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We believe that all children who are interested in dance deserve the opportunity to learn from a professionally trained teacher in classes that are affordable and accessible. By providing clubs in schools, children can learn in an environment they know and with their classmates, or they can meet new friends by attending our evening classes.
Pupils get a chance to learn a variety of dance styles and perform in local events, including a show every term where they can also showcase work they have created themselves!
We have recently expanded to running adult classes as well so, no matter your age and level of ability, we have a class for you. Go to Our Dance Classes to see our evening timetables, school club information and how to register.
VyMy Dance & Fitness isn't just a dance club provider. We are a community dance school, blending the accessibility and affordability of a school club with the opportunities and excitement of a dance school.
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Children have an active role in the club.This begins from the first day when they tell us what behaviour they believe is acceptable in the club, and this becomes Our Values.At the end of every class, the teacher also makes note of any songs the children particularly enjoy, so they can dance to music they like- whether it be the main dances or during the warm up or cool down.
Pupils gain a sense of ownership.Throughout the course of the term, children are encouraged to provide creative input into the dances taught by the teacher. We also incorporate creative dance sessions into our clubs so pupils gets the opportunity to create dances of their own. This means that all work created is the product of collaboration between the pupils and the teacher, rather than a strictly didactic lesson.
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Latest News- New Summer Term Classes!
Shackleton will be unveiling their amazing new dance studio after Easter, which will be hosting dance clubs every morning, lunchtime and after school for all pupils, from EYFS to Year 6.
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Rushmoor and Bedford Road pupils can register for the clubs here.


text:
Q: Understanding the diagrams of Product and Coproduct I am trying to understand the Product and Coproduct corresponding to the following picture:
Product:

Coproduct:

As I understand, a Product type in Haskell is for example:
data Pair = P Int Double

and a Sumtype is:
data Pair = I Int | D Double

How to understand the images in relation with Sum and Product type?
The images are from http://blog.higher-order.com/blog/2014/03/19/monoid-morphisms-products-coproducts/.

A: So as far as I can tell, the idea behind these diagrams is that you are given:

*

*types A, B and Z

*function f and g of the indicated types (in the first diagram, f :: Z -> A and g :: Z -> B, in the second the arrows go "the other way", so f :: A -> Z and g :: B -> Z).

I'll concentrate on the first diagram for now, so that I don't have to say everything twice with slight variations.
Anyway, given the above, the idea is that there is a type M together with functions fst :: M -> A, snd :: M -> B, and h :: Z -> M such that, as the mathematicians say, the diagram "commutes". By that is simply meant that, given any two points in the diagram, if you follow the arrows in any way from one to the other, the resulting functions are the same. That is, f is the same as  fst . h and g is the same as snd . h
It is easy to see that, no matter what Z is, the pair type (A, B), together with the usual Haskell functions fst and snd, satisfies this - together with an appropriate choice of h, which is:
h z = (f z, g z)

which trivially satisfies the two required identities for the diagram to commute.
That's a basic explanation of the diagram. But you may be slightly confused about the role of Z in all this. That arises because what's actually being stated is rather stronger. It is that, given A, B, f and g, there is an M together with functions fst and snd, that you can construct such a diagram for any type Z (which means supplying a function h :: Z -> M as well). And further that there is only one function h which satisfies the required properties.
It's pretty clear, once you play with it and understand the various requirements, that the pair (A, B), and various other types isomorphic to it (which basically means MyPair A B where you've defined data MyPair a b = MyPair a b), are the only things which satisfy this. And that there are other types M which would also work, but which would give various different hs - eg. take M to be a triple (A, B, Int), with fst and snd extracting ("projecting to" in mathematical terminology) the first and second components, and then h z = (f z, g z, x) is such a function for any x :: Int that you care to name.
It's been too long since I studied mathematics, and category theory in particular, to be able to prove that the pair (A, B) is the only type that satisfies the "universal property" we're talking about - but rest assured that it is, and you really don't need to understand that (or really any of this) in order to be able to program with product and sum types in Haskell.
The second diagram is more or less the same, but with all the arrows reversed. In this case the "coproduct" or "sum" M of A and B turns out to be Either a b (or something isomoprhic to it), and h :: M -> Z will be defined as:
h (Left a) = f a
h (Right b) = g b

A: A product (Tuple in Haskell) is an object with two projections. Those are functions projecting the product to their individual factors fst and snd.
Conversly a coproduct (Either in Haskell) is an object that has two injections. Those are functions injecting the individual summands lefts and rights into the sum.
Note, both product and coproduct need to satisfy an universal property. I recommend Bartosz Milewski's introduction on the topic along with his lecture.

A: One thing not communicated by these diagrams is which pieces are inputs and which are outputs. I'm going to start with products and be extra careful about which things are handed to you, and which you must cook up.
So a product says:

*

*You give me two objects, A and B.

*I give you a new object M, and two arrows fst : M -> A and snd : M -> B.

*You give me an object Z and two arrows f : Z -> A and g : Z -> B.

*I give you an arrow h : Z -> M that makes the diagram commute (...and this arrow is uniquely determined by the choices made so far).

We often pretend that there is a category Hask in which the objects are concrete (monomorphic) types, and the arrows are Haskell functions of the appropriate type. Let's see how the protocol above plays out, and demonstrate that Haskell's data Pair a b = P a b is a product in Hask.

*

*You give me two objects (types), A=a and B=b.

*I must produce an object (type) and two arrows (functions). I pick M=Pair a b. Then I must write functions of type Pair a b -> a (for the arrow fst : M -> A) and Pair a b -> b (for the arrow snd : M -> B). I choose:
fst :: Pair a b -> a
fst (P a b) = a

snd :: Pair a b -> b
snd (P a b) = b

*You give me an object (type) Z=z and two arrows (functions); f will have type z -> a and g will have type z -> b.

*I must produce a function h of type z -> Pair a b. I choose:
h = \z -> P (f z) (g z)

This h is required to make the diagram commute. This means that any two paths through the diagram that begin and end at the same object should be equal. For the diagrams given, that means we must show that it satisfies two equations:
f = fst . h
g = snd . h

I'll prove the first; the second is similar.
fst . h
= { definition of h }
fst . (\z -> P (f z) (g z))
= { definition of (.) }
\v -> fst ((\z -> P (f z) (g z)) v)
= { beta reduction }
\v -> fst (P (f v) (g v))
= { definition of fst }
\v -> f v
= { eta reduction }
f

As required.
The story for coproducts is similar, with the slight tweaks to the protocol described below:

*

*You give me two objects, A and B.

*I give you a new object W, and two arrows left : A -> W and right : B -> W.

*You give me an object Z and arrows f : A -> Z and g : A -> Z.

*I give you an arrow h : W -> Z that makes the diagrams commute (...and this arrow is uniquely determined by the choices made so far).

It should be straightforward to adapt the discussion above about products and Pair to see how this would apply to coproducts and data Copair a b = L a | R b.

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text:
sixth amendment supreme court
However, the Court allows states to change their jury rules for different kinds of criminal cases depending on whether the trial is for a serious crime. | Stare Decisis is really important as a basic concept for jurisprudence because the courts are not supposed to be deciding which laws are right or wrong. Legal Definition and Examples, What Is Extradition? Scott Shackford is an associate editor at Reason. In the 1904 case of Beavers v. Henkel, the Supreme Court ruled that the location where the alleged crime took place determines the location of the trial. If the law sucks under that interpretation then it needs to be changed, by a legislature, not reinterpreted. In the 2017 case of Peña-Rodriguez v. Colorado, the Supreme Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment requires criminal courts to investigate all claims by defendants that their jury's guilty verdict was based on racial bias. NEXT: Despite COVID-19 Lockdowns, Licensed Marijuana Sales Continue in the Vast Majority of States With Legal Pot. What Is Racketeering? The SCOTUS was "supposed" to be a check on govt. It's time for a non-violent revolt, a new political paradigm based on non-violence, reason, rights, and choice. If such bias is suspected, the lawyer may challenge the juror's qualification to serve. The Sixth Amendment applies in all states under the principle of "due process of law" established by the Fourteenth Amendment. Sounds like the SC got it right this time. The amendment guarantees the rights of the accused in criminal prosecutions. It's good to see Rev Troll agree with Kavanaugh. The Court makes clear, though, that its ruling does not prevent defense attorneys from striking potential jurors "for cause" if they express views about race that will prevent them from being fair. The right of the accused to obtain and present witnesses to appear on their behalf. Well, maybe Chevron v NRDC first, then Baldwin. In Holland, the court says that the Sixth Amendment requires only an impartial jury, not a representative one. You should read the concurrence Thomas wrote, if you haven't already done so. Without knowing the 1898 that states unanimity is required by the Sixth Amendment, doesn't Apodaca overturn that precedent, as well as the others referenced in the quoted paragraph? And good on Thomas for his 14th views. Sotomayor wrote a concurring ruling to emphasize that Apodaca was a particularly unique ruling that was simply irreconcilable with other rulings about the Sixth Amendment and its application to jury unanimity. Again one of those decisions that I agree with the result, but the Constitution seems silent. Finally, a conservative white man will be able to get a break in Portland courtroom. 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Missouri, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that in order to show that a jury pool is not a fair cross section of the community because one or more groups has been excluded, a defendant must show that (1) the excluded group can be easily identified in the community; (2) the number of group members in the jury pool is unreasonably low given the number of that group's members in the community; and (3) the low number of group members is the result of exclusion, not accident. As the Court has often stated and repeats today, stare decisis is not an "inexorable command." E.g., ante, at 20. The Court holds that a prosecutor can "strike" a person from the jury "for cause" (that is, because of indications that the person cannot be fair) only if the potential juror cannot make an impartial decision about imposing the death penalty.
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I think I forgot to post anything previously on the May course which is coming up. The class filled so quickly that there was no space by the time I got around to thinking about promoting it. Anyone who wants into the July course should focus on getting in ASAP.
I thought it might be time for a Spam comment. Not that your post or class could be regarded as such.
Surly you should go ahead, report the Spam. True is true.
Good luck with the class. Would that I was a fly on the wall!
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I will be posting an update on upcoming classes in days to come.


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text:
SC-FDMA vs single carrier signal PAPR
Why is the PAPR of a single user SC-FDMA signal different than the PAPR of a conventional single carrier signal if they both use the same modulation? Aren't they both single carrier signals?
digital-communications ofdm sc-fdma
auspicious99
ali khalilali khalil
Consider some actual use cases for further insight:
Unmodulated Carrier: The peak to average ratio is 3 dB given the relationship between the rms and peak level of a sine wave.
Unfiltered Single-Carrier BPSK or QPSK: This would be the modulation of rectangular shaped symbols, so would have a 3 dB peak to average ratio just as in the case of an unmodulated carrier. Great for peak-average ratio but terrible for bandwidth constraint. Given we have to share bandwidth efficiently (in terrestrial communications) we don't have this luxury. GPS is an example where the signal can be essentially unfiltered and we have the benefit of power efficiency.
Root-Raised Cosine BPSK or QPSK: This is what is traditionally done but the tighter the filtering (smaller $\alpha$ in the filter design) results in more overshoot of the symbol transitions and slower trajectories that may go through the origin resulting in a higher peak-average ratios.
pi/4 QPSK: This modulation changes phase by $\pi/4$ between symbols thus avoiding having the slower transitions from filtering from ever going through the origin (Meaning minimizing the lowest instantaneous power in the signal envelope, increasing the average relative to the peak). This modulation is therefore considered for lower power (battery operated) applications since we are able to drive the transmit power amplifier further into saturation meaning higher efficiency.
GMSK: Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying and other constant-envelope modulations have a 0 dB peak-average ratio and offer moderate bandwidth efficiency so are an excellent choice for power efficient (battery operated) applications.
OFDM: To the extent each bin in the FFT representation of an OFDM symbol is independent and in consideration of each other randomly generated, the resulting signal as the summation of multiple independent identically distributed random processes will be well approximated by a Gaussian distribution given the central limit theorem. A Gaussian distribution has a relatively high peak to average ratio, and we need to decide on a significance to establish what is the "peak" (usually on a distortion criteria from clipping anything beyond the established peak). In SC-OFDM we do have some control over the association of the signals in each bin, allowing for lower peak-average ratios than MC-OFDM where each bin can represent a different data source.
SC-FDMA is not actually a single carrier signal. SC-FDMA is sometimes also known as DFT-spread OFDM or DFT-precoded OFDM, which I think is a better name to characterize it. It is still a multi-carrier signal, but with the DFT applied before the OFDM transmission. The DFT spreading helps to reduce PAPR compared to a normal OFDM signal, but that doesn't really make SC-FDMA a conventional single carrier signal, as you have noted.
auspicious99auspicious99
$\begingroup$ In a conventional SC signal every original symbol in time domain is represented by all frequencies in the available signal BW which is not the case for OFDM $\endgroup$
– ali khalil
$\begingroup$ In SC FDMA since the DFT values are used to modulate the sinusoids instead of the original symbols themselves (as in OFDM) we find the same situation like in a conventional SC signal: every original time domain signal is represented by all sinusoids i.e. all available frequencies , so therefore it is also considered to be a SC signal, don't you agree? $\endgroup$
$\begingroup$ I understand what you are saying, and that is one reason why it is called SC-FDMA with "Single Carrier" as the prefix. But it is different from a conventional single carrier signal. In a conventional single carrier signal, at each time sample, the signal power will be bounded (e.g., within the amplitude A for a normal QPSK). In SC-FDMA, however, when you look at the signal coming out of the IFFT, it can be thought of as the sum of N sinosoids (for N point IFFT), and in the worse case, could all add in phase for a large peak power. $\endgroup$
– auspicious99
$\begingroup$ The difference between OFDMA and SC-FDMA is that the input to the IFFT in the transmitter, is mapping one-to-one with the modulated data symbols, whereas in SC-FDMA, it is coming from multiple data symbols, "mixed" by the DFT. So the distribution of the peak power is not as bad in SC-FDMA as in OFDMA. But still, it is "worse" in SC-FDMA than a conventional single carrier signal. $\endgroup$
$\begingroup$ I do have one explanation for the lower PAPR in SC-FDMA: $\endgroup$
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged digital-communications ofdm sc-fdma or ask your own question.
PAPR in the SC-FDMA system
carrier frequency difference
Why DFT-SPREAD OFDM has lower PAPR than OFDM?
SC-FDMA in LTE system
Why is LTE either FDD or TDD?
Confusion in Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
The relation of sub-carrier and FDMA
Is there just a carrier in each frequency band in FDMA?


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text:
Q: Strange behavior observed in inheritence I have an interface, IfcBase which is implemented by another class Base. This class is further extended by a second class SubBase. Further SubBase class implements another interface IfcNew. Both these interfaces have a method declared that has the same signature. Now SubBase does not define the method from IfcNew. I now create an instance of SubBase and assign it to the reference type IfcNew. I then invoke the lone method and get an output. The method from IfcBase was executed in this case. I believe this should not be allowed at some stage, either during compilation or execution. I fail to understand the behavior and solicit help. The source is below. Thanks a lot!
public interface IfcBase
{
    public void printString();
}

public class Base implements IfcBase
{
    public void printString()
    {
        System.out.println("Base Class");
    }
}

public interface IfcNew
{
    public void printString();
}

public class SubBase extends Base implements IfcNew
{
    //
}

public class Test
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        IfcNew i = new SubBase();
        i.printString();  //Output:Base Class
    }
}

A: This is how inheritance works in Java.
You have a method called public void printString() implemented in Base, from which you extend SubBase. As a result this implementation will be implicitly available in this class.
For the implements IfcNew part in the SubBase declaration, compiler will only check to see if SubBase has a method implemented which has the same signature as public void printString(). Since it implicitly inherits this implementation from Base, it has nothing to complain about.
This behavior can be easily understood if you look at it from OO design point of view. Please take a look at this article which I wrote few years ago. Look under the section called Method signature, Object Interface, Types, Subtypes and Supertypes. By the definition of subtype that is provided there, SubBase is already a subtype of IfcNew, so compiler has no problem with it.

A: This is the correct behavior of inheritance in Java.
There is no warning when implementing multiple interfaces with same-signature methods, because resolution takes place at runtime.
In this case, your SubBase class does not need to implement printString as its parent does, even if it isn't the "same" printString: the identical signature allows resolution at runtime.

A: This is obvious and not strange. This is because the method with same signature is already implemented in the base class and when you extend the base class it is automatically inherited. Now when you try to assign the object to IfcNew reference the method implemented is called which is not overriden in subclass, meaning that the base class method is called which actually is the implementation of IfcBase.


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Please refer to the snf-image documentation for all details concerning installation and configuration.


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To get the most out of the Perl 101 certification in Mumbai, you are expected to have a basic idea of any programming language. The Perl 101 certification in Mumbai being a beginner level course, previous knowledge on Perl itself is not essential to carry on with this course.


text:
Engineers develop patch that can cool or heat a user's skin on-the-go
By Alexander Joe Published May 19, 2019 at 3:04 AM GMT
Image: Prototype of the patch embedded in a mesh armband. Credit: David Baillot/UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering.
A wearable patch that provides personalized cooling and heating on-the-go has been developed by engineers at the University of California San Diego.
The team's work, published in the journal Science Advances (citation below), describes a soft, stretchy patch that's capable of warming or cooling a user's skin as the ambient temperature changes. The patch is powered by a flexible and stretchable battery pack.
According to the researchers, the device, which is at the proof-of-concept stage, could help cut the amount of energy used for heating and air conditioning.
"This type of device can improve your personal thermal comfort whether you are commuting on a hot day or feeling too cold in your office," said Renkun Chen, a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at UC San Diego who led the study.
"If wearing this device can make you feel comfortable within a wider temperature range, you won't need to turn down the thermostat as much in the summer or crank up the heat as much in the winter," Chen added.
Armband embedded with flexible battery pack (left), stretchable circuit (center), and cooling/heating patch (right). Credit: David Baillot/UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering.
The patch was designed to be lightweight, flexible and easy to embed in clothing. The patch is made of thermoelectric alloys placed between stretchy elastomer sheets.
According to the abstract of the study, the thermoelectric device "is the first to achieve long-term active cooling with high flexibility, due to a novel design of double elastomer layers and high-ZT rigid TE pillars."
"You could place this on spots that tend to warm up or cool down faster than the rest of the body, such as the back, neck, feet or arms, in order to stay comfortable when it gets too hot or cold," said first author Sahngki Hong, a UC San Diego mechanical engineering alumnus who worked on the project as a PhD student in Chen's lab.
A prototype of the patch was tested in a temperature-controlled environment. The patch cooled the skin of the person testing the device to 89.6 degrees Fahrenheit and kept it at that temperature as the ambient temperature varied between 71.6 and 96.8 degrees Fahrenheit.
This patch is an example of a wearable smart device or wearable computer.
"Wearable thermoelectrics for personalized thermoregulation"
Sahngki Hong, Yue Gu, Joon Kyo Seo, Joseph Wang, Ping Liu, Y. Shirley Meng, Sheng Xu and Renkun Chen.
Science Advances 17 May 2019: Vol. 5, no. 5, eaaw0536
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw0536


text:
Fears Russia could use chemical weapons grow as ground offensive slows
By Thomas Bolton • Updated: 22/03/2022
Car destroyed by shelling in Kharkiv - Copyright Andrew Marienko/Copyright 2022 The Associated Press. All rights reserved
On Monday, US President Joe Biden announced that there are "clear signs" Russia is considering the use of chemical and biological weapons in Ukraine.
With the Russian invasion encountering fierce resistance from Ukrainian fighters, Washington says desperation could push President Putin to resort to drastic tactics.
"The battle lines for Russia are apparently frozen" Samuel Ramani, Associate Fellow at the Royal United Services Institute told Euronews.
The Russian advance in Ukraine appears to have stalled on three key fronts.
"It doesn't seem as if (Russian troops) are making the kind of progress, either in the offensive to capture Kyiv - which is vital for any regime change mission, or in terms of subduing key targets in eastern Ukraine, like Odessa or Mariupol, or in western Ukraine where they've expanded the war to Lviv", said Ramani.
As progress slows on the ground, Russia is turning to precision and hypersonic aerial weapons to eliminate key Ukrainian military infrastructure. Ramani warns that this "opens the door for other non-ground forms of attack, like chemical and biological weapons".
"I think a chemical attack... is probably the most plausible because it's also the most deniable. And it also fits in with Russia's modus operandi in the past".
Chemical weapons were used during the Soviet-Afghan war between 1979-1989, and in Syria in 2013.
Moscow claims that its chemical weapons stores have been destroyed. But President Putin's forces could target existing chemical plants.
"It could simply do something like bomb a federal chemical factory, like its shelling in Sumy over the weekend, and that would make it look like... Ukraine (is) having a chemical leak - but it's actually Russia carrying out an attack".
NATO says 7—15,000 Russian troops killed, as Putin's forces meet Ukrainian resistance
Ukraine crisis: Scepticism over Russian claim that troops are withdrawing from border
JOE BIDEN CHEMICAL WEAPON UKRAINE WAR


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text:
Classes for Students
The Jewish Learning Fellowship (JLF) at MIT Hillel
Home / Student Life / Jewish Life and Learning / Jewish Learning / The Jewish Learning Fellowship (JLF) at MIT Hillel
The Jewish Learning Fellowship (JLF) is a 10-week experiential, conversational seminar for students looking to deepen their understanding of Judaism on their own terms. We're interested in asking big questions. You know, the big stuff — like Who am I? What communities am I a part of? What is worth committing myself to, and why? And we don't purport to have any of the big answers...certainly not for anyone else.
We make no claims about the "right" way to practice or not to practice Judaism. Our job is to help you explore the tradition in a safe space and find your own place, on your terms, in Judaism's Great Conversation.
By the end of 10 weeks, we want fellows to feel like they have:
1. Jewish friends. Let's be real: Jewish life doesn't happen by yourself in your dorm room or apartment. It happens with other people. We want you to feel like you have a bigger Jewish social network at the end of JLF.
2. A Jewish community. We want you to feel a part of something bigger than yourself, and we want you to feel like you have a community after JLF, if you want one. What we're saying is, we're going to invite you to get coffee.
3. ...learned something interesting. The wisdom found in Jewish texts, both ancient and contemporary, can be surprising, complicated, delightful, weird, mysterious, perplexing, and FUN. We'll read these texts broadly and generously in JLF, and we'll count on fellows adding their unique voices and perspectives into our conversations.
Tuesdays 7-8:35pm
Application Due 2/12
Syllabus & FAQ
Sex, Love, and Relationships (Undergraduates)
For many of us, sexuality and intimacy are some of the issues that matter most, but around which we receive the least guidance. This seminar will explore the ethics of gender, sexuality and intimacy in the Jewish tradition. The richness of this conversation has analogues in countless other topics and themes of human experience. We hope to explore the ideas of gender, sexuality, intimacy and sexual ethics in a broad range of sources in Jewish thought. This semester, we will aim to explore sexual ethics and the ever-elusive notion of intimacy in a way that honors our minds and bodies and respects our position as modern, thoughtful adults. Our approach is open-minded and non-judgmental.
PREVIOUS JLF Classes
JLF Israel: Home and Homeland
How might Jewish tradition inspire an ethos for how we engage with the concept of home and shared homeland? What role does location, spiritual connection, and collective history play in our narrative of home? How do we hold personal identity in dialogue with broader historical and contemporary communal narratives? What responsibilities do we hold for the people and places we are connected to? How might we live with intention and in tension with multiple truths? To address these enduring questions, JLF Israel: H&H follows a 10-session arc to explore the diaspora relationship to Israel, looking to classical, rabbinic, and modern Jewish wisdom to engage a contemporary understanding of peoplehood, responsibility, home, and homeland.
Life's Big Questions: Or how to get more out of college through Judaism
College is often the first time that we get to decide who we want to be in a lot of our identities. For the first time, we're on own… so who do we want to be? What communities am I a part of? What do I want to do with my life? What is my religion? Do I need one?What do I really want to learn and why? Who do I want to hang out with? While these are universal questions, we believe they can be illuminated through the unique light of Jewish traditions. In this seminar, we will explore what it means to be a twenty-something Jewish individual in the world. We will try to explore the often complex questions with which we are faced upon our arrival at college in a way that enables us to find our own answers, but also to ask even more big questions.
Previous: We've Accomplished So Much!
Next: 2020 ConnecTech Fellows


text:
Michał Kaput (ur. 18 lutego 1998 w Wyszkowie) – polski piłkarz występujący na pozycji defensywnego lub środkowego pomocnika w polskim klubie Piast Gliwice.

W sezonie 2017/2018 był zawodnikiem III-ligowego ŁKS-u 1926 Łomża. W latach 2018-2021 występował w drużynie Radomiaka, z którą najpierw wywalczył awans do I ligi, a następnie do PKO BP Ekstraklasy. W styczniu 2022 przeszedł do drużyny Piasta Gliwice.

Statystyki klubowe
statystyki aktualne na dzień 29 marca 2022

Sukcesy

Radomiak Radom
 Mistrzostwo Fortuna 1 Liga: 2020/2021
 Mistrzostwo II ligi: 2018/2019

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

Urodzeni w 1998
Ludzie urodzeni w Wyszkowie
Polscy piłkarze
Piłkarze ŁKS Łomża
Piłkarze Radomiaka Radom
Piłkarze Piasta Gliwice

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Food meets geography – can you identify the origin of these delicious sandwiches from around the world?
It's British Sandwich Week 2018 (20th to 26th May) and earlier in the week we tested our knowledge of popular British sandwich fillings.
It got us thinking about sandwiches around the globe and there are some pretty exciting looking options.
This pitta bread filled with thinly sliced lamb, lettuce, onions, tomato and yoghurt is popular in the UK (usually after a couple of pints!), but where does it originate?
Deep fried potato wrapped in bread and butter – carbs, carbs, carbs! Ketchup or brown sauce, you decide!
A paste made from yeast extract smothered on toast + cheese = a love it or hate it kind of sandwich!
More a full-blown meal than a sandwich – a sausage or ham sandwich, topped with cheese, egg and a beer and whiskey-based sauce!
A meaty sandwich, usually veal, beef or pork sausage, served in a bun with sauerkraut or potato salad.
The singular of panini, this toasted sandwich is a good mixture of crunchiness and melted (mozzarella) cheese, usually paired with tomato, basil or pesto.
Peanut Butter and Jelly (or jam). Top Tip – apparently you should spread peanut butter on each slice of bread before the jam, to prevent a soggy sandwich!
A toasted brioche sandwich filled with ham and cheese, with more cheese on the outside of the bread, it becomes a Croque Madame if you add an egg.
More carbs on carbs, this veggie friendly sandwich consists of battered, dried, deep fried potatoes in a bread bun, served with a choice of chutney.
Pork, vegetables, coriander and a kick from jalapeno pepper – where is this delicious looking baguette from?


text:
Rags and Riches: Kids in the Time of Charles Dickens: A Nonfiction Companion to (Magic Tree House Fact Tracker #22) (Prebound)
By Mary Pope Osborne, Natalie Pope Boyce, Salvatore Murdocca (Illustrator)
#34: Dogsledding and Extreme Sports (Magic Tree House Fact Tracker #34) (Prebound): $17.80
If you liked "A Ghost Tale for Christmas Time, " you'll love finding out the facts behind the fiction in the next fascinating nonfiction companion to the bestselling Magic Tree House series.
How did Charles Dickens get the idea to write "A Christmas Carol"? What was life like for kids in the orphanages and workhouses of Victorian England? How did children from wealthy families spend their time? Why do many people say that the concept of childhood came from the Victorians? Find out the answers to these questions and more in "Magic Tree House Research Guide: Rags and Riches, " Jack and Annie's guide to the lives of children in Charles Dickens's time.
Paperback (September 14th, 2010): $6.99


text:
Former JT Star Ross signs with Jaguars
Friday, 23rd March 2012 - 6:26PM
Former John Tyler High School star Aaron Ross, coming off his second Super Bowl season with the New York Giants, has agreed to a three-year contract with the Jacksonville Jaguars.
Ross, who helped lead John Tyler to the 2000 Class 5-A State Championship Game, won a national championship at Texas, and won two Super Bowl's with the Giants, can earn up to $15.3 million over three-years.
David Smoak
Garrett Morgan resigns in Jasper
Smoaky.com confirmed the resignation of Garrett Morgan as the AD/Head Football Coach at Jasper High School. He was 6-5 in his only season with the program.
One source within Jasper ISD told Smoaky.com, "Yes, he informed his kids he had resigned this morning. It's a shame because we loved Garrett Morgan and everything he stood for with the program and the kids. He did a great job with us in the short time he was here. We're going to miss him, and now, here we go again, another coaching change."
Stay tuned for more details.
Garrison to recommend Craig Barker
Friday, 16th March 2012 - 12:08PM
Henderson assistant coach Craig Barker has been offered and has accepted the job as AD/Football Coach at Garrison High School.
Barker, who has been the offensive coordinator at Henderson for the past three years, will replace Craten Phillips, pending school board approval.
Barker has been an assistant at Henderson since 2001, and he's also been an assistant in Jacksonville and Gilmer.
NCAA Bracket Madness (Deadline Thursday, 11AM CT)
Thursday, 15th March 2012 - 11:45AM
Register, read the directions, join, and predict the tournament, GOOD LUCK! NCAA Bracket Madness
Bill Poe leaving Spring Hill
Saturday, 10th March 2012 - 5:21PM
Spring Hill AD/Head Football Coach Bill Poe sent me a text this morning confirming he's leaving Spring Hill to become the offensive coordinator for Todd Dodge at Marble Falls.
Poe told his players about the decision during a team meeting this morning.
Poe was 6-14 in two years at Spring Hill.


Registrations for the 2018 Northern Members Golf Tournament are now being accepted.
The tournament is not restricted to only members from the northern part of the province.
It is open to all people in the construction industry!
with an opportunity to play golf on one of New Brunswick's finest golf courses.


text:
Q: Java file writing with append rather than overwriting? I have this code that creates a file and saves the users input, but it keeps overwriting and I want it to save each entry a user gives. How can I do this?
    File file = new File("info.txt");
    BufferedWriter output = null;
    try {
        output = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(file));
    } catch (IOException e1) {
        // TODO Auto-generated catch block
        e1.printStackTrace();
    }
    try {
        output.write("Users pick:  " + myint+ "\t");
    } catch (IOException e) {
        // TODO Auto-generated catch block
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    try {
        output.close();
    } catch (IOException e) {
        // TODO Auto-generated catch block
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    //file writer

A: Change
output = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(file));

to
output = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(file,true));

for opening the file in append mode.


The Cap-O-Matic line utilises cap activation to extend and retract the point. Plastic with chrome plated cap or powder coated finish.
everyone who demands reliability in a writing instrument.
Fisher Space Pens have a lifetime guaranteed for quality against all manufacturing defects.


If you are looking for Plumber of Plumbing Company in Alabama you are in the right place. The FindLocal-Plumber Directory displays Alabama Plumbers & Plumbing Companies. We also display Plumbers & Plumbing Companies throughout the United States.
Our goal is to provide a great experience for consumers looking for a Plumber & Plumbing Companies in the State of Alabama. We keep our directory free of clutter and unnecessary links and ads. Consumers can quickly locate Alabama Plumbers & Plumbing Companies using the FindLocal-Plumber Directory.
Please use our zip code search function at the top of the page to search for Plumbers & Plumbing Companies in your area if Alabama is not the state where you are trying to find a Plumber or Plumbing Company.


text:
Minimal Twitter Community Pilot
My search for an alternative community platform has led me back to, yes, Twitter. Although I am still experimenting with a couple of other platforms, namely Minus and Discord, this new Twitter Communities pilot is interesting. We're all aware of the trials and tribulations of Twitter, and we're also aware that it is not entirely without value. As I've previously mentioned, I have made a small number of decent connections with people there that have led to light-touch friendships and collaborations. So when this invite-only communities pilot launched with an opportunity to apply, I thought it would be cool to create one focused on minimalist design.
I applied through the Minimalissimo account because it felt like the most suitable and probably increased my chances of being accepted. Well, it was, and the community is now up and running.
A community has moderators and members. Each moderator can invite as many people as they want, and members can invite up to five people. I think it will be straightforward to grow on a platform like Twitter, but I am keen to keep the numbers pretty small. If a community grows too much, it ceases being a community. That probably means we have to ignore some requests to join, but it's probably a good thing in the long run. But who gets in? Well, I'm pretty open to that. Although other mods and members can invite who they want, I'll personally be looking at people's Twitter bio and recent timeline for relevancy and to see how active they are on the platform. I'll send them an invite if I think they'll be a good fit and likely to positively engage.
So what are we going to talk about? It's difficult to say at this stage, but we can share and discuss past, present, and future designs and concepts. To celebrate the work of others and use the community to request feedback on work of our own. But it also doesn't need to be too serious or intellectual. Shit, if someone wants to share a meme, so be it.
Like with any community, it's impossible to know how successful it will be or even what success might look like. I certainly won't be comparing it to any other Twitter communities. I simply hope there are some decent discussions and good vibes.
If you are interested in joining the Minimalism in Design community, get in touch.
Update: This hasn't really worked out. I thought people would be interested in it, but it got very little engagement, so it's not something I am going to pursue. I think for it to work, you need people who tweet multiple times per day to keep activity very high, otherwise, it becomes stale and people won't waste time communicating there.


text:
Q: Hamburger toggle button not working is Bootstrap I made header using HTML CSS and Bootstrap on localhost and on localhost the toggle button is working fine but when i push this code on wordpress the toggle button stops working. I took every step possible to make it work. I have tried CDNs in many orders, also putted jquery CDN before the bootstrap CDN but nothing works. I also made all necessary changes which is required like converting data-target to data-bs-target but nothing happens. I also followed this post Bootstrap 4 navbar toggler hamburger is button not working but is not working for me. Here is the code....

<!DOCTYPE html>

  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Header</title>

          English

          <button class="btn btn-dark mx-4 justify-content-center from-center d-inline d-md-inline d-lg-none" id="login"
            type="submit">Login</button>

    <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarNavAltMarkup" aria-controls="navbarNavAltMarkup" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">

        </button>

        Home (current)

            Services

      Portfolio
      Insights

              English

              <button class="btn btn-dark mx-4  d-none d-md-none d-lg-inline" id="login" type="submit">Login</button>

 BRANDING

Logo Design

Website Design

E-commerce Graphics

Social Media Graphics

Ads Graphics

Video Ads

Company Profile Design

Content Writing

 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

SaaS Development

Web Portal Development

E-commerce Development

Mobile Application Development

  SALES

Sales Process Development

Automated Sales Process

Sales Team

Tele Caller

Customer Support Team

Sales Software

 MARKETING

Social Media Management

Paid Media Management

Email Marketing

Content Marketing

Search Engine Optimization

Bulk SMS Marketing

Bulk WhatsApp Marketing

Automated Calls

 CLOUDS

Development Servers

Shared CPU

Dedicated CPU

Intel Servers

AMD Servers

 IT INFRASTRUCTURE

DevOps Engineer

IT Support

Product Development

Project Infrastructure

Product Architecture

 ERP SOFTWARE

 CRM SOFTWARE

 REMOTE SOFTWARE

A: You have a lot of invalid HTML and incorrect Bootstrap Navbar attributes, elements.

*

*You mixed button with in span for English and Login menu. This is invalid HTML.

*You use Bootstrap 4 JS only in your code above. You don't have any CSS.

*You use Bootstrap 4 assets while your code is Bootstrap 5.

*Because of #3, your code is incorrect attributes. For example, in Bootstrap 4 navbar use data-toggle="collapse" while in Bootstrap 5 use data-bs-toggle="collapse" and more.

So, which version do you really want to use?
It is not possible that this will work on your localhost while on WordPress is broken. They both should be broken because you use incorrect version of CSS and JS or HTML attributes including classes.
Quick fix
For quick fix, I use the correct Bootstrap CSS & JS version (v.5) and it's just working fine.

* {
  padding: 0px;
  margin: 0px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

li {
  color: rgb(108, 108, 189);
}

.color {
  color: #EE0000;
}

.bg-color {
  background-color: #ed5353;
}

.navbar .navbar-brand img {
  background-color: #212529;
}

#login:hover {
  background-color: #EE0000;
}

a.nav-item:hover {
  background-color: #EE0000;
  border-radius: 4px;
}

<link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.0.0/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/>
<link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.1.1/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/>

   English

  <button class="btn btn-dark mx-4 justify-content-center from-center d-inline d-md-inline d-lg-none" id="login" type="submit">Login</button>

  <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarNavAltMarkup" aria-controls="navbarNavAltMarkup" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">

  </button>

      Home (current)

          Services

    Portfolio
    Insights

        English

        <button class="btn btn-dark mx-4  d-none d-md-none d-lg-inline" id="login" type="submit">Login</button>

 BRANDING

Logo Design

Website Design

E-commerce Graphics

Social Media Graphics

Ads Graphics

Video Ads

Company Profile Design

Content Writing

 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

SaaS Development

Web Portal Development

E-commerce Development

Mobile Application Development

  SALES

Sales Process Development

Automated Sales Process

Sales Team

Tele Caller

Customer Support Team

Sales Software

 MARKETING

Social Media Management

Paid Media Management

Email Marketing

Content Marketing

Search Engine Optimization

Bulk SMS Marketing

Bulk WhatsApp Marketing

Automated Calls

 CLOUDS

Development Servers

Shared CPU

Dedicated CPU

Intel Servers

AMD Servers

 IT INFRASTRUCTURE

DevOps Engineer

IT Support

Product Development

Project Infrastructure

Product Architecture

 ERP SOFTWARE

 CRM SOFTWARE

 REMOTE SOFTWARE

See it in action on jsfiddle.
When you are coding, always note that which version you are using and don't just mixed them nor copy and paste from anywhere.
Stay focus, stick only to the version you use.


text:
The legal institutionalization of FSC certification in Gabon (commentary)
Commentary by Alain Karsenty on 31 October 2018
Gabon's President Ali Bongo announced on September 26, during a visit to a Rougier wood processing plant, that all forest concessions in Gabon will have to be certified with the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) standard by 2022.
Unlike its neighbors, Gabon has never shown any interest in the European proposal for a Voluntary Partnership Agreement, probably because its timber exports are increasingly focused on Asia. If other countries follow Gabon's lead and make private certification mandatory (the Congo-Brazzaville is considering this in its forestry law under preparation), the European strategy, which gives only a secondary place to private certification, will probably have to be reviewed.
The future will tell us whether the Gabonese decision is the first step in consecrating the power of private governance in an area that has long remained particularly sovereign, or whether the conversion of a voluntary instrument into a legal prerequisite is turning against the FSC by undermining its credibility.
This post is a commentary. The views expressed are those of the author, not necessarily Mongabay.
Gabon's President Ali Bongo announced on September 26, during a visit to a Rougier wood processing plant, that all forest concessions in Gabon will have to be certified with the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) standard by 2022. There are about 40 active logging concessions in Gabon, covering nearly 16 million hectares or nearly 40 million acres.
The FSC is considered the most demanding label in terms of forest management. Launched with the active support of WWF in 1993, this certification makes the bet that it is possible to exploit the forest without destroying it, and that the three pillars of sustainable development — ecological, social, and economic — can be reconciled.
Known to be closer to NGOs than to industrialists, FSC has a "global" competitor, the PEFC (Program for the Endorsement of Forest Certification), launched with the support of the European timber industry. The PEFC was intended to be more appropriate to the fragmented structure of small European forest property (the original name was Pan European Forest Certification), before becoming a global program for the mutual recognition of national or regional certifications, often considered less demanding.
A gradual process of institutionalization
Forest certification is a voluntary instrument, based on the willingness of consumers to pay more for legal timber from "sustainable" forest exploitation. It assumes that the certified entity (an owner or concessionaire) goes beyond regulatory standards in environmental and social terms, and is committed to continuous improvement of its practices. The results must be measurable in the field and, of course, the certification must be carried out by third parties, certification bodies accredited by Accreditation Service International (ASI) on behalf of the FSC.
The FSC has always wanted to be independent of public authorities by adopting a business-to-business model. The certifying bodies, for-profit organizations that are accredited on behalf of the FSC, are chosen and remunerated by the concessionaires who apply for certification. In the 1990s, FSC certification was viewed with caution, if not hostility, by professional foresters and developing country governments. They saw it as an encroachment on the prerogatives of forest services, which were supposed to have a monopoly on quality control in forest management. Gradually, companies selling their wood on ecologically sensitive markets (particularly in northern Europe) perceived the interest they had in adopting the FSC label, in order to maintain or increase their shares on these profitable markets. Southern governments, frequently attacked by NGOs for their lax enforcement of environmental laws, have highlighted the development of certification in their countries as evidence of their ecological virtue.
Despite the initial skepticism of many observers about governance issues, the "Congo Basin" (a name that has become common in Central African forest countries) is the sub-region with the largest area of certified natural tropical forests (up to 5.6 million hectare in 2017). States have also begun to draw inspiration from the principles and criteria of certification for their own legislation. Borrowings, however, have remained modest, as the new generation of forest laws is still under preparation.
At the end of the 2000s, the European Union made a proposal to tropical forest countries for voluntary partnership agreements (VPAs) to improve governance and eliminate illegal logging and trade. This process, known as FLEGT (Forest Governance, Law Enforcement and Trade), aims to restore the control capacities of administrations as the priority objectives. In the eyes of EU decision makers, FSC certification should remain in the field of private arrangements. In fact, in Central Africa, FSC certification has stagnated or even declined for several years. In parallel, the "legality certifications," less demanding than the FSC and proposed by various organizations, attract several large forestry companies exporting to the EU, insofar as they help them to demonstrate the legality of the timber and its traceability from the forest to the port of shipment
Governing by private instruments
The Gabonese President's decision to require FSC certification is a further step in the use of private instruments for public regulation purposes. In concrete terms, it means that the Gabonese government "offloads" control of forest concessions onto an international organization (the FSC) and certification bodies. It can also be seen as an admission of the administration's inability to regulate the sector and enforce forest management plans, which are legal obligations. This will undoubtedly accentuate the feeling of marginalization felt by many executives of the ministry in charge of forests, while the government has multiplied in recent years the creation of agencies, directly linked to the Presidency, for environmental management.
President Bongo's exclusive choice of the FSC is surprising, as the competing label (PAFC, Pan African Forest Certification, a partner of the PEFC), has begun to be deployed (the first PAFC certification took place in 2017 in Gabon) and a recent circular from the ministry in charge of forests pushed companies to commit themselves to PAFC certification. Several concessionaires have so far considered adopting this label, which does not question the exploitation within "Intact Forest Landscapes," a concept put forward by NGOs referring to forested areas of at least 50 square kilometers (12,355 acres) not crossed by roads. At the FSC, the issue of IFLs is under discussion. The choice of FSC is therefore likely to be a problem at some point for companies having this type of "intact landscape" in their permits.
Underlying policy objectives
One of the objectives of Bongo's measure is probably also to reduce the areas occupied by forest concessions in favor of an extension of protected areas (objective of the powerful National Agency for the Protection of Nature). The likely abandonment of permits by operators who will not be able or willing to certify will also free up space for the development of oil palm and rubber plantations by the Olam Group. This multinational agro-business corporation, headquartered in Singapore, was founded in 1989 by members of the Indian diaspora. With its two main shareholders, Mitsubishi and the Singapore Sovereign Wealth Fund, it now plays a key role in Gabon's economy.
The ban on log exports imposed by the Gabonese government in 2011 has led to a significant drop in timber production and a concentration of companies in the sector. The certification requirement, in turn, will lead to a new phase of concentration for the benefit of a limited number of large companies. With the three major companies now FSC-certified being European, the question is what will Chinese companies do, as they own more than half of the country's concessions. It is likely that Chinese publicly owned companies, under Beijing's control, would succeed in being certified, if they can control more strictly the practices of their subcontractors. However, for private Chinese companies, which are the most numerous, the task is difficult, and it is likely that many of them will not want to or be able to bear the costs of certification without being able to pass them on to the selling prices of wood. Their departure is, therefore, almost certain.
A sign of Sino-Indian rivalry in Africa?
Should this unprecedented political measure also be seen as a sign of growing competition between Indian and Chinese actors on the African continent? India, whose timber imports are growing faster than China's, has clearly set its sights on Gabon to access Central Africa's forest resources. The Free Zone of Nkok (Gabon Special Economic Zone, or GSEZ), built near Libreville by the Olam group to attract timber industries after the ban on raw timber exports, has attracted many Indian investors, much more than Chinese industrialists. These industries need large quantities of logs, which are supplied by the French group Rougier in particular through a contract with GSEZ, an entity co-managed by the Gabonese government and Olam.
The reduction of Chinese companies' control over Gabon's forests could open up interesting opportunities for Indian industrialists wishing to acquire concessions to secure their wood supply, in a context of emerging overcapacity in wood processing in Gabon.
A risk for the FSC?
For the FSC, this announcement is a resounding recognition, especially since the words of the Gabonese president are laudatory ("in terms of quality, there is now an essential label that will guarantee access for our production to the reference markets, it is that of the FSC"). The FSC might have preferred the use of incentives (through tax reductions for certified concessions) to a government-mandated obligation, because the pressure from forest companies will be strong on the certifying bodies to obtain the necessary label.
However, these organizations accredited on behalf of the FSC (which does not certify itself) are chosen and remunerated by companies applying for certification, and they have certain margins of interpretation of the criteria of "good forest management." Some of these certifying bodies are known to be more understanding than others vis-à-vis their clients' constraints. The FSC will have to pay particular attention to the quality of the certificates issued by these bodies, especially since NGOs hostile to industrial logging will not fail to try to call out companies constrained to FSC certification that have not really integrated the change in the managerial approach that must go with it.
Forest certification is based on consumer confidence, in a context of uncertainty about the content of the notion of "sustainable forest management" of large tropical forests and controversies about the impacts of logging. It is, therefore, a fragile instrument, as trust can quickly be undermined by a few unfavorable media episodes. The future will tell us whether the Gabonese decision is the first step in consecrating the power of private governance in an area that has long remained particularly sovereign, or whether the conversion of a voluntary instrument into a legal prerequisite is turning against the FSC by undermining its credibility.
Tropical timber with an FSC logo. Photo Credit: FSC GD/Jean Baptiste Lopez.
This commentary is derived from a paper initially published in French at Willagri.com.
Alain Karsenty, environmental economist, has been research director with CIRAD (Montpellier, France) since 1992. His research and expertise area covers the economic instruments for the environment, including taxation, Payments for Environmental Services (PES), and REDD+. He has an extensive knowledge of land tenure, concessions, forest policies and practices in West & Central Africa and Madagascar, his main areas of fieldwork. As an international consultant, he participated in several policy and economic reforms processes with national teams in Africa. He is the author of one hundred scientific articles and co-authored several books and special issues. He is a member of the scientific board of the French GEF (FFEM).
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Article published by Mike Gaworecki
Certification, Commentary, Editorials, Environment, Environmental Law, Forestry, Forests, Logging, Researcher Perspective Series, Timber, Timber Laws, timber trade, Tropical Forests


If your air conditioner was installed before 2010 and you don't know what R22 is then you should probably learn. R22 refrigerant is a chemical that keeps the air coming from your air conditioning system cool, so it's unquestionably incredibly critical. Most air conditioning units older than 10 years utilize an AC refrigerant called R22 that's commonly identified as Freon*, and is referred to by the EPA as HCFC-22. In this blog, we'll use the name R22. This refrigerant was introduced in the 1950s and became the main AC refrigerant in the residential heating and cooling industry.
Fast forward a few decades and the world realized that R22 refrigerant was aiding in the depletion of the Earth's ozone layer. Not a great thing. So, the U.S. EPA, in cooperation with other agencies and groups around the world, initiated a phase out of several ozone-depleting agents as part of an international agreement known as the Montreal Protocol. The regulation lists many HCFCs and CFCs (different types of refrigerants that deplete the ozone layer), but R22 is considered one of the worst offenders.
In 2003, the phase out of R22 production and imports began. By the start of 2010 the production and import of R22 was reduced. However, servicing current, existing equipment is still acceptable as long as there is an available supply of R22. To guarantee the public's compliance with the new law, all sales of R22 must be bought by a certified technician. The production and import of R22 will be continually reduced by law until 2020, when all production and import will be eliminated. Only recycled R22 refrigerant will be obtainable to service existing air conditioners after 2020.
If this sounds like a case study on supply and demand, then you are right. As you can imagine, older air conditioners may have more leaks and need repairs. Any units that are older than 2010 are more likely to use R22, which means there's a lot more demand for it, and a very limited supply. Prices have only risen due to scarcity.
Recall that in order to obtain R22, you have to be an EPA-certified technician. So, the average homeowner is unable to purchase a cylinder themselves. In addition, there are some stern regulations now on how refrigerant must be reclaimed and recycled, which increases expenses. This cost is passed on to the homeowner as companies must cover the increased overhead associated with R22 repairs. There are requirements for importing, labeling, record keeping, reporting, destruction and reclaiming of R22 from existing air conditioners.
The cost of R22 is considerably increasing because of the declining supply, and new refrigerant will no longer be available for use at all after 2020, except from recycled quantities.
If you're thinking, "Holy cow, this is starting to sound expensive," you're right, it is. This is why when our professionals come out to review your unit we look to see what refrigerant your unit uses, and lots of cases, we'll recommend an upgrade due to the increasing cost of sustaining an R22 air conditioner.
If you have an air conditioning system that was built before 2010, your AC will typically have R22. However, if you installed your air conditioner after January 1, 2010, then your system may not have R22. You can find the type of refrigerant your system runs on by looking at the appliance's nameplate. This nameplate is normally found on the outdoor condenser of your central air conditioning system. If you can't locate it, you can check your user's manual. If that doesn't work either, you can reach out to your local Service Experts center. If you have a maintenance agreement with us, we also have your information on hand and a tech can let you know quickly if your unit uses R22.
The industry has changed from R22 to R410a, which you may know by the brand name Puron. For the rest of this article, we'll use the name R410a (although Puron is a recognized brand, there are other companies that make R410a). There are some key benefits to switching from an R22 air conditioning unit to one that uses R410a. It has a higher safety rating and an ozone depletion rating of zero, and it performed slightly better on energy-efficiency tests than R22.
You may have heard of "drop-in" replacements for R22. We strongly against against this choice. Normally a homeowner who is uneasy about the cost of replacing their air conditioner seeks out an alternative, and this appears to be an easy solution. It typically costs the homeowner more money, and almost always voids the manufacturer warranty. The truth about "drop-ins" is that there is no "drop-in" solution where you simply swap out the refrigerant. The phrase "drop-in" is indicating retrofitting a system, which when done correctly can cost the homeowner as much, or more, money than purchasing a new unit that uses R410a. In part, this is because different refrigerants work at different pressure levels and demand different parts to run, which forces the technician to replace the most expensive components of your system to work with the new refrigerant. If this critical step is skipped, your system will quickly stop running, and you'll be forced to install a new unit anyway.
Your manufacturer will probably not pay for the parts to make this switch because retrofitting your AC system will likely void the warranty. It's normally just a temporary fix, but buying a new upgraded AC system will probably benefit most homeowners in dependability, satisfaction, and long-term comfort.
It's wise to discuss pricing choices with your HVAC provider if you're worried about cost. At Service Experts Heating & Air Conditioning, we offer financing that makes a replacement affordable, and we keep track of any manufacturer and utility rebates that would make it easier to handle an unexpected replacement. To reduce the chances of an emergency on a hot day, many of our customers decide to do a pre-emptive replacement, and replace an old unit before it quits working. If you're considering that route as well, then you're in good company!
If your heating and air conditioning system was built after January 2010, the R22 phase out challenge may not apply to you, because it's possible that your system uses the new, approved replacement refrigerant, R410a. However, air conditioners installed after 2010 could potentially use R22, so it's ideal to check with an HVAC Expert. You can always find this and the refrigerant type by checking the nameplate on your condenser (the condenser is the outside unit).
Call an expert to replace the parts in your current air conditioner to help make it compatible with an approved air conditioner refrigerant. This is not recommended.
To be clear, the EPA regulates the production and use of this refrigerant, but not your AC. You aren't required by law to replace your air conditioner. At some point, your AC will not work and it will need to be replaced, and only R410a units will be available for sale.
The best option is to purchase a new, upgraded air conditioner, particularly if your current air conditioner is already more than 10 years old. Service Experts Heating & Air Conditioning has several financing options that help to meet your budget, and again, we look out for rebates from HVAC manufacturers and local utilities to make it even easier. New AC equipment is more efficient and present you superior comfort, helping to reduce your energy costs.


text:
Text of a document found in al-Zarqawi's safe house
By Human,
June 16, 2006 in World Politics
Destroying Zarqawi really is a great victory for us all , and Nation Building really does take a long time.
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http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/World/Iraq/200...1634921-ap.html
BAGHDAD (AP) - The text of a document discovered in terror leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi's hide-out. The document was provided in English Thursday by Iraqi National Security Adviser Mouwafak al-Rubaie;
The situation and conditions of the resistance in Iraq have reached a point that requires a review of the events and of the work being done inside Iraq. Such a study is needed in order to show the best means to accomplish the required goals, especially that the forces of the National Guard have succeeded in forming an enormous shield protecting the American forces and have reduced substantially the losses that were solely suffered by the American forces. This is in addition to the role, played by the Shi'a (the leadership and masses) by supporting the occupation, working to defeat the resistance and by informing on its elements.
As an overall picture, time has been an element in affecting negatively the forces of the occupying countries, due to the losses they sustain economically in human lives, which are increasing with time. However, here in Iraq, time is now beginning to be of service to the American forces and harmful to the resistance for the following reasons:
1. By allowing the American forces to form the forces of the National Guard, to reinforce them and enable them to undertake military operations against the resistance.
2. By undertaking massive arrest operations, invading regions that have an impact on the resistance, and hence causing the resistance to lose many of its elements.
3. By undertaking a media campaign against the resistance resulting in weakening its influence inside the country and presenting its work as harmful to the population rather than being beneficial to the population.
4. By tightening the resistance's financial outlets, restricting its moral options and by confiscating its ammunition and weapons.
5. By creating a big division among the ranks of the resistance and jeopardizing its attack operations, it has weakened its influence and internal support of its elements, thus resulting in a decline of the resistance's assaults.
6. By allowing an increase in the number of countries and elements supporting the occupation or at least allowing to become neutral in their stand toward us in contrast to their previous stand or refusal of the occupation.
7. By taking advantage of the resistance's mistakes and magnifying them in order to misinform.
Based on the above points, it became necessary that these matters should be treated one by one:
1. To improve the image of the resistance in society, increase the number of supporters who are refusing occupation and show the clash of interest between society and the occupation and its collaborators. To use the media for spreading an effective and creative image of the resistance.
2. To assist some of the people of the resistance to infiltrate the ranks of the National Guard in order to spy on them for the purpose of weakening the ranks of the National Guard when necessary, and to be able to use their modern weapons.
3. To reorganize for recruiting new elements for the resistance.
4. To establish centres and factories to produce and manufacture and improve on weapons and to produce new ones.
5. To unify the ranks of the resistance, to prevent controversies and prejudice and to adhere to piety and follow the leadership.
6. To create division and strife between American and other countries and among the elements disagreeing with it.
7. To avoid mistakes that will blemish the image of the resistance and show it as the enemy of the nation.
In general and despite the current bleak situation, we think that the best suggestions in order to get out of this crisis is to entangle the American forces into another war against another country or with another of our enemy force, that is to try and inflame the situation between America and Iran or between America and the Shi'a in general.
Specifically the Sistani Shi'a, since most of the support that the Americans are getting is from the Sistani Shi'a, then, there is a possibility to instill differences between them and to weaken the support line between them; in addition to the losses we can inflict on both parties. Consequently, to embroil America in another war against another enemy is the answer that we find to be the most appropriate, and to have a war through a delegate has the following benefits:
1. To occupy the Americans by another front will allow the resistance freedom of movement and alleviate the pressure imposed on it.
2. To dissolve the cohesion between the Americans and the Shi'a will weaken and close this front.
3. To have a loss of trust between the Americans and the Shi'a will cause the Americans to lose many of their spies.
4. To involve both parties, the Americans and the Shi'a, in a war that will result in both parties being losers.
5. Thus, the Americans will be forced to ask the Sunni for help.
6. To take advantage of some of the Shia elements that will allow the resistance to move among them.
7. To weaken the media's side which is presenting a tarnished image of the resistance, mainly conveyed by the Shi'a.
8. To enlarge the geographical area of the resistance movement.
9. To provide popular support and cooperation by the people.
The resistance fighters have learned from the result and the great benefits they reaped, when a struggle ensued between the Americans and the army of Al-Mahdi. However, we have to notice that this trouble or this delegated war that must be ignited can be accomplished through:
1. A war between the Shi'a and the Americans.
2. A war between the Shi'a and the secular population (such as Ayad 'Alawi and al-Jalabi.)
3. A war between the Shi'a and the Kurds.
4. A war between Ahmad al-Halabi and his people and Ayad 'Alawi and his people.
5. A war between the group of al-Hakim and the group of al-Sadr.
6. A war between the Shi'a of Iraq and the Sunni of the Arab countries in the gulf.
7. A war between the Americans and Iran. We have noticed that the best of these wars to be ignited is the one between the Americans and Iran, because it will have many benefits in favour of the Sunni and the resistance, such as:
1. Freeing the Sunni people in Iraq, who are (30 per cent) of the population and under the Shi'a Rule.
2. Drowning the Americans in another war that will engage many of their forces.
3. The possibility of acquiring new weapons from the Iranian side, either after the fall of Iran or during the battles.
4. To entice Iran towards helping the resistance because of its need for its help.
5. Weakening the Shi'a supply line.
The question remains, how to draw the Americans into fighting a war against Iran? It is not known whether America is serious in its animosity towards Iraq, because of the big support Iran is offering to America in its war in Afghanistan and in Iraq. Hence, it is necessary first to exaggerate the Iranian danger and to convince America and the west in general, of the real danger coming from Iran, and this would be done by the following:
1. By disseminating threatening messages against American interests and the American people and attribute them to a Shi'a Iranian side.
2. By executing operations of kidnapping hostages and implicating the Shi'a Iranian side.
3. By advertising that Iran has chemical and nuclear weapons and is threatening the west with these weapons.
4. By executing exploding operations in the west and accusing Iran by planting Iranian Shi'a fingerprints and evidence.
5. By declaring the existence of a relationship between Iran and terrorist groups (as termed by the Americans).
6. By disseminating bogus messages about confessions showing that Iran is in possession of weapons of mass destruction or that there are attempts by the Iranian intelligence to undertake terrorist operations in America and the west and against western interests.
Let us hope for success and for God's help.
(End translation)
Luke_Wilbur
Location:Washington, DC
Interests:My family, writing, photography, and my faith.
That is pretty intense. I hope the leaders in Iran realize that Al Qaeda is a bigger threat to their country's existance than the United States. I am sure the authenticity of the document will be questioned.
Guest human_*
Yeah! They probably won't believe it. Add to that, that Iran just signed a weapons pact with Syria, and I wonder if Iran will use the documents to state that they are non-aggressive in the region.


Soak 12 bamboo skewers in cold water for 10 minutes. Skewer beef and onion on skewers. Spray with oil; season. Heat a char-grill pan over oderately high heat. Cook and turn skewers for 5 minutes or until cooked.
Meanwhile, place curry paste in a medium saucepan over low heat. Cook and stir for 1 minute. Add coconut cream, sugar and soy sauce; simmer for 2 minutes or until thickened slightly.
Top skewers with chilli and coriander. Serve with rice and sauce.


Smashwords – Books Tagged "peacemakers"
These results show books which have been specifically tagged with this keyword. You can also try doing a general search for the term "peacemakers" .
In the book Parents for World Peace, Laura Fobler describes the connection between conflicts in our world (both domestic and global) and a parenting style that many parents are obliviously using, based on inequality. In seven simple steps, Laura gives parents a wake-up call that will change their perspective and style on parent-child communication forever.
A small science fiction, fantasy story about the struggle of two Inter Galactic Agents in order to survive on Bermuda Triangle with their friends without letting them know about their identity, and stopping any kind of alien that lives there who can be threat to their lives.
Here are encouraging, insightful essays into living the Beatitudes. Dive in, and have a quick, refreshing splash in the river of God's grace. This is a concise (13,000 words) explanation of the principles by which Christ, the King, governs His kingdom.
Sam Winslow retired from peacemaking. Then a midnight phone call brings him back to a war-torn country. In the nation of Vedanta, a few government officials want peace, and Sam must carry a secret peace initiative to the rebel leader. But powerful enemies want to ensure his mission fails. As events spiral out of control, Sam refuses to give up. But to achieve his goals, he must first stay alive.
These stories celebrate how sound molecules attach to the air in the same psychic sacredness that has always been life on Earth. In the state of being, silence has its original power, still integral to peace. My true experience with creatures living in or near the Gulf of Mexico have been astounding. The pieces in this collections are intended as messages from the natural world to Humanity.


For over the last one and a half decades Mukto-Mona has been fighting for the development of humanism and freethinking in South Asia. The organisation's member-contributor's included linguist Ahmed Sharif and novelist Humayun Azad. In an email conversation with the SWM, three members of mukto-mona.com talk about the state of freedom in Bangladesh, and South Asia in general.
How has Mukto-Mona evolved? Can you please explain the idea behind Mukto-Mona for our readers?
Avijit Roy: Mukto-Mona came into being in the year 2000, with the intention of debating and promoting critical issues that are of the utmost importance in building a progressive, rational and secular society, but usually are ignored in the mainstream Bangladeshi and South Asian media. On 26th May, 2001, I created a Yahoo group under the name Mukto-Mona. A year later, it was developed into a complete web site (www.mukto-mona.com), which, to the best of my knowledge, was the first South Asian Humanist and Rationalist forum on the net. Our aim is to build a society which will not be bound by the dictates of arbitrary authority, comfortable superstition, stifling tradition, or suffocating orthodoxy but would rather be based on reason, compassion, humanity, equality and science.
Within the subcontinent, we have affiliations with the Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations and the Science and Rationalists' Association of India (SRAI) led by Prabhir Ghosh. The International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) has also provided continuous encouragement and support to us. Mukto-Mona forum is approaching 3000 members. .
Can you please explain humanism further for us?
What do you think is the biggest impediment to free thinking in Bangladesh, or South Asia in general?
Mehul Kamdar: South Asia has a major problem of illiteracy, which makes it easy for fundamentalists from outside the region to spread hatred and false propaganda. When people cannot read critical texts questioning this propaganda they are more easily deluded by preachers of hatred. As humanists, we seek to help people develop love for other human beings irrespective of their religion, caste or creed. But we always have to fight against superior money and numbers.
Whether it is the Jihadi groups who get their money from Saudi Arabia or Middle East, Overseas Friends of the RSS who contribute to Hindu Fundamentalist groups from UK and USA or Christian groups who get their money either from Rome or from other parts of the world depending on what denomination they belong to, all of these groups are pumping money in a battle for more converts and for militancy among their followers. As humanists, we are constantly catching up to novel methods by which this hatred is being spread. We are positive about the long term, though, because we believe that most people are intrinsically good and decent and that we would be able to appeal to their logical faculties, even when they are unable to read and write.
What do you think is contributing to a rise in religious extremism in Bangladesh ?
The concept of a Sharia-based theocracy is a frightening one. Yet some wicked minds continue to fool people in the name of religion. Europe and America learned the dreadful lesson from the bloodshed of several hundred years when religion controlled politics. They have separated religion from the state. Unfortunately, we have yet to realise that. Even if you look within Islam's own history, you'll see Islam reached its peak under the caliphate of secular rulers such as Caliph Al Mamun, Harun-ur-Rashid. Thus a demand for a secular democracy is the most crucial demand of our time.
What kind of system of government do you think is appropriate for the establishment of a free society?
Mehul Kamdar: Constitutional democracy is the best known means for protecting the rights of all people to form worldviews and live out their commitments in a free and mutually respectful way. A democratic and secular government should promote open societies, ensure universal human rights, and be secular, having no bias against any religious or non-religious group.
In a region where a majority of the people live in abject poverty and do not have access to the Internet, how can Mukto-mona help establish a secular society?
Avijit Roy: Despite our limited resources, mind you, Mukto-Mona is not an NGO run by donations from foreign countries. We carry out activities with our own funds i.e. donations collected from our members of advisory and editorial board (who are mostly expatriate Bangladeshis such as researchers, activists, students, etc) we are trying to target the most neglected areas. For example, as our first project, we undertook the reconstruction of a primary school in remote Roumari in Bangladesh. We have additionally promised to continue our support for more years provided the school authority promote secular and rational thinking among the students. We undertook that project for many reasons: that was a place of poor rural people and thus was neglected by the rich class/government. Secondly, the most important stage of life when we can instill a value/lesson in the minds of our children is when they are in primary school.
We have started publishing books on science and rationalism. In a few remote areas, our activists have formed Rationalist Forums drawing likeminded youth and students. Such forums or associations provide a sense of cohesiveness in the mind of young humanists and they do not feel they are isolated. In the future, we plan to work on mobilising and uniting youth toward rationalism and humanism in every part of Bangladesh.
Fortunately, we are not alone. There exist vast number of like-minded people in the world and nothing can beat the internet in making friends with such people. For example, we have humanists of Bangladesh and other South Asian origin in our group from virtually every corner of the world. Lots of people are showing eagerness to help Mukto-Mona in every possible way but we have been cautious in our response because we simply don't want to turn into yet another NGO. Ours is not just an organisation, it symbolises a movement, an ideal.
Avijit Roy is author, "Alo Hate Choliyachhe Adharer Yatree" (a Bangla book on the origin of universe); he is also the founding Moderator, Mukto-Mona.
Jahed Ahmed is a humanism activist and writer; he is also co-moderator of Mukto-Mona.
Mehul Kamdar is former Assistant Editor (with MD Gopalkrishnan as editor), the Modern Rationalist, India; he is also freelance writer and co-moderator of Mukto-Mona. Originally from Tamilnadu, India, currently settled in Chicago.