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Metaphysics > Properties > Natural Properties
Natural Properties
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Determinates and Determinables (11)
Dispositions and Powers (211 | 23)
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Properties (20)
Properties, Misc (45)
Property Nominalism (28)
Quantities (22)
Tropes (64)
Universals (83)
Essence and Essentialism (120 | 4)
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Conceptual Evaluation: Epistemic.Alejandro Pérez Carballo - forthcoming - In Alexis Burgess, Herman Cappelen & David Plunkett (eds.), Conceptual Ethics and Conceptual Engineering. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.details
On a view implicitly endorsed by many, a concept is epistemically better than another if and because it does a better job at 'carving at the joints', or if the property corresponding to it is 'more natural' than the one corresponding to another. This chapter offers an argument against this seemingly plausible thought, starting from three key observations about the way we use and evaluate concepts from en epistemic perspective: that we look for concepts that play a role in explanations (...) of things that cry out for explanation; that we evaluate not only 'empirical' concepts, but also mathematical and perhaps moral concepts from an epistemic perspective; and that there is much more complexity to the concept/property relation than the natural thought seems to presuppose. These observations, it is argued, rule out giving a theory of conceptual evaluation that is a corollary of a metaphysical ranking of the relevant properties. -/- conceptual ethics, explanation, naturalness, epistemic value, concept/property, semantic internalism. (shrink)
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The Special Composition Question and Natural Fusion.Renato Rocha - 2019 - Proceedings of the 3rd Filomena Workshop.details
Philosophical problems about the part-whole relation have been discussed throughout the history of philosophy, at least since Plato and Aristotle. In contemporary philosophy, the understanding of these issues has benefited from the formal tools of Classical Extensional Mereology. This paper aims is to defend mereological restrictivism against some constraints imposed by the vagueness argument. To achieve this, the paper is divided into three parts. In the first, I introduce the special composition question (hereafter SCQ) as formulated by [Van Inwagen, 1990] (...) and briefly present the three sets of theories that proffer answers to it. In the second part, I focus on the vagueness argument, that was presented by [Lewis, 1986, ] and [Sider, 2007, ] to defend mereological universalism. In the third section, I introduce the theory of natural properties by David Lewis. From this theory, I propose a new mereological operation labeled as natural fusion. The purpose of this operation is to falsify one of the premises of the vagueness argument. Then, I discuss some examples and counter-examples to natural fusion. (shrink)
Lasst uns den Weg einer neuen Ontologie einschlagen! (2. Teil).Gianluigi Segalerba - 2018 - Analele Universitǎţii Din Craiova, Seria: Filosofie 42 (2):5-48.details
Topology and Leibniz's Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles.Mormann Thomas - manuscriptdetails
The aim of this paper is to show that topology has a bearing on Leibniz's Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles (PII). According to (PII), if, for all properties F, an object a has property F iff object b has property F, then a and b are identical. If any property F whatsoever is permitted in PII, then Leibniz's principle is trivial, as is shown by "identity properties". The aim of this paper is to show that topology can make a (...) contribution to the problem of giving criteria of how to restrict the domain of properties to render (PII) non-trivial. In topology a wealth of different Leibnizian principles of identity can be defined - PII turns out to be just the weakest topological separation axiom T0 in disguise, stronger principles of can be defined with the aid of higher separation axioms Ti, i > 0. Topologically defined properties have a variety of nice features, in particular they are stable in a natural sense. Topologically defined properties do not have a monopoly on defining "good" properties. In the final section of the paper it is show that the topological approach is closely related to Gärdenfors's approach of conceptual spaces based on the concept of convexity. (shrink)
The Unreality of Realization.Chase Wrenn - 2010 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 88 (2):305-322.details
This paper argues against the realization principle, which reifies the realization relation between lower-level and higher-level properties. It begins with a review of some principles of naturalistic metaphysics. Then it criticizes some likely reasons for embracing the realization principle, and finally it argues against the principle directly. The most likely reasons for embracing the principle depend on the dubious assumption that special science theories cannot be true unless special science predicates designate properties. The principle itself turns out to be false (...) because the realization relation fails the naturalistic test for reality: it makes no causal difference to the world.1 1This paper resulted from work done at John Heil's 2006 Mind and Metaphysics NEH Summer Seminar at Washington University in St. Louis. An early version of it was presented in a special symposium on realization at the 2007 meeting of the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology. I owe thanks to all the participants in both events for helpful discussions, and I owe particular thanks to Ken Aizawa, Torin Alter, Jason Ford, Carl Gillett, John Heil, Nicholas Helms, Pete Mandik, John Post, Gene Witmer, Michelle Wrenn, Tad Zawidzki, and two anonymous referees for the AJP. (shrink)
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Kinds of Tropes Without Kinds.Markku Keinänen, Jani Hakkarainen & Antti Keskinen - 2018 - Dialectica 72 (4):571-596.details
In this article, we propose a new trope nominalist conception of determinate and determinable kinds of quantitative tropes. The conception is developed as follows. First, we formulate a new account of tropes falling under the same determinates and determinables in terms of internal relations of proportion and order. Our account is a considerable improvement on the current standard account (Campbell 1990; Maurin 2002; Simons 2003) because it does not rely on primitive internal relations of exact similarity or quantitative distance. The (...) internal relations of proportion and order hold because the related tropes exist; no kinds of tropes need be assumed here. Second, we argue that there are only pluralities of tropes in relations of proportion and order. The tropes mutually connected by the relations of proportion and order form a special type of plurality, tropes belonging to the same kind. Unlike the recent nominalist accounts, we do not identify kinds of tropes with any further entities (e.g. sets) or abstractions from entities (e.g. pluralities of similar tropes). (shrink)
Introduction: Lessons From the Scientific Butchery.Matthew H. Slater & Andrea Borghini - 2013 - In Joseph Keim Campbell, Michael O'Rourke & Matthew H. Slater (eds.), Carving Nature at its Joints: Natural Kinds in Metaphysics and Science. MIT Press.details
Good chefs know the importance of maintaining sharp knives in the kitchen. What's their secret? A well-worn Taoist allegory offers some advice. The king asks about his butcher's impressive knifework. "Ordinary butchers," he replied "hack their way through the animal. Thus their knife always needs sharpening. My father taught me the Taoist way. I merely lay the knife by the natural openings and let it find its own way through. Thus it never needs sharpening" (Kahn 1995, vii; see also Watson (...) 2003, 46). Plato famously employed this image as an analogy for the reality of his Forms (Phaedrus, 265e). Just like an animal, the world comes pre-divided for us. Ideally, our best theories will be those which "carve nature at its joints". While Plato employed the "carving" metaphor to convey his views about the reality of his celebrated Forms, its most common contemporary use involves the success of science -- particularly, its success in identifying distinct kinds of things. Scientists often report discovering new kinds of things -- a new species of mammal or novel kind of fundamental particle, for example -- or uncovering more information about already familiar kinds. Moreover, we often notice considerable overlap in different approaches to classification. As Ernst Mayr put it: No naturalist would question the reality of the species he may find in his garden, whether it is a catbird, chickadee, robin, or starling. And the same is true for trees or flowering plants. Species at a given locality are almost invariably separated from each other by a distinct gap. Nothing convinced me so fully of the reality of species as the observation . . . that the Stone Age natives in the mountains of New Guinea recognize as species exactly the same entities of nature as a western scientist. (Mayr 1987, 146) Such agreement is certainly suggestive. It suggests that taxonomies are discoveries rather than mere inventions. Couple this with their utility in scientific inference and explanation and we have compelling reason for accepting the objective, independent reality of many different natural kinds of things.. (shrink)
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Propriedades Naturais e Mundos Possíveis.Renato Mendes Rocha - 2015 - Coleção XVI Encontro ANPOF.details
O objetivo geral da pesquisa da qual esse artigo faz parte é investigar o sistema metafísico que emerge dos trabalhos de David Lewis. Esse sistema pode ser decomposto em pelo menos duas teorias. A primeira nomeada como realismo modal genuíno (RMG) e a segunda como mosaico neo-humeano. O RMG é, sem dúvida, mais popular e defende a hipótese metafísica da existência de uma pluralidade de mundos possíveis. A principal razão em favor dessa hipótese é a sua aplicabilidade na discussão de (...) problemas losó cos, esse motivo não será diretamente abordado neste artigo. Pois, o foco está em compreender o mosaico neo-humea- no e como ele relaciona-se com a metafísica de mundos possíveis. Em outras palavras, o meu objetivo é entender as bases losó cas que sus- tentam o realismo modal genuíno. (shrink)
Il neoplatonismo nell'ontologia chimica di Jan Baptista van Helmont.Marina Paola Banchetti-Robino - 2017 - In Il minimo, l'unità, e l'universo infinito nella cosmologia vitalistica di Giordano Bruno. Milano: Limina Mentis.details
Mundos possíveis, propriedades naturais e mereologia.Renato Rocha - 2017 - Dissertation, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarinadetails
I argue in this dissertation that natural properties play a central role in David Lewis' modal realism. To argue in favor of this thesis I present: a bottom-up explanation of a top-down possible world metaphysics; a new definition of natural properties and natural fusion, a new mereological operation. To achieve these aims, in the first chapter, I contextualize the discussion, in the second I resume the discussion about universals in contemporary philosophy and argue that, considering the distinct formulations of the (...) problem, class nominalism combined with modal realism might be the best solution. Furthermore, I discuss Devitt's solution in which he defends that the problem about universals is, in fact, a pseudo problem. In the third chapter, I introduce a minimal ontology of properties, regarding natural properties, I discuss the existing definitions, present a new one and discuss some theories of similarity, a notion that is in the core of the definition I propose. Besides, I present how natural properties benefit the definition of terms of nomological package, linked to its fundamentality role. I also present some applications related to the rationality role that encompass some well-known philosophical problems of the second half of 20th century. In the fourth chapter, I present some varieties of philosophical realism, I consider the theoretical advantages of taking scientific realism as background and I discuss one more utility of natural properties, the solution to the problem of eligibility of reference or, the Putnam's paradox. In the fifth chapter, I discuss how mereology is important to link several aspects of Lewis' modal realism. For such, I discuss the relation between composition as identity and ontological innocence of mereology and I present the natural fusion mereology, a new mereological operation that aims to minimize the problems of unrestricted composition. (shrink)
Quantity Tropes and Internal Relations.Markku Keinänen, Antti Keskinen & Jani Hakkarainen - 2019 - Erkenntnis 84 (3):519-534.details
In this article, we present a new conception of internal relations between quantity tropes falling under determinates and determinables. We begin by providing a novel characterization of the necessary relations between these tropes as basic internal relations. The core ideas here are that the existence of the relata is sufficient for their being internally related, and that their being related does not require the existence of any specific entities distinct from the relata. We argue that quantity tropes are, as determinate (...) particular natures, internally related by certain relations of proportion and order. By being determined by the nature of tropes, the relations of proportion and order remain invariant in conventional choice of unit for any quantity and give rise to natural divisions among tropes. As a consequence, tropes fall under distinct determinables and determinates. Our conception provides an accurate account of quantitative distances between tropes but avoids commitment to determinable universals. In this important respect, it compares favorably with the standard conception taking exact similarity and quantitative distances as primitive internal relations. Moreover, we argue for the superiority of our approach in comparison with two additional recent accounts of the similarity of quantity tropes. (shrink)
Essentially Grounded Non-Naturalism and Normative Supervenience.Toppinen Teemu - 2018 - Topoi 37 (4):645-653.details
Non-naturalism – roughly the view that normative properties and facts are sui generis and incompatible with a purely scientific worldview – faces a difficult challenge with regard to explaining why it is that the normative features of things supervene on their natural features. More specifically: non-naturalists have trouble explaining the necessitation relations, whatever they are, that hold between the natural and the normative. My focus is on Stephanie Leary's recent response to the challenge, which offers an attempted non-naturalism-friendly explanation for (...) the supervenience of the normative on the natural by appealing to hybrid properties, the essences of which link them to both natural and sui generis normative properties in suitable ways. I argue that despite its ingenuity, Leary's solution fails. This is so, I claim, because there are no hybrid properties of the sort that her suggestion appeals to. If non-naturalists are to deal with the supervenience challenge, they will have to find another way of doing so. (shrink)
Parthood and Naturalness.M. Eddon - 2017 - Philosophical Studies 174 (12):3163-3180.details
Is part of a perfectly natural, or fundamental, relation? Philosophers have been hesitant to take a stand on this issue. One reason for this hesitancy is the worry that, if parthood is perfectly natural, then the perfectly natural properties and relations are not suitably "independent" of one another. In this paper, I argue that parthood is a perfectly natural relation. In so doing, I argue that this "independence" worry is unfounded. I conclude by noting some consequences of the naturalness of (...) parthood. (shrink)
Is Naturalness Natural?Thompson Naomi - 2016 - American Philosophical Quarterly 53 (4):381-396.details
Abstract -/- The perfectly natural properties and relations are special—they are all and only those that "carve nature at its joints." They act as reference magnets, form a minimal supervenience base, figure in fundamental physics and in the laws of nature, and never divide duplicates within or between worlds. If the perfectly natural properties are the (metaphysically) important ones, we should expect being a perfectly natural property to itself be one of the (perfectly) natural properties. This paper argues that being (...) a perfectly natural property is not a very natural property, and examines the consequences. (shrink)
Armstrong on Quantities and Resemblance.Maya Eddon - 2007 - Philosophical Studies 136 (3):385-404.details
Resemblances obtain not only between objects but between properties. Resemblances of the latter sort - in particular resemblances between quantitative properties - prove to be the downfall of a well-known theory of universals, namely the one presented by David Armstrong. This paper examines Armstrong's efforts to account for such resemblances within the framework of his theory and also explores several extensions of that theory. All of them fail.
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Naturalness and Convex Class Nominalism.Ben Blumson - forthcoming - Dialectica.details
In this paper I argue that the analysis of natural properties as convex subsets of a metric space in which the distances are degrees of dissimilarity is incompatible with both the definition of degree of dissimilarity as number of natural properties not in common and the definition of degree of dissimilarity as proportion of natural properties not in common, since in combination with either of these definitions it entails that every property is a natural property, which is absurd. I suggest (...) it follows that we should think of the convex class analysis of natural properties as a variety of resemblance nominalism. (shrink)
The Asymmetric Magnets Problem.Brian Weatherson - 2006 - Philosophical Perspectives 20 (1):479–492.details
There are many controversial theses about intrinsicness and duplication. The first aim of this paper is to introduce a puzzle that shows that two of the uncontroversial sounding ones can't both be true. The second aim is to suggest that the best way out of the puzzle requires sharpening some distinctions that are too frequently blurred, and adopting a fairly radical reconception of the ways things are.
Cornell Realism, Explanation, and Natural Properties.Luis R. G. Oliveira & Timothy Perrine - 2017 - European Journal of Philosophy 25 (2):1021-1038.details
The claim that ordinary ethical discourse is typically true and that ethical facts are typically knowable seems in tension with the claim that ordinary ethical discourse is about features of reality friendly to a scientific worldview. Cornell Realism attempts to dispel this tension by claiming that ordinary ethical discourse is, in fact, discourse about the same kinds of things that scientific discourse is about: natural properties. We offer two novel arguments in reply. First, we identify a key assumption that we (...) find unlikely to be true. Second, we identify two features of typical natural properties that ethical properties lack. We conclude that Cornell Realism falls short of dispelling the tension between ethical conservativism and ethical naturalism. (shrink)
David Lewis, Donald C. Williams, and the History of Metaphysics in the Twentieth Century.A. R. J. Fisher - 2015 - Journal of the American Philosophical Association 1 (1):3--22.details
The revival of analytic metaphysics in the latter half of the twentieth century is typically understood as a consequence of the critiques of logical positivism, Quine's naturalization of ontology, Kripke's Naming and Necessity, clarifications of modal notions in logic, and the theoretical exploitation of possible worlds. However, this explanation overlooks the work of metaphysicians at the height of positivism and linguisticism that affected metaphysics of the late twentieth century. Donald C. Williams is one such philosopher. In this paper I explain (...) how Williams's fundamental ontology and philosophy of time influenced in part the early formation of David Lewis's metaphysics. Thus, Williams played an important role in the revival of analytic metaphysics. (shrink)
Distance and Dissimilarity.Ben Blumson - forthcoming - Philosophical Papers:1-29.details
This paper considers whether an analogy between distance and dissimilarlity supports the thesis that degree of dissimilarity is distance in a metric space. A straightforward way to justify the thesis would be to define degree of dissimilarity as a function of number of properties in common and not in common. But, infamously, this approach has problems with infinity. An alternative approach would be to prove representation and uniqueness theorems, according to which if comparative dissimilarity meets certain qualitative conditions, then it (...) is representable by distance in a metric space. I will argue that this approach faces equally severe problems with infinity. (shrink)
Logically Simple Properties and Relations.Jan Plate - 2016 - Philosophers' Imprint 16:1-40.details
This paper presents an account of what it is for a property or relation (or 'attribute' for short) to be logically simple. Based on this account, it is shown, among other things, that the logically simple attributes are in at least one important way sparse. This in turn lends support to the view that the concept of a logically simple attribute can be regarded as a promising substitute for Lewis's concept of a perfectly natural attribute. At least in part, the (...) advantage of using the former concept lies in the fact that it is amenable to analysis, where that analysis—i.e., the account put forward in this paper—requires the adoption neither of an Armstrongian theory of universals nor of a primitive notion of naturalness, fundamentality, or grounding. (shrink)
Les propriétés du vide et de l'espace-temps.Baptiste Le Bihan - 2016 - Philosophiques 43 (1):49-66.details
Les propriétés matérielles sont généralement appréhendées comme les propriétés d'une substance matérielle : cette chemise possède la propriété d'être bleue, cette chaussure la propriété d'être en bon état. Pourtant, on peut trouver plusieurs raisons de douter que les propriétés soient nécessairement les propriétés d'une substance matérielle, à la fois en métaphysique avec la théorie du faisceau, et en physique contemporaine à travers les notions d'énergie du vide et de champ. Or, si les propriétés ne sont pas les propriétés de substances (...) matérielles, on peut s'interroger sur la théorie de l'instanciation qu'implique une telle thèse. Dans cet essai, je m'emploierai à examiner la cohérence et la plausibilité de la thèse selon laquelle certaines, voir toutes les propriétés matérielles ne sont pas instanciées par une substance et la théorie de l'instanciation qui en découle. | : Material properties are generally construed as properties of material substances : this shirt has the property of being blue, these shoes are in good condition. However, one could think of several reasons to doubt that properties necessarily are properties of material substances both in metaphysics, with the bundle theory, and in contemporary physics, through the two notions of field and energy of the vacuum. But, if properties are not properties of material substances, what is the resulting theory of instantiation? Within the scope of this article, I will examine the consistence and plausibility of the view that several, if not all of, material properties are not instantiated by a substance and the theory of instantiation which follows from it. (shrink)
Construção Social.Teresa Marques - 2015 - Compêndio Em Linha de Problemas de Filosofia Analítica.details
A ideia de que certas categorias, propriedades, eventos, ou factos, são construídos socialmente tem sido defendida nas ciências sociais e humanidades desde meados do século xx. Nas últimas décadas, vários filósofos da tradição analítica começaram a dedicar mais atenção à possibilidade de que haja tipos de coisas construídas socialmente. A ideia complementa outra ideia relativamente consensual hoje em dia: a de que existem tipos naturais, mas que nem tudo o que existe constitui um tipo natural. São particularmente interessantes os tipos (...) de coisas que parecem naturais, mas que se argumenta serem na realidade construídos socialmente. Nesta entrada, identifico o papel que as teses construtivistas têm no progresso social e político, distingo entre várias formas de construtivismo teoricamente interessantes – causal e constitutivo, e discuto três objecções à ideia do construtivismo factual. (shrink)
Two Conceptions of Similarity.Ben Blumson - 2018 - Philosophical Quarterly 68 (270):21-37.details
There are at least two traditional conceptions of numerical degree of similarity. According to the first, the degree of dissimilarity between two particulars is their distance apart in a metric space. According to the second, the degree of similarity between two particulars is a function of the number of (sparse) properties they have in common and not in common. This paper argues that these two conceptions are logically independent, but philosophically inconsonant.
A Trope Nominalist Theory of Natural Kinds.Markku Keinänen - 2015 - In Ghislain Guigon & Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra (eds.), Nominalism about Properties. Routledge. pp. 156-174.details
In this chapter, I present the first systematic trope nominalist approach to natural kinds of objects. It does not identify natural kinds with the structures of mind-independent entities (objects, universals or tropes). Rather, natural kinds are abstractions from natural kind terms and objects belong to a natural kind if they satisfy their mind-independent application conditions. By relying on the trope theory SNT (Keinänen 2011), I show that the trope parts of a simple object determine the kind to which it belongs. (...) Moreover, I take the first steps to generalize the trope nominalist theory to the natural kinds of complex objects. (shrink)
Essence in Abundance.Alexander Skiles - 2015 - Canadian Journal of Philosophy 45 (1):100-112.details
Fine is widely thought to have refuted the simple modal account of essence, which takes the essential properties of a thing to be those it cannot exist without exemplifying. Yet, a number of philosophers have suggested resuscitating the simple modal account by appealing to distinctions akin to the distinction Lewis draws between sparse and abundant properties, treating only those in the former class as candidates for essentiality. I argue that 'sparse modalism' succumbs to counterexamples similar to those originally posed by (...) Fine, and fails to capture paradigmatic instances of essence involving abundant properties and relations. (shrink)
Fundamental Properties of Fundamental Properties.M. Eddon - 2013 - In Karen Bennett Dean Zimmerman (ed.), Oxford Studies in Metaphysics, Volume 8. pp. 78-104.details
Since the publication of David Lewis's ''New Work for a Theory of Universals,'' the distinction between properties that are fundamental – or perfectly natural – and those that are not has become a staple of mainstream metaphysics. Plausible candidates for perfect naturalness include the quantitative properties posited by fundamental physics. This paper argues for two claims: (1) the most satisfying account of quantitative properties employs higher-order relations, and (2) these relations must be perfectly natural, for otherwise the perfectly natural properties (...) cannot play the roles in metaphysical theorizing as envisaged by Lewis. (shrink)
No Work For a Theory of Universals.M. Eddon & Christopher J. G. Meacham - 2015 - In Jonathan Schaffer & Barry Loewer (eds.), A Companion to David Lewis. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 116-137.details
Several variants of Lewis's Best System Account of Lawhood have been proposed that avoid its commitment to perfectly natural properties. There has been little discussion of the relative merits of these proposals, and little discussion of how one might extend this strategy to provide natural property-free variants of Lewis's other accounts, such as his accounts of duplication, intrinsicality, causation, counterfactuals, and reference. We undertake these projects in this paper. We begin by providing a framework for classifying and assessing the variants (...) of the Best System Account. We then evaluate these proposals, and identify the most promising candidates. We go on to develop a proposal for systematically modifying Lewis's other accounts so that they, too, avoid commitment to perfectly natural properties. We conclude by briefly considering a different route one might take to developing natural property-free versions of Lewis's other accounts, drawing on recent work by Williams. (shrink)
The Metaphysical Significance of the Ugly-Duckling Theorem.Ben Blumson - manuscriptdetails
According to Satosi Watanabe's "theorem of the ugly duckling", the number of predicates satisfied by any two different particulars is a constant, which does not depend on the choice of the two particulars. If the number of predicates satisfied by two particulars is their number of properties in common, and the degree of resemblance between two particulars is a function of their number of properties in common, then it follows that the degree of resemblance between any two different particulars is (...) a constant, which does not depend on the choice of the two particulars either. Avoiding this absurd conclusion requires questioning assumptions involving infinity in the proof or interpretation of the theorem, adopting a sparse conception of properties according to which not every predicate corresponds to a property, or denying that degree of resemblance is a function of number of properties in common. After arguing against the first two options, this paper argues for a version of the third which analyses degrees of resemblance in terms of degrees of naturalness of common properties. In the course of doing so, it presents a novel account of natural properties. (shrink)
Eligibility and Inscrutability.J. Robert G. Williams - 2007 - Philosophical Review 116 (3):361-399.details
Inscrutability arguments threaten to reduce interpretationist metasemantic theories to absurdity. Can we find some way to block the arguments? A highly influential proposal in this regard is David Lewis' ' eligibility ' response: some theories are better than others, not because they fit the data better, but because they are framed in terms of more natural properties. The purposes of this paper are to outline the nature of the eligibility proposal, making the case that it is not ad hoc, but (...) instead flows naturally from three independently motivated elements; and to show that severe limitations afflict the proposal. In conclusion, I pick out the element of the eligibility response that is responsible for the limitations: future work in this area should therefore concentrate on amending this aspect of the overall theory. (shrink)
Analyses of Intrinsicality in Terms of Naturalness.Daniel Graham Marshall - 2012 - Philosophy Compass 7 (8):531-542.details
Over the last thirty years there have been a number of attempts to analyse the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic properties in terms of the facts about naturalness. This article discusses the three most influential of these attempts, each of which involve David Lewis. These are Lewis's 1983 analysis, his 1986 analysis, and his joint 1998 analysis with Rae Langton.
Normative Appeals to the Natural.Pekka Väyrynen - 2009 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 79 (2):279 - 314.details
Surprisingly, many ethical realists and anti-realists, naturalists and not, all accept some version of the following normative appeal to the natural (NAN): evaluative and normative facts hold solely in virtue of natural facts, where their naturalness is part of what fits them for the job. This paper argues not that NAN is false but that NAN has no adequate non-parochial justification (a justification that relies only on premises which can be accepted by more or less everyone who accepts NAN) to (...) back up this consensus. I show that we cannot establish versions of NAN which are interesting in their own right (and not merely as instances of a general naturalistic ontology) by appealing to the nature of natural properties or the kind of in-virtue-of relation to which NAN refers, plus other plausible nonparochial assumptions. On the way, I distinguish different types of 'in virtue of claims. I conclude by arguing that the way in which assessment of meta-ethical hypotheses is theory-dependent predicts the failure of non-parochial justifications of NAN. (shrink)
Against Truth.Jamin Asay - 2014 - Erkenntnis 79 (1):147-164.details
I argue that there is no metaphysically substantive property of truth. Although many take this thesis to be central to deflationism about truth, it is sometimes left unclear what a metaphysically substantive property of truth is supposed to be. I offer a precise account by relying on the distinction between the property and concept of truth. Metaphysical substantivism is the view that the property of truth is a sparse property, regardless of how one understands the nature of sparse properties. I (...) then offer two new arguments against metaphysical substantivism that employ ideas involving recombination and truthmaking. First, I argue that there are no theoretically compelling reasons to posit the existence of a metaphysically substantive property of truth. Secondly, I argue that if we do posit the existence of such a property, then we end up with a view that is either contradictory or unmotivated. What we're left with is a metaphysically deflationary account of the property of truth that fully respects the metaphysical ambitions of truthmaker theory, and that is consistent with both the view that truth is a deflated, explanatorily impotent concept and the view that truth is an explanatorily powerful concept. (shrink)
Intrinsicality Without Naturalness.D. Gene Witmer, William Butchard & Kelly Trogdon - 2005 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 70 (2):326–350.details
Rae Langton and David Lewis have proposed an account of "intrinsic property" that makes use of two notions: being independent of accompaniment and being natural. We find the appeal to the first of these promising; the second notion, however, we find mystifying. In this paper we argue that the appeal to naturalness is not acceptable and offer an alternative definition of intrinsicality. The alternative definition makes crucial use of a notion commonly used by philosophers, namely, the notion of one property (...) being had in virtue of another property. We defend our account against three arguments for thinking that this "in virtue of" notion is unacceptable in this context. We also take a look at a variety of cases in which the definition might be applied and defend it against potential counterexamples. The upshot, we think, is a modest but adequate account of what we understand by "intrinsic property.". (shrink)
Properties: Qualities, Powers, or Both?Rögnvaldur Ingthorsson - 2013 - Dialectica 67 (1):55-80.details
Powers are popularly assumed to be distinct from, and dependent upon, inert qualities, mainly because it is believed that qualities have their nature independently of other properties while powers have their nature in virtue of a relation to distinct manifestation property. George Molnar and Alexander Bird, on the other hand, characterize powers as intrinsic and relational. The difficulties of reconciling the characteristics of being intrinsic and at the same time essentially related are illustrated in this paper and it is argued (...) that the reasons for thinking of powers as essentially relational are based on misguided epistemological consideration. Finally, I present a way of thinking of fundamental properties as primitive natures that we can only understand in virtue of what they do but which we should not think of as being ontologically constituted by these doings. According to this view, properties are both qualities and powers. (shrink)
Nominalismo e Mundos Possíveis.Renato Rocha - 2013 - Coleção XV Encontro ANPOF.details
Essa comunicação possui dois objetivos. Em primeiro lugar, pretendo esboçar as diferentes alternativas teóricas contemporâneas que procuram responder ao conhecido " problema dos universais". Para isso, apresentamos os nominalismos de predicados, classes, semelhanças e a teoria de tropos. Em segundo lugar, pretendo mostrar, inspirado no trabalho de David Lewis, como o nominalismo de classes, a noção de propriedade natural e uma teoria de mundos possíveis prometem resolver o problema em questão.
Reading Writing the Book of the World.Cian Dorr - 2013 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 87 (3):717-724.details
This paper is a response to Theodore Sider's book, Writing the Book of the World. It raises some puzzles about Sider's favoured methodology for finding out about naturalness (or 'structure').
Understanding and Structure.Allan Hazlett - 2017 - In Stephen Grimm (ed.), Making Sense of the World: New Essays on the Philosophy of Understanding. Oxford University Press.details
In the Phaedrus, Socreates sympathetically describes the ability "to cut up each kind according to its species along its natural joints, and to try not to splinter any part, as a bad butcher might do." (265e) In contemporary philosophy, Ted Sider (2009, 2011) defends the same idea. As I shall put it, Plato and Sider's idea is that limning structure is an epistemic goal. My aim in this paper is to articulate and defend this idea. First, I'll articulate the notion (...) of a structural proposition (§1), and the notion of an epistemic goal (§2), where I'll assume that epistemic goals are species of accuracy. Then (§3), I'll argue against some proposals for understanding the idea that limning structure is an epistemic goal: limning structure is neither an aim of belief (§3.1), nor of inquiry (§3.2), nor of concept possession (§3.3). Importantly, non-structural belief is not thereby inaccurate; belief does not "aim" at being structural. Next (§4), I'll propose a framework for understanding the idea that limning structure is an epistemic goal, and defend that idea. What is required, to defend the view that limning structure is an epistemic goal, is the notion of (what I call) theorizing – a propositional attitude that, unlike belief, does "aim" at being structural (§4.1). I'll argue that structural truths constitute a species of "important" truths (§4.2), and that apt theorizing is a species of understanding (§4.3). Finally (§5), I'll discuss the possibility that there is no structure. (shrink)
Overall Similarity, Natural Properties, and Paraphrases.Ghislain Guigon - 2014 - Philosophical Studies 167 (2):387-399.details
I call anti-resemblism the thesis that independently of any contextual specification there is no determinate fact of the matter about the comparative overall similarity of things. Anti-resemblism plays crucial roles in the philosophy of David Lewis. For instance, Lewis has argued that his counterpart theory is anti-essentialist on the grounds that counterpart relations are relations of comparative overall similarity and that anti-resemblism is true. After Lewis committed himself to a form of realism about natural properties he maintained that anti-resemblism is (...) true about the relations of overall similarity that enter his counterpart theory and his analysis of counterfactuals. However, in this article I argue that Lewis's account of degrees of naturalness for properties combined with his modal realism entails that anti-resemblism is false. The Lewisian must amend Lewis's system if she aims to benefit from the alleged virtues of anti-resemblism. I consider two ways of amending it, neither of which is a free lunch. (shrink)
Naturalness.Cian Dorr & John Hawthorne - 2013 - In Karen Bennett & Dean Zimmerman (eds.), Oxford Studies in Metaphysics: Volume 8. Oxford University Press. pp. 1.details
Lewis's notion of a "natural" property has proved divisive: some have taken to the notion with enthusiasm, while others have been sceptical. However, it is far from obvious what the enthusiasts and the sceptics are disagreeing about. This paper attempts to articulate what is at stake in this debate.
Goodbye, Humean Supervenience.Troy Cross - 2012 - Oxford Studies in Metaphysics 7:129-153.details
Reductionists about dispositions must either say the natural properties are all dispositional or individuate properties hyperintensionally. Lewis stands in as an example of the sort of combination I think is incoherent: properties individuated by modal profile + categoricalism.
On Sider on Naturalness.Robert Williams - manuscriptdetails


text:
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/firelike/nytimes-api.svg?branch=master&format=flat-square)](https://travis-ci.org/firelike/nytimes-api)
[![License](https://poser.pugx.org/firelike/nytimes-api/license?format=flat-square)](https://packagist.org/packages/firelike/nytimes-api)

## Introduction

Zend Framework module to consume NY Times API

## Installation
Install the module using Composer into your application's vendor directory. Add the following line to your
`composer.json`.

```json
{
    "require": {
        "firelike/nytimes-api": "^1.1"
    }
}
```
## Configuration

Enable the module in your `application.config.php` file.

```php
return array(
    'modules' => array(
        'Firelike\NYTimes'
    )
);
```

Copy and paste the `nytimes.local.php.dist` file to your `config/autoload` folder and customize it with your credentials and
other configuration settings. Make sure to remove `.dist` from your file.Your `nytimes.local.php` might look something like the following:

```php
<?php
return [
    'nytimes_service' => [
        'api_key' => '<your-api-key>',
    ]
];
```

## Usage

Calling from your code:

```php
        use Firelike\NYTimes\Request\AbstractRequest;
        use Firelike\NYTimes\Request\Books\Lists;
        use Firelike\NYTimes\Service\BooksService;

        $service = new BestSellersService();

        $request = new Lists();
        $request->setList('hardcover-fiction')
            ->setSortOrder(AbstractRequest::SORT_ORDER_ASC);

        $result = $this->getService()->bestSellerList($request);

        $numberOfRecords = $result->toArray()['num_results];
        var_dump($numberOfRecords);

        $records= $result->toArray()['results];
        var_dump($records);

```

Using the console:

```php
php public/index.php nytimes lists -v
```
## Implemented Service Methods:

* **bestSellerList**
* **bestSellerHistoryList**
* **bestSellerListNames**
* **bestSellerListOverview**
* **bestSellerListByDate**
* **reviews**

## Links

* [Zend Framework website](http://framework.zend.com)
* [NY Times Developers](https://developer.nytimes.com/)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Sevel S.p.A. (acronym of "Società Europea Veicoli Leggeri" - "Société Européenne de Véhicules Légers" (European Light Vehicle Company)) is an Italian automotive company which produces light commercial vehicles. It was first established in 1978 by Fiat S.p.A. and PSA Group. Formerly, Alfa Romeo, Lancia and Talbot were also part of the joint venture. Sevel Sud in Italy began manufacturing in 1981. Sevel Nord in France started in 1993. Fiat sold its share of Sevel Nord to PSA in 2012 and re-entered it through the merger of FCA and PSA into Stellantis in 2021. A joint venture extension for Sevel Sud was agreed upon by both automakers in February 2019, preceding the merger of both companies into Stellantis.

The versatile acronym was also used by Fiat and Peugeot's Argentinian subsidiary since December 1980, and later also in Uruguay. Here, however, the abbreviation signified "Sociedad Europea de Vehículos para Latinoamérica" (European Company for making Vehicles for Latin America).

Sevel Nord
"Sevel Nord" (from "Société Européenne de Véhicules Légers") is a car factory in Lieu-Saint-Amand, near Valenciennes, Denain and Cambrai, France, with manufacturing commencing in 1993. It was founded as a 50-50 joint venture between Groupe PSA (then named PSA Peugeot Citroën) and Fiat. Sevel Nord started manufacturing vans for Toyota in 2013. A third generation of light commercial vans and passenger minivans was launched by PSA and Fiat in 2016.

It has a production capacity of 200,000 vehicles per year, and a total of 2,400 employees. In 2011 some 94,000 vans were manufactured, 74,000 of which were Peugeot and Citroën and 20,000 were Fiat models.

Sevel Nord has produced:
 Minivans/MPVs nicknamed Eurovans (1994–2014): Citroën Synergie/Evasion, Fiat Ulysse, Lancia Zeta/Phedra, Peugeot 806/807.
 Third generation minivans (2016–present)
 Citroën Space Tourer
 Fiat Ulysse
 Peugeot Traveller
 Toyota ProAce Verso
 Opel Zafira Life/ Vauxhall Vivaro Life
 Light commercial vehicles
 Citroën Jumpy/Dispatch
 Fiat Scudo (1994–2015, 2022-present)
 Peugeot Expert
 Toyota ProAce (2013–present)
 Opel Vivaro/ Vauxhall Vivaro

Sevel Sud

Sevel Atessa
The Sevel Sud (from Società Europea Veicoli Leggeri") is a car factory in Atessa, Italy. The complex is owned by Stellantis. The factory began manufacturing in 1981.

It occupies an area of more than 1.2 million square meters, of which 344,000 are covered. It has a production capacity of 250,000 vehicles per year, with a total of 6,300 workers employed. In 2013, Fiat and PSA announced their new investment for a new generation van, with a €550 million/€150 million split in investment, with the joint venture continuing through their merger company Stellantis. The facelifted third generation model was launched in 2014.

In September 2018 the 6 millionth vehicle (a Fiat Ducato) was built in the Sevel Atessa factory.

 First generation (1981–1994)
 Fiat Ducato
 Alfa Romeo AR6
 Peugeot J5
 Citroën C25
 Talbot Express
 Second generation (1993–2006)
 Fiat Ducato
 Peugeot Boxer
 Citroën Jumper/Relay
 Third generation (X250; 2006–present)
 Fiat Ducato
 Peugeot Boxer
 Citroën Jumper/Relay
 Opel Movano/ Vauxhall Movano

Production by model between 2000 and 2007 in the Sevel Sud factory:

Source OICA.

Note: The Fiat Ducato is also manufactured in Brazil (6,000 ex per year) and in Russia (15,000 ex per year since 2007).

Sevel Campania
The Sevel Campania S.p.A. is the second factory of Sevel Sud located in Pomigliano d'Arco, near Naples. The factory produced the Fiat Ducato and Talento and the rebadged Alfa Romeo AR6 until 1994 when it was discontinued.

Sevel Latin America

The Sevel acronym was also used by Fiat and Peugeot's Argentinian subsidiary after they merged in December 1980. Here, however, the abbreviation signified Sociedad Europea de Vehículos para Latinoamérica (European Company for making Vehicles for Latin America). There was also a Sevel plant in Montevideo, Uruguay.

Timeline

References

Stellantis
Motor vehicle assembly plants in France
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Italy
Abruzzo
Italian companies established in 1978

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I work a state job. 5 days a week I am around a bunch of people who do not like me at all. When I first started I had a snack bowl at my desk so people would come over and talk with me and enjoy a snack. Did that about 3 mos and notice people were taking the treats only when I wasn't in my cubicle. I use to cry all the time in my cubicle because I felt like I wanted to quit my job on the spot that's how bad it was. I can remember putting my strap of my purse on my shoulder and preparing myself to walk out. Other times, I really wanted to curse and fuss and scream why do y'all treat me like this. Seriously they would go to lunch as a team and never invite to go with them. How sick is that? Then I came to my senses, f*** them all. I would get so sick at work just thinking about. One day I had a nervous breakdown at my desk and my supervisor sent me home for a few days. Let's just say it does not bother me anymore. I came to do a job get paid and at the end of the day I am home with family and friends who love me. Now I have to add this it's only the women my age and race. Older women, the men and other races love me and my spirit.
Comments for Women at work do not like me.
Women are taught to "hate" each other! Didn't you know that?!!!!!!!!!
I read your story and I cried for you. You mention race, so I assume you are African-American.
If you are pretty, African-American people tend to actually, openly "hate" nice looking people...especially "lighter skinned" ones of their own race.
I am Caucasian, and some of the comments I hear, from African-American women, about women in their own race, are absolutely repugnant!
Lighter skinned or mixed-race African-Americans, have a horrible time!
I would suggest that you actually get rid of the snacks...visible on your desk. Visibility invites invitation. These people don't like you, so do not openly invite them to the snacks in your office.
You are there to do your job, get paid, and go home, period. Do not spend another day, hour, or minute, getting sick over these people in your office.
I think that you will find that when you stay to your self, and give these folk the cold shoulder, you will fare better in the workplace.
Your situation is exactly what I am in right now. Only three of us in the team they wait until I am not there go out to lunch with other people from other team or they wait until I finish my lunch then ask if I want to go. I cried sometimes too. I tried to be nice to them I brought in brownies and candies and coffee and donuts. The terrible things right now is that they are trying to take over the credits from mine because if they are not they would probably loose their job. You are exactly right f*** them. But it's easy for me because I care and I don't come to work just to get the pay check.


Head Monk is sitting or just standing around.
Head Monk: Good morning, monk. It's great to have you join us here at the slient monastery. To strengthen our wills, all new monks take a vow of silence. Do you understand this?
Head Monk: Good! You have ten years in which to contemplate life, death, and everything else. At the end of ten years, you may speak any two words you choose. Do you understand this?
Head Monk: Great! Have a nice day.
New Monk walks up to Head Monk.
Head Monk: Aw, dear monk, it has been ten years. What do you wish to say?
Head Monk: Hmmm, I see. Have a nice day.
Head Monk: Aw, dear monk, it has been another ten years. What do you wish to say?
Head Monk: Aw, dear monk, it has been yet another ten years. What do you wish to say?
Head Monk: Aw, dear monk, you have been with us 40 years. What do you wish to say?
Head Monk: Well, I'm not surprised. He's been complaining ever since he got here!


Joshua #4: Don't tell Dad either.
I'm sorry that I haven't written much. I've run into a snag here and I really need to focus. Can I talk about me for a while? I'll go ahead and talk about me.
You know how I told you during my first term here that it was like high school? I kind of underestimated it. When I say I underestimated it, I mean, I failed the first exams that I took.
I thought to myself, I can take it easy. All I have to do is attend classes, make my presence known to the professors, do my projects, and I'll pass. So since I focused so much in my first term, I made it a point to do make time to do all the things that I fell like I should be doing.
One of them is to make friends. There's this dude at my frat house named Jeffrey Dean. His parents must have had really big expectations about his looks when he was born. But he's really cool. He's an art major and he really likes to play the guitar. I think you'd like him. I usually find him home when I come home from class so we usually hang out with each other. I talked to him about how we're doing this penpal thing online and he said that maybe when we finish college and run back to wherever we live, we could do that too.
Maybe I hung out outside the sorority house to see who I can "accidentally" meet outside, once or twice or maybe more. There are parties, which of course I attended, but it's different when it's a nonchalant thing. Ignore what I just said, I think it's the stress talking.
Aside from finding my "BFF", as Courtny would put it, I also took to learning how to cook. It's still in progress. I only set fire to the stove once so far.
Then there's magic practice. Summoning apples starts to get boring after a while. But now, I can set someone on fire! How cool is that? It's totally psychotic, but so awesome!
I spoke to some professors about Mom's friends who doesn't age. You know how sometimes when you're in class it takes so long it feels like time has literally stood still? I think it's something about how so many supernatural and magical beings staying at one single place is actually messing with physics within this area. Yes, that's right. Magic is trumping physics. Doesn't make sense? Yeah, it doesn't to me either but that's what they're looking into.
While I'm doing all of these things, what I wasn't doing is studying. And now I need to study. You're studying too right?
Puddle of melted brain on the floor.


Divine group of company is built on a foundation of ethical business practices.
Divine group of company is manufacturing of industrial spring and sheet metal components.
We are manufacturing our product with high accuracy.
We are using wafios machine from Germany, schenker from Switzerland and Japan's machine from Japan for spring manufacturing.
We are using German mach-machine for load testing.
Also using high accuracy hydraulic & mechanical pressing machines for sheet metal components.
We are continues to grow and be a constant support to our esteemed customers.


text:
Control Your Commercial Building from Anywhere with the New Carrier Connect™ Wi-Fi Thermostat
KENNESAW, Ga. - Oct. 6, 2016
Commercial building operators are busy and managing a number of competing priorities. To make their lives easier and increase their building's energy-efficiency, Carrier is pleased to announce the release of the Carrier® Connect™ Wi-Fi thermostat for commercial buildings. The new, sleek touch-screen thermostat allows for control of a building's heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system from anywhere in the world - from within their facility, or via smartphone, tablet or computer. Carrier, a world leader in high-technology heating, ventilating and air-conditioning solutions, is a part of UTC Climate, Controls & Security, a unit of United Technologies Corp. (NYSE: UTX).
The Carrier Connect thermostat is easy to install and cloud-based, making it both accessible and affordable. The thermostat offers a number of innovative features including:
Tool-free installation and automatic connectivity to the building's Wi-Fi network;
An intuitive touchscreen interface to manage settings locally;
Remote connectivity through the Carrier Connect mobile app or online web portal;
Automatic, secure log-in to the cloud with no monthly service fees;
Over-the-air software updates, ensuring it always has the latest comfort technology;
Automatic service and maintenance alerts through SMS text and eMail.
The Carrier Connect thermostat includes many energy-efficient features for keeping occupants comfortable, while also allowing building owners to better manage their building's energy usage. Features include:
Support for up to four heating and three cooling stages, making it compatible with most commercial HVAC systems;
Flexible, 7-day scheduling via the Connect app or web portal;
Fan and humidity control for enhanced occupant comfort;
Support for remote temperature sensors, allowing control of heating and cooling based on the average temperature in the building versus the temperature in the thermostat location only;
Demand response ready, allowing it to receive and respond to energy-saving signals from local utility providers.
"We are excited to add the Connect thermostat to our existing portfolio of commercial products," said Mark Jones, business manager, Carrier Controls. "The new Carrier Connect thermostat provides building owners with an innovative and affordable option for controlling the HVAC system in their buildings. With its easy installation, flexible features and convenient remote access, they can now operate their facilities more efficiently from anywhere, at any time."
For more information about the new Carrier Connect thermostat, visit www.carrier.com/connectstat.
Founded by the inventor of modern air conditioning, Carrier is a world leader in high-technology heating, air-conditioning and refrigeration solutions. Carrier experts provide sustainable solutions, integrating energy-efficient products, building controls and energy services for residential, commercial, retail, transport and food service customers. Carrier is a part of UTC Climate, Controls & Security, a unit of United Technologies Corp., a leading provider to the aerospace and building systems industries worldwide. For more information, visit www.carrier.com or follow @Carrier on Twitter.
The Carrier Connect thermostat makes it easy for building operators to manage the comfort in their building from the wall, smartphone, or computer.
Associate Director, Branding & Communication
Kristoffer Nielson

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How do I combine functions in Google Scripts? I'm pretty code illiterate, so I took other peoples stuff and tried smashing it together so it might look stupid, just laying all my cards out.
I tried running all the scripts individually, but I saw that you can't do that in a different post on this site. Tried combining them, played with it a few hours but didn't achieve jack.
  myFunction1();
  myFunction2();
  myFunction3();
  myFunction4();
SHEET_NAME = "Top5k";
SORT_DATA_RANGE = "A2:B999";
SORT_ORDER = [
{column: 1, ascending: false},
];

function myFunction1(e){
  multiSortColumns();
}
function multiSortColumns(){
  var ss = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSpreadsheet();
  var sheet = ss.getSheetByName(SHEET_NAME);
  var range = sheet.getRange(SORT_DATA_RANGE);
  range.sort(SORT_ORDER);
  ss.toast('Sort complete.');
}

SHEET_NAME = "TopR1";
SORT_DATA_RANGE = "A2:B999";
SORT_ORDER = [
{column: 1, ascending: false},
];

function myFunction2(e){
  multiSortColumns();
}
function multiSortColumns(){
  var ss = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSpreadsheet();
  var sheet = ss.getSheetByName(SHEET_NAME);
  var range = sheet.getRange(SORT_DATA_RANGE);
  range.sort(SORT_ORDER);
  ss.toast('Sort one complete.');
}

SHEET_NAME = "TopR2";
SORT_DATA_RANGE = "A2:B999";
SORT_ORDER = [
{column: 1, ascending: false},
];

function myFunction3(e){
  multiSortColumns();
}
function multiSortColumns(){
  var ss = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSpreadsheet();
  var sheet = ss.getSheetByName(SHEET_NAME);
  var range = sheet.getRange(SORT_DATA_RANGE);
  range.sort(SORT_ORDER);
  ss.toast('Sort complete.');
}

SHEET_NAME = "TopR3";
SORT_DATA_RANGE = "A2:B999";
SORT_ORDER = [
{column: 1, ascending: false},
];

function myFunction4(e){
  multiSortColumns();
}
function multiSortColumns(){
  var ss = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSpreadsheet();
  var sheet = ss.getSheetByName(SHEET_NAME);
  var range = sheet.getRange(SORT_DATA_RANGE);
  range.sort(SORT_ORDER);
  ss.toast('Sort complete.');
}
}

When I run the script as is, it has no errors and nothing happens on edit except the ss.toast popup. The script should've sorted all the data across the 4 sheets every time an edit event was registered had I not jacked something up.

A: Based upon what I can see in your script this should be able to do it for you.
function sortingStuff() {
  var ss=SpreadsheetApp.getActive();
  ss.getSheetByName('Top5K').getRange('A2:B999').sort({column:1,ascending:false});
  ss.getSheetByName('TopR1').getRange('A2:B999').sort({column:1,ascending:false});
  ss.getSheetByName('TopR2').getRange('A2:B999').sort({column:1,ascending:false});
  ss.getSheetByName('TopR3').getRange('A2:B999').sort({column:1,ascending:false});
  ss.toast('Sorting Complete');
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Chapter 27: Regenerative Medicine: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells And Blood Cell Engineering
Ali G. Turhan; Annelise Bennaceur-Griscelli; Connie J. Eaves
Turhan AG, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Eaves CJ. Turhan A.G., & Bennaceur-Griscelli A, & Eaves C.J. Turhan, Ali G., et al.Regenerative Medicine: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells And Blood Cell Engineering. In: Kaushansky K, Prchal JT, Burns LJ, Lichtman MA, Levi M, Linch DC. Kaushansky K, & Prchal J.T., & Burns L.J., & Lichtman M.A., & Levi M, & Linch D.C.(Eds.),Eds. Kenneth Kaushansky, et al.eds. Williams Hematology, 10e. McGraw Hill; 2021. Accessed January 31, 2023. https://hemonc.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2962&sectionid=252525449
Turhan AG, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Eaves CJ. Turhan A.G., & Bennaceur-Griscelli A, & Eaves C.J. Turhan, Ali G., et al. (2021). Regenerative medicine: induced pluripotent stem cells and blood cell engineering. Kaushansky K, Prchal JT, Burns LJ, Lichtman MA, Levi M, Linch DC. Kaushansky K, & Prchal J.T., & Burns L.J., & Lichtman M.A., & Levi M, & Linch D.C.(Eds.),Eds. Kenneth Kaushansky, et al. Williams Hematology, 10e. McGraw Hill. https://hemonc.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2962&sectionid=252525449
Turhan AG, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Eaves CJ. Turhan A.G., & Bennaceur-Griscelli A, & Eaves C.J. Turhan, Ali G., et al. "Regenerative Medicine: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells And Blood Cell Engineering." Williams Hematology, 10e Kaushansky K, Prchal JT, Burns LJ, Lichtman MA, Levi M, Linch DC. Kaushansky K, & Prchal J.T., & Burns L.J., & Lichtman M.A., & Levi M, & Linch D.C.(Eds.),Eds. Kenneth Kaushansky, et al. McGraw Hill, 2021, https://hemonc.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2962&sectionid=252525449.
ISOLATION AND DIFFERENTIATION PROPERTIES
MAINTENANCE OF ESCs
PRIMED VERSUS NAÏVE STATES
INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS
REVERSAL OF DIFFERENTIATED STATES
ISOLATION OF iPSCs
STEM CELL FEATURES OF iPSCs
GENERATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC AND IMMUNE CELLS FROM EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS OR INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS
ORIGIN OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS DURING EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
DIRECTED ACQUISITION OF HEMATOPOIETIC COMPETENCE
GENERATION OF ERYTHROCYTES
GENERATION OF DENDRITIC CELLS AND MONOCYTES
GENERATION OF PLATELETS
GENERATION OF T CELLS
GENERATION OF B CELLS
GENERATION OF NATURAL KILLER CELLS
GENERATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS
MODELING HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES
ENGINEERING EMBRYONIC OR INDUCED PLURIPOTENTIAL STEM CELLS FOR CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
ENGINEERING "UNIVERSAL" iPSCs
GENE-MODIFIED HSCs FOR BLOOD DISEASES
The first two decades of the 21st century have shown major breakthroughs in the development of protocols for generating human hematopoietic cells ex vivo and for engineering them genetically. These breakthroughs have come from the discovery that immortal lines of pluripotent cells, very similar to embryonic stem cells and capable of generating cells of all tissues, can be readily derived from many types of mature human cells. Also significant has been the development of strategies for targeting genetic changes in genomic DNA with unprecedented specificity and efficiency. These findings make it possible to analyze and manipulate previously inaccessible stages of human tissue development and human disease processes. These capabilities have also sparked the pursuit of new systems for testing novel treatments that were recently seen as "pipe dreams." Together, the promise afforded these initial, but seminal, advances has changed our appreciation of the future landscape of general regenerative medicine and for hematologic diseases in particular.
BCL-XL - B-cell lymphoma-extra large protein encoded by a BCL2-like gene; BMP-bone morphogenic protein; CFC-colony forming cell; CML-chronic myeloid leukemia; CRISPR-clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; EB-embryoid body; EpiSC-epiblast stem cell; ESC-embryonic stem cell; FACS-fluorescence-activated cell sorting; FGF-fibroblast growth factor; GMP-good manufacturing process; GSK3β-glycogen synthase kinase-3β; HSC-hematopoietic stem cell; ICM-inner cell mass; iPSC-induced pluripotent stem cell; LIF-leukemia inhibitory factor; MHC-major histocompatibility class; MEF-murine embryonic fibroblast; MET-mesenchymal to epithelial transition; NK-natural killer; NSG-RC-NOD/scid/IL2Rγchain-null mouse-repopulating cell; RBC-red blood cell; SCF-stem cell factor; Flt3L-flt3-ligand; TALEN-transcription activator-like effector nuclease; TCR-T-cell receptor; TIL-tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte; TPO-thrombopoietin.
One of the first major breakthroughs in the field of regenerative medicine in general, and hematology in particular, was the discovery that the differentiation state of an adult human somatic cell is reversible. Many differentiated cell types can be efficiently and rapidly returned to that of a human embryonic stem cell (ESC) state, by transducing the cells with a combination of four genes.1 The ESC-like cells obtained are referred to as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to reflect their method of creation. The establishment of standard protocols that produce this reversion, the introduction of defined media for the cells' propagation, and reduced ethical concerns with their origin by comparison to ESCs,2 have made iPSCs desired for many studies. iPSCs are used to analyze the genesis and developmental progression of human hematopoietic cells, to create a potentially unlimited supply of functionally competent mature blood cells, and to produce new human disease models.3–5 The discovery that a differentiated cell can be reverted to a pluripotent stem cell is stimulating efforts to force selected cell types of one tissue to be converted directly into the cells of another tissue. The field of hematology has led many of these developments, with several clinical applications currently under development, as will be discussed in this chapter.
A second major discovery of the decade has been the development of new methods for targeted alteration ...


Marjorie A. Hurless, 87, of Frankfort, passed away on Friday, Nov. 30, 2018 at Wesley Manor Retirement Community in Frankfort.
She was born on May 3, 1931 in Crawfordsville to William Herman & Gertrude (Stewart) Wheat. She married Fred M. Hurless Jr. on June 24, 1951, and he preceded her in death in 2004. Marjorie was a graduate of Colfax High School and was a homemaker. She was a member of Colfax United Methodist Church. She was also a past member of Tau Phi Lambda Sorority, Women of the World Lodge, Moose Auxiliary and American Legion Auxiliary. She was past Queen of the Crippled Children's Ball, worked the election polls and painted senior cords. She was a Chicago Cubs and A.J. Foyt fan and loved Bingo, auctions, cooking and music, especially the Allman Brothers and Willie Nelson.
Surviving are her children, Fred M. (Katie) Hurless III of Frankfort, Annette M. (Edwin) Reed of Logansport, Jeffery S. (Cathy) Hurless of Frankfort, William "Todd" Hurless (Companion: Kim) of Frankfort, and Susan L. (Terry) Heavilon of Florida; grandchildren, Terra Mullinax, Jason (Amanda) Kallner, Austin Reed, Hunter (Serena) Reed, Jeremy (Holly) King, Nathan (Amy) Hurless, Kyle Perkins, Carly (Derek) Edon and Keshia Hurless; nephews, David Wheat of Chicago, Bill Wheat of Arizona, and Brad Heavilon of Peru; nieces, Melissa Wiley of Indianapolis and Lindsey Daugherty of Indianapolis; cousins, Janet & Bill Tyner of Westfield and Bob & Sharon Demoret of Crawfordsville; 14 great-grandchildren and two great-great-grandchildren.
She was preceded in death by her parents, brother, Robert M. Wheat; and grandson, E. Raleigh Reed.
A funeral service will be held at 3 p.m. on Tuesday, Dec. 4, 2018 at Archer-Weston Funeral & Cremation Center, 501 East Clinton Street, Frankfort. Friends may visit from 1 p.m. until the time of service on Tuesday at the funeral home. Burial will follow in Green Lawn Cemetery. Memorial donations may be made in Marjorie's honor to the Colfax United Methodist Church, 114 Oakland Street, Colfax. You are invited to visit archerweston.com where you may leave a condolence for the Hurless family.


text:
By AZ 93.3 | July 28, 2020
Mark Hoppus, Hayley Williams, Lauren Mayberry joining Best Coast for 10th anniversary 'Crazy for You' stream
Mexican Summer
Blink-182's Mark Hoppus, Paramore's Hayley Williams and CHVRCHES' Lauren Mayberry are all taking part in an upcoming stream celebrating the 10th anniversary of Los Angeles indie duo Best Coast's 2010 debut album, Crazy for You.
The online event consists of a "mini concert documentary" featuring Best Coast performing Crazy for You in its entirety, along with behind-the-scenes footage and stories about the album.
"Ten years of Crazy for You," muses Hoppus in a preview for the stream. "Congratulations, such a great record."
You can tune in to watch starting August 14 at 9 p.m. ET via Seated. For ticket info, visit Events.Seated.com/live.
By Josh Johnson


text: Q: who to start as black in stockfish python I'm trying to start the Stockfish module in Python as the black player instead of the default white. I've been looking for parameters or other information on how to do this, but haven't been able to find anything that works. Can you please help me figure out how to start Stockfish as black in Python?


We have all been in situations where we start working in one area only to realize that we have left an important tool on the other side of the jobsite. The best way to avoid problems like this is to always have your tools on yourself at all times. Of coarse this is not always possible because of size and weight limitations.
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The DogBoss is available exclusively at [:cicn:]Duluth Trading for $49.95, and comes with a training manual and DVD.


text:
The American Mind Podcast
Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence Town Halls
The American Story Podcast
The American Mind with Charles Kesler
The Struggle Ahead
Michael M. Uhlmann
replying to The Editors's piece
Michael Uhlmann accepts the Henry Salvatori award after a half-day Master Class on the scholarship of Harry Jaffa.
Thank you, Ryan, for your generous remarks. My thanks, too, to the board of the Claremont Institute for their kindness in bestowing this award upon me. It is a pleasure and a privilege to be associated with all of you.
Anyone who tells you he doesn't enjoy hearing his virtues being lied about isn't telling the truth. Encomia of the sort you just heard are usually reserved for wakes, where the corpse, while present, isn't expected to say anything. Tonight will be different. I tried to beg off when informed that the board had awarded the Salvatori Prize to me. I changed my mind upon learning that the winner was required to make a speech. Now you're stuck. Get over it.
The serendipity of this award confirms how richly blessed my life has been from the very beginning. By the grace of God, I chose the right parents, who operated on the assumption that their sons should be approximately perfect. Or else. For equally undeserved reasons, a patient and cheerful order of nuns directed my nearly schooling. Like my parents, they believed that they were placed on this earth to remediate, insofar as possible, the consequences of fallen nature. These wonderful women were particularly adept at converting the mischievous energy of boys into something almost respectable. For all of that, and to all of them, I am more grateful than I can say.
My good fortune did not end there. Virtually all of my subsequent education—secondary school, then college, law school, and graduate school—was made possible through the generosity of men who, before Progressives started calling them malefactors of great wealth, used to be known as captains of industry—the kind of men who took pride in making America the arsenal of democracy. The first such beneficence came my way courtesy of P.R. Mallory, a gentleman of the old school who also happened to be a brilliant engineer. His ingenuity more or less revolutionized the longevity of batteries just in time to help our submariners win World War II. The company he founded is known to all of you today as Duracell.
The descendant of an old and famous seafaring family, Mr. Mallory, among other things, twice served as the president of the New York Yacht Club—back in the day when service in that then exalted position came with the privilege of underwriting the Club's annual deficit. He also underwrote—anonymously—my secondary education at one of America's great independent schools. His greatest philanthropic legacy, however, lay in midwifing the rebirth of Mystic Seaport, in Connecticut, where he served for many years as president of its museum. (If you haven't been there, be sure to go. When you do, bring your children. But before you leave, a tip of the hat, please, to P.R. Mallory, whose generous spirit still inhabits the place.)
Mallory's interest in whaling and sailing was not merely nautical. He was a close student of, and spoke often (even to a teenaged ignoramus like me) about the history of seafaring and the connection between sea power and American freedom. His sentiments on that subject would have been enthusiastically seconded by another generous and grateful American, albeit a landlubber, the man who created the prize I am honored to receive tonight. In contrast to Mallory, who was, so to speak, to the manor born, Henry Salvatori was raised on a farm in his native Italy, and, after coming to America, in New Jersey. Like Mallory, he was a highly creative engineer who made significant contributions in his chosen field, in Henry's case, to petroleum extraction techniques that are still widely used many decades later. Salvatori believed that the United States was the greatest nation on earth because of its founding principles. Most of his philanthropy sought to ensure that those principles would be understood by and conveyed to succeeding generations of Americans.
I first met Henry almost exactly 50 years ago. I've reached the age when almost everything important in my life seems to have happened 50 years ago. Indeed, the wheel has come full circle: I was selected as the first Henry Salvatori Research Fellow while attending the Claremont Graduate School. That brought me into frequent contact with this generous man. To know Henry was to know a man whose courage, keen intellect, and fondness for spirited argument sustained his devotion to our nation's founding. Fortunately for many American institutions, not least the Claremont Institute, Henry put his money where his principles were. He also dedicated a good deal of his time to practical politics, an endeavor that with one notable exception he performed exceedingly well. (The exception was that, at one point, he had the delusional idea that it might be a good idea if I ran for Congress; but I'll save that story for another time.)
Among other things, Henry was a significant donor to the national Republican Party as well as to his state party (back in the days when there really was a Republican Party in California). He was Barry Goldwater's finance chairman in 1964, as well as the premier (and wisest) member of Ronald Reagan's "kitchen cabinet" long before Reagan achieved political fame. Among other things, it was Henry who convinced Goldwater that Reagan should deliver a televised speech in his behalf during the 1964 campaign. Entitled "A Time for Choosing," it became an instant classic and catapulted the former actor onto the national political stage. (If you haven't seen it, do yourself a favor and watch it on YouTube. Apart from a few dated references, it is a speech whose themes still resonate today. And of course, it was delivered with what became Reagan's trademark panache.) From that moment on, every sentient being knew what Henry had intuited many years before: that Ronald Reagan would soon become a force to be reckoned with. The rest, as they say, is history.
Back in 1967 when Henry and I first met and talked, the country was in the throes of heated, not to say raucous, domestic turmoil, not unlike today. In those days, most of the sound and fury was occasioned by the war in Vietnam. Other forces were at work, to be sure, but their effects were for the time-being quarantined. Although the sexual revolution had been launched, for example, it had not fully eroticized the culture; the sybaritic eruptions of Woodstock were yet a few years away. The same held true for the ideas of thinkers like Herbert Marcuse, Antonio Gramsci, and Saul Alinsky, whose radical ruminations were for the most part celebrated in obscure journals. And while college students, as many adults said at the time, were certainly revolting, their passionate enthusiasms had only partly infected the larger body politic.
All that and more would descend upon the nation in short order.
But in 1967 a rational observer could still believe that American institutions were basically sound and that electoral politics would return to normal once the adults returned from vacation. 1968 saw the election of Richard Nixon, who would be re-elected four years later by one of the largest landslides in American history. His successor, the former nuclear submarine commander, Jimmy Carter, hardly personified the spirit of Woodstock. And after he left the scene, his successor declared to great applause that it was "Morning in America" again.
For a while it was. But following the demise of the Soviet Union (accomplished largely through the courage and determination of President Reagan), we turned our gaze inward. There we discovered, as Hamlet's mother said, dark and grained spots that would not leave their tinct. While America busied itself in the noble work of taming the Soviet bear, cultural decay had gnawed at the vitals of the civilization that men like Ronald Reagan celebrated and defended so often and so well. The so-called "holiday from history" that began in 1989 with the fall of the Berlin Wall and ended on 9/11 with the fall of the Twin Towers, was not only a wake-up call to redefine American foreign policy. It also laid bare the relativism, now bordering on nihilism, that had infected American political culture, indeed the culture of the entire Western world.
We can see much more clearly now the decadent path on which Western culture had been descending for the better part of the Twentieth Century. To one who reached his maturity in the 'Fifties, when God was in His heaven and all seemed right with the world, perhaps the most surprising fact is the speed with which cultural decay has undermined seemingly solid institutions. Here is one measure: In the 'Sixties and 'Seventies the chant of "Hey, hey, ho, ho, Western Civilization's got to go" was the more or less exclusive mantra of coddled college students with too much time on their hands and too little in their heads. That same slogan today has infected the bloodstream of the entire Democratic Party, and appears to be the very raison d'etre of its dominant wing. Similar sentiments, mutatis mutandis, are echoed by many liberal interest groups, the professoriate, and the news media. The barbarians, in a word, are not only inside the gates; they are far more numerous, dispersed, and powerful than they once were.
How best to counter this threat is, I believe, the central challenge facing America today. It will be up to you in your diverse capacities to devise relevant solutions. Despite occasional bouts of gloom to which men of my age are prone, I am confident that the collective intellectual energy and moral courage of men and women like you will rise to the occasion. I'll have a few suggestions to make along these lines momentarily, but before doing so, allow me to dilate just a bit on the constitutional aspects of the crisis now confronting the nation.
First, I think it beyond argument that we do face a genuine crisis, that it is very deep, and that it is essentially moral and intellectual rather than merely political in the narrow sense of that term. I also think that conditions are likely to get worse before we see improvement. But when and if the denouement arrives, I believe the resolution will strain our constitutional order as nothing before. I say this because a significant percentage of the population seems to have lost faith in the foundations of the American constitutional order. That should not be altogether surprising, inasmuch as they have been badly tutored. The loudest and most influential among their instructors have argued for two generations or more that the Founders' Constitution is not merely mistaken in this or that feature, but is fundamentally flawed, even illegitimate. For many if not most left-wing intellectuals it is seen as an anti-democratic plot foisted upon naïve citizens by corrupt white males. This disposition, once the more or less exclusive property of hot-headed pamphleteers, agitators, and the professoriate, has surfaced increasingly in the rhetoric of prominent public officials, who disparage the Constitution they have taken a solemn oath to protect and defend.
The Constitution of their oath, however, is not the constitution that attracts their loyalty. Their constitution does not derive from the laws of Nature and Nature's God; and it is certainly not devoted to securing natural rights and limited government. Theirs, rather, is a constitution in thrall to the prospect of perpetual change and ever-expanding government. This view of constitutional things in the United States was born over a century ago in the writings of leading Progressive thinkers and politicians. They set about to alter the foundations of the American regime, and to a remarkable degree they have succeeded. Their teaching dominates schooling at every level, book publishing, the news media, and popular culture. Despite occasional setbacks, the Progressive chattering class seems confident that its agenda will remain in the vanguard of American political culture. The election of Donald Trump, however, and now the prospect of a conservative Supreme Court, appear to have sapped their self-assurance and triggered a heavy bout of "Trump Derangement Syndrome." Something seems to have gone awry with History's inexorable march toward a Progressive utopia. That explains, I think, why so many Progressive thinkers and politicians have recently become bolder and nastier in expressing negative opinions about their country.
The nomination hearings for (now) Justice Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court present an instructive case in point.
There was a time not long ago, when all but the most fevered leftist politicians, whatever their private thoughts, would have hesitated to utter such sentiments aloud. Nowadays, they are not only not hesitant; they seem proud to do so, toward the end of undermining a constitutional order they see as an impediment to their agenda. This is where the intellectual and political revolution, launched with high promise and optimism at the turn of the Twentieth Century, has finally brought us: the Constitution is to be honored to the extent, and apparently only to the extent, that it can be manipulated to achieve Progressive ends. When such manipulation fails, the original Constitution must not only be disregarded, but denigrated. That, I believe, is the principal lesson of the Kavanaugh nomination battle. The bitterness it engendered is likely to be with us for a long while. I won't dwell on details of the Kavanaugh hearings that are probably familiar to most of you here tonight. I will offer three observations, however, that underscore my belief that we are now engaged in a battle for America's constitutional soul.
First, you will note how little Kavanaugh's opponents had to say about the merits or demerits of his more than 300 judicial opinions as an appellate judge, or the jurisprudence that informed them. There was good reason for this tactic. His critics knew perfectly well that Judge Kavanaugh could more than hold his own on any important legal subject, and for that reason, they avoided engaging him in a manner likely to enhance his credentials to sit on the High Court. For Kavanaugh's opponents (including the 2400 professors who signed a letter saying he was unfit to hold office) the nomination fight was only incidentally a debate about differing theories of constitutional interpretation; it was fundamentally a battle about judicial will and power. The hearings reveal, it seems to me, that today's Progressives have completely internalized the central premise of legal realism and jurisprudential positivism, namely, that the law is what judges say it is. The Progressive constitutional cat, so to speak, is now out of the bag.
Second, although the issue was uppermost in their minds, you will note that Kavanaugh's opponents studiously avoided engaging in serious public discussion of abortion jurisprudence. While they were unwilling to debate the issue in a public forum, there's no question, at least to my mind, about the principal cause of the unusual passion that animated the attacks on Judge Kavanaugh's character. Roe v. Wade and its jurisprudential progeny have become the left's legal analogue to the Nicene Creed: the more or less authoritative statement of liberal doctrine on the nature of human rights, from which no deviation will be tolerated. Although Judge Kavanaugh had never ruled on an abortion case, suspicion that he might become a fifth vote moving the Court in a pro-life direction became a fire bell in the night. If you seek an explanation for the caterwauling that dominated Judge Kavanaugh's opponents, I think the answer is to be found there.
Third, there was a particularly noteworthy moment in a hearing filled with many obnoxious but telling moments. It involved Senator Kamala Harris and occurred before Senator Feinstein launched the Christine Ford Missile. During an earlier line of questioning, Judge Kavanaugh revealed that he carried a copy of the Constitution in his pocket—a habit, by the way, followed by many federal judges. Senator Harris took note of Kavanaugh's habit only to dismiss it with a cynical gesture, referring contemptuously to "that little book you carry." Senator Harris, it is said, is preparing to launch a presidential campaign. One wonders what book she will rely on as her candidacy advances. This much seems clear: there is no longer room in the Democratic Party for citizens who remain, so to speak, people of Judge Kavanaugh's book. As to that, Progressives seem to be unusually interested in the physics of what happens at approximately 451 degrees Fahrenheit.
The Kavanaugh hearings, in short, demonstrate just how far today's Progressives are prepared to go to distance themselves from the Founders' Constitution. If they can't have things their way, they are prepared to jettison almost everything of importance associated with it, including but not limited to the Supreme Court itself. If Democrats recapture the presidency, court-packing plans will become the order of the day.
The Court is not the only object of the left's battle against the Constitution's rules, institutions, and customs. A few years ago, a majority of congressional Democrats wanted to alter the First Amendment in the belief that campaign finance laws favored Republicans. They would do away with the Electoral College tomorrow morning, if not sooner, if they could. Many of them are now prepared to abolish state equality in the Senate. And some are willing to interfere in presidential elections. No, I'm not talking about the Russians. During the 2016 presidential campaign, a serious assault against constitutional regularity appears to have been launched, one that sought to prevent the election of Donald Trump and, failing that, to undermine his ability to govern after he assumed office. I am by nature little inclined toward conspiracy theories of any kind. But just as paranoids have real enemies, there appear to be men and women of Catalinian disposition holding influential government offices, including senior officials in the upper reaches of the intelligence community, the FBI, and the Justice Department.
The details about what happened have as yet been only partly revealed. But thanks to congressional investigators (especially in the House), aided by a small group of intrepid reporters, sufficient facts are already in the public record to arouse reasonable suspicion that high-level skullduggery was indeed deployed, and is still being deployed, against Mr. Trump. I will leave it at that for the moment. As I say, I am more than ordinarily cautious about conspiracies, governmental or otherwise. Nevertheless, if it walks like a duck, looks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, it's probably a duck. To say no more, it seems to be the case that senior officials in DOJ, the Bureau, and the intelligence services have been slow-walking disclosure of potential wrongdoing to Congress in the hope that the Democrats will take back the House in November. If that happens, incriminating information already assembled by the House Intelligence and Judiciary Committees may disappear down a memory hole. Your first assignment, then, is to pray that that does not happen.
Now on to the rest of your homework assignment.
Nearly 65 years ago, C. S. Lewis left Oxford University for a newly created chair in Medieval and Renaissance Literature at Cambridge. In his inaugural lecture, "De Descriptione Temporum," he referred to himself an "Old Western Man." It was an apt description for him, as it is for me and may be for some of you as well. Lewis did not delude himself that his opinions would be understood, much less applauded by post-modern civilization. In his lecture, he likened himself to a dinosaur, an object of curiosity from whom, however improbably, something of value might yet be learned. And so, my fellow dinosaurs, allow me to present the shards of an agenda that might help to guide you through the constitutional crisis that now appears to lie just over the horizon. I do so in the same spirit that once animated my thoughts in an undergraduate class wrestling with Nietzsche. "Uhlmann," my instructor despairingly intoned, "your problem is that you refuse to acknowledge the abyss that lies before Western man. Every time it appears on the horizon you go looking for a ladder."
He saw something in me that I was scarcely aware of at the time, and remains true of me today. So be it. It may not be morning in America, but until darkness becomes a permanent feature of our life, put me in the camp of Little Orphan Annie: the sun will come out tomorrow.
So here's a plan of sorts.
I begin with two large public policy recommendations that share a common difficulty: if remedies can't be found for both, there won't be much point in trying to reestablish a tolerably respectable constitutional order. Absent a remedy, one will deprive us of the financial means to secure our freedom; the other will destroy legal institutions that sustain the rule of law.
First, take back the government from the spend-spend, tax-tax, elect-elect crowd by saving us from the entitlement abyss. Yes, the attainment of that goal will be threatened by all sorts of political third rails. But God made economists for a reason, and there are many sophisticated remedial plans to engage your thoughtful attention. Lest you despair at the challenge that lies before you on this front, I remind you that in 1775, Americans decided to take on the world's most powerful army and navy with far fewer resources than you can call upon today. The time is ripe, and if your generation doesn't reform entitlements, no one will. Here's your first ladder: start by creating a political entity for young people analogous to the American Association of Retired Persons. Demand a seat at the table, make politicians feel the heat, and insist that entitlements be fixed so you and your children can work for someone other than government for the rest of your lives. While you're at it, imitate the AARP by selling insurance profitably as you save the country.
Second, the administrative state can and must be tamed. The immediate salient here is to get Congress back into the constitutional game, which is to say that those who exercise regulatory power must be made accountable to the people. This endeavor will require assistance from the judicial and executive branches to be sure. Not an easy task, but by no means impossible. There are dozens of good ideas for subjecting the administrative state to the rule of law, and there are hundreds of thoughtful lawyers and economists with practical suggestions on how to do it. So stop complaining about the size and arbitrariness of government, do your homework, grab some more ladders, and get to work.
Third, you need to arm yourselves for the struggle that lies ahead. Saving the Republic will not be easy. You will need allies and inspiration. Start with the Biblical injunction to increase and multiply. Get married and have children—in that order. Raise them to be right and proper ladies and gentlemen who will help old people across the street and say "Sir" and "Ma'am" when addressed by their elders. Teach them to be brave, to obey the Commandments, to work hard, to do their duty, and to be on time for supper. As they prattle upon your lap, tell them stories about heroic deeds, the truths that made America great and lovable, and why those truths must be defended. This will at times require heroic virtue on your part. Unless you are extremely lucky, for example, you will probably find it necessary to home-school your children at least part of the time. So be it. You will have plenty of company. Millions of parents are now doing so, and millions more are likely to follow. Besides, you will enjoy yourselves, and your children will love you for it.
Fourth, do not despair. There is always hope. As William F. Buckley said, the wells of regeneration are infinitely deep. Tear a page from G.K. Chesterton. Along with various other literary notables the great man was once asked what book he would prefer to have if stranded on a desert island. Some respondents said "The Bible." Others said "The Complete Works of Shakespeare." Chesterton replied, "Thomas's Guide to Practical Shipbuilding." That's the spirit you will need to remediate the major crises of our time.
Finally, and most importantly, take time to know your Creator, to acknowledge his beneficence, and to give thanks for His gifts of life, love, and laughter.
That's a beginning of sorts, is it not? And enough work to keep you busy until your children are ready to take your place. By then, of course, if you do your work well, perhaps a statesman may arise who will have earned his reputation talking about sunshine and ladders. Now, go and do your duty before darkness covers the earth.
These remarks have been edited since being posted to remove erroneous quotations. —Eds.
Michael M. Uhlmann is a Senior Fellow and faculty member of the Claremont Institute, and professor of government at Claremont Graduate University.
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text:
Corsica Nazione (en idioma español "Nación de Córcega") es una alianza política que reivindica el nacionalismo corso, fundada en 1992 bajo los auspicios de A Cuncolta Naziunalista, incluidos Accolta Naziunale Corsa (ANC), Unione di u populu corsu (UPC), les Verts corses, I Verdi Corsi y Per u paese, desaparecido en 2004. Su líder es el abogado Jean-Guy Talamoni.

Corsica Nazione lucha "para que la comunidad nacional corsa controle su desarrollo económico, social y cultural".

En febrero de 2009, este partido se fusionó con otros en el nuevo partido Corsica Libera.

Enlaces externos

Sitio oficial de Corsica Nazione

Partidos nacionalistas corsos
Partidos políticos fundados en 1992
Partidos políticos disueltos en 2009