Vitaliano Ifopo charged after assaulting neighbors with machete and pellet gun, court documents state.
A 46-year-old man was charged Tuesday after an alleged machete and pellet gun attack on his neighbors, according to a magistrate's complaint filed in the Superior Court of Guam.
Neighbors identified Vitaliano Ifopo as the man who assaulted them, documents state.
A neighbor told officers that she and her family were outside their house while Ifopo was arguing with other neighbors, documents state.
Ifopo had a machete in his right hand, and when he saw that the woman and her family were watching, he approached them and asked if they wanted to fight too, documents state.
Ifopo swung the machete at the woman, who was standing in front of her children, documents state. He missed her, but the machete hit the woman's 14-year-old daughter on the left side of her head, leaving a cut that was treated at the Guam Regional Medical Center, documents state.
Another neighbor told police he saw people yelling at Ifopo's house and as he approached, he felt pain in his left shoulder and saw he had been shot by a pellet gun, documents state.
A third neighbor said at about 6:20 p.m. he heard a noise and went outside his home to find Ifopo standing in his yard, shooting at his dogs with a pellet gun, court papers state.
When Ifopo was found, he was holding a machete, which officers confiscated. Police also searched Ifopo's residence and found the pellet gun, documents state.
He was charged with six counts of aggravated assault as a third-degree felony, criminal mischief as a third-degree felony and special allegations for the possession or use of a deadly weapon in the commission of a felony.
Court documents spell Ifopo's first name as Vataliano and Vitaliano while his booking photo from the Department of Corrections shows his first name spelled as Vitaliano.


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Published: 03rd November 2020
Afghanistan declares national day of mourning after 22 students killed in terrorist attack in Kabul University
Outside Kabul University, a small group of demonstrators gathered demanding a cease-fire and urging the government to withdraw from the peace talks until a permanent end to hostilities is declared
Afghanistan declared a national day of mourning Tuesday to honor the 22 mostly students killed in a horrific attack a day earlier on Kabul University, claimed by the Islamic State group. Another 22 people were injured, some of them critically. Monday's brutal, hours-long assault was the second attack on an educational institution in the Afghan capital in as many weeks amid a soaring rise in violence and chaos across Afghanistan, even as Taliban insurgents and government negotiators hold peace talks in the Gulf state of Qatar.
The Islamic State affiliate also claimed the earlier attack on Oct. 24 that killed 24 young students. The attack occurred in the mostly Shiite neighborhood of Dasht-e-Barchi. The IS affiliate has declared war on the country's minority Shiites and has claimed a number of vicious attacks since emerging in eastern Afghanistan in 2014. Outside Kabul University Tuesday a small group of demonstrators gathered demanding a cease-fire and urging the government to withdraw from the peace talks until a permanent end to hostilities is declared. Some held signs reading 'why are you killing us?' The Islamic State is not part of peace talks and despite their claims of responsibility, the government has blamed Taliban for the attacks.
Taliban, like the Afghan security forces, are fighting the Islamic State and under an agreement signed with the US, the Taliban have committed to fighting terrorism, specifically the Islamic State. The Taliban, which condemned the attack on the university and denied involvement within hours of its start, have refused to declare a cease-fire saying it would be part of the negotiations. But if not a cease-fire, then a significant reduction in violence has taken on increasing importance as Washington's peace envoy Zalmay Khalilzad on Monday made a surprise visit to Pakistan urging Islamabad to urge the insurgent movement to reduce violence.
Pakistan has been critical in pushing Taliban into talks. Even as the Islamic insurgent group ousted by the US -led coalition in 2001 maintains its political office in Doha, where talks are being held, its leadership councils are located in Pakistan. Khalilzad brokered a peace pact with the Taliban that was signed in February and seen at the time as the country's best chance at peace in more than 40 years of war. The peace agreement which is to allow US and NATO troops withdraw from Afghanistan after 19 years, it also paved the way for the peace talks currently underway. In a series of tweets Tuesday Khalilzad condemned the attack but also warned this barbaric attack is NOT an opportunity for the government and the Taliban to score points against each other. There is a common enemy here. Family members of the victims mourned their loved ones on local TV and called for the government to investigate security lapses.
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The blog post ends with a call-to-action to tweet CEO Clive Schlee on Twitter with feedback and suggestions on what to do with Veggie Pret. Clive has been active in responding to all consumer questions—including those not related to Veggie Pret.
@ladybickley Like everyone else, we aren't exactly sure. Luckily, Pret is very adaptable and we don't plan to slow down.
As seen on Clive's twitter handle, he also has quite the sense of humor, adding an important personal element that consumers can relate to.
In addition to blog posts and transparency from the Pret A Manger CEO, the company is leveraging its official Twitter handle to let consumers know in real-time how their feedback from the Veggie Pret pop-up shop is driving new menu items.
So, what can you learn from this successful pop-up shop?
Social media is the perfect forum to share feedback, ideas, and other suggestions around the Veggie Pret pop-up and brand overall. Offering a huge potential for direct feedback, and quickly, was smart of the Pret team and its CEO, allowing customers to speak up as they formulate the next steps around an incredibly successfully pop-up. If consumers are more involved in the next steps and see their requests turn into reality, Pret can increase customer loyalty and satisfaction, while identifying brand advocates.
Typically, a brand handle will "own" the ask for feedback, but I applaud Pret's approach of putting its CEO on the front lines. Naturally, there's a risk and a reward with this approach. The risk is the CEO becomes flooded with questions and comments, not all related to the task at hand. Plus, once you start this kind of communication, you cannot stop it and must maintain it on an ongoing basis. However, the reward is consumers feel even more engaged with your company.
Having a CEO who cares enough to personally respond to consumers is a big deal. It also keeps the CEO and C-Suite more engaged with customers—and more tapped in to the power their customers and social media have in impacting their business.
As the Veggie Pret pop-up proves, not all good things need to come to an end. Pop-ups are a great way to test, learn, and translate those learnings into better offerings and customer experiences. Kudos to Pret for including its customers in the process and offering transparency around how their feedback is driving next steps.
While this story has not officially come to an end, a suggestion from this writer would be to tap into the power of social media to track and respond to all consumers who took the time to share their feedback, once Pret is ready to spill the beans on next steps. Especially if Pret plans to launch something big, tapping into consumer brand advocates with personal responses will only further drive brand loyalty and set up new ventures, promotions, or menu items up for success.


Two weeks ago I shared our pots on the front of our house, so this week I thought I'd share the pots on our back deck. It has been pouring rain, so excuse the lack of cushions on the furniture.
Mr. Cardinal is enjoying this planter.
I have enjoyed the succulents, so I planted a couple in little Guy Wolff pots by my kitchen sink.
Linking to Fishtail Cottage's Cottage Flora Thursday.
The succulents are beautiful & I love the one you potted for your kitchen. Everything around here is blooming so slowly. We've had tons of rain, but without sun or warmer temperatures (only 42 degrees yesterday), it seems like we're stuck in limbo.
Those are just gorgeous my bloggy friend. We don't have succulents growing here( it gets too cold). But your are gorgeous!
Beautiful. We are on the top of the hill, but I can tell you how things around here are going by saying- right across the street the bridge is still partially submerged underwater, we really got battered with the rain- most in a month ever recorded and our poor neighbors yards are and will be underwater for a while.
I don't expect this to make for great gardens, but since we have a super early growing season we may all have a chance to redo most of them.
Love the containers and the plants you chose. They look good together. Lovely patio. Hope you have a good day.
Those are just lovely! Thanks for the sweet comment -it made my day! Candice Olsen is one of my favorite designers!! I also see you have a Westie! We have one too -her name is McKenzie! they are great dogs!
Ohhhh I love them. Very pretty, and the pots you chose look amazing, the Urn and the wolfe pot.
These are some of the best combinations I have seen in a while!
They look great! I love the picture of the cardinal too. I love the inside planting too!
The only kind of plants I can really keep alive are succulents!
Oh and I gave you a blog award!
Those pots of succulents looks great. I still have not done any yet....but I will!
They are gorgeous. You have a green thumb for sure. Send some rain back our way.
Buonasera Ricki. Che meraviglia queste immagini! Bellissimi i tuoi fiori! Tu hai il pollice verde, che fortuna!
Beautiful ! I just love succulents!!
How cool the cardinal came just in time for a photo!!
What a pretty area, looks so pretty with your plants! I don't usually plant many succulents, I may have to give it a try! Love Guy Wolff pottery. I don't have any but I've always loved it!
Very pretty! i wish I could take care of plants; I have a black thumb!
Gorgeous! Love the four succulents mixed in the pot. They are wonderful container plants! Visiting from Cottage Flora Thursday.
What a beautiful pot! The texture and colors and shapes are wonderful together.
I cannot wait until it is warm enough to do our outdoor pots! You have given me great inspiration!


Greuther Fürth has the inside tarck on the Bundesliga, as an injury time equalizer allowed them to grab a point in the crucial battle at Paderborn. It as forward Ilir Azemi's second goal of the match, and it was a bit contraversial, as he looked to have shoved a Paderborn defender in order to create space. The home side argued furiously, but the only result was that their coach got red carded. The match was a tense, hard fought affair, which Paderborn generally had the upper hand and certainly felt they should have won. However now the Greuther can control their destiny, while Paderborn not only needs help, but needs to keep an eye on Kaiserslautern.
FCK had a hard time in beating desperate FSV Frankfurt. The homeside expected an easy win, but instead found themselves in a dogfight as the visitors took the lead and fought for every ball. K'lautern managed to take the lead into the half, but spent most of the second period nervously defending their advantage. They did hold on, and keep their chances for at least the promotion playoff open. FSV might have deserved a point, but remain in grave danger of relegation.
Sandhausen has been tough down the stretch, by playing tough defense and waiting for their chances. But they got a taste of their own medicine, as they got ripped by Düsseldorf. Fortuna had a solid defense throughout the match, but their quick counters at the start basically caught the home side with their pants down.
The eastern derby saw Aue jump out to a quick lead and then sit back and watch Dresden run around aimlessly. This ends the Erzgebirge relegation worries, but leaves Dynamo in bad shape.
Köln's win on Monday night over Bochum officially means promotion back to the Bundesliga.


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Important News and Announcements
Due to the high attendance and interest in the 2015 Seattle Muni Fest, we are planning on having another one for 2016! The plan is to host the event on labor day weekend, September 3-5 2016.
The schedule is still tentative, but here is a preliminary breakdown of the days:
Saturday Sept. 3 – 10:00 AM
Morning: Soaring Eagle Park (likely location for 2017 NAUCC muni competition)
The trails are beginner friendly, but lots of little ups and downs and some roots make it a fun challenge, and at least one trail is quite hard to clear.
Lunch nearby – somewhere along 228th in Sammamish.
Afternoon: Duthie Hill Mountain Bike Park – lots of technical trail features, otherwise riding is mixed from easy to pretty hard muni.
Soaring Eagle park information
Duthie Hill Directions and park information
More Duthie Hill information
mtbproject.com – Excellent Moutain Bike park maps
Evening: BBQ somewhere nearby (Beaver Lake or Pine Lake – Sammamish, WA)
More information: SAURS meetup page for Sat 9/3
Sunday Sept. 4 – 10:00 AM
Tiger Mountain (Issaquah, WA)
All Day riding – Bring a lunch and plenty of water
Parking in the upper lot requires a WA Discover Pass – so try to carpool with someone who has one, or plan on parking in the lower lot (which gets crowded) and get a ride up to the upper lot.
Trailhead map
We'll hike/ride up the new master link trail to the summit of E. Tiger, then ride down via OTG, Fully Rigid, Joy Ride, and back on NW Timber.
This is a long ride, bring lunch and plenty of water. Hiking up takes ~90 minutes, riding up can take less than 60, but uses a ton of energy, so you might consider saving that energy for the ride down.
Tiger Mountain trail information
More information: SAURS meetup page for Sun 9/4
Monday Sept. 5 – 10:00 AM
Henry's Ridge
All day riding – A lot of bail-out points for folks needing to head out early.
Henry's Ridge is a bit like Soaring Eagle and Duthie – with some sections perfectly suited for unicycles – tight and twisty trails.
There are no big climbs, but plenty of roots and ups and downs, so it never feels too easy.
More information: SAURS meetup page for Mon 9/5
Henry's Ridge trail information
So far there aren't many non-Seattle riders coming, so if there's a specific ride you're interested in (not necessarily one of the above), let us know and we can change things.
We don't plan on reserving camping this year – but we will offer suggestions on campgrounds/hotels or help find a local to host you.
To contact Seattle Muni Weekend:
Seattle Muni Weekend contact email – [email protected]
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To go from good to great, Indy needs to add a few more pieces.We value thoughtful comments representing a range of views that make their point quickly and politely.When a dog arrives at a shelter already pregnant, she needs a safe space to nurse and then eventually wean her puppies before both mom and babies can be adopted out.NOTES & TRANSACTIONS View More.has yet to resume throwing, David O'Brien of The Athletic Atlanta reports.
We could call the division our division since I've been here, last five out of eight years.Carlson was recalled by Washington for the final month of the season and scored his first NHL goal on March 25, against the Carolina Hurricanes.On whether he and Detroit defensive tackle Ndamukong Suh are rivals: You know, honestly, the reality of things is that there is no rivalry, but we're going to be linked because of the draft.So who wins the 2019 Sentry Tournament of Champions?I haven't had a lot of conversations , said Rooney about how his peers might be viewing the issue.
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Both Collison and Joseph have played well as starters and as backups.I would say that probably the biggest, most talked about potential rules change revolves around replay, expanding replay, and it seems like that happens almost every year, said Rooney.Is he a cornerback?Any commercial use or distribution without the express written consent of AP is strictly prohibited.In 1991, he helped protect John Elway's blind-side as Denver reached the AFC Championship game.
We had lunch on the pier.matched his career high with 26 points to help eighth-ranked Houston beat East Carolina 99 in a game that included multiple technical fouls against the Pirates and three ejections during a confusing second-half sequence.Had five catches for 39 yards on Dec.We have to start looking in that direction.
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The 35-year-old totaled 4 yards and completed 62 percent of his passes with 25 touchdowns and only two interceptions this season, as he'll look to return to his MVP-caliber form in 2019 with new head coach Matt LaFleur.Official Boston Bruins Camo Veteran's Day Practice Jerseys will be available at the ProShop on Level 2 of TD Garden and Gameday ProShop stores on the concourse.A fearless presence in the pocket, Bradshaw spent 14 years with the Steelers and played in 19 playoff games overall.- Left tackle Andrew Whitworth headed into the locker room to be evaluated for an ankle injury in the second quarter, but returned for the start of the second half.Speaking of the Metropolitan Division, for another season, it is proving to be the division of death in the NHL.I also think the Stars might find a way to bring in another new goaltender to share the net with Bishop.
She is a three-time NCAA champion with the University of Minnesota Golden Gophers.But then added that he and the GM the defensive roster the same.He made nine Pro Bowl appearances and allowed only 23 sacks in his career.Raiders Defensive Coordinator and Linebackers Marquel Lee and Xavier Woodson-Luster paid a visit to McClymonds High School to congratulate Coach Peters and his team.
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Agholor is due to earn $9 million in 2019 under the fifth-year option on his rookie contract, Zack Rosenblatt of reports.4 receiver in New Orleans behind Michael Thomas, Ted Ginn and Tre'Quan Smith.He's a tremendous player wherever we play him, it's just where we need to play him in this game, so we've worked some things out there.Also recorded two passes defensed.He's not an offensive dynamo. immediately becomes one of the youngest FBS coaches in the country as he's only 33.
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Entering the 2019 season with a $15 million non-guaranteed salary certainly makes Jackson a candidate to be moved, but with such a high price tag it seems more likely the Jaguars will simply be forced to release the veteran defensive tackle as opposed to finding a willing trade partner.It was the second interception of the half for Plummer.Cincinnati's Phillip Ervin is having an eye-opening spring and has a chance to hit his way into a corner outfield role.Look for junior college transfer Caleb Johnson and early enrollees De'Gabriel Floyd and Marcus Tillman Jr.This is first time you've gone about this journey.After leaving in the first quarter, O'Neal returned briefly in the first half, only to bang knees with an opposing player.
Umoja Gibson had 14 points.I feel bad about it, and I hope he's OK.The two programs, who met for the first time, were the final two selected for at-large playoff bids.Still, he brought the Tar Heels to the ACC Championship game just three years ago.She was always focused on others, she wanted to help the hurting and make them feel loved, no matter where they came from.Bradham notched nine tackles in Sunday's loss to the Saints after finishing the regular season with 97 tackles , two sacks and four passes defensed.
He's entering his second full pro season after splitting last year between the ECHL and AHL.These pieces haven't worked in the past, there's no telling if they will work in the future.They're floundering, they're season is at risk of missinig the playoffs, and not finishing at the bottom of the league to get that top draft pick.In a stunning move, the Cavaliers have remade their roster on the fly by sending out Thomas and Frye and bringing back two younger options.
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I talked to him this year before I made the decision to come back.Sanford had served as Western Kentucky's quarterbacks coach in 2010.Worrilow signed with the Eagles last April but missed the 2018 season after suffering a torn ACL during OTAs in May.Otherwise he can still help your defensive depth.New York, obviously, is our off-season home, so we love the city.
They're beginning to understand that each possession is priceless and not to be wasted.Something that many feel tears at the very bonds that hold together the fragile chemistry of teams.Those were two of the things at the top of the list going into the game where I thought we missed our mark.With a heavier schedule in February and beyond, practice time will come at a premium.
Having the chance to practice my skills with NFL players was great.Sharks: The Sharks were tied for third with the Calgary Flames in goals per game and sixth on the power play in the regular season.You are a child of God.Carter's versatility could land him on a squad when he returns to full health, though the nature of his injury is unknown at this point.While most comments will be posted if they are on-topic and not abusive, moderating decisions are subjective.
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He signed a three-year contract with the Vancouver Canucks on July 1.White paced the trio with 55 targets, compared to 21 for Burkhead and four for Michel.Calvin Young II came off the bench to score 13 and grab 10 rebounds to pace the Lumberjacks.The 36-year-old is unlikely to generate significant appeal for fantasy purposes, but he has nonetheless turned things around after an ugly start to the year.Players' peak rankings in past keeper lists are also provided: These lists have been published semiannually since 2010 and triannually since 2014, with preseason , midseason and end-of-season designated to differentiate the different times of the years in question.
He has had a foot issue all year long he has been nursing, Carroll said.15 overall draft pick Dwayne Haskins will compete with Keenum and Colt McCoy for the starting quarterback job, 's John Keim reports.More Stanley Cups, Toews said, matter-of-factly.If he's unable to do that, it will be yet another year of postseason disappointment in our nation's capital.Stroman's next outing is scheduled to be on the road against the Angels on Thursday."We try to dictate tempo and it's not always easy to do to them because they speed you up," McCasland said.
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Moore, who walked one and struck out three over three innings, yielded three runs in the first and a RBI triple to Pham in the second.To find all players born within a certain month and year, for example all players born in December of 1985, choose the month and year with the drop down boxes and then choose the 'Month and Year Search' option.Unfortunately, it ended not with bang, but with a whimper.
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He's not THE reason the run game has suddenly come to a halt, so Kalil's potential return doesn't guarantee things will be fixed.To find all players born within a certain month and year, for example all players born in December of 1985, choose the month and year with the drop down boxes and then choose the 'Month and Year Search' option.And he went on and really took advantage of the time at Colorado and got acclimated really fast, and now he's a police officer, and I'm proud of him, man.He's going to see the ball probably a lot more than he did in the past, but he'll have to be able to do something with it in order to get it and keep getting it, Lakers coach Mike Brown said.
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As a result, he is not relevant in any format.The deal is worth a reported $3 million per season.While he missed this season's first few games with a broken collarbone, he's come back to catch seven touchdowns on just 15 receptions.If this keeps up, the team needs to consider a change.Although Dryden's career was a brief one for the Montreal Canadiens, he made an indelible Drew Bledsoe Jersey impact.
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Toronto jumped out to an impressive 17 lead last night against the host Utah Jazz, led 26 after the opening period and then began to self-destruct.In 2015, he won the Mark Messier Leadership Award recognizing contributions to one's team and community.
If you would like to search for all players born on a certain day, for example all players born on December 25th in any year, choose the month and day with the drop down boxes and then choose the 'Month and Day Search' option.We've been getting outworked there .The Colts will be even stronger at the position in 2019 with a healthy Jack Doyle in the fold.Reed, a rookie, scored six points in seven appearances this season.
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Running back could be upgraded — or at least finding someone to pair with Lamar Miller.That same year, he was the honored recipient of the Golden Achievement Award from the Boys & Girls Clubs of San Diego, and Junior Achievement of San Diego inducted him into its Hall of Fame for his community leadership and specifically for his support of youth education initiatives.Columbus agreed to terms with center Riley Nash on a three-year contract, per TSN's Darren Dreger.He said I needed to play a little bit quicker, which I agree with.
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Q: SQL Bike Color example I have an SQL text book example but it seems highly complex.
The table has columns:
Bike_ID (primary key), Color_Wheel, Color_Frame, Color_Cables, Color_Gearbox, Color_Brakes, Color_Lamps, Color_Paddle, Color_Chain, Color_Saddle, and others...
And I only want to select the rows where at least 6 of the colors are different. So at least 6 of the values in the 9 color columns are supposed to be different.
It seems this is highly complex in SQL.  In Matlab or Java it is trivial to use setdiff() or intersect() and then count the results. I thought it might be a one liner in SQL - can it be done?

A: To find bikes with at least 6 different colors, do a UNION ALL with a select for each part color. Do a GROUP BY where you check the number of different colors in the HAVING clause:
select * from tablename
where Bike_ID in
(
    select Bike_ID
    (
    select Bike_ID, Color_Wheel as color from tablename
    union all
    select Bike_ID, Color_Frame as color from tablename
    ...
    union all
    select Bike_ID, Color_Saddle as color from tablename
    )
    group by Bike_ID
    having count(distinct color) >= 6
)

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text:
Physical and Perceptual Cooling with Beverages to Increase Cycle Performance in a Tropical Climate
Florence Riera ,
* E-mail: florence.riera@gmail.com
Affiliation Laboratoire ACTES - EA 3596, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane Campus de Fouillole, Point à Pitre, France
Than Tran Trong,
Stéphane Sinnapah,
Olivier Hue
Florence Riera,
Florence Riera Than Tran Trong Stéphane Sinnapah Olivier Hue
This study compares the effects of neutral temperature, cold and ice-slush beverages, with and without 0.5% menthol on cycling performance, core temperature (Tco) and stress responses in a tropical climate (hot and humid conditions).
Twelve trained male cyclists/triathletes completed six 20-km exercise trials against the clock in 30.7°C±0.8°C and 78%±0.03% relative humidity. Before and after warm-up, and before exercise and every 5 km during exercise, athletes drank 190 mL of either aromatized (i.e., with 0.5 mL of menthol (5 gr/L)) or a non-aromatized beverage (neutral temperature: 23°C±0.1°C, cold: 3°C±0.1°C, or ice-slush: −1°C±0.7°C). During the trials, heart rate (HR) was continuously monitored, whereas core temperature (Tco), thermal comfort (TC), thermal sensation (TS) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured before and after warm-up, every 5 km of exercise, and at the end of exercise and after recovery.
Both the beverage aroma (P<0.02) and beverage temperature (P<0.02) had significant and positive effects on performance, which was considerably better with ice-slush than with a neutral temperature beverage, whatever the aroma (P<0.002), and with menthol vs non-menthol (P<0.02). The best performances were obtained with ice-slush/menthol and cold/menthol, as opposed to neutral/menthol. No differences were noted in HR and Tco between trials.
Cold water or ice-slush with menthol aroma seems to be the most effective beverage for endurance exercise in a tropical climate. Further studies are needed to explore its effects in field competition.
Citation: Riera F, Trong TT, Sinnapah S, Hue O (2014) Physical and Perceptual Cooling with Beverages to Increase Cycle Performance in a Tropical Climate. PLoS ONE 9(8): e103718. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103718
Editor: Naoyuki Hayashi, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Received: March 13, 2014; Accepted: July 6, 2014; Published: August 1, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Riera et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.
Cyclic aerobic exercise performance is negatively affected by a hot environment; this has been demonstrated for running [1] and cycling, although it depends somewhat on the race [2]. The negative effects are even more marked in a hot and humid environment (i.e., the so-called tropical climate) because the evaporative processes are limited [3], [4]. Although the exact causes are not well known, explanations related to hyperthermia and/or dehydration have been proposed. During exercise, if heat storage cannot be limited (because of the failure of evaporative processes), the core temperature may limit the exercise [5] or the brain may provoke a voluntary cessation of effort – or a reduction of its intensity – to maintain thermal homeostasis [6]. A large volume of sweat loss can also gradually reduce blood and stroke volumes if not replaced, which tends to limit muscle blood flow [7].
Pre-cooling and cooling protocols, such as water immersion and cold air exposure, are among the strategies used to decrease the deleterious effect of the hot environment on aerobic performance. Although they may be successful, they are time-consuming and logistically very difficult to apply in real sports contexts [8], [9]. Thus in order to reduce core temperature [10], cold fluid consumption thus may be the most appropriate strategy [8] in a hot environment. In a systematic review, Burdon et al. [11] noted that, although the findings are mixed, cold fluids generally seem to attenuate the core temperature and improve exercise performance in the heat. Recently, studies have demonstrated a more efficient effect of ice slurry (vs cold water) on running and cycling performances [8], [12] and this may be a practical and effective pre-competition maneuver to improve performance in warm and humid conditions [13].
Menthol is a compound of plant origin (Mentha) that specifically stimulates cold receptors and, when applied to the skin and mucosal surfaces, exerts a cooling sensation similar to the action of spraying cold water on the face [14]. The mucous membranes of the oropharyngeal cavity are especially sensitive to menthol. When administered orally, menthol enhances cold sensations in the mouth and modulates taste-receptor activity [15]. It has been suggested that by stimulating the major palatine nerve, oral administration of menthol might also directly influence the nasal sensation of airflow [16]. Indeed, oral administration of a menthol lozenge caused a subjective sensation of improved airflow without actual changes in airway resistance [14]. Eccles [17] summarized these findings by noting that menthol may influence thirst, the drive to breathe and arousal due to its effects on oral and nasal cold receptors. Menthol might therefore also be used to help exercise performance in a hot climate [18]. It was recently demonstrated that swilling an L(-) menthol solution increased the exercise cycling time, suggesting that a change in oropharyngeal temperature perception during exercise in the heat positively affects endurance capacity [18] and the sense of effort. However, the cumulative effects of cold water/ice-slush and menthol ingestion on performance in the heat have never been studied.
In the present study, we thus tested the hypothesis that an ice-slush/menthol or a cold/menthol beverage would improve performance in the heat more than non-cumulative drinks (cold, ice-slush, neutral or menthol drinks).
Twelve heat-acclimated trained (i.e., living and training in Guadeloupe) male cyclists and triathletes participated in the study (age = 42±13 years; body mass = 74.0±6.1 kg; height = 180.0±8.3 cm; max = 59.9±10.4 mL.min−1.kg−1; peak power output at max = 340±42 W). The athletes were training at least 10 hours per week at the time of study. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Centre Médico-Sportif in Guadeloupe (Ministry of Youth and Sports) and the Ethics Committee of the Training and Research in Sport Science Unit in Guadeloupe (Ministry of Higher Education and Research). All athletes completed a medical screening questionnaire and gave written informed consent prior to the study, which was accepted by the University Ethics Committee and was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki.
Preliminary measurements
On the athletes' first visit to the laboratory, maximum aerobic capacity ( max) was measured during an incremental exercise test on an electronically braked cycle ergometer (TECHMED, TM 4170, Besancon, France). The initial workload was 30 W and increased by 30 W every minute until volitional fatigue. Gas exchange was measured throughout the entire test (ZAN Ferraris, Cardiorespiratory System, Oberthulba, Germany). The max was achieved when two of the following criteria were met: (1) did not increase with an increase in intensity, (2) a clear plateau in oxygen uptake was seen, (3) HR was within 10 beats.min−1 of the age-predicted maximum of 220 - age, and (4) the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was greater than 1.05. All the triathletes and cyclists were accustomed to this type of test but nevertheless participated in a trial to familiarize themselves with the protocol for the experimental trials, using their own bicycle fixed on a cycle trainer (Tacx Satori T1856, Tacx BV, Wassenaar, the Netherlands). The familiarization trial was performed under neutral environmental conditions (23°C±0.5°C and 59.9±9% relative humidity (RH)).
The experimental trials were separated by 3–7 days and were undertaken in a randomized crossover design. Athletes were also asked to limit their exercise to 60 minutes of light-intensity exercise the day before each trial. At the start of the trial days, the athletes consumed a standard breakfast that included food and 600 mL of beverage. The trials began at the same time of day for each athlete (between 14∶00 and 16∶30) to control for circadian variations in Tco and digestion control. During the trials, the athletes wore cycling shorts, a chest-strapped heart rate monitor, a cycling jersey, socks and shoes.
Experimental procedures
The experimental trials were performed in a laboratory in the tropical conditions of Guadeloupe, French West Indies (mean ± SD temperature in laboratory: 30.7°C±0.8°C and 78% ±0.03% RH). During the sessions, athletes were not subjected to any flow of ambient air. Heart rate (HR) was monitored continuously using a portable telemetry unit (Suunto Memory Belt, Suunto, Vantaa, Finland) recording it every 5 seconds, and the data were analyzed with Suunto software. The core temperature (Tco) was assessed via the gastrointestinal temperature using ingestible temperature measurement pills (CorTemp, HQ, Inc., Palmetto, FL, USA). Athletes were instructed to ingest these pills 8 to 10 h before all experimental trials to ensure the pill was out of the stomach, thereby avoiding variability in Tco due to pill movement or fluid/food consumption. The experimental trial included 15 min of warm-up, with cycling at a freely chosen cadence against a resistance related to the mean power output noted at the first ventilatory threshold (i.e., 178 W±45 W), followed by 20 km of exercise at the fastest possible speed against a resistance related to their mean power output noted at the second ventilatory threshold (i.e., 335 W±90 W), and then 15 min of recovery at the warm-up resistance level. Subjects were required to cycle in a cadence-independent mode. During the experimental trial, Tco was measured before and after warm-up, every 5 km during the 20-km cycle time trial, at the end of cycling, and after the recovery phase.
During the experimental trials, athletes were asked to drink 190 mL of a randomly assigned beverage as fast as possible before warm-up, at the beginning of the time trial, every 5 km of exercise, at the end of the trial and at the end of the recovery. The six experimental trials were as follows: a neutral or a menthol aroma beverage at one of three temperatures: (1) neutral (23°C±0.1°C), (2) cold (3°C±0.1°C) or ice-slush (−1°C±0.7°C). The menthol beverages used a 0.01% natural menthol aroma (% vol: 86.0% ±1.0%; dosage: 0.50/g/L) (Robertet, Grasse, France).
The ice-slush was produced with an ice-slush machine (Brema, GB 902A, Professional Slush Machine, Ice Makers, Germany). Although ice expands in volume, we carefully ensured that the volume of ice-slush (in mL of water) was precisely the same as the volume of cold water. The temperature of each beverage was measured with a digital thermometer (YSI 409B, Yellow Springs Instruments, OH, USA). A spoon was provided to aid ingestion of the ice-slush.
Before and after warm-up and every 5 km of the trial, Tco, perceived exertion (RPE), perceived thermal sensation (TS), and perceived thermal comfort (TC) were recorded. Before the athletes drank 190 mL of neutral, cold or ice-slush beverage (with or without menthol), Tco was recorded and they were asked to rate their perceived exertion on the 15 grades of the Borg perceived exertion scale [19]. Perceived thermal sensation and perceived thermal comfort were determined on seven-point (a modified 7-point scale ranging from "extremely cold" (1) to "extremely hot" (7)) and four-point (a modified 4-point scale ranging from "comfortable" (1) to "very uncomfortable" (4)) scales adapted from Hodder and Parsons [20]. The RPE, TS and TC were assessed every 5 km and immediately at the end of the trial. Nude body mass was assessed (±0.1 kg) before and after the 20-km sessions (Tanita SC 330P, Tanita, Amsterdam, the Netherlands). An indication of hydration status throughout the experimental trials was later determined by changes in nude body mass. During the session, athletes drank 1140 mL of beverage.
We tested for normality using Skewness and Kurtois tests, with acceptable Z values not exceeding +1 or −1. Once the assumption of normality was confirmed, parametric tests were performed. The following variables: Tco, performance, HR, TC, TS and RPE, were examined along with three-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures (beverage condition x beverage temperature x time). Scheffe's post-hoc tests were used when required. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (Chicago, IL, USA). Significance was set at the P<0.05. All data are presented as mean ± SD.
Core temperature (Tco)
There was no significant difference in the mean Tco noted in the six experimental sessions before exercise (37.3±0.1°C), during warm-up (37.5±0.1°C) or during recovery (39.1±0.3°C) (Figure 1). There was no aroma or temperature effect on Tco but a tendency (P<0.07) toward a temperature x time effect, with Tco increasing less in the ice-slush than the neutral condition (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Core temperature (°C) before and after warm-up; at 5-km, 10-km and 20-km of the experimental trials; and during recovery.
Mean values are shown.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103718.g001
When the delta Tco (i.e., the increase in Tco with time) was analyzed, it showed a tendency toward a beverage temperature effect (P<0.06) with a significantly lower delta Tco in ice-slush vs neutral condition (P<0.05). Moreover, a significant aroma x temperature x time effect was noted (P<0.02) for the delta Tco (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Delta core temperature (°C) after warm up; at 5-km, 10-km and 20-km of the experimental trials; and during recovery.
Significant (P<0.05) differences are represented by letters (N: different from neutral, C: different from cold, I: different from Ice, NM: different from Neutral-Menthol, IM: different from Ice-Menthol, CM: different from Cold-Menthol, I/IM: different from both Ice and Ice-Menthol, I/NM/IM: different from Ice, Neutral-Menthol and Ice-Menthol, I/CM/IM: different from Ice, Cold-Menthol and Ice-Menthol).
HR increased significantly from warm-up until the end of exercise (20 km) and then decreased similarly in the six conditions (time effect P<0.001). HR was significantly affected by aroma x time (P<0.05) (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Heart rate (beats.min−1) before and during warm-up; at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the cycling times; and during recovery.
Mean performance was significantly affected by both the aroma condition (performance (time in seconds): 2130±246 s and 2250±288 s, in menthol and non-menthol, respectively; P<0.02) and the temperature condition (P<0.02), with a significant difference (P<0.002) between neutral (2253±240 s) and ice-slush (2100±280 s) (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Mean cycling distance (km) by 5-km blocks.
Differences are represented by letters (N: different from neutral, C: different from cold, I: different from Ice, NM: different from Neutral-Menthol, IM: different from Ice-Menthol, CM: different from Cold-Menthol, I/IM: different from both Ice and Ice-Menthol, I/NM/IM: different from Ice, Neutral-Menthol and Ice-Menthol, I/CM/IM: different from Ice, Cold-Menthol and Ice-Menthol).
The post-hoc analysis demonstrated significantly better performance for both cold/menthol and ice-shush/menthol as opposed to neutral (P<0.05 and P<0.03, respectively), neutral/menthol (P<0.05 and P<0.007, respectively) and cold (P<0.003 and P<0.007, respectively) (Figure 4). When analyzed by 5-km bouts (Figure 4), performance, which was significantly better in the menthol condition (P<0.04), was affected by both time (P<0.02) and temperature (P<0.005) with significantly better results in ice-slush vs neutral condition (P<0.003). As noted in Figure 2, performance showed a significant aroma x time effect (P<0.01), with the time over the 5-km bouts increasing, except in the cold/menthol and ice-slush/menthol conditions.
Environmental conditions, weight and hydration status
The mean ± SD ambient temperature was similar between trials (30.7°C±0.8°C), as was relative humidity (78% ±0.03%). Athletes were instructed to consume 190 mL of beverage before exercise, 760 mL during the 20 km, and 190 mL after the recovery. The athletes' body mass was not different before sessions (mean sessions ± SD: 72.0±3.2 kg) but decreased similarly after sessions (mean sessions ± SD: 70.6±0.3 kg).
Thermal sensation, comfort sensation and RPE
There were no significant differences in TS, CS, or RPE, with all of them increasing with time. TS was significantly affected by aroma x time (means ± SD at the end of exercise; no menthol: 3.5±0.5; menthol: 3.7±0.3; P<0.02).
The most important findings of our study were that (1) performance was better using ice-slush than neutral temperature beverage, whatever the aroma, (2) performance was better with menthol, whatever the beverage temperature, and (3) the best performances were obtained with combinations of either ice-slush with menthol or cold water with menthol.
Water temperature effect
The lack of a significant difference in performance between the effects of cold and neutral water has not been fully elucidated. Indeed, Lee et al. [21] demonstrated longer exercise times and lower rectal temperatures when subjects drank cold water (4°C) as opposed to warm beverages [37°C] during cycling to exhaustion in a hot environment. Burdon et al. [22] noted a positive effect of cold beverages on cycling performance, and in a recent review Burdon et al. [11] concluded that cold beverages attenuate core temperature rise and improve exercise performance in the heat. However, other studies have failed to observe any difference between cold water and ambient water intake [23], [24].
The explanations for the lack of significant results are numerous and include the use of unacclimatized and/or not well-trained athletes [25], insufficient exercise intensity stimulus (i.e., <60% max), insufficient environmental stress [11], and insufficiently cold water [11]. The effect of a single bolus versus serial ingestion seems less clear: Lee et al. [1], [21] found no difference in the exercise performance of subjects drinking 400 mL of 10°C or 37°C fluids every 15 min of exercise or 1L in a single bolus at 50–60 min of exercise, but they demonstrated significant effects following the intake of a beverage at 4°C drunk in a large bolus before exercise and 100 mL every 10 min of exercise [24]. Very recently, we demonstrated significant effects on core temperature and HR in swimmers drinking 190 mL of 1.3°C water (i.e., vs 26.5°C) every 15 min of steady-pace exercise. The most likely explanation for our findings is that studies using fixed-intensity exercise have usually noted an increase in performance with cold water [18], [24,], whereas studies using self-paced exercise have not [23], [24]. Indeed, our athletes were well trained ( max of 59.9 ml.min−1.kg−1), the 20-km exercise was performed at a power output of 335±90 W, and the environmental stress was high.
The performance was increased with ice-slush compared with neutral temperature water. Moreover, the ice-slush tended to increase performance more than the cold beverage. This agrees with the literature: Siegel et al. [26] demonstrated that a pre-cooling beverage of −1°C ice slurry increased submaximal endurance running time in the heat, compared with a pre-cooling beverage of 4°C water. Ihsan et al. [8] noted the same for 40-km cycling time-trial performance and Yeo et al. [13] for 10-km outdoor running. However, whereas these authors [20], [36], [39] noted lower core temperature before or during the first parts of exercise, we failed to see any significant difference between ice-slush or cold and neutral temperature water ingestion before and during exercise. This confirms the recent findings of Morris et al. [27], who observed no change in rectal or aural canal temperature when subjects were given that subjects either had to drink or were directly given in the stomach water at different temperatures to drink or water delivered directly to the stomach, and confirms the limitations of using thermometry to estimate body heat storage during exercise [28]. We can therefore also hypothesize that because performance was increased with the ingestion of ice-slush, the metabolic rate also increased, with the subjects producing more heat than during slower sessions. The combined effect of increased performance and ice-slush ingestion was a constant Tco. This also strongly suggests that ice-slush could increase exercise performance in a tropical climate without any detectable changes in Tco.
The cooling mechanism with the help of an icy beverage is the same as that of cooling with a cold beverage: a truly cold (very cold or ice-slush) beverage interferes with the rise in core temperature, which makes it possible to increase exercise intensity without increasing HR and core temperature, as partially noted in previous works [8], [13], [29]. The smaller increase in core temperature, due to cold/ice-slush ingestion (i.e., vs neutral or cold) prevents immediate blood flow redistribution to the skin, thus allowing greater blood flow to the exercising muscles. This effect could be more powerful with an ice-slush ingestion, as noted by Siegel [26], because (1) the larger heat sink created by the ingestion of the ice slurry yields bigger heat-storing capacity than liquid H2O alone [12] and (2) given that an ice slurry is ingested through the mouth, it has been hypothesized that it might increase brain cooling via direct heat exchange with blood in the carotid arteries [12], thus delaying the critically high brain temperatures that start both the inhibitory signal to motor control centers [30] and the cardiovascular adjustments due to Tco increase. However, such a mechanism was recently contested by Morris et al. [27], who suggested that a more likely mechanism would be that the thermoreceptors independently modulating sudomotor output probably reside in the abdominal area (i.e., the stomach). The significant effect of ice-slush would therefore be the following: with a temperature lower than that of cold water, ice-slush creates a larger heat sink and thus better reducing whole-body water loss, as has been suggested [27]. This in turn would positively influence the thermoreceptors in the stomach and limit the blood flow redistribution that accompanies the sudomotor activity, thereby allowing greater blood flow for exercising muscles. However, because we did not measure sweating or skin blood flow, this explanation remains speculative. A potential sensory effect of ice-slush in the mouth or oropharyngeal area may also explain the benefits of ice-slush. Indeed, although Morris et al. [27] demonstrated that local sweat production was activated following fluid delivered directly to the stomach, but not when the beverage was swilled, suggesting that, independently of core and skin temperature, the thermoreceptors modulating the sudomotor output during fluid ingestion probably reside in the abdominal area and not in the mouth, Eccles [31] reported that cold water increased thirst satiety via sensory cold receptors in the oropharynx and Guest et al. demonstrated that responsive regions of the humain brain are also activated by intra-oral thermal stimulation [32].
In our study, it might further be hypothesized that the rate of the core temperature increase was a primary signal for pacing the cycling trials, as this rate was lowest in the ice-slush trial (Figure 5). However, the literature has reported similar rates (but better performance) with and without pre-cooling [33].
Figure 5. Cycling times (seconds) for the 20-km trial with ingestion of water at neutral, cold and ice-slush temperatures, with or without the water containing 0.05% L(-) menthol.
Mean values and SD are shown. * significantly different from Neutral (P<0.01), † significantly different from Neutral-Menthol (P<0.01), and β significantly different from water Cold-Menthol (P<0.01).
The present study is the first to demonstrate a significant effect of menthol use (i.e., as drink administration) on sports performance, whatever the beverage temperature. Other researchers have demonstrated the beneficial effects of menthol in subjects swilling an L(-) menthol solution during exercise in the heat [18], while still others have recorded subject reports of feeling cooler [34]. Yet the mechanism of the menthol effect is far from evident. Green [15] postulated that when administered orally, menthol provokes the sensation of cooling by making subsequent stimuli (inspired air, water consumed) feel cool, and oral administration of a menthol lozenge caused a subjective sensation of improved airflow. Eccles [17] also suggested that menthol may mimic the cool stimulus associated with ingestion of cold water. One of the possible mechanisms that would explain the better performance using menthol versus neutral aroma is that menthol provided a cooling sensation that was perceived as refreshing and stimulating [18], thus decreasing the RPE. One might also point out that if menthol indeed enhances sensation airflow [16], it could prevent heat-induced hypocapnia and the reduction in cerebral blood flow [30] usually has a positive effect on central fatigue. Indeed, there is some evidence that heat stress results in hyperventilation, which lowers the carbon dioxide tension and consequently reduces the cerebral blood flow [30], inducing cerebral fatigue. Inhibiting the drive to breathe because of its interaction with airway cold receptors [17], menthol may therefore limit hyperventilation, reducing hypocapnia, and by extension cerebral fatigue. However, it is difficult to explain how athletes were able to obtain better performances with menthol without any change in their HR. Although heat sensations did not prevent them from cycling (i.e., menthol provokes cold sensations), cycling at higher intensity should have induced an increase in HR (i.e., given that the water intake, the environmental conditions and the water losses were the same in all trials). We suggest that thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus do not detect increases in temperature because of these menthol effects and thus no inhibitory signal is sent to the motor control centers [30]. This might also prevent the redistribution of blood from the core to the periphery, with adequate cardiac output being maintained. The result would be better performance than during the non-menthol condition without any change in HR (the cardiac output not being maintained in the non-menthol condition due to hyperthermic afferences). If this hypothesis is correct, we should have noted higher Tco in the menthol conditions (the menthol would trick the hypothalamic thermoreceptors, giving the sensation of cold, but not prevent the core temperature from increasing), which was not the case.
Psychological effects have a strong influence [35] on performance in a warm environment. Although some studies have demonstrated lower rates of perceived exertion or lower thermal sensations using ice [12], [13] or cold water cooling or menthol [18], others have not [29]. In the present study, we observed no significant difference in thermal sensation, thermal comfort or RPE across beverage temperatures, aroma, or beverage temperature x aroma, with these three parameters increasing over time. One explanation is that, despite the lower thermal sensation, thermal comfort and RPE under conditions of menthol and/or ice-slush beverage, with the increases in exercise intensity/performance, these three parameters remained unchanged, as hypothesized by Wegmann [35].
Specifically, the lack of change in RPE despite significantly better performance suggests an effect of both menthol and ice as physiological and/or psychological signals that combine to produce self-paced effort. Indeed, RPE has been demonstrated to be a powerful feed-forward control mechanism [36] that linearly increases with intensity in controlled conditions.
Menthol x temperature beverages
Post-hoc analysis demonstrated significantly better performance in two conditions, ice-slush/menthol and cold/menthol beverages, indicating a strong and significant effect of combined low temperature/menthol on performance in tropical environment. When compared with the neutral condition (i.e., neutral temperature with no menthol), ice-slush/menthol and cold/menthol increased performance times by 10.2% and 7.1%, respectively, which is substantial compared with the effects of other cooling strategies in similar time-trial exercise (i.e., 1.3% for Ross et al. [37] and 6.5% for Ihsan et al. [8] during cycling; 0.5% for Yeo et al. [13] for running). This better time performance was overexpressed in the last part of the exercise (i.e., between the 15th and 20th kilometer, with 24.1% and 18.6% increases for ice-slush/menthol and cold/menthol, respectively, compared with neutral). The use of cold/menthol or ice-slush/menthol beverages during time trials in a tropical climate thus seems a good strategy to enhance performance. However, the debate remains open about the amount of water that should be drunk. As reported by Burdon et al. [11], fluid ingestion protocols vary widely, from regular consumption of a standardized bolus not adjusted for body weight or body surface [22], [23] to ad libitum consumption [29] or a large single bolus at one point during exercise [24]. From a physiological point of view, consuming large amounts of cold fluid is believed to create a heat sink, which should theoretically result in the attenuation of the heat accumulated over exercise and reduce the rise in Tco. However, athletes do not usually drink large volumes of water in one bolus but instead drink intermittently over the course of the exercise [38]. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that emptying is more rapid with smaller volumes [8], resulting in more rapid rehydration, as in the present study.
The present study demonstrated an increase in performance using menthol or ice-slush beverage, the best performances being obtained with cold/menthol and ice-slush/menthol solutions. The mechanisms involved in these results remain undiscovered because, as noted by Cheung [39], "understanding or defining the signal, or signals, that becomes integrated to produce self-paced effort is a difficult problem to elucidate, as it is most likely an amalgam of physiological and psychological sources and further mediated by individual factors and core temperature itself would appear to be an obvious signal.".
Further studies are needed to elucidate the performance increase induced by menthol.
The authors would like to acknowledge and thank the athletes for their generous time commitment and effort throughout the study.
Conceived and designed the experiments: FR. Performed the experiments: TT. Analyzed the data: OH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SS. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: FR.
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Is the Subject Area "Beverages" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Exercise" applicable to this article?
Sensory perception
Is the Subject Area "Sensory perception" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Ingestion" applicable to this article?
Blood flow
Is the Subject Area "Blood flow" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Stomach" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Heart rate" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Running" applicable to this article?