilantro.


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Brusimpiano is a comune (municipality) on Lake Lugano in the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy, located about  northwest of Milan and about  north of Varese, on the border with Switzerland.

Brusimpiano borders the following municipalities: Barbengo (Switzerland), Caslano (Switzerland), Cuasso al Monte, Lavena Ponte Tresa, Marzio, Morcote (Switzerland), Porto Ceresio. The Comune is not far away from the Cinque Vette Park.

References

Cities and towns in Lombardy
Populated places on Lake Lugano

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


"A small, sunny port…a bike race greeted us at the port, and many of us wandered through town to try to find the one possible yarn opportunity. Unfortunately, the building at the address for the yarn shop was gone! We found a wonderful little bakery to enjoy some pastries, as were many others! This port also had a terrifically preserved Roman Theatre and museum, which many of us took in." — Paula.
The whole city was alive with activity. Young and old all out on roller skates, bikes and unicycles. It was a challenge for some to navigate the street encircling the city core with all the skaters and bikers whizzing by. But a few stopped to pose for pictures.
Our first stop was a bit of a bummer. The yarn/knitting shop that was posted on the suggested list was no more. Its building levelled to the ground.
As we walked the city we noticed that much of the town was scattered with vacant lots where buildings once stood. The many for sale and for rent signs on closed businesses clearly was a sign that the global economic collapse had hit Spain hard.
Here is a collection of pictures from Cartegena.


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Essays on childhood development
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Advances in medical science essay
Ward, who had recently studied cancer treatments in Europe, and Dr. These are meant to imprint a story along with Mondfrans's visual interpretation of the Advances in medical science essay in question. Health physics is the applied physics of radiation protection for health and health care purposes.
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It too, was housed on the Swedish campus, though not officially part of Swedish Hospital. Different countries have different systems of medicine.
A new nurses' home, opened inwas named Eklind Hall in honor of Swedish Hospital's longtime employee Herina Eklind Water for a Dry Land.
Musculoskeletal disorders in farmers and farm workers. I wanted to make a tribute because I think it's important to honor this kind of character—especially nowadays, when the Italian social-political-cultural situation is not the most prosperous and shiny.
Her predictions on how this and other machines might one day move beyond simple arithmetic calculation were unique for her time, and for this reason she is considered a visionary in the field of computational technology.
Why is phage being re-considered after so many years of obscurity. In this case, too much groundwater has already been drawn off 55, 56lowering the water table and resulting in an economic conundrum, where the price of oil, a necessary ingredient to fuel the heavy-duty pumps needed to raise water from a greater depth than at present currently fueled by cheaper natural gas-driven pumpswill not prove to be cost-effective with respect to the price of wheat For several decades Swedish cared for Hutchinson patients until the center became part of the University of Washington medical system, after which patients received care at University Hospital.
Internal tumors and stones which were considered incurable a few years back can now be cured. The value of Ogallala Groundwater.
Natural systems function in a sustainable fashion by recycling all essential elements needed to produce the next generation of life InGilead Sciences received approval to sell its Stribild pillwhich combines four HIV medications into one dose.
It is, to this day, the standard translation of the work into French. Mae Carol Jemison has become an inspiration to women and children everywhere, not only because she earned the call from NASA but because she has, in her post-astronaut years, excelled as a multifaceted and highly successful businesswoman, tech developer and social leader.
See Imaging First cochlear implant surgery Graeme Clarke in Australia carries out the first cochlear implant surgery. The Hutchinson center made extensive use of Swedish Hospital facilities. To try to minimize the likelihood of unwanted side effects of a new technology, humans will employ risk analysis.
Medical Sciences (ISSN ; CODEN: MSECFJ) is an international peer-reviewed open access scientific journal, providing a platform for advances in basic, translational and clinical research. The journal aims to publish original research, review articles and short communications about molecular and cellular processes in disease, in order to increase understanding of the fundamental.
Access to paid content on this site is currently suspended due to excessive activity being detected from your IP address Please contact the publisher to request reinstatement. Mar 23, · Inthe anthropologist Ashley Montagu published "Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race," an influential book that argued that race is a social concept with no genetic basis.A.
Dear Twitpic Community - thank you for all the wonderful photos you have taken over the years. We have now placed Twitpic in an archived state. Essay On The Benefits of Medical Science. Article shared by.
Advances in medical science have resulted in increase of average human life span and use of contraceptives has been a major factor in the decline of birth rate. The first test tube baby was born in August in America. Blood banks and sperm banks have been established.
Medical physics (also called biomedical physics, medical biophysics, applied physics in medicine, physics applications in medical science, radiological physics or hospital radio-physics) is, in general, the application of physics concepts, theories, and methods to medicine or healthcare.
Medical physics departments may be found in hospitals or universities.
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The Vertical Essay


National Public Health week, which begins April 6th and runs through April 12th is a multifaceted initiative run through the American Public Health Association designed with one major goal in mind- to make America the healthiest nation in the world by the year 2030. The program has daily themes to promote this idea, ranging from "building momentum" which focuses on getting influential leaders, companies and organizations getting involved in taking steps to encourage a healthy country along with "building broader connections" which focuses on expanding the public health community by creating bonds between education officials, organizations, city planners and more.
At iCubed, health is clearly something that is not taken lightly. Everyday our researchers work hard to discover ways to make safe and innovative vaccines to create a healthier nation and a healthier world community. In our own community, iCubed strives to build broader connections by working with local businesses, universities, such as the University of Rhode Island, along with hospitals and government officials. An example of this is one of the many projects run by our very own founder, Annie De Groot. Dr. De Groot teaches students in a cross-institutional collaboration course on entrepreneurship. The class guides scientists and business-trained professionals in the basics of biotechnology start-up with a focus on companies that support vaccine research. The highly successful course has created a great deal of success in Providence, the community in which iCubed is located by helping to create job opportunities in Rhode Island, which has positively impacted not only economic growth, but also spreads awareness of national public health by aiding in the start-up and hiring of employees in the medical field.
iCubed is also no stranger to aiding its local community in "building momentum." Once a year, iCubed holds an annual conference,the Vaccine Renaissance, that allows students to interact with leaders in the scientific fields from all over the nation- and even from many other countries from outside the United States. The prestigious list of speakers grows every year and always includes many different representatives from various companies, organizations, government agencies and more. Though the annual conference, the future of the scientific field is able to listen to the newest scientific advances from many different facets of the field, while also giving everyone in attendance the opportunity to network and exchange ideas and thoughts about important current topics in the scientific community.
Fifteen years may seem like a great deal of time for the American Public Health Associations goal of making America the healthiest nation on the planet, but here at iCubed we understand what an enormous undertaking achieving that goal will entail and we plan to continue our efforts in making that goal a reality. To read more about the daily themes, tools and tips and even how to get involved visit the National Public Health Week's webpage at http://www.nphw.org .


"I am a husband. I am a proud father of four daughters and one son. I am an athlete. I compete in endurance races and Ironman Triathlons. I've held two Guinness World Records in 70.3 and 140.6 triathlon racing, but this did not satisfy me. I dominated the 2012 World Record, smashing it by 10 races, winning 2 titles and placing 2nd in five others. My mind and body actually gained strength as I progressed through the 30 races in 11 different countries. I knew my limits were not reached in 2012 and wanted to test the true limits of my mind and body. I wanted the people of the United States and people around the world to join me in an effort to raise money for childhood obesity and empower people to take control of their own lives. To face fear and do their own really hard things. Nearing the conclusion of my 2012 Guinness World Record I knew there was more. I knew I had unfinished business.
"What was next?" I thought, the seemingly impossible…. 50 Full Distance Courses, 50 Consecutive days, through all 50 States. I'd cover 140.6 miles each and every day, for 50 consecutive days. A 2.4 mile swim, followed by a 112 mile bike ride and then finishing up by covering 26.2 more miles, which is the marathon.
When I'm not training or competing, I love to: Play with my kids, spend time with my wife and golf with friends.
Something that very few people know about me is: I grew up loving hockey (Calgary Flames) and followed WWE wrestling religiously.
My favorite moment or achievement to date is: convincing Sunny to be my bride. I married way up!
The toughest moment I've ever experienced in a race is: I've had many experiences, extreme highs and lows. I would have to say races 17-18 of the 50. Falling asleep on my bike and crashing at mile 30 of Ironman #18 of 50. The decision to get back on my bike, finish the 82 miles and run the marathon that night was mentally and physically taxing, beyond words can describe.
I live in Utah Valley because: it's the best training grounds in the world. I can train here and be confident about any race site. I love that I get to call Utah my home.
One thing I hope to achieve this year is: I'd like to reach the mountain tops of the four toughest Iron distance races in the world. Celtman, Swissman, Alaskaman and Norseman – Bring it!
The event on my bucket list is: Norseman!
Nathan helps me run stronger and run longer by: keeping me lite up. It is scary out there and I need to be seen.


This year, I've been choosing a story each month, and today, I'm going to share with you the story of the Fisherman and His Wife. My sister chose this one, and I'm so glad she did! It's got a lot to offer, so let's get to it. Here is my retelling of this Grimm's Fairy Tale.
There was once a fisherman who lived with his wife in a broken-down shack. Every day he would go fishing, but one day something special happened. The fisherman caught a large fish, and upon pulling it from the water, the fish began to speak!
"Please, I beg of you. Release me! For I am not an ordinary fish, but an enchanted prince."
The fisherman thought that there was no sense in eating an enchanted prince, so he threw the fish back into the sea. When he returned home, the fisherman told his wife about what had happened.
"Did you ask him for anything?", the wife asked. "If he was in fact an enchanted prince, he would have given you something for sparing his life. Go back and ask him to give us a cottage to live in, instead of this old shack."
The fisherman wasn't keen on this idea, but didn't want to upset his wife so he went and called for the fish. The fish returned and asked what was needed.
"My wife says that I should have asked you for something," the fisherman replied, "and she would like a cottage for us to live in."
The fish answered, "Go home. She already has it."
Indeed, when the fisherman went home, there was a lovely cottage, with a garden. Inside there were furnishings and food for them to eat! His wife was pleased, but not for long.
After a few weeks, the fisherman's wife grew dissatisfied, and told the fisherman to go back and ask the fish for a palace. He did, and again the fish granted the request.
By the next day, this was no longer enough, for now the wife wanted to be queen of the land. Once again, the fisherman asked, and the fish gave her what she wanted. But that night, she began thinking about the moon and the sun, and the next morning she had another desire.
"Go and ask the fish to make me ruler of the universe, the sun, moon and stars! I want to be like God!"
Now the fisherman was really worried. What would the fish say to this? But he complied and called for the enchanted fish.
"What is it now?", asked the fish. "What could your wife possibly want?"
The fisherman replied, "She wants to be made ruler of the universe, and to be like God."
The fish sent him home again, where he found his wife sitting in their humble shack once more.
Any thoughts on this story? I think there are many things we can learn from it...what jumped out most to you?
I know it's not the point of these stories, nor are these types of stories supposed to be realistic or even "fleshed out" in the modern sense of storytelling, but every single time I read one like this I wonder "Why did he (or she) marry such a pill?"
Maybe she used to be really hot?
I love these types of stories because they are both a fun read + something to think about.
The woman should have been amazed by the talking fish prince and not have asked for anything.
She was just too darn greedy.
I also like how it is never considered that there was anything that they could do for the enchanted prince.
I know that these are just stories, but it makes me a little sad to read how selfish + self serving these people are.
3. greed makes people crazy!
This verse comes to mind: Jesus replied, "Foxes have holes and birds of the air have nests, but the Son of Man has no place to lay his head." Lk. 9:58 ....she needed to understand humility.
I think it's interesting that the fisherman never expresses any of his own desires. He seems to want nothing but to make his wife happy, but she's lost her sense of wonder about the world, so there's nothing that could make her happy.
Maybe it's telling her she was already the ruler of her universe, like she could have anything she wanted if she just worked for it.


text:
Eva Olofsson, född 1977, är en svensk bildkonstnär, verksam i Göteborg.

Olofsson avslutade sina konststudier 2004 och har sedan 2008 också ett floristmästarbrev.

Olofssons bilder är skapade med en blandteknik med teman som fåglar och andra egenartade djur. Bilderna kan innehålla symmetriska ornament men också växter och blommor. Det händer även att blad från gamla faktaböcker kan anas bakom de genomsläppliga akrylfärgerna.

Olofsson utforskar växternas förgänglighet, djurens styrka  och naturens energi genom årstider och åldrande.

Olofsson har haft flera separatutställningar och representeras i Sverige av bland annat Galleri Eklund i Stockholm och Galleri Backlund i Göteborg.

Utställningar (urval)

 2021 - "Broar" på Galleri Blå, Linköping
 2019 – "Harvest Moon" på van der Plas Gallery, New York
2019 – "Vingslag" - måleri/blandteknik, på Lilla galleriet i Umeå

Referenser

Externa länkar
 Officiell webbplats

Svenska konstnärer under 2000-talet
Födda 1977
Levande personer
Kvinnor


text:
Arthur Hills
Since 1966, Arthur Hills has delivered hundreds of award-winning designs to golfers all over the world. With more than 190 original designs and 120 renovation projects, Arthur Hills has become one of the most respected and admired golf course architects in the modern era.
Hills' renovations include renowned clubs such as Oakmont, Inverness and Oakland Hills, and his original creations have graced Golf Digest's Top 100 list, won Golf Digest's Best New Public and Best New Private Course awards, and his 'Top State' and 'Best in Class' rankings are too numerous to list here.
Locally, Arthur Hills has completed renovations for Bethesda Country Club, Burning Tree Club, Chevy Chase Club, Congressional Country Club, The Manor Club, Woodmont Country Club, and Belle Haven Country Club, in addition to designing the second 18 at the Lowes Island Club.
Not surprisingly, fifty of his designs have been chosen to host prestigious tournaments and events on the PGA, LPGA, Senior PGA, and European PGA Tours, in addition to USGA Championships, collegiate championships, mini-tour events and nationally televised made-for-TV events like the annual Skins Game at Bighorn Golf Club and Shell's 'Wonderful World of Golf' match play event played at both Bay Harbour (ranked the 8th Best Public Golf Course in the United States by GOLF Magazine) and Longaberger Golf Club.
Of all the awards and accolades bestowed upon Arthur Hills' designs however, perhaps the greatest testament to his broad and enduring appeal occurred rather quietly, when, in the only poll of its kind conducted in the mid 1990s, 535 course rating panelists for Golf Digest Magazine selected Arthur Hills as one of the Top Five "Favorite Present-Day Architects."
In addition to Waverly Woods, Arthur Hills collaborated with his son Joe and partner Tom Healy on Blue Mash in Montgomery County, as well as Chicago Highlands, an amenity-laden family country club located in the western suburbs of Chicago. Follow this link to learn more about Arthur Hills and Associates.


text:
Portal > Offres > Offre UMR8501-PATGEO0-010 - Post-doctorat H/F
Post-doctorat H/F
http://bit.ly/2PRI6Q7
Reference : UMR8501-PATGEO0-010
Workplace : PALAISEAU
Expected date of employment : 1 June 2020
Remuneration : 2 605 brut per month
Measuring correlations between individual quantum particles - from ions and superconducting bits to atoms and molecules - holds large promises to reach a better understanding of some many-body problems. The research in our team goes along these lines with the investigation of single-atom-resolved correlations in strongly interacting quantum gases of metastable Helium. The project uses the recently built lattice gas machine which allows for the three-dimensional detection of individual bosons when released in a time-of-flight experiment (Cayla et al., Phys Rev A 2018, Tenart et al. arXiv 2019). The detector we use is specific to metastable Helium and it relies on the high internal energy stored in each atoms. It allows us to measure the momentum correlations between individual quantum particles and characterize non-trivial quantum states, such we have recently reported on a Mott insulator (C. Carcy et al., Phys. Rev. X 2019).
The candidate will be invited to participate to the exploration of two topics. Building on a recent work on the Mott state where correlations are of quantum statistical origin (C. Carcy et al., Phys. Rev. X 2019), we now aim at finding correlations induced by the presence of interaction and genuinely quantum. For instance we will look for signatures of non-Gaussian many-body ground-states close to the Mott phase transition and in dissipative lattices. The second part of the project will be dedicated to the realization of a Fermi sea of metastable Helium-3 and the study of correlations in Bose-Fermi mixtures. This second line of research will require the building of the laser cooling setup for Helium-3. The post-doctoral position is funded through the project QUORUM from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), which aims at the above-mentioned scientific objectives.
The candidate will have the opportunity to partially supervise the interns and/or PhD students working on the experimental apparatus.
PhD degree in experimental physics, a strong background in experimental atomic physics, quantum gases or condensed matter physics.
The candidate will work in the Lattice gas team, composed of two/three PhD students along with some interns, and supervised by D. Clément. The Lattice gas team is part of the Quantum gas group at the Institut d'Optique in Palaiseau, in the Paris area. The Quantum gas group holds 6 different quantum gas experiments and about 25 members.
Post-doctorat H/F (PALAISEAU) http://bit.ly/2PRI6Q7 #Emploi #OffreEmploi #Recrutement


text:
Seven Things I Learned from the Beatles
Seven Things I Learned from the Beatles by Sven-Erik SeaholmDecember 2016
Jeffrey Joe Morin's Songs for Ginny by Sven-Erik SeaholmDecember 2016
Big Quiet Steps: Presonus Moves Studio One into New Directions with Version 6 by Sven-Erik SeaholmDecember 2016
Luck of the Irish by Sven-Erik SeaholmDecember 2016
Critical Ear Theory by Sven-Erik SeaholmDecember 2016
Chasing Perfect by Sven-Erik SeaholmDecember 2016
Time Away: The Musical That Happened Anyway by Sven-Erik SeaholmDecember 2016
Better Than Expected by Sven-Erik SeaholmDecember 2016
ScaryOke by Sven-Erik SeaholmDecember 2016
Not Building a Wall; Making a Brick by Sven-Erik SeaholmDecember 2016
by Sven-Erik SeaholmDecember 2016
When people come over to the house/studio that my wife and I share, they often look at my Abbey Road poster, framed prints of both John Lennon and George Martin, and various other Fab Four paraphernalia and say, "Wow, someone really likes the Beatles." While it's true that I do enjoy their music (and I've learned that there are actually people who don't…gasp!), that is not the primary reason for their prominent placement in my working and living space. It's what they represent in the context of musical and recording history: the highest standard of excellence.
The Beatles essentially began their existence in much the same way many bands did. They worked hard and gigged a lot, got rejected by record labels, and eventually hooked up with a good manager (Brian Epstein) and a great producer (Sir George Martin). What would eventually result is a world-wide phenomenon, that judging from what had come before and what has happened since, will never occur again.
1. Nothing Beats Good, Old Fashioned Hard Work for Results
It is my firm belief that with all the talent and skill the Beatles had, it was their work ethic that made them better and kept them prolific. They didn't even start off doing their own music! Though they had been writing since very early on, George Martin told them their songs weren't strong enough for him to go to bat for them with the record company. So instead of parting ways with him, they worked even harder. The fact that your baby niece and your grandmother probably both know a Beatles tune says something for the results.
Here's another one: While they were working on the Abbey Road album, Paul showed the band the song "Oh! Darling, " a bluesy torch number with a gritty, belted out vocal, which many believe to be one of Paul's best. At the time Lennon said to McCartney something along the lines of, "Well, you do the pretty stuff great, but we all know that I'm the screamer, so I should do it." Paul merely strengthened his resolve and showed up at the studio an hour early every day that week to lay down vocals for it. By week's end, he finally nailed a take to his (and everyone else's) satisfaction…and he was Paul McCartney.
2. Try It!
The world's most popular band could have rested on its laurels, played it safe, and just given the record company essentially another version of the same album ad infinitum. Instead, they gave us perhaps one of our greatest gifts. They parlayed their large budget and creative curiosity into a master course in what could be done in the studio. Tape loops, flanging, automatic double tracking (ADT), microphones in milk bottles, and putting guitars and vocals through rotating speakers are only a small portion of their discoveries still in use today. Hell, while recording "Tomorrow Never Knows" on Revolver, Lennon wanted to be swung around the room by a rope tied to his feet to get the vocal sound he was hearing.
3. It's Not What You Have, But What You Do With It
The Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album, with its complex orchestrations and innovative recording techniques, was indeed recorded onto just four tracks. Granted, there were two four-track machines. They would fill up one with bass, drums, and guitars; mix those down to two tracks on the second machine and add the strings, horns, etc.; mix those four tracks onto two tracks on the first machine; then record the vocals on the remaining two tracks. They usually did the vocals last so they'd sound the best. This, of course, took some planning and also necessitated making sure they had the best takes possible, because there was no going back to redo the bass line, guitars or whatever.
4. Commit
It also meant that whatever effects you were using were kept forever. So, if there was a rhythmic delay on the snare, you played to it and heard it on playback. Nowadays, everyone wants to "do it later," recording without effects so that the exact amount of "seasoning" can be added at mix time. People even record the guitar direct so that they can choose the perfect amp setting after the fact! I understand the concept and have used it myself, but try this: Play through the song one time through your currently preferred amp setup and do another take direct. If you don't hear a difference in the feel and dynamics, I'll eat your copy of the white album.
5. Get It Right or Make It Right
The song "Strawberry Fields Forever" (originally recorded for Sgt. Pepper's but ending up on Magical Mystery Tour) is actually a composite of two entirely different takes, numbers 7 and 26. What's amazing about that is that they're in two different keys and tempos! John liked the sweet, stripped down approach of the earlier takes and wished they could retain that vibe and join it to the more grandiose version it had evolved to. Take 7 was slower and down a half-step from the later version, so it was decided they would try to speed it up and splice it to 26, which was slowed down by roughly the same amount. It worked! It happens approximately one minute into the song, after the "Let me take you down…" part. Listen and see what rewards fearless thinking can bring.
6. Back It Up
Great care was always taken in documenting every Beatles recording session. That's how great books like The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions by Mark Lewisohn came to be. Likewise, the original recordings were backed up with diligent redundancy and stored with equal thoughtfulness. When you think about all the technological advancements in the last 30-40 years (Stereo LPs, 8-track cartridges, cassettes, CDs, DVDs) it's worth noting that the high fidelity of all those masters is still available.
7. A Great Song Is Always Better Than a Great Recording
All the technology and expert production in the world will never make an average song a great one, only a marginally better one. A wonderful melody and an imaginative lyric that fits, well…they just might be a start in the right direction.
Sven-Erik Seaholm is an award-winning independent record producer, mastering engineer and recordist. www.kaspro.com.
Stranger on a Train


text:
U 5/98-III: why it is doomed from an interpretive point of view (Part 1)
The Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH) Constitutional Court decision of 1 July 2000 (U 5/98-III) attempted to demonstrate that the Dayton BiH Constitution implies a thesis on the constitutionality of all three BiH peoples throughout BiH territory, without qualification. This essay aims to demonstrate that the decision is implausible and that it rests on a flawed interpretation of the constitution.
Suggested Reading Collaborate GCCT
By Dražen Pehar
The chief task of this essay is to assess the Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH) Constitutional Court decision of 1 July 2000 (U 5/98-III), which can be reduced to an attempt to demonstrate that the Dayton BiH Constitution implies a thesis on constitutionality of all three BiH peoples throughout the BiH territory,[1] without qualification. This essay aims to demonstrate that the decision is implausible and that it rests on a flawed interpretation of the constitution.[2] Such a demonstration is presented in Part 2 of the essay. Part 1 is an important introduction to the considerations in Part 2: it addresses the issue of foundational elements that all legal interpretations need to include and offers a view of interpretation that applies to all courts including the BiH Constitutional one. Following the assessment of the U 5/98-III, which reads the decision in light of political concerns, politicization, and political ideology, as a dominant and arbitrary factor of interpretation, Section 4 of Part 2 offers a number of analogies from the legal past, the American and German jurisprudential contexts in particular, to point to the future directions in which our common perceptions (and future reinterpretations) of the U 5/98-III are highly likely to evolve.
The task of legal interpretation, in the sense of the process of interpreting of the language of legal documents including regulations, laws, and constitutions, is not especially demanding.[3] We should be up to the task simply due to our mastery of a natural language (English, Russian, Croatian….), when such mastery was gained through a sufficient level of self-reflection. The communication-related conditions marked by a lack of clarity (e.g. a rhetorical figure, allusion, an open-ended sentence, ambiguity, and similar) are relatively frequent and we encounter those already in our role of a language-learning child. This, of course, means not that the human users of language all stand on an equal level of language-related mastery or creativity. Individual variation in the matters of a creative and pertinent interpretation is a fact of life. However, as a matter of principle, it is, I think, impossible to designate some specific professional groups as guaranteed performers of successful interpretation (e.g. lawyers, judges, or university professors). Creativity in the tasks of interpretation is not limited to specific groups, ages, or even individuals.
The above claims should serve primarily a single purpose: to protect us to a sufficient degree from legal elitism which is frequently advocated in relation to the issues of legal interpretation. In other words, as the interpreters of a legal document, we must not succumb to the following claims that attempt to smuggle in our conversational arguments the illusion of legal certainty and irrefutability: "lawyers must know more about the subject," or "judges tend to accumulate such an amount of interpretive experience that it makes no sense to argue against them in the matters of legal interpretation." All such claims are instances of a legal quasi-wisdom that normally tries to shield some dogma from critical questioning and counter-arguments; we stand always under the commitment of assessing all legal propositions, including interpretive ones, in light of the generally applicable epistemological and logical-semantic standards. Additionally, all legislators are duty-bound to adhere to a principle that indicates a very inimical attitude to the legal elitism in the matters of legal interpretation: laws must be written in a language that is clear and understandable to all citizens. You must not indict someone on the basis of a code of law that is not understandable to him or her. Hence, the same proposition must apply to the issue of interpretation.
That is why legal interpretation must be fundamentally open and accessible to all those concerned with it in any way, and that is why legal interpretation must be maximally 'liberal' and open to all viable criticism and counter-arguments. However, we need to have in mind that the language-related considerations are not exclusive ones: legal interpretation must be open to a legitimate input by anyone also because it is so inextricably tied to political and, more importantly, ethical theories and considerations. Law stands in close relations with the issues of morality and politics, hence also with general anthropological themes and concerns. As such theories, considerations, themes and concerns are of general interest to everyone, it would be both meaningless and counterproductive to pose the claim that, on the issues related to law, some legal and properly schooled experts are the only ones capable of passing a reasonable judgment. One should, for instance, keep in mind that creative writers were able to present, and propose solution to, some moral dilemmas that characterize our common ethical and legal practice, hence cannot be excluded in their role of moral, and therefore legal, experts and road-paving authorities.
After we discard legal elitism in the matters of interpretation, we should say a few important words about the very process of interpreting both of general and legal nature. First and foremost, in this essay one kind of interpreting will not be of concern to us: it is the kind of interpretation we commonly relate to the notion of 'the reading of poetry.' Sometimes, the goal of interpretation, as sanctioned by a certain context, is not to establish a single and to all binding meaning or to construct a key and primary meaning of a document. Sometimes the process of interpreting aims at enlarging the space of interpretation, not narrowing it as it should be, or at multiplying the meanings, not reducing them to a true one. One should also have in mind that some poets relate to their own poetry as if it is a means of infinite multiplication of meanings. And they relate to their interpreters as if the latter should serve as partners in creation of ever richer and increasingly complex poetry. Have in mind John Lennon and his "I am the walrus."
As Pelikan emphasized,[4] legal interpretation is of a different kind; it is like the interpretation of the Bible. In the case of interpretation as a legal task, the interpreter deems his interpretation to be a rational process guided by a single goal: to establish an actual meaning of a text that is taken as authoritative and binding on all the readers of the document, of the Bible or a constitution. In such a context, the outcome of interpretation is offered to those who feel that they are bound by the document, by the believers or the citizens who adhere to a single constitution. This then means that the process of interpreting in this context is actually closest to the process of interpreting as we found it in the cases of the quotidian communication and interpretation – whenever we interpret the utterances of our interlocutor, we assume that they carry a single and specific meaning, and we also assume that the interlocutor should be the key authority in establishing what s/he intended, or meant, to say. Of course, in the case of the Bible and the constitutions, we cannot rely on a single interlocutor as a primary authority; normally, a group or a collective person is a proper author of that kind of document. Hence, often the proper meaning must be determined by the means of negotiation between the actors who play the role of various original drafters/writers of the documents.
Now, assuming such premises, what is the process of interpretation, and what are its essential components? Let us take a simple example: in a text we read the sentence "John is chasing a dog with a stick." As it stands, the sentence is ambiguous. Following the reading, we may envisage John as he carries a stick and runs after a dog; or, we may envisage John as running after a dog which holds a stick in its mouth. Of course, the use of comma-sign does help with such cases of the lack of clarity, but in many languages such signs are not used, and in some situations even such signs will not be of help. For a moment, let us imagine that the sentence is written as I did it, and that the reading of it issues in a vagary: it's not clear how we should strictly interpret the string of marks. This already tells us something important about the process of interpreting. The process is motivated by a need, by one's encounter with an unclear condition. The need to interpret is not omnipresent, or perennially sensed, and if such a need were pressing on us all the time, it is very unlikely that we would be in position to formulate any interpretation since we would be in dark on everything all the time.[5] Hence, the conditions that are problematic meaning-wise do not emerge everywhere and always; in fact they emerge with such a low frequency that we can, in a majority of cases, draw on the fund of non-problematic information, beliefs, meanings….on the basis of which we construct a meaning.
Let us return now to the simple example. What does its interpretation amount to? It amounts to the fact that, after our confrontation with the problem, we seek some additional information that could help us form a clear view of the meaning of the given sentence. In other words, we proceed as those who work on a puzzle: we search for some additional pieces that could fill the image which presently remains incomplete. The most important demand on us is as follows: the information gathered must be sufficiently safe and reliable, and also cohere with the rest of the image, for which the primary condition is in the relevance of the information to the given image. As to our specific example, this means that we will be seeking some additional information on John and his dog. Where do we find such information? We find it wherever we think we should search for it, and normally we will search for it in three key blocks that I tend to designate as 'indices of interpretation' (like 'Index of names/subjects' in a book): context, intention, and ordinary/conventional meaning of the word.
For instance, we will try to gather the preceding parts of the text (of which the sentence on John and his dog is a part), and what it claimed there about the dog or John. In this case we will draw on the context and search for the data relevant for the understanding of both John's intentions and the author's intentions. For instance, if the text has already read that John was eager to punish the dog, this could mean that John, not the dog, carries the stick. And, if it has already read that the dog somehow got hold of the stick, then the interpretation could deliver a different result. For the purpose of interpreting the context should be considered in the widest possible sense: it includes the text within which the sentence is expressed, but it also includes all the parts of the world that are relevant to the said sentence. Secondly, intention should be here taken as the intention of the author of the sentence – what did the author intend to do with the said sentence. Of course, again we will need some glimpse into the context to answer the question of intentions. Thirdly, and lastly, we need to deal with 'conventional meanings' – this is an assumption of common sense: whenever we interpret, conventional meanings are those that should cross our minds first. This, of course, does not imply that unconventional use of words or sentences is forbidden; but for such a use, and for the interpretive hypothesis of such a use, we need some special additional reasons.
I will now present an example to demonstrate the extent to which our information on the very author of a pattern of language can critically influence our interpretation of the pattern. There is one idiom in the English language: "I have butterflies in my stomach." Every normal speaker of the English, whenever s/he uses the sentence, intends to convey to us that s/he feels some tremor in his or her stomach due to her, or his, state of a slight nervousness or excitation. In other words, the use of such an idiom implies only that the speaker is slightly nervous. It does not imply the belief that butterflies fly within the speaker's stomach, or are about to fly out of the speaker's mouth. This also means that, at least in this idiom, the word 'butterflies' is used unconventionally, as a picture, simile or metaphor.
However, let us now change radically our assumptions. Imagine that we deal with a psychotic speaker who means the idiom literally. S/he really believes that s/he has got butterflies in her or his stomach. In other words, imagine that the speaker means the sentence literally. Also, imagine that we have good reasons to believe that the speaker means it literally, not as an idiom. Our interpretation of the sentence will, under such assumptions, change radically too. Hence, the view we hold of the speaker, which includes his or her many intentions, beliefs, desires, ambitions, hopes, fears, etc., necessarily influences, or shapes, our understanding of his or her sentences and their meanings. In other words, the sentences are normally interpreted holistically – we interpret them as parts of some bigger, implicitly and tacitly held wholes (composed of beliefs and desires, roughly).
It is on many occasions that Donald Davidson illustrated pertinently the holistic nature of the process of interpretation: however, one should immediately understand that the thesis of holism involves much more than the demand that we interpret the patterns of language within their contexts; Davidson intended to emphasize the fact that, in reality, we never interpret singular or individual sentences; we always take them in clusters and treat them as, more or less complex, narratives.[6] One of the examples Davidson used is approximately as follows: "Paul said that he saw a spider in his girlfriend's bedroom." Whenever we interpret this sentence, we are bound to interpret tacitly many parts of Paul's language. For instance, we cannot interpret this sentence in the usual way without attributing to Paul many additional sentences on e.g. spiders, girls, and bedrooms. Assuming that Paul means by 'spiders' some special parts of the engine of his automobile, we lose the capacity of interpreting the said sentence in the usual way, in its conventional meaning. Now, have in mind that this example carries another implication: as Davidson used to emphasize frequently, as the users and interpreters of language, we cannot divorce the process of the attribution of beliefs to a speaker from the process of the attribution of meanings to the same speaker. In order to interpret the speaker correctly, many sentences s/he utters must be not only understandable, but also acceptable to us: we need to share many beliefs with the speaker; in some cases where the interpretation yields a result in which the speaker's utterances are taken as wrong or false, our interpretation of his or her beliefs must issue in an understanding that the beliefs are at least rationally motivated or acceptable in some realistic perspective. For instance, let us assume that Paul does not believe that spiders are tiny animals that normally spin web and look suspiciously. Such an assumption would prevent us from understanding the meaning of Paul's utterance.
Additionally, and importantly, the impact of beliefs is shown not only at the level of the psychological interpretation of the speaker to whom we attribute some beliefs to give a plausible interpretation to his or her language. It is also shown in the fact that, whenever we interpret, we in fact search for some correct, safe and reliable information that can be of help to us in a certain context. In cases where we find some false information, our interpretations are false too. Hence, it is clear that, when one gives some substantial evidence in support of the thesis that our interpretation is based on erroneous beliefs, we will have to withdraw our interpretation or modify it to a significant degree.
The emphasis on the significance of the 'belief' factor for the process of interpreting has three key consequences. First, as a matter of principle, we cannot know in advance which beliefs are worthy of holding or accepting. We are limited on one side by our fallibility and, on the other, by our creativity. Secondly, the transformations of our belief-system are essentially unpredictable and not describable by an algorithm or through a set of unambiguous rules. This especially pertains to the process of interpretation to the extent it depends on our discovery or construction of new beliefs.[7] For instance, have in mind that traditional hermeneutics made a bold attempt to describe the process of interpretation algorithmically, through the so-called 'canons of interpretation.' However, all the attempts to give a more determinate meaning to the canons, or to present them in the shape of strict and precise legal regulations, failed [8].Contemporary legal hermeneutics made a similar attempt in the international arena; as a part of the process of the drafting of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which includes two principles of legal interpretation (articles 31 and 32), the International Law Commission attempted to reduce the process of legal interpretation to a number of hierarchically ordered rules that should be successively triggered to yield an unexceptionally unambiguous result. However, such an attempt failed too. Articles 31 and 32 are open to radically different interpretations; this means that, instead of reducing the ambiguities of the international treaties, they in fact reproduce such ambiguities as a part of the outcome of legal interpretation.[9] The causes of such a reproduction are found primarily in the creative character of legal interpretation, which reflects the creative nature of the process of acquisition or formulation of the beliefs relevant to the process of interpretation.
As a part of the second provision, it is important to emphasize that, due to the creativity factor, the process of interpretation should, in the sense of its epistemological dimension (Arts 31 and 32 relate explicitly only to the semantic dimension). i.e. of the method, be viewed as an abductive kind of reasoning, that is, as the so-called "inference to the best explanation:" it is a creative formation of a hypothesis that explains a relevant set of data in the clearest and simplest terms. Hence, the process of legal interpretation cannot be viewed as an inductive generalization, or as a reasoning from particular data to a statistical generalization, nor as a deductive kind of reasoning according to some deductively valid schemes of inference.[10]
Lastly, as a third consequence of the emphasis on the significance of the 'belief' factor for the process of legal interpretation, the debates concerning some beliefs, either political or legal or moral, are those that produce the most interesting, and the gravest, cases of an interpretation-related dilemma. Occasionally, we will find it very difficult to adjudicate between some beliefs, or, as usually said, the conflict between the beliefs will be deemed undecidable, which will then prevent us from attributing an unequivocal content to a proposition or a text. Conversely, this also means that, in the condition when we are in a position to formulate the most plausible beliefs, and demonstrate that a fund of beliefs is, under the standard epistemological norms, unequivocally superior to another fund, our interpretation is highly likely to assume a definite, unequivocal shape under the influence of the superior fund. As I pointed out elsewhere, an accurate, or adequate, interpretation has one goal only, and can be recognized only by one feature – it does not leave room open for further, justifiable and pending, disagreements concerning some further beliefs, including both explicit and implicit ones. This means that, once it arrives at the conclusion that A means X, Y, and Z, a proper and adequate interpretation cannot be put into question by inviting some further, and reasonable, disagreements between our beliefs concerning X, Y, or Z, the beliefs that only appeared to be taken for granted, or shared, during the process of interpretation. The same claim can be presented in a metaphorical way: an accurate interpretation is like an interpretation founded on some supreme, unwritten law, on 'the law, and right, of nature' that cannot be denied, opposed, or violated.
Aristotle was the first to propose such a view of interpretation,[11] which can also be found in Cicero who emphasized that, as a part of one's argument in support of one's interpretation, one needs to prove that the interpretation is "fair/honest, or useful, or necessary (honestum aut utile aut necessarium)." [12] Lon Fuller recovered such a view of interpretation in the 20th century, and stood unambiguously for the tradition of 'natural law' thinking. He pertinently emphasized that "those whose fate in any degree hinges on the creative act of interpretation,…as well as those who face the responsibility of the interpretation itself, must wish that it should proceed on the most secure footing that can be obtained, that it should be grounded insofar as possible in the necessities of democratic government and of human nature itself."[13]
All the aforementioned features of the general process of interpretation have their place in the legal kind too. Hence, every legal interpretation should be viewed as a process in which we seek some additional, safe and reliable, information that can help us explain a pattern of language, a code of law or a constitution, in the most reasonable and clearest terms. Also, each legal interpretation is a creative act which to a large extent depends on the human ability to formulate relevant beliefs, and it is an act which rationalizes the pattern of language which is the target of interpretation. One should also emphasize another matter that is frequently forgotten: the act of interpretation needs to reduce, not reproduce, ambiguity, and help one draw an image which is clearer than the image which motivated the need, and thus prompted the act, of interpreting in the first place. In other words, we should not interpret an unclear message by another unclear message. Additionally, interpretation itself is geared to a construction of a narrative as a complex compound which needs to satisfy all the key epistemological standards (coherence, justification, empirical validity, parsimony).
As to legal interpretation, we should add three more aspects. First, whenever we deal with legal ambiguities, we should bear in mind that a collective agent stands behind a legal text; in other words, a legal text should be interpreted and clarified in light of collective, not individual, intentions. Secondly, our interpretation needs to assume that the law is just or that it means at least an attempt to right an injustice. This means that, if a legal interpretation promotes an unjust structure in light of the intentions of the agent who took part in the process of formulating of the law, or the constitution, this prima facie speaks against such an interpretation. It fails to explain why the agent initially considered the law, or the constitution, as both purposeful and beneficial.
The English interpretive practice recognized this notion long time ago and formulated it explicitly: whenever we seek a proper interpretation of a law, we start with the assumption that the collective agent has formulated or adopted the law in the state of need; in other words, we assume that the collective agent was faced with a problem of which there was no knowable solution at the time of the passage of law; then the law was formulated in such a state in order to find a cure for such a condition, or to resolve the said social problem. Hence, the true purpose of interpretation is to identify the cure and, once it is thus explicitly identified, to apply it to a condition when the law requires some interpretation. This means that interpretation needs to express, not deny, the cure that the law brings to a society. Here is how the Barons of the Exchequer viewed the process when they met in 1584 to consider the difficult problem of interpretation in 'Heydon Case:'
"And it was resolved by them, that for the sure and true interpretation of all statutes in general….four things are to be discerned and considered:
1st. What was the common law before the making of the Act.
2nd. What was the mischief and defect for which the common law did not provide.
3rd. What remedy the Parliament hath resolved and appointed to cure the disease of the commonwealth.
And, 4th. The true reason of the remedy;
and then the office of all the Judges is always to make such construction as shall suppress the mischief, and advance the remedy."[14]
Thirdly, and finally, we should bear in mind another aspect of legal interpretation with which we return to the opening lines of this essay. Every legal interpreter undertakes the commitment to offer some valid and persuasive reasons in support of his or her interpretation. Every legal interpreter is duty-bound to explain why his or her interpretation ought to be deemed epistemologically superior to some alternative interpretations, and his or her explanation must rely only on fully impersonal considerations that need to be persuasive to all the speakers of a language, or at least to those who think that they ought to adhere to a constitutional structure. Also, every legal interpreter must be in a position to explain why s/he views the alternative as flawed, and why the alternative entails some consequences that should not be accepted. Summarily, this means that the work of legal interpretation is actually a work on a theory: the interpreter makes an attempt at formulating a theory which offers an explanation of a prima facie puzzling part of the universe; a part that is contained in a proposition, or a text, by a speaker or a group of speakers.
Now, as the interpreter's work is primarily in the field of theory, s/he must not be a priori protected from some plausible objections. Firstly, it must not be protected through a status of an institutional body. The scientists who debate an issue in the solid state physics should never claim that an institutional scientific committee has the right to decide in the case of a conflict between some competing theories. The suggestion to the contrary makes no sense. The scientists are expected to try to resolve a dispute through arguments, or to admit that the problem, at the present stage of theoretical development, should be qualified as irresolvable and open widely to competing explanations. The same holds for the domain of legal interpretation including the area of constitutional hermeneutics or constitutional theory. There is no way one can protect a constitutional court from a counterargument by defining its decisions a priori as infallible or perfect, and thus as ultimate and irrevocable. We should also firmly keep in mind that no court has ever managed to make its unjust and clearly implausible decision immune to counterargument by drawing on its own quasi-status or role as an 'ultimate interpreter.' And whenever a court tried to do so, the conditions were worsening considerably, and the society was witnessing the polarization much worse than it was prior to the passage of the (unjust and implausible) interpretive decision. Hence, when we address the topic of interpretation, the status of a constitutional court should be deemed provisional and conditioned: it will depend fully on the strength of its arguments, that is, on the quality of its theoretical work.
In other words, when it comes to some really hard cases of critical constitutional interpretation, the Court's status follows its performance, not the other way around; the former does not guarantee the latter, and cannot guarantee it, primarily because every process of interpretation is guided by reasons and argument, not by personal preferences, the party or ethnic interests, or the currently prevailing ideologies or the relations of political power.xvi However, on the other hand, many a court seems to have gladly succumbed to the following challenge: to invoke the pretence of infallibility and exploit the legal interpretation as a cover for steering arbitrarily the meaning of a law in a direction which suits some dominant party.
Let us look now into the BiH Constitutional Court decision of 1 July 2000, which was in many ways a critical juncture of the developments of post-Dayton relations within the BiH.
Dražen Pehar has a PhD in politics and international relations from Keele University (SPIRE 2006), holds an assistant professorship (BiH) in the philosophy of law and in politics with sociology. Dražen is a DiploFoundation Associate, and previously served as Chief of Staff to the BiH Federation President (1996) and as a media analyst to the OHR (1999/2000). Dražen is also part of the Institute for Social and Political Research (IDPI), a member of the Global Coalition for Conflict Transformation.
The second part of this essay will be published next Tuesday. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of TransConflict.
This is my English rendering of the following essay (published by Institute for social and political research, Mostar, on 9 December 2014): "Kritička ocjena interpretativnih aspekata Odluke Ustavnog suda BiH od 1. srpnja 2000. (I.)" (http://www.idpi.ba/konstitutivnost/ accessed on 20 Sept 2016)
This directly relates to the BiH Constitution preamble which designates 'Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs' (together with Others) as 'constituent peoples' of BiH. I think it is safe and reasonable to assume that the peoples should be deemed the key 'constitution making actors.' The three peoples have together, but due to their individual interests, decided to adopt a single and shared constitutional structure.
Despite this, the decision is probably the most famous of the BiH Constitutional Court decisions and is held in high regard especially by the Bosniak-Moslem political elite in BiH.
For more detail concerning my views of interpretation, see Pehar (2006a), (2011a), (2011b), (2014a), (2014b, chapters 6 and 7)
Pelikan (2004)
Hence, Vattel's famous rule of interpretation ("in claris non fit interpretatio:" when the matters are clear, interpretation is not required) comes first.
For more detail on Davidson's views of interpretation, see Pehar (2011b, 146-147, 165-167)
Already in 1857, T. Sedgwick claimed as follows: "It would seem as vain to attempt to frame positive and fixed rules of interpretation as to endeavour, in the same way, to define the method by which the mind shall draw conclusions from testimony," as quoted by E.D. Hirsch (1967, 202).
See Hirsch, ibid.
This argument is elaborated in more detail in Pehar (2006b)
Eco (1991), too, advocates the view of interpretation as an abductive kind of reasoning.
Aristotle (1959, 1374a25-35)
Cicero (1949, II xli. 119 (p. 288))
Fuller (1969, 102)
Fuller (1969, 82-3)
For more elaborate argument in support of such a theory of the status of constitutional courts (when it comes to constitutional interpretation), see Pehar (2014a) and (2014b, chapter 7)
Aristotle (1959), Ars Rhetorica, ed. by W.D. Ross, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Cicero (1949), De Inventione (London, Cambridge Mass.: William Heinemann Ltd. i Harvard University Press), Latin with the English translation by H.M. Hubbell
Eco, U. (1991), The Limits of Interpretation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press)
Fuller, Lon L. (1969), The Morality of Law, (New Haven and London: Yale University Press)
Hirsch, E.D. (1967), Validity in Interpretation (New Haven and London: Yale University Press)
Pehar, D. (2006a), Moralne dileme, politički sukobi, tumačenja i promjene (Daytonskog) Ustava – stajalište filozofa jezika, Status 9, pp. 127-140 (the English version here: http://www.academia.edu/1820489/Moral_dilemmas_political_conflicts_and_interpretations_of_the_Dayton_Constitution_2006_ )
_____ (2006b), International law of interpretation: an ambiguous response to ambiguity, Journal of diplomatic language III: 1 (ed. H. Bashor), see: http://www.academia.edu/852930/International_law_of_interpretation_-_an_ambiguous_response_to_ambiguity (accessed on 24 September 2016)
_____ (2011a), "Deparlamentarizacija ustavotvorstva", Daytonske ustavne aporije, i simulakrum "bosanske nacije" – svjedo anstvo o dovršetku teritorijalizacije pravno–politi ke misli u BiH, Status 15, pp. 125-147
_____ (2011b), Diplomatic ambiguity: Language, power, law (Saarbrücken: LAP/Akademiker Verlag)
_____ (2014a) Ambiguity, 'Leviathan', and the question of ultimate interpreter, Prolegomena 13:1, pp. 21-44 http://hrcak.srce.hr/121954 ) (accessed on 24 September 2016)
_____ (2014b), Vladavina zakona i njeni čuvari (Rule of law and its guardians) (Mostar: "Dijalog", HD Herceg Stjepan Kosa a, IDPI)
Pelikan, J. (2004), Interpreting the Bible and the Constitution (New Haven and London: Yale University Press)
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The political participation of women in post-conflict Bosnia-Herzegovina
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Rapper, Tinie Tempah does not feel Pippa Middleton's famous rear end meets his tastes.
As males around the world unite in their appreciation of the younger sister of Kate Middleton (The Duchess of Cambridge….you know she married that bloke who's granny has a nice big house in London), the Rapper from south London has spoken of his bewilderment at the attention being bestowed on Pippa's backside.
According to The Sun 22 year old Tinie Tempah said "I've not actually got what all the fuss is about. I prefer a bigger bum. I'm definitely a bum man but she's not doing it for me. Sorry Pippa"
But Tinie Tempah has expressed his deep admiration for the auto-tune and X Factor reject (from the judging panel that is), Cheryl Cole.
Tempah said "I fancy her, she's a good looking girl."
I am sure that your comments will cheer Cheryl up Mr Tempah…..
But die hard Pippa Bum fans still place their loyalties at her royalties.
For many people That Bum in That Dress overshadowed the Royal Wedding itself catapulting Pippa into the world's limelight and affording her the tittle of celebrity.
I love Tinie so much! He's such a talented artist. His album Disc-Overy is a must own for any pop music fan!


text:
World War III - Chapter 2
For an "enduring constitutional government"
Author Topic: For an "enduring constitutional government" (Read 370 times)
PinoyMonk
Reputation: +10/-0
Bush makes power grab
1:00 a.m. Eastern
President Bush, without so much as issuing a press statement, on May 9 signed a directive that granted near dictatorial powers to the office of the president in the event of a national emergency declared by the president.
The "National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directive," with the dual designation of NSPD-51, as a National Security Presidential Directive, and HSPD-20, as a Homeland Security Presidential Directive, establishes under the office of president a new National Continuity Coordinator.
That job, as the document describes, is to make plans for "National Essential Functions" of all federal, state, local, territorial, and tribal governments, as well as private sector organizations to continue functioning under the president's directives in the event of a national emergency.
The directive loosely defines "catastrophic emergency" as "any incident, regardless of location, that results in extraordinary levels of mass casualties, damage, or disruption severely affecting the U.S. population, infrastructure, environment, economy, or government functions."
When the president determines a catastrophic emergency has occurred, the president can take over all government functions and direct all private sector activities to ensure we will emerge from the emergency with an "enduring constitutional government."
Translated into layman's terms, when the president determines a national emergency has occurred, the president can declare to the office of the presidency powers usually assumed by dictators to direct any and all government and business activities until the emergency is declared over.
Ironically, the directive sees no contradiction in the assumption of dictatorial powers by the president with the goal of maintaining constitutional continuity through an emergency.
The directive specifies that the assistant to the president for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism will be designated as the National Continuity Coordinator.
Further established is a Continuity Policy Coordination Committee, chaired by a senior director from the Homeland Security Council staff, designated by the National Continuity Coordinator, to be "the main day-to-day forum for such policy coordination."
Currently, the assistant to the president for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism is Frances Fragos Townsend.
Townsend spent 13 years at the Justice Department before moving to the U.S. Coast Guard where she served as assistant commandant for intelligence.
She is a White House staff member in the executive office of the president who also chairs the Homeland Security Council, which as a counterpart to the National Security Council reports directly to the president.
The directive issued May 9 makes no attempt to reconcile the powers created there for the National Continuity Coordinator with the National Emergency Act. As specified by U.S. Code Title 50, Chapter 34, Subchapter II, Section 1621, the National Emergency Act allows that the president may declare a national emergency but requires that such proclamation "shall immediately be transmitted to the Congress and published in the Federal Register."
A Congressional Research Service study notes that under the National Emergency Act, the president "may seize property, organize and control the means of production, seize commodities, assign military forces abroad, institute martial law, seize and control all transportation and communication, regulate the operation of private enterprise, restrict travel, and, in a variety of ways, control the lives of United States citizens."
The CRS study notes that the National Emergency Act sets up congress as a balance empowered to "modify, rescind, or render dormant such delegated emergency authority," if Congress believes the president has acted inappropriately.
NSPD-51/ HSPD-20 appears to supersede the National Emergency Act by creating the new position of National Continuity Coordinator without any specific act of Congress authorizing the position.
NSPD-51/ HSPD-20 also makes no reference whatsoever to Congress. The language of the May 9 directive appears to negate any a requirement that the president submit to Congress a determination that a national emergency exists, suggesting instead that the powers of the executive order can be implemented without any congressional approval or oversight.
Homeland Security spokesperson Russ Knocke affirmed that the Homeland Security Department will be implementing the requirements of NSPD-51/ HSPD-20 under Townsend's direction.
The White House had no comment.
"In this difficult time, to be victorious, we must be steadfast using all of our strength and capabilities like brave soldiers fully armed in the battlefield ... Whatever happens, behave in such a way that God will be glorified."
-Saint Andrew Kim
Have you ever noticed that many mentally ill people think they are powerful people? I think Napoleon is their favorite person to be. Obviously Bush thinks he has powers not written into the office. I would love to see him disabused of his delusions, but so far no one has come forward, like John the Baptist to challenge him. Is there anyone on the horizon?
+RIP
Please pray for the repose of her soul.