text:
Q: How to create a scala case class instance with a Map instance I want to create a scala case class whose fields come form a map . And , here is the case class
 case class UserFeature(uid: String = null,
                     age: String = null,
                     marriageStatus: String = null,
                     consumptionAbility: String = null,
                     LBS: String = null,
                     interest1: String = null,
                     interest2: String = null,
                     interest3: String = null,
                     interest4: String = null,
                     interest5: String = null,
                     kw1: String = null,
                     kw2: String = null,
                     kw3: String = null,
                     topic1: String = null,
                     topic2: String = null,
                     topic3: String = null,
                     appIdInstall: String = null,
                     appIdAction: String = null,
                     ct: String = null,
                     os: String = null,
                     carrier: String = null,
                     house: String = null
                          )

suppose the map instance is
Map("uid" -> "4564131",
    "age" -> "5",
    "ct" -> "bk7755")

how can I apply the keys&values of the map to the fields&values of case class?

A: You can do UserFeature(uid = map_var("uid"), age = map_var("age"), ct = map_var("ct")) assuming the variable holding Map is map_var and the keys are available

A: It is not a good idea to use null to represent missing string values. Use Option[String] instead.
case class UserFeature(uid: Option[String] = None,
                       age: Option[String] = None,
                       marriageStatus: Option[String] = None,
                       ...

Once you have done that, you can use get on the map to retrieve the value.
UserFeature(map.get("uid"), map.get("age"), map.get("marriageStatus") ...)

Values that are present in the map will be Some(value) and missing values will be None. The Option class has lots of useful methods for processing optional values in a safe way.

A: Synthesizing the other two answers, I would convert all the Strings in UserFeature that you're defaulting to null (which you should basically never use in Scala unless interacting with poorly-written Java code requires it, and even then use it as little as possible) to Option[String].  I leave that search-and-replace out of the answer.
Then you can do:
object UserFeature {
  def apply(map: Map[String, String]): UserFeature =
    UserFeature(map.get("uid"), map.get("age") ...)
}

Which lets you use:
val someMap: Map[String, String] = ...
val userFeature = UserFeature(someMap)

With the change to Option[String], there will be some other changes that need to be made in your codebase.  https://danielwestheide.com/blog/2012/12/19/the-neophytes-guide-to-scala-part-5-the-option-type.html is a good tutorial for how to deal with Option.


text:
package org.codehaus.groovy.grails.orm.support;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.Aware;
import org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager;

/**
 * @author Graeme Rocher
 * @since 0.4
 */
public interface TransactionManagerAware extends Aware {

    /**
     * Sets the transaction manager on implementors
     *
     * @param transactionManager The TransactionManager implementation
     */
    void setTransactionManager(PlatformTransactionManager transactionManager);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Thinking about buying a car? You've come to the right place!
Destinations Credit Union has put together a lot of information on every phase of buying your car and getting yourself into the driver's seat. Of course you'll want to check out our loan rates, calculate your loan payment, and even apply online. But before you finance your car, you need to find the right car or truck, find the best price and learn everything you need to know to save more money on the deal.
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Destinations Credit Union members in the market for a used car have a distinct advantage. They can find a quality used car through Enterprise Car Sales.
Enterprise has a large inventory of specially priced late-model used cars, and they offer a comprehensive 12-month limited warranty.
You can look over their inventory at locations in Glen Burnie or White Marsh. Call 800-227-7253 to find an Enterprise lot near you or visit their website. Be sure to let them know you're a Destinations Credit Union member!
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While you're at it, you may want to think about shopping for new insurance. Trustage™ Auto Insurance may be able to save you some money.
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text:
Home / Press Releases / Eco Expo Asia 2016 features upgraded Green Transportation Experience Zone and largest ever Waste Management & Recycling Zone
Eco Expo Asia 2016 features upgraded Green Transportation Experience Zone and largest ever Waste Management & Recycling Zone
By Editor on 15/09/2016
Finland Pavilion to debut among strong global exhibitor participation
Asia's premier green trading platform, Eco Expo Asia, will take place again at the Hong Kong's AsiaWorld-Expo from 26 – 29 October 2016. The exhibition is organised by Messe Frankfurt (HK) Ltd and the Hong Kong Trade Development Council, and co-organised by the Environment Bureau of the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The event aims to provide in-demand green solutions for international governments, industry players and individuals to help tackle growing environmental challenges.
As the world strives to combat pollution and climate change, the expo will put forward an upgraded Green Transportation Experience Zone, occupying more than 700 sqm, to showcase the latest environmentally friendly vehicles, charging facilities and relevant green solutions to answer the needs. Visitors will have the chance to hop on board some of the hottest commercial electric vehicles (EVs) and explore the advanced charging facilities at first hand. Some of the exhibits in this zone include the 5.5-ton Pure e-Truck brought by E Tech Dynamic Technology Co Ltd, the Pure-electric Commercial Van distributed by Fortune Dragon Motors Ltd, the electric bus and electric van developed by China Dynamics (Holdings) Ltd as well as Hong Kong EV Power Ltd's newly launched Smart Ceiling EV Charger. Furthermore, for the first time, the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, Shanghai Pudong Sub-council will bring a number of leading Shanghai companies from the new energy vehicle sector to exhibit and exchange vital market information with industry peers from Hong Kong and the overseas at the 2016 show. The Green Transportation Forum will also run concurrently with the display to offer participants a more complete view of related solutions.
Another returning show feature is the Waste Management and Recycling Zone, which will expand to a record-breaking 500-plus sqm. Some of the confirmed exhibitors include ALBA Integrated Waste Solutions, Baguio, China Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection (Hong Kong) Investment Co Ltd, China Water Industry Group Ltd, Donasonic, EEW Energy from Waste, Envac, MOBA, SUEZ and more.
China Water Industry Group Ltd, a listed company that specialises in the investment and operation of water and solid waste management projects, is participating as a fair exhibitor two years in a row. Mr Liu Huiquan, Deputy General Manager of the company, said: "The fair is joined by more than a thousand of government officials and industry decision-makers from around the world. Access to these professionals is beneficial to our development goals. Besides running the Chinese mainland's largest landfill gas conversion project, we are also discussing potential collaboration on a glass recycling programme in Hong Kong. We hope to expand into new markets in Asia Pacific and Europe through this platform."
Hosting its 11th edition, Eco Expo Asia will continue to feature a strong line-up of global exhibitors, including newcomers from Israel and Scotland. For the first time, it will see the Group Participation by Austria and the Czech Republic as well as the debut of the Finland Pavilion. Pavilions representing Canada, the Chinese mainland, Japan, Macau and Switzerland will also return to provide a comprehensive display of different green solutions.
The Finland Pavilion, which is represented by the City of Tampere, Clewer Logistics Oü, Eco Living Ltd, the Finnish Foreign Trade Association, Finpro, and Molok Oy, will showcase Finland's cutting-edge waste, water management and green building solutions. First-time exhibitor, Clewer Logistics Oü, specialises in wastewater cleaning and recycling solutions and will bring along a huge system for onsite demonstration. Mr Jouni Laine, CEO and President of the company, said: "The sewage treatment market is quickly gaining ground in Asia and Eco Expo Asia is an ideal starting point for us to explore this great market potential. Our goal here is to look for new local distributors and manufacturers in the municipal and industrial water treatment and car wash industry, as well as potential direct end-users of our services."
Having taken part in the fair since 2012, SK Kaken Co Ltd will display a wide range of green building materials from Japan this year. Their offerings will include granite-like prefabricated sheets called Granipierre, marble-like prefabricated panels named Jewelry Series, and Woody Smile, the newly modified wood-toned prefabricated materials. Ms Michelle Tsang, General Manager of the Hong Kong Branch Office, said: "We hope to promote to industry players and experts our self-developed eco-friendly building materials and technologies through this annual event."
With a number of pressing environmental challenges worldwide, Eco Expo Asia aims to serve as a holistic platform that offers greener solutions, as well as enables companies, government officials and individuals to connect. For more information, please visit www.ecoexpoasia.com, or email us at ecoexpo@hongkong.messefrankfurt.com or exhibitions@hktdc.org.
Background information on Messe Frankfurt
Messe Frankfurt is one of the world's leading trade fair organisers, generating around €648 million in sales and employing 2,244 people. The Messe Frankfurt Group has a global network of 30 subsidiaries and 55 international Sales Partners, allowing it to serve its customers on location in 175 countries. Messe Frankfurt events take place at approx. 50 locations around the globe. In 2015, Messe Frankfurt organised a total of 133 trade fairs, of which more than half took place outside Germany.
Comprising an area of 592,127 square metres, Messe Frankfurt's exhibition grounds are home to ten exhibition halls. The company also operates two congress centres. The historic Festhalle, one of the most popular venues in Germany, plays host to events of all kinds. Messe Frankfurt is publicly owned, with the City of Frankfurt holding 60 percent and the State of Hesse 40 percent.
For more information, please visit our website at www.messefrankfurt.com.
About the HKTDC
Development Council (HKTDC) celebrates its 50th anniversary this year. The HKTDC is the international marketing arm for Hong Kong-based traders, manufacturers and services providers. With more than 40 offices globally, including 13 on the Chinese mainland, the HKTDC promotes Hong Kong as a platform for doing business with China and throughout Asia. The HKTDC also organises international exhibitions, conferences and business missions to provide companies, particularly SMEs, with business opportunities on the mainland and in overseas markets, while providing information via trade publications, research reports and digital channels including the media room. For more information, please visit: www.hktdc.com/aboutus.
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Pushing efforts in green building for the next decade
With the rapid growth of global trends towards green building development, many have put forward good work that highlights the...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I've been using Peppermint 8 for about a year now and I'm completely satisfied with how the system works as well its ease of use, since I've been a Mint user for more than a decade. Nevertheless, trying to install the Greek language system-wide doesn't seem to work. Yes, Greek is ticked in the regional settings and, yes, I clicked on the "apply system-wide" button. Nothing seems to work, though.
I dragged and dropped "Greek" in the first place in the Languages section after uninstalling and reinstalling the Greek language packages. I then clicked on "Apply system-wide" and it's done.
Good to hear you have resolved your issue.
I have marked this thread [Solved] for you. If you could remember to do it on any further posts - it will help other users find answers that work.


Suspects Sought In Alamo Jewelry Store BurglaryContra Costa County sheriff's deputies are asking the public for help in finding four suspects who burglarized a jewelry store in Alamo earlier this week.
More Details Surface About Oakland Hit-And-Run Suspect's Criminal PastA manhunt for 27-year-old Rasenoch Allen is ongoing in Oakland Tuesday as new details surfaced regarding the criminal history of the fugitive hit-and-run suspect.
Santa Rosa Camera Store Employees Fight Back During Armed RobberySurveillance video shows the moment a plot to rob a Santa Rosa camera store backfired on three suspects.
Man Robbed At Gunpoint, Pistol Whipped In San Francisco's BayviewA 31-year-old man was robbed of his cash, jewelry and cell phone at gunpoint and then pistol-whipped by an assailant Thursday night in San Francisco's Bayview neighborhood, police said.
Female Suspect Pepper Sprays Woman, Steals Her Groceries In San FranciscoA suspect pepper-sprayed a 65-year-old woman late Thursday morning in San Francisco's Sunset District and then stole her groceries, police said.
3 Sought In South San Francisco Home InvasionThree suspects kicked in the door of a South San Francisco house and then ransacked it early Tuesday morning, police said.
UC Berkeley Police Investigate Two Robberies In Campus AreaPolice are investigating a pair of reported strong-armed robbery that occurred Thursday in the area of the University of California at Berkeley campus.
Suspected Knife-Wielding Convenience Store Robber Arrested In VacavilleVacaville police have arrested a 25-year-old man on suspicion of committing at least five robberies while armed with a long kitchen knife.
Suspect In Thrift Store Theft Shot Dead By Deputies In San LeandroTwo theft suspects tried to reverse their SUV into a sheriff's deputy at a San Leandro thrift store. Deputies returned fire and killed one suspect, injuring the other.


text:
This Banana Pudding Is A Soulful Dessert Casserole
Afi Scruggs
Filed to:banana pudding
casserolesdessertskilletsoul food
Photo: Afi Scruggs
When my editor tweeted a pitch for casseroles, I lapsed into snark mode. "I was raised on soul food," I muttered. "Casseroles are not soul food." I was wrong. My favourite dessert — banana pudding — is a quintessential soul food dessert. It is also a casserole both in method and receptacle.
The method involves combining various foods, often in layers, to be cooked in a slow oven. The receptacle is the "casserole" — a French word that made its way into English by 1708, scholars say.
Typically, banana pudding is not baked in an oven, though it can go into an oven briefly if topped with meringue. The pudding so essential to the dessert is carefully stirred on top of the stove, or poured from a package, if the cook uses a true instant pudding. But the pudding is layered with vanilla wafers, pudding, and banana slices.
The receptacle, however, is as important to the definition of casserole as the technique is. Adrian Miller, the lawyer who wrote the James Beard Award-winning book "Soul Food," defines a casserole as "any layered baked dish." "Some people define it by the container… that classic Pyrex bowl," he says. "But to me, it's any kind of layered, baked dish especially that has a cream element."
Miller mentions a couple of iconic "soul food" dishes that could be considered casseroles. Mashed sweet potatoes would qualify if topped with brown sugar, marshmallows and walnuts. Oven-baked macaroni and cheese is another casserole, and soul food staple, he notes. "You could argue that some versions of macaroni and cheese are a casserole, If you make that Sunday version."
While researching his book, Miller came across numerous casserole recipes in cookbooks by and for African Americans. He found casseroles in "The Ebony Cookbook," a reprint of "A Date With A Dish," written in 1948 by Ebony magazine food editor Freda DeKnight. But Miller says casserole recipes appeared earlier than the 1940s. "As early as the 1910s, you see casserole recipes," he says. "I've seen them as late as the 1990s."
So why did I think casseroles were #SoWhite? I fell for a stereotype: that soul food is the sole food of African American cuisine. Miller and other food scholars point out that "soul food" is a relatively recent moniker for African American food. The term grew in the late '60s and '70s, they say, when the word "soul" became a synonym the African-American experience. Just as people talked about "soul music," they talked about "soul food."
Casseroles may not technically be soul food, but they are African American cuisine, says food scholar Toni Tipton-Martin. She wrote the "The Jemima Code: Two Centuries of African American Cooking." The book, which won a James Beard Foundation award in 2016.
Tipton-Martin argues for two lines of African-American cuisine: the home-cooking of "soul food," and the professional creations of trained chefs. Both come out of slavery, she says, but the survival recipes figure more prominently in discussion of the African-American culinary heritage. "We have totally forgotten there were people who were trained professionally to be the plantation cook," Tipton-Martin says.
Such cooks would have had a repertoire of dishes and techniques to draw from. The Jemima Code is an anthology of Tipton-Martin's collection of African-American cookbooks. They date to 1827, and she's found numerous references to casseroles as food and cookware.
My recipe is inspired by ladies from my church. Originally, the dessert called for homemade boiled custard, but all my church ladies use instant banana pudding. My compromise came from the international foods aisle of my local Walmart. I found Foster Clark's custard powder, an unsweetened base made with cornstarch. It lets me control the amount of sugar, without worrying about making custard in a double-boiler. If Foster Clark's isn't available, use cook-and-serve vanilla pudding. Add banana extract to taste.
Many traditional recipes top the dessert with a meringue. It's not a personal favourite, so I used fresh strawberries. Finishing with a meringue requires a short time in the oven, in which the pudding becomes a true casserole: layered ingredients with a cream sauce baked in the oven. The recipe below yields four hearty servings.
Afi's Banana Pudding Casserole
Pudding Ingredients:
3 tablespoons custard powder
950 mL half cream
1 1/2 teaspoons banana extract
3 to 4 medium-sized, ripe but firm bananas, sliced
1 box vanilla wafers
2 or 3 strawberries for garnish (optional)
Cinnamon for dusting
Meringue Ingredients:
Using a small strainer, sift custard powder into a large mixing bowl. Pour in four tablespoons half cream, and whisk thoroughly until mixture resembles a smooth gravy. Mix sugar and remaining half cream in a saucepan.
Heat, stirring constantly, until small bubbles form in the liquid. Pour the hot liquid into the custard mixture, whisking to prevent lumps. Pour the custard mixture in the saucepan and return to the heat.
Whisk constantly until the custard thickens, about two or three minutes. Take off heat and whisk banana extract into the custard.
Pour a thin layer of custard in a casserole dish. Working quickly, alternate layers of wafers and bananas and custard, unless you would rather top it with a fluffy meringue, in which case skip to the next paragraph.
Top the final layer of custard with wafers and bananas. Slice strawberries lengthwise into quarters. Garnish the pudding as desired. Dust lightly with cinnamon. Cover and refrigerate until set.
Using a mixer, beat egg whites and cream of tartar until the egg whites foam. Slowly add sugar, and continue beating until whites form stiff peaks. Spread meringue on top of cooled pudding, spreading to the edges of the dish. Use the back of a spoon to make small decorations.
Bake for 15 minutes in a 180 degree oven, until edges of meringue brown. Serve warm or at room temperature.


Jealous of my Homework this Semester? You Should Be.
This weekend, I'm reading Coraline, by Neil Gaiman and The House With a Clock in Its Walls, by John Bellairs for homework. Here are some of the other books I get to read in the Middle Grade section of class this semester!
Not to brag, but … pretty cool, right? Are any of these among your childhood favorites? Do you have other MG recommendations for me? Let me know in the comments!
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged books, children's books by Alison Doherty. Bookmark the permalink.
When You Reach Me by Rebecca Stead!!!!
I haven't read When You Reach Me Yet. It looks so suspenseful and spooky. Definitely adding it to my list!
Not spooky at all! Just really intriguing. Will make your head spin in a good way!


Sacramento State (24-19, 12-4) is one of four teams that qualified for this week's Big Sky Conference Softball Championship from the seven-member league. The tournament field is made up of No. 1 Idaho State (32-18, 13-4), No. 2 Sacramento State, No. 3 Southern Utah (20-28, 10-6) and No. 4 Northern Colorado (20-32, 11-7). Idaho State earned the right to host the double-elimination tournament by virtue of winning the league's regular season championship. The Bengals finished a half game ahead of the Hornets in the final standings as Sacramento State had two league games canceled because of rain.
This week will mark just the second Big Sky Softball Championship as the league began sponsoring softball for the first time in 2013. Idaho State won last year's regular season title, but Portland State won the tournament championship and gained the league's automatic berth into the NCAA Regionals.
Two games will take place on Thursday with No. 1 Idaho State taking on No. 4 Northern Colorado at noon PDT, followed by No. 2 Sacramento State and No. 3 Southern Utah at 3 p.m. PDT. Three more games follow on Friday, and one or two games will take place on Saturday. The winner of the tournament will receive an automatic berth into the NCAA Regionals (May 15-18).
This year, there was plenty of drama in deciding the Big Sky's regular season title. Heading into the final day of the regular season (Saturday), Idaho State needed to win at North Dakot to earn the title and the right to host the tournament. Had Idaho State lost, Sacramento State, which was idle last week, would have hosted the tourney. The Bengals were trailing, 3-1, at the end of five innings but scored six times in the sixth and once more in the seventh to win, 8-3. With the victory, Idaho State finished a half game ahead of the Hornets in the conference standings as Sacramento State had two league games canceled this year because of rain.
Sacramento State is a combined 4-4 against the other three teams in the Big Sky Championship, including 2-1 against Northern Colorado, 1-2 vs. Idaho State, and 1-1 against Southern Utah. The Hornets played just two of those eight games at home, and that was the rain-shortened two-game set vs. Southern Utah. Three of those four losses came by two runs or less, including a pair of one-run defeats at Idaho State where the Hornets blew late leads in both contests.
Idaho State is offering live video, audio and stats for every game during the tournament. Click on the following links for live video, live audio and live stats.
Sacramento State finished the regular season with a 12-4 record in the Big Sky, which marks the team's best winning percentage (.750) in conference play in 21 years. The 1993 squad posted a .773 winning percentage after finishing 17-5 in the Western Athletic Conference.
After posting an 8-13 record through the first 21 games of the season, Sacramento State has gone 16-6 over the last 22 contests. During that 22-game stretch, the Hornets are batting .321 as a team with a .395 on-base percentage while the pitching staff has delivered a 2.27 ERA. Seven players in the Hornets' lineup are batting at least .310 over that span, and pitchers Caitlin Brooks (1.62), Taylor Stroud (1.75) and Kaitlyn Yerby (1.84) all have ERA's below 2.00.
Sacramento State's pitching rotation has a 2.73 ERA, easily the top mark in the Big Sky, and 68th best in the nation among the 293 Div. I squads. The Hornets also lead the conference in opponents batting average (.252) and fewest home runs allowed (15). In conference play, Sacramento State's 1-2 combination of Caitlin Brooks (1.62) and Taylor Stroud (1.75) own the top two ERA marks in the conference. The duo has combined for a 9-2 record and a 1.68 ERA in league play. Brooks' overall ERA of 1.44 is currently the 23rd best mark in the nation.
Entering the Big Sky Tournament, Sacramento State has six players in the current lineup hitting better than .300, and four of those players are hitting at least .323. The six players are comprised of Sasha Margulies (.359), Paige Castro (.328), Paige Martin (.327), Kortney Solis (.323), Alexis Martinez (.318) and Nicole Clark (.301). In conference play, each of those six players are hitting at least .333, led by Solis (.392), Margulies (.381), Martin (.378) and Martinez (.373).
Sacramento State is batting .295 (121-for-410) with runners in scoring position. Four regulars are hitting better than .340 with RISP, comprised of Kortney Solis (.410), Alexis Martinez (.370), Sasha Margulies (.354) and Nicole Clark (.344).
Sacramento State saw a school-record 11 of its players receive some form of all-Big Sky recognition on Wednesday, encompassing over half the roster. In fact, all nine players in the starting lineup and each the squad's top two pitchers were named all-league. The list was highlighted by junior Caitlin Brooks being unanimously selected as the Big Sky's Pitcher of the Year and to the first team. Joining Brooks on the first team is third baseman Alexis Martinez. On the second team were right fielder Paige Martin, pitcher Taylor Stroud and catcher/designated player Kortney Solis. Honorable mention accolades went to first base baseman Sasha Margulies, shortstop Paige Castro, outfielders Alexa Chattleton and Nicole Clark, second baseman Yesenia Alcala and catcher Nikki Gialketsis.
Sacramento State's complete set of game notes can be found by clicking on the link above the story.


text:
Q: GWT Celltable How to make Non-Editable cell in Editable column I added EditTextCell(stringTestEditTextCell) to Column(testColumn).

EditTextCell editTextCell = new EditTextCell();
         Column stringColumn = new Column(
                  editTextCell) {
              @Override
              public String getValue(Record object) {

            return object.getValue();
        }
    };

All cells in testColumn are editable.
I want 1st cell of column such way that  1st cell of column should be Non-Editable.

A: Following class is answer to my question. I Solved it and works fine. But getting error when user clicking on 1st cell of column.
class CustomEditTextCell extends EditTextCell{
    @Override
    public void render(com.google.gwt.cell.client.Cell.Context context,
            String value, SafeHtmlBuilder sb) {
        // context.getColumn()==2 indicate Record ID column and context.getIndex()==0 indicate non editable cell in 1st empty row
        if(context.getColumn()==2 &&    ( context.getIndex()==0  || context.getIndex()%10 == 0)){
            sb.appendHtmlConstant("

");
        }else{
        super.render(context, value, sb);
        }

    }
}

A: You might extend EditTextCell and override the edit()-Method so that it only edits when you have not set a boolean flag that you that you need to set for the first cell.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Functional Medicine and the Thyroid: Stay Away if You Have a Thyroid problem.
Thyroid Eye Disease 101: Thyroid Disease Can Cause "Bug Eyes".
Thyroid Nodules No Surgery 101: Why a Simple Needle Washout for Molecular Markers for Thyroid Cancer Can Save You a Surgery.
Thyroid Cancer 101: Does your sister or mother have thyroid cancer? If they do you are at risk.
Thyroid Cancer 101: Linked with Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially those with Ulcerative colitis ?
Thyroid Cancer 101: Why with thyroid cancer awareness week you should not get thyroid cancer screening.
Thyroid Nodules 101: Why you should not go to surgery without molecular marker studies if you have a Indeterminate biopsy result.
Hypothyroidism 101: Untreated Hypothyroidism and Your Chances of Dying.
Patient Diagnosed with Acromegaly During an Evaluation for Interventional Treatment for Her Goiter.
Thyroid Cancer 101: Branchial Cleft Cyst is Really Thyroid Cancer.


Much of my clinical practice is in the intensive care unit. Currently, health care costs Americans 17.5% of the gross domestic product and ICU costs account for about 4% of health care. Therefore, I practice in a service area that accounts for nearly 1% of the gross domestic product of the United States. Therefore, it is incumbent on me to be a good steward of ICU resources.
It is pretty common for a patient to be admitted to the ICU and to be placed on life support: a mechanical ventilator, dialysis, vasopressor medications, etc. If the patient did not leave clear written advance directives, then it is up to the family to decide about the use of life support equipment. All to often, the family members' instructions to me are "We want everything done, doc". Having everything done means one thing when you are talking about a 30-year-old with severe asthma, but having everything done means a totally different thing when you are talking about a patient in a permanent coma from a large stroke or widely metastatic terminal cancer or severe multiple organ systems failure for which there is no reasonable chance of surviving. From the family members' perspective, having everything done equates to being an advocate for the patient and is a measure of their love for the patient.
The way I approach this is to tell the family that we now have tremendous life support tools that we can use on patients but these life support measures were created to bridge patients through reversible illnesses so that the patient can return to a reasonably normal life. The problem with these life support measures is that sometimes, all they do is prolong the process of dying. We therefore have to decide for each patient when the life support is going to make them live longer or just make them die longer. I tell them that it is my job as the physician to tell the family when I think the patient has reached a point that the life support is merely prolonging their death. When put this way, most family members will opt to not escalate life support if all that life support will do is to prolong death. It gives the family another way of showing how much they care about their loved one by avoiding unnecessary suffering and pain.
I'm in a unique position. When I was a college student, before I became a doctor, my father was in the ICU at the Ohio State University medical center. He had advanced leukemia that was no longer responding to chemotherapy and was on a mechanical ventilator with sepsis and respiratory failure. The decision that my family and I was presented with was whether or not to start him on dialysis. I said no and 37 years later, I still think that was the right decision. All it would have done was make dying longer.


text:
The Deer Hunter is a 1978 American war drama film co-written and directed by Michael Cimino about a trio of Russian American steelworkers and their service in the Vietnam War. The film stars Robert De Niro, Christopher Walken, John Savage, John Cazale, Meryl Streep, and George Dzundza. The story takes place in Clairton, a small working class town on the Monongahela River south of Pittsburgh and then in the jungle of Vietnam, and in Saigon, during the Vietnam War.
The film was based in part on an unproduced screenplay called The Man Who Came to Play by Louis Garfinkle and Quinn K. Redeker about Las Vegas and Russian Roulette. ProducerMichael Deeley, who bought the script, hired writer/director Michael Cimino who, with Deric Washburn, rewrote the script, taking the Russian Roulette element and placing it in the Vietnam War. The film went over-budget and over-schedule and ended up costing $15 million. The scenes of Russian roulette were highly controversial on release.
The film won five Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Supporting Actor for Christopher Walken, and was named by the American Film Institute as the 53rd Greatest Movie of All Time on the 10th Anniversary Edition of the AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies list.
[hide] *1 Plot
1.1 Act I
1.2 Act II
1.3 Act III
1.4 Epilogue
3 Pre-production
3.1 Development
3.2 Screenplay
3.2.1 Cimino's claim
3.2.2 Washburn's claim
3.2.3 Deeley's reaction to the revised script
4 Filming
4.1 The wedding scenes
4.2 The bar and the steel mill
4.3 Hunting the deer
4.4 Vietnam and the Russian roulette scenes
4.5 Filming locations
5 Post-production
5.1 Sound design
5.2 Previews
6.1 Selected tracks
8.1 Controversy over Russian roulette
8.1.1 Critics' response
8.1.2 Cast and crew response
8.2 Director Cimino's autobiographical intent
8.3 Coda of "God Bless America"
9.1 Top-ten lists
9.2 Revisionism following Heaven's Gate
10.1 Lead-up to Awards Season
10.2 51st Academy Awards
10.3 Golden Globes
10.4 Complete list of awards
11 Legacy
11.1 Honors and recognition
11.2 American Film Institute recognition
12 Home media
14.1 Annotations
14.3 Bibliography
14.4 Further reading
Plot[edit] Edit
Act I[edit] Edit
In Clairton, a small working-class town in western Pennsylvania, in late 1967, Russian American steel workers Michael "Mike" Vronsky, Steven Pushkov, and Nikolai "Nick" Chevotarevich, with the support of their friends and coworkers Stanley and Peter "Axel" Axelrod and local bar owner and friend John Welsh, prepare for two rites of passage: marriage and military service.
The opening scenes set the character traits of the three main characters. Mike is the no-nonsense, serious but unassuming leader, Steven the loving, near-groom, pecked at by his mother for not wearing a scarf with his tuxedo and Nick is the quiet, introspective man who loves hunting because, he likes ". . . the trees . . . the way the trees are . . ." The recurring theme of "one shot", which is how Mike prefers to take down a deer, is introduced. Before the trio ships out, Steven and his girlfriend Angela, who is pregnant by another man but loved by Steven nonetheless, marry in an Orthodox wedding. In the meantime, Mike contains his feelings for Nick's girlfriend Linda.
At the wedding reception held at the local VFW bar, the guys get drunk, dance, sing, and have a good time, but then notice a soldier in a U.S. Army Special Forces uniform. Mike buys him a drink and tries starting a conversation with him to find out what Vietnam is like, but is ignored. After Mike explains that he, Steven, and Nick are going to Vietnam, the Green Beret raises his glass and says "fuck it". The soldier again toasts them with "fuck it". After being restrained by the others from starting a fight, Mike goes back to the bar and in a mocking jest to the soldier, raises his glass and toasts him with "fuck it". The soldier then glances over at Mike and grins. Later, Steven and Angela drink from conjoined goblets, this being a traditional ceremony, and it is believed that if they drink without spilling any wine, they will have good luck for life. A drop of blood-red wine is unknowingly spilled on her wedding gown, foreshadowing the coming events.
After Linda catches the bouquet of flowers thrown by Angela, Nick asks her to marry him, and she agrees. Later that night, a drunken Mike runs through the town, stripping himself naked along the way. After Nick chases him down he begs Mike not to leave him "over there" if anything happens. The next day, Mike, Nick, Stanley, John and Axel go deer hunting one last time, and Michael again kills a deer with "one shot".
Act II[edit] Edit
The film then jumps abruptly to a war-torn village, where U.S. helicopters attack a Communist occupied Vietnamese village with napalm. A North Vietnamese soldier throws a stick grenade into a hiding place full of civilians. An unconscious Mike (now a staff sergeant in the U.S. Army Special Forces) wakes up to see the NVA soldier shoot a woman carrying a baby. In revenge, Mike kills him with a flame thrower. Meanwhile, a unit of UH-1 "Huey" helicopters drops off several U.S. infantrymen, Nick and Steven among them. Michael, Steven and Nick unexpectedly find each other just before they are captured and held together in a riverside prisoner of war camp with other U.S. Army and ARVNprisoners.
For entertainment, the sadistic guards force their prisoners to play Russian roulette and gamble on the outcome. All three friends are forced to play. Steven plays against Mike, who offers moral support, but he breaks down and loses control of the gun, grazing himself with the bullet when it discharges. As punishment, the guards put Steven into an underwater cage, full of rats and the bodies of others who earlier faced the same fate. Mike and Nick end up playing against each other, and Michael convinces the guards to let them play with three bullets in the gun. After a tense match, they kill their captors and escape.
Mike earlier argued with Nick about whether Steven could be saved, but after killing their captors, he rescues Steven. The three float downriver on a tree branch. An American helicopter accidentally finds them, but only Nick is able to climb aboard. The weakened Steven falls back into the water, and Mike plunges in the water to rescue him. Mike helps Steven to reach the river bank, but his legs are crippled, so Mike carries him through the jungle to friendly lines. Approaching a caravan of locals escaping the war zone, he stops a South Vietnamese military truck and places the wounded Steven on it, asking the soldiers to take care of him.
Nick, who is psychologically damaged, recuperates in a military hospital in Saigon with no knowledge on the status of his friends. After being released, he aimlessly stumbles through the red-light district at night. At one point, he encounters Julien Grinda, a champagne-drinking friendly Frenchman outside a gambling den where men play Russian roulette for money. Grinda entices the reluctant Nick to participate, and leads him into the den. Mike is present in the den, watching the game, but the two friends do not notice each other at first. When Mike does see Nick, he is unable to get his attention. When Nick is introduced into the game, he grabs the gun, fires it at the current contestant, and then again at his own temple, causing the audience to riot in protest. Grinda hustles Nick outside to his car to escape the angry mob. Mike cannot catch up with Nick and Grinda as they speed away.
Act III[edit] Edit
Back in the U.S., Mike returns home but maintains a low profile. He tells the cab driver to drive past the house where all his friends are assembled, as he is embarrassed by the fuss made over him by Linda and the others. He visits Linda and grows close to her but only because of the friend they both think they have lost. Mike is eventually told about Angela, whom he goes to visit at the home of Steven's mother. She is lethargic and barely responsive. When asked by Mike about Steven's whereabouts, she writes a phone number on a scrap of paper, which leads Mike to the local veterans' hospital where Steven has been for several months.
Mike goes hunting with Axel, John and Stanley one more time, and after tracking a deer across the woods, takes his "one shot" but pulls the rifle up and fires into the air. He then sits on a rock escarpment and yells out, "OK?" which echoes back at him from the opposing rock faces leading down to the river. Mike berates Stanley for carrying around a small revolver and waving it around, not realizing it is still loaded. Mike visits Steven, who has lost both of his legs and is partially paralyzed. Steven reveals that someone in Saigon has been mailing large amounts of money to him, and Mike is convinced that it is Nick. Mike brings Steven home to Angela and then travels to Saigon just before its fall in 1975.
He tracks down Grinda, who has made a lot of money from the Russian roulette-playing Nick. He finds Nick in a crowded roulette club, but Nick appears to have no recollection of his friends or his home in Pennsylvania. Mike realizes that Nick thinks that he and Steven are dead, since Nick was the only one who made it back on the helicopter. Mike enters himself in a game of Russian roulette against Nick, hoping to jog Nick's memory and persuade him to come home, but Nick's mind is gone. At the last moment, after Mike's attempts to remind him of their hunting trips together, he finally breaks through, and Nick recognizes Mike and smiles. Nick then tells Mike, "one shot", raises the gun to his temple, and pulls the trigger. The bullet is in the gun's top chamber, and Nick kills himself. Horrified, Mike tries reviving him, but to no avail.
Epilogue[edit] Edit
Back home in 1975, there is a funeral for Nick, whom Michael brings home, good to his promise. The film ends with everyone at John's bar, singing "God Bless America". Mike toasts in Nick's honour.
Cast[edit] Edit
Robert De Niro as S/Sgt. Michael "Mike" Vronsky. Producer Deeley pursued De Niro for The Deer Hunter because he felt that he needed De Niro's star power to sell a film with a "gruesome-sounding storyline and a barely known director".[4] "I liked the script, and [Cimino] had done a lot of prep," said De Niro. "I was impressed."[5] De Niro prepared by socializing with steelworkers in local bars and by visiting their homes. Cimino would introduce De Niro as his agent, Harry Ufland. No one recognized him.[6] De Niro claims this was his most physically exhausting film. He explained that the scene where Michael visits Steve in the hospital for the first time was the most emotional scene that he was ever involved with.[7]
Christopher Walken as Cpl. Nikanor "Nick" Chevotarevich. His performance garnered his first Academy Award, for Best Supporting Actor.
John Savage as Cpl. Steven Pushkov. Savage was a last-minute replacement for Roy Scheider, who dropped out of the production two weeks before the start of filming due to "creative differences"; Universal managed to keep Scheider to his three-picture contract by forcing him into doing Jaws 2.[8]
John Cazale as Stanley ("Stosh"). All scenes involving Cazale, who had terminal cancer, had to be filmed first. Because of his illness, the studio initially wanted to get rid of him, but Streep, who he was dating at the time, and Cimino threatened to walk away if they did.[9][10] He was also uninsurable, and according to Streep, De Niro paid for his insurance because he wanted him in the film. This was his last film, as he died shortly after filming wrapped. Cazale never saw the finished film.[9]
Meryl Streep as Linda. Prior to Deer Hunter, Streep was seen briefly in Fred Zinnemann's Julia and the eight-hour miniseries Holocaust.[11] "I've hardly ever seen a person so devoted to someone who is falling away like John was," said Pacino. "To see her in that act of love for this man was overwhelming."[12] In the screenplay, Streep's role was negligible. Cimino explained the set-up to Streep and suggested that she write her own lines.[13]
George Dzundza as John Welsh
Shirley Stoler as Steven's mother
Chuck Aspegren as Peter "Axel" Axelrod. Aspegren was not an actor, he was the foreman at an East Chicago steel works visited early in pre-production by De Niro and Cimino. They were so impressed with him that they offered him the role. He was the second person to be cast in the film, after De Niro.[6]
Rutanya Alda as Angela Ludhjduravic-Pushkov
Amy Wright as Bridesmaid
Joe Grifasi as Bandleader
While producer Deeley was pleased with the revised script, he was still concerned about being able to sell the film. "We still had to get millions out of a major studio," wrote Deeley, "as well as convince our markets around the world that they should buy it before it was finished. I needed someone with the calibre of Robert De Niro."[14] De Niro was one of the biggest stars at that time, coming off Mean Streets, The Godfather Part II, and Taxi Driver. In addition to attracting buyers, Deeley felt De Niro was "the right age, apparently tough as hell, and immensely talented."[4]
Hiring De Niro turned out to be a casting coup because he knew nearly every actor in New York. De Niro brought Meryl Streep to the attention of Cimino and Deeley. With Streep came John Cazale, Streep's romantic partner at the time, who was already very sick with cancer and would eventually die shortly afterwards.[11] De Niro also accompanied Cimino to scout locations for the steel-mill sequence as well as rehearse with the actors to use the workshops as a bonding process.[15]
Each of the six principal male characters carried a photo in their back pocket of them all together as children so as to enhance the sense of camaraderie amongst them. As well as this, director Cimino had the props department fashion complete Pennsylvania IDs for each of them, complete with driver's licenses, medical cards and various other pieces of paraphernalia, so as to enhance each actor's sense of their character.[16]
Pre-production[edit] Edit
There has been considerable debate, controversy, and conflicting stories about how The Deer Hunter was initially developed and written.[5] Director and co-writer Michael Cimino, writer Deric Washburn, producers Barry Spikings andMichael Deeley all have different versions of how the film came to be.
Development[edit] Edit
In 1968, the record company EMI formed a new company called EMI Films, headed by producers Barry Spikings and Michael Deeley.[5] Deeley purchased the first draft of a spec script called "The Man Who Came To Play", written by Louis Garfinkle and Quinn K. Redeker, for $19,000.[17] The spec script was about people who go to Las Vegas to play Russian Roulette.[5] "The screenplay had struck me as brilliant," wrote Deeley, "but it wasn't complete. The trick would be to find a way to turn a very clever piece of writing into a practical, realizable film."[18] When the movie was being planned during the mid-1970s, Vietnam was still a taboo subject with all major Hollywood studios.[17] According to producer Michael Deeley, the standard response was "no American would want to see a picture about Vietnam".[17]
After consulting various Hollywood agents, Deeley found writer-director Michael Cimino, represented by Stan Kamen at the William Morris Agency.[18] Deeley was impressed by Cimino's TV commercial work and Thunderbolt and Lightfoot.[18][19] Cimino himself was confident that he could further develop the principal characters of The Man Who Came To Play without losing the essence of the original. After Cimino was hired, he was called into a meeting with Garfinkle and Redeker at the EMI office. According to Deeley, Cimino questioned the need for the Russian roulette element of the script and Redeker made such a passionate case for it that he ended up literally on his knees. Over the course of further meetings, Cimino and Deeley discussed the work needed at the front of the script and Cimino believed he could develop the stories of the main characters in twenty minutes of film.[19]
Screenplay[edit] Edit
Cimino worked for six weeks with Deric Washburn on the script.[6] Cimino and Washburn previously collaborated with Stephen Bochco on the screenplay for Silent Running. According to producer Spikings, Cimino said he wanted to work again with Washburn.[5] According to producer Deeley, he only heard from office rumor that Washburn was contracted by Cimino to work on the script. "Whether Cimino hired Washburn as his sub-contractor or as a co-writer was constantly being obfuscated," wrote Deeley, "and there were some harsh words between them later on, or so I was told."[19]
Cimino's claim[edit] Edit
According to Cimino, he would call Washburn while on the road scouting for locations and feed him notes on dialogue and story. Upon reviewing Washburn's draft, Cimino said, "I came back, and read it and I just could not believe what I read. It was like it was written by some body who was ... mentally deranged." Cimino confronted Washburn at the Sunset Marquis in LA about the draft and Washburn supposedly replied that he couldn't take the pressure and had to go home. Cimino then fired Washburn. Cimino would later claim to have written the entire screenplay himself.[6] Washburn's response to Cimino's comments were, ""It's all nonsense. It's lies. I didn't have a single drink the entire time I was working on the script."[5]
Washburn's claim[edit] Edit
According to Washburn, he and Cimino spent three days together in L.A. at the Sunset Marquis, hammering out the plot. The script eventually went through several drafts, evolving into a story with three distinct acts. Washburn didn't interview any vets to write The Deer Hunter and didn't do any research. "I had a month, that was it," he explains. "The clock was ticking. Write the fucking script! But all I had to do was watch TV. Those combat cameramen in Vietnam were out there in the field with the guys. I mean, they had stuff that you wouldn't dream of seeing about Iraq." When Washburn was finished, he says, Cimino and Joann Carelli, an associate producer on The Deer Hunter who would go on to produce two more of Cimino's films, took him to dinner at a cheap restaurant off the Sunset Strip. He recalls, "We finished, and Joann looks at me across the table, and she says, 'Well, Deric, it's fuck-off time.' I was fired. It was a classic case: you get a dummy, get him to write the goddamn thing, tell him to go fuck himself, put your name on the thing, and he'll go away. I was so tired, I didn't care. I'd been working 20 hours a day for a month. I got on the plane the next day, and I went back to Manhattan and my carpenter job."[5]
Deeley's reaction to the revised script[edit] Edit
Deeley felt the revised script, now called The Deer Hunter, broke fresh ground for the project. The protagonist in the Redeker/Garfinkle script, Merle, was an individual who sustained a bad injury in active service and was damaged psychologically by his violent experiences, but was nevertheless a tough character with strong nerves and guts. Cimino and Washburn's revised script distilled the three aspects of Merle's personality and separated them out into three distinct characters. They became three old friends who grew up in the same small industrial town and worked in the same steel mill, and in due course would be drafted together to Vietnam.[20] In the original script, the roles of Merle (later renamed Mike) and Nick were reversed in the last half of the film. Nick returns home to Linda, while Mike remains in Vietnam, sends money home to help Steven, and meets his tragic fate at the Russian roulette table.[21]
A Writers Guild arbitration process awarded Washburn sole "Screenplay By" credit.[5] Garfinkle and Redeker were given a shared "Story By" credit with Cimino and Washburn. Deeley felt the story credits for Garfinkle and Redeker "did them less than justice."[19] Cimino contested the results of the arbitration. "In their Nazi wisdom," added Cimino, "[they] didn't give me the credit because I would be producer, director and writer."[22] All four writers, Cimino, Washburn, Garfinkle and Redeker received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Screenplay for this film.[23]
Filming[edit] Edit
The Deer Hunter began principal photography on June 20, 1977.[5] This was the first feature film depicting the Vietnam War to be filmed on location in Thailand. All scenes were shot on location (no sound stages). "There was discussion about shooting the film on a back lot, but the material demanded more realism," says Spikings.[5] The cast and crew viewed large amounts of news footage from the war to ensure authenticity. The film was shot over a period of six months. The Clairton scenes comprise footage shot in eight different towns in four states: West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Washington, and Ohio.[5] The initial budget of the film was $8.5 million.[15]
Before the beginning of principal photography began, Deeley had a meeting with the film's appointed line producer Robert Relyea. Deeley hired Relyea after meeting him on the set of Bullitt and was impressed with his experience. However Relyea told Deeley that he would not be able to be the producer on Deer Hunter. Relyea refused to disclose the reasons why.[15] Deeley suspected that Relyea sensed in director Cimino something that would have made production difficult. As a result, Cimino was acting without day-to-day supervision of a producer.[24]
Because Deeley was busy overseeing in the production of Sam Peckinpah's Convoy, he hired John Peverall to oversee Cimino's shoot. Peverall's expertise with budgeting and scheduling made him a natural successor to Relyea and knew enough about the picture to be elevated to producer status. "John is a straightforward Cornishman who had worked his way up to become a production supervisor," wrote Deeley, "and we employed him as EMI's watchman on certain pictures."[24]
The wedding scenes[edit] Edit
[1][2]St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Cleveland. Site of the wedding scene.
The wedding scenes were filmed at the historic St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio.[5] The wedding took five days to film. An actual priest was cast as the priest at the wedding.[16] The reception scene was filmed at nearby Lemko Hall. The amateur extras lined up for the crowded wedding-dance sequences drank real liquor and beer.[25] The scenes were filmed in the summer, but were set in the fall.[16] To accomplish a look of fall, individual leaves were removed from deciduous trees.[26][27] Zsigmond also had to desaturate the colors of the exterior shots, partly in camera and in the laboratory processing.[27][28]
The production manager asked each of the Russian immigrant extras to bring to the location a gift-wrapped box to double for wedding presents. The manager figured if the extras did this, not only would the production save time and money, but the gifts would also look more authentic. Once the unit wrapped and the extras disappeared, the crew discovered to their amusement that the boxes weren't empty but filled with real presents, from china to silverware. "Who got to keep all these wonderful offerings," wrote Deeley "is a mystery I never quite fathomed."[25]
Cimino originally claimed that the wedding scene would take up 21 minutes of screentime. In the end, it took 51 minutes. Deeley believes that Cimino always planned to make this prologue last for an hour, and "the plan was to be advanced by stealth rather than straight dealing."[29]
At this point in the production, nearly halfway through principal photography, Cimino was already overbudget, and producer Spikings could tell from the script that shooting the extended scene could sink the project.[5]
The bar and the steel mill[edit] Edit
The bar was specially constructed in an empty storefront in Mingo Junction, Ohio for $25,000; it later became an actual saloon for local steel mill workers.[16] U.S. Steel allowed filming inside its Cleveland mill, including placing the actors around the furnace floor, only after securing a $5 million insurance policy.[16][13] Other filming took place in Pittsburgh. [30]
Hunting the deer[edit] Edit
The first deer to be shot was not actually harmed, despite the "gruesome close-up", but hit with a tranquilizer dart.[25][29] The stag which Michael allows to get away later was actually the same one used on TV commercials for the Connecticut Life Insurance Company.[25]
Vietnam and the Russian roulette scenes[edit] Edit
The Viet Cong Russian roulette scenes were shot in real circumstances, with real rats and mosquitoes, as the three principals (De Niro, Walken, and Savage) were tied up in bamboo cages erected along the River Kwai. The woman tasked with casting the extras in Thailand had much difficulty finding a local to play the vicious individual who runs the Russian roulette game. The first actor hired turned out to be incapable of slapping De Niro in the face. The caster thankfully knew a local Thai man with a particular dislike of Americans and cast him accordingly. De Niro suggested that Walken be slapped for real by one of the guards without any forewarning. The reaction on Walken's face was genuine. Producer Deeley has said that Cimino shot the brutal Vietcong Russian roulette scenes brilliantly and more efficiently than any other part of the film.[25][31]
De Niro and Savage performed their own stunts in the fall into the river, filming the 30 ft drop 15 times in two days. During the helicopter stunt, the runners caught on the ropes of the suspension bridge and as the helicopter rose, it threatened to seriously injure De Niro and Savage. The actors gestured and yelled furiously to the crew in the helicopter to warn them. Footage of this is included in the film.[32]
According to Cimino, De Niro requested a live cartridge in the revolver for the scene in which he subjects John Cazale's character to an impromptu game of Russian roulette, to heighten the intensity of the situation. Cazale agreed without protest,[6] but obsessively rechecked the gun before each take to make sure that the live round wasn't next in the chamber.[16]
While appearing later in the film, the first scenes shot upon arrival in Thailand are the hospital sequences between Walken and the military doctor. Deeley believes that this scene was "the spur that would earn him an Academy Award."[33][a 1]
In the final scene in the gambling den between Mike and Nick, Cimino had Walken and De Niro improvise in one take. His direction to his actors: "You put the gun to your head, Chris, you shoot, you fall over and Bobby cradles your head."[27]
Filming locations[edit] Edit
[3] This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved. (March 2012)
[4][5]Lemko Hall*St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral, in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio. The name plaque is clearly visible in one scene.[35]
Lemko Hall, Cleveland, Ohio. Also located in Tremont, the wedding banquet was filmed here. The name is clearly visible in one scene.[36]
US Steel Central Furnaces in Cleveland, Ohio. Opening sequence steel mill scenes.[35]
Patpong, Bangkok, Thailand, the area used to represent Saigon's red light district.
Sai Yok, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand
North Cascades National Park, Washington, mountain scenes.[37]
Steubenville, Ohio, for some mill and neighborhood shots.
Struthers, Ohio, for external house and long-range road shots. Also including, the town's bowling alley is the Bowladrome Lanes, located at 56 State Street, Struthers, Ohio.
Weirton, West Virginia, for mill and trailer shots.[38]
River Kwai, Thailand, Prison camp and initial Russian roulette scene.[39]
Post-production[edit] Edit
By this point, The Deer Hunter had cost $13 million and the film still had to go through an arduous post-production.[28] Film editor Peter Zinner was given 600,000 feet of printed film to edit, a monumental task at the time.[40] Producers Spikings and Deeley were pleased with the first cut, which ran for three-and-a-half hours. "We were thrilled by what we saw," wrote Deeley, "and knew that within the three and a half hours we watched there was a riveting film."[41]
Executives from Universal, including Lew Wasserman and Sid Sheinberg, were not very enthusiastic.[5][41] "I think they were shocked," recalled Spikings. "What really upset them was 'God Bless America.' Sheinberg thought it was anti-American. He was vehement. He said something like 'You're poking a stick in the eye of America.' They really didn't like the movie. And they certainly didn't like it at three hours and two minutes."[5] Deeley wasn't surprised by the Universal response: "The Deer Hunter was a United Artists sort of picture, whereas Convoy was more in the style of Universal. I'd muddled and sold the wrong picture to each studio."[41] Deeley did agree with Universal that the film needed to be shorter, not just because of pacing but also to ensure commercial success.[42] "A picture under two and a half hours can scrape three shows a day," wrote Deeley, "but at three hours you've lost one third of your screenings and one third of your income for the cinemas, distributors, and profit participants."[42]
Thom Mount, president of Universal at the time, said, "This was just a fucking continuing nightmare from the day Michael finished the picture to the day we released it. That was simply because he was wedded to everything he shot. The movie was endless. It was The Deer Hunter and the Hunter and the Hunter. The wedding sequence was a cinematic event all unto its own."[5] Mount says he turned to Verna Fields, Universal's then-head of post-production. "I sicked Verna on Cimino," Mount says. "Verna was no slouch. She started to turn the heat up on Michael, and he started screeching and yelling."[5]
Zinner eventually cut the film down to 18,000 feet.[40] Zinner was later fired by Cimino when he discovered that Zinner was editing down the wedding scenes.[26][43] Zinner eventually won Best Editing Oscar for The Deer Hunter. Regarding the clashes between him and Cimino, Zinner replied "Michael Cimino and I had our differences at the end, but he kissed me when we both got Academy Awards."[40] Cimino would later comment in The New York Observer, "[Zinner] was a moron ... I cut Deer Hunter myself."[22]
Sound design[edit] Edit
The Deer Hunter was Cimino's first film to use Dolby noise-reduction system. "What Dolby does," replied Cimino, "is to give you the ability to create a density of detail of sound—a richness so you can demolish the wall separating the viewer from the film. You can come close to demolishing the screen." The film took five months to mix the soundtrack. One short battle sequence—200 feet of film in the final cut—took five days to dub. Another sequence recreated the 1975 American evacuation of Saigon; Cimino brought the film's composer, Stanley Myers, out to the location to listen to the auto, tank, and jeep horns as the sequence was being photographed. The result, according to Cimino: Myers composed the music for that scene in the same key as the horn sounds, so the music and the sound effects would blend with the images to create one jarring, desolate experience.[44]
Previews[edit] Edit
Both the long and short versions were previewed to Midwestern audiences, although there are different accounts among Cimino, Deeley and Spikings as to how the previews panned out.[5] Director Cimino claims he bribed the projectionist to interrupt the shorter version, in order to obtain better reviews of the longer one.[6] According to producer Spikings, Wasserman let EMI's C.E.O. Delfont decide between the two and chose the Cimino's longer cut.[5] Deeley claims that the two-and-a-half hour version tested had a better response.[45]
Soundtrack[edit] Edit
Soundtrack album by Stanley Myers
The soundtrack to The Deer Hunter was released on audio CD on October 25, 1990.[46]
Selected tracks[edit] Edit
Stanley Myers's "Cavatina" (also known as "He Was Beautiful"), performed by classical guitarist John Williams, is commonly known as "The Theme from The Deer Hunter". According to producer Deeley, he discovered that the song was originally written for a film called The Walking Stick (1970) and, as a result, had to pay the original purchaser an undisclosed sum.[47]
"Can't Take My Eyes Off You", a 1967 hit song, sung by Frankie Valli.[a 2] It is played in John's bar when all of the friends sing along and at the wedding reception. According to Cimino, the actors sang along to a recording of the song as it was played instead of singing to a beat track, a standard filmmaking practice. Cimino felt that would make the sing-along seem more real.[16]
During the wedding ceremonies and party, the Eastern Orthodox Church songs such as "Slava" and Russian folk songs such as "Korobushka" and "Katyusha" are played.
Russian Orthodox funeral music is also employed during Nick's funeral scene, mainly "Vechnaya Pamyat", which means "eternal memory".[48]
Release[edit] Edit
Deer Hunter debuted at one theater each in New York and Los Angeles for a week on December 8, 1978.[5][49][50] The release strategy was to qualify the film for Oscar consideration and close after a week to build interest.[51] After the Oscar nominations, Universal widened the distribution to include major cities, building up to a full-scale release on February 23, 1979, just following the Oscars.[49][51] This film was important for helping massage release patterns for so-called prestige pictures that screen only at the end of the year to qualify for Academy Award recognition.[52] The film eventually grossed $50,000,000 at the US box office.[3]
CBS paid $3.5 million for three runs of the film. The network later cancelled the acquisition on the contractually permitted grounds of the film containing too much violence for US network transmission.[53]
Analysis[edit] Edit
Controversy over Russian roulette[edit] Edit
[7]Robert De Niro pulls the trigger in the game of Russian roulette that takes place in the Viet Cong prison scene.
One of the most talked-about sequences in the film, the Vietcong's use of Russian roulette with POWs, was criticized as being contrived and unrealistic since there were no documented cases of Russian roulette in the Vietnam War.[54][5][55] Associated Press reporter Peter Arnett, who won a Pulitzer Prize for his coverage of the war, wrote in the Los Angeles Times, "In its 20 years of war, there was not a single recorded case of Russian roulette ... The central metaphor of the movie is simply a bloody lie."[5] Director Cimino was also criticized for one-sidedly portraying all the North Vietnamese as despicable, sadistic racists and killers. Cimino countered that his film was not political, polemical, literally accurate, or posturing for any particular point of view.[54] He further defended his position by saying that he had news clippings from Singapore that confirm Russian roulette was used during the war (without specifying which article).[6]
During the 29th Berlin International Film Festival in 1979, the Soviet delegation expressed its indignation with the film which, in their opinion, insulted the Vietnamese people in numerous scenes. Other socialist states also voiced their solidarity with the "heroic people of Vietnam". They protested against the screening of the film and insisted that it violated the statutes of the festival, since it in no way contributed to the "improvement of mutual understanding between the peoples of the world". The ensuing domino effect led to the walk-outs of the Cubans, East Germans, Bulgarians, Poles and Czechoslovakians, and two members of the jury resigned in sympathy.[56]
Critics' response[edit] Edit
In his review, Roger Ebert defended the artistic license of Russian roulette, arguing "it is the organizing symbol of the film: Anything you can believe about the game, about its deliberately random violence, about how it touches the sanity of men forced to play it, will apply to the war as a whole. It is a brilliant symbol because, in the context of this story, it makes any ideological statement about the war superfluous."[57]
Film critic and biographer David Thomson also agrees that the film works despite the controversy: "There were complaints that the North Vietnamese had not employed Russian roulette. It was said that the scenes in Saigon were fanciful or imagined. It was also suggested that De Niro, Christopher Walken, and John Savage were too old to have enlisted for Vietnam (Savage, the youngest of the three, was 28). Three decades later, 'imagination' seems to have stilled those worries ... and The Deer Hunter is one of the great American films."[58]
In her review, Pauline Kael wrote, "The Vietcong are treated in the standard inscrutable-evil Oriental style of the Japanese in the Second World War movies ... The impression a viewer gets is that if we did some bad things there we did them ruthlessly but impersonally; the Vietcong were cruel and sadistic."[5]
In his Vanity Fair article "The Vietnam Oscars", Peter Biskind wrote that the political agenda of The Deer Hunter was something of a mystery: "It may have been more a by-product of Hollywood myopia, the demands of the war-film genre, garden-variety American parochialism, and simple ignorance than it was the pre-meditated right-wing road map it seemed to many."[5]
Cast and crew response[edit] Edit
According to Christopher Walken, the historical context wasn't paramount: "In the making of it, I don't remember anyone ever mentioning Vietnam!" De Niro added to this sentiment: "Whether [the film's vision of the war] actually happened or not, it's something you could imagine very easily happening. Maybe it did. I don't know. All's fair in love and war." Producer Spikings, while proud of the film, regrets the way the Vietnamese were portrayed. "I don't think any of us meant it to be exploitive," Spikings said. "But I think we were ... ignorant. I can't think of a better word for it. I didn't realize how badly we'd behaved to the Vietnamese people ..."[5]
Producer Deeley, on the other hand, was quick to defend Cimino's comments on the nature and motives of the film: "The Deer Hunter wasn't really 'about' Vietnam. It was something very different. It wasn't about drugs or the collapse of the morale of the soldiers. It was about how individuals respond to pressure: different men reacting quite differently. The film was about three steel workers in extraordinary circumstances. Apocalypse Now is surreal. The Deer Hunter is a parable ... Men who fight and lose an unworthy war face some obvious and unpalatable choices. They can blame their leaders.. or they can blame themselves. Self-blame has been a great burden for many war veterans. So how does a soldier come to terms with his defeat and yet still retain his self-respect? One way is to present the conquering enemy as so inhuman, and the battle between the good guys (us) and the bad guys (them) so uneven, as to render defeat irrelevant. Inhumanity was the theme of The Deer Hunter's portrayal of the North Vietnamese prison guards forcing American POWs to play Russian roulette. The audience's sympathy with prisoners who (quite understandably) cracked thus completes the chain. Accordingly, some veterans who suffered in that war found the Russian roulette a valid allegory."[59]
Director Cimino's autobiographical intent[edit] Edit
Cimino frequently referred to The Deer Hunter as a "personal" and "autobiographical" film, although later investigation by journalists like Tom Buckley of Harper's revealed inaccuracies in Cimino's accounts and reported background.[60]
Coda of "God Bless America"[edit] Edit
The final scene in which all the main characters gather and sing "God Bless America" became a subject of heated debate among critics when the film was released.[5][clarification needed]
Reception[edit] Edit
By 1978, with America reeling from Vietnam, Watergate, and other disillusionments, the movie struck a chord. Other Vietnam films such as "Coming Home" had portrayed American soldiers as noble but misguided. Yet "The Deer Hunter" pulled no punches. It presented the war itself as a tragic mistake, savage beyond belief, exactly as millions of Americans had come to view it. Like "Apocalypse Now," "Platoon," and "Full Metal Jacket," which were still to come, "The Deer Hunter" solidified the so-called Vietnam Syndrome in the American psyche, ending the reign of John Wayne war movies and of American exceptionalism, for the time being, at least. Hence, the film's initial reviews were largely enthusiastic. It was hailed by many critics as the best American epic since Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather.[34][60][61] The film was praised for its depiction of working-class settings and environment; Cimino's direction of the performances by De Niro, Walken, Streep, Savage, Dzundza and Cazale; the symphonic shifts of tone and pacing in moving from America to Vietnam; the tension during the Russian roulette scenes; and the themes of American disillusionment.[62]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four stars and called it "one of the most emotionally shattering films ever made."[57] Gene Siskel from the Chicago Tribune praised the film, saying, "This is a big film, dealing with big issues, made on a grand scale. Much of it, including some casting decisions, suggest inspiration by The Godfather."[63] Leonard Maltin also gave the film four stars, calling it a "sensitive, painful, evocative work".[64] Vincent Canby of theNew York Times called The Deer Hunter "a big, awkward, crazily ambitious motion picture that comes as close to being a popular epic as any movie about this country since The Godfather. Its vision is that of an original, major new filmmaker."[61] David Denby of New York called it "an epic" with "qualities that we almost never see any more — range and power and breadth of experience."[65][66] Jack Kroll of Time asserted it put director Cimino "right at the center of film culture."[66] Stephen Farber pronounced the film in New West magazine as "the greatest anti-war movie since La Grande Illusion."[66]
However, The Deer Hunter was not without critical backlash, especially in light of the film's controversial use of Russian roulette at its center. Pauline Kael of The New Yorker wrote a positive review with some reservations: "[It is] a small minded film with greatness in it ... with an enraptured view of common life ... [but] enraging, because, despite its ambitiousness and scale, it has no more moral intelligence than the Eastwood action pictures."[66] Andrew Sarris wrote that the film was "massively vague, tediously elliptical, and mysteriously hysterical ... It is perhaps significant that the actors remain more interesting than the characters they play."[5] John Simon of New York wrote: "For all its pretensions to something newer and better, this film is only an extension of the old Hollywood war-movie lie. The enemy is still bestial and stupid, and no match for our purity and heroism; only we no longer wipe up the floor with him -- rather, we litter it with his guts."[67]
The film holds a metascore of 73 on Metacritic, based on 7 reviews, and 92% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 48 reviews. The RT summary reads:
Its greatness is blunted by its length and one-sided point of view, but the film's weaknesses are overpowered by Michael Cimino's sympathetic direction and a series of heartbreaking performances from Robert De Niro,Meryl Streep, and Christopher Walken.[68]
Top-ten lists[edit] Edit
3rd - Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times.[69] Ebert also placed Deer Hunter on his list of the best films of the 1970s.[70]
3rd - Gene Siskel, Chicago Tribune[71]
Academy Award-winning film director Miloš Forman and Academy Award-nominated actor Mickey Rourke consider The Deer Hunter to be one of the greatest films of all time.[72][73]
Revisionism following Heaven's Gate[edit] Edit
Cimino's next film, Heaven's Gate, debuted to lacerating reviews and took in only $3 million in ticket sales, effectively leaving United Artists bankrupt. The failure of Heaven's Gate led several critics to revise their positions on The Deer Hunter. Canby said in his famous review of Heaven's Gate, "[The film] fails so completely that you might suspect Mr. Cimino sold his soul to the Devil to obtain the success of The Deer Hunter, and the Devil has just come around to collect."[74] Andrew Sarris wrote in his review of Heaven's Gate, "I'm a little surprised that many of the same critics who lionized Cimino for The Deer Hunter have now thrown him to the wolves with equal enthusiasm."[75] Sarris added, "I was never taken in ... Hence, the stupidity and incoherence in Heaven's Gate came as no surprise since very much the same stupidity and incoherence had been amply evident in The Deer Hunter."[75] In his book Final Cut: Dreams and Disaster in the Making of Heaven's Gate, Steven Bach wrote, "critics seemed to feel obliged to go on the record about The Deer Hunter, to demonstrate that their critical credentials were un-besmirched by having been, as Sarris put it, 'taken in.'"[75]
More recently, BBC film critic Mark Kermode challenged the film's status among generally praised film classics: "There is an unwritten rule in film criticism that certain films are beyond rebuke. Citizen Kane, Some Like It Hot, 2001, The Godfather Part II... all these are considered to be classics of such universally accepted stature ... At the risk of being thrown out of the 'respectable film critics' circle, may I take this opportunity to declare officially that in my opinion The Deer Hunter is one of the worst films ever made, a rambling self indulgent, self aggrandizing barf-fest steeped in manipulatively racist emotion, and notable primarily for its farcically melodramatic tone which is pitched somewhere between shrieking hysteria and somnambulist sombreness."[76]
However, many critics maintain that The Deer Hunter is still a great film whose power hasn't diminished, including David Thomson[62] and A.O. Scott.[77]
Academy Awards record
1. Best Supporting Actor, Christopher Walken
2. Best Director, Michael Cimino
3. Best Editing, Peter Zinner
4. Best Picture, Barry Spikings, Michael Deeley,Michael Cimino, John Peverall
5. Best Sound, Richard Portman, William L. McCaughey, Aaron Rochin, C. Darin Knight
Golden Globe Awards record
BAFTA Awards record
1. Best Cinematography, Vilmos Zsigmond
Lead-up to Awards Season[edit] Edit
Film producer and "old-fashioned mogul" Allan Carr used his networking abilities to promote The Deer Hunter. "Exactly how Allan Carr came into The Deer Hunter's orbit I can no longer remember," recalled producer Deeley, "but the picture became a crusade to him. He nagged, charmed, threw parties, he created word-of-mouth – everything that could be done in Hollywood to promote a project. Because he had no apparent motive for this promotion, it had an added power and legitimacy and it finally did start to penetrate the minds of the Universal's sales people that they actually had in their hands something a bit more significant than the usual."[47] Deeley added that Carr's promotion of the film was influential in positioning The Deer Hunter for Oscar nominations.[51]
On the Sneak Previews special "Oscar Preview for 1978", Roger Ebert correctly predicted that The Deer Hunter would win for Best Picture while Gene Siskel predicted that Coming Homewould win. However, Ebert incorrectly guessed that Robert De Niro would win for Best Actor for Deer Hunter and Jill Clayburgh would win for Best Actress for An Unmarried Woman while Siskel called the wins for Jon Voight as Best Actor and Jane Fonda as Best Actress, both for Coming Home. Both Ebert and Siskel called the win for Christopher Walken receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor.[34]
According to producer Deeley, orchestrated lobbying against The Deer Hunter was led by Warren Beatty, whose own picture Heaven Can Wait had multiple nominations.[78] Beatty also used ex-girlfriends in his campaign: Julie Christie, serving on the jury at the Berlin Film Festival where Deer Hunter was screened, joined the walkout of the film by the Russian jury members. Jane Fonda also criticized The Deer Hunter in public. Deeley suggested that her criticisms partly stemmed from the competition between her film Coming Home vying with The Deer Hunter for Best Picture. According to Deeley, he planted a friend of his in the Oscar press area behind the stage to ask Fonda if she had seen The Deer Hunter.[43] Fonda replied she had not seen the film, and to this day she still has not.[5][43]
As the Oscars drew near, the backlash against The Deer Hunter gathered strength. When the limos pulled up to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion on April 9, 1979, they were met by demonstrators, mostly from the Los Angeles chapter ofVietnam Veterans Against the War. The demonstrators waved placards covered with slogans that read "No Oscars for racism" and "The Deer Hunter a bloody lie" and thrust pamphlets berating Deer Hunter into long lines of limousine windows.[5][43] Washburn, nominated for Best Original Screenplay, claims his limousine was pelted with stones. According to Variety, "Police and The Deer Hunter protesters clashed in a brief but bloody battle that resulted in 13 arrests."[5]
De Niro was so anxious that he did not attend the Oscars ceremony. He asked the Academy to sit out the show backstage, but when the Academy refused, De Niro stayed home in New York.[79] Producer Deeley made a deal with fellow producer David Puttnam, whose film Midnight Express was nominated, that each would take $500 to the ceremony so if one of them won, the winner would give the loser the $500 to "drown his sorrows in style."[78]
51st Academy Awards[edit] Edit
The Deer Hunter won five Oscars at the 51st Academy Awards in 1979:
Best Picture - Barry Spikings, Michael Deeley, Michael Cimino, and John Peverall (John Wayne's final public appearance was to present the award)[23]
Best Director - Michael Cimino
Best Actor in a Supporting Role - Christopher Walken
Best Film Editing - Peter Zinner
Best Sound - Richard Portman, William McCaughey, Aaron Rochin, and Darin Knight.[54][23][80]
In addition, the film was nominated in four other categories:
Best Actor in a Leading Role - Robert De Niro (lost to Jon Voight for Coming Home)
Best Actress in a Supporting Role - Meryl Streep (lost to Maggie Smith for California Suite)
Best Cinematography - Vilmos Zsigmond (lost to Néstor Almendros for Days of Heaven)
Best Writing, Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen - Michael Cimino, Deric Washburn, Louis Garfinkle, and Quinn Redeker[54][23] (lost to Robert C. Jones, Waldo Salt, and Nancy Dowd for Coming Home)
Golden Globes[edit] Edit
Cimino won the film's only Golden Globe for Best Director. Other nominations the film included Best Motion Picture - Drama, De Niro for Best Motion Picture Actor - Drama, Walken for Best Motion Picture Actor in a Supporting Role, Streep for Best Motion Picture Actress in a Supporting Role, and Washburn for Best Screenplay - Motion Picture.
Complete list of awards[edit] Edit
Recipients and nominees
51st Academy Awards Academy Award for Best Picture Barry Spikings, Michael Deeley, Michael Cimino, John Peverall Won
Academy Award for Best Director Michael Cimino Won
Academy Award for Best Actor Robert De Niro Nominated
Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay) Deric Washburn, Michael Cimino, Louis Garfinkle, Quinn K. Redeker Nominated
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor Christopher Walken Won
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated
Academy Award for Best Cinematography Vilmos Zsigmond Nominated
Academy Award for Best Film Editing Peter Zinner Won
Academy Award for Best Sound Richard Portman, William McCaughey, Aaron Rochin, Darin Knight Won
American Cinema Editors American Cinema Editors Award for Best Edited Feature Film – Dramatic Peter Zinner Won
American Movie Awards Best Film Nominated
Best Director Michael Cimino Won
Best Actor Robert De Niro Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Christopher Walken Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Won
33rd British Academy Film Awards BAFTA Award for Best Film Barry Spikings, Michael Deeley, Michael Cimino, John Peverall Nominated
BAFTA Award for Best Direction Michael Cimino Nominated
BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Robert De Niro Nominated
BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Meryl Streep Nominated
BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay Deric Washburn, Michael Cimino, Louis Garfinkle, Quinn K. Redeker Nominated
BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Christopher Walken Nominated
BAFTA Award for Best Editing Peter Zinner Won
BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography Vilmos Zsigmond Won
BAFTA Award for Best Sound Richard Portman, William McCaughey, Aaron Rochin, Darin Knight Nominated
Directors Guild of America Awards 1978 Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film Michael Cimino Won
36th Golden Globe Awards Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama Barry Spikings Nominated
Golden Globe Award for Best Director Michael Cimino Won
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama Robert De Niro Nominated
Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay Deric Washburn Nominated
Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Christopher Walken Nominated
Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Meryl Streep Nominated
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 1978 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Director Michael Cimino Won
National Society of Film Critics Awards 1978 National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Film 2nd place
National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor Christopher Walken 3rd place
National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Won
1978 New York Film Critics Circle Awards New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film Won
New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor Robert De Niro 3rd place
New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Christopher Walken Won
New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep 3rd place
Writers Guild of America Award Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay Deric Washburn, Michael Cimino, Louis Garfinkle, Quinn K. Redeker Nominated
Legacy[edit] Edit
The Deer Hunter was one of the first, and most controversial, major theatrical films to be critical of the American involvement in Vietnam following 1975 when the war officially ended. While the film opened the same year as Hal Ashby'sComing Home, Sidney Furie's The Boys in Company C, and Ted Post's Go Tell the Spartans, it was the first film about Vietnam to reach a wide audience and critical acclaim, culminating in the winning of the Oscar for Best Picture. Other films released in the late 1970s and 1980s that illustrated the 'hellish', futile conditions of bloody Vietnam War combat included:[54]
Francis Ford Coppola's Apocalypse Now (1979)
Oliver Stone's Platoon (1986)
Stanley Kubrick's Full Metal Jacket (1987)
John Irvin's Hamburger Hill (1987)
Oliver Stone's Born on the Fourth of July (1989)
Brian De Palma's Casualties of War (1989)
Robert Zemeckis's Forrest Gump (1994)
David Thomson wrote in an article titled "The Deer Hunter: Story of a scene" that the film changed the way war-time battles were portrayed on film: "The terror and the blast of firepower changed the war film, even if it only used a revolver. More or less before the late 1970s, the movies had lived by a Second World War code in which battle scenes might be fierce but always rigorously controlled. The Deer Hunter unleashed a new, raw dynamic in combat and action, paving the way for Platoon, Saving Private Ryan and Clint Eastwood's Iwo Jima films."[81]
The deaths of approximately twenty-five people who died playing Russian roulette were reported as having been influenced by scenes in the movie.[82]
Honors and recognition[edit] Edit
In 1996, The Deer Hunter was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[83]
The film ranks 467th in the Empire magazine's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time,[84] noting:
Cimino's bold, powerful 'Nam epic goes from blue-collar macho rituals to a fiery, South East Asian hell and back to a ragged singalong of America The Beautiful. De Niro holds it together, but Christopher Walken, Meryl Streep and John Savage are unforgettable.[84]
Jan Scruggs, a Vietnam veteran who became a counselor with the U.S. Department of Labor, thought of the idea of building a National Memorial for Vietnam Veterans after seeing a screening of the film in March 1979, and he established and operated the memorial fund which paid for it.[85] Director Cimino was invited to the memorial's opening.[6]
American Film Institute recognition[edit] Edit
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – #79[86]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – #30[87]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – #53[88]
Home media[edit] Edit
The Deer Hunter has twice been released on DVD in America. The first 1998 issue was by Universal, with no extra features and a non-anamorphic transfer, and has since been discontinued.[89] A second version, part of the "Legacy Series", was released as a two-disc set on September 6, 2005, with an anamorphic transfer of the film. The set features a cinematographer's commentary by Vilmos Zsigmond, deleted and extended scenes, and production notes.[90]The Region 2 version of The Deer Hunter, released in the UK and Japan, features a commentary track from director Michael Cimino.[91]
The film was released on HD DVD on December 26, 2006.[92] StudioCanal released the film on the Blu-ray format in countries other than the United States on March 11, 2009.[93] It was released on Blu-ray in the U.S. on March 6, 2012.
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Following the award-winning and critically acclaimed Top of the Lake, BBC Worldwide Australia and New Zealand has announced its next local commission, which will screen on BBC First on Foxtel in 2015.
Banished is an epic seven part series from award-winning writer/creator Jimmy McGovern (story producer Redfern Now) loosely inspired by events in the 18th century when Britain established a penal colony on the other side of the world. Starring David Wenham (Top Of The Lake), Russell Tovey (Being Human), Myanna Buring (Ripper Street), Julian Rhind-Tutt (The Hour) and Ryan Corr (Wolf Creek 2), the series starts filming in Sydney this April before moving to Manchester in the UK. The series has been co-commissioned by BBC Two in the UK and BBC Worldwide Australia and New Zealand.
International award-winning independent production companies RSJ Films (Accused, The Street) and See-Saw Films (Top Of The Lake, The King's Speech, Shame) have joined forces for the first time to co-produce Banished. The series will be the first locally produced show to screen on BBC Worldwide ANZ's new premium drama and comedy channel BBC First, which will launch on Foxtel in August this year.
This ambitious co-production charts the lives, loves, relationships and battle for survival of a group of convicts, the marines that guard them and men who govern them in the early days of this settlement.
David Wenham plays Governor Arthur Phillip a pragmatic idealist who hopes to turn this ramshackle settlement from penal colony to land of opportunity for all, while his nemesis Major Ross played by Joseph Millson (Holby City) thinks the only chance of survival is to rule with an iron fist.
Yet all that seems unshakeable are the passionate bonds of love and friendship forged between convicts: Elizabeth Quinn (Myanna Buring), Tommy Barrett (Julian Rhind-Tutt) and James Freeman (Russell Tovey). But before long this shared devotion is destined to challenge the very doctrines on which the fledging colony has been founded.
Also featuring in this epic series about human courage and endeavour, love, loss and impossible choices are: Ryan Corr as love-lorn Private MacDonald; Adam Nagaitis (The Inbetweeners 2) as the loathed Private Buckley; Ewen Bremner (Accused) as the pious Reverend Johnson, with Genevieve O'Reilly (The Honourable Woman) as his selfless wife; Brooke Harman (Dance Academy) as Deborah, Governor Phillip's housekeeper; Orla Brady (Doctor Who Christmas Special 2013) plays intuitive convict Anne Meredith and Joanna Vanderham (The Paradise) is the dangerously beautiful convict Katherine McVitie.
Banished is written and devised by Jimmy McGovern and Shaun Duggan (Accused) has written episode five. Sita Williams is producer and she also executive produces alongside Roxy Spencer and Jimmy McGovern. Emile Sherman, Iain Canning, and Jamie Laurenson are executive producers for See-Saw Films. Brett Popplewell (The Moodys) and Simon Hailey are co-producers. Banished directors are Dan Percival (Death Comes To Pemberley) who directs episodes 1 -3 and Jeffrey Walker (Jack Irish) directs episodes 4 – 7.
Banished was commissioned was by Ben Stephenson, Controller of BBC Drama Commissioning, and Janice Hadlow, the outgoing Controller of BBC Two and is executive produced for the BBC by Polly Hill, Head of BBC Independent Commissioning. Natalie Edgar, Director of Television, leads the co-commission for BBC Worldwide Australia and New Zealand. The drama will be screened on BBC First in Australia and UKTV in New Zealand. BBC Worldwide is the distributor of Banished.


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Unsigned Friday
Unsigned Friday: Introducing... R&B and Afro Beats artist M-Fly
Unsigned Friday brings you the best of new and unsigned music weekly; this Friday we introduce talented west London-based artist M-Fly
M-Fly is a west London-based Afro Beats and R&B artist
London has arguably the best music scene around, with thousands of talented musicians emerging every day, most of which are unsigned acts waiting for their big break.
Unsigned Friday brings you the very best unsigned music artists from around the capital, as well as giving these acts a platform to promote their music.
This week, getwestlondon 's Emily Chudy caught up with west London-based R&B and Afro Beats artist M-Fly.
M-Fly started producing music as a teenager while studying in west London, continuing to study music engineering in college. Influenced by British, American and African artists, M-Fly's music consists of R&B, Pop, Hip-hop and Afro beats.
M-Fly's newest single, My Song, will be released on Ghana Independence Day this year (March 6).
M-Fly said: "The way I would describe my music and style is that it's authentic, very melodic. I'm inspired by Afro beats and R&B so I would say it's a mixture of both genres.
"My inspiration... My biggest inspiration is my mum first of all, but musically I'm inspired by Bob Marley, Timbaland, Kanye West, Bisa Kdei - he's an Ghanaian Afro beats artist. Also I'm inspired by the artists in my team such as Skyne Blinks."
Now 22 years old, M-Fly has been making music since he was 13 years old, producing for artists such as Wiley, Rough Copy, and Dot Rotten, but is now trying to pursue a career in the music industry as an artist, having set up an independent label, One Nation.
M-Fly said: "I have my single coming out on Ghana Independence Day, it was filmed in Ghana. It goes by the name My Song.
"It was also produced by myself, but it's a remix from an R2Bees track also named My Song. Hopefully they hear it and I can get a remix from them, so R2bees, if you can hear me... Big up!"
About the future of his music, M-Fly said: "I can see my music being featured in films because I produce as well, I can see myself writing scores for movies. But it's not all about me, I can see my whole team doing well.
"There's other producers in my team, such as Carty S who creates trap step, also an artist called Skyne blinks - he's an Afro beats artist - and our DJ who goes by the name L Casey. I'd love to see my team One Nation taking over the music industry as an established record label.
"Where do I see my music going? Worldwide. Doing well."
For more information on M-Fly, please listen to him on Soundcloud , like him on Facebook or follow him on Twitter @Flysworld .
If you'd like to be featured in Unsigned Friday please email emily.chudy@trinitymirror.com .