To investigate different responses to a high-fat/cholesterol diet and uncover their underlying genetic factors between C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) inbred mice.
B6 and D2 mice were fed a high-fat/cholesterol diet for a series of time-points. Serum and bile lipid profiles, bile acid yields, hepatic apoptosis, gallstones and atherosclerosis formation were measured. Furthermore, a whole genome microarray was performed to screen hepatic genes expression profile. Quantitative real-time PCR, western blot and TUNEL assay were conducted to validate microarray data.
After fed the high-fat/cholesterol diet, serum and bile total cholesterol, serum cholesterol esters, HDL cholesterol and Non-HDL cholesterol levels were altered in B6 but not significantly changed in D2; meanwhile, biliary bile acid was decreased in B6 but increased in D2. At the same time, hepatic apoptosis, gallstones and atherosclerotic lesions occurred in B6 but not in D2. The hepatic microarray analysis revealed distinctly different genes expression patterns between B6 and D2 mice. Their functional pathway groups included lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, immune/inflammation response and apoptosis. Quantitative real time PCR, TUNEL assay and western-blot results were consistent with microarray analysis.
Different genes expression patterns between B6 and D2 mice might provide a genetic basis for their distinctive responses to a high-fat/cholesterol diet, and give us an opportunity to identify novel pharmaceutical targets in related diseases in the future.
Western-type/high-fat diets are a well-established risk factor for both atherosclerosis and gallstones, due to the consequent high levels of circulating  or biliary cholesterol . The liver is an essential organ in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis because of its capability to clear excessive cholesterol from blood through direct excretion into the bile  or the bile acid synthesis pathway . Alteration in cholesterol homeostasis may lead to accumulation of excessive cholesterol in bodies and deleterious consequences. Elevated blood cholesterol levels, especially LDL, will eventually lead to atherosclerosis . At the same time, hypersecretion of cholesterol into bile is a prerequisite for gallstones formation . In addition, accumulating data have suggested that genetics plays a pivotal role in cholesterol homeostasis and subsequent gallstones formation and atherosclerosis. For instance, mutation of ABCG5/G8 (ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 5/8) limits biliary excretion of sterols and alters susceptibility to gallstones and atherosclerosis .
Inbred mice strains have been a powerful force in elucidating the genetic basis of human physiology and pathophysiology . When fed to a high-fat/cholesterol diet, inbred mice strains show varying susceptibilities to atherosclerosis and gallstones respectively. C57BL/6J (B6) mice are susceptible and DBA/2J (D2) mice are resistant to both atherosclerosis and gallstones [9–11]. The analysis of differences in the responsiveness among inbred strains to high-fat/cholesterol diets is leading to new insights into associated diseases including atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity and gallstones . Although researchers have exerted great efforts using genetic tools to illuminate the genetic factors underlying the different responses to high-fat/cholesterol diets between inbred mice strains , the mechanisms have not been clearly elucidated. In the past decades, microarray technology has provided a powerful tool to study genetic and molecular events in complex diseases . Here, studies were designed to examine the dynamically different responses to a high-fat/cholesterol diet between C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) inbred mice, and uncover the underlying genetic factors using Affymetrix microarray technology as well. This may provide us an opportunity to predict the risks of developing high-fat diets related diseases, and construct a basis for identification of candidate genes in humans.
Six weeks-old B6 and D2 female mice were purchased from Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animal CO. LTD, China, and maintained in temperature and humidity-controlled room. Mice were fed a high-fat/cholesterol diet (0.5%cholic acid, 1.25%cholesterol and 15%fat) for 0(control), 1, 4, 12 and 21 weeks respectively, with 10 mice of each strain for each time point. Blood was collected through inferior cava veins. Biliary bile was aspirated from the gallbladder with sterile injectors. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science.
Serum and bile total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol and Biliary total bile acid levels were assayed using a Total Cholesterol Kit, HDL-Cholesterol Kit and Total Bile Acids Kit (Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd, China). Serum cholesterol esters were assayed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Hearts containing upper sections of the aorta were collected and evaluation of aortic lesions was performed using the Oil-red O method described by Beverly Paigen . Briefly, every other 10 μm section of aortic sinus was fixed on polylysine-coated microscope slides and stained with Oil-red O. Aortic surface lesion sizes were evaluated by using the grid on the microscope eyepiece and presented as μm2. Gallstones formation was detected by naked eyes and described as the percentage of stone presence among mice of the same group. Gallstones in the same group at each time-point were pooled and weighed.
Liver tissues were removed from mice and stored in liquid nitrogen until use. Total RNA was extracted by using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and purified by using a RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen). RNA samples of each group were then used to generate biotinylated cRNA targets for the Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array, which contained 39000 transcripts. All experiments were performed by following the protocol of Affymetrix Inc.
After hybridization, arrays were stained in the Fluidics Station 450 and scanned on the Affymetrix Scanner 3000. Fluorescent signal intensities for all spots on the arrays were analyzed using the Gene Chip Operating System (GCOS; Affymetrix). Ratios were calculated between 0 week and the rest of time points within the same mouse strain, and then between two strains at each of five time points. Genes with a fold change of at least 2 were selected for further analysis. Hierarchical analysis was performed using Cluster 3.0 to define the genes expression patterns. Furthermore, the selected genes were grouped in functional categories based on Gene Ontology database (GO: http://www.geneontology.org/), and functional pathways (KEGG and BIOCARTA) were also analyzed by using DAVID 2007.
To validate microarray data, QRT-PCR was performed for every mouse at each time point of two strains. It was operated on an ABI 7900 instrument with gene-specific primers and SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer's recommendation. Reaction conditions are available on request. The PCR primers used in this study are listed at Table S1 in Additional file 1.
Apoptosis of liver cells was detected by immunohistochemical TUNEL (Terminal Transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling) assay using in situ cell death detection kit, Fluorescein (Roche). Formalin-fixed liver tissues were embedded in OCT compound for cryostat sectioning, and 5-μm sections were fixed on polylysine-coated microscope slides for TUNEL assay according to the manufacturer's instructions. Sections were analyzed under a fluorescence microscope (objective ×20). Positively stained nuclei of liver cells were counted for analysis.
Liver tissues were homogenized and proteins were extracted by using RIPA Lysis Buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, China) containing Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail Tablets (Roche) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Western blot was performed according to the methods described previously . Antibodies to Hspa1b, Parp and Cyp7a1 were commercially obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, MA), Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA) and Santa Cruz Biotechnology, separately.
All values were presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and the Student's t test, and p < 0.05 was considered significantly different.
As shown in Figure 1, after fed the high-fat/cholesterol diet, serum total cholesterol (TC) levels in B6 mice increased as early as the 1st week and reached their peaks at 12 weeks. Non-HDL and cholesteryl linoleate cholesterol levels also reached their peaks at 12 weeks. However, the HDL cholesterol level decreased after the 12th week. In contrast, these cholesterol levels did not significantly change in D2 mice.
Dynamic distribution of cholesterol and bile acids. The x-axis represents each time point. The y-axis depicts concentrations (mmol/l). Solid lines represent data in C57BL/6J (B6) mice and dashed lines represent data in DBA/2J (D2) mice. *P < 0.05 (compared to 0th week), #P < 0.05 (compared to D2 mice); A: Total cholesterol (TC) in serum; B: Total cholesterol (TC) in bile; C: Non-HDL cholesterol in serum; D: HDL cholesterol in serum; E: Cholesterol esters (Cholsteryl oleate and linoleate) in serum; F: Total bile acids in bile.
As total cholesterol levels in serum increased, the bile total cholesterol levels in B6 mice also significantly increased as early as the 1st week, with its peak at four weeks. However, biliary bile acid levels decreased in B6 mice and increased in D2 mice after the 4th week.
The two strains considerably differed in the prevalence of gallstones. We observed that 10% of B6 mice developed gallstones as early as the 4th week, when bile cholesterol concentration had reached its peak, while bile acids decreased after. The gallstone percentage increased to 80% at 12 weeks and reached 100% at 21 weeks, when bile cholesterol was maintained at higher levels. The weights of gallstones were also distinctly increased after the 4th week. However, atherosclerotic lesions were observed only at 21 weeks. Of note, Oil-red O stained lesions (7800 ± 211 μm2) were present in aortas of all B6 mice at 21 weeks. In contrast, neither atherosclerotic lesions nor gallstones formation was detected in D2 mice at any time point. See Figure S1 in Additional file 2 for details.
Using the 2-fold change cutoff, we identified 1191 genes for further analysis including 1051 known genes and 140 ESTs. Detailed information of these genes was listed at Table S2 in Additional file 3. The overall functional categories of these genes were grouped into transcription regulation, protein modification, transport, cell cycle/adhesion/apoptosis, signal transduction, immune response/inflammation, lipid metabolism, cell metabolism, development, RNA processing and others or unknown function (See Figure S2 in Additional file 4). Using hierarchical cluster analysis, we observed that the two inbred mice strains had distinctly different genes expression patterns. Most of the genes up-regulated or down-regulated in B6 mice might have the opposite patterns in D2 mice (Figure 2A).
Hierarchical cluster of differentially expressed genes between B6 and D2 mice. All the relevant genes are grouped by hierarchical clustering based on expression values (log2ratios) across all the samples. Ratios were calculated between 0 week and the rest of time points in each mouse strains. Samples (Four time-points in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J, respectively) are displayed in columns and genes in rows. Gene expression is represented as a color, normalized across each row, with brighter red for higher values and brighter green for lower values. A. Heatmap of all the differentially expressed genes, most of which have different expression patterns between B6 and D2; B. Heatmap of genes involved in some major pathways, gene symbols listed to the right.
To examine whether there was recognizable biological relevance to the genes expression patterns, further functional pathway analysis was performed. Using the combination of GO, KEGG and BIOCARTA, we observed that genes were involved in several key functional pathway groups such as lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, immune response/inflammation and cell apoptosis.
We observed that multiple lipid metabolism genes were differentially expressed between B6 and D2 mice. For instance, genes Abca1 (ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1), Abcg5, Abcg8 and Soat2 (sterol O-acyltransferrase2) were up-regulated in B6 mice but unchanged in D2 mice. Soat1 (sterol O-acyltransferase1) were up-regulated in B6 mice but down-regulated in D2 mice.Cyp7a1 (cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily a polypeptide 1) and Cyp8b1 (cytochrome P450 family 8 subfamily b polypeptide 1) were down-regulated in B6 mice but up-regulated in D2 mice.
We also found that batches of oxidative stress relevant genes represented different expression patterns between B6 and D2. Nox4 (Nadph oxidase4), Homx1 (heme oxygenase 1) and Saa(serum amyloid A) were up-regulated in B6 mice but down-regulated in D2 mice, whereas,Hspa1b (heat shock protein 1b) was down-regulated in B6 mice and up-regulated in D2 mice. Moreover, a number of genes involved in immune response and inflammation signaling pathways such as T cell receptor signaling pathway, leukocyte transendothelial migration, MHCI and MHCII pathways were altered, and most of these genes were up-regulated in B6 mice and down-regulated in D2 mice. Meanwhile, abundant apoptosis pathway genes such as Bcl2-like 11, Bid (BH3 interacting domain death agonist), Casp9 (caspase9) and Parp were also differentially regulated.Bcl2-like 11 and Parp were up-regulated in B6 mice and down-regulated in D2 mice. Bid and Casp9 were up-regulated in B6 mice but not altered in D2 mice.
Except for the above mentioned major pathways, genes expression in adherens junction and purine metabolism pathways was also differentially altered between B6 and D2. The heatmap of modulated genes involved in functional pathways was shown in Figure 2B. More information about detailed pathways and their corresponding genes were listed at Table S3 in Additional file 5.
Finally, to exclude the underlying differences prior to feeding and the influence of age factor on the gene expression levels, we also compared genes expression between B6 and D2 mice at the same time-point. We observed dominant expression patterns at all four time-points after 0 week. Most genes were up-regulated and few were down-regulated. The result coincided with our above findings (See Figure S3 in Additional file 6).
Fourteen representative gallstones or atherosclerosis relevant genes which functioned in lipid metabolism, bile acid synthesis, immune/inflammation and apoptosis were selected to validate the results of the microarray analysis. The quantitative real time PCR results exhibited a high coincidence with microarray results (Figure 3A, B, and 3C).
Real time PCR validation of regulated genes in microarray. Data were represented in three groups: A: cholesterol metabolism genes; B: inflammation and apoptosis genes; C: bile acid synthesis genes. The horizontal axis represents time points and the vertical axis represents log2ratio of each time point against 0 week in microarray and Real-time PCR data. Solid lines represent microarray data and dashed lines represent Real-time PCR data; marked with black triangles were data in C57BL/6J (B6) mice and marked with black circles were data in DBA/2J (D2) mice.
Under a fluorescence microscope, normal cells radiated weak green light while apoptotic cells radiated strong green light. Comprehensive counts showed that apoptotic liver cells appeared increasingly in B6 mice from the 1st week to the 21st week, however, this observation was not found in D2 mice (Figure 4A and 4B). We also observed that more apoptotic cells occurred at the 4th week when gallstones were primarily formed, and the most apoptotic cells appeared at the 21st week when atherosclerotic lesions were detected.
TUNEL Assay (immunoflurescent labelling) and Western-blot analysis. A: C57BL/6J mice, apoptotic liver cells radiating strong green light, normal cells radiating weak green light:DBA/2J mice, little apoptotic liver cells appeared. Time-course is shown from left to right; B: Apoptosis index (percentage) in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. X-axis represent time-points, y-axis represents cell apoptosis percentage. *P < 0.05 (compared to 0 week), #P < 0.05(compared to DBA/2J). C: Western blot analysis for selected proteins indicated proteins expression was also differentially changed. Proteins regulation was seen for Hspa1b, Parp and Cyp7a1.Beta-Actin served as loading control.
Several apoptosis, gallstones or atherosclerosis relevant genes were selected to perform western-blot. As showed in Figure 4C, the multifunctional protein Hspa1b was clearly down-regulated in B6 mice and slightly up-regulated in D2 mice. The expression of apoptosis marker protein Parp was elevated in B6 mice and its activated form (89KD) was also observed at 1,4,12 and 21 weeks, which was unable to be detected in D2 mice. Cyp7a1, a key rate-limiting enzyme of bile acid synthesis, showed decreased expression in B6 mice but increased expression in D2 mice.
In the present study, we applied an animal model to delineate the different responses to a high-fat/cholesterol diet between B6 and D2 inbred mice, and uncover underlying genetic factors for these different responses.
We found an interesting and distinctive dynamic distribution of cholesterol and bile acid yields between B6 and D2 strains. We hypothesized that under the challenge of a high-fat/cholesterol diet, D2 mice, which are resistant to both gallstones and atherosclerosis, might prevent this damage through an increased bile acid synthesis approach; whereas, B6 mice might only avoid the damage by their limited direct secretion of cholesterol into bile. The hepatic genes expression profiles confirmed our hypothesis, and provided more information by identifying differentially expressed genes in pathways of lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, immune response/inflammation and apoptosis.
Abca1, Abcg5 and Abcg8 belong to the family of ABC transporters, which can mediate secretion of excessive cholesterol into bile and play important roles in consequent gallstones or atherosclerosis . Cytochrome P450 subfamily members Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 were pivotal enzymes of converting cholesterol into bile acids in bile acid synthesis pathway . After fed the high-fat/cholesterol diet, Abca1, Abcg5 and Abcg8 genes expression increased, but Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 decreased since the 1st week in B6 mice. This indicated bile acid synthesis might be depressed, excessive cholesterol might directly excrete into bile and result in elevated bile TC in B6 mice. We observed the highest fold-changes of Abcg5 and Abcg8 at the 4th week in B6, which were 9.5 and 6.3 folds respectively. The distinct up-regulation of genes Abcg5 and Abcg8 might implicate hypersecretion of cholesterol into bile and lead to gallstones formation. Interestingly, we noticed the peak of bile TC level and primary gallstones formation at the 4th week. Thereafter, gallstones were increasingly formed; serum TC slightly lowered after the 12th week and atherosclerotic lesions were not formed until the 21stweek. This might indicate a potential role of gallstones formation in lowering serum cholesterol and protective effects in atherosclerosis formation. To date, the xenobiotic substrates of Abcg5 and Abcg8 have been used for regulating gallstones formation and treatments of cardiovascular disease, whereas the limited protective mechanism may not confer the expected reduction in cardiovascular risks in hypercholesterolemic patients . In contrast, we observed no alteration of Abca1, Abcg5 and Abcg8 genes expression but increased levels of Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 in D2 mice. Our results suggested that excessive cholesterol might be eliminated by elevated bile acid synthesis pathway in D2 mice. To our knowledge, transgenic expression of Cyp7a1 might efficiently eliminate excessive cholesterol and inhibit formation of gallstones and atherosclerosis in mice . In the present study, neither gallstones nor atherosclerosis was found in D2 mice. Therefore, modulation of enzymes and nuclear receptors involved in bile acid synthesis might be potential pharmaceutical targets to control hypercholesterolemia and prevent gallstones and atherosclerosis.
Modulation of Cyp7a1 may differ among inbred mice as a result of diverse dietary and genetic factors. It is reported that two high-fat diets contained safflower oil and 0.5% sodium cholate with and without added cholesterol (0.5%) resulted in differential expression levels of Cyp7a1 among nine inbred mice strains . It is worthwhile to note that FXR (farnesoid × receptor) and LXR (Liver × receptor) α are negative and positive regulators of Cyp7a1. Cholic acid component is needed for FXR activation and that cholic acid, cholesterol and high fat are necessary for activating LXRα. The different balance between LXRα and FXR actions may lead to the diverse effects of dietary cholesterol on Cyp7a1 expression . In the present study, both the transcript and protein levels of Cyp7a1 decreased in B6 and increased in D2 mice, which coincided with previous study . Intriguingly, we observed that FXR target gene Shp or Nr0b2 (short heterodimer partner, nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 2) was clearly increased in B6 but not altered in D2. This suggested that LXRα and FXR dominant actions might differ between B6 and D2. Thus, Cyp7a1 might be modulated by different nuclear receptors, resulting in diverse regulation of cholesterol and subsequently varying susceptibilities to gallstones and atherosclerosis. Besides Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1, many other cytochrome P450 subfamily members such as Cyp2c44, Cyp2c55 and Cyp3a13 were also differently modulated. Further investigation in their functions and regulators might help identifying novel target genes of gallstones and atherosclerosis. In addition, genes Soat1 and Soat2 are known to encode ACAT1 and ACAT2 enzymes in catalyzing the formation of cholesteryl esters, an important process during atherosclerosis formation . ACAT inhibitors have been reported to increase bile acid synthesis by up-regulation of Cyp7a1 expression in cultured rat hepatocytes . In the present study, we observed that genes Soat1 and Soat2 were differently regulated between B6 and D2. This might provide a good demonstration that cholesteryl esters levels differed, and susceptibilities to gallstones and atherosclerosis varied between B6 and D2. Taken together, our findings suggested that the different distribution of cholesterol, and varying susceptibilities to gallstones and atherosclerosis might partly be attributable to diverse modulation of lipid metabolism or bile acid synthesis pathways.
Metabolic pathways involving cytochrome P450 enzymes may initiate or modulate oxidative damage due to oxygen radicals . Moreover, oxidative stress may lead to enhanced lipid peroxidation, the generation of hydroperoxides and other toxic compounds, which may contribute to the development of gallstones and atherosclerosis [25, 26]. The susceptibility to oxidative stress is reported to differ among inbred mice, which may have long-term implications in therapeutics and patient care if similar inherited differences exist in humans . In the present study, abundant metabolic pathways genes as well as oxidative stress related genes were identified differently regulated between B6 and D2 mice. For instance, both mRNA and protein levels of Hspa1b were depressed in B6 and enhanced in D2 mice. Heat shock proteins have been considered to exert protective effects, due to their multifunction in anti-oxidative activity, cell survival, suppressing apoptosis, regulating pro-inflammatory transcription factors . It is coincident that gallstones and atherosclerosis have been regarded as inflammatory diseases [15, 28]. In parallel, multiple inflammation relevant genes were shown to represent different expression patterns between B6 and D2 mice. Icam1 (intercellular adhesion molecule1) and Vcam1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) which are immunoglobin subfamily members and important inflammatory factors during the development and progression of atherosclerosis disease , were elevated in B6 and lowered in D2 mice. Interestingly, inflammatory responses have been reported to repress bile acid synthesis by negative regulating Cyp7a1 . Altogether, after fed the high-fat/cholesterol diet, B6 and D2 mice might differ in abilities to dispose oxidative stress, induce diverse inflammatory responses and subsequent varying susceptibilities to gallstones or atherosclerosis. Our microarray data might have provided a potential genetic basis for this hypothesis, which might have long-term significance in identifying novel pharmaceutical targets in related diseases.
Cell apoptosis playing important roles in gallstones and atherosclerosis has been well delineated. Hydrophilic ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) exerts antiapoptotic effects and has been used as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of apoptosis-related liver diseases including gallstones . Endothelial cell apoptosis has been reported to be responsible for the formation of coronary thrombotic atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits . In the present study, microarray analysis revealed different regulation of several pro-apoptotic or apoptotic genes between B6 and D2. Furthermore, it was confirmed by QRT-PCR and western-blot analysis. Using TUNEL Assay, diverse hepatic apoptosis were observed between B6 and D2. Meanwhile, increasing apoptotic cells were concomitant with the progress of gallstones and atherosclerosis. It seemed that ambiguous relationships might exist between hepatic apoptosis and gallstones or atherosclerosis. More extensive investigation in this issue may open a new avenue to understand the mechanisms of gallstones and atherosclerosis.
In all, we observed significantly different responses to a high-fat/cholesterol diet between B6 and D2 mice, including an interesting dynamic distribution of cholesterol in serum and bile, hepatic apoptosis, gallstones and atherosclerosis formation. Using genome-wide microarray analysis, hepatic genes expression profiles revealed different patterns in functional pathway groups including lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, immune/inflammation response and apoptosis, which might provide a genetic basis for diverse responses between B6 and D2 mice. This might provide us new insights into gallstones and atherosclerosis formation, and give us an opportunity to identify candidate genes in associated diseases.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 30500201 and 30600260). We thank Erik C Twait for critically revising in this manuscript.
MZZ participated in design of this study and performed animal experiments, biochemical analysis, microarray analysis and drafted the manuscript. GZJ designed this study and interpreted data. GJ and ZBY participated in design of this study, interpretation of results and manuscript revising. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


These are the flowers of the 'mop-head' or hortensia varieties of Hydrangea macrophylla with large, domed flowerheads composed mainly of ray florets. The colour is determined by the acidity of the soil, with blues on acid soil and pinks on alkaline soil. The blooms above are all present in my garden which shows how variable conditions can be in different areas.
They make very good cut flowers and can be dried as well. The blooms are usually left on the bush over the winter and removed in the spring as the new buds are breaking - this is to give some shelter from frost or cold winds, and any outer buds which have been damaged can be cut out as well. They bloom on the shoots grown the previous year (smooth bark) so prune out older branches (look more wrinkled) close to the base of the bush and these should produce new growth for the following year - remove about a third and any dead branches.


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Like a streamlined sandstone-coloured satellite berthed unexpectedly in Manchester's medieval quarter, the new addition to the country's largest specialist music school, Chetham's (pronounced Cheetham's), makes a confident statement for the future. It looms seven storeys high amidst atmospheric buildings dating back as far as 600 years.
The new £31 million building, funded by the Department for Education, the North West Regional Development Agency and private donors, was designed by Roger Stephenson Architects. Despite its futuristic appearance, it is designed to complement the old sandstone buildings. So much so that a new handmade brick, the Chetham's brick, was developed in York for the purpose.
Walking through the white-lined sunlit corridors, with live music emanating from several rooms, you can sense the inspiration of the new facilities – a 100-seat recital hall, 50 teaching rooms, 62 practice rooms, a Music Technology Centre, science labs and the rest. The huge shell of a 400-seat concert hall is included but the school, known for its fund-raising campaigns (such as Raise the Roof and Buy a Brick) needs another £5 million to kit it out. At the centre of it all is a stunning atrium (pictured right), a performance space in itself.
What a contrast to the place we in Manchester have all grown up with – the old stone buildings round the quad (pictured below), the colonnade, the medieval Baronial Hall, used for concerts, the original Manchester Grammar School building and the oldest extant public library in the English-speaking world, famously the place where Marx and Engels studied together.
Founded in 1653 by the philanthropist and cloth merchant Humphrey Chetham as a bluecoat school, starting with 40 local poor boys, it evolved over 300 years into a boys' grammar school in 1952, with a musical specialism. Being adjacent to Manchester Cathedral, once a modest parish church, the oldest part was constructed in the 1420s as a residence for priests. The connection continues, since cathedral choristers receive their training and education at the school.
In 1969, it was established in its present form as Chetham's School of Music, known to the music world internationally as, simply, Chets. Its motto - love to live to play - is the key. The brightest young musicians are recruited based on their talent and potential, not background or ability to pay. Admission is by audition. "Our aim is to bring in talented young musicians and help them to become the best that they can be," says Stephen Threlfall. "They learn to demystify what the profession can be and realise that they can go successfully in many different directions." That is certainly reflected in the school's wide-ranging output and highly-rated public performances by the Symphony Orchestra, Big Band, Jazz Ensemble, Symphonic Wind Band and Orchestra, String Orchestra and quartets, Chamber Choir and Saxophone Choir. Successes in prestigious competition such as the BBC Young Musician of the Year reflect their achievement over the years: in 2008, 12-year-old trombonist Peter Moore was the youngest-ever winner.
The musical range is clearly reflected in the curriculum: aural, musical theory, history, harmony, composition, choral work, improvisation and, in addition to their main specialism, everyone has to learn a second instrument. Alongside the classical, jazz, rock and other musical genres form part of the musical training.
Strong links with the Royal Northern College of Music, the Hallé, the BBC Phil and the Manchester Camerata add to the school's prestige. It has often been said that a talented musician can enjoy a total career by simply staying in Manchester. For the musically gifted, fees are not an issue. Chets is supported by the Department for Education under its Music and Dance Scheme. If one had to pay, the full yearly cost for boarders – around 75% of the 290 students – would be £30,000. However, fees are means-tested, 90% of students get financial aid and 25% pay no fees at all. Boarding is very popular. "Many local students prefer to board," says the Director of Music. "There is something very appealing in being enveloped in the musical camaraderie of the school." They also get used to playing in public. The open lunch-time concerts are an established feature of city life here.
Apart from music, which takes up more than a third of the curriculum, great emphasis is put on the wider academic programme. The school has a good record, getting its fair share of Oxbridge successes. Now, it embarks on a new beginning. "This is a dream come true," said Claire Moreland. "I look forward to this building being filled with music, laughter and joy." Love to live to play – that is the spirit being carried forward on the back of a proud tradition. Humphrey Chetham's legacy was well spent.


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SportsAS Saint-Etienne - RC Lens Ligue 1 Uber Eats...
AS Saint-Etienne – RC Lens Ligue 1 Uber Eats LIVE: follow the match of the 21st day
Hello and welcome here the 20 Minutos! Join us with your eyes closed for this Saturday poster which could allow the Lensois to temporarily return to fourth place in Ligue 1, after the gang of Franck Haise experienced a hell of a hole in the air at the end of 2021 (3 points out of 18 in the last 6 games). Euphoric after their last two successes in the dying seconds against neighboring Lille in the Coupe de France (2-2, 4-3 on pens) then against Stade Rennais in L1, the Sang et Or have regained their confidence. The big team can be aligned, since only Haïdaira and Ganago (CAN) will be absent.
We cannot say the same on the ASSE side, even if the Greens have done the job in the Coupe de France in Lyon-Duchère (0-1) and Jura Sud (1-4) since the arrival on December 14 of Pascal Dupraz on the bench. Nevertheless, the current series of five defeats in a row in Ligue 1 stings well for the current red lantern in the championship. The multiple absences of supposed captains (Khazri, Bouanga, Neyou and Moukoudi are all at the CAN, Green, Nordin and Hamouma are injured, Trauco and Sako are sick) will not help the Saint-Etienne supporters to be very confident this afternoon. They also meet at 3:30 p.m. in the parking lot in front of Geoffroy-Guichard to "save ASSE". There is no doubt that the Romeyer-Caïazzo duo will be more than ever in their sights. We will tell you all about it in a topic dedicated to this gathering, on the sidelines of this essential meeting to break the series of lose of the Greens. See you soon, friends.
"To vibrate with us in front of this ASSE-RC Lens, go here from 4:45 p.m., with a kick-off at 5 p.m.…
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Alexia Putellas has been awarded as the best player in the world in The Best of FIFA
Lima, January 17, 2022Updated on 01/17/2022 02:55 pmAn award...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Other matches
Sun 17th March
Dundee 0 1 Celtic FT
Today's Fixtures & Results
Results March 2019
Dundee vs Celtic
12:30pm Sunday 17th March
Dens Park (Att: 7608)
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O Edouard (90+6)
Scots Prem 12:30pm Sunday 17th March Dens Park (Att: 7608)
Dundee vs Celtic preview: Callum McGregor returns for Neil Lennon's side
Watch Dundee vs Celtic live on Sky Sports at 12.30pm on Sunday
Callum McGregor has returned to Celtic training
Callum McGregor should be available to return for Scottish Premiership leaders Celtic when they travel to Dundee on Sunday, live on Sky Sports (kick-off 12.30pm).
McGregor has missed the last four matches with injury and has not played since the Europa League defeat to Valencia on February 21.
But Celtic manager Neil Lennon said: "He's back in training and could feature on Sunday. It's a great boost for the team.
Lennon backs Bain for Scotland
"We're not only looking for the win, we want a performance to match that."
Celtic are eight points clear at the top of the table with nine games of the season left to play.
Their lead could be trimmed by the time they play as second-placed Rangers face Kilmarnock on Saturday.
Dundee are second-from-bottom in the Scottish Premiership, one point above St Mirren, after three straight defeats. They have lost both of their meetings with Celtic this season by an aggregate scoreline of 8-0.
"We've got a lot of work to do to get the right result but on our day we're capable," said manager Jim McIntyre.
"A big result against a big side would do wonders for confidence levels."
McGregor is set to return for Celtic and Olivier Ntcham and Filip Benkovic could feature after returning to training.
Scottish Premiership video
Midfielder Ryan Christie (hamstring) and goalkeeper Craig Gordon (knee) remain on the sidelines.
Anthony Ralston, Tom Rogic, Jozo Simunovic, Eboue Kouassi, Daniel Arzani and Leigh Griffiths are all still out for various reasons.
Dundee have won just one of their 43 Scottish Premiership games against Celtic since 1998-99 (D8 L34) and are winless since a 2-0 victory under Ivano Bonetti back in May 2001 (P31 W0 D6 L25 since).
Celtic are unbeaten in their 20 trips to Dens Park in the Scottish Premiership since 1998-99 (W15 D5), winning each of the last four by an aggregate scoreline of 10-1.
Dundee have won just one of their 15 home Scottish Premiership games this campaign (D4 L10) - fewer than any other side, whilst only St Mirren (11) have lost more such games on home soil this season than Dundee (10).
Celtic have won eight of their last nine league games (D1), however they did draw their last such game (0-0 v Aberdeen) - they last failed to win back-to-back league games in September 2018 (D1 L1).
Scott Wright has been directly involved in five of Dundee's last seven league goals (2 goals, 3 assists), assisting three of their last four in the Scottish Premiership.
Scots Prem
1 Aberdeen 0 0 0
2 Celtic 0 0 0
3 Hamilton 0 0 0
4 Hearts 0 0 0
5 Hibernian 0 0 0
6 Kilmarnock 0 0 0
7 Livingston 0 0 0
8 Motherwell 0 0 0
9 Rangers 0 0 0
10 Ross Co 0 0 0
11 St J'stone 0 0 0
12 St Mirren 0 0 0
Last Updated 21/06/19 10:02am


Publish by in Category decorating ideas at April 18th, 2019. Tagged with edison bulb pendant light fixture. edison bulb pendant light kit. edison bulb pendant lighting. edison bulb pendant lights. edison bulb pendant lights kitchen. edison bulb wooden pendant lights. industrial edison bulb pendant lights.
Edison Bulb Pendant Lights have 30 picture of decorating ideas, it's including Edison Bulb Pendant Lights Amazing Simple 1 Light LED Lighting Beautifulhalo Com Decorating Ideas. Edison Bulb Pendant Lights Tremendous Modern Crystal Bell Glass Industrial Style Decorating Ideas 2. Edison Bulb Pendant Lights Implausible Aliexpress Com Buy Single Bulbs Vintage E27 Decorating Ideas 3. Edison Bulb Pendant Lights Improbable Rh Loft Nordic American Glass Bowl Hanging Lamp Decorating Ideas 4. Edison Bulb Pendant Lights Spectacular Retro Industrial Bronze Hanging Lamp Full Set Decorating Ideas 5.


What is UL 1995 4th edition?
The requirements for HVAC/R Industry safety are changing. UL 1995/CSA 22.2 No. 236 has been updated with the release of the 4th edition. This new edition comes into effect December 1, 2014. If your products are currently certified to the 3rd edition, it is mandatory that you have your file updated by December 1, 2014.
What are the key changes with the 4th edition?
Top 3 reasons products "FAIL" UL1995 4th ed.
Fairly easy to fix in the initial evaluation or in the field, but close attention must be paid to the standard and appropriate interpretation. Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) inspectors are sticklers for safety labeling. Double check with a TÜV SÜD expert before it becomes a problem.
Another fairly easy fix yet we see this way too often. Grounding methods can vary based on the product, component approvals, wire and crimp choices, etc. Get advice from an engineer you have come to trust; someone who is familiar with your entire product line.
TÜV SÜD is one of the world's largest testing and certification organizations with labs all over North America and across the globe. We offer, technical expertise in the HVAC/R industry, competitive cost structure, direct access to engineering at all times and a company who values its employees. The TÜV SÜD safety mark is recognized throughout the world as a highly regarded foundation for safety and quality.


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Q: how to remove # sign after url I have windows media player on my main page with video links. So when I click the link
that particular video should play in the media player inside my web page. I am using javascript to handle this. My video files are also stored on the remote server. But when I click on the video link the address box shows a # sign after the url which does not load the video file. My javascript is ok as it runs perfectly well no my local computer. If anyone has a solution for me would be really appreciated.
Thanks
Vijay Zutshi

A: I'm guessing you're using something like this?
...

If so, the simplest solution would be along these lines:
...

This instructs the browser not to perform the normal click action (which navigates to the # anchor) after your onclick handler has run.

A: in addition to ephemient, you can use:
...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: pandas rolling sum of last five minutes Assume I have below data frame
Date, A
2014-11-21 11:00:00, 1
2014-11-21 11:03:00, 4
2014-11-21 11:04:00, 1
2014-11-21 11:05:00, 2
2014-11-21 11:07:00, 4
2014-11-21 11:08:00, 1
2014-11-21 11:12:00, 1
2014-11-21 11:13:00, 2

First column is datetime object and second column is an integer. What I want is to calculate the sum of column 'A' for the last five minute for each row.
As an example for the row  2014-11-21 11:12:00, 1, the sum of column 'A' would be 2(1+1) and the sum of column 'A' for the row 2014-11-21 11:05:00, 2 would be 7(2+1+4). Important thing is that the number of past rows for the time window(5 minutes) is not the same for each row (Because time series is irregular).
How can I get the sum of last five minutes for column 'A' using the rolling_sum method in pandas? Thanks in advance.

A: In general, if the dates are completely arbitrary, I think you would be forced to use a Python for-loop over the rows or use df.apply, (which under the hood, also uses a Python loop.)
However, if your Dates share a common frequency, as is the case above, then there is a trick which should be much quicker than using df.apply: Expand the timeseries according to the common frequency -- in this case, 1 minute -- fill in the NaNs with zeros, and then call rolling_sum:
In [279]: pd.rolling_sum(df.set_index(['Date']).asfreq('1T').fillna(0), window=5, min_periods=1).reindex(df['Date'])
Out[279]:
                      A
Date
2014-11-21 11:00:00   1
2014-11-21 11:03:00   5
2014-11-21 11:04:00   6
2014-11-21 11:05:00   7
2014-11-21 11:07:00  11
2014-11-21 11:08:00   8
2014-11-21 11:12:00   2
2014-11-21 11:13:00   3

Of course, any time series has a common frequency if you are willing to accept a small enough granularity, but the required size of df.asfreq(...) may make this trick impractical.

Here is an example of the more general approach using df.apply. Note that calling searchsorted relies on df['Date'] being in sorted order.
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv('data', parse_dates=[0], sep=',\s*')
start_dates = df['Date'] - pd.Timedelta(minutes=5)
df['start_index'] = df['Date'].values.searchsorted(start_dates, side='right')
df['end_index'] = np.arange(len(df))

def sum_window(row):
    return df['A'].iloc[row['start_index']:row['end_index']+1].sum()
df['rolling_sum'] = df.apply(sum_window, axis=1)

print(df[['Date', 'A', 'rolling_sum']])

yields
                 Date  A  rolling_sum
0 2014-11-21 11:00:00  1            1
1 2014-11-21 11:03:00  4            5
2 2014-11-21 11:04:00  1            6
3 2014-11-21 11:05:00  2            7
4 2014-11-21 11:07:00  4           11
5 2014-11-21 11:08:00  1            8
6 2014-11-21 11:12:00  1            2
7 2014-11-21 11:13:00  2            3

Here is a benchmark comparing the df.asfreq trick versus calling df.apply:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv('data', parse_dates=[0], sep=',\s*')

def big_df(df):
    df = df.copy()
    for i in range(7):
        dates = df['Date'] + pd.Timedelta(df.iloc[-1]['Date']-df.iloc[0]['Date']) + pd.Timedelta('1 minute')
        df2 = pd.DataFrame({'Date': dates, 'A': df['A']})
        df = pd.concat([df, df2])
    df = df.reset_index(drop=True)
    return df

def using_apply():
    start_dates = df['Date'] - pd.Timedelta(minutes=5)
    df['start_index'] = df['Date'].values.searchsorted(start_dates, side='right')
    df['end_index'] = np.arange(len(df))

    def sum_window(row):
        return df['A'].iloc[row['start_index']:row['end_index']+1].sum()

    df['rolling_sum'] = df.apply(sum_window, axis=1)
    return df[['Date', 'rolling_sum']]

def using_asfreq():
    result = (pd.rolling_sum(
        df.set_index(['Date']).asfreq('1T').fillna(0),
        window=5, min_periods=1).reindex(df['Date']))
    return result

In [364]: df = big_df(df)

In [367]: %timeit using_asfreq()
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.21 ms per loop

In [368]: %timeit using_apply()
1 loops, best of 3: 208 ms per loop


Introduction trendy technology, here we have a tendency to incorporating parts of mechanical, electrical, electronic, code and safety engineering as applied to the look, manufacture and operation of motorcycles, vehicles, buses and trucks. Recently we've got to implement a contemporary technology throughout the vehicles on a daily basis. Among those advanced feature is preventing the vehicle thievery by the unknown person. during this paper we have a tendency to visit a straightforward value effective technique of preventing vehicle thievery victimization GSM and GPS.
Ruize xu, Shengli Zhou, and Wen J.Li, Fellow IEEE: MEMS Accelerometer Based Nonspecific- UserHand Gesture Recognition, IEEE Sensors journal,vol.12,NO.5,May 2012.
Jacques Georgy, Member, IEEE, Aboelmagd Noureldin, Senior Member,IEEE, and Chris Goodall: Vehicle Navigator using a Mixture Particle Filter for Inertial Sensors/Odometer//Map Data/GPS Integration,IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol 58, Np.2,May 2012.
Kichun Jo, Student Member, IEEE, Keounyup Chu, Student Member,IEEE, and Myoungho Sunwoo, Member, IEEE:Interacting Multiple Model Filter-Based Sensor Fusion of GPS With In-Vehicle Sensors for Real-Time Vehicle Positioning IEEE Transactions on intelligent transportation systems, vol.13, NO. 1,March 2012.
H. Je, J. kim, and D.kim,: Hand gesture recognition to understand musical conducting action , presented at IEEE Int.conf. Robot & Human Interactive Communication,Aug. 2007.
J.C. Juang, and Y-H Chen: Accounting for data intermittency in a software GNSS receiver, IEEETrans.Consum. Electron, vol 55,no.2,pp.327-333, May 2009.


text:
The Pope's Website Is Down After a Suspected Hack
Online prayers to the pontifex are currently 404—Not Found. The outage comes a day after Russia launched a formal protest with the Vatican.
Lauren Leffer
Someone at the Vatican should probably brush up on their cybersecurity know-how.
Photo: Andrew Medichini (AP)
The Vatican shut down its official website on Wednesday in the aftermath of an apparent cyberattck disabled the site and returned a 404 error message to online supplicants. The Holy See said it suspects hackers are to blame.
"Technical investigations are ongoing due to abnormal attempts to access the site," Matteo Bruni, Holy See press director, told Reuters. The website has been offline for four hours as of press time.
The presumed digital sabotage comes just a day after Russia launched a formal protest with the Vatican over Pope Francis' recent comments condemning Russian violence in Ukraine. Back in Spring, the Pope made comments that insinuated Ukraine provoked Russia's invasion. And, for months, he didn't outright denounce Russia's actions in Ukraine—spurring critique from some. Yet, in a sharp turn, Pope Francis made some strongly worded comments against Russian cruelty in Ukraine in an interview published Monday in a Jesuit publication, America Magazine.
Specifically, the Pope seemed to blame violence against Ukrainians on Russian ethnic minorities like Chechens and Buryati. "Certainly, the one who invades is the Russian state. This is very clear. Sometimes I try not to specify so as not to offend and rather condemn in general, although it is well known whom I am condemning. It is not necessary that I put a name and surname," he added.
Gizmodo reached out to the press office with questions but did not immediately receive a response.
The website outage is not the first time that the center of the Catholic Church has proven vulnerable to an online attack. A little over two years ago, a cybersecurity company Recorded Future claimed that Chinese hackers had infiltrated the Vatican's internal computer networks, according to the New York Times.
And in 2019, the Vatican premiered a virtual "Rosary" app intended to help users track their praters. The app was hacked by a security researcher within 15 minutes of its launch and, before being fixed, had flaws that left user personal information and login credentials exposed.


What is the smallest thing you can see in an MRI?
What's the smallest thing you can detect in the body with an MRI or a CT scan? Is it 10 millimetres or smaller? What's the smallest tumour you can pick up?
The resolution of MR is in millimetres. Obviously if you wanted to go further with CT, you could, but it would require a greater radiation dose.
Previous Why do windscreens get frosty?
Next How does radiotherapy treat cancer?


State Senator Barbara Buono (Credit: Barbara Buono) challenges incumbent Governor Chris Christie (Credit: Kena Betancur/Getty Images).
TRENTON, NJ (CBS) – In the Garden State, voters will be deciding on a lot more than their next governor.
The entire New Jersey legislature — 40 state senators and 80 assembly members — is up for election. But at the top of the ballot is the gubernatorial race.
State Senator Barbara Buono is trying to unseat incumbent Chris Christie (see related story).
"Governor, you've done a good job looking out for those at the top, but if you're an underdog like me, is he really looking out for you?" Buono asked potential voters.
Two statewide ballot questions will be decided. One allows veterans organizations to use games of chance as fundraisers; the other hikes the minimum wage a dollar an hour.
Closer to home, county freeholders are being elected, along with mayors in Atlantic City and Camden.


text:
Firefighters, including those from Cranberry volunteer department, are battling a blaze in the Nanaimo River Road area. (Chris Bush/News Bulletin)
Dwelling destroyed, two taken to hospital after mid-Island blaze
Numerous fire departments and first responders at area south of Nanaimo
Chris Bush
Apr. 8, 2021 3:00 p.m.
Rural-area firefighters on the mid-Island turned out to battle a blaze that destroyed a dwelling and sent two people to hospital near Nanaimo this afternoon.
Extension, Cedar and Cranberry volunteer fire departments, as well as B.C. Ambulance Service and RCMP, responded to a call at about 1:30 p.m. Thursday, April 8 after a fire broke out in a bus that was converted into a dwelling, on a property at 796 Nanaimo River Road, located in a rural residential area southwest of Nanaimo.
"When our crews arrived, the bus, structure, living quarters for an individual was fully engulfed, as well as a makeshift garage beside it, that was on fire," said Kevin Young, chief of Extension Volunteer Fire Department. "There was a car in the garage that caught fire and the adjacent trees, as well. At that time we called for mutual aid from North Cedar and Cranberry."
One man, who was in the bus when the fire broke out, managed to get out of the bus on his own, Young said, and was taken to hospital with unknown injuries.
A second man was also taken to hospital for what appeared to be a head injury. Both men were conscious and being treated by ambulance paramedics at the scene before they were taken to hospital.
"Our guys and Cranberry and North Cedar, they did a good job of knocking that down," Young said.
The cause of the fire remains undetermined and is under investigation.
Fire departments from Extension, Cedar, Cranberry, BC Ambulance RCMP at structure fire 796 Nanaimo River Rd. One dwelling destroyed by fire. Two people to hospital. More to come.#Nanaimo #fire @NanaimoBulletin pic.twitter.com/9OYs1uKFIH
— Chris Bush (@ChrisBushphotog) April 8, 2021
More from the News Bulletin on Facebook and Twitter
fireNanaimo Regional District
Ucluelet woman apologizes after comparing B.C. mask mandate to residential schools
Ottawa mulls exempting more workers from Canada-U.S. border shutdown: Garneau


Not having a good day today, or yesterday. I've been garbling stuff all over the place — equipment failure had something to do with it. Here are some miscellaneous items.
TR at Eriposte, whose Swiftvets summary covers that story in detail, has shifted his energies to a Bush flipflop summary. His stuff is a great resource for people writing letters to the editor, speaking in public, arguing with their freeper brothers-in-law, etc.
II. Put your money down now!
"Osama Sweepstakes is a fun method of putting a very important issue in front of the American people. I believe, like many others, that bin Laden is currently in custody and will be unveiled before the election, leaving Kerry in a no-win situation.


Printed birth and baptismal certificate for John Schatz, dated November 13, 1862 Orwigsburg, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. Item contains religious vignettes.
Printed birth and baptismal certificate for Thomas Christ, dated June 15, 1856 in Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania. Item contains angel and flower motifs and religious vignettes.
Printed birth and baptismal certificate for Sarah Rebecca Batteiger , dated December 9, 1866 in Upper Bern Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. Item contains religious vignettes.
Printed birth and baptismal certificate for Lalinda Haldeman, dated May 17, 1867 in Londonderry Township, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania. Item contains angel and flower and religious vignettes.
Printed birth and baptismal certificate for Matilda Elizabeth Scheetz, dated January 20, 1857 in Greene Township, Clinton County, Pennsylvania. Item contains angel and flower motifs and religious vignettes.
Printed birth and baptismal certificate for Mary Cathrina Christ, dated April 26, 1855 in Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania. Item contains angel and flower motifs and religious vignettes.
Printed birth and baptismal certificate for Wilhelmina Buehler, dated July 8, 1850 in Tamaqua, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. Item contains religious vignettes.


Luna arrrived at the muller house hold at 30 Jan 2012, she was born 9 Dec 2011. 4 kg on arrival, and 7 weeks old.
There is quite a bit to catch up on: a happy reunion at 5 am, some days in the Twin Towers, a trip to the Commissioner's Office, A Holiday in the Mudumalai national park and a tea estate, purchase of Indian dress and attendance of an Indian marriage, a trip to the largest monolith in the world, visits to hoysala temples, and most recently a visit of MorFar and Mormor (annika's parents Swedish names for grandmum/dad). So thats not bad for just 7 weeks!
So, you will have to bear with me for I am going to split this in to a couple of posts. In this section, just a couple of notes that relate to day to day live (photo's). The airport photo's were terrible (it was 5 am…). Everybody on the plane went to bed at the first opportunity, but the kids remained bright and cheerful throughout. On trying to go to bed in full morning light A realised the mistake. We did manage a couple of hours before we ended up in the pool. The first couple of weeks HnB swam every day. The waterfal was a big hit.
The kids and annika also did some shopping, and appropriate Indian attire were purchased to match my outfit (see Soiree Indiene). We were keen for the kids to meet up with some Indian kids and have been looking at dance classes. They dont do things in halves here, the classes run every day, including Sat and Sunday… A dedicated lot. In the end we opted for a weekend class that is given in the Twin Towers it self. By the way, H thinks that the two towers named Alpha and Omega refers to the names of two brothers.
First Temple Visit was at Nandi hills (see previous post) and so were the first monkeys. A, H&B went on their own (well, driven by Kumar), and enjoyed a nice day out. Views are terrific, and the monkeys keen on your ice creams…persistent as well. A kind Indian chap chased them away when they started pulling B's trousers down. All very exiting! The temple made a big impact. More on temple visits later, it warrants a section on its own.
Finally, we had a day out with an Indian colleague and friend (also A, just to confuse you). We visited her house, which is near MallesWarem, so we nipped into MW for a bit of a look see and a real south Indian meal served on a banana leave. A. demonstrated to us the art of Aipan or Ragoli. In order to ensure yours is and remains a happy house, each morning a symmetrical pattern is drawn out on the doorstep.
Note, many Indians get up at 5 am, so have more time on their hands in the morning before work, also see a bit more sun that way I suppose. A usually has done her Aipan, cooked and washed before we even think.
I could have been in Coorg… but chose to stay in. The old man was tripped out and needed a break. Played squash with S. Badly beaten by a youngster not even half my age… there is no shame in that, and I did make him sweat!
Popped into town to buy a pressy for P. He's going back a bit earlier than planned, which is a pitty really. Got him a lungi hope to get him in it before he leaves!
Went to the gym both on sat and sun day!! I have figured out how to make it somewhat bearable. On the ski thing you can actually move and groove. Put on some jazzy beat (marcus miller has a good BPM; try it) and rather than train just have a bit of a bob. 16 min is over in a flash! Does not work so well on the rower.
Friday afternoon 2 pm of we go to Kerala (photos). Another trip organised by The Master. We went to Cherai beach, its sort of in the middle of a line that stretches from Mumbai to Kanyakumari (the tip). Lovely little rooms, one "hut" per room. P snores, but not as much as I do .
Took the ferry, so on the water at last. Ended up of the other side, which was pretty much the same as where we had just come from. Hung a round for a bit, tried to ask small crowd of Indians if we could rent a boat, even a fishing boat, and one of them know where to go. So down a narrow path, through a boat yard to a major catholic church dedicated to St Tomas, one of the 12 that apparently ended up in Kerala, and the reason there is much catholicism around there. Building was an not all together to esthetically pleasing affair with loads of Saintly sculptures standing in a semi circle at 4 m above sea level.
Moored in front of the church… a boat for rent. Apparently the St Tom arrived on a boat, and for that reason the tend to have a jetty near the church. So we hopped on and had our hour of sailing, to be dropped of on the other side just at the ice factory next to the fish market.
Drank some beer, ate Finger chips and had some lovely grilled prawns. No coconut though… not as abundant here compared to the south?
In the morning P and I went for a dip in the big pond. The waves are quite high, 3ish meter, and the beach drops down very sharply. Quite impressive really. Had a nice natter in German with an Indian doctor who studied if Deutschland. Every three sentences we had to break for the wave. He had a good wave avoidance scheme. Where I tended to jump up, to keep the head over the wave, he dived through the bottom before it broke. Definitely the way to do it, but you do need to accept that 3 m of water role over you.
If you want to see monkeys, go to Nandi Hills. 5 of us went for the day, its only ~2hrs from BG, and spend a relaxed day pottering about on the top of the hill. There is not an lot to admire, although there is a pleasant garden, and a sizable playground; enough to draw large crowds of Indians though (some Pictures).
Nandi Hills, well a hill really has a similar geography as Hampi, big lumps of granite just appear out of the otherwise dutch landscape (without the water and ditches:-)). This particular one is a bit higher than the others at ~1500m over sea level.
I found these large granite hills very imposing, and fascinating. The geology of this kind of rock is actually quite simple. In essence, karnataka is a plateau or "craton" that has been the centre of a tectonic plate since the plates solidified (starting about 4500 million years ago). The Karnataka craton has been extensively intruded by granites (ca. age 2600 to 2500 million years old! Simon, have a look here for an interesting 3 component system). These intrusions are like veins of granite in the older rock and can be compared with the blue in Stilton.
View from Nandi Hill: More Granite hills in the eroded planes. Notice the two little lumps in the front followed by the large one in the centre of the picture, they'll be the same "vein of bleu"
Ok, here it is, ethnic Muller and the Bengalurus. Great evening with Fantastic performanced all off a very different nature.Tried to take a picture with just the engineers, but the moment a photo opportunity was spoted, half the department jumped in, and it ended up as the night watch.
Oh, and it appears that Indian man do the dancing, rather than the women… As luck will have it, their danced involve a lot of arm movement, so me flapping me arms about went largely unnoticed. No evidence of that I'm afraid.
Not really talked about my man on the balcony jet. Radesh (pronounced Radish) lives in the apartment, or rather in a room of the kitchen balcony. R looks after the house and me… He's a very good cook, does seem to generally keep the place tidy and leaves my toiletries alone… that's a step forward compared to the previous chap who would repack the wash-bag every time you left stuff out. Unfortunately, R does has mastered only English words, not grammar. So the mornings conversations are somewhat limited.. "Toast?", "Dinner Sir", "coffee?". He has mastered the knack of giving words a question mark.
Danjebad is thank you, well that's a start..
Have a look here for more info on the history of our numerals! The number 1 to 9 had symbols similar to ours a long time ago, but it was not till 500ad that 0 or "kha" was introduced. The alphabet is mighty complex, and I will be taking my time to get used to that.
The weather in Bangalore has started to follow a pattern, or rather, I am getting aware of it. In the morning a bright blue sky. Breakfast has now relocated from the dining table to the terrace. Buying a coffee pot was a real enabler. Its a cool 28 to 31 C, and a light breeze blows around the Breary towers. Birds make a right racket, and there seems to be a little kingfisher that also has its home here.
.In week days, thats about all you see from the whether, as on returning at 6 to 6:30pm the lights have gone out. In the weekends, its however a different ballgame all together. The beds are rather hard, so by 9 am one tends to be so stiff that you might as well get up. The morning exercise is shared (shared pain is double the pain….) This time I include some proof of activity. (photos) unfortunately, I was holding the camera so no evidence of me in action other than in the pool…You can see E on the courts though.
The Copper Cad (or "koperen ploert" for those who speak The Language) burns relentlessly till about 5pm, and then some clouds appear. By 6 the winds start to blow and come 7pm its hosing it down. Not just a drizzle, no proper rain, bit of lightning and than its night. very civilised really.
Off to town to do a bit of shopping. Now proud owner of a short Kurta (with out bottoms!) pure cotton. lovely feel to it. Also bought a tea pot and some glasses for my green tea, very refreshing on a hot day. Had a good look around one of the bigger malls, interesting to see that things here are not realy that much cheaper then in UK/NL.
Service is cheaper, food and eating out are, but western goods like shampoo and conditioner are dear. I bought some 2 in 1 shampoo… here this is shampoo+oil (3 different types!), so still had to get some conditioner .
Visited commercial street for the first time, a sort of indian version of a high street. Shops tend to be one room wide, several high, but pack in the same anount of stuff you would find in a small department store.
Got back at 4pm, more swimming in the sun, played with BnJ's kids on the blow up mini airbeds I had brought here for the kids. they have prooven to be a bit of an asset. Squash and badminton (still cant take it serious). Beat E this time. All had supper in my apt. Reddish is a reasonable cook. I only eat veg at home though plenty of meat when you go and eat out.
Note: I discussed a book by Kazuo Ishiguro called never let me go with RK and VR one night last week when we went out for dinner. The story is facinating as it is about people that are considerred of no use to society, other than the reason they were created(cloned) for…organ donation. It has some resonance with what used to be called the untouchables. Especially the total aceptence of the clones with their faith…there purpose in life was to "complete" and this went without question….
Met D and J we had a nice chat and discovered asimov as a mutual intrest.
Been in the gym… 140bpm after 2min on the langlauf machine managed 5 before V wisked me away to play badminton; his young kids came as well are very nice and polite. Got some tips from driver E to improve my game.
Rest of the day spend pottering about. Bought etnic suit for smt visit not sure they will make it though… Bit of Islandic dust I believe. Poor iceland first the bank now a vulcano. Went into bg, "Malleswaram Meander" a very nice Market lots of tiny shops, vena makers. Bought some snacks and spinning tops.
After 3 weeks IA has left the building, or Bangalore rather. We celebrated with dinner in the GoldFinch. The sea food platter for starters was fantastic. E had no communication issues this time . Its been good to share the place with him, play squash, be defeated in badminton, drink more than usual (but than you need liquor in 30 C) and see more of india in two weeks that a life time before (well, half a life one hopes).
Eating Dosa on your own is not quite the same; Thanks Ian, it was good fun.
In the ongoing entertainment of Dr IA, the "warehouse of knowledge" PC organised a trip to mysore for a day. P and I were riding along on the back of IA and had a great time. So a 7 am start, 2-3 hrs in the car and there we were. S, who lived in Mysore for a long time had organised a full agenda (below). We all realy enjoyed the day, but in the car at 7:30 pm and rolled into bed by 11 pm… no problem sleeping that night.
In many ways the highlite of the day, if only because we were not expecting it. The sanctuary housescolonies of a wide range of birds. We saw spoonbills, open bill storks, painted storks, white Ibis, little cormorants and egrets. (plus a number we dont know.
Enourmous, build by the british for the maharadja of Mysore. During the reign of the Haider Ali and his son Mysore was all but destroyed. After the british reinstated the Wodeyar maharadja's they created this enourmous Palace early in the 20th century. Designed by an english architect, made of Glasgow cast iron pillars; it is a bit "styles galore" with elements of Hindo, muslim, gotic and jugendstyle. Much of the building seems to be a little over the top, but one is never the less impressed by the sheer scale of it all. No photo's allowed inside, so no details. you had to be there really.
The sunset pictures where a bit of a challenge for those with a point and push camera, and we where all playing with the various night view options when suddenly the 1000′s of lights came on. A fairytail come true. Note, last time I saw something like it was in the evening parade in disney world Paris….
Brearies has a sport facility, yet to see the gym (mmm), but today we are testing out the squash and badmenton courts. E has set up a sort of saturday morning club with a range of people that attend the weekly torture sessions. I did far to much, and could hardly walk by the end. Rigor mortis set in pretty much instantaneous, and lasted for at least 2 days..
Lunch in the chairmans club. E's managed to become a member by virtue of giving generous tips. Nice food, and a pleasant out side covered terrace. only snacks, as we decided to go out for dinner.
Dinner was quite amusing as well. "Costaal express" (no typo!), a fish restaurant. Ordering was a little chaotic, as the difference between a starter and a mains dependent on whether you order the fish fried (4 starter) or as a curry (4 mains). At one point E tried to get the waiter to explain what else was coming by writing it down. "zip it, write it down" after saying that a couple of times the chap finally wrote something down. As he showed it, E was lost for words for the first time. He'd drawn a fish . We had a good laugh. P is very keen on tandoori Pomfrit, a river fish. I tried a bit, very nice.
Communication is verbal here. Mobiles are used to locate fiends and colleagues alike, and even if there is no time, there is time for banter.
Week finished early (Good Friday is a national holliday here as well). All in its been interesting. Chatted with anybody who was willing to have a chat and that is most of the people here.
r around a large fort in Chitradurga (click on link for pictures). Nice introduction to the scale of 15th century buildings in India. Also spotted my first monkey there.
Continued our journey and got to Hospet just after lunch… unfortunately we hit a major trafic jam with hundreds of lorries (Indian style; must take some pictures of them). These where waiting to be loaded with Iron ore from the mines. Got totally stuck and had to detour 70km via Kampli, which took us the best part of 3 hrs… Upside of this was a fantastic tour of rural india, rice paddies, a whole range of huouse types, and lots of people. The scenery was georgeous with dramatic hills made from huge granite boulders, the size of houses.
Ganesh has a rat as a "vehicle"
So Hampi on day 2. It was fantastic. have a look at the pictures, but they wont convey the sheer scale of things. Hampi was an extremely prospoperous city in the 14/15th century with 1.5 milion inhabitants. It was ransacked by the moguls who after some destruction and looting left it for dead. It remained until 300 year later it was redicovered by the english.
Wasu our guide told us enough of the history to get a feel for the various temples, but the two indian chaps that travelled with us where very knowledgeable on the stories and figures that where displayed. Key to decoding some of the statues and images are that Vishnu has three vertical stripes on his forehead, and Shiva has three horizontal (three are reminders of death and scrifice). There is also Rama who tends to be displayed with large pectoral muscles, and a bow. Ganesh the elefant god is known by many, and he seems to be the one who helps with the beginning of adventures and projects. Each deity has a "vehicle" Shiva has a bull (Nandi) and for Ganesh it is a small rat.
Nextday, set of for home early. Nodelays, just in time to have a game of squash with IA.
First line of this blog!
I woke up to see the sun, which is no different to last weekend, except that THE SUMMER HAS STARTED! Beautiful sunshine, 30 odd C. I took some pictures which I will load tomorrow(Breary Appartment and grounds photos). Grounds look very nice. with squash/badminton courts undergound! The expats have a bit of a drive on and fitness seems to figure in it, as does swimming lessons for the local indian team members!
IT was sorted in ten min, simply plugging in the lap top. Even in bangalore, the indian silicon valley or the IT equivalent of bollywood, they where surprised to see how quick that had gone! At home, bits and bobs are being sorted. Had the first Skype session with Annika and the kids which worked fantastic.


[Shelf Life] Pu'er no shelf life, is the better it tastes, like wine, like!
Glutinous rice in Yunnan Pu'er tea is incorporated within a wild plant "sticky sweet" leaves refined. Take a little steep, the golden liquor color, drink, taste glycol. Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, South cowardly Mountain "big-leaf tea", fat buds, budding early, Pekoe many breeds teeth strong, long growing season, leaves soft, tender and strong hold, fresh leaves in water extract polyphenols, children pigment content than other domestic varieties, tea polyphenols than the average is 5 – 7%, child pigment content is 30 – 50%, water extracts height 3 – 5%, with India and Kenya Assam species kind of the same for the world of tea varieties "fragrant rice" produced in Xishuangbanna, is an herb under forest cover, about 30 cm long with branches on the same like mint leaves, leaves, such as size of a fingernail, with rich rice Hong Dai people picked and dried stored at home, drinking while picking up a few pieces into the bowl, drink and feel refreshment. Dai people like this tea, so bamboo species in four weeks, in order to keep picking.
1, Menghai Pu'er ripe tea geraniol join finest rice processing repression!
4, The bottom stout mast, full of fresh root. Strong taste heavy and mellow aroma of high alcohol durable, the bottom red uniform and bright.
Partial enlarged view; excellent choice of materials, pie uniform thickness, moderately elastic!
HD Neto real shot at close range, local display; the tea properly tensioned cord delicate, translucent crystal soup, cool taste of alcohol, full-bodied and smooth, pure aroma, the bottom juicy. When tasting slippery and moist, and lasting, good enough flavor, sweet fast and thick!
Soup was red wine, and also very bright, because it is ancient Dasan Menghai area of raw materials, it is more resistant foam, according to the amount of your investment and tea, and generally 10-15 bubble is no problem, the more bubbles the more the better!


text:
The #PanamaPapers and the Wizards of Oz
By Godfrey Moase
5.Apr.16
It's the largest document leak in history: 11.5 million files and 2.6 terabytes of information detailing how our global elite avoid their responsibility to the rest of us. The Panama Papers have allowed us to peek behind the Wizard of Oz's curtain and glimpse the very mortal old men pulling the levers of state.
But we already know they play by different rules. We have long known, for instance, that the global elite use tax havens. Yet, what's truly damaging about these leaks is that they demystify the process. The Panama Papers detail how politicians and their associates around the globe have hidden their fortunes in offshore companies and tax havens.
The process is mundane, even somewhat boring: anyone with the right connections can hide their wealth through shell companies and trusts. But in Australia alone, there are over 800 wealthy individuals who have been outed in the Panama Papers. As our top 1% have sucked their wealth through the tax havens of the globe, the rest of us have had to make do with less to fund their lifestyle choices.
The Panama Papers show the extent to which our democracy is broken. No wonder a full 26 per cent of 18–29 year old Australians hold the view that 'it doesn't matter what kind of government we have' – our system is unequal with different rules for the powerful.
What young Australians have experienced is a life where wages stagnate, rents go up, educational debts rise ever upwards, opportunities for a secure job are few and far between, utility bills climb, and medical costs continue to grow. Young Australians have to work harder and longer for less. Meanwhile our political elites shovel more of our combined wealth their way.
Indeed, whether we elect people who funnel our wealth to the top 1% or have that person imposed upon us makes little real impact on our daily lives: these Panama 800 are the same people who fund the politicians to tell us that Australia cannot afford living wages or a social safety net.
The Panama Papers show we need a new democratic compact which is capable of regulating the behaviour of the wealthy and the powerful. Four measures can help us restore our democracy.
The first step is a referendum for a constitutional amendment to limit political donations to flesh and blood members of our community and to cap such contributions at $1000 in any one election cycle.
Large-scale corporate donations have broken the nexus of trust between our politicians and the people – they have broken our democracy. A constitutional referendum to clean out the big money from our democratic system can help restore the voice of our fellow citizens.
Second, we cannot separate our workplaces from our communities – a lack of democracy in one field bleeds into the other. Hence, the relative decline of union membership and collective action in Australia is reflective of our broader democratic crisis.
We need to shift power from our corporate and political elites towards the people. But this cannot happen without workers standing together in unions.
Unions are engines of democracy, which are always at the forefront of any fight for the expansion of democratic rights.
However, union leaders like myself need to make the difficult choice of reducing the importance of our individual role within the political sphere. The way union affiliation presently works with Labor rests on union secretaries and other senior officials exercising votes on behalf of tens of thousands of their members.
We need to consciously reimagine the union-Labor affiliation link as a right for union workers and members to participate and have a say themselves within Labor, whether that is preselecting local candidates, voting on the parliamentary leader or shaping policy. This would then expand the social base of progressive politics in our country from a few hundred elites and a few thousand party members to one million workers in affiliated unions.
Union workers would be able to use their membership to directly amplify their political voice.
Third, democratic renewal in the political sphere will only work if it's connected to democratic renewal at work.
The right for workers to elect their co-workers as union delegates to help represent them at work should be enshrined as a fundamental right. Locally elected delegates with the right to a reasonable amount of paid time to access training to carry out their role, paid time on the job to assist in representing their workmates and access to reasonable workplace facilities for their role are a key part of workers standing together. This is not a matter to haggle over; it should be a fundamental right if workers choose a co-worker to represent them.
Finally, changing the way political donations and affiliations work for unions also changes the conversation around bargaining fees. In a user-pays economy, Australian unions are the only actor expected to provide a service for free – bargaining employment contracts and reviewing minimum industry standards.
Workers can free-ride off the work that their union member co-workers have put in to winning fair terms of employment. Allowing a majority of workers to push for an agreement clause which mandates that all workers covered by the contract should have to pay a bargaining fee to the union or otherwise join the union fixes the free-rider problem. Everyone has to pay their fair share.
The only reasonable objection to this situation is that a worker should not be forced to join an organisation which contributes to a political party they conscientiously object to. Optional individual affiliation removes this objection – the political donations and involvement of a union at large would only represent the sum total of the decisions made by its members. Union workers would have the freedom to ensure their money does not go to candidates or political parties they fundamentally disagree with.
A constitutional amendment cleaning out big money from our democracy, making union political affiliations and donations about union members (not union leaders), a bill of rights for union delegates and the introduction of bargaining fees – taken together these changes can help us reclaim our democracy from the wizards of Panama and ensure younger generations can once again have a secure future.
If you liked this article, please subscribe or donate.
Godfrey Moase is the Assistant General Branch Secretary at the National Union of Workers in Melbourne. He's previously written for the Guardian, Overland, Jacobin and New Matilda.
More by Godfrey Moase


text:
Calcitonin gene-related peptide increases coronary flow and decreases coronary resistance
Christopher D. Joyce, Richard A. Prinz*, John X. Thomas, Ronald R. Fiscus, Xian Wang, Goldie Djuricin, H. Kurt Jacobs
Office of Medical Education and Faculty Development
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator, but its effects on in situ ventricular function are unknown. We studied effects of intracoronary CGRP (100, 200, and 600 pmole/min, for 10 min) in 21 open-chest chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Systemic, pulmonary, left ventricular (LVP), central venous, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures were continuously monitored. Left ventricular wall thickness (WT) and circumflex coronary blood flow were also measured. CGRP was infused into the proximal circumflex artery. During CGRP infusion there were no changes in heart rate, cardiac index, pulmonary artery pressure, or systemic vascular resistance, no percentage change in ventricular WT, and no changes in dWT/dt, peak dP/dt, or the slope of endsystolic points on WT/LVP loops. But there were significant changes in coronary flow (CQ), coronary resistance (CRES) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) from control (C)* (P < 0.05). {A table is presented} CGRP is a potent coronary artery vasodilator causing notable dose-dependent decreases in coronary resistance and a rise in myocardial flow, despite a decreased MAP (all P < 0.05). CGRP does not affect ventricular contractility in vivo.
Dive into the research topics of 'Calcitonin gene-related peptide increases coronary flow and decreases coronary resistance'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
peptides INIS 100%
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Joyce, C. D., Prinz, R. A., Thomas, J. X., Fiscus, R. R., Wang, X., Djuricin, G., & Jacobs, H. K. (1990). Calcitonin gene-related peptide increases coronary flow and decreases coronary resistance. Journal of Surgical Research, 49(5), 435-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4804(90)90192-5
Joyce, Christopher D. ; Prinz, Richard A. ; Thomas, John X. et al. / Calcitonin gene-related peptide increases coronary flow and decreases coronary resistance. In: Journal of Surgical Research. 1990 ; Vol. 49, No. 5. pp. 435-440.
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title = "Calcitonin gene-related peptide increases coronary flow and decreases coronary resistance",
abstract = "Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator, but its effects on in situ ventricular function are unknown. We studied effects of intracoronary CGRP (100, 200, and 600 pmole/min, for 10 min) in 21 open-chest chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Systemic, pulmonary, left ventricular (LVP), central venous, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures were continuously monitored. Left ventricular wall thickness (WT) and circumflex coronary blood flow were also measured. CGRP was infused into the proximal circumflex artery. During CGRP infusion there were no changes in heart rate, cardiac index, pulmonary artery pressure, or systemic vascular resistance, no percentage change in ventricular WT, and no changes in dWT/dt, peak dP/dt, or the slope of endsystolic points on WT/LVP loops. But there were significant changes in coronary flow (CQ), coronary resistance (CRES) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) from control (C)* (P < 0.05). {A table is presented} CGRP is a potent coronary artery vasodilator causing notable dose-dependent decreases in coronary resistance and a rise in myocardial flow, despite a decreased MAP (all P < 0.05). CGRP does not affect ventricular contractility in vivo.",
author = "Joyce, {Christopher D.} and Prinz, {Richard A.} and Thomas, {John X.} and Fiscus, {Ronald R.} and Xian Wang and Goldie Djuricin and Jacobs, {H. Kurt}",
Joyce, CD, Prinz, RA, Thomas, JX, Fiscus, RR, Wang, X, Djuricin, G & Jacobs, HK 1990, 'Calcitonin gene-related peptide increases coronary flow and decreases coronary resistance', Journal of Surgical Research, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 435-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4804(90)90192-5
Calcitonin gene-related peptide increases coronary flow and decreases coronary resistance. / Joyce, Christopher D.; Prinz, Richard A.; Thomas, John X. et al.
In: Journal of Surgical Research, Vol. 49, No. 5, 11.1990, p. 435-440.
T1 - Calcitonin gene-related peptide increases coronary flow and decreases coronary resistance
AU - Joyce, Christopher D.
AU - Prinz, Richard A.
AU - Thomas, John X.
AU - Fiscus, Ronald R.
AU - Wang, Xian
AU - Djuricin, Goldie
AU - Jacobs, H. Kurt
N2 - Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator, but its effects on in situ ventricular function are unknown. We studied effects of intracoronary CGRP (100, 200, and 600 pmole/min, for 10 min) in 21 open-chest chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Systemic, pulmonary, left ventricular (LVP), central venous, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures were continuously monitored. Left ventricular wall thickness (WT) and circumflex coronary blood flow were also measured. CGRP was infused into the proximal circumflex artery. During CGRP infusion there were no changes in heart rate, cardiac index, pulmonary artery pressure, or systemic vascular resistance, no percentage change in ventricular WT, and no changes in dWT/dt, peak dP/dt, or the slope of endsystolic points on WT/LVP loops. But there were significant changes in coronary flow (CQ), coronary resistance (CRES) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) from control (C)* (P < 0.05). {A table is presented} CGRP is a potent coronary artery vasodilator causing notable dose-dependent decreases in coronary resistance and a rise in myocardial flow, despite a decreased MAP (all P < 0.05). CGRP does not affect ventricular contractility in vivo.
AB - Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator, but its effects on in situ ventricular function are unknown. We studied effects of intracoronary CGRP (100, 200, and 600 pmole/min, for 10 min) in 21 open-chest chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Systemic, pulmonary, left ventricular (LVP), central venous, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures were continuously monitored. Left ventricular wall thickness (WT) and circumflex coronary blood flow were also measured. CGRP was infused into the proximal circumflex artery. During CGRP infusion there were no changes in heart rate, cardiac index, pulmonary artery pressure, or systemic vascular resistance, no percentage change in ventricular WT, and no changes in dWT/dt, peak dP/dt, or the slope of endsystolic points on WT/LVP loops. But there were significant changes in coronary flow (CQ), coronary resistance (CRES) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) from control (C)* (P < 0.05). {A table is presented} CGRP is a potent coronary artery vasodilator causing notable dose-dependent decreases in coronary resistance and a rise in myocardial flow, despite a decreased MAP (all P < 0.05). CGRP does not affect ventricular contractility in vivo.
Joyce CD, Prinz RA, Thomas JX, Fiscus RR, Wang X, Djuricin G et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide increases coronary flow and decreases coronary resistance. Journal of Surgical Research. 1990 Nov;49(5):435-440. doi: 10.1016/0022-4804(90)90192-5


Game Description: Clash on the battlefields of tomorrow and choose your hero from a diverse cast of soldiers, scientists, adventurers, and oddities. Bend time, defy physics, and unleash a dizzying array of extraordinary powers and weapons. Engage your enemies in iconic locations from around the globe in the ultimate team-based shooter. Take your place in Overwatch...the world needs heroes.


What's Down The Stretch Ranch?
Down The Stretch Ranch was co-founded in 2015 by Hall of Fame Trainer, Jerry Hollendorfer, his wife Janet, and Boone McCanna. The foundation is a 501(c)3 non-profit thoroughbred race horse retirement facility which connects injured or retired racehorses with United States Veterans.
We all have a connection to veterans. If I can give something back to the horses and to the people who fight for me to walk around here, then I'm happy to do that. These people go out there and put their lives on the line for me, and I'm astounded people do that.


I took those pictures in a recent visit to the Houston Museum of Natural Science. This was inside their Mineral room, which was breathtaking. I could've easily spent hours in there, but having the kids with us I had to cut it short. Many of us underestimate nature's talent, these are just a few examples I was able to catch. I wish I could've kept track of all the names and types, but again that would've been too much to ask for.
I don't know if you can tell that this huge, I could've easily fit inside it! It was the biggest mineral in the exhibition.
We try to be creative but I think someone somewhere did a better job…fantastic natural works of art!
Exquisite, thank you for sharing!
They are stunning…. I have always loved looking at crystals/rocks like this, ever since I was a small child and we lived near a gemstone shop.
Yes, nature's creations are far more beautiful than all the man made stuff..
I'm so behind on reading, but I have scrolled through this so many times! You post the most interesting and thought-provoking images (like the bubbles) that let one's imagination wonder. I LOVE these and remember in first grade our teacher made crystals with chemicals – I was hooked! I begged my mother to buy me the chemicals to make them, but she didn't bite – drats! I resorted to taking a hammer to quartz rocks and breaking those open 😉 Beautiful post!!
Thank you so much 🙂 I love all your posts too, specially that I really like doing things myself.
All i was thinking was kryptonite. Lol. This is a lovely collection. Wonders of nature never cease.
what a beautiful photos !!!
They are magnificent, indeed! And the photos are pretty impressive as well. You're clearly a professional — in addition to your wonderful jewelry designs. Kudos!
You are too sweet. I'm so far from being a professional photographer, but thank you for the compliment, I'm always trying to get better at it.
nature really does wonder. astonishingly amazing!


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