text:
http://www.oysterhc.co.uk/blogs/high-hopes-big-data/
Published on: June 30, 2016 // Printed on: January 20, 2020
Working with Oyster
Communications Consultancy
High hopes for big data
In a world where most of us carry tiny computers everywhere we go, it seems incredible that one of the biggest organisations on the planet hasn't yet moved into the digital age.
Big data is the latest trend: the key to understanding how the world spins and how society is organised within it. Everyone from the AA to The Guardian, Facebook to Children in Need are investing in and learning from big data.
And the NHS, by virtue of its very nature, should have it in spades.
But while Sainsbury's can accurately predict your choices based on what bread you like, if you have a health condition the likelihood is you'll have to recap your medical history to every new healthcare professional you see, and details of what medications you're on are tucked away on a dusty, dog-eared spread-sheet.
Just imagine how many new treatments could be developed, side effects avoided and conditions identified if the NHS captured data just a fraction as efficiently as your Nectar card.
With NHS budgets under pressure, an aging population, and more people than ever being diagnosed with long-term conditions, all that has to change and the health service has no choice but to embrace technology.
IBD Registry
One project I have been following for the last three years is the IBD Registry. It's a very simple premise – if we knew how many people had inflammatory bowel disease, (IBD) where they are treated and with what, we could provide a better service.
Seems sensible. In fact, many people are shocked this is not how things work already, but, believe it or not, the team behind the IBD Registry are seen as revolutionaries.
Many centres treating this complex condition didn't even know how many patients they had living in their area, let alone which, if any, of the expensive treatments they were on and if they were receiving all the recommended checks and tests.
Collecting the evidence
The registry, which like many such projects is led by hard-working doctors and nurses in their spare time, is an online database that clinicians fill in during a consultation – it acts as an electronic record of the meeting and replaces the need for paper notes.
It generates a letter at the end of the meeting that summarises everything that's been decided and it sends a message to the doctor or nurse when vaccines (necessary for those who rely on immunosuppressants to control their condition) are needed.
Last week I went to the third annual update on the initiative held during the British Society of Gastroenterologist (BSG) 2016 conference, and was told it's on track to become a shining example to all therapy areas – if it can overcome its funding issues.
Funding quality improvement
For the last few years, IBD has been the focus of a Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP), as part of the National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme (NCAPOP). But that money has dried up and, rather than simply stop, the IBD community is going to carry on by themselves.
Hospitals will use the registry as their own quality improvement project, and use the resulting data to continually monitor the care they are providing, benchmark themselves against each other and check they are delivering to the level recommended in the IBD Standards.
HQIP has promised a chunk of "transition funding", to help merge the QIP audit project into the registry, but after that they are on their own. This is despite the NHS standing to gain the most.
Better patient care, of course, improves the lives of people living with long-term conditions like IBD, but it also saves the NHS, and society at large, huge sums of money.
Up until now, the registry has been partly-funded by the BSG, as well as industry and private donors, but the update meeting was given a stark warning last week.
Dr Ian Forgacs, BSG president, said that was a huge amount of money for any single project and warned it was being "very closely scrutinised" by the society's trustees.
He went on: "It is vital to the future of the registry that the entire IBD community engages and… enters data and does so during the next few months. Unless we start seeing patients entered in large numbers of NHS trusts it is possible the trustees will say this has no future."
The challenge now, then, is one of communication and the steering group, and sharing its successes may be the route to doing just that.
At least two research projects are underway via the registry: one seeks to find out the proportion of people with IBD who have iron deficiency anaemia, a common but treatable symptom, and the other is collecting real-world information on a recently-launched new treatment.
Dr Keith Bodger explained the potential: "Any hospital with a web connection can now get involved in research. The registry is a tool for collecting data for all sorts of purposes.
"We will be able to use that to support interventions and quality services. This is a once in a lifetime opportunity."
Proving your worth
As well as being a useful tool in clinic, the registry is a rich source of big data. It seems so obvious to use the masses of information the NHS has access to improve services, but it isn't being done anything like on the scale it, arguably, should be.
As anyone who works in or with the health service knows, nothing is a given and every team has to prove every service they provide is efficacious and cost-effective, but they can't do that without data.
Speaking during the BSG session, an IBD specialist nurse told us she had used information pulled from the registry to show commissioners her Dorset team's telephone helpline was both needed and cost-effective. The line is now funded for the first time in more than 20 years.
The project has its challenges, which have also included the NHS' aging IT infrastructure, but the steering group are not about to give up. They are busy working on a model whereby treating centres subscribe to be part of the registry, and once again proving that it is the people at the coalface, not politicians or bureaucrats, who drive the NHS.
Of course, it's far from the only project of its type getting off the ground at the moment, and many were showcased at the recent, Digital Healthcare Revolution: Harnessing NHS Technology, conference.
Professor Anoop Chauhan, a Consultant in Respiratory Medicine in Portsmouth, for example, used data from GP databases to identify people with asthma and COPD not attending all their recommended monitoring test and checks.
He then invited them to "carousel" clinics, where they were able to see a number of specialists and have all the tests they needed in less than three hours on a Saturday morning. It meant potential problems were identified early, saving NHS resources later down the line and, ultimately, improving patient care.
NHS confidential
One of the main barriers to this kind of project is concern over privacy.
The launch of care.data, which aims to create a national database of GP records, was surrounded by controversy. Headlines threatened of insurance companies being given access to our most intimate records for the purposes of profit, and, as of April this year, 1 million people had opted out.
If we are going to entrust our health information to the health service, we need to know it will be safe.
This has been a priority of the IBD Registry team, which has had to offer three methods of data input in order to meet the challenge of different IT systems in different NHS trusts.
"It is perfectly fine and important for all the hospital staff involved in your care to know your personal details. However, once your data leaves the hospital, we have to make sure we safeguard your identity and ensure your details are properly protected," the registry explains on its website.
They do that by working with NHS Digital (formerly the Health and Social Care Information Centre), which is an NHS-approved data safe haven. They take the data direct from the hospital and extract some of the information to make it "pseudonymised" (almost anonymous) before sending it to the IBD Registry.
As part of the process, NHS Digital removes the NHS number and replaces it with a unique IBD Registry number, but retains a safety file that keeps track of which NHS number matches which registry number.
"In this way, if there is a safety reason or if there is a research project for which you may be eligible, we can ask NHS Digital to get in touch with your doctors," the team said.
Voyage of genome discovery
Despite all the challenges, we all stand to win from the NHS getting behind big data, as has been shown by the 100,000 Genomes Project, which has already started to produce life-changing results.
Over four years, the project will sequence 100,000 genomes from about 70,000 NHS patients with a rare disease or with cancer, and their families, and it is the largest national project of its kind in the world.
"Researchers will study how best to use genomics in healthcare and how best to interpret the data to help patients. The causes, diagnosis and treatment of disease will also be investigated," said the project's website.
This approach gives researchers access to masses of information and that allows them to see links and come to conclusions that may otherwise have been missed. And the results speak for themselves.
Great Ormond Street patients Georgia Walburn-Green and Jessica Wright had rare, undiagnosed, genetic conditions when they joined the project. In January, though they were told that whole genome sequencing had pinpointed the underlying genetic changes responsible for their conditions.
"As well as removing a large amount of uncertainty for the families, the results stand to have a major impact on many areas of their lives including future treatment options, social support and family planning," said a spokesman for the project.
"They also have the potential to help many more children with undiagnosed conditions who may be tested for these genetic mutations early on and be offered a diagnosis to help manage their condition most effectively."
It's projects and initiatives like these that will lead to major leaps forward in health science and innovation. And it's the people at the coalface, the doctors and nurses who are putting in the hours and the legwork, who are dragging the service into the 21st century.
Our National Health Service offers a unique opportunity to collect data on a unprecedented scale, so let's make sure the safeguards are in place and get on with it.
Copyright © Oyster Healthcare Communications 2020. All rights reserved.
Oyster Healthcare Communications 102 Oaklands Avenue, Brighton, BN2 8PA UK
Site designed and maintained by Day 1 Communications


The My Parks Pass partners –The Canadian Wildlife Federation (CWF), Canadian Geographic Education, Historica Canada, and Parks Canada – offer tons of nation-wide programs and activities to inspire your stewardship efforts as they value the importance of conservation of Canada's most amazing places for the use and enjoyment of all. To help you get those creative juices flowing we have put together some examples of stewardship activities your class might want to think about. Remember, these are only suggestions and if you have other ideas in mind, go for it! Please also remember that you DO NOT have to undertake your stewardship activity at a Parks Canada place, you just have to be able to show some kind of meaningful connection between the activity your class has done and Parks Canada.
Hint : Many Parks Canada places across our beautiful country hold BioBlitz events throughout the year allowing them to collect invaluable data about the species that call these places home.
Hint : Bats are sadly in need of our help all across Canada, including in our national parks. Many Parks Canada places are taking steps to help bat populations recover like conducting research, educating the public and watching out for these special furry winged friends.
National Wildlife Week and #NatureForAll – Canada can create a sense of wonder for people when immersed in nature. The goal of National Wildlife Week and the #NatureForAll movement is to encourage people to get outside and experience a sense of awe from nature. The official National Wildlife Week celebration of nature takes place in April, however classes wishing to participate can share their inspiring activities earlier. Be sure to check out the seven-day challenge with includes many little actions that can make a big difference for the environment. Learn more: nationalwildlifeweek.com and www.natureforall.global (English website only).
Hint: Consider visiting or learning more about Parks Canada places near you to find inspiration from nature's beauty. A guided class or school walk in a local forest or conservation area is a great way to educate and inspire your peers to #ConserveTheWonder.
Reduce Plastic Pollution Campaign – Take action to reduce your plastic use and see the difference you can make! Today, our worldwide reliance on plastic is overwhelming our planet. By 2050, the oceans will contain more plastic than fish by weight! Learn more: http://www.plasticpollutioncoalition.org/ .
Hint: Many Parks Canada places have set out to reduce plastic pollution in our national historic sites, national marine conversation areas, and national parks. A seemingly small positive change can lead to big results! A local plastic clean-up day, presentations to raise awareness or fundraising campaigns are some great ways your class can get involved today!
Leave No Trace – Explore Canada's natural places, near or far, but remember to always be respectful, and minimize your impact. What can you and your classmates do to share this message, or how can you work to reverse what may have been done by others? Learn more: http://www.leavenotrace.ca/home .
Hint : Leave no trace is a message communicated across Canada, and especially in Parks Canada places! Canada's protected and special places would not be the same today if this principle wasn't in place.
Archaeology Projects - By analyzing physical remains, features, structural remains and flora and fauna, archaeologists can learn a lot about the people and cultures they study. The more research they gather, the closer they come to uncovering history. Archaeological research can take place anywhere – an urbanized setting or a remote location, and sometimes they need our help!
Hint : National Historic Sites across Canada are dependent on the work of archeologists, past, present and future. Did you know you can also volunteer at Parks Canada places to help out an archeologist in many different ways?
For more information about the Canada's Coolest School Trip contest and to learn how to enter, please visit our website at myparkspass.ca.


text:
BSLS_IDENT("$Id: $")

//@PURPOSE: Provide utilities to map Zoneinfo identifiers to other systems.
//
//@CLASSES:
//  baltzo::WindowsTimeZoneUtil: utilities for mapping Zoneinfo time-zone ids
//
//@SEE_ALSO: bsitzo_tzdftimezoneutil
//
//@DESCRIPTION: This component provides a namespace,
// 'baltzo::WindowsTimeZoneUtil', containing utility functions supporting the
// use of Windows time-zone facilities with 'baltzo' facilities.  Currently,
// this component provides functions that map Windows time-zone identifiers to
// and from 'baltzo' (Zoneinfo) time-zone identifiers.
//
///Windows Time-Zone Identifiers
///-----------------------------
// The mapping from Windows to Zoneinfo identifiers used by the 'baltzo'
// package is defined in the table titled "Mapping for: windows" at
// 'http://unicode.org/cldr/charts/32/supplemental/zone_tzid.html' (with any
// differences noted in the section {Differences from CLDR} below).  The
// Zoneinfo values on the unicode webpage are given in the column labeled
// "TZID".  Each Windows identifier is qualified by one or more "Region"
// attributes so, in general, there may be more than one Zoneinfo identifier
// for a given Windows identifier.  The mapping in this component uses the
// default mapping (Region "001").  The 99 entries are:
//..
//  +--------------------------------+---------------------+
//  |Windows Identifier              | Zoneinfo Identifier |
//  +--------------------------------+---------------------+
//  |      AUS Central Standard Time | Australia/Darwin    |
//  |      AUS Eastern Standard Time | Australia/Sydney    |
//  |      Afghanistan Standard Time | Asia/Kabul          |
//  |          Alaskan Standard Time | America/Anchorage   |
//  |             Arab Standard Time | Asia/Riyadh         |
//  |          Arabian Standard Time | Asia/Dubai          |
//  |           Arabic Standard Time | Asia/Baghdad        |
//  |        Argentina Standard Time | America/Buenos_Aires|
//  |         Atlantic Standard Time | America/Halifax     |
//  |       Azerbaijan Standard Time | Asia/Baku           |
//  |           Azores Standard Time | Atlantic/Azores     |
//  |            Bahia Standard Time | America/Bahia       |
//  |       Bangladesh Standard Time | Asia/Dhaka          |
//  |   Canada Central Standard Time | America/Regina      |
//  |       Cape Verde Standard Time | Atlantic/Cape_Verde |
//  |         Caucasus Standard Time | Asia/Yerevan        |
//  |   Cen. Australia Standard Time | Australia/Adelaide  |
//  |  Central America Standard Time | America/Guatemala   |
//  |     Central Asia Standard Time | Asia/Almaty         |
//  |Central Brazilian Standard Time | America/Cuiaba      |
//  |   Central Europe Standard Time | Europe/Budapest     |
//  | Central European Standard Time | Europe/Warsaw       |
//  |  Central Pacific Standard Time | Pacific/Guadalcanal |
//  |          Central Standard Time | America/Chicago     |
//  | Central Standard Time (Mexico) | America/Mexico_City |
//  |            China Standard Time | Asia/Shanghai       |
//  |         Dateline Standard Time | Etc/GMT+12          |
//  |        E. Africa Standard Time | Africa/Nairobi      |
//  |     E. Australia Standard Time | Australia/Brisbane  |
//  |        E. Europe Standard Time | Asia/Nicosia        |
//  | E. South America Standard Time | America/Sao_Paulo   |
//  |          Eastern Standard Time | America/New_York    |
//  |            Egypt Standard Time | Africa/Cairo        |
//  |     Ekaterinburg Standard Time | Asia/Yekaterinburg  |
//  |              FLE Standard Time | Europe/Kiev         |
//  |             Fiji Standard Time | Pacific/Fiji        |
//  |              GMT Standard Time | Europe/London       |
//  |              GTB Standard Time | Europe/Bucharest    |
//  |         Georgian Standard Time | Asia/Tbilisi        |
//  |        Greenland Standard Time | America/Godthab     |
//  |        Greenwich Standard Time | Atlantic/Reykjavik  |
//  |         Hawaiian Standard Time | Pacific/Honolulu    |
//  |            India Standard Time | Asia/Kolkata        |
//  |             Iran Standard Time | Asia/Tehran         |
//  |           Israel Standard Time | Asia/Jerusalem      |
//  |           Jordan Standard Time | Asia/Amman          |
//  |      Kaliningrad Standard Time | Europe/Kaliningrad  |
//  |            Korea Standard Time | Asia/Seoul          |
//  |          Magadan Standard Time | Asia/Magadan        |
//  |        Mauritius Standard Time | Indian/Mauritius    |
//  |      Middle East Standard Time | Asia/Beirut         |
//  |       Montevideo Standard Time | America/Montevideo  |
//  |          Morocco Standard Time | Africa/Casablanca   |
//  |         Mountain Standard Time | America/Denver      |
//  |Mountain Standard Time (Mexico) | America/Chihuahua   |
//  |          Myanmar Standard Time | Asia/Rangoon        |
//  |  N. Central Asia Standard Time | Asia/Novosibirsk    |
//  |          Namibia Standard Time | Africa/Windhoek     |
//  |            Nepal Standard Time | Asia/Katmandu       |
//  |      New Zealand Standard Time | Pacific/Auckland    |
//  |     Newfoundland Standard Time | America/St_Johns    |
//  |  North Asia East Standard Time | Asia/Irkutsk        |
//  |       North Asia Standard Time | Asia/Krasnoyarsk    |
//  |       Pacific SA Standard Time | America/Santiago    |
//  |          Pacific Standard Time | America/Los_Angeles |
//  | Pacific Standard Time (Mexico) | America/Santa_Isabel|
//  |         Pakistan Standard Time | Asia/Karachi        |
//  |         Paraguay Standard Time | America/Asuncion    |
//  |          Romance Standard Time | Europe/Paris        |
//  |          Russian Standard Time | Europe/Moscow       |
//  |       SA Eastern Standard Time | America/Cayenne     |
//  |       SA Pacific Standard Time | America/Bogota      |
//  |       SA Western Standard Time | America/La_Paz      |
//  |          SE Asia Standard Time | Asia/Bangkok        |
//  |            Samoa Standard Time | Pacific/Apia        |
//  |        Singapore Standard Time | Asia/Singapore      |
//  |     South Africa Standard Time | Africa/Johannesburg |
//  |        Sri Lanka Standard Time | Asia/Colombo        |
//  |            Syria Standard Time | Asia/Damascus       |
//  |           Taipei Standard Time | Asia/Taipei         |
//  |         Tasmania Standard Time | Australia/Hobart    |
//  |            Tokyo Standard Time | Asia/Tokyo          |
//  |            Tonga Standard Time | Pacific/Tongatapu   |
//  |           Turkey Standard Time | Europe/Istanbul     |
//  |       US Eastern Standard Time | America/Indianapolis|
//  |      US Mountain Standard Time | America/Phoenix     |
//  |                            UTC | Etc/GMT             |
//  |                         UTC+12 | Etc/GMT-12          |
//  |                         UTC-02 | Etc/GMT+2           |
//  |                         UTC-11 | Etc/GMT+11          |
//  |      Ulaanbaatar Standard Time | Asia/Ulaanbaatar    |
//  |        Venezuela Standard Time | America/Caracas     |
//  |      Vladivostok Standard Time | Asia/Vladivostok    |
//  |     W. Australia Standard Time | Australia/Perth     |
//  |W. Central Africa Standard Time | Africa/Lagos        |
//  |        W. Europe Standard Time | Europe/Berlin       |
//  |        West Asia Standard Time | Asia/Tashkent       |
//  |     West Pacific Standard Time | Pacific/Port_Moresby|
//  |          Yakutsk Standard Time | Asia/Yakutsk        |
//  +--------------------------------+---------------------+
//..
//
///Differences from CLDR
///---------------------
// Current differences from canonical CLDR data:
//: o "Asia/Calcutta" -> "Asia/Kolkata".  The city was renamed, and the IANA
//:   time zone identifier changed in 1993 but CLDR incorrectly uses the old
//:   name for the city.  There is an open issue for this:
//:   'https://unicode-org.atlassian.net/browse/CLDR-9892'.
//
///Usage
///-----
// In this section we show intended use of this component.
//
///Example 1: Converting Between Windows and Zoneinfo Time-Zone Identifiers
/// - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
// This example shows how to find the Zoneinfo time-zone time-zone identifier
// for a given Windows time-zone identifier, and the inverse operation.
//
// First, given the "Central Standard Time (Mexico)" Windows time-zone
// identifier, use the 'getZoneinfoId' method to find the corresponding
// Zoneinfo time-zone identifier.
//..
//  int         rc;
//  const char *timeZoneId;
//  const char *windowsTimeZoneId;
//
//  rc = baltzo::WindowsTimeZoneUtil::getZoneinfoId(
//                                           &timeZoneId,
//                                           "Central Standard Time (Mexico)");
//  assert(0 == rc);
//  assert(0 == bsl::strcmp("America/Mexico_City", timeZoneId));
//..
// Notice that the corresponding Zoneinfo time-zone identifier is
// "America/Mexico_City".
//
// Next, use 'getWindowsTimeZoneId' method to find the Windows time-zone
// identifier corresponding to "America/Mexico_City".
//..
//  rc = baltzo::WindowsTimeZoneUtil::getWindowsTimeZoneId(
//                                                      &windowsTimeZoneId,
//                                                      "America/Mexico_City");
//  assert(0 == rc);
//  assert(0 == bsl::strcmp("Central Standard Time (Mexico)",
//                           windowsTimeZoneId));
//..
// Notice that the time zone returned is "Central Standard Time (Mexico)", the
// original time-zone identifier.
//
///Example 2: Creating a 'baltzo::LocalDatetime' Object on Windows
///- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
// The following example demonstrates how to create on a Windows platform a
// 'baltzo::LocalDatetime' object with the value of the current time.
//
// First, use the Windows 'GetTimeZoneInformation' function to load a
// 'TIME_ZONE_INFORMATION' structure.
//..
//  int                   rc;
//  TIME_ZONE_INFORMATION tzi;
//  rc = GetTimeZoneInformation(&tzi);
//  assert(TIME_ZONE_ID_UNKNOWN  == rc
//      || TIME_ZONE_ID_STANDARD == rc
//      || TIME_ZONE_ID_DAYLIGHT == rc);
//..
// The 'StandardName' member of the structure, of type 'WCHAR[32]', contains
// the Windows time-zone identifier for Standard Time for the system's local
// time zone.
//
// Next, use the 'wcstombs_s' function to convert the wide string in the
// 'StandardName' member to its multi-byte equivalent in the 'standardName'
// buffer, and assign the result to 'localTimezone'.  Note that every Windows
// time-zone identifier mapped by this component consists entirely of 7-bit
// ASCII characters.
//..
//  bsl::string localTimezone;
//
//  {
//      // Convert 'StandardName' field ('WCHAR[32]') to 'bsl::string'.
//
//      char    standardName[sizeof(tzi.StandardName) * 2 + 1] = { '\0' };
//      errno_t error = wcstombs_s(NULL,
//                                 standardName,
//                                 sizeof(standardName),
//                                 tzi.StandardName,
//                                 _TRUNCATE);
//      assert(0 == errno);
//      localTimezone.assign(standardName);
//  }
//  assert("Arab Standard Time" == localTimezone);
//..
// Now, use the 'getZoneinfoId' method to find the corresponding Zoneinfo
// time-zone identifier.
//..
//  const char *zoneinfoId;
//  rc = baltzo::WindowsTimeZoneUtil::getZoneinfoId(&zoneinfoId,
//                                                 localTimezone.c_str());
//  assert(0 == rc);
//  assert(0 == bsl::strcmp("Asia/Riyadh", zoneinfoId));
//..
// Then, use the Windows 'GetSystemTime' function to load an 'SYSTEMTIME'
// structure with UTC time information.  The returned information includes
// year, month ('[1 .. 12]'), day-of-month ('[1 .. 31]'), and hour-of-day
// ('[0 .. 23]').  Note 'bdlt_date' and 'bdlt_time' use the same numerical
// values to represent month, day, etc.  The range of years is different but
// practically the same as they overlap for several centuries around the
// current time.
//..
//  SYSTEMTIME systemTime;
//  GetSystemTime(&systemTime);
//..
// Finally, use these Windows SystemTime values and the calculated Zoneinfo
// time-zone identifier to set the value of a 'baltzo::LocalDatetime' object.
//..
//  baltzo::LocalDatetime localDatetime;
//
//  rc = baltzo::TimeZoneUtil::convertUtcToLocalTime(
//                                  &localDatetime,
//                                  zoneinfoId,
//                                  bdlt::Datetime(systemTime.wYear,
//                                                systemTime.wMonth,
//                                                systemTime.wDay,
//                                                systemTime.wHour));
//  assert(0             == rc);
//  assert("Asia/Riyadh" == localDatetime.timeZoneId());
//..

#include <balscm_version.h>

namespace BloombergLP {
namespace baltzo {
                         // ==========================
                         // struct WindowsTimeZoneUtil
                         // ==========================

struct WindowsTimeZoneUtil {
    // This 'struct' provides a namespace for utility functions that convert
    // Zoneinfo time-zone identifiers both to and Windows time-zone
    // identifiers.

    // CLASS METHODS
    static int getZoneinfoId(const char **result,
                             const char  *windowsTimeZoneId);
        // Load into the specified 'result' the address of a 0 terminated
        // C-string containing the default Zoneinfo time-zone identifier for
        // the specified 'windowsTimeZoneId'.  Return 0 on success, and
        // non-zero value with no other effect otherwise.  The returned address
        // is valid for the life-time of the process.

    static int getWindowsTimeZoneId(const char **result,
                                    const char  *zoneinfoId);
        // Load into the specified 'result' the address of a 0 terminated
        // C-string containing the Windows time-zone identifier for the
        // specified 'zoneinfoId'.  Return 0 on success, and non-zero value
        // with no other effect otherwise.  The returned address is valid for
        // the life-time of the process.
};

}  // close package namespace
}  // close enterprise namespace

#endif

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Copyright 2015 Bloomberg Finance L.P.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// ----------------------------- END-OF-FILE ----------------------------------

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
El trastorn per dèficit d'atenció amb hiperactivitat (TDAH) és una síndrome conductual d'origen neuronal que s'inicia a l'edat infantil, i que afecta entre un 3 i 7% de nens i joves en l'edat escolar. Es caracteritza per un nivell d'impulsivitat, activitat i atenció no adequats a l'edat del desenvolupament. Aquests símptomes han de manifestar-se i causar el deteriorament funcional als 7 anys. Les persones que ho pateixen solen presentar les següents característiques a nivell conductual, emocional i escolar:

Símptomes
1. A nivell conductual:
Hiperactivitat: Entesa com un moviment corporal constant. És el trastorn més aparent de les persones amb TDAH i sol manifestar-se en el nen des de molt petit. Els nens hiperactius solen córrer d'un costat per a un altre, pugen als mobles, els costa molt quedar-se quiets en un lloc o romandre asseguts, es mouen mentre dormen i parlen molt, però són incapaços de mantenir l'atenció durant el discurs oral. En ocasions poden resultar agressius.
 Dèficit d'atenció i control: És una altra característica fonamental de la síndrome. Aquestes persones se solen distreure amb facilitat, tenen dificultats per a concentrar-se en el treball escolar, en un joc o en una tasca que exigeixi atenció, i no solen acabar les coses que comencen.
 Impulsivitat: El nen hiperactiu actua sense pensar les conseqüències dels seus actes, canvia amb excessiva freqüència d'una activitat a una altra, té dificultats per a organitzar-se, necessita supervisió constant, cal cridar-li l'atenció a casa i a classe amb freqüència i li costa guardar el torn en els jocs o en les situacions grupals.

2. A nivell emocional:

 Irritabilitat: El nen hiperactiu té escassa tolerància a la frustració i s'irrita fàcilment quan la seva conducta ha generat una situació de tensió o confusió.

Quan parlem d'autoestima, ens referim al sentiment de valia personal que cadascú té de si mateix, és a dir, quan ens estimem a un mateix, ja sigui de valor sentimental o físic. Per tant, un nen amb TDAH, tindrà una alta o baixa autoestima depenent de la informació que rebi dels seus voltants propers i significatius com ara: un pare, una mare, un professor, un amic... Si resulta que aquestes persones li donen a entendre al nen que es un gandul o un despistat, la imatge que es tindrà de si mateix serà negativa i donarà lloc a una falta d'autoestima.

Normalment, els nens amb TDAH, solen créixer rodejats de fracassos tant en l'àmbit social com l'escolar i com que tenen més dificultats per aprendre o entendre o simplement necessiten un ritme més lents, solen ser més castigats que la resta. Aquesta acció també dona a lloc a una desconfiança sobre si mateix, creient que no pot arribar a ser com els altres, un estat d'ànim depressiu i un menyspreu sobre si mateix.

Però no sempre tots se senten rebutjats, hi ha nens que no presenten els tres símptomes del TDAH i aquest son els que més rebutjats són.

És normal que els nens amb TDAH se sentin, en ocasions decaiguts i desil·lusionats perquè no poden comportar-se, aprendre i ser acceptats com els altres nens.

El nen deprimit pot codificar el seu estat d'ànim baix i manifestar:
 Sentiments de preocupació excessiva, tristesa o desig d'aïllament.
 Irritabilitat persistent.
 Pèrdua d'interès per tot. Avorriment.
 Alteracions de la son i la gana.
 Queixes físiques sense causa orgànica.
 Cansament excessiu i disminució de concentració.
 Possibles idees de mort recurrents.

A causa d'aquestes dificultats que presenten els nens amb aquestes característiques, i per raons biològiques, és una de les raons per les quals es poden sentir més immadurs en comparació a la resta, que canviïn d'humor i mostrin un nivell més baix en l'autoestima.

A causa d'aquesta immaduresa emocional els nens poden presenciar crits inoportuns, plor fàcil, energia desproporcionada, dificultats en la regulació emocional, és a dir, que passin del riure al plor amb rapidesa i sent molt reactius o susceptibles davant els estímuls o comentaris d'altres.

A causa de les dificultats que presenten els nens amb TDAH, i probablement també per raons de maduració biològica, és normal que siguin més immadurs emocionalment, que canviïn sovint d'humor i que manifestin una deficient autoestima.

Aquesta immaduresa emocional en els TDAH pot manifestar-se amb respostes emocionals excessives (crits inoportuns, plor fàcil, energia desproporcionada), dificultats en la regulació emocional, és a dir, que passin del riure al plor amb rapidesa), i sent molt reactius o susceptibles davant els estímuls o comentaris d'altres.

3. A nivell escolar:
Dèficit d'atenció i control: Descuits o oblits persistents. En general, està associat a un estil cognitiu lent i a dificultats d'aprenentatge.
 Hiperactivitat: Un excés d'activitat motriu i/o cognitiva, en situacions que resulta inadequat fer-ho. L'edat fa que variï la manifestació d'hiperactivitat. Durant l'educació infantil, els nens poden mostrar una hiperactivitat generalitzada que no depèn ni de l'espai ni de l'activitat. Durant l'educació primària, la conducta hiperactiva pot aparèixer en algunes situacions, especialment si són poc rutinàries i estructurades: sovint fan més soroll o parlen excessivament en els moments de més tranquil·litat. Durant l'educació secundària, sembla predominar la sensació d'inquietud i els canvis d'activitat sense finalitzar les tasques.
 Impulsivitat: Durant l'educació infantil, els nens amb TDAH tendeixen a tocar-ho tot, a respondre amb immediatesa davant qualsevol fet que els cridi l'atenció. Durant l'educació primària, interrompen constantment i els costa molt esperar el torn. A l'educació secundària, es manifesta en l'execució i la finalització irreflexiva de les tasques o augmentant l'enfrontament i els conflictes amb els adults.

Es podria dir que són lògiques conseqüències de les característiques esmentades anteriorment. Aquestes dificultats són molt notòries quan es fan matemàtiques i en les activitats de memorització, coordinació visual i motora i orientació espacial.

És important tenir en compte que no totes les persones amb TDAH mostren tots els símptomes. A banda que molts dels individus que el tenen treballen el doble que els seus companys neurodivergents per intentar tapar-lo (emmascarament, més conegut com a "masking" en anglès), aquest té tres presentacions: inatentiva, hiperactiva i combinada. La hiperactiva és la més coneguda, les persones que la presenten se solen mostrar inquietes, tenen tendència a parlar més que els seus companys i interrompre. Per altra banda les persones amb presentació inatentiva tendeixen a cometre errors ximples per no fixar-se o tenir dificultat a l'hora de mantenir l'atenció.

TDAH en noies i dones
Tot i que el TDAH afecta per igual tant a homes com dones, elles tendeixen a tenir la presentació inatentiva, el que fa que no se les diagnostiqui fins a l'edat adulta si és que arriben a rebre'l.

Etiologia
Existeixen proves científiques que reforcen que el TDAH és un trastorn amb base biològica. Recentment, els investigadors de l'Institut Nacional de Salut Mental van fer servir la tomografia d'emissions tipus positró i van observar que hi ha una disminució important en l'activitat metabòlica de les regions cerebrals que controlen l'atenció, el judici en situacions socials i el moviment en persones amb TDH, en comparació amb l'activitat metabòlica dels que no pateixen aquest trastorn. Els estudis biològics també suggereixen que els nens amb TDH poden tenir nivells més baixos del neurotransmissor dopamina en regions crítiques del cervell.

Altres teories suggereixen que el tabac, l'alcohol i els fàrmacs fets servir durant l'embaràs o l'exposició a les toxines en el medi ambient, com el plom, poden causar TDAH. Els estudis també apunten cap a una base genètica, de manera que el TDAH tendeix a manifestar-se en famílies.

Es tracta d'una deficiència conjunta dels sistemes noradrenèrgics i dopaminèrgics centrals.

És un trastorn que, en major o menor grau, dura al llarg de tota la vida.

Classificació
Existeixen tres tipus de TDAH, cadascun d'ells amb unes característiques diferents. Aquestes són:

1. Predomina la falta d'atenció i concentració.
 Tenen dificultat per centrar l'atenció en detalls.
 Tenen dificultat per centrar durant molta estona seguida l'atenció en una tasca determinada.
 Semblen no escoltar quan se'ls parla directament.
 No segueixen les instruccions donades i no enllesteixen les feines.
 Tenen dificultats per organitzar-se, perden materials, els fulls, etc.
 Eviten, els disgusta o es neguen a participar en aquelles tasques que demanen un esforç sostingut.
 Es distreuen fàcilment amb qualsevol estímul extern.
 Juguen amb les mans i amb els peus i no poden estar-se quiets al seu seient.
 Es mouen en excés.

2. Predomina l'excés d'activitat i la impulsivitat.
 S'aixequen encara que la situació exigeixi quedar-se asseguts
 Parlen excessivament i responen de forma impulsiva
 No respecten el torn de paraula
 Interrompen i molesten els companys

3. Combinació dels anteriors.
 És el més freqüent.

Tractament
El tractament del TDAH és un tractament multidisciplinari que ha de comptar amb la col·laboració de totes aquelles persones que formen part de l'educació del nen. La implicació dels pares i els mestres perquè el nen s'adoni de la seva situació i aprengui a afrontar-la és indispensable. Un cop el nen ho té assimilat, l'ajuda psicopedagògica i la medicació (normalment concerta que dura unes 12 hores) (en casos en què l'ajuda psicopedagògica és insuficient) són la millor forma per tal que el TDAH afecti el mínim en la seva vida. També, en molts nens, l'estimulació propioceptiva els ajuda a millorar la seva consciència corporal i presenten canvis de conducta positius.
Sigui com sigui, els nens amb TDAH necessiten rebre reforç i ànims per aprendre a organitzar-se, i adquirir habilitats socials i de vida. El problema que manifesten té una causa biològica, no és una excusa. Aprendre i entendre el TDAH són els primers passos per ajudar aquests nens a treballar i manegar-s'ho amb el seu trastorn. Els mestres són llavors capaços d'ubicar i controlar de millor manera aquest tipus d'alumne i així afavorir un millor nivell acadèmic, ja que una de les principals complicacions del TDAH és el baix rendiment acadèmic i el fracàs escolar.

El tractament farmacològic es basarà en fàrmacs estimulants que incideixin en l'activitat noradrenèrgica i dopaminèrgica. Estimulants (simpaticomimètics) com: metilfenidat, Detroamfetamina, amfetamina, metamfetamina (el 70-80% dels infants amb TDH responen a fàrmacs estimulants). També es fa servir Atomoxetina (inhibidor selectiu de la recaptació de noradrenalina). Altres fàrmacs de segona línia poden ser: antidepressius com imipramina, agonistes alfa-2 com la clonidina o guanfacina i inhibidors de la recaptació de noradrenalina i dopamina com el bupropió o el Modafinil.

Tractament des de l'escola
L'escola hauria de proporcionar a l'alumne amb TDAH un ambient estructurat, amb rutines, organitzat i motivador, que ajudarà el nen hiperactiu a millorar el seu autocontrol. El mestre s'hauria de convertir, per tant, en un model per a l'alumne amb TDAH i també per als seus companys, ja que si el mestre mostra una actitud tolerant, flexible i pacient i entén les característiques pròpies del TDAH, aconseguirà un millor comportament per part de l'alumne amb aquesta síndrome conductual.

Es recomana que, amb un grup on estigui present un nen amb TDAH, mai no s'haurien de programar activitats difícils i avorrides, demanar tasques per un període prolongat, tenir poc control del grup (en patis, classes, espais oberts, excursions o transicions d'aules...) i fer canvis a activitats que el nen amb TDAH no controli. A banda, el nen ha de saber què s'espera d'ell, que no sols se li recorden els errors, que se l'accepti tal com és, que se'l respecti i que no sigui castigat en excés.

Però, si això no és possible, es pot millorar el comportament del nen amb TDAH si els mestres adopten les següents mesures de modificació de conductes:

 Supervisió constant (mirar-lo sovint, trobar una consigna com ara tocar l'esquena, passar pel costat amb l'objectiu d'assegurar-nos que ha començat la tasca, etc.). La supervisió ha de servir per anticipar i preveure situacions que sabem que poden representar un problema (per exemple, en acabar una activitat o participar en una tasca grupal), generant així, en el mateix nen, més seguretat i autocontrol.
 Tutories individualitzades d'uns 10 min. Aquestes tutories serveixen per indicar al nen què s'espera d'ell, quins senyals o consignes es poden pactar per millorar el seu comportament i rendiment i marcar els límits o normes bàsiques de comportament dins de l'aula (objectius concrets que pensem que el nen/adolescent podrà assolir). S'ha de convertir en un espai de comunicació positiva amb l'alumne.
 Ús d'eines bàsiques per al control del comportament: reforç positiu, extinció, temps-fora i establiment de límits.

Però l'escola no només ha de millorar el comportament a l'aula d'un alumne amb TDAH i la seva atenció en el treball. També ha de treballar la motivació i l'autoestima dels nens amb TDAH, ja que existeixen estudis que demostren que els nens amb TDAH es valoren a si mateixos més negativament, amb més problemes, més impopulars i menys feliços que els altres nens de la seva edat. Més del 50% de nens amb TDAH presenten problemes emocionals com ara sentiments depressius, sentiments de desconfiança, inseguretat o baixa autoestima. A més, un nen amb baixa autoestima dins de l'aula pot fer que el seu rendiment sigui inferior al que el mestre voldria. Per això és important dedicar temps a incrementar-la. Per a fer-ho, hem de tenir en compte les següents orientacions:

 Acceptar les dificultats que suposa tenir un alumne amb TDAH dins l'aula.
 Un cop es coneixen aquestes dificultats és més fàcil identificar els esforços per part de l'alumne i elogiar-lo quan realitza alguna cosa ben feta.
 Oferir-li major grau de confiança en la seva persona i en les seves competències.
 Intentar modificar el nostre llenguatge per tal d'evitar el NO.
 Evitar l'acusació, la ridiculització i la falta de respecte.
 Potenciar activitats que fomentin la integració social del nen amb TDAH dins del grup-classe.

Crítiques
Les crítiques i polèmiques han acompanyat al TDAH des de la seva primera formulació. N'hi ha que neguen la seva existència però la majoria se centren a criticar el diagnòstic, que consideren massa generalista i tendent a sobrediagnosticar, tractant com a clínics problemes d'aprenentatge o conducta o basant-se en símptomes que poden derivar d'altres problemàtiques. Els tests usats per a la diagnosi són per a aquestes persones massa ambigus (la manca de concentració pot ser provocada per molts altres factors i no un problema neurològic).

Entitats relacionades
La Fundació Adana, entitat fundada el 1997 per l'empresari Francesc Rubiralta i Vilaseca, està especialitzada a informar, formar i divulgar sobre el trastorn per dèficit d'atenció amb hiperactivitat o sense (TDAH) i millorar la qualitat de vida de les persones amb TDAH i de les que les envolten.

Referències

Enllaços externs

 Recursos informàtics especialitzats per nens i adults amb TDAH Entrenament especialitzat per millorar la memòria i la concentració.
 The History of TDAH: 1798, Alexander Crichton, with pictures of the original works and sources. ADHD och ADD Koncentrerat Digest
 The History of TDAH: 1902 with some original pictures of Sir George Frederick Still and his work. ADHD och ADD Koncentrerat Digest
   Mena Pujol, B; Nicolau Palou, R, Salat i Foix, L; i Tort Almeida, P. (2009) L'alumne amb TDAH: Guia pràctica per a educadors. Adana Fundació. Barcelona.
 Manual per pares i professors
 Recursos accesibles  blog de recursos accessibles en l'àmbit de la diversitat funcional.
 "El meu nen té TDA-H?" Article que parla dels símptomes del TDA-H i com ajudar els nens que el pateixen.

Psicopatologies
Educació especial

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home Magazine Keep Moving Toward Your Goals in These Champion Leggings — 60% Off!
Keep Moving Toward Your Goals in These Champion Leggings — 60% Off!
Keep it up! Going on a wellness and fitness journey is no easy task, but you're doing it, and that deserves some recognition. Whether you've started hitting the gym, doing Zoom workouts or have even been putting together a plan to get started, you're making the effort, and that's something worth congratulating.
We don't want you to lose momentum though. It can be so easy to fall off track and lose motivation. We're always trying different encouraging techniques and platforms, whether we're holding ourselves accountable with pre-paid plans, going on message boards or taking progress photos every week. One thing we know always motivates Us to keep moving, however, is new activewear!
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These leggings have an ultra-high and ultra-wide waistband. There's snug compression for a flattering fit, and we love the extra coverage. It's great for pairing with just a sports bra if you don't want to soak a top with sweat. As for the rest of the leggings, they're designed so that you won't have to stop for anything. They have minimal seams, the fabric is soft and lightweight, they're moisture-wicking and they even have FreshIQ® advanced odor protection. Oh, and you can go hands-free in them thanks to the hidden key pocket!
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Not your style? Shop more from Champion here and check out more leggings at Walmart here!
This post is brought to you by Us Weekly's Shop With Us team. The Shop With Us team aims to highlight products and services our readers might find interesting and useful, such as face masks, self tanners, Lululemon-style leggings and all the best gifts for everyone in your life. Product and service selection, however, is in no way intended to constitute an endorsement by either Us Weekly or of any celebrity mentioned in the post.
The Shop With Us team may receive products free of charge from manufacturers to test. In addition, Us Weekly receives compensation from the manufacturer of the products we write about when you click on a link and then purchase the product featured in an article. This does not drive our decision as to whether or not a product or service is featured or recommended. Shop With Us operates independently from advertising sales team. We welcome your feedback at ShopWithUs@usmagazine.com. Happy shopping!
Kristin Cavallari Utilizes a Butterfly Gua Sha To Tone Her Face, therefore Can You
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The Brooklyn Nets and Milwaukee Bucks will meet in a heavyweight Eastern Conference semifinal showdown after both teams made short work of their opening-round opponents. The Nets bested the Boston Celtics in five games, and the Bucks needed only four games to dispatch the Miami Heat. After both took care of business in the first…

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A popular game in San Francisco, though not quite up to Pokemon GO levels, centers upon whether Golden Gate Bakery is open. According to Yelp, this Chinatown bakery's daily hours are 8am to 8pm. HA! In actuality, the bakery is open according to the whims of the women that run it. On some days they open early in the morning, others not until 3pm, and sometimes they are just closed. It's become such a sport that there is a website "Is the Golden Gate Bakery open today?" and its twitter and Facebook page – though none of them are updated daily. If you're thinking about visiting, best to give the bakery a call just to check.
If you walk down Grant Street in San Francisco's Chinatown and don't encounter a long line of people waiting, it can only mean one thing – Golden Gate Bakery is closed. When Golden Gate Bakery is open, the line is usually 50 people deep, clogging the sidewalk. The first time I saw the line, I thought there must be a free giveaway for such a long queue to form. Instead, it's the honor of being able to buy their famous egg custard tarts that entices people to wait in line.
Although their claim to fame is the egg custard tart, Golden Gate Bakery also has other items like the coconut tart, mooncakes (seasonal) and sesame balls (which the girls in back of me were planning to purchase, in addition to the egg custard tarts), displayed in the windows.
Once you finally make it inside, you'll see shelves inside with boxes and whatnot stacked haphazardly with a sign warning against photos or filming inside the bakery. A few Chinese women work behind the counter, taking orders. They don't have much patience so best be prepared.
I settled for buying an egg custard tart and the coconut tart. The coconut one was like eating coconut macaroon baked inside a flaky pastry shell.
Golden Gate Bakery does so much volume on the egg custard tarts that new batches are constantly being baked. When you get your order, the tarts are still hot, with the not-too-sweet egg custard being held by the flaky, crisp tart shell. If you're used to getting the tart off dim sum carts after they've been sitting out for a while, these tarts are quite a different experience.
Is it worth waiting in line for the tarts? Only if you like egg custard tarts (if you don't know, I would suggest trying one at another bakery first to spare yourself the wait). If not, you will be rolling your eyes at having wasted your time. Otherwise, the pleasure of having timed your visit to when the bakery is open, coupled with the triumphant feeling of having waited in line and completing your purchase, tastes almost as good as the egg custard tart.
Website – http://goldengatebakery.com – Their website is terrible and has third party ads all over it.


We get lots of emails at Life Goggles and one the other week turned out to be a two in one deal. Not only did it link to a digital editions of magazines via a website called Cloverleaf, but the article it pointed to for a free preview was about how plastic is recycled into fabric.
The article is from ReadyMade magazine and you can read it here. A little more info and picture of the digital edition are below.
The article follows the process it takes to turn a bottle into fabric, from the chipped plastic bits that resemble snow cone filling to the fiber filaments that "feel eerily like human hair gone unwashed for so long that it's soft with grease." There's also some great photos, and surprising facts like it takes just 10 plastic bottles to make a pound of fiber.
What a fantastic idea – I wonder how they found out they could do this? Whatever will they think of next?


text:
Etihad Airways scales up its cargo operations with Airbus' new generation A350F freighter
UAE, Abu Dhabi– Etihad Airways has firmed up its order with Airbus for seven new generation A350F freighters, following its earlier commitment announced at the Singapore Airshow. The freighters will upgrade Etihad's freight capacity by deploying the most efficient cargo aircraft available in the market.
This order of the A350F sees the national carrier of the UAE expanding its relationship with Airbus, and adding to its existing order of the largest passenger version of A350-1000s, five of which have been delivered.
Tony Douglas, Group Chief Executive Officer, Etihad Aviation Group, said: "In building one of the world's youngest and most sustainable fleets, we are delighted to extend our long-term partnership with Airbus to add the A350 Freighter to our fleet. This additional cargo capacity will support the unprecedented growth we are experiencing in the Etihad Cargo division. Airbus has developed a remarkable fuel-efficient aircraft that, in tandem with the A350-1000 in our passenger fleet, supports our commitment to reaching net-zero carbon emissions by 2050."
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Etihad has also firmed up a long term agreement for Airbus' Flight Hour Services (FHS) to support its entire A350 fleet, to maintain aircraft performance and optimise reliability. This marks the first agreement for an Airbus FHS contract for an A350-fleet in the Middle East. Separately, Etihad has also opted for Airbus' Skywise Health Monitoring, allowing the airline to access real-time management of aircraft events and troubleshooting, saving time and decreasing the cost of unscheduled maintenance.
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Previous LCI signs agreement for up to six H175 helicopters from Airbus
Next Airbus partners with Hiratagakuen to test future eVTOL flight routes and concept of operations in the Kansai region
Air Côte d'Ivoire expands its fleet and network with modern Airbus A330neo aircraft
The final two Pléiades Neo satellites arrive in Kourou for launch


text:
Starîi Mizun (în ) este o comună în raionul Dolîna, regiunea Ivano-Frankivsk, Ucraina, formată din satele Novîi Mizun și Starîi Mizun (reședința).

Demografie

Conform recensământului din 2001, majoritatea populației comunei Starîi Mizun era vorbitoare de ucraineană (%), existând în minoritate și vorbitori de alte limbi.

Note

Stariîi Mizun
Stariîi Mizun, Doliîna
Stariîi Mizun, Doliîna, Ivano-Frankivsk


"There I Was Ready To Play A Bunch Of Digital Files And Then I Said, I Don't Want To Do That Calculated A Show! So I Pulled Out A Calculator Only To Find Out It Was Time To Go 100% Analog With Another 7" Edition!"
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This tutorial is a step-by-step instruction to ensure that customers will not get into any difficulties downloading purchased product(s) with Internet Explorer browser and FlashGet download supporter.
Windows Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included as part of the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995.
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Former New Jersey Assemblyman Sam Fiocchi has formally filed and he will be competing for the Republican Nomination (House of Representatives- New Jersey - District 2).
The Republican field will remain crowded and it plays directly into the hands of presumptive Democratic Nominee, New Jersey State Senator Jeff Van Drew.
Republicans will now commence with a campaign that will burn cash and potentially each other in effigy.
Van Drew has dominated the Democratic Convention season, winning all eight County endorsements.
On the Republican side, Singh won 4, and James Toto, Fitzherbert, Turkavage and Fiocchi each won endorsements.
Toto left the race and has thrown his support to Singh on the floor of The Atlantic County Republican Convention.
The Primary Election will be held on Tuesday, June 5, 2018.
The General Election is Tuesday, November 6, 2018, when District 2 will elect only its 3rd United States Congressman in nearly 50 years.


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text:
'Innovation and Excellence Day' showcases QCAT's R&D
By Andrew WrightJuly 31st, 2008
World-class mining research and technological developments with far reaching implications for Australia's future will be featured tomorrow, 1 August, in Brisbane during the Queensland Centre for Advanced Technologies' (QCAT's) fourth annual Innovation and Excellence Day.
QCAT Executive Manager Tim McLennan says the Day's theme – 'Impact through innovation' – will highlight how research at QCAT is providing solutions to a variety of challenges faced by the mining and advanced manufacturing sectors.
"The itinerary will provide guests with a comprehensive overview of how QCAT has evolved into an advanced precinct where research critical to the future of Australia is now being conducted on a daily basis," Mr McLennan says.
CSIRO's Chief Executive, Dr Geoff Garrett, will open the event to leaders from government, industry and other major research institutions.
"Innovation and Excellence Day allows QCAT to showcase its current and planned research projects before a wide range of stakeholders thereby fostering research and business partnerships across the country," Dr Garrett says.
Guests – including Queensland Minister for Mines and Energy, the Hon. Geoff Wilson – will hear addresses by some of Australia's leading experts in: clean coal technologies; mining and minerals research; advanced materials research; robots and wireless sensors; and, aeronautical engineering.
Presentations will include:
Dr David Harris from CSIRO Energy Technology with Frank van Schagen from the Cooperative Research Centre for Coal in Sustainable Development – Coal gasification in low emission technologies
Dr David Reid from CSIRO Exploration and Mining with Mr Guy Mitchell from BHP Mitsubishi Alliance – Longwall automation – a successful CSIRO-Industry Partnership
Dr Lyndon Armstrong from Rio Tinto Alcan Queensland R&D Centre – Technology Directions in the Alumina Industry
Dr Peter Corke from CSIRO ICT Centre with Phil Thompson from the Powercom Group – TBC
Dr Philip Teakle from Teakle Composites – Case study of a new technology transfer company
Dr Cameron Davidson from CSIRO Materials Sciences and Engineering – Advances in light weight alloys with a focus on automotive applications
Dr Ralph Holmes from CSIRO Minerals – The importance of iron ore to Australia and CSIRO's contribution
Mr Mark Bateup from Defence Science Technology Organisation – DSTO-Brisbane and Hypersonic Flight.
Innovation and Excellence Day 2008 will be held from 9.30 am to 12:30 Friday, 1 August, at the Queensland Centre for Advanced Technologies, Pullenvale in Brisbane. Sessions will be videotaped and DVDs of the day's sessions will be available for those who could not attend.
Download image at: 'Innovation and Excellence Day' showcases QCAT's R&D.
BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance
World-class mining research and technological developments with far reaching implications for Australia's future will be featured tomorrow, 1 August, in Brisbane during the Queensland Centre for Advanced Technologies' (QCAT's) fourth annual Innovation and Excellence Day
'Impact through innovation' – will highlight how research at QCAT is providing solutions to a variety of challenges faced by the mining and advanced manufacturing sectors
The itinerary will provide guests with a comprehensive overview of how QCAT has evolved into an advanced precinct where research critical to the future of Australia is now being conducted on a daily basis
Geoscientist awarded for excellence in research
Art meets science to talk climate change
Last updated: July 31st, 2008


As the economy continues to recover, we will reduce the tax burden for those on low and middle incomes, and create an equal tax system regardless of whether you are employed or self-employed.
Labour in Government has already removed half a million taxpayers from the USC net and taken steps to ensure we are not over-reliant on any one source of revenue.
Download our policy document in this area (13731k).


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I am now wondering whether they will keep this mural in the new neighborhood.
In an earlier post I mentioned drone swarms, and the likelihood of their arrival in the not too-distant future. However, there is another development much closer to being actually deployed as it is already undergoing advanced field trials. I struggle to think of a warbot creepier than DARPA's AlphaDog. To appreciate what you see, keep in mind this is only a prototype of a warbot which in its final form will probably be around 4 times larger, completely silent, smart enough to self-navigate and engage with humans (voice recognition), and on top of that – heavily armed. The fact it can already autonomously move over unknown rugged terrain is astonishing.
If you have seen/played Metal Gear Solid this should be causing deja vu.
I just read the UK Government has rejected a posthumous pardon for Alan Turing. While this is not surprising, it is an outrage. Why? On the one hand, because of the nature of his 'crime'. On the other hand, because Turing is the one intellectual superhero of computing and therefore the internet. Not only should he be pardoned, but every computing device should have a little statue of him inside (Turing Inside), while the British Monarchy should celebrate 'Thank you Alan Turing' day every year. Look around you, you see all the beautiful things which would be impossible without computers and the net? Turing.
Let us summarise a little bit of what Alan Turing actually did. He conceptualised a 'universal machine' – what we now call a universal Turing machine – and thus laid the groundwork for mathematical formalism in computing, meanwhile also proving Kurt Gödel's solution to the decision problem in formal logic in his On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem. He designed, built from scratch, and wrote the programs for the first electro-mechanical computing device – the Bombe – which also happened to solve the previously unsolvable problem of breaking the Wehrmaht/Luftwaffe Enigma encryption. As an aside, this resulted in the Allied command knowing every move the German army and air force were about to take, often before the generals responsible for executing those moves had received and decrypted their orders. It is also worth pointing out this happened at the very beginning of the war. Deciding this is not awesome enough, he then went on to solve – alone – the orders of magnitude more complex problem of the Kriegsmarine Enigma code, therefore effectively winning the war for the allied command on the Western front (this is beautifully narrated in Neil Stephenson's Cryptonomicon). Bored for challenges, while on a trip to the US to impart his cryptographic knowledge to the fledgling US effort (there he met and massively influenced von Neumann) he started thinking about encrypting Churchill's transatlantic phone calls, and off-handedly invented audio encryption. After the war, forbidden to speak about or in any way reveal his war contributions (imagine that), he went on to single-handedly invent the field of artificial intelligence in perhaps the awesomest academic article ever published – Computer Machinery and Intelligence. To top it all, he decided that since he cannot use any of his war effort work or even imply its potential ramifications (it was classified top secret until 2007), he would go on and invent the computer all over again – only better. And he went on to design, build, and write the programs for the first digital computer.
At this point you are asking yourself how did Her Majesty's Government reward this intellectual force of nature? How much treasures, what honours, how many knighthoods did they heap on him? Well, for starters they forced him to undergo chemical castration via hormonal injections. Why? Because, you see, you cannot save Blighty, win the war, and invent modern computing while being gay. Sorry old chap, not allowed.
They then went on to publicly humiliate him, destroy his career, and finally push him to an apparent suicide.
The algorithms that enable drone swarms is advancing EXTREMELY quickly. In the next couple of years, the number of advances in technology, deployments, use cases, and awareness of drones will be intense. In 5 years, they will be part of every day life. You will see them everywhere. Not just one or two drones. SWARMS of drones. Tens. Hundreds. Thousands. Millions (potentially if the cost per unit is small enough)?
This reminds me of the Protoss carrier unit from Starcraft, of Ender's hive attacks in Orson Scott Card's 'Ender's Game'. Imagine hearing that noise amplified 100 times, and the sky dotted with a flotilla of these. Smells like Skynet.


So, the weather cleared up, and it's lovely out (well, when it's not raining) and it's finally getting a bit warmer. Time for boundless energy, you'd think.
I'm tired out of my mind. This says something, as with ADHD I typically don't feel fatigue until I'm about to pass out. Having trouble getting out of bed, never getting enough sleep, I'm pale and everything. It doesn't make sense. And mind you, I'm not depressed, just very tired.
I read up a bit on the matter, (aka a 5minute glance), and apparently this has to do with basically a draining of your body's resources during winter. I can get into that, this winter has definitely drained me, and I was feeling better and all… but now nature is telling my body it's time to 'grow' and rejuvenate and I suppose it's letting go of the stress of surviving the hard winter. Thus fatigue and a cry for healthy food… and forget not excercise. It's all part of recovery. I'm going to be stronger.
I've been thinking a bit during my recent shopping trip (went for groceries, came back with a bunch of toiletries, some make up, a belt and random kitchen utilities (needed, to be honest, considering I've for example lost the bowl attached to my cheese grater, and grating cheese is incredibly difficult without it).
My time off has been all about overspending, actually. I know, I know, I know…. and yet, I can't explain it.
And I think I'm just bored out of my mind, really, so I'm really glad about work tomorrow.
I have 'hobbies', yes, but none of them fascinate me enough to keep me fascinated for days straight. I'm really creative, but I'm also impatient, and most creative hobbies I can only do when I'm actually partially involved in something else, such as the TV.
Anyway. I can stop dreaming about that perfect little white dress now, and focus on getting to work, and getting out of debt.
Just, something I'm proud of. Sort of.
I have a bunch of plants, and they're still surviving. One of them even grew so big that I needed to repot it, and it rewarded me with 5 new stems sprouting up. I don't know what it's called, I've forgotten that already. I've witnessed the miracle of my sunflowers (self grown) coming back to life several times. My orchid is still alive after half a year, but I'm not sure it has grown at all. Although, it seems to be sprouting one tiny leave.
I'm getting old. But I enjoy watching the plants grow, it's actually really gratifying to plant flowers in a planter because they grow every day.
My previous plants didn't survive as well. I sort of decided not to do plants anymore; I mean, I even managed to kill an aloe vera plant. (Those things grow massive in the South-African climate!). At some point, I rather impulsively bought a bunch of plants. Several months on, they're still rocking. That means I've somehow managed to NOT kill them, and actually water them frequently enough!
Just had two weeks off between jobs. It would have been better to move straight on to the next job and take time off later, because now I spent the past two weeks completely wasting it while being absolutely frazzled and impatient because I wanted the scary first day of work to be over and done with.
I also had my intake for ADHD coaching… it didn't go too well. I ended up showing up late because of planning failure and missing a train.
And I'm completely frazzled still, but I do have a new summer wardrobe…and less than no money, and for fucks sakes I want some peace.


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text:
Eine Vormerkung ist im Grundbuchrecht die dingliche Sicherung eines schuldrechtlichen Anspruchs auf Eintragung oder Löschung eines Rechts an einem Grundstück, grundstücksgleichen Recht oder an einem Grundstücksrecht oder auf Änderung des Inhalts oder des Ranges eines solchen Rechts.

Allgemeines
Das Rechtsinstitut der Vormerkung gehört zu den umstrittensten Rechtsgebieten im Sachenrecht. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass sich die Vormerkung nicht in das vorhandene Rechtssystem einordnen lässt. Die Meinungen über das Wesen der Vormerkung lassen sich in zwei große Gruppen aufteilen. Die Anhänger der einen Gruppe gehen von dem Grundgedanken aus, dass durch die Eintragung der Vormerkung der obligatorische Anspruch in ein dingliches Recht verwandelt werde. Die andere Gruppe sieht in der Vormerkung ein Schuldverhältnis.

Die Belastung mit einer Vormerkung geschieht durch Eintragung in Abteilung II des Grundbuchs. Die Vormerkung ist die einzige vorläufige Eintragung, die lediglich für relativ kurze Zeit im Grundbuch verweilt. Tritt die mit ihr bezweckte dingliche Rechtsänderung ein, ist die Vormerkung wieder zu löschen.

Geschichte
Die Vormerkung () ist einer der wenigen Rechtsbegriffe, die nicht dem römischen Recht entstammen. Vielmehr liegt ihr Ursprung erst im deutschsprachigen Partikularrecht, und zwar im österreichischen Codex Theresianus vom August 1766, in der Preußischen Hypothekenordnung vom Dezember 1783 und dem Allgemeinen Preußischen Landrecht (APL) vom Juni 1794 als "Protestation". Folge war, dass die "Protestation" dem Begünstigten Rangsicherung brachte (I 20, § 421 APL). Das österreichische ABGB vom Januar 1812 präsentiert eine Legaldefinition, wonach jemand eine bedingte Eintragung in das öffentliche Buch bewirken konnte, "welche Vormerkung (Pränotation) genannt wird" (§ 438 ABGB).

Die preußische Grundbuchordnung vom Mai 1872 verwendete erstmals den Begriff der Vormerkung. Schon bei den Vorarbeiten zum BGB war die Vormerkung umstritten. Während man 1888 eine Vormerkung als "vorläufige Eintragung" zur Sicherung obligatorischer Rechte ablehnte, forderte man später ihre Aufnahme in das BGB, weil sie zum Schutz bestehender Rechte an Grundstücken diene. Das im Januar 1900 in Kraft getretene BGB regelt die Vormerkung in sechs Paragrafen ab § 883 BGB. Die Frage der Rechtsnatur der Vormerkung war bereits 1902 umstritten. "Sie ist aufgeführt im Sachenrecht (Buch 3), unter den allgemeinen Vorschriften über Rechte an Grundstücken (Abschnitt 2); aber sie werde nicht Recht an der Sache, nicht Belastung, nicht einmal ein eingetragenes Recht genannt".

Bis zur Einführung des Löschungsanspruchs aus § 1179a BGB und § 1179b BGB im Januar 1978 war die Löschungsvormerkung die häufigste Vormerkungsart, weil sie stets bei vor- oder gleichrangigen Grundpfandrechten eingetragen wurde. Heute ist die Auflassungsvormerkung die häufigste Vormerkungsart.

Deutschland

Bedeutung
Die Vormerkung ermöglicht es, das Risiko bei der Abwicklung von Grundstücksgeschäften für die Parteien zu minimieren. Die Eintragung der Vormerkung im Grundbuch ( Abs. 1 S. 1 BGB) verschafft dem künftigen Berechtigten eine gesicherte Rechtsposition, die ihn einerseits vor späteren Verschlechterungen schützt und ihm andererseits ermöglicht, vor Erbringung seiner Gegenleistung zu prüfen, ob sich bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt etwas ereignet hat, weswegen er seine Gegenleistung zurückbehalten kann.

Notwendigkeit und Bedeutung der Vormerkung ergeben sich daraus, dass im deutschen Recht die Verfügung über unbewegliche Sachen (Liegenschaften), also insbesondere Grundstücke, ein mehraktiger und zeitlich gestreckter Vorgang ist, auf den die Vertragsparteien nur begrenzt Einfluss haben. So geht der Verfügung selbst zunächst eine schuldrechtliche Verpflichtung voraus, die durch die Verfügung über das Grundstück bzw. ein Recht an diesem Grundstück erst erfüllt werden soll (Trennungsprinzip). Zur Wirksamkeit dieser Verfügung wiederum ist nicht nur eine dingliche Einigung der Parteien, sondern abschließend die Eintragung der Rechtsänderung in das Grundbuch erforderlich ( BGB), die das Grundbuchamt vornimmt. Das hängt wiederum von weiteren Voraussetzungen ab, beispielsweise beim Grundstückserwerb von der Vorlage einer Unbedenklichkeitsbescheinigung des Finanzamts. Währenddessen kann es zu Veränderungen der Rechtslage kommen, die die ursprünglich geplante Abwicklung des Geschäfts unmöglich machen. So kann beispielsweise der Inhaber eines Rechts in der Zwischenzeit nachteilige Verfügungen vorgenommen haben, auf das Recht kann im Wege der Zwangsvollstreckung zugegriffen worden sein, die Parteien können in Insolvenz gefallen sein oder die für die Verfügung versprochene Gegenleistung kann an Zahlungsunfähigkeit oder -Unwilligkeit scheitern.

Durch Nutzung einer Vormerkung sind den Parteien Vertragsgestaltungen möglich, die diese Risiken ausschließen. Hierzu wird für denjenigen, dem eine Verfügung versprochen worden ist, eine Vormerkung bewilligt und ins Grundbuch eingetragen. Mit dieser Eintragung wird die Vormerkung wirksam und führt dazu, dass Verfügungen und Vollstreckungsmaßnahmen ab diesem Zeitpunkt zwar noch möglich sind (keine "Grundbuchsperre"), aber im Verhältnis zu dem Gesicherten unwirksam sind ( Abs. 2 BGB); da die Vormerkung aus dem Grundbuch ersichtlich ist, sind auch Vollstreckungsgläubiger bzw. Inhaber inzwischen eingetragener Rechte insoweit nicht schutzwürdig. Auch eine spätere Insolvenz schadet ab diesem Zeitpunkt nicht mehr (). Der Inhaber der Vormerkung braucht also nur noch zu prüfen, ob es bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt zu vertragswidrigen Verfügungen gekommen ist, und kann, so das nicht der Fall ist, seine Gegenleistung ohne Risiko erbringen. Ist die Gegenleistung erbracht, kann wiederum die versprochene Verfügung ohne Risiko vorgenommen werden.

Beispielsweise besteht beim Erwerb eines Grundstücks für den Käufer das Risiko, im Falle der Vorleistung seinen Kaufpreis zu verlieren, ohne dass ihm das Grundstück wie versprochen übereignet wird, weil der Verkäufer es stattdessen an einen anderen Interessenten veräußert, es abredewidrig mit Grundpfandrechten belastet oder es zur Insolvenzeröffnung oder Zwangsversteigerung kommt. Denn die schuldrechtliche Verpflichtung zur Übereignung an den Käufer hindert den Verkäufer nicht, über das Grundstück noch zugunsten eines Dritten zu verfügen. Ebenso können Dritte noch in das Grundstück zwangsvollstrecken. Dadurch würde die Vertragserfüllung gegenüber dem Käufer unmöglich ( BGB). Diesem bliebe nur ein Anspruch auf Schadensersatz. Würde umgekehrt der Verkäufer vorleisten und zuerst das Grundstück übereignen, besteht für ihn das Risiko, sein Grundeigentum zu verlieren, ohne dass der Erwerber den versprochenen Kaufpreis entrichtet. Hier bietet sich die Nutzung der Vormerkung an: Nach Eintragung der Vormerkung kann der Käufer durch Einsicht ins Grundbuch überprüfen, ob es bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt zu nachteiligen Verfügungen gekommen ist. Ist dies nicht der Fall, kann er unbesorgt den Kaufpreis entrichten, weil spätere Verfügungen ihm gegenüber unwirksam wären. Nach Eingang des Kaufpreises können dann Auflassung und Eintragung des Eigentumserwebs vorgenommen werden, sodass das Eigentum am Grundstück übergeht.

Rechtsnatur
Über die Rechtsnatur der Vormerkung herrscht in der Rechtswissenschaft Streit. Nach überwiegender Meinung ist sie kein beschränktes dingliches Recht, sie zielt lediglich auf eine spätere dingliche Rechtsänderung ab. Denn sie berechtigt oder verpflichtet nicht den jeweiligen Eigentümer des Grundstücks oder den Rechtsinhaber eines sonstigen Rechts am Grundstück, sondern nur die Parteien des vorgemerkten Anspruchs. Sie ist aber auch kein obligatorisches Recht, weil sie infolge der Beschränkung der Verfügungsbefugnis des Eigentümers auch gegen Dritte wirkt. Die Vormerkung wird daher ganz überwiegend als Sicherungsmittel eigener Art ("sui generis") eingestuft. Sie ist ein Sicherungsrecht eigener Art, das schuld- und sachenrechtliche Elemente vermengt. Gemessen an ihren Rechtsfolgen sichert die Vormerkung den Anspruch auf eine spätere dingliche Rechtsänderung (Auflassung, Eintragung einer Grundschuld, Löschung einer Dienstbarkeit). Sie schützt durch ihre rangsichernde Wirkung vor späteren nachteiligen Verfügungen des Vormerkungsschuldners und sichert so die künftige Erfüllung des vorgemerkten Anspruchs.

Entstehung und Voraussetzungen der Vormerkung

Bestehen eines sicherungsfähigen Anspruchs
Die Vormerkung dient der Sicherung eines Anspruchs ( Abs. 1 BGB). Der Bestand und der Umfang der Vormerkung hängen deshalb von dem Bestand des gesicherten Anspruchs ab (strenge Akzessorietät der Vormerkung). Erforderlich ist insbesondere, dass der der Vormerkung zugrundeliegende Grundstückskaufvertrag formwirksam geschlossen wurde, also alle wesentlichen Vertragselemente notariell beurkundet worden sind.

Bewilligung der Vormerkung
Die Vormerkung entsteht konstitutiv durch Eintragung im Grundbuch, wozu materiell-rechtlich keine dingliche Einigung nach  BGB, sondern lediglich eine Bewilligung erforderlich ist ( Abs. 1 S. 1 BGB).

Verfahrensrechtlich bedarf es – neben einem Antrag gemäß  GBO – einer Bewilligung gemäß ,  GBO, die zwar regelmäßig mit der materiellrechtlichen Bewilligung zusammenfällt, aber rechtstechnisch von ihr zu unterscheiden ist.

Diese Rechtshandlungen sind umgekehrt auch den Fall der Löschung einer Vormerkung erforderlich.

Die Vormerkung wird obsolet und ist damit löschungsfähig, wenn der durch sie gesicherte dingliche Anspruch (etwa die Übereignung des Grundstücks) im Grundbuch vollzogen ist. Sie ist nicht selbständig übertragbar, sondern geht mit der Übertragung des zu sichernden Anspruchs gemäß  BGB auf den Erwerber über. Erklärt der Betroffene die Bewilligung nicht freiwillig, kann sie durch eine einstweilige Verfügung des Amtsgerichts, in dessen Bezirk das Grundstück belegen ist, erzwungen werden ( BGB,  Abs. 2 ZPO).

Eintragung ins Grundbuch
Schließlich muss die Vormerkung in das Grundbuch eingetragen werden ( Abs. 1 S. 1 BGB). Die Eintragung erfolgt in der 2. Abteilung. Mit der Eintragung wird die Vormerkung wirksam, die Eintragung wirkt konstitutiv ( Abs. 1 Satz 2 Fall 1 BGB).

Berechtigung des Bewilligenden
Die Bewilligung ist eine Verfügung gemäß  Fall 2 BGB. Geschützt ist daher der gute Glaube an die Berechtigung des Bewilligenden ( BGB). Auch bei fehlender Verfügungsbefugnis ist die Bewilligung daher wirksam, es sei denn, dass der Käufer die fehlende Befugnis kannte.

Der redliche Erwerb einer im Wege der einstweiligen Verfügung erzwungenen Vormerkung ist hingegen nicht möglich, da es am rechtsgeschäftlichen Erwerb fehlt, den § 892 BGB voraussetzt.

Eine eventuelle Verfügungsbeschränkung, die den guten Glauben zerstören könnte, muss zu ihrer Wirksamkeit aus dem Grundbuch ersichtlich sein ( Abs. 1 Satz 2 BGB).

Arten
 Auflassungsvormerkung: Sie dient bei bereits vermessenen Grundstücken zur Sicherung des Anspruchs auf Eigentumsverschaffung (Erwerbsvormerkung). Bei nicht vermessenen Grundstücksflächen spricht man von einer Auflassungsvormerkung, doch in der Praxis werden beide Begriffe synonym verwendet. Die Auflassungsvormerkung sichert den Anspruch auf Verschaffung des Eigentums, ist aber ein Sicherungsrecht eigener Art und kein gegenüber dem Eigentum wesensgleiches Minus.
 Die gesetzlich besonders geregelte Löschungsvormerkung (§ ff. BGB) dient der Löschung einer Hypothek, wenn diese zur endgültigen Eigentümergrundschuld geworden ist.
 Die Amtsvormerkung ( Abs. 2 GBO) ist von Amts wegen einzutragen, wenn vor der Erledigung eines Antrags eine andere Eintragung beim Grundbuchamt beantragt wird, durch die dasselbe Recht betroffen wird.
 Die Vormerkung nach  BauGB ist erforderlich, wenn die Gemeinde von ihrem gesetzlichen Vorkaufsrecht Gebrauch machen will.
 Die Vormerkung nach  Abs. 1 Nr. 3 VermG: Bei der Rückübertragung von Grundstücken im Rahmen der Regelung offener Vermögensfragen durch Enteignung ist bei sofort vollziehbaren behördlichen Entscheidungen die Eintragung einer Vormerkung möglich.
Löschungsvormerkung und Löschungsanspruch können sich sowohl gegen eine Hypothek als auch gegen eine Grundschuld/Sicherungsgrundschuld richten ( Abs. 1 BGB). Der Löschungsanspruch ist gemäß  Absatz 1 Satz 3 BGB dinglich so gesichert, als wäre für ihn gleichzeitig mit dem begünstigten Grundpfandrecht eine Vormerkung im Grundbuch eingetragen.

Wirkung der Vormerkung

Rangwirkung
Der Rang eines Rechts, das im Grundbuch eingetragen wird, beurteilt sich nach dem Zeitpunkt der Eintragung ( BGB). Gem.  GBO darf die später beantragte Eintragung nicht vor der Erledigung des früher gestellten Antrags erfolgen. Ist eine Vormerkung ins Grundbuch eingetragen, so wirkt die spätere Eintragung als Eigentümer zurück auf den Zeitpunkt der Eintragung der Vormerkung ( Abs. 3 BGB).

Relative Verfügungsbeschränkung
Eine Verfügung, die nach der Eintragung der Vormerkung über das Grundstück getroffen wird, ist nach  Abs. 2 S. 1 BGB "insoweit unwirksam, als sie den Anspruch vereiteln oder beeinträchtigen würde" (relative Unwirksamkeit). Ob und inwieweit die Verfügung den gesicherten Anspruch vereitelt oder beeinträchtigt, bestimmt sich nach dem Inhalt der Forderung.

Gegenüber dem aus der Vormerkung berechtigten Grundstückskäufer ist daher insbesondere eine auf weitere Übereignung des Grundstücks gerichtete Verfügung unwirksam. Der Verkäufer kann dem durch Eintragung gesicherten Vormerkungsberechtigten deshalb weiterhin das Eigentum am Grundstück verschaffen.

Die weitere Verfügung ist dagegen gegenüber jedem Dritten wirksam und wird vom Grundbuchamt eingetragen, auch wenn sie gegen die Vormerkung verstößt. Es tritt keine sog. Grundbuchsperre ein. Der Vormerkungsberechtigte kann jedoch von dem Dritten die Zustimmung zur Löschung dieser Eintragung verlangen ( BGB). Das gilt auch gegenüber Verfügungen im Wege der Zwangsvollstreckung, etwa gegenüber dem Gläubiger einer Zwangshypothek oder gegenüber Verfügungen eines Insolvenzverwalters ( Abs. 2 Satz 2,  Abs. 1 BGB).

Erlöschen der Vormerkung
Die Vormerkung erlischt mit der Eintragung des gesicherten Rechts, wenn also der Käufer als neuer Eigentümer eingetragen wird oder mit ihrer Löschung. Der von der Vormerkung betroffene Verkäufer hat einen Anspruch auf Löschung, wenn dem gesicherten Anspruch eine dauernde Einrede entgegensteht ( BGB), etwa wenn der Anspruch des Käufers auf Übertragung des Eigentums an dem Grundstück gem.  BGB verjährt ist oder wenn der Käufer den Kaufpreis nicht bezahlt (Einrede des nicht erfüllten Vertrags).

Die Vormerkung erlischt wegen der strengen Akzessorietät auch mit dem Erlöschen des gesicherten Anspruchs, etwa wenn der Grundstückskaufvertrag von dem Verkäufer wirksam angefochten wird oder er von dem Vertrag zurücktritt, ferner nach Aufhebung einer einstweiligen Verfügung (,  ZPO).

Um zu verhindern, dass der Verkäufer für den Fall, dass der Käufer nicht zahlt, auf dem Gerichtsweg die Löschung der Auflassungsvormerkung bewirken muss, enthält der notarielle Kaufvertrag oftmals eine Klausel, die für einen solchen Fall eine Löschungsbewilligung oder eine entsprechende Vollmacht des Notars vorsieht.

Übertragung der Vormerkung
Die streng akzessorische Vormerkung ist an den gesicherten Anspruch gebunden. Wird der zu sichernde Anspruch abgetreten ( ff. BGB), geht die Vormerkung analog  BGB mit über. Mit der Eintragung des neuen Anspruchsinhabers wird das Grundbuch insoweit berichtigt, die Eintragung wirkt in diesem Fall nicht konstitutiv.

Obwohl die Vormerkung hier ebenfalls nicht durch Rechtsgeschäft übergeht, sondern kraft Gesetzes, hält die Rechtsprechung einen gutgläubigen Erwerb – anders als bei der im Wege der einstweiligen Verfügung erzwungenen Vormerkung – für möglich. Dass gesetzlicher Erwerb mit dem Schutz des guten Glaubens vereinbar ist, ergibt sich beispielsweise aus  BGB. Zudem entspricht die gesetzliche Regelung des § 401 BGB nur dem, was vernünftige Parteien für den Übergang der Vormerkung vereinbaren würden. Insofern ist die Gleichbehandlung mit dem rechtsgeschäftlichen Erwerb gerechtfertigt.

Österreich
Auch in Österreich ist für den rechtsgeschäftlichen Erwerb des Eigentums an einer unbeweglichen Sache die Eintragung gemäß  ABGB in das Grundbuch erforderlich.

Die Eintragung einer Vormerkung (Pränotation) dient dem bedingten Rechtserwerb. Die Eintragung bewirkt nur nach Erfüllung bestimmter Bedingungen (Rechtfertigung) den Erwerb des Eigentums (Einverleibung). Die Vormerkung erfolgt, wenn die zur Eintragung erforderlichen Urkunden noch nicht allen Erfordernissen entsprechen ( ABGB).

In  ABGB ist für den Kaufvertrag die Ausfertigung einer beglaubigten Urkunde oder öffentlichen Urkunde, die für die Eintragung in das Grundbuch notwendig sind, gefordert. Wenn der Erwerber nicht alle Urkunden besitzt, die für die Einverleibung erforderlich sind, kann er dennoch eine bedingte Eintragung in das Grundbuch bewirken. Dadurch erhält er ein bedingtes Eigentumsrecht, das ihn ab dem Zeitpunkt des ordnungsgemäß eingereichten Vormerkungsgesuchs vor Verfügungen des Alteigentümers schützt. Sobald die noch fehlenden Urkunden beigebracht werden, gilt die bedingte Eintragung als "gerechtfertigt" und wirkt dann wie eine Einverleibung.

Schweiz
Nach Abschluss eines schuldrechtlichen Kaufvertrags über ein Grundstück ist zur Sicherung der bevorstehenden Eintragung des Käufers als neuer Eigentümer gemäß ,  ZGB eine vorläufige Eintragung im Grundbuch möglich. Eine derartige Vormerkung bewirkt eine "Verdinglichung obligatorischer Rechte" in dem Sinne, dass Dritte das vorgemerkte Recht gegen sich gelten lassen müssen und zerstört den guten Glauben Dritter an einen unbelasteten Eigentumserwerb nach  ZGB. Denn die Vormerkung dokumentiert eine beschränkte Verfügungsmacht des Grundeigentümers aufgrund seiner Pflicht zur Eigentumsverschaffung gegenüber dem Käufer aus  OR.

Die Anmeldungen zur Eintragung in das Grundbuch werden gemäß  ZGB nach ihrer zeitlichen Reihenfolge in ein Tagebuch eingetragen, in dem auch Datum und Uhrzeit des Eingangs festgehalten sind. Dadurch wird das Prioritätsprinzip (Rangwirkung) der Vormerkung gewahrt (Wer zuerst kommt, mahlt zuerst.)

Sonstiges
In der Umgangssprache wird unter Vormerkung auch jede verbindliche Reservierung verstanden.

Literatur
 Dorothea Assmann: Die Vormerkung (§ 883 BGB). Mohr Siebeck, 1998. ISBN 978-3161-4698-17
 Jürgen F. Baur: Die Durchsetzung einer gutgläubig erworbenen Auflassungsvormerkung. in: Juristenzeitung (JZ). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 1967, S. 437 ff.
 Rolf Espenhain: Der praktische Fall. Bürgerliches Recht – Die kollidierenden Vormerkungen. in: Juristische Schulung (JuS). Beck, München 1981, S. 438 ff.
 Gerald Görmer: Gutglaubensschutz beim Erwerb einer Auflassungsvormerkung. in: Juristische Schulung (JuS). Beck, München 1992, S. 1014 ff. ISSN 0022-6939
 Heinrich Goetzke, Norbert Habermann: Die Wirkung der gutgläubig erworbenen Auflassungsvormerkung gegenüber dem wahren Berechtigten – BGHZ 57, 341. in: Juristische Schulung (JuS). Beck, München 1975, S. 82 ff.
 Reinhard Hepting: Der Gutglaubensschutz bei Vormerkungen für künftige Ansprüche. in: Neue Juristische Wochenschrift (NJW). Beck, München 1987, S. 865 ff.
 Ludwig Kempf: Zur Rechtsnatur der Vormerkung. in: Juristische Schulung (JuS). Beck, München 1961, S. 22 ff.
 Robert Knöpfle: Die Vormerkung. in: Juristische Schulung (JuS). Beck, München 1981, S. 157 ff.
 Berthold Kupisch: Auflassungsvormerkung und guter Glaube. in: Juristenzeitung (JZ). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 1977, S. 486 ff.
 Gerhard Lüke: Auflassungsvormerkung und Heilung des formnichtigen Kaufvertrags – BGHZ 54, 56. in: Juristische Schulung (JuS). Beck, München 1971, S. 341 ff.
 Dieter Medicus: Vormerkung, Widerspruch und Beschwerde. in: Archiv für die civilistische Praxis (AcP). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 163.1964, S. 1ff.
 Wolfgang Prinz: Der gutgläubige Vormerkungserwerb und seine rechtlichen Wirkungen. Lang, Frankfurt/Main/Bern/New York/Paris 1989. ISBN 3-631-40795-5
 Wolfgang Roloff: Die Durchsetzbarkeit der gutgläubig erworbenen Vormerkung gegenüber dem wahren Berechtigten. in: Neue Juristische Wochenschrift (NJW). Beck, München 1968, S. 484 ff.
 Kurt Tucholsky: Die Vormerkung aus § 1179 BGB. und ihre Wirkungen. Inaugural-Dissertation. in: Kurt Tucholsky: Gesamtausgabe. Texte und Briefe. Hrsg. von Antje Bonitz, Dirk Grathoff, Michael Hepp, Gerhard Kraiker. 22 Bde. Reinbek 1996ff. Bd. 2. Reinbek 2003, S. 208–260. ISBN 3-498-06531-9
 Andreas Wacke: Vorgemerkter Schwarzkauf und Bestätigung der Novation. in: Deutsche Notar-Zeitschrift (DNotZ). Beck, München 1995, S. 507 ff.
 Sven Erik Wunner: Gutglaubensschutz und Rechtsnatur der Vormerkung. in: Neue Juristische Wochenschrift (NJW). Beck, München 1969, S. 113 ff.

Weblinks
 Drei, zwei, meins – nicht beim Hauskauf: Lange Wartezeiten beim Grundbuchamt Schaumburger Nachrichten, 21. April 2015
 Ruprecht Hammerschmidt: Lange Bearbeitungszeiten der Behörden: Bauherren können Schadenersatz verlangen. Warten bis zur Pleite Berliner Zeitung, 20. Januar 2007
 BGH, Urteil vom 11. Januar 2007 · Az. III ZR 302/05 zum Schadensersatz wegen verzögerter Bearbeitung von Eintragungsanträgen durch das Grundbuchamt
 Personalentwicklung in den Grundbuchämtern Kleine Anfrage an den Landtag Rheinland-Pfalz und Antwort des Ministeriums der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz, Drucksache 16/2974 vom 13. November 2013

Einzelnachweise

Sachenrecht (Deutschland)
Privatrecht (Österreich)
Privatrecht (Schweiz)