The influenza A virus non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a multifunctional protein that plays an important role in virus replication, virulence and inhibition of the host antiviral immune response. In the avian influenza virus or human influenza virus, specific amino acids of NS1 have been shown to be important for the virus to antagonize host antiviral defenses and promote viral replication. However, little research has been reported regarding the swine influenza virus (SIV) NS1 protein.
To study the effects of the key amino acids of NS1, we rescued NS1 mutants (S42P, D92E, and S42P/D92E) of the A/swine/Shanghai/3/2014(H1N1) strain and compared their replication ability and cytokine production as well as the intracellular localization in cultured cells.
We found that the S42P and D92E mutation displayed no changes on NS1 nuclear localization. The S42P (but not D92E) mutation suppressed protein synthesis and reduced virus growth properties, and there was an inability to antagonize host cell interferon production and IRF3 activation, which led to high levels of IFN-α and IFN-β production.
We conclude that the S42 residue of the NS1 of the A/swine/Shanghai/3/2014(H1N1) strain is the key amino acid in regulating the host IFN response by blocking the activation of IRF3 and thus facilitates virus replication.
Swine influenza (SI) is an acute respiratory disease caused by the influenza A virus (IAV), which is a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family of RNA viruses. The genome of IAV is composed of eight segments of negative-sense single-stranded RNA encoding 10 proteins: hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), M1 matrix protein (M1), M2 ion channel protein (M2), nuclear protein (NP), nonstructural protein (NS1 and NS2), and the RNA polymerase complex (PB1, PB2, and PA) [1, 2]. However, several novel influenza A virus proteins have been identified, such as PB1-F2, PB1-N40, PA-X, PA-N155, and others . The influenza viruses of significance in swine are type A, subtype H1N1, H1N2, or H3N2 viruses and infection from these can result in respiratory diseases, poor growth, weight loss, and immunosuppression. Pigs are often considered as a "mixing vessel" for the generation of reassortant influenza viruses because they have a wide susceptibility for human and avian influenza virus infection .
Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a virulence factor of the influenza virus and is expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of host cells during infection. Functional as a dimer, the NS1 comprises an N-terminal dsRNA-binding domain and a C-terminal protein-binding effector domain . It can interact with a diverse range of cellular factors to antagonize host antiviral defenses and promote viral replication . Mechanisms involved in the NS1 protein's ability to counteract innate immune responses include the inhibition of cellular pre-mRNA splicing and polyadenylation , which blocks posttranscriptional RNA processing and nuclear export, decreases retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I) activation through inhibition of tripartite motif family 25 (TRIM25)-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination, interferes with IFN signaling [8, 9], and directly inhibits specific ISGs such as protein kinase R (PKR) and RNase L .
The NS1 proteins of most influenza A virus strains have an average length of 230 amino acids. Point mutation is used to study the key amino acids in NS1 and some of them have been identified to influence the replication efficiency, virulence or host immune responses. Among them, the effect of amino acid residues at position 42 and 92 has been reported in many subtypes of influenza virus. Jiao et al. reported that the amino acid at position 42 of NS1 plays an important role in the ability of H5N1 influenza viruses to antagonize the host IFN response and in the virulence of H5N1 avian influenza virus in a mammalian host . The glutamic acid (E) at position 92 of NS1 in the H5N1 influenza virus was shown to be critical in conferring virulence and resistance to antiviral cytokines in pigs . These conclusions were obtained from avian influenza origin, and there are still no reports on the NS1 protein of swine influenza virus. Therefore, we would like to explore the effect of amino acid residues at position 42 and 92 in the NS1 protein of swine influenza virus.
In this study, we constructed and rescued the NS1 mutant (S42P, D92E, and S42P/D92E) of the A/swine/Shanghai/3/2014(H1N1) strain and explored the effect of the mutant site on the cellular localization and the production of cytokines. Our data indicate that the mutations at these two positions have minimal effects on NS1 nuclear localization; however, the mutant virus with S42P of NS1 reduced growth properties in the cell culture, couldn't antagonize the host cell interferon production and increased p-IRF3 levels. This work will be useful for a further understanding of how the amino acid mutations influence the function of the NS1 protein and the interaction between H1N1 SIV and the host innate immune responses.
The A/Swine/Shanghai/3/2014(SH/2014) H1N1 strain was isolated from a clinical pig with the symptoms of swine influenza. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and the human epithelial kidney cell line (293 T) were used to rescue reassortant viruses from plasmids and were then cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) (GIBCO, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) plus antibiotics. Mouse monoclonal antibodies against IRF3 and phospho-IRF3 (p-IRF3) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA), and a mouse monoclonal anti-actin antibody was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-mouse secondary antibody was purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch (West Grove, PA, USA). Alexa Fluor 488-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG was purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Nantong, China). A mouse polyclonal antibody against the NS1 protein was kindly provided by Professor Ying Fang at Kansas State University, USA.
Wild-type (wt) SH/2014 was created by plasmid-based reverse genetic technology. The cDNAs of the eight gene segments of SH/2014 were cloned into plasmid pBD , confirmed by DNA sequencing, and named pBD-PB1, pBD-PB2, pBD-PA, pBD-HA, pBD-NP, pBD-NA, pBD-M, and pBD-NS. Mutations were introduced into the plasmid pBD-NS using overlap-PCR to generate the three mutant NS segments: pBD-NS S42P, pBD-NS D42E, and pBD-NS S42P/D92E. The recombinant virus rSIV, rSIV NS1 S42P, rSIV NS1 D92E and rSIV NS1 S42P/ D92E were generated by co-transfection of eight reverse-genetic plasmids with or without the substitution plasmids pBD-NS into 293 T cells [13, 14]. Eight plasmids (1 μg of each) were mixed and incubated with 15 μl of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) at room temperature for 30 min. The Lipofectamine-DNA mixture was transferred to 60% confluent 293 T cells in 35 mm dishes and incubated at 37 °C with 5% CO2 for 4 h. Transfection supernatants were replaced with 2 ml of Opti-MEM medium (Invitrogen) plus 2 μg/ml TPCK-trypsin (Worthington, Lakewood, NJ, USA). At 72 h post-transfection, the supernatants were collected and subsequently passaged in MDCK cells for the virus propagation. Viral stocks were aliquoted and subsequently stored at − 70 °C for the additional experiments. The NS genes of the recombinant viruses were sequenced by the Lasergene software package (DNAstar Inc., Madison, WI) to verify that the generated mutations were as expected. The viral titers were determined using the Reed–Münch method and were expressed as the tissue culture infective dose 50 (TCID50) per milliliter.
Six-well plates of 90% confluent MDCK or 293 T cells were mock-infected or infected with each virus. After 24 h, the cell lysates were harvested and lysed in RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime). Equal amounts of total proteins were separated on SDS-PAGE gels. The protein bands were transferred onto nitrocellulose filter membranes (Millipore, Billerica, MA) and stained with antibodies against NS1, Actin, IRF3 and p-IRF3 followed by HRP conjugated secondary antibodies. The protein bands were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence detection kits (Thermo Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA).
MDCK cells were seeded onto cover slips in six-well plates and infected with wt or NS1 mutations. At 6, 12, and 24 h post infection (hpi.), the cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 for 10 min, incubated in blocking buffer, and then stained with mouse anti-NS1 polyclonal antibodies followed by secondary antibodies conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488. The cell nuclei were stained with 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (Beyotime). The samples were mounted on a glass slide and visualized under a florescence microscope (Carl Ziess, Oberkochen, German) using a 400× plan objective.
Real-time RT-PCR was performed to measure the mRNA level of IFN-α, IFN-β and TNF-α after virus infection at an MOI of 1. The human β-actin gene served as an invariant internal control. The primers were designed using Primer3 software and were listed in Table 1. The total RNA from 293 T cells was isolated using TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's instructions. The cDNA synthesis was performed using a SuperScript III kit (Invitrogen) and an oligo dT primer (Invitrogen). Five percent of the cDNA product was used as the template for real-time PCR in a final volume of 10 μl containing SYBR Premix Ex Taq II (Takara, Dalian, China). The PCR reactions were performed on a 7500 Real Time PCR System apparatus (ABI, Madison, USA). The amplification conditions consisted of 95 C for 30 s and 40 cycles of 95 °C for 5 s, 60 °C for 30 s, and 95 °C for 15 s. The changes in the amount of target mRNAs are presented as fold changes and were calculated using the comparative CT (CT) method as described .
The 293 T cells were cultured in 24-well plates and transfected with 100 ng of the NF-κB luciferase reporter (pNF-κB-TA-luc) (Beyotime). To normalize for the transfection efficiency, 10 ng of the constitutive Renilla luciferase reporter pRL-TK (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) was added to each transfection. After transfection for 24 h, the cells were infected with wt or NS1 mutations at an MOI of 1. Then, 24 h later, the cells were harvested to quantify the luciferase activity using the Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega) according to the manufacturer's protocol.
The 3D model of NS1 and its mutant proteins were obtained from SWISS-MODEL software (http://swissmodel.expasy.org/), and the structure of H6N6 NS1 (PDB code 4OPH) served as the template. The secondary structures, instability index, aliphatic index, grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY) and antigenic index of each NS1 protein was predicted and analyzed.
The data were expressed as the means ± standard deviations (SD). The significance was determined with the two-tailed independent Student's t-test. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
To study the effects of the key amino acids on influenza virus replication, the basic amino acids at position 42 serine (S) and 92 aspartic acid (D) of NS1 were mutated to proline (P) and glutamic acid (E) and generated plasmids encoding NS1 S42P and D92E. The rescued recombinant viruses were confirmed by RT-PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the NS1 gene (Fig. 1b). A western blot assay showed that the molecular weight of the NS1 proteins from rSIV NS1 S42P, rSIV NS1 D92E and rSIV NS1 S42P/ D92E viruses were 26 kDa (as expected) (Fig. 1c). These results indicated that rSIV NS1 S42P, rSIV NS1 D92E and rSIV NS1 S42P/ D92E viruses were successfully rescued. Additionally, rSIV NS1 S42P and rSIV NS1 D92E mutations were the result of single nucleotide changes from wild type TCC (S) to CCC (P) and GAC (D) to GAG (E), whereas the rSIV NS1 S42P/ D92E mutation was the result of double nucleotide changes from the wild type.
To determine whether the P and E substitutions disrupted the NS1 nuclear localization, intracellular localization at the different stages of wt and mutant infection was studied in MDCK cells by an immunofluorescence assay. As shown in Fig. 2, there was no major difference in the localization patterns between the mutated NS1 proteins and the wt protein during the infection. At early stages of infection (6 h), the protein was found mostly in the cytoplasm in all cases (Fig. 2a). At 12 hpi., nucleolar localization was observed in most cells with the infection of both wt and mutated virus (Fig. 2b). At later stages of infection (24 h), most of the mutants and wt virus NS1 proteins again accumulated in the cytoplasm, whereas little was seen in the nucleus (Fig. 2c). Collectively, the NS1 S42P, D92E and S42P/D92E mutant protein behaved very similarly to that of the wt NS1 protein, and thus, these point mutations had no effect on nuclear localization.
Next, we analyzed the effect of mutations on the viral growth properties of different recombinant viruses. We infected MDCK cells with the wt and each mutant virus at an MOI of 0.001 and measured the virus titers from samples taken at 12 h intervals. As was shown in Fig. 3a, the titers of rSIV NS1 S42P and rSIV NS1 S42P/ D92E virus were significantly lower than that of wt virus at 36 and 48 hpi., which presented approximately 100-fold lower titers. In addition, the growth kinetics of these two mutants was delayed with a peak titer achieved only at 36 h after infection compared to 24 h with wt viruses. However, the other mutant virus with NS1 D92E displayed almost equal titers with wt virus throughout the infection. To investigate whether the growth defects correlated with any deficiencies in viral protein expression, we infected MDCK cells at an MOI of 0.001 and analyzed the expression of NS1 in cell lysate samples collected at 6, 12 and 24 h post-infection by western blot. As is shown in Fig. 3b, all mutated viruses declined in NS1 expression to a similar extent at 6 hpi, but at 24 hpi, there was a clear reduction of the NS1 level for S42P and S42P/ D92E mutant virus when compared to the wt virus, which revealed a nearly 40% (S42P) and 53% (S42P/ D92E) reduction, respectively, as the band intensities were analyzed with ImageJ software. The percentage of NS1 protein reduction (%) was showed in Fig. 3c. Therefore, mutations of the S42 of H1N1 SIV NS1 protein had been characterized as suppressing protein synthesis and recombinant virus assembly.
The potent ability of NS1 to antagonize the IFN system has proven to be an important factor contributing to elevated replication and the virulence of influenza A virus. To analyze whether the reduced replication of rSIV NS1 S42P, D92E and S42P/ D92E mutations is the result of an impaired ability of the NS1 protein to block host cell interferon production, the 293 T cells were infected with the 3 mutant viruses and the wt virus at an MOI of 1, and the production of IFN-α and IFN-β of the supernatants was measured by real-time PCR at 24 h post infection. The results indicated that infection with the rSIV NS1 S42P and S42P/ D92E virus readily induced relatively high levels of IFN-α and IFN-β production compared to the wt virus, which was equivalent to a 2.04- and 3.19-fold increase after rSIV NS1 S42P infection, and a 2.21- and 3.62-fold increase, respectively, after rSIV NS1 S42P/ D92E infection (Fig. 4a). However, infection with rSIV NS1 D92E virus was very weak in its ability to induce IFN-α and IFN-β production into the cell culture supernatant as no obvious difference was observed for the IFN-α and IFN-β mRNA amount compared to wt virus infection.
The NS1 protein of the influenza A virus has been reported to inhibit the activation of IRF-3, which is a key regulator of IFN gene expression. We next examined whether the mutated virus reduced its inhibitory effect of IRF3. To this end, the 293 T cells were infected with either wt or the three mutated viruses, and the cell extracts that were collected at 24 hpi were assayed for the presence of phosphorylated IRF3. The results showed that IRF3 was significantly phosphorylated in cells infected with rSIV NS1 S42P and S42P/ D92E virus, which is consistent with trends of IFN expression (Fig. 4b). These results demonstrated that the amino acid at position 42 was critical for the NS1 protein to inhibit the activation of IRF3 and IFN transcription.
In addition to type I IFN, innate host responses to viral infection also include secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, no significant changes in the TNF-α mRNA level were observed in cells between the NS1 mutations (NS1 S42P, D92E and S42P/ D92E) and wt virus at 24 hpi (Fig. 4a). We also assessed the activity of the NF-κB promoter, which has a central position in promoting a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The results indicated that the activity of the NF-κB promoter appeared to be almost at the same level with either NS1 variants or wt virus infection (Fig. 4c). Altogether, these data indicated that the amino acid at position 42 and 92 had little effect on NF-κB-responsive promoter activation.
To observe the protein structure modification after the NS1 mutation, 3D models of NS1 and its mutant proteins were constructed. The mutant of S42P and D92E did not change the structure of the NS1 protein (Fig. 5A). However, the hydrogen bonds of NS1 S42P and NS1 D92E proteins between the 42 (or 92) and neighbor amino acids were changed (Fig. 5B). The grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY) of NS1 S42P and NS1 S42P/D92E proteins was higher than NS1and the NS1 D92E protein. The instability index of NS1 S42P was the lowest among three mutant proteins. We concluded that the S42P mutant reduced the protein hydropathicity and thus enhanced the stability of the NS1 mutant protein (Table 2). The antigenicity index of amino acid 42 was high (≥1), which indicated it could be a novel antigen epitope (data not shown).
Influenza A virus (IAV) NS1 is a highly expressed multifunctional protein that plays important roles in viral replication. Mutation or deletion of amino-acid residues at particular sites in the NS1 protein has previously been shown to affect viability, antigenicity, replication efficiency and virulence [13, 16]. Some common variations of NS1 are amino-acid substitutions at particular sites (e.g., S42P, S42G, D92E, D92Y, I106M and A149V) that are responsible for virus growth, the ability to inhibit induction of IFN in vitro and in vivo, and viral pathogenesis in mice [11, 13, 17]. In this study, we rescued a classical swine influenza virus (A/swine/Shanghai/3/2014(H1N1)) and its NS1 protein mutants via reverse genetics and compared their replication ability in cultured cells. The results of the growth curves revealed that at position 42, S-to-P substitution displayed a reduced replication capability in MDCK cells but inhibited viral protein synthesis. Another substitution at position 92 D-to-E had no effect on viral output or viral protein expression. It was possible that the efficient generation of H1N1 swine influenza virus required the presence of Ser at position 42 of the encoded NS1 protein.
Most viruses developed different mechanisms to evade the host antiviral response, and as inhibition of host antiviral defenses is one of the major tasks of the NS1 protein, we questioned whether the attenuated replication by S-to-P substitution might be due to increased induction of antiviral cytokines such as interferons and tumor necrosis factor. We found that substitution of proline for serine at position 42 led to elevated IFN-α and IFN-β transcription levels. The observed effect was attributed to phosphorylation and activation of IRF-3, a related transcription factor that is involved in activation of IFN expression. Although NF-κB is also one of the pivotal regulators of pro-inflammatory gene expression to induce the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines , we did not find that the activity of the NF-κB promoter and TNF-α mRNA level made a difference with either wt or mutated virus infection. Hence, these findings indicated that an amino acid at position 42 of NS1 was critical for the ability of H1N1 swine influenza virus to inhibit IRF-3 to provide early antiviral responses. In H5N1 influenza viruses, the amino acid at position 42 of NS1 has also proven to be a key amino acid as it plays an important role in preventing the dsRNA-mediated activation of both the NF-κB pathway and the IRF-3 pathway to antagonize the host IFN response . In this study, we first demonstrated that a single amino acid at position 42 of H1N1 swine influenza virus at the NS1 gene played a major role in the resistance to antiviral cytokines. It remains to be determined how the NS1 protein of H1N1 swine influenza virus allows the virus to escape the effects of IFNs.
The presence of glutamic acid at position 92 (E92) in NS1 has been shown to be essential in affecting antiviral cytokine responses in many different subtypes of the influenza virus. According to John, the specific exchange of E for D at position 92 of A/HK/156/97 (H5N1) resulted in an order of magnitude higher quantum yield of IFN . In contrast, Lipatov reported that a reassortant virus harboring a D92E mutation in its H5N1/NS1 gene provoked significantly higher levels of inflammatory cytokines than viruses whose NS1 protein contains D at position 92 . In our study, we used site-directed mutagenesis to substitute aspartic acid (D) for glutamic acid (E) at this position and found that such a substitution had no effect on the ability of the H1N1 swine influenza virus NS1 protein to antagonize the expression of cytokines. We propose that the role of glutamic or aspartic acid at this position may differ from strain to strain.
The RNA/Protein-protein interaction is mainly affected by the hydrophilicity of amino acids inside the protein . The substitution of certain amino acids may change the hydrophilicity of the protein and thus influence protein bioactivity. Since the NS1 S42P mutation showed lower virus titers and higher cellular IFN-β production, we compared the NS1 and NS1 mutant 3D structures, hydrophilicity, antigenic index and instability index. Our structure analysis showed that amino acid mutations at position 42 and 92 changed the hydrogen bonds but had no influence on the structure of the NS1 mutants. Other studies suggest that the single amino acid at S42 residues induces a minor structural change and leads to the loss of function of NS1 . Different structure modeling software and virus strains might contribute to these two controversial results. The hydrophilicity of the NS1 S42P mutant was lower than NS1 [A/Swine/Shanghai/3/2014(H1N1)]. The S42 residue was located within the RNA-binding domain (RBD) and the S42P site mutation decreased its protein hydrophobicity and thus might influence its interaction with RNAs or host proteins. Previous studies found RBD with S42 residue bound double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), whereas that S42P mutation did not . RIG-I acts as a single-stranded RNA sensor and a potential target of viral immune evasion, and the NS1 protein of the influenza A virus blocks the RIG-I activation mediated by viral genomic single-stranded RNA bearing 5′ phosphates . It remains to be investigated what the contribution of the NS1 mutants is to the level of IFN-β associated with the reducing interaction with RIG-I. The D92E substitution increased the instability index and had no effect on the hydrophilicity of the proteins, and D92E was still able to influence the antiviral response by inhibiting IFN-α/β production. Moreover, the antigenicity index of serine 42 of NS1 was over 1, which indicating that it could be an antigen epitope. The amino acid at serine 42 was highly conserved in the human, swine, and equine influenza viruses. Further elucidation of 42 as an epitope would provide new insight into the development of vaccines to control various types of influenza virus.
In this study, we demonstrate that the S42 residue of the NS1 of the A/swine/Shanghai/3/2014(H1N1) strain is the key amino acid in regulating the host IFN response by blocking the activation of IRF3 and thus facilitates virus replication. This work will be useful for a further understanding of how the amino acid mutations influence the function of the NS1 protein and the interaction between H1N1 SIV and the host innate immune responses.
This work was supported by the veterinary research institute of the Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science.
This work was funded by the Shanghai Agricultural Commission key project (No. 2014–7–3-4, No. 2017–1-18).
HLL and JHC conceived and designed this study. CLZ and JHC performed the experiments. JT performed the statistical analysis and interpretation. JHC wrote the manuscript and prepared the figures. HLL, BQL and YS. revised the manuscripts. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
The experimental protocols were approved by the laboratory animal monitoring committee of The Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science.


United Yacht Sales New Jersey would love to guide you through a personal showing of this 54' Passport 545 2014. This yacht for sale is located in Charleston, South Carolina and priced at $998,000. For a showing please contact us by filling out the form on this page and we will get back to you shortly!
• Yanmar 110 HP marine diesel engine. 675 Hours • Flexible engine mounts. • Dual Racor 500 fuel filters. • Engine alarm systems. • Foam insulated engine room. • 12 Volt exhaust fan for engine room - AYBC requirement • Raw water strainer for engine intake • Scot Anti-siphon valve. • Muffler/water lock system with gas and water separator. • Bronze shaft strut with cutlass bearing. • Gori folding propeller with line cutte • 1 1/2 inch stainless steel prop shaft with three blade bronze propeller. • Custom bronze stuffing box. • Aluminum fuel tanks with baffles. • Jefa Hydraulic Steering - rack and pinion steering • Stainless steel steering wheel. • Emergency steering system with tiller. • Rudder bearing. • Bronze rudder shoe.
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(All winches are Harken Radial) SEE UPGRADES ABOVE • 2 - Two-speed #70 STC Genoa (Primary) winches. • 1 - Two-speed #46 STC main sheet winch. • 2 - Two-speed #46 STC utility winches. • 2 - Two-speed #46 STC halyard winches. • 2 - 10 locking winch handles.
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The Pritzker Architecture Prize honors a living architect or architects whose built work demonstrates a combination of those qualities of talent, vision, and commitment, which has produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built environment through the art of architecture. This year Chilean Architect Alejandro Aravena has been selected as the 2016 Laureate. Watch the announcement video below for a selection of his work and his perspective on architecture in is his own words.
'Nidos' assemblable furniture collection by bravo!
Chilean interiors and object designers bravo! are showing 'Nidos', a knock down furniture collection at Designjunction during the 2013 London Design Festival. The collection consists of a table, bench and stool that is sold unassembled and is assembled by the user after purchase.
Architect and designer Matias Ruiz had one objective for the 'M100' chair, to use as few elements as possible.
Situated on a a slope with 25% average gradient with an impressing belvedere toward the valley of Chicureo, a zone peripheral to the city of Santiago, this single family villa was designed by the Chilean architectural practice Assadi & Pulido. Instead of fullfilling the briefing of the commissioning real estate firm, which asked for a stylish dwelling with "façade", the architects created a house without façade, a building to be developed from the street level downwards.
The Chilean architectural office of Mauricio Pezo and Sofia von Ellrichshausen has decided to test the archetypical features of the suburban house – the result being the Pael House in Concepcion, Chile.
As was the case with other local residences, the project called for a big house in a plot that was, in theory, too small for it. Moreover, the brief stated the building must 'look like' a house, so as not to upset its neighbours.
The Chilean architects of Supersudaka realised this wood cladded single family house with a highly sophistcated roof construction.
"This project is almost a statement of how to accomplish architecture in Latin-america.
The process was so unsteady, that all possible architectural design resources available where exercised to cope with the challenge of this house in the Chilean Central Valley.
Everything was in constant change: the program, the surface, building permits, the contractors, even the view !
The modus operandi is rather based on mistakes than certainties.


"Bring It On Home to Me" is a 1961 12-bar blues written and recorded by R&B singer-songwriter Sam Cooke. The song, about infidelity, was a hit for Cooke and has become a pop standard covered by numerous artists of different genres. It is one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. Cooke's recorded version has Lou Rawls singing responses as an uncredited background singer.


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Aleknagik (Alaqnaqiq in Central Yup'ik) è una città dell'Alaska situate alla foce del fiume Wood a sud-est del Lago Aleknagik, da cui la città prende il nome, e a 26 km dalla municipalità di Dillingham. Secondo le stime del 2010 la popolazione era di 219 abitanti.

Geografia fisica

Territorio
Aleknagik si trova a capo di Wood River sull'estremità sud-est di Lake Aleknagik, a 26 km a nord-ovest da Dillingham. Aleknagik prende il nome dal lago Aleknagik.

Secondo lo United States Census Bureau, la città ha un'area totale di 49 km², di cui 30 km² è terra e 19 km² è acqua.

Clima
Aleknagik ha un clima subartico. Le temperature medie estive vanno dai -1 ai 19 °C, quelle invernali fra I -16° e -1 °C. Le precipitazioni annuali variano fra i 510 e i 890 mm, mentre in un anno nevica per 240 cm. La nebbia e le nuvole basse sono comuni nei mesi di luglio e agosto; il lago e il fiume sono liberi dai ghiacci da giugno a metà novembre.

Storia
Il fiume Wood e il lago Aleknagik sono stati usati storicamente come campi estivi per la pesca, anche se non è stato definito il luogo esatto della città, molti concordano nel fatto che l'originale sito chiamato Alaqnaqiq era situato più a sud lungo il fiume Wood. James Van Stone, un antropologo che ha viaggiato a San Pietroburgo ed ha letto i diari degli esploratori russi del 1867, ha osservato che gli esploratori viaggiavano al lago Aleknagik. Il censo del 1929 riporta che intorno al fiume Wood vivevano 55 persone. Nel 1930, c'erano cinque famiglie che vivevano sulle rive del lago tutto l'anno, i Waskeys, i Polleys, Hanson, Yakos e Smiths. Nel 1933 fu costruita la scuola e nel 1937 l'ufficio postale. Il primo maestro fu Josie Waskey. Attratti dalla scuola e dal pesce abbondante, dalla selvaggina e dal legname, un certo numero di famiglie provenienti da Goodnews, Togiak e l'area Kulukak si trasferirono ad Aleknagik. Nel tardo XIX secolo c'erano circa 200 abitanti ad Aleknagik e negli altri villaggi su Wood River. Varie malattie uccisero la maggior parte degli abitanti dei villaggi. I pochi superstiti si trasferirono fuori dalla zona. Nell'autunno del 1930, una famiglia Yupik viveva nella parte superiore del Wood River, ed il paese è cresciuto di circa 40 abitanti dal 1931. Negli anni quaranta una missione Avventista fu fondata sulla riva nord del fiume, mentre durante gli anni cinquanta fu costruita una chiesa russa ortodossa. Nel 1959 fu costruita una strada aperta solo d'estate che collegasse la città a Dillingham, resa percorribile anche d'inverno alla fine degli anni ottanta.

Nell'agosto del 2010, l'aereo privato del Senatore Ted Stevens precipitò nei dintorni della città.

Economia e trasporti
Molti residenti partecipano alle attività commerciali lungo la costa della Baia Bristol durante l'estate. La pesca e la caccia sono parte integrante del sistema economico della popolazione.
Aleknagik è l'unica città della regione collegata a Dillingham con una strada lunga 40 km. Il nuovo aeroporto "New Aleknagik", di proprietà dello Stato, è lungo 2070 m, con la pista di atterraggio in ghiaia ed effettua regolari voli da Dillingham. Sono presenti altri 2 piccoli aeroporti, il Tripod Airport, con pista in erba e ghiaia, situato a 3 km circa verso sud est e quello della missione Avventista. Sul lago vengono effettuati voli con gli idrovolanti.

Collegamenti esterni

Comuni dell'Alaska

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Twenty five weeks pregnant, my first experience of crowning was a cruel and brutal introduction to motherhood. Hollow and discarded, my feelings of emptiness and shock were so strong, along with the total lack of control I had over the birth. The empty, damaged vessels in this work, symbolic of the uterus, reflect my experience.
The inspiration for my work also comes directly from a deep interest in Birth Art and my examination of the void that is present in our contemporary art world. Representing birth in art seems fraught with anticipations of uncomfortable and unsuitable subject matter. Gender issues heavily influence the visual content of Birth Art, creating issues of control and reserving observation on a scientific level. Only recently did women start to regain control over the birth experience and began to discuss and visually express birth as a valid art subject. However, the subject is still interwoven with social boundaries and taboos.
The narrative of my work is further explored by working through digital technology and creating highly controlled pieces through casting, thereby reflecting upon and emphasising related issues of control and recognition of this most powerful experience of birth that binds all women at this crowning moment. The capsule of time where pregnancy ends and motherhood begins is portrayed through the ceramic vessels: some are split, some are torn, but all are bound in unity.
Laura James Wray has a BA in contemporary crafts from Falmouth University (2011).


text:
Q: Can't open a new window from an href with IE9 Here's the issue: On a webpage I have two HREF. One which points to server A (i.e. https://mydomainA.com) and the second points to server B (i.e. https://mydomainB.com). Both HREF have a target of _blank. The first one works like a charm and the second one doesn't work at all.
Of course, both work just fine in Firefox, Safari, and Chrome. The second link (https://mydomainB.com) also works when I manually enter the address into the nav bar, so the connection with the server is not under question here.
I'm pretty sure the issue is related to some security setting within IE but I wanted to know if any of you ever encounter that kind of issue and how you managed to resolve it.
I can't change my IE security setting since the machine is controlled by the IT team.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Array of of Struct containing array of char as members - C I have a struct like this:
struct vertices{
                  char x[20];
                  char y[20];
                  char z[20];
                 };

and then in main I have an array of the struct vertices like this:
struct vertices vert[64];

plus an array of char in my main function like this:
char exampleArray[200]="v 23.232000 32.33000 2.03900\nv 9.20900 3.29000 1.0002\n";

so what I want to do is to parse this big array containing a hundred or so vertices, and store each value in the corresponding x,y,z char arrays of the struct vertices, which later I'm gonna simply convert by calling on
 float x=atof(vert[1].x) and draw each one.
But the problem is that I can't store , copy, concat characters from the raw array to the x,y,z arrays by any ways, i tried to do it by vert[0].x=exampleArray[0], vert[0].x=exampleArray+i etc inside different conditions like
if(SpaceCount==1)
       {
              vert[0].x[0]=exampleArray[i];
              i++;

        }

but all this doesn't work.
I tried so many variations, couldn't list them all.
But the thing I want is to parse the exampleArray which has my vertices in raw format, every 3D vertix has spaces in between them, every vertix starts with a char V followed by a space, the first point is the X then followed by a space and then the Y point and after the Z point there is newline \n character and then again a V for a new vertix.

A: You could use strtok() with delimiter " \n" to get each piece and then strcpy() to place each token in your struct.
struct vertices {
    char x[20];
    char y[20];
    char z[20];
};

int main(void)
{
    char exampleArray[200] = "v 23.232000 32.33000 2.03900\nv 9.20900 3.29000 1.0002";
    char *toStrtokVertex, *token;
    char delim[5] = " \n";
    struct vertices V[10];
    int i = 0;

    toStrtokVertex = exampleArray;
    while ((token = strtok(toStrtokVertex, delim)) != NULL) {

        // ignore the `v`

        // get x
        if ((token = strtok(NULL, delim)) != NULL) {
            strcpy(V[i].x, token);
        }
        else {
            printf("INPUT ERROR\n");
            exit(1);
        }

        // get y
        if ((token = strtok(NULL, delim)) != NULL) {
            strcpy(V[i].y, token);
        }
        else {
            printf("INPUT ERROR\n");
            exit(1);
        }

        // get z
        if ((token = strtok(NULL, delim)) != NULL) {
            strcpy(V[i].z, token);
        }
        else {
            printf("INPUT ERROR\n");
            exit(1);
        }

        // switch this to NULL to keep parsing the same string
        toStrtokVertex = NULL;
        i++;
    }

    for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
        printf("V[%d] (%s, %s, %s)\n", j, V[j].x, V[j].y, V[j].z);
    }
}

Note that I modified your input value to match your description.  You had
"v 23.232000 32.33000 2.03900\n 9.20900 3.29000 1.0002"

which did not have a v after the \n to start the next vertex, so I added a v
"v 23.232000 32.33000 2.03900\nv 9.20900 3.29000 1.0002"

A: Character arrays are not copied by simply pointing at them.  The function "strcpy(vert[0].x, &exampleArray[2])" is needed, but even then there is no '\0' immediately after that first number to indicate where to stop reading.  "memcpy" does not need a NULL ('\0') but needs a length based on spaces.
Further, the "atof" operation to plan to use requires a NULL terminator as well.
I am concerned with your "space planning".  You have 64 copies of structures that will each require 60 characters (3840 total), but your exampleArray only has 200.  And the input string exampleArray has strings for numbers that must be no longer than 19 digits/decimals because you need the NULL terminator in each of x/y/z to exist.
This is the pure technical evaluation of code issues, but your original post does not show more of the application design.  Help us understand your application design and more advice can be given.


text:
Destination Wickenburg
Wickenburg, AZ (85390)
Sunny. High 101F. Winds SSW at 10 to 20 mph..
Partly cloudy skies. Low 76F. SSW winds shifting to ESE at 10 to 15 mph.
WHS students continue athletic careers in college
Austin Sarber signs for Belmont Abbey, with WHS basketball coach Dave Hodges by his side.
By Braden Ravenscraft
Sun Intern
This year has been a success for Wickenburg High School sports. The Wrangler football team hosted a playoff game for the first time in 10 years. The WHS boys soccer team won a game in the state playoffs, which had not been done since 2011. On top of that, the Wranglers boys basketball team won the 3A West region, a feat they had not accomplished since 2001, in addition to winning a thrilling overtime game and qualifying for the Elite Eight in the state tournament. Much of this athletic success is due to a talented crop of seniors, many of whom are continuing on with their athletic career as they pursue higher education.
Michael Mindnich signed with the University of Redlands to play football. Redlands, located in Southern California, competes at the Division III level. Mindnich, who transferred to WHS from Sehome High School in Bellingham, Wash., last spring, quarterbacked the Wranglers to an 8-3 record and their most successful season in 10 years. He passed for 1,346 yards, the third most for a WHS QB since 2000. Mindnich also played point guard for the highly successful Wrangler basketball team and pitched for the baseball team. While at the University of Redlands, he will pursue a degree in accounting.
Katie Ames has signed with Nyack College in New York to play volleyball and jump for the Nyack track and field team. Nyack competes at the Division II level. Ames was a key starter on the WHS volleyball team that finished third in the 3A West region. Just a few weeks ago, she finished 18th in triple jump at the track and field state championships. She is majoring in nursing with a minor in Biblical studies.
Austin Sarber committed to Belmont Abbey College to play basketball. The Division II school is located in Belmont, NC. Sarber started at center for the high-achieving Wrangler basketball team, earning second team all-region honors for his efforts. In addition to basketball, he also threw for the WHS track and field team for four years. While at Belmont Abbey, he will pursue his criminal justice degree.
Jackson Tillapaugh has committed to Wilmington College, a Division III program in Ohio, to throw for their track and field team and play basketball. Tillapaugh starred at forward for coach Dave Hodge's successful Wrangler basketball team. In addition to leading the team in scoring, Tillapaugh was named first team all state for the 3A conference. This spring, he finished 14th in discus at the state track and field championship. He enters Wilmington's honors program to major in exercise science, with plans to get both his bachelor's and master's degree in five years.
Masaada Johnson has signed with Pima Community College to run and jump for their track and field team. Although she played on the volleyball and basketball teams at WHS, Johnson starred on the track, qualifying for state in four events this past spring. She finished 11th in both the 100-meter dash and the long jump, peaking with her sixth place finish in triple jump. After two years at Pima, she hopes to transfer to a four year college and pursue an engineering degree while continuing her track and field career.
Gabriela Acuna has committed to Glendale Community College to throw for their track and field team. Acuna ran cross country and track for four years, bouncing around different track and field events until she began to focus on throwing last year. Specializing in javelin, she will throw for GCC at both indoor and outdoor events. After completing her associate's degree in science, Acuna plans to transfer somewhere to continue throwing and working towards her doctorate of pharmacy.
Other athletes that are interested in continuing their athletic careers after high school are Chris Smith (soccer), Emersyn Forbrook (volleyball), and Alex Gill (softball).
WAC wins People's Choice Award in Scottsdale
West of Center: Highlights show opening July 27
Another vet tired of smoking
School starts in Wickenburg July 29
HRP hosts educational walks, discovery station
Food distribution July 23
Benefit golf tournament at country club July 20
Democratic meeting July 22
Fire burns house under investigation
Hospital network attacked for ransom
Town revises I-11 recommendation
'Don't fall for deception of a few angry people'
Smoking at Legion drives member to drive elsewhere
Legion does much good
Smokehouse Fire half contained
Legion built patio to address smoking; fun activities abound
This Week in Wickenburg History
Hospital welcomes three new providers
wickenburgsun.com
Email: Publisher@WickenburgSun.com
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We have UDT in our infrastructure and it is not capturing the user details. We have 14 Dc's being Polled to capture that information.
When i check the UDT compatibility Checker. It gives User details for 1 DC and for the rest 13 DC's it says "Eventing6 didnt find any matching log entries"
Kindly let me know what is missing from our end.


text:
Q: Vertically and horizontally always align image in center of space in navigation bar I have a Bootstrap Fixed responsive Navigation Bar with an image on the left of the buttons. I used media queries to make the spacing responsive and now I have this code:
My CSS:
.nav > li > a:hover
{
    background-color: #FCC;
}
.navbar-header
{
    float: right;
}
.navbar-default
{
    background-color: #00b5fe;
    border-color: #0089ff;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-brand
{
    color: #ffffff;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-brand:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-brand:focus
{
    color: #ffffff;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-text
{
    color: #ffffff;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a
{
    color: #ffffff;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a:focus
{
    color: #ffffff;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu
{
    background-color: #00b5fe;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu > li > a
{
    color: #ffffff;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu > li > a:hover,
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu > li > a:focus
{
    background-color: #0089ff;
    color: #ffffff;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu > li > .divider
{
    background-color: #00b5fe;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .active > a, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > .active > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > .active > a:focus
{
    background-color: #0089ff;
    color: #ffffff;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .open > a, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > .open > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > .open > a:focus
{
    background-color: #0089ff;
    color: #ffffff;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-toggle
{
    border-color: #0089ff;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-toggle:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-toggle:focus
{
    background-color: #0089ff;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-toggle .icon-bar
{
    background-color: #ffffff;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-collapse,
.navbar-default .navbar-form
{
    border-color: #ffffff;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-link
{
    color: #ffffff;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-link:hover
{
    color: #ffffff;
}
@media (max-width: 767px)
{
    .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a
    {
        color: #ffffff;
    }
    .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a:focus
    {
        color: #ffffff;
    }
    .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a, .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a:focus
    {
        background-color: #0089ff;
        color: #ffffff;
    }
}
@media (min-width: 767px)
{
    body
    {
        padding-top: 230px;
    }
}
@media (max-width: 767px)
{
    body
    {
        padding-top: 130px;
    }
}
@media (min-width: 768px)
{
    #resize
    {
        width: 30%;
    }
}
@media (min-width: 768px)
{
    #alignp
    {
        text-align: center;
    }
}

And My HTML:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.6/css/bootstrap.min.css">

                <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#myNavbar">
                </button>

Home

About

                        Products

Silver

Silver+

Gold

Gold+

Contact

 Sign Up

 Login

                    <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal">×</button>

Sign Up

Sign Up Box Goes Here

                    <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button>

                    <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal">×</button>

Login

Login Box Goes Here

                    <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button>

        {tag_pagecontent}

© Coding Kids

A working version of this page is here.
As you can see in my working version, as you resize the window, the logo changes position. At the moment, it doesn't look very neat as it keeps changing position. All I want is for the logo to always be centred horizontally and vertically in the space it has. How would I go about editing my CSS and media queries to suit this?

A: Just changing the alignment should do the trick.

If it doesn't try adding a div and settling the image in it:

You can also use the

CSS rule instead.


text:
Search by name, company, title, location, etc.
ANTO CHITTILAPPILLY
Member since May 2022Contact ANTO
CEO ACOTNA LLC
Articles by ANTO All articles by ANTO
Ad Fraud Isn't Only Fraud That Should Concern You in Metrics Insider on 10/26/2016
Ad fraud is a hot topic for marketers right now. But there's another type of fraud they should be concerned about: attribution fraud.
TV GRPs: You've Had Good Run, But It's Time For New Currency in Metrics Insider on 08/10/2016
TV has drastically evolved over the past 15 years now that viewers have more choices than ever, with hundreds of channels offered by cable providers, online video, streaming services, on-demand viewing and DVRs - all delivered via connected devices like smart TVs, tablets and smartphones. TV advertisers have been buying media the same way for over 50 years, but now they have to make sense of the new landscape. That means TV advertising measurement needs to catch up to the new landscape, too.
Advanced Measurement: Not Just For Enterprise Brands Anymore in Metrics Insider on 04/12/2016
Historically, most marketers have assumed that only companies with significant marketing budgets could afford moving to an advanced measurement approach without taking a hit to their bottom line. But that's not necessarily the case if companies are considering the bigger picture.
Responsible Measurement: Protect Your Customers And Your Brand in Data and Targeting Insider on 03/15/2016
Marketers don't want their brand to be the first that comes to mind when consumers think of "those companies that follow me around the Internet." Fortunately, there are several steps that marketers can take to demonstrate responsible measurement.
Updating Your TV Attribution: Where's the Beef? in Metrics Insider on 02/12/2016
Impressions and rating points are good indicators of how many people saw your TV ad, but how does it influence individual consumer behavior? Consumers take action online in response to seeing your ad offline. But which types of TV ads trigger the greatest response? To ensure you're getting the most accurate answers to your questions, make sure your TV attribution methodology does the following:
5 Emerging Marketing Trends That Require Advanced Measurement in Metrics Insider on 01/14/2016
The Internet of Things is driving rapid change in consumer behavior and content consumption, including advertising consumption. According to a recent study conducted by Adobe, the average U.S. adult uses six different devices to connect to the Internet. Connected devices extend beyond just desktop computers, smartphones and tablets. Now they also include wearables like Fitbits and Apple Watches, gaming consoles like PlayStation and Xbox, and home appliances like smart refrigerators, thermostats and even lightbulbs. The proliferation of connected devices has forced marketers to try new advertising tactics to keep up with consumers' multiscreen world.
Responsible Measurement: Protect Your Customers And Your Brand in Metrics Insider on 12/01/2015
Marketers don't want their brand to be the first that comes to mind when consumers think of "those companies that follow me around the Internet." Fortunately, there are several steps that brands can take to demonstrate responsible measurement.
How To Measure The Impact Of Holiday Promos in Metrics Insider on 11/17/2015
Although this is a critical time of year for marketers in many industries, retailers face a unique set of challenges when it comes to holiday metrics.
TV Attribution: Where's the Beef?! in Metrics Insider on 10/27/2015
Hey, What About Metrics For Brand Marketers? in Metrics Insider on 10/02/2015
Recently, I was talking to the CMO of a large brand who expressed his frustration with the current state of brand marketing measurement. He wants to prove that his brand marketing dollars are having an impact, but believes that traditional tools and methodologies lack the ability to do so with the accountability his company demands.
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RIP (Remote Imaging Protocol) Description (Used for BBS screens).
of the RIPscrip Protocol Specification.
mischievous things in teleconference messages, or similar pranks.
2. A RIPscrip command line begins with an exclamation mark (!).
raw text and is routed to the TTY text window (see "8" below).
!|L RIPscrip Level-0 Command "L"
!|1L RIPscrip Level-1 Command "L"
!|15L RIPscrip Level-1, sub-level 5 Command "L"
compacts numbers down to roughly 3/5 of their decimal form.
alphabet, using characters 0-9 and A-Z.
in a RIPscrip text parameter by preceding it with a backslash(\).
A literal backslash is represented with a double-backslash (\\).
or other areas of a host with spurious RIPscrip sequences.
are interpreted as raw text.
parameters , , , and must be the same.
restore the default 16-color RIP palette (see RIP_SET_PALETTE below).
effect. The fonts 1 - 4 are smooth scalable vector fonts.
understood by both the GUI designer and the Terminal Program.
line patterns but does comply with line thickness.
This command draws an elliptical arc, or a segment of an ellipse.
and =360. This command does not utilize "aspect ratios"
does not apply to this command.
not actually on the curve, but points 1 and 4 are.
performance of the curve drawing. Bezier Curves use "floating point"
this command are simple integers however.
drawn using the current drawing color, line pattern and thickness.
of the polygon. The polygon interior is not filled by RIP_POLYGON.
The polygon is enclosed by the last vertex between xn,yn and x1,y1.
it is automatically done for you.
the polygon is filled with the current fill color and fill pattern.
color, line pattern and thickness.
the point, the fill will continue to the edges of the viewport.


NASHVILLE, TN (CelebrityAccess MediaWire) — Industry vet Mike Bachta has signed on with Working Group Artist Management where he will head up the company's new Nashville office.
Bachta most recent worked with New-York-based In De Goot Entertainment, where he worked with bands such as Theory of a Deadman, Story of the Year, and Airbourne.
Making the transition with Mr. Bachta to Working Group are a number of artists on his roster, including The Limousines, Fighting With Wire, Greek Fire and Invaders (co-managed with Outerloop).


Eat regularly. Eating regular meals and snacks gives the body (including the brain) a ready source of fuel and nutrients and helps to prevent hunger. Hunger can create stress in the body. It can also magnify the effects of other stressors. Aim to eat something healthy about every three hours during the waking part of your day.
Water works! Our bodies need water throughout the day. If we become dehydrated or short of body water, our bodies feel physical stress which, like hunger, can magnify other sources of stress in our lives. Pay attention to your body and drink up whenever you are thirsty!
Choose well. Eat a variety of nutritious foods each day to ensure you get all of the nutrients needed for good health. Consult the Alberta Nutrition Guidelines for Adults to learn more about the types and amounts of foods you need each day for good health.
Limit caffeine intake from foods and beverages. Caffeine is a stimulant that is found in coffee, tea, chocolate and some soft drinks. Excessive amounts of caffeine can make you feel agitated and add to feelings of stress. Avoid this effect by limiting how often you choose foods or beverages that contain caffeine.
Get help if you need it! Healthy eating and active living play an important role in stress management. However, if your stress levels are very high, you may need additional support or help. Don't be afraid to seek the help of a counsellor or mental health practitioner if you feel you can't cope, or if stress is taking a huge toll on the quality of your life.
Feelings of stress are unavoidable. Eating well and active living can help to make stress easier manage.


§ 88-1 Definitions; word usage.
§ 88-2 Enforcement; powers and duties of noise control officer.
§ 88-3 Responsibility of departments.
§ 88-4 Maximum permissible sound pressure levels.
§ 88-8 Penalties for offenses.
All terminology defined herein which relates to the nature of sound and the mechanical detection and recordation of sound is in conformance with the terminology of the American National Standards Institute or its successory body.
An official warning to remove, stop and/or cease that which causes an unreasonable noise.
The sound pressure level measured in decibels with a sound level meter set for A-weighing, abbreviated "dBA".
Any real property located within an area zoned by Chapter 155, Zoning, of the Code of the Village of Greenport and the Zoning Map of the Village of Greenport as Retail Commercial District or General Commercial District or Waterfront Commercial District.
Any power device or equipment designed and intended for use in construction, including but not limited to air compressors, bulldozers, backhoes, trucks, shovels, derricks and cranes.
The A-weighted sound level in decibels, as measured by a general purpose sound level meter complying with the provisions of the American National Standards Institute Specifications for Sound Level Meters (ANSI SI.4 1971), properly calibrated and operated on the A-weighing network.
The practical unit of measurement for sound pressure level. The number of "decibels" of a measured sound is equal to twenty (20) times the logarithm of the base 10 of the ratio of the sound pressure of the measured sound to the sound pressure of a standard sound [twenty (20) micropascals], abbreviated "dB".
The value specified by the manufacturer as the recommended maximum loaded weight of a single motor vehicle. In cases where trailers and tractors are separable, the gross combinations weight rating (GCWR), which is the value specified by the manufacturer as the recommended maximum loaded weight of the combinations vehicle, should be used.
All engine- or motor-powered equipment intended for repetitive use in residential areas typically capable of being used by a homeowner. Examples of "homeowners' light residential outdoor equipment" are lawn mowers, garden tools, riding tractors, snowblowers, hedge clippers, etc.
A sound of short duration usually less than one (1) second and of high intensity with an abrupt onset and rapid delay. Examples of "impulsive sound" would be explosions, drop forge impacts, discharge of firearms, etc.
Any building wherein there are two (2) or more dwelling units.
Any airborne sound of such level and duration as to be or tend to be injurious to human health or welfare or that would unreasonably interfere with the enjoyment of life or property.
Any employee of the Village of Greenport trained in the measurement of sound and empowered to issue a summons for violations of this chapter.
Cause temporary or permanent hearing loss in persons exposed.
Be otherwise injurious, or tend to be, on the basis of current information, injurious to the public health or welfare.
Exceed standards or restrictions established herein.
The using or operating of, or permitting to be played, used or operated, any sound reproductive device, including but not limited to any radio, receiving set, musical instrument, phonograph, television set or other machine or device for the producing or reproducing of sound, in such manner as to disturb the peace, quiet and comfort of the neighboring inhabitants and in such a manner as to be plainly audible at a distance of fifty (50) feet from the area, building, structure or vehicle in which it is located.
Any area designated pursuant to this chapter for the purpose of ensuring exceptional quiet.
Sound pressure level measured in standard octave bands with a sound level meter and octave band analyzer that meet ANSI SI.4 and SI.11, or the latest revision thereof.
Any vehicle which is propelled by any power other than muscular power.
An individual, association, firm, syndicate, company, trust, corporation, department, bureau or agency, or any other entity recognized by law as the subject of rights and duties.
The imaginary line, including its vertical extension, that separates one (1) parcel of real property from another.
The vertical and horizontal boundaries of a dwelling unit that is one (1) in a multi-dwelling-unit building.
Any real property located within an area zoned by Chapter 85 of the Code of the Village of Greenport and the Zoning Map of the Village of Greenport as R-1 One-Family Residence District or R-2 One- and Two-Family Residence District.
Any variation in ambient barometric pressure.
An instrument, including a microphone, an amplifier and output meter and frequency-weighing networks, for the measurement of sound levels.
The weighted sound pressure level in decibels obtained by the use of a sound level meter and frequency-weighing network, such as A, B or C. If the frequency weighing employed is not indicated, the A-weighing slow response shall apply.
Any device that is designed to be used or is actually used for the production or reproduction of sound, including but not limited to any musical instrument, radio, television, tape recorder, phonograph, loudspeaker, public address system or any other sound-amplifying device.
Any device that is designed to be used or is actually used to produce a sound signal, but not spoken language, including but not limited to any horn, whistle, bell, gong, siren, rattle, clapper, hammer, drum or air horn.
Any activity or device whatsoever that produces sound.
Any one (1) parcel of land, or a tract of land consisting of two (2) or more parcels, which includes all contiguous land and water areas under the ownership or control of a person in or upon which one (1) or more sound sources are located. The "sound source site" includes all individual sound sources that are located on such site, whether stationary, movable or mobile. A "sound source site" is created by the installation of one (1) or more sound sources thereon.
Whether the origin of the noise is usual or unusual.
The nature and zoning district of the areas within which the noise emanates.
Editor's Note: The Zoning Map is on file in the office of the Village Clerk.
The provisions of this chapter shall be enforced by noise control officers and/or police officers of the Town of Southold.
Issue a summons or warning (pursuant to § 88-9 to immediately cease and desist the subject noise).
Review the action of other municipal departments and advise such departments of the effect, if any, of such actions on noise control.
Review and inspect public projects and, upon consent by the owner or designated agent, review and inspect private projects for compliance with this chapter.
The noise control officer shall not use this chapter in situations within the jurisdiction of the Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act.
All departments and agencies of the Village of Greenport shall, to the fullest extent consistent with other law, carry out their programs in such a manner as to further the policy of this chapter and shall cooperate with the noise control officer in the implementation and enforcement of this chapter.
No person shall cause, suffer, allow or permit the operation of any source of sound on a particular category of property or any public land or right-of-way in such a manner as to create a sound level that exceeds the particular level limits set forth in Table I when measured at or within the real property line of the receiving property, except those acts specifically prohibited in this chapter for which no measurement of sound is required.
When measuring noise within a multi-dwelling unit, all doors and windows shall be closed and the measurements shall be taken in the center of the room.
No person shall operate or cause to be operated a sound reproduction device that produces unreasonable noise. The operation of any such device in such a manner as to create unreasonable noise across a real property boundary or the operation of such device by a passenger of a vehicle in such a way as to disturb any other person is prohibited.
No person shall operate, use or cause to be operated or used any sound reproduction device for commercial or business advertising purposes or for the purposes of attracting attention to any performance, show or sale or display of merchandise in connection with any commercial operation, including but not limited to the sale of radios, televisions, phonographs, tape recorders, phonograph records or tapes; in front or outside of any building, place or premises abutting or adjacent to a public street, park or place, where the sound therefrom may be heard upon any public street, park or place or from any stand, platform or other structure; or on a boat or on the waters within the jurisdiction of the Village of Greenport; or anywhere on public streets, parks or places. Nothing in this subsection is intended to prohibit sounds emanating from sporting, entertainment or other public events held on property of the Village of Greenport or School District so suited for such activities, provided that proper authorization from the Village of Greenport has been obtained.
No person shall operate or use or cause to be operated or used any sound reproduction device in any public place in such a manner that the sound emanating therefrom creates unreasonable noise across a real property boundary.
No person shall shout, yell, call, hoot, whistle or sing on public streets or in public places so as to cause unreasonable noise.
No person shall call for the purpose of advertising goods, services, wares or merchandise within any area zoned for residential use so as to cause unreasonable noise. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to the sale of merchandise, food and beverages at authorized entertainment events for which a permit has been obtained pursuant to Chapter 44 of the Code of the Village of Greenport.
Noise-sensitive zones. No person shall cause or permit the creation of any sound by means of any device or otherwise on any sidewalk, street or public place adjacent to any school, court, house of worship or public library while such facility is in use or adjacent to any hospital or nursing home at any time, so that such sound disrupts the normal activities conducted at such facilities or disturbs or annoys persons making use of such facilities.
Loading and unloading. No person shall engage in, cause or permit the loading, unloading, opening, closing or other handling of boxes, crates, containers, building materials or similar objects between the hours of 8:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. the following day in such a manner as to cause unreasonable noise across a residential real property boundary.
Horns and signaling devices. No person shall cause or permit to be caused the sounding of any horn or other auditory signaling device on or in any motor vehicle except to serve as a danger warning.
No person shall operate or permit to be operated the engine of any motor vehicle or any auxiliary equipment attached to such vehicle for a period longer than ten (10) minutes in any hour while the vehicle is stationary, for reasons other than traffic congestion, on any private property or public right-of-way or public space so that the sound therefrom is audible within three hundred (300) feet of a residential property boundary between the hours of 8:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. the following day.
This subsection shall not apply to authorized emergency vehicles or to public utility vehicles actually engaged in any emergency repair activity.
Between the hours of 8:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. the following day on weekdays or at any time on Sundays or legal holidays, such that the sound therefrom creates unreasonable noise across a residential real property boundary.
At any other time such that the continuous sound-in-air level at or across a real property boundary exceeds an L10 of eighty (80) dBA.
At any other time such that the impulsive sound-in-air has a peak sound pressure level at or across a real property boundary in excess of one hundred thirty (130) dBA.
The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to emergency work.
Commercial, business and industrial operation.
No person shall operate or permit to be operated on a sound source site a commercial business operation that produces a sound level exceeding the limitations as provided in this subsection.
During the hours of 1:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m. the same day: a sound level in excess of thirty (30) dBA measured with the slow response of a sound-level meter.
During the hours of 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. the same day: a sound level in excess of seventy-five (75) dBA measured with the slow response of a sound-level meter.
During the hours of 8:00 p.m. to 1:00 a.m. the next day: a sound level in excess of fifty-eight (58) dBA measured with the slow response of a sound-level meter.
The sound levels contained herein shall not apply to noise-sensitive zones when the facilities in such zones are not in use.
During the hours of 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. the same day: a sound level in excess of seventy-five (75) dBA measured with the slow response of a sound level meter.
During the hours of 8:00 p.m. to 1:00 a.m. the next day: a sound level in excess of fifty-five (55) dBA measured with the slow response of a sound level meter.
Noise mufflers. No person shall operate a motor vehicle or boat which shall fail to contain a muffler or other sound-suppression equipment in operable condition which shall prevent said vehicle from causing unnecessary noise. In addition to other standards contained herein in the definition of "unreasonable noise" under § 88-1, a motor vehicle or boat shall be deemed to cause unreasonable noise if it produces a sound level of eighty (80) dBA's or more.
Noise from the intermittent or occasional use of homeowner's light residential outdoor equipment, including but not limited to domestic power tools, lawn mowers and equipment, when operated with a muffler, between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. on weekdays and 9:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. on weekends and legal holidays.
Noise from snowblowers, snow throwers and snow plows, when operated with a muffler, for the purpose of snow removal.
Noise from stationary emergency signaling devices owned and operated by any public utility, municipal subdivision, fire department or ambulance corps when used in connection with an emergency or for testing purposes, including but not limited to train switching.
Noise from a burglar alarm of any building or motor vehicle, provided that such burglar alarm shall terminate its operation within fifteen (15) minutes after it has been activated and shall not be operated more than fifteen (15) minutes in any one-hour period.
Sound from chimes or bells from municipal buildings, including but not limited to fire district buildings.
Noise from generators used for emergency purposes.
Noise from fireworks displays, outdoor concerts, musical entertainment, parades or assemblies for which a permit has been obtained pursuant to Chapter 44 of the Code of the Village of Greenport or a variance to this chapter.
The Village Board of the Village of Greenport shall have the authority, consistent with this section, to grant variances to the chapter.
The noise abatement and control methods used to restrict the emission of sound.
The Village Board, upon receipt of such application and upon payment of any fee which shall be required by resolution of the Village Board, shall set the matter down for a public hearing to be held within thirty (30) days from the date the application was submitted. The Village Board shall cause publication of such public hearing to be given in the official newspaper of the village in the same manner as an application for a special permit is published. The applicant, in like manner, shall give notice of the application by certified mail, return receipt, to all property owners surrounding the sound source site within a radius of two hundred (200) feet from the borders of said site.
Editor's Note: See Ch. A156, Fees.
In determining whether to grant or deny the application, the Village Board shall balance the hardship to the applicant, the community and other persons against the adverse impact on the health, safety and welfare of persons affected, the adverse impact on the property affected and any other adverse impacts deemed appropriate.
The Village Board shall cause the taking of sound level readings by an agency to be designated by the Village Board in the event that there shall be any dispute as to the sound levels prevailing or to prevail at the sound source site.
The Village Board shall have the power to impose restrictions, conditions and recordings of covenants upon any sound source site, including time limits of permitted activity, in the event that it shall grant any variance hereunder.
Any person who violates any provision of this chapter shall be guilty of a violation and shall be subject to a fine of not more than two hundred fifty dollars ($250.) nor less than twenty-five dollars ($25.), imprisonment for not more than fifteen (15) days, or both.
Each day (twenty-four-hour period) of violation of any provision of this chapter shall constitute a separate offense.
Except as provided in Subsection B, in lieu of issuing a summons, the noise control officer may issue a warning requiring abatement of any source of sound alleged to be in violation of this chapter.
A warning shall not be issued when the noise control officer has reason to believe that there will not be compliance with the warning, when the alleged violator has been served with a previous warning or had previously been convicted for a violation of this chapter.


text:
Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies
The Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies is dedicated to improving the human condition through rigorous and creative undergraduate, graduate, and professional education; path-breaking research; and active engagement in innovative initiatives that apply this education and knowledge to make a real-world difference in the critical challenges humanity faces.
The Pardee School offers nine rigorous, interdisciplinary master's programs and two graduate certificates. Our approach breaks down disciplinary boundaries – Pardee students study not only international politics, but also history, economics, environmental studies, sociology, anthropology, and more. This broad-based curriculum enables our students to build a holistic understanding of global affairs.
The Pardee School offers students access to a broad range of resources and faculty expertise. Come engage with a distinguished faculty that includes both accomplished scholars and skilled practitioners drawn from the worlds of diplomacy, intelligence, economic development, environmental sustainability, and military affairs.
Peace that lasts, development that works, knowledge that transforms. At the Pardee School, we are educating the next generation of leaders ready to tackle the critical issues of the global future. Explore our programs and find the one that is right for you.
2-year MA in International Affairs: Specialization in Diplomacy
2-year MA in International Affairs: Specialization in Global Economic Affairs
2-year MA in International Affairs: Specialization in Security Studies
2-year MA in International Affairs: Specialization in Religion & International Affairs
2-year MA in International Affairs: Specialization in International Communication
1.5-year MA in Global Policy: Specialization in Environmental Policy
1.5-year MA in Global Policy: Specialization in Development Policy
1.5-year MA in Global Policy: Specialization in Public Health Policy
1.5 year MA in Latin American Studies
1-year MA in International Relations
Dual Degree: Master of Arts in International Relations & Juris Doctor (JD)
Dual Degree: Master of Arts in International Relations & Master of Business Administration (MBA)
121 Bay State Rd Boston, MA 02215 USA
http://www.bu.edu/pardeeschool/
View Application Deadlines
Dean, Pardee School
Dean of the Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies
Category: Faculty/Scholar
View Full Job Description
Dean, Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies
The Dean provides academic, intellectual, and administrative leadership of the Pardee School and promotes excellence in all aspects of the School's teaching, research, and outreach missions.
View all school job openings


text:
Harry Reid signals support for medical marijuana use
January 17, 2014 / 11:04 AM / CBS News
Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nev., embraced medical marijuana use in an interview with the Las Vegas Sun on Thursday, becoming the latest in a series of public figures whose attitudes have reflected a broader political shift toward more permissive marijuana laws.
"If you'd asked me this question a dozen years ago, it would have been easy to answer – I would have said no, because (marijuana) leads to other stuff, but I can't say that any more," Reid told the Sun when he was asked about several municipal governments in Nevada that have issued moratoriums on medical marijuana dispensaries.
"I think we need to take a real close look at this," he added. "I think that there's some medical reasons for marijuana."
Nevada voters approved a referendum in 2000 that legalized medical marijuana in the state.
Reid explained his change of opinion by pointing to news reports and personal stories about people whose illnesses were relieved by medical marijuana.
Without naming names, he cited the son of a Las Vegas elected official who lost both of his kidneys due to kidney failure.
"He was so skinny and doing so poorly, and somebody told him and his mom, you know, you should smoke some marijuana, because one of the side effects is … you get the munchies, you get extremely hungry," Reid said. "He tried it, and sure enough, he was able to eat for the first time, he got hungry. So I thought, you know there might be some medical reasons for taking another look at this."
Still, Reid would not weigh in on the question of recreational marijuana use.
"I don't know about that," he said. "I just think that we need to look at the medical aspects of it."
Currently at least 20 states, plus the District of Columbia, recognize some form of legal marijuana use for medicinal purposes. And in two states, Colorado and Washington, marijuana was recently legalized for recreational use.
First published on January 17, 2014 / 11:04 AM


Police officers often get less credit than they deserve. Even though there are incidents in which police officers over-extend their job duties and result in shocking events, the vast majority of them risk their lives to protect the communities in which they serve. In this article we will explain how to become a police officer in the U.S.A.
How to Become a Police Officer in the States?
First things first we have to mention that police officers have to undergo a series of vigorous trials and that the general misconception that anyone can become a law enforcement agent is false.
But before even reaching the trials men and women who have the desire of applying for a position in law enforcement have to meet a series of requirements.
Depending on the state they live and apply, the requirements for becoming a police officer can slightly differ. For example, in California the minimum age a person must have before applying for such a position is of 18, while in Florida you have to be at least 19. In Texas however the age requirement is set to 21, except if the applicant has an associate degree or a specific number of credited semester hours from an accredited college or university.
In order to become a cop, all applicants must be U.S. citizens as well as having a high-school diploma or GED. In Texas applications are accepted from people who have been honorably discharged after at least 24 months of active duty service, thus overcoming the issue of not having a high-school diploma or equivalent certificate. Unfortunately, in the Lone Star State, applicants must also hold a valid "C" driver's license.
In every state, applicants must not convicted for felonies or be dishonorable discharged from active service duty.
It is imperative if anyone wishes to become a law enforcement agent to visit local police departments if they have open houses. In order to get better acquainted with the requirements, life in the academy and test schedules.
Obviously not everyone is cut out for such a profession the same way as not everyone is made for a career in the army or other high-risk professions. Yet, for those truly dedicated visiting local police departments can be an excellent learning tool. Getting in touch with senior police officer can offer valuable knowledge which can ultimately save you life on field. Like the old saying "a smart person learns from his mistakes, a brilliant person learns from the mistakes of others".
In New Jersey for example there is a Pre-Employment Preparation Program which aids applicants to overcome different obstacles they encounter in the physical qualification test.
After selecting the department in which you want to activate, make sure you verify can agree with the test schedules. Some police departments require a basic training program while in other cases applicants are sent to the police academy after hiring them. So be sure to verify with the police department before continuing with your application.
An understatement, nonetheless an important one, a police officer is required to undergo a series of physical trials. Law enforcement agents are meant to do a lot of field work so if you ever find yourself in the unfortunate event of chasing a felon, make sure you cut off those donuts and hit the gym.
Another general misconception is that police officers are supposed to just know hot to shoot a gun. A law enforcement agent is supposed to be the first bastion of defense in any given community against felons of all sorts. Making the right call, knowing the difference between good and wrong and being able to calm down perpetrators depends a lot on each person's ability to employ knowledge gained through arduous studying. Having knowledge on civil rights, constitutional law, state or local ordinances may make the difference between life or death.
Alongside having insight on many topics which relate to law-enforcement and not only, police officers must have a prerequisite of skills, which can be gained or developed through training. Hearing and vision are just two physical traits which are crucial to a police officer. Moreover, skills such as agility and strength can often be essential if you desire to prevent the use of gunfire.
Other skills taught in police academies are self-defense and ethics, which certainly are a must. Pretty straightforward, nobody wants a police officer which cannot stand up for those unable to, not to mention that nobody desires a crooked law enforcement agent either. Knowing the difference between right and wrong can often save lives and prevent crimes. In other words, although graffiti is considered a felony in many states, nobody wants to get shoot because of it.
Here we will present a few tips on how to prepare for the interview. Mainly, after a person passes the physical exams, he or she will have to prepare for an interview with a panel of senior police officers. During the interview they will assess your communication and problem-solving skills, because we all know that it is better to prevent a crime from happening.
After passing the interview you will be submitted to a series of tests before being sent off to the academy. These include a polygraph test, psychological test, detailed background investigation and of course a comprehensive medical exam.
You are presentable, meaning that you dress accordingly.
Employ a speech pattern worthy of a police officer.
Know the laws and jurisdiction in which you will activate.
So there you have it, our tips on how to become a police officer in the U.S.A.
Remember that such a field of work is not made for everybody and be sure you think it through well before deciding to apply for a position in law enforcement.
We hope you enjoyed our article on how to become a police officer in the USA. For more detailed information on what it means to become a law enforcement agent you can check our other posts on police officer job description ("What Does a Police Officer Do?") and police officer salary ("How Much Do Police Officer Make?").
What Do Correctional Officers Do? What Does A Police Officer Do? What Do Probation Officers Do? How Much Do Correctional Officers Make? How Much Do Loan Officers Make? How Much Do Probation Officers Make in 2018? How Much Do Police Officers Make?


text:
/** @file kms_vblank.c
 *
 * This is a test of performance of drmWaitVblank.
 */

#include "igt.h"
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>

#include <drm.h>

#include "intel_bufmgr.h"

IGT_TEST_DESCRIPTION("Test speed of WaitVblank.");

static double elapsed(const struct timespec *start,
		      const struct timespec *end,
		      int loop)
{
	return (1e6*(end->tv_sec - start->tv_sec) + (end->tv_nsec - start->tv_nsec)/1000)/loop;
}

static bool crtc0_active(int fd)
{
	union drm_wait_vblank vbl;

	memset(&vbl, 0, sizeof(vbl));
	vbl.request.type = DRM_VBLANK_RELATIVE;
	return drmIoctl(fd, DRM_IOCTL_WAIT_VBLANK, &vbl) == 0;
}

static void accuracy(int fd)
{
	union drm_wait_vblank vbl;
	unsigned long target;
	int n;

	memset(&vbl, 0, sizeof(vbl));

	vbl.request.type = DRM_VBLANK_RELATIVE;
	vbl.request.sequence = 1;
	do_ioctl(fd, DRM_IOCTL_WAIT_VBLANK, &vbl);

	target = vbl.reply.sequence + 60;
	for (n = 0; n < 60; n++) {
		vbl.request.type = DRM_VBLANK_RELATIVE;
		vbl.request.sequence = 1;
		do_ioctl(fd, DRM_IOCTL_WAIT_VBLANK, &vbl);

		vbl.request.type = DRM_VBLANK_ABSOLUTE | DRM_VBLANK_EVENT;
		vbl.request.sequence = target;
		do_ioctl(fd, DRM_IOCTL_WAIT_VBLANK, &vbl);
	}
	vbl.request.type = DRM_VBLANK_RELATIVE;
	vbl.request.sequence = 0;
	do_ioctl(fd, DRM_IOCTL_WAIT_VBLANK, &vbl);
	igt_assert_eq(vbl.reply.sequence, target);

	for (n = 0; n < 60; n++) {
		struct drm_event_vblank ev;
		igt_assert_eq(read(fd, &ev, sizeof(ev)), sizeof(ev));
		igt_assert_eq(ev.sequence, target);
	}
}

static void vblank_query(int fd, bool busy)
{
	union drm_wait_vblank vbl;
	struct timespec start, end;
	unsigned long sq, count = 0;
	struct drm_event_vblank buf;

	memset(&vbl, 0, sizeof(vbl));

	if (busy) {
		vbl.request.type = DRM_VBLANK_RELATIVE | DRM_VBLANK_EVENT;
		vbl.request.sequence = 72;
		do_ioctl(fd, DRM_IOCTL_WAIT_VBLANK, &vbl);
	}

	vbl.request.type = DRM_VBLANK_RELATIVE;
	vbl.request.sequence = 0;
	do_ioctl(fd, DRM_IOCTL_WAIT_VBLANK, &vbl);

	sq = vbl.reply.sequence;

	clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &start);
	do {
		vbl.request.type = DRM_VBLANK_RELATIVE;
		vbl.request.sequence = 0;
		do_ioctl(fd, DRM_IOCTL_WAIT_VBLANK, &vbl);
		count++;
	} while ((vbl.reply.sequence - sq) <= 60);
	clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &end);

	igt_info("Time to query current counter (%s):		%7.3fµs\n",
		 busy ? "busy" : "idle", elapsed(&start, &end, count));

	if (busy)
		igt_assert_eq(read(fd, &buf, sizeof(buf)), sizeof(buf));
}

static void vblank_wait(int fd, bool busy)
{
	union drm_wait_vblank vbl;
	struct timespec start, end;
	unsigned long sq, count = 0;
	struct drm_event_vblank buf;

	memset(&vbl, 0, sizeof(vbl));

	if (busy) {
		vbl.request.type = DRM_VBLANK_RELATIVE | DRM_VBLANK_EVENT;
		vbl.request.sequence = 72;
		do_ioctl(fd, DRM_IOCTL_WAIT_VBLANK, &vbl);
	}

	vbl.request.type = DRM_VBLANK_RELATIVE;
	vbl.request.sequence = 0;
	do_ioctl(fd, DRM_IOCTL_WAIT_VBLANK, &vbl);

	sq = vbl.reply.sequence;

	clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &start);
	do {
		vbl.request.type = DRM_VBLANK_RELATIVE;
		vbl.request.sequence = 1;
		do_ioctl(fd, DRM_IOCTL_WAIT_VBLANK, &vbl);
		count++;
	} while ((vbl.reply.sequence - sq) <= 60);
	clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &end);

	igt_info("Time to wait for %ld/%d vblanks (%s):		%7.3fµs\n",
		 count, (int)(vbl.reply.sequence - sq),
		 busy ? "busy" : "idle",
		 elapsed(&start, &end, count));

	if (busy)
		igt_assert_eq(read(fd, &buf, sizeof(buf)), sizeof(buf));
}

igt_main
{
	int fd;

	igt_skip_on_simulation();

	igt_fixture {
		fd = drm_open_driver(DRIVER_INTEL);
		igt_require(crtc0_active(fd));
	}

	igt_subtest("accuracy")
		accuracy(fd);

	igt_subtest("query-idle")
		vblank_query(fd, false);

	igt_subtest("query-busy")
		vblank_query(fd, true);

	igt_subtest("wait-idle")
		vblank_wait(fd, false);

	igt_subtest("wait-busy")
		vblank_wait(fd, true);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Sophia Titus #11
Jordan-Elbridge Girls Lacrosse
Class: Senior | Pos: A, D
03/29/2019 vs. Central Valley Academy W 21-7 4 3 — — —
04/01/2019 vs. LaFayette L 8-20 2 — — — —
04/06/2019 vs. Watertown L 2-19 1 — — — —
04/23/2019 vs. Westhill L 4-17 — 1 — — —
05/09/2019 @ Christian Brothers Academy L 8-21 — 1 — — —
05/13/2019 @ Central Valley Academy W 15-6 6 — — — —
Season Totals: 13 5 — — —