bpNichol (Barrie Phillip Nichol) was born in Vancouver, BC, in 1944. In 1963, he received a teaching certificate from the University of British Columbia and briefly taught elementary school. He also worked for the University of Toronto Libraries, was a therapist and administrator for a therapy foundation, and, in the 1980s, wrote for the children's television show Fraggle Rock, created by Jim Henson. bpNichol died in 1988.
In his own work, bpNichol spanned the boundaries of poetry, visual art, sound, and prose. In the 1960s, he published roughly 30 chapbooks, books, and pamphlets—a number of them featuring concrete poetry, illustration, and visual poems. He was also known for his use of the typewriter as a tool to explore the dimensions of the page. In the 1970s, he collaborated on sound poetry with Rafael Barreto-Rivera, Paul Dutton, and Steve McCaffery as the Four Horsemen.
Collections of work by bpNichol include The Martyrology, published as nine books in the 1970s, 80s, and 90s; Selected Writing: As Elected (1980); Zygal: A Book of Mysteries and Translations (1985); An H in the Heart: A Reader (1994); and Konfessions of an Elizabethan Fan Dancer (2000). He edited the anthology The Cosmic Chef: An Evening of Concrete (1970), which won the Canadian Governor General's Award for Poetry. With Steve McCaffery, he edited Sound Poetry: A Catalogue (1978) and Rational Geomancy: The Kids of the Book-Machine: The Collected Research Reports of the Toronto Research Group 1973-1982 (1992), a manifesto and sampling of Canadian arts and writing.
bpNichol is featured in the film bp: pushing the boundaries (1998).
"Ordinary Man". Sheet music. April 1977.
8 Lines on/of/as H's + 2 Alpha pairings. Toronto: Letters, 1986. 2 Bit Poetry series No. 9.
AAA (Broadside). Letters and Room 3o2 Books, 1984.
Ad sanctos: The Martyrology, Book 9. Toronto: Coach House Books, 1993.
As Elected: Selected Writing 1962-1979. Edited by bpNichol and Jack David. Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1980.
The Captain Poetry Poems. bpNichol. 1971.
Catalogue of the "Pataphysical Hardware Company. 1985. Second Edition (Revised by jwcurry). 1992.
A Christmas Vision in the Voice of St. Nicholas.
Cosmic News Notes. grOnk series 5.5 Toronto: Ganglia Press, 1969.
Craft Dinner. Toronto: Aya Press, 1978.
A catalogue to an exhibition of bp's visual poetry. grOnk IS 23 (November 1979).
The Elevation of Saint Ranglehold.
1CENT (#173). Toronto: CURVD H&Z, 1986.
End of August Giant grOnk Mailout. Toronto: Ganglia Press, 1969.
Gifts: The Martyrology book(s) 7 & 1990. Second Edition. Toronto: Coach House Books, 2003.
Grease Ball One. Toronto: Ganglia Press, 1972.
H into I: DEvolution. grOnk Intermediate Series #24 (30 September 1984). Published in an edition of 200 copies on his 40th birthday.
Introduction to Zygal, recorded in 1986.
Journal. Toronto: The Coach House Press, 1978. 82pgs.
Konfessions of an Elizabethan Fan Dancer. Weed Flower Press, 1973. Third Edition (First Canadian Edition).
Lament: a sound poem. Toronto: Ganglia Press, 1969.
Dedication: "to the memory of d.a. levy who took his own life november 1968"
The Martyrology Book 5. 1982. Facsimile Edition, First Printing. 1994. Toronto: Coach House Books, 1994.
Libretto by bpNichol. Music by David Mott.
bpNichol. "My Adventures To & Fro Down Under the Town of Plunkett". Published by the author, 1968. 68 pages.
News Notes to Accompany Big grOnk Mailout Number Nine October 1971. Toronto: Ganglia Press, 1971.
From the 7 ¼ floppy record borders included in the box bp, published in February 1967 by Coach House Press (Toronto, Ontario).
bpNichol, Of Lines: Some Drawings. Toronto: Underwhich Editions, 1981.
Toronto, "Pataphysical Hardware Company, 1985.
Toronto, "Pataphysical Hardware Company, 1985. Reprinted 12 March 1992.
John Riddell's Pope Leo: El Elope. grOnk 2.6. With drawings by bpNichol. Toronto: Ganglia Press, 1969.
Envelope containing seeds and a stick with rubber stamped instructions.
Toronto: Ganglia Press, n/a. 7 pgs.
#25 in the 5 cent spindle fold & mutilate series from Ganglia Press.
Scraptures: fourth sequence. Niagara Falls (NY): press : today : niagara, 1979 or 1980.
Scraptures: second sequence. singing hand series. Number 1 (1980). Ganglia Press.
Scraptures: sequence eleven. grOnk 8. Toronto: Ganglia Press, August 1967.
Scraptures: Sequence Eleven. grOnk 8 (August 1967).
Scraptures: tenth sequence. Toronto: Ganglia Press, 1967.
Scraptures: third sequence. Toronto: Ganglia Press, 1966.
Snore Comix #2. Toronto: The Coach House Press, 1970.
Some Notes on an Approach to Teaching Computers. Notes. 14 November 1985.
Tales of the Myth Collector. Published by the author, in Toronto 1972.
bpNichol, Theory 1-4. Toronto: CURVD H&Z 1984.
Christmas 1983 Chapbook by bpNichol, Eleanor and Sarah Nichol.
The True Eventual Story of Billy the Kid. Toronto: Weed/Flower Press, 1970.
Two Novels: Andy. Toronto: The Coach House Press, 1973.
Two Novels: For Jesus Lunatick. Toronto: The Coach House Press, 1973.
Two Years in the Making Featuring a Cast of Thousands its the The Big New grOnk Mailout. grOnk News Notes Sheet #K Toronto: Ganglia Press, 1972.
The Year of the Frong: a study of The Frog from Scraptures: ninth sequence. Toronto: Ganglia, 1967.


Evaluation Of JRS Peace Education Program In Uganda And South Sudan - Idea of History and Peace Education. As we probably am aware account story that demonstrates the historical backdrop of human progress did not escape from the contention and war kkerasan which asserted numerous casualties. Truth be told the World War I and II which is said to be murdered 33% of the world populace has brought injury for the human aggregate memory. Human pitilessness like a despot Adolf Hitler and various others brings up the issue of whether human memunyai characteristic dangerous impulses? Are viciousness and subsidiaries for example war genocide and others turns into a fundamental part of humanity?
On the premise of foundation that the idea of peace training is characterized as an approach to encourage individuals who love peace cultivate a society of peacefulness struggle unraveling abilities an idea until today both in the worldwide circle and in the connection of Indonesia peace instruction is still once in a while connected in training. Peace instruction is still constrained to known and actualized on a restricted scale by intense lobbyist peacebuilding (peace building) and struggle determination (strife determination).
The term or terms of peace training is still an outside term in the setting of Indonesia maybe even in many nations in Asia. Along these lines in this meeting we talk about further what is peace training subsequent to when he showed up in the progress of human development and how well the idea and its application. It additionally incorporates uncovering its hidden logic the motivation behind the usage for example what educational programs and materials and the improvement of peace training itself until today.
The Peace Education Program instructs the aptitudes and qualities connected with quiet practices. The project is intended to empower and urge individuals to ponder issues both physical and social and to create helpful states of mind towards living respectively and taking care of issues that emerge in their groups through quiet means.
The project permits the learners to hone these aptitudes and offers them some assistance with discovering the advantages for themselves so that they mentally own the abilities and practices. To guarantee that it is a feasible project it is fundamental that peace training is not an erratic activity yet rather an all around organized and managed program. None of us takes in these practices in a split second and if projects to change or create practices are to succeed they must be both movement based and supported through an organized and managed program.
The term peace training can cover numerous ranges from support to law change from fundamental instruction to social equity. This peace instruction system is intended to add to individuals productive and serene abilities qualities and practices. In a perfect world this supplements and supplements the procedure of peace building whereby groups and countries create social and financial equity (and legitimate change where fundamental).
The Peace Education Program (PEP) assessment for JRS Uganda/South Sudan occurred from October seventeenth to 28th 2005 in the field with different meetings held prior and then afterward in Nairobi. The activity concentrated on the PEP ventures Kajokeji South Sudan. The essential goals of the assessment was to survey the effect that the project has had in the groups and schools in northern Uganda (particularly in Adjumani Moyo and Arua regions) and southern Sudan (Kajokeji and Nimule) since the system was started in late 1999 and to propose conceivable routes forward.
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In this section of the site, each pictorial scene presented in the upper banner was taken from Claude Picard's historical fresco. It is possible to research each of the twenty-four scenes comprising this fresco by clicking on the images or arrows located under the banner. Each scene is accompanied by an explanatory text in the center of the Web page. The French version of these texts is drawn from a special edition, in April 1989, of the Revue de la Société historique du Madawaska entitled, "La vie au Madawaska 1785-1985: fresque historique de Claude Picard" (PDF copy). Inspired by the different scenes in Claude Picard's historical fresco, the texts in the periodical deal with life in Madawaska from 1785 to 1985 and have been translated to English.
To make the fresco more detailed and alive, interactive multimedia learning objects were added to the site. The latter provide explanations, enrichment or additional content in keeping with certain features linked to the topic addressed in each scene. So the explanatory text linked to each scene, presented in the centre of the page, contains hyperlinks which make it possible for users to enrich his knowledge of the history and heritage of the area, beginning with the subjects touched upon in the fresco.
In 1985, on the occasion of celebrations for the Madawaska Bicentennial (1785-1985), the city of Edmundston commissioned Claude Picard, a distinguished Madawaska artist, to create a pictorial work of art which would illustrate the two hundred years of history of the area. This work took the shape of a mural fresco entitled La vie au Madawaska 1785-1985 which told of life in Madawaska from 1785 to 1985 in twenty-four historical scenes or vignettes. This mural measuring approximately 2.1 m X 2.3 m (7' X 7 1/2'), is exhibited permanently in the Edmundston Municipal Council Chamber.
In this fresco, the artist wanted to pay "homage to our pioneers, our settlers, our missionaries, our builders". The work "defines the altruism, sacrifice, courage, tenacity, loyalty and devotion to work of our ancestors. It is a brief retelling of the history of Madawaska, but this time through images".
In fact, Mr. Picard was inspired by Father Thomas Albert's book, Histoire du Madawaska, and articles published in the periodical published by the Société historique du Madawaska to create and achieve this tableau.
Claude Picard's historical mural (fresco) is explained in detail in the section "General Information" of the Web site.


Divorce is strikingly common in the United States. Statistics indicate that some 40 to 50% of all first marriages will eventually end in divorce, as will 60% of all second marriages. While the transition from marriage to separation to divorce is a difficult one for many couples, it's important to make the process as smooth and simple as possible to help the both of you move on with the rest of your lives as best as you possibly can. Hiring an attorney for divorce legal services can help you in more ways than one.
Divorce lawyers understand all of the legal terminology that can be difficult for the average person to grasp. Because divorce procedures can vary widely by state, it's important to have someone explain to you your rights, options, and possible courses of action in plain English that's easy to understand.
Some divorces can be particularly messy, and that's an understatement. It may be difficult for both partners to come to a mutual understanding, and in some cases, even be in the same room without breaking down into a vicious argument. Even when you spouses are still on speaking terms, it's helpful to have third parties to ensure healthy, productive conversations are happening.When you've known someone for a very long time — and divorces occur on average after nine years of marriage — keeping your emotions off the table when it comes time to negotiate settlement terms and agreements may be virtually impossible. Divorce lawyers can serve as mediators in these situations, speaking on your behalf and working with your best interests in mind.
In the event that a case needs to be settled in court, especially where child custody is concerned, divorce lawyers are there to represent you. There are some 14.4 million custodial parents living in the United States, but only about half (48.6%) of them have some sort of legal or informal child support agreement in place. Settling these matters in court from the start can save you a lot of frustration down the road.
When you're going through a divorce, never be afraid to ask for help. Find a law firm that will have your back and help you through this emotional time. The most important reason to work with a lawyer may simply be the reassurance that you're not alone.
I am requesting for your legal service for an enforcement of spousal and child's support settlement agreement against my ex-husband.
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How Revealing: An online safe space to talk about sexual assault in India
The Plaid Zebra April 30, 2017 0
BY: KRUPA JOSEPH
Warning: Some of the stories shared in this article contain graphic details of sexual violence.
Parents start teaching children right and wrong at a young age. If you are a girl, chances are that you were handed an extra set of rules. You are taught that you have to act a certain way. You are told that 'good girls' should guard their sexuality with all of their life. Very quickly you learn that the responsibility of sexual assault falls on you. If you escape, kudos to you and if you fail to, you must have done something wrong.
You learn to adjust your neckline, and to not look straight into anyone's eyes lest they view it as an invitation. Ignore the lewd comments, catcalls and those stares even though you can literally feel them undressing you with their eyes. You learn to switch lanes if you notice a man walking behind you, to carry pepper spray (some of my friends swear by chilli powder). You start making it a point to keep someone informed about your whereabouts at all times, to send a picture of the licence plate of the cab you hailed to someone, and to always be on alert, even if that means sending a dirty look to an innocent bystander. Better safe than sorry, right?
For a while I believed that this was only the case in India until I realised that women across the world face the same. Then again, as Vrinda Grover, an Indian Supreme Court lawyer who has worked for two decades on women's issues says, "It's a bad analogy. It just means there's equal cause for concern everywhere."
In 2001, 143,795 cases of crimes against women were reported, and since then India witnessed a steady annual rise, to a peak of 337,992 in 2014. However, in 2015, the number dropped to 327,394. The recorded number of rape cases across the country also decreased from 36,735 in 2014 to 34,651 in 2015. Yet, rape remains the fourth most common crime against women in India. As per the NCRB (National Crime Records Bureau) statistics, on average, every 15 minutes a woman is raped, while the ActionAid UK report suggests that four out of five women (79 per cent) in India have experienced some form of harassment or violence in public. However, this data doesn't take into account that several (data suggests almost 90 per cent) cases go unreported.
There are several reasons why cases go unreported, the main one being the shame attached to rape and sexual assault. Victim blaming is extremely prevalent in the society and almost always the onus of the crime falls on the victim. Add to that the fact that almost always rape is impossible to prove and hence these cases drag on for months. Indian law also disregards marital rape as politicians believe, ironically enough, that it would destroy the sanctity of marriage. For a male victim, the stigma is even higher, because there are absolutely no laws that protect men against sexual assault or rape. All of these factors make it extremely difficult for victims to talk about their experiences – until now.
A safe space to share your experiences
Urmila, a lawyer based in India, was irked by the status quo and the lack of a support system. However, the tipping point came in December 2012, when a young woman, Jyoti Singh, was brutally gang-rapped in Delhi. In the wake of the incident, people had taken to the streets shouting for justice, for never had the country witnessed such bestiality.
"The Delhi gang rape channeled a lot of the anger and despair I was already feeling. Being a lawyer, I was also exposed to the vagaries of the justice system. I have witnessed the ways in which survivors are shamed and blamed right from the time they decide to report an incident of sexual violence. After everything they had to go through, the survivors are put under a microscope and subjected to character assassination during trial. While the laws have become more progressive with the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act of 2013, I cannot say with certainty that a lot has changed on ground. But legal reform is one step in a long journey and to be able to have an impact in the area of sexual violence, we need to work together with professionals in other disciplines like psychologists, psychiatrists, sociologists and the like," says Urmila explaining how she came to create How Revealing, a website that allows people to anonymously post stories of their assault.
For those wondering the choice of the name, they have a very simple explanation. "The idea behind the name How Revealing comes from the kind of reactions that accompany an incident. For instance, after an incident of molestation outside a bar, a common reaction is 'Did you see how revealing her top was? No wonder she was molested!' We want to do our bit to change this normalization of and need for people to shame and appropriate blame on the person who experiences such incidents,"states their website. The varied accounts on the website, at the end of which most of them state what they were wearing at the time of the assault, quite sarcastically, once again asserts that it is never the victim's fault, and that clothing is not the root cause of rape or molestation.
How does the website help sexual assault victims?
"How Revealing is our attempt at helping people deal with this cauldron of feelings – of fear, guilt, shame, anger, trauma, depression, apathy, etc. Every feeling is legitimate and those who have experienced sexual assault have a variety of ways of dealing with it. But often, at least in India, there is no outlet for these feelings. People bottle it up and keep them in a cupboard neatly locked up, hoping never to open it again," they explain on their website.
The site also provides links to organizations and initiatives that offer support and assistance to those who seek it. The website has been created as a way to fill in the blanks in terms of instances of sexual violence and sexism. " I hope in time, when we have enough stories on How Revealing, we can bridge some gaps and impact survivor support mechanisms in a positive way," Urmila elaborates. Absolutely anyone, even a witness or the loved one of a victim is allowed to contribute. Because oftentimes they are unsure of how to respond and are dealing with their own feelings of guilt, shame and shock."
"The website is the result of a collective effort between Urmila and two studios— Pigeon & Co., which is the Design and Strategy partner, and Penguin Thoughts, which is responsible for all things tech. "I am involved in the day-to-day running as well as curating and editing the stories. With respect to new decisions, collaborations or strategy, I work very closely with Saurabh, the co-founder of Pigeon & Co," Urmila explains. They also have close connections with lawyers and psychologists who provide them with regular feedback. They mulled over this idea for over two years and finally launched on January 13, 2017, with the hope that people will realize they are not alone, that there are others with similar experiences, and those dealing with the myriad of emotions that comes as an aftermath to such incidents.
What needs to be done to change the narrative?
"I think the basic premise of How Revealing is establishing that one is not alone and that sexual assault may be much more common than we realize. Given that there is a dearth of reliable data when it comes to sexual violence in India due to under-reporting, we cannot be sure of the extent of the problem and the different kinds of people and situations in which incidents occur. So, How Revealing is offering people a platform to share and let it out. In time, with enough stories(although they will not be a replacement for hard data), we will be able to comment with more certainty on the exact mechanisms for policy change," Urmila shares.
"Preliminarily though, the State needs to ensure that there are mental health practitioners who are there to assist survivors at every step of the way – just like legal aid and legal representation is a must, so too must psychological support be made mandatory. While the One Stop Crisis Centres are a welcome move post the Jyoti Singh gang rape and murder, it remains to be seen whether they are serving its purpose and making it easier for survivors to get access to the justice system. This also speaks to the broader issue of needing to destigmatize seeking mental health support as well, which we are trying to enable by having the support page with links to organizations that people can get in touch with if they so wish to," she adds.
The website is a much-needed forum in a country where crimes against women are reported every two minutes. More than anything a safe, judgement-free zone for people of all genders, nationalities and ages is what survivors need to share their experiences, and connect with those who could understand your pain. If you or someone you know has faced such violence, it's important to talk about it and please seek help – you are not alone.
Tags ActionAid UK harrasment How Revealing India Men molestation National Crime Records Bureau NCRB Rape Safe space sexual assault sexual assault in India Victim blaming Women

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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HomeTackling the Internet's Central Villain: The Advertising Business
Tackling the Internet's Central Villain: The Advertising Business
2018-02-02 Eric EntrepreneurshipAdvertising, Internet
Pretend you are the lead detective on a hit new show, "CSI: Terrible Stuff on the Internet." In the first episode, you set up one of those crazy walls plastered with headlines and headshots, looking for hidden connections between everything awful that's been happening online recently.
There's a lot of dark stuff. In one corner, you have the Russian campaign to influence the 2016 presidential election with digital propaganda. In another, a rash of repugnant videos on YouTube, with children being mock-abused, cartoon characters bizarrely committing suicide on the kids' channel and a popular vlogger recording a body hanging from a tree.
Then there's tech "addiction," the rising worry that adults and kids are getting hooked on smartphones and social networks despite our best efforts to resist the constant desire for a fix. And all over the internet, general fakery abounds — there are millions of fake followers on Twitter and Facebook, fake rehab centers being touted on Google and even fake review sites to sell you a mattress.
So who is the central villain in this story, the driving force behind much of the chaos and disrepute online?
This isn't that hard. You don't need a crazy wall to figure it out, because the force to blame has been quietly shaping the contours of life online since just about the beginning of life online: It's the advertising business, stupid.
And if you want to fix much of what ails the internet right now, the ad business would be the perfect perp to handcuff and restrain — and perhaps even reform.
Ads are the lifeblood of the internet, the source of funding for just about everything you read, watch and hear online. The digital ad business is in many ways a miracle machine — it corrals and transforms latent attention into real money that pays for many truly useful inventions, from search to instant translation to video hosting to global mapping.
But the online ad machine is also a vast, opaque and dizzyingly complex contraption with underappreciated capacity for misuse — one that collects and constantly profiles data about our behavior, creates incentives to monetize our most private desires and frequently unleashes loopholes that the shadiest of people are only too happy to exploit.
And for all its power, the digital ad business has long been under-regulated and under-policed, both by the companies that run it and by the world's governments. In the United States, the industry has been almost untouched by oversight, even though it forms the primary revenue stream of two of the planet's most valuable companies, Google and Facebook.
"In the early days of online media, the choice was essentially made — give it away for free, and advertising would produce the revenue," said Randall Rothenberg, the chief executive of the Interactive Advertising Bureau, a trade association that represents companies in the digital ad business. "A lot of the things we see now flow out from that decision."
Mr. Rothenberg's organization has long pushed for stronger standards for online advertising. In a speech last year, he implored the industry to "take civic responsibility for our effect on the world." But he conceded the business was growing and changing too quickly for many to comprehend its excesses and externalities — let alone to fix them.
"Technology has largely been outpacing the ability of individual companies to understand what is actually going on," he said. "There's really an unregulated stock market effect to the whole thing."
Facebook, which reported its earnings on Wednesday, said its advertising principles hold that ads should "be safe and civil." It defended the targeted ad business's overall value, arguing that digital advertising connects people to products and services from small businesses and "creates jobs and helps the economy."
The company also pointed to several steps it had taken recently. "We've tightened our ad policies, hired more ad reviewers, and created a new team to help detect and prevent abuses," said Rob Goldman, Facebook's vice president of advertising. "We're also testing a tool that will bring more transparency to ads running on our platform. We know there is more work to do, but our goal is to keep people safe."
A spokesman for Google, whose parent company, Alphabet, reports earnings on Thursday, said it was constantly policing its ad system, pointing out recent steps it has taken to address problems arising from the ad business, including several changes to YouTube.
The role of the ad business in much of what's terrible online was highlighted in a recent report by two think tanks, New America and Harvard's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy.
"The central problem of disinformation corrupting American political culture is not Russian spies or a particular social media platform," two researchers, Dipayan Ghosh and Ben Scott, wrote in the report, titled "Digital Deceit." "The central problem is that the entire industry is built to leverage sophisticated technology to aggregate user attention and sell advertising."
The report chronicles just how efficient the online ad business has become at profiling, targeting, and persuading people. That's good news for the companies that want to market to you — as the online ad machine gets better, marketing gets more efficient and effective, letting companies understand and influence consumer sentiment at a huge scale for little money.
But the same cheap and effective persuasion machine is also available to anyone with nefarious ends. The Internet Research Agency, the troll group at the center of Russian efforts to influence American politics, spent $46,000 on Facebook ads before the 2016 election. That's not very much — Hillary Clinton's and Donald J. Trump's campaigns spent tens of millions online. And yet the Russian campaign seems to have had enormous reach; Facebook has said the I.R.A.'s messages — both its ads and its unpaid posts — were seen by nearly 150 million Americans.
How the I.R.A. achieved this mass reach likely has something to do with the dynamics of the ad business, which lets advertisers run many experimental posts to hone their messages, and tends to reward posts that spark outrage and engagement — exactly the sort that the Russians were pushing.
"You can't have it both ways," Mr. Scott said. "Either you have a brilliant technology that permits microtargeting to exactly the people you want to influence at exactly the right time with exactly the right message — or you're only reaching a small number of people and therefore it couldn't be influential."
The consequences of the ad business don't end at foreign propaganda. Consider all the nutty content recently found on YouTube Kids — not just the child-exploitation clips but also videos that seem to be created in whole or in part by algorithms that are mining the system for what's popular, then creating endless variations.
Why would anyone do such a thing? For the ad money. One producer of videos that show antics including his children being scared by clowns told BuzzFeed that he had made more than $100,000 in two months from ads on his videos.
YouTube, which is owned by Google, has since pulled down thousands of such disturbing videos; the company said late last year that it was hiring numerous moderators to police the platform. It also tightened the rules for which producers can make money from its ad system.
Facebook, too, has made several recent fixes. The company has built a new tool — being tested in Canada and slated to be rolled out more widely this year — that lets people see the different ads being placed by political pages, a move meant to address I.R.A.-like influence campaigns. It has also fixed holes that allowed advertisers to target campaigns by race and religion. And it recently unveiled a new version of its News Feed that is meant to cut down on passively scrolling through posts — part of Mark Zuckerberg's professed effort to improve the network even, he has said, at the cost of advertising revenue.
The tinkering continued on Tuesday, when Facebook also said it would ban ads promoting crypto currency schemes, some of which have fallen into scammy territory.
Yet these are all piecemeal efforts. They don't address the underlying logic of the ad business, which produces endless incentives for gaming the system in ways that Google and Facebook discover often only after the fact. Mr. Rothenberg said this was how regulating advertising was likely to go — a lot of fixes resembling "Whac-a-Mole."
Of course, there is the government. You could imagine some regulator imposing stricter standards for who has access to the online ad system, who makes money from it, how it uses private information and how transparent tech companies must be about it all. But that also seems unlikely; the Honest Ads Act, a proposal to regulate online political ads, has gone nowhere in Congress.
One final note: In 2015, Timothy D. Cook, Apple's chief executive, warned about the dangers of the online ad business, especially its inherent threat to privacy. I wrote a column in which I took Mr. Cook to task — I argued that he had not acknowledged how ad-supported services improved his own company's devices.
I stand by that view, but now I also regret dismissing his warning so cavalierly. Socially, politically and culturally, the online ad business is far more dangerous than I appreciated. Mr. Cook was right, and we should have listened to him.
Source: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/31/technology/internet-advertising-business.html
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Program 102 | Wisdom of the Elders, Inc.
Life is interwoven with the circular rhythms of nature for the plant people as for all of us. For herbalist and educator Judy Bluehorse Skelton, it's not only which plants you choose, but when. Today, Judy focuses on the season of renewal and gets down to a little spring-cleaning.
The circle of creation is reflected in our culture – our beliefs, our stories, and of course, our music. The round dances, as they are sometimes known, relate directly to this view of the world and the Spirit. Out music director, Nico Wind, has spent some time listening to and learning about round dances.
As elemental as earth, wind, water and fire, rhythm is basic to human existence. As a Piaute song carrier, Judy Trejo has an intimate relationship with rhythm – from the rhythm of the seasons' change, to the rhythms of a lullaby. Teheebvu Chaudi – Great Grandmother's World by Judy Trejo.
Though the circle of the seasons seems constant and unvarying, the circle of a people can be disrupted, re-arranged, forever changed. We try to comprehend such moments of change through the study of history, culture, politics. But sometimes a clearer picture emerges when we view such changes through the eyes of a single person. Rose High Bear shares memories of her grandma, a granddaughter's story – Gramma Sophie.


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Jeeves also cleans using the Professional Wet Cleaning method as an alternative dry clean process. Specially compounded products used by Jeeves are in compliance with all ecological criteria and are certified biodegradable.
Futhermore, Jeeves is committed to minimising the production of waste and through recovery, recycling, and reducing the amount of waste that is sent to landfill.


Flower Delivery By Using the World Wide Web Obtaining flowers from over the internet flower merchants is usually as easy as a child play. Most on the net flower delivery merchants provide a big number of fresh flowers for people who want to acquire using the net. Moreover, most over the internet suppliers aide you in finding your own expression whenever they deliver your flowers, by adding custom cards with an exceptional message printed out on them. Flower delivery might be actually fun, as the floral sector operates for the person, but it has likewise spread as a big business in wholesale and retail gross sales. Flowers execute an essential role for some citizens. Flower gift ideas are designed for every possible celebration: birthdays, wedding ceremonies, graduations, funerals, getaways, anniversaries, etc. They can be also used when no event at all: merely to make people more joyful. This is also favored by many firms, homes, offices and chapels. Every day or every week they deliver potted or stemmed florist to reinforce the cheerful attitude over clients of their business.
To provide each one of these needs, a huge floral market is necessary. Flower delivery is practiced to aid the method and also to raise the number of orderings that folks make. Flower delivery is essentially sought after when working with wholesale.
Spending at wholesale prices substantially lowers the sum of cash for the flowers, a multitude of businesses need it. Flower delivery could be scheduled for a particular period of the day, in the event, the flowers are delivered to the accredited place. An extra personal viewpoint is arrived at the single purchaser. If you want to order flowers on the net, there are numerous facilities which can be made available for you. Prescheduled supply receive price cut prices. One more feature that on the web flower shops offer to the buyer is visa card payment choices. Except for individual orderings, flower delivery typically entails selling a superb assortment of floral stuff to bigger agencies trading in the floral enterprise. You will discover on the net flower retailers that also sequence great volumes of flowers from wholesale providers. There is certainly chain suppliers and affiliate outlets that are associated together developing huge channels of flowers suppliers. Involving them the organization is taken to selling and buying large numbers of numerous types of flowers. If you need to order wholesale, there are particular online stores that supply flower delivery at wholesale prices. They are able to sell you a lot of plants along with trees, and as a person, you can get many discount rates. Flower delivery on the web also keeps out possibilities for around-the-world service. Flower delivery on the world wide web is very easy-to-make and is appreciated by absolutely everyone.


Compiling an outstanding annual report.
The proxy should have a date line, signature line and a space for printing the shareholder's name. Also include information as to how the proxy should be filed (many are filed with the secretary of the corporation), and the deadline (the date and time). Regarding the time, be sure to include the applicable time zone where the meeting will take place (e.g., Eastern Standard Time, Central Standard Time, etc.). Some states, such as Indiana, Arizona and parts of Kentucky do not observe daylight saving time. The proxy and ballot will generally need to be returned to the secretary of the corporation via fax, e-mail or regular mail.


For Thanksgiving, I was in Montreal for a family event, which was a little funny, since Canadian Thanksgiving went by about six weeks ago. But it did give me an opportunity to see a strange tick in one part of America's self-conception.
Take a look at your US passport. In the section for visas, you will the standard collection of great sayings, as well as a standard collection of idyllic American scenes. Notice something missing?
There isn't a single picture of anything that could be regarded as urban. The closest is a print of what appears to be Philadelphia's Independence Hall, but done in such a way that the City of Brotherly Love morphs into Smallville's town square. Ditto with the Statute of Liberty page: you could have had a spectacular shot of Lady Liberty against the New York skyline; in the passport, she is all by herself. All the other pictures are scenes of wilderness, rural farms, cowboys ranching, even the moon — anything but a city.
The normal turn here would be to say something about how Americans hate cities, but I think that is quite wrong. American sure flock to something they hate: since 1920, more Americans have lived in cities than rural areas. (Now, IIRC more are suburban than urban, but both are far greater than rural. Given the GOP's desire to bankrupt the government, we can look forward to "US Passport Brought to You by Wal-Mart", with plenty of strip mall shots, but that's in the future.).
....and what it REALLY looks like.
Instead, it seems to me that at least some folks in the State Department think that Americans don't like cities, and are appealing to a hopelessly obsolete Jeffersonian view. Consider the quote they chose from Ike: "Whatever America hopes to bring to pass in the world must first come to pass in the heart of America". The picture is of a farmer plowing his field with two oxen — hardly a good reflection of today's United States. But more to the point: why is that the heart of America? Sure, Ike was from Kansas, but he got out at age 18 and never moved back. California has tens of millions of more people than the supposed "heartland": what makes farms the heartland?
This isn't just about what Richard Hofstadter termed the "agrarian myth" of America: it also has some bad environmental consequences. As writers across the political spectrum — from Ed Glaeser on the right to New Urbanists on the left to David Owen in the curmudgeonly corner — have pointed out, cities are the most environmentally friendly places to live. And that's not even considering the billions of dollars in agricultural subsidies that damage the environment.
So the next time the State Department redesigns the passport, keep the Statue of Liberty, but show the skyline behind it.


text:
IGNITION KEYS
By Trent E. Boggess
Dept. of Business
Plymouth State College, Plymouth, NH 03264
It seems that there is a story in even the simplest, most common Model T part. For instance, take ignition switch keys. A key is a key, right? Just make sure you have the right number. Well, maybe its not so simple.
From the time that the Ford Motor Company began using coils and coil box assemblies of the K.W. Ignition — Ford Motor Company design, the Company began to have a say in the design of the switch keys. The first switch key was adopted for production on April 12, 1913 and was given the factory number T-5815. This key was actually an assembly of three parts: T-5816, T-5817 and T-5823. The handle portion of the key was brass plated. Keys were supplied by both the Clum Manufacturing Co. and the K.W. Ignition Co.
The first real change in this key came on December 19, 1916. The finish on the key was changed from brass plate to Raven Finish. Raven Finish was a rust proofing process that was developed by the Ford Motor Company that was very similar to Parkerizing. It left a black, phosphate coating on the surface of the steel that tended to resist rusting.
On May 8, 1917, the key was redesigned. Instead of an assembly of three pieces, the key was made from a single flat piece of cold-rolled steel. The name of the key was changed as well. Instead of "Switch Lever Assembly," this part became known as simply the "Switch Key" This design was modified slighTLy on June 19, 1919 by changing the inside corners of the "L" shaped plugs to have a 3/64" radius instead of a square corner to strengthen the dies which made the key.
This key's factory number was changed to T-5815-A on February 13, 1919 to distinguish it from the key used on cars equipped with starters. It remained a part of standard equipment until the use of the switch mounted on the coil box of non-started equipped cars ended about August 9, 1922. Thereafter, this switch key was given the designation T-5815-AR, the "R" indicating that the part was to be used for repairs only. (Releases for T-5815-AR)
The second type of key is distinguishable by the round shape of the head of the key. It was a short lived design supplied by the Clum Manufacturing Company. The tumbler notches appear on one edge of the key only. According to factory records, it was used on the first 15,000 cars built with electric starters in 1919. These cars were primarily sedans and coupes and had the ignition switch and ammeter mounted on the instrument panel. Keys were purchased by Ford in series numbers ranging from 1 to 32. Cars equipped with starters came with two of these keys, as opposed to the non-starter cars which came with only one T-5815-A. The Ford engineering records refer to this key as T-5815-BR and it was given the name "Ignition Switch Key" to help distinguish it from the earlier type. (Releases for T-5815-BR) The final and most common key is characterized by a head that is diamond shaped. While it was adopted on Feb. 21, 1919, the records suggest that this key was not used until after April 23. This key was number T-5815-C. These keys were made out of nickel silver and the heads were "pin frosted" on both sides. A smooth 1/8" by 3/8" surface was provided on the back side of the key for the serial number of the key. These numbers ran from 51 to 74 inclusive. The front face bore the word "Ford" in script.
These keys were made by a number of different vendors. On December 19, 1919 Ford specified that the maker's trademark be placed under the script "Ford" on the face of the key. Keys were supplied by five vendors. These vendors and their trademarks are:
Clum Manufacturing Co.
Briggs and Stratton Co.
King Lock Co.
Cabkey Dupree Co (keys have also been observed with Cabkey Dupree spelled out on the key.
Culver Stearns Co.
Cost cutting caused a change in these keys on Jan 16, 1920. The "pin frosting" was eliminated and the front and rear faces of the diamond head became smooth except for the borders, script word "Ford," trademark, and serial number boss.
The final change to the key came on January 30, 1926 when the material the keys were made from was changed from nickel silver to "S" brass. (Releases for T-5815-C)
1909-1918 None used. Instruments, if any, were attached to the dashboard (firewall). Accessory instrument boards were supplied by accessory manufacturers, not by Ford.
1919 Boards were wood with "leather" covering in early closed cars, and wood with metal covering later. Open cars, when equipped with starter, used wooden panels initially. The ammeter was of large (about 2" diameter glass) size and had a more elaborate movement than the later meters. Initially, the ammeter had no script but early in the year "Ford Motor Company" was specified. Then in about April, just "Ford" was used on the face. The light switch handle was cast, and painted black. The meter and switch were mounted on a rectangular panel which, in turn, was mounted on the instrument panel.
1919-1922 Metal panel of near uniform width from side to side. The end mounting ears were exposed and were fastened to the rear windshield post support bolt. Instrument panels on open cars only when supplied with electrical equipment. The ammeter was about the same size but of simple design. The switch handle was now pressed steel. The handle, mounting board, and switch were all black.
1922-1923 Metal panel now sloped slighTLy, with lower mounting bolts behind the panel. The width tapers upwards at each side. Non-electric cars used a blanking plate at the ammeter location.
1924-1925 Similar to 1923 but now had a support bracket for the steering column.
1926-1927 Metal panel built to appear more integral with the cowl. The ammeter was smaller and mounted in an oval, nickel-plated escutcheon. The handle on the light switch was nickel-plated on some of the later production, although most seem to have been painted black. A dash lamp was an accessory supplied by Ford (and others). The instrument panel was painted body color.
LAMPS Note: Cars supplied with gas lamps were also supplied with gas generators, made by the same firms that supplied the lamps. Generators were brass in the 1909-1912 era, then black and brass in late 1912 through 1914. The generator was not necessarily the same brand as the lamps on any one car. Some 1909 and 1910 (and probably later) cars were also supplied by the factory with Prestolite tanks instead of the generator.
Pictures of items shown in blue can be seen by clicking on them.
E & J 466 Atwood CasTLe 84 Brown 15 (after about 10,000)
Variations in the Atwood-Castle 84
SIDE LAMPS
E & J "Pat. Pend." or "Pat. 1908" (early) E & J "Pat. Pend." or "Pat. 1908" Atwood Castle 204
Brown 60
E & J "Pat. 1908" Atwood Castle 204 Brown 60
E & J 466 Brown 15
E & J "Pat. Pend." or "Pat. 1908" Brown 60
E & J "Pat. 1908" Brown 75
E & J "Pat. 1908" Brown 78 or 75
The Brown 75 and 78 were similar. The 78 had a round clear lens on the side while the 75 had a rectangular clear lens on the side. The 78 is shown at the left.
E & J 666 with Ford script Brown 19 The Jno. Brown line in 1912
E & J "Pat. 1908" Brown 100
E & J "Pat. 1908" The Brown 105 was similar to the 115 except that it was all brass.
(Lamps were now steel, painted black, with brass tops and rims.)
E & J 666, 66 or 656 Brown 16 Victor
E & J 66 Corcoran
E & J 30 or 32 Brown 110
No picture available but similar to the Brown 100 except for the "black and brass" design Victor
E & J 10 or 12 Brown 115 Corcoran
Victor (No photo available)
E & J 656 Victor 2 Corcoran
The E & J 666, 66, and 656 were alike. The model 66 had the "66" off-center. It was the "666" with the final "6" left out. The Victor and the Corcoran were almost identical.
Brown Model 16
E & J 32 Brown Victor
Lamps were the same as 1913 except for the side lamps with integral mounting brackets as in the Brown.
During later production side lamps were provided with integral mounting brackets, eliminating the need for the separate brackets used previously.
(All lamps appeared alike, regardless of make. Early production 1915 lamps varied; made by E & J, they had larger brass rims and lenses (8-5/8 vs 8-1/8") than later standard style lamps. Lamps were supplied by E & J, Brown, Victor and, perhaps others. Headlamp lenses were clear glass until 1921.) Steel headlight rims specified in a letter dated June 19, 1915.
6511X with large lens rim. (E & J 456)
6511X with brass lens rim. (standard)
Rim view Fork mounted Standard mount
During the latter part of 1914 and perhaps early 1915, headlamps were fork-mounted, on the same forks as used by the carbide lamps. Early in 1915 the lamp with the riveted-in-place post became the standard. All were electric, powered by the magneto with the bulbs wired in series. Brass rims discontinued about June 1915.
6561X with large brass top and lens rim. (E & J #6 on early cars)
6561X with brass top and lens rim. (standard)
Interchangeable from side to side. Clear lens. Mounted from rear by means of an integral stud.
6568X with brass top and large lens rim. (E & J #7 early cars)
6568X with brass top and lens rim (standard)
Similar in style to the side lamps, the large lens in the door was red, with a small clear lens on the side facing the license plate. Mounted from the rear. Side and tail lights were kerosene.
Head, Side, and Tail lights were now all painted black but continued the style of 1 915.
Typical 1916-26 side light Typical 1916-23 tail light
Identical to the later 1915 lamps except for the elimination of the brass trimming. Painted all black.
In late 1917 a dimmer was added to the light switch on the magneto-powered lamps. The lamps appeared the same as the 1916 style except for the use of bulbs with two contacts (6-8 volt, 16 C.P.) instead of the older single contact type (8-9 volts, 18 C.P.).
Same appearance as the 1918 lamps but now provided with sockets for two 6-8 volt lamps on those cars supplied with electrical equipment. The main bulb was 6-8 volt, 16 C.P. and the "dim" bulb located in the upper part of the reflector was 2-1/4 C.P. (the same bulb used in the tail light). Magneto lamps were dimmed with a resistor or inductance and were the same as the 1918 type.
Oil lamps the same as earlier but used only on non-electric cars. Starter cars had no side lamps.
7669X (Electric) 6568X (Oil)
Electric lamp was small round type with large red lens and clear lens on the side to illuminate the license plate. Used 2-1/4 C.P. single-contact bulb. Non-electric cars used the oil tail lamp used earlier.
Catalog photos of the green- visored lens used for a short time in 1921 and the Ford "H" lens which became standard shorTLy after.
6511DX, 6511EX, and 6511HX (Battery)
6511KX (Magneto)
The 6511DX used a frosted "Tu-Lite" bulb with a clear lens. Early in 1921 the 6511DX clear lens was replaced with the 6511EX which had green "visor" and used a clear "Tu-Lite" bulb. The "Tu-Lite" bulb was 6-8 volt, 18 and 2-3/4 C.P. About June 1921 the 6511HX with the Ford "H" fluted lens became standard, and continued through 1925 in the passenger cars. The 6511KX used in non-starter cars used a double contact 6-8 volt, 21 C.P. bulb. The dimming inductance is mounted behind the area where the ammeter would have been.
SIDE and TAIL LAMPS
The same as 1 920
Same as 1923. Nickel-plated lens rims available as an option in late 1925 (before the 1926 models).
Same as 1923.
7669X (Electric)
8786CX (Electric in 1924 and later),
6568X (Oil) in early 1923
6568BX (Oil) about mid-1923 and later.
The later oil tail lamp with the small red lens at the rear and the large clear lens on the side facing the license plate.
The revised tail lamp which was mounted on the license bracket. It now consisted of a clear glass bowl with a red disk at the rear, held in place by the outer shell which in turn was held with a retaining spring to the license bracket. The lamp and bracket assembly Was mounted on the spare tire carrier.
Electric tail lamp changed to a similar style but mounted as an integral part of the license plate bracket in 1924 (8786CX). This style continued through 1927. The oil tail lamp, 6568BX, introduced in early 1923, was similar in style to the earlier but now had the large lens facing the license plate, with a small red lens on the side, facing the rear. This lamp had the mounting stud on the side opposite the red lens. (It is possible that the earlier type tail light was used as well, depending on the laws of certain states.)
The Ford "H" lens used on all headlamps until the end of Model T production in 1927.
Variations in headlamp mounting in 1926. The first is on the left and the last is on the right. There were other variations in the earlier tie-rod design as well.
6501AX and 6502AX (Right and Left) magneto type.
6501CX and 6502CX (Right and Left) battery type.
During 1926 production a bar was added between the front fenders, mainly to support the front license plate. Note that the headlamps are not mounted on it, and the variations in design of this bar.
The late 1926 and 1927 headlamps now mounted on the fender tie bar. Right and left designs were no longer needed.
6511NX magneto type, bar mount.
6511MX battery type, bar mount.
The 6501/6502 types were similar in shape to the 1925, but now mounted on posts that in turn mounted on the fender. The right and left lamps differed mainly in the positioning of the lens, and could be interchanged. Later 1926 production lamps (6511 M, N) were mounted on the fender to fender tie rod. Standard lamps were all black but nickel-plated rims were optional. Nickel became standard during the year.
Oil lamps an option on non-starter cars in early 1926 only (those built in 1925) and were the same as the earlier lamps.
Same as the 1925 styles. A stop light combination became an option by March 1926. Oil tail lamp used only on non-starter cars and was the same as the 1925 type.
The 1924-27 standard tail light assembly The stop/tail light assembly
All lamps were the same as later 1926. All had nickel rims. No oil lamps were used.
(First 17,500 cars) Magneto coil had double-stack round coils mounted on a pressed-steel ring. The ring had holes of about the same diameter as the coils, located just inside the coils. The magnets were of an elaborate forged design, 1/2" thick.
(17,501-20,500) Coil is similar to the earlier type but no longer has the holes in the pressed-steel mounting ring. Magnets are similar to the earlier type but now 9/16" thick.
1910-1914 At #20,501 The magneto was redesigned. The coil ring is now a casting and again has the holes near the coils. The coils are still double-stacked. The magnets are of the simple bent type and are now 5/8" thick.
1914-1917 At #572,437 the magneto was again redesigned to accommodate magnets of 3/4" thickness. The coils are now oval-shaped, still double-stacked.
1917-1918 The coils are now single-stack but otherwise similar to the above.
1919-1923 Similar to the 1918 type but the ring now has a notch to clear the starter shaft.
1923-1927 Coil modified to now use 3/16" wide copper windings instead of the 1/4" used earlier
MAGNETO POST
"Brass" Magneto Post (1909-1917)
3260 Magneto Contact Assembly)
Copyright 2002 Fun Projects, Inc. Edited and printed by permission.
The very first Magneto Contact Assembly used on the very early Ts was not the usual "Brass" post that is normally found on the 1909-1917 cars. This very first assembly while similar in concept had a short housing that was only 7/8" tall and made entirely of hard fiber. It had a short small-diameter spring inside that rested on top of the magneto primary contact of the magneto coil ring. There was no slug in the end of the spring. This very first design was drawn on September 21, 1908 but was soon replaced on November 25, 1908 with the more familiar "Brass" style.
This first "Brass" design featured a rather thin natural hard fiber ring (see Fig. 1) and the internal special tapered spring (made from phosphor bronze) was designed to fit tightly up in the brass sleeve while the other end simply sat on the primary magneto contact as did the earliest design. The internal brass sleeve was crimped in two places at the bottom in a groove placed there for that purpose. The assembly was held in place with three 10-32 x 3/8" Fillister-head machine screws.
No lock washers were used. A brass thumb nut with a diamond knurl pattern was used to fasten the magneto wire and a small 3/8" OD lock washer was used there.
The gasket used between the post and the transmission cover was made of felt.
December 8, 1911 a brass pointed slug was added inside the spring end. (see Fig. 2) The remaining design was not altered. The design used through November 1912 was somewhat frail and easily broken. There are very few surviving pieces of this original design.
May 20, 1912 the length of the 10-32 Fillister head mounting screws was increased to 1/2".
November 5, 1912 the height of the magneto post hard fiber ring (and the internal brass inserted sleeve) was increased by 1/4" overall and the crimping slot at the bottom was removed. The screw ring portion was increased in height by 1/16" while the part below the mounting ring portion was increased by 3/16".(see Fig. 3) The sleeve was now crimped in four places but there were no grooves placed for the crimps. The crimping action merely increased the diameter at the end of the sleeve.
December 18, 1912 the material used for the slug in the end of the spring was changed from brass to steel. This change was a bad idea since the dissimilar metals (bronze and steel) being in contact would result in galvanic corrosion due to electrolysis. The design was changed again before this problem probably came to light. A note on the print at this time said that for hard gray natural fiber material a vendor could use scrap from the commutator fiber block (which was not typically made from hard fiber but from a phenolic (paper based) material.
Many original-looking magneto posts from early cars show a red colored material (probably phenolic). The design of these units also appears to be the later (after 1914) design leading to the natural conclusion that the earlier post broke and was replaced.
July 24, 1914 a bevel was added around the top perimeter of the fiber screw mounting ring (see Fig. 4).
August 22, 1914 the mounting gasket material was changed to cork with thickness specified as 1/16-5/64".
February 22, 1915 the gasket material changed to imitation leather, quality M, which is the material out of which seat backs and cushions were made. The drawing said the gasket was to be made out of scrap from these parts.
June 19, 1916 the drawing was again changed to show the use of two gaskets per car as a double thickness.
December 30,1916 the spring material was changed to zinc plated steel.
March 21, 1918 the gasket material was changed back to 1/16- 5/64" thick cork and the quantity per car back to one.
May 10, 1919 a note was added to the drawing stating to "Cement to block with Silicate of Soda".
May 13, 1919 the gasket thickness was changed to 3/64-5/64" and a note was added to read "Make from center of T-1764" (which was the starter Bendix cover gasket).
August 19, 1919 the gasket material was again changed to a 1/32" thick "treated fiber sheet; packing, oil, water, gasoline and air proof, guaranteed to a temperature of 300 degrees F."
June 8, 1920 the gasket material was changed back to 3/64-5/64" thick cork again which remained the material used for the rest of Model T production.
December 22, 1924, there was one final change to the thickness of the cork when the thickness was changed to 1/16-5/64".
April 16, 1926 a notation was added to the drawing to "Refer to M-6024 for material specifications."
About 1917-18 a metal retaining "shell," P/N 3267C (T-8611), was added. This shell fitted over the contact assembly like a cup washer and prevented the retaining screws from deforming the insulation, which was then made of "Fordite," a plastic-like material and was P/N 3267B (T-1503B). This continued until the "Improved Fords" appeared, in the summer of 1925, at which time the contact assembly 3260B (T1545B) became somewhat like a spark plug and screwed into the transmission cover using 1/2-inch pipe threads.
1909-1911 Intake manifold was "dog-legged" aluminum. Exhaust pipe fitted into the exhaust manifold and had asbestos packing, secured with usual nut.
1911-1913 Intake manifold changed to straighter aluminum type. Exhaust manifold was the same as 1910 type.
1913-1914 Intake was the same pattern as 1912 but was now made of cast iron (as per letter dated December 19, 1912). In January 1913 another letter specified the exhaust manifold was made for the flanged exhaust pipe. This new design exhaust manifold remained standard until late 1926.
1914-1926 Same as 1914 type. The 1915 sedan which had the fuel tank under the rear seat used a longer intake manifold (which lowered the carburetor) for better fuel flow to the carburetor.
1926-1927 Vaporizer carburetor with integral manifolds, used in some production in 1925 and 1926 became standard in late 1926.
1909-1910 (The first 2500 cars were somewhat different from the production version.)
Cast-iron end plates. Mounted with sheet metal brackets. Straight, longer tail pipe. Asbestos wrapping secured with three iron bands. The two ends were retained with three long rods threaded at both ends.
1911-1914 Similar to 1910 but tail pipe tapered and curved downward. The retaining rods were changed to have a hexagon head on one end. The asbestos wrap was dyed black.
1914-1916 Cast end plates now have integral mounting brackets. Pipe is now straight and not tapered. Mounting brackets are longer than the 1917 type. The asbestos was no longer dyed black.
1917 Similar to 1916, with and without tail pipe. No asbestos wrap, painted with F-140 paint. Shorter cast mounting brackets. Only one long retaining rod to hold the ends together.
1918-1920 Same as 1917 but no tail pipe. In June 1919 the outlet was moved 10 degrees from the bottom to direct the exhaust away from the spare tire. "Ford" in script added to the end plates during 1919.
1920-1927 Pressed-metal design. No tail pipe.
MUFFLER PARTS
Part # Factory # Description
MUFFLER COMPLETE
4025 1200B
4025B 1200C
FRONT HEAD
4026 1202 Early 1909
4026 1202B Steel mounting brackets
4026B 1202C Integral mounting bracket. Cast bracket is long thin casting 1914-1917. 1917-20 has a short, stubby casting.
4026C 1202D Pressed steel, no mounting bracket.
REAR HEAD
----- 1201 Separate tail pipe, F/N 1213
4040 1221 Steel brackets, straight pipe.
4040 1221 Steel brackets, curved pipe
4040 1221B Integral bracket, straight pipe with no taper.
4040B 1201D Integral bracket, no pipe. Shorter mounting bracket.
In June 1919 the exhaust opening was moved ten degrees to direct exhaust away from the spare tire.
4040C 1201E Pressed steel, no pipe. Integral mounting bracket was on the rear cap only.
4040D 1209
OUTER SHELL
4027 1203 5 x 12"
MIDDLE SHELL
4028 1204 (3-1/2 x 13")
INNER SHELL
4030 1206 5/16 x 13-3/8"
4030B 1206B
REAR BRACKET
----- 1208 (Early 1909)
4037 1214 Non-flared, engine to muffler
4037B 1214 Flared at end to fit manifold
4037C 1214B For pressed steel muffler. Longer and punched for muffler retaining cross piece at rear.
ASBESTOS WRAP
4038 1215 1/32 x 12-1/4 x 31-3/4"
MUFFLER BANDS
4039 1216 1/32 x 3/4 x 18" steel. These were the same bands that were used for heating ducts in buildings. They had a loop at one end through which the other end was threaded, then folded over.
MUFFLER MODIFICATION DATES
Note: These dates are the dates the changes were made in the releases and/or blueprints, and are not necessarily the dates the change appeared in production.
Factory # Date Part Name Notes
T-1206-A 02-14-08 Rod Adopted
T-1201-A 02-12-08 Head (Exp.) Adopted for first 2500.
T-1203 02-13-08 Outer Shell Adopted.
T-1202-A 02-14-08 Head (front) Adopted for first 2500.
T-1213-A 02-14-08 Pipe Adopted for first 2500.
T-1200-A 03-06-08 Muffler Assy. Adopted for first 2500. Obsolete on 3-21-13.
T-1215 10-29-08 Asbestos Adopted. (1/32" thick)
The first 350 landaulets were different from the above, Using different heads and brackets.
T-1201-B 12-08-08 Head (rear) Adopted. Obsolete on 11-21-13.
T-1213-B 12-08-08 Pipe Adopted
T-1200-B 12-10-08 Muffler Assy. Adopted
T-1222 04-16-09 Asbestos Adopted for use on T1200B.
T-1202-B 04-23-09 Head (front) Adopted
T-1201-C 04-24-09 Head (rear) Adopted.
T-1200-B 09/14/09 Muffler Assy. Change in Muffler bracket. Exhaust T-1217 & Intake T-1218
T-1213-B 10-06-10 Muffler Pipe Changed and redesigned to be tapered and curved.
T-1213-B 01-23-11 Pipe Changed angle of pipe from 36 degrees to 18 degrees.
T-1202-B 06-09-11 Head (front) Changed from malleable iron to pressed steel.
T-1206-A 06-29-11 Rod Removed threads from one end and added 1/2" hex head.
T-1202-B 08-04-11 Head (front) Changed from pressed steel to Malleable Iron.
T-1202-B 09-25-12 Head (front) Change bolt circle radius from 2-1/4" to 2-3/16".
T-1215 10-11-12 Asbestos Specified to be dyed black
T-1203 10-29-12 Shell (outer) Changed material from sheet steel to black sheet steel.
T-1201-C 02-24-13 Head (rear) Added bracket for attaching muffler heads to the frame.
T-1203 03-04-13 Shell (outer) Specified shell to be spot welded together in six places instead of riveted.
T-1203 07-25-13 Shell (outer) Specified shell to be spot welded together in five places instead of six.
T-1215 08-28-13 Asbestos Removed note specifying this asbestos to be dyed black.
T-1213-B 11-08-13 Pipe Specified pipe to be straight instead of bent.
T-1201-C 03-03-14 Head (rear) Specified the bracket for holding muffler head to frame be stright instead of curved for ease in assembly
T-1202-B 04-03-14 Head (front) Specified bracket holding head to frame to be straight instead of curved.
T-1201-C 12-21-15 Head (rear) Added V-shaped locking boss to prevent muffler rod from turning around while assembling.
T-1201-C 09-25-16 Head (rear) Changed bolt circle radius from 2-1/4" to 2-3/16".
T-1202-B 12-09-16 Head (front) Changed material from malleable iron to cast iron.
T-1201-C 12-09-16 Head (rear) Redesigned, changing material from malleable iron to cast iron.
T-1215 12-18-16 Asbestos Obsolete. Asbestos on hand to be placed in stock and used where it can be used to the best advantage.
T-1206-B 04-06-17 Rod New design for single-bolt muffler.
T-1201-C 04/06/17 Head (rear) Experimental manufacture. To be run at rate of 100 per day. Parts to be held together with one bolt instead of three.
T-1201-D 04-16-17 Head (rear) Exp. manufacture design
Note: T-1201C experimental became T-1201-D when they began production.
T-1202-C 04-16-17 Head (front) Experimental manufacture. Used one bolt instead of three.
T-1202-B 09-28-17 Head (front) Specified for repairs only.
T-1201-C 09-28-17 Head (rear) Added note for repairs only
T-1202-C 09-28-17 Head (front) Adopted for regular production.
T-1213-B 09-28-17 Pipe Specified to be used for repairs only.
T-1201-D 09-28-17 Head (rear) Adopted for regular production.
T-1202-C 03-19-19 Head (front) Specified name Ford in script to be cast in.
T-1201-C 03-19-19 Head (rear) Specified Ford script to be incorporated in part.
T-1201-D 03-19-19 Head (rear) Specified Ford script to be incorporated in part.
T-1206-B 04-29-19 Muffler Rod Changed head from hex to 5/16" wide by 11/16" long
T-1201-D 06-07-19 Head (rear) Redesigned outlet to deflect exhaust away from spare tire carrier.
T-1203 12-16-19 Shell (outer) Specified shell to be spot welded together in ten places.
T-1201-D 01-08-20 Head (rear) Redesigned reinforcing rib which supports foot making it heavier.
T-1206-A 02-05-20 Rod Changed head from hex to 5/16" wide by 11/16" long.
T-1202-D 04-23-20 Head (front) New Pressed steel design. To be run at rate of 500 per day.
T-1200-C 04-23-20 Muffler Assy. New number, new design (Pressed steel ends)
T-1200-C 08-13-20 Muffler Assy. Ends to be made out of two thicknesses of fender scrap instead of one thickness of stock.
T-1201-C 09-13-20 Head (rear) Obsolete.
T-1201-E 09-23-20 Head (rear) New pressed steel design. For experimental manufacture.
T-1206-B 10-11-20 Rod Specified for repairs only.
T-1202-D 10-11-20 Head (front) Adopted for regular production.
T-1200-C 10-11-20 Muffler Assy. Adopted for regular production
T-1200-B 10-11-20 Muffler Assy. Use for repairs only.
T-1202-C 10-11-20 Head (front) Specified for repairs only.
T-1201-D 10-11-20 Head (rear) For repairs only. Replaced by pressed steel design.
T-1201-E 10-11-20 Head (rear) Adopted for regular production.
T-1201-E 11-19-20 Head (rear) Changed opening for exhaust head
T-1200-D 01-08-24 Muffler Assy. Adopted, new number, new design.
T-1200-C 01-08-24 Muffler Assy. Suffix "R" added to symbol # as same will not be used with hot air stove.
T-1201-F 02-09-24 Head (rear) Adopted
T-1201-F 11-28-24 Head (rear)
T-1200-C 11-28-24 Muffler Assy. Removed R from symbol number and specified for use in 1924.
T-1200-D 11-28-24 Muffler Assy. Obsolete.
T-1203 03-26-25 Shell (outer) Specified shell to be spot welded together in four places instead of five.
T-1200-C 05-05-25 Muffler Assy. Specified bracket to be integral and upper flange to be spot welded in four places to keep metal from shifting when forming.
T-1201-E 05-05-25 Head (rear) Obsolete.
Note: There was another change in the muffler rear head. The drawings dated 5-16-26 for the muffler assembly show a different exhaust head. The outlet hole has been moved 180 degrees and is located at 4 o'clock instead of 11 o'clock and instead of an oval hole, the metal is pierced on three sides and a hinge is left causing the remaining flap to serve to deflect the exhaust.
(Front axle tie rods, etc.)
11-20-07 T218 screw-in brass oiler adopted.
07-11-11 T283 steering spindle connecting rod oiler, two required
11-19-12 Design changed from Bowen 4-N to Zerk oilers.
03-07-13 Changed back to Bowen 4-N design.
01-08-14 Drawing changed to note that the same oiler was being used for T267 front and rear spring hangers and T283 spindle connecting rod oilers.
07-24-14 Spindle bolt redesigned to incorporate a built-in oiler
07-16-15 Spring hangers redesigned with an oiler in the perch and in the lower hanger.
07-11-16 Oilers removed from the hangers and press-in oilers added to the perches. (There was considerable overlap in production with combinations of old and new types being used.)
09-06-16 "Brought drawing up to date with oilers as they are being made by changing the design from 4N Bowen. The new type was the Winkley.
09-30-16 T2944 spring oilers. These were used on the springs, replacing the hanger oilers. They were Winkley 1-G "Special Winkley Oiler." They appear to have a spring-loaded ball as a "door." Push the ball down to add the oil and then the ball seals the hole. They were zinc plated.
11-29-16 Changed from the above Winkley to the man-hole style, also made by Winkley, and were initially raven finished but later Zinc coated. This oiler was also used on the commutator.
12-13-16 Changed to Winkley oiler #3, Style R.
02-08-17 This same oiler now used on the spindle bolts.
03-15-18 No longer used on the commutator.
07-03-19 A larger oiler was now used on the spindle bolts.
08-07-19 This larger oiler was also used on the tie rod bolts.
04-03-22 T2944-A3 "flip top" oiler now specified. These were made by Bowen and were zinc plated, and were used until the end of Model T production.
OIL FILLER CAPS
Early 1909 Apparently there was no "standard" cap used on the early (first 2500) engines on which the oil filler pipe was located at the front left of the engine. Several types have been observed but apparently no one is certain which is correct. In general, though, all had a cup-like funnel at the top of the filler tube. These early filler pipes had a screen over the funnel which also supported the cap but due to this construction the screen was easily torn leaving no way to hold the cap.
1909-1912 Now located at the right-front of the engine. A thin brass "pipe" with a screen at the top, which fitted into the oil filler spout.
1912 Brass cap with "Ford" with six flutes (notches) around the top.
1912-1914 Brass. Similar to the earlier but "Made in USA" added. The style of the "Ford" and of the "Made in USA" varied, perhaps because of different suppliers.
1914-1915 >Steel with Ford script, in the same pattern as the earlier type. The "Made in USA" did not appear on all caps.
1915-1927 Steel, with script until 1916 and without script from then on. Simpler design, somewhat larger, and with just three flutes around the top.
DOCUMENTATION (From factory drawings. The dates are those of the drawings, not necessarily the dates of production.)
T582B Oil breather pipe
1/21/09 New drawing
1/19/09 To be used after first 2500 cars
3/4/09 To be made of flat rolled steel instead of brass tubing. Two pieces of gause used inside.
3/10/10 New design to go into effect immediately
5/16/10 Obsoleted new design and reinstated old design
6/5/10 New design (not indicated)
6/21/11 Changed width of slot from 1/16 to 1/8" (This filler pipe did not have a cap. The end was open with just a screen to keep out dust and dirt.)
11/22/11 New drawing
T4468 Oil breather pipe and cap assembly
(T582B and T509)
2/9/12 Cap soldered in place in two places
8/31/12 Made in USA to be stamped in cap
1/21/14 Specified cap to be soldered in three places
2/24/14 Changed material from sheet brass #22 B&S .025 to cold rolled steel #22 US .031 (fender scrap
2/26/14 Cap not spot welded to pipe in three places
4/25/14 Now welded in two places. Brought up to date incorporating certain changes in T5090 (509C?)
8/24/14 Changed distance between the pockets on inside of cap from 1-1/2 to 1-1/2 to 1-33/64"
12/10/14 Called for six lugs on the bottom which are to be clinched over the rib which holds the gause in place in the breather pipe, holding the cap to the pipe.
4/23/15 Changed inside diameter from 2" to 2-3/16" and the number of pockets and lugs from 6 to 3. Changed height from 3/4 to 13/16, specifying bottom of pockets to be connected with the top of the cap by a 1/4" radius of the inside of cap.
8/16/15 Changed material from fender scrap to running board shield or fender apron scrap.
5/5/16 Removed the name "Ford" and the "Made in USA"
For the first 2500 cars the cap was a malleable iron cap that looks about like the one on Model NRS cars. That was factory number T-510.
The first breather pipe design for the thermo-siphon engine was adopted on Dec. 8, 1908. This was a design which consisted of a brass cylinder. The top quarter inch was of larger diameter than the hole in the front timing cover for the breather pipe, and inside the tube were three layers of brass gauze. The top quarter inch was also knurled to provide a grip for getting the pipe out. The factory drawing, though, was clearly labeled "never used."
The second design, T-582-B, was adopted on January 21, 1909. The tube was made out of brass, had a piece of brass gauze inserted, but no cap. This would be real easy to make; take a later brass oil filler cap assembly and take off the cap.
On March 10, 1910 a new design was adopted to replace the old one. Same factory number but a different design. A month an a half later, on May 16, 1910, the new design was obsoleted and the old design reinstated. The brass gauze in this one is held in place not by a ring turned into the tube, but by little tabs stamped out of the tube.
The cap for the breather pipe was not adopted until November 22, 1911. It was made from brass and had Ford in script embossed into the top. It was made by Keim in Buffalo.
On August 31, 1912 "Made in USA" was added under the name Ford. The "Made in USA" was stamped into the cap while the "Ford" continued to be embossed.
On February 24, 1914 the material for making the cap changed from sheet brass to cold rolled steel � fender scrap.
The big change came on April 23, 1915. The diameter increased from 2" to 2-3/16" and the number of lugs decreased from six to three. The releases indicate that the old style was to remain in production until the new dies could be made. Note that the Name FORD and the Made in USA remained on the top of this cap. These are bona fide Ford caps, not spurious.
On August 16, 1915 the material was changed to a thicker heavier gauge of steel. Here after the caps would be made from running board scrap, not fender scrap.
On May 5, 1916 the embossed "Ford" and the stamped "Made in USA" were removed from the cap. Thereafter the cap remained unchanged until the end of Model T production.
GO TO NEXT © Bruce W. McCalley. Rev. January 31, 2007.


Young Farmers from across Suffolk and north Essex today took part in a new competition created to celebrate the life of Charlotte Cobbald, who died last year at the age of 17.
Rural Affairs Secretary Richard Lochhead has confirmed that the Scottish Government will provide around £65,000 for the next six months to cover the cost of milk tankers returning empty on ferries to Bute from the mainland.
It might sound like something out of a science fiction film but it could be the answer to the world's food problems.
Grimsby-based Tue Lippert is construction project manager for the Westermost Rough offshore wind farm, which as reported this week, has just hit full power.
The fight over plans for a 22,000-panel solar farm in the Shropshire countryside will come to a head when campaigners and developers attend a public meeting.
Investment in new varieties and growing methods demonstrated at British Independent Fruit Growers' Association event.


Many people are having great difficulty coping with the aftermath of the shooting at Tree of Life on October 27. JFCS is here for you.
If you need help, support, a place to connect or just a listening ear, there are an array of service options including: Individual counseling and referrals: Individual counseling is available at JFCS by appointment. Call 412.422.7200.
Community Helpline: A helpline counselor is available to speak day or night 24/7 (1-866-363-7273 – when prompted press 2).