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First Quiz For December. Let's See How You Do.
December 2, 2013 December 1, 2013 fasab Tests	1607, actors, agricultural pest, Air Force One, Airport, American diva, American state, assassinated, Audrey Hepburn, Australia, ban Mozart's music, Batman, battle of Waterloo, best selling UK heavy metal release, Cambodia, Cartwright family, city, country, cross the English channel with an airplane, Dallas, Danny DeVito, day before he was killed, dubbed, education, english, Entertainment, Ezra Lieberman, famous television series, fences, first person, first public demonstration of television, general knowledge, Geography, history, I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man, invaded, Jewish Nazi hunter, Joker, Judd Hirsch, Julie Andrews, long running television show, Marilu Henner, Marni Nixon, married, Misc, Miscellaneous, movie, movies, music, musical movie, Name, nanny, November 22nd 1963, Oscar, outback, Pilot, President Kennedy, questions, quiz, quizzes, Rex Harrison, Robin, Roman Catholic Church, ruler, science, Scottish engineer, settle, singing, song, suicide missions, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Survivor, television, test, tests, Texas, town, troops, Turkey, whirlwind romance, world war ii, Yul Brynner, Yun Fat Chow
First of the Monday quizzes for December.
As usual the answers can be found waaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaay down below – but NO cheating please.
Enjoy, and good luck!
Q. 1: In which American state did the English first settle in 1607?
Q. 2: What name was given to a pilot who flew suicide missions in World War II?
Q. 3: Whish of these is the name of a town or city in Turkey?
a) Batman b) Robin c) Joker
Q. 4: Who was the first person to cross the English channel with an airplane?
Q. 5: Fifty years ago, on November 22nd 1963, President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas but what was the name of the airport where Air Force One landed on that fateful journey?
Q. 6: Why did the Roman Catholic church ban Mozart's music?
Q. 7: Australia built fences across outback areas to contain what agricultural pest?
Q. 8: Which country's troops invaded Cambodia in 1979?
Q. 9: Who played an aging Jewish Nazi hunter named 'Ezra Lieberman' and in what movie? (A point for each answer.)
Q. 10: In which country is the site of the famous battle of Waterloo?
Q. 11: Which American diva got married after a whirlwind romance, in 2008?
Q. 12: What were the first names the four members of the 'Cartwright family' and what long running television show they were in? (Character's names, not their real names and you can have a point for each.)
Q. 13: What do the actors Rex Harrison, Yul Brynner and Yun Fat Chow all have in common?
Q. 14: Who noted the day before he was killed in 1968: "I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man"?
Q. 15: What famous television series starred Marilu Henner, Judd Hirsch and Danny DeVito?
Q. 16: In which 1964 musical movie was Audrey Hepburn's singing dubbed by Marni Nixon?
Q. 17: In which country, until 1922, was the Ruler referred to as 'Sultan of the Ottoman Empire'?
Q. 18: Which nanny did Julie Andrews win an Oscar for playing?
Q. 19: Which Scottish engineer gave the first public demonstration of television in 1925?
Q. 20: Which song by Survivor is the best selling UK heavy metal release of all time?
A. 1: Virginia.
A. 2: Kamikaze.
A. 3: a) Batman (Doo, doo, doo, doo, doo, doo….)
A. 4: Louis Blèriot.
A. 5: Love Field.
A. 6: He joined the Freemasons.
A. 7: Rabbits.
A. 8: Vietnam.
A. 9: Laurence Olivier in 'The Boys From Brazil'.
A. 10: Belgium.
A. 11: Mariah Carey.
A. 12: Ben, Adam, Eric (Hoss), and Joesph (Little Joe) in Bonanza.
A. 13: They have all played the King (King Mongkut) in film. Harrison ('Anna and the King of Siam', 1946) Brynner ('The King and I', 1956), Chow ('Anna and the King', 1999).
A. 14: Martin Luther King.
A. 15: Taxi.
A. 16: My Fair Lady.
A. 17: Turkey.
A. 18: Mary Poppins.
A. 19: John Logie Baird.
A. 20: Eye of the Tiger.
The Yank Is Coming! …. Is He? …. Really?
March 10, 2013 March 10, 2013 fasab Politics, Uncategorized, Unusual	an American, Brazilian Cardinal Odilo Scherer, bureaucracy, bureaucrats, Cardinal Dolan, Cardinal Timothy Dolan, Current Events, events, Gandolfo., independent Pope, Misc, Miscellaneous, Musings, new Pope, place your bets now, politics, power struggle, power struggle within the Vatican, Random, real reason Pope Benedict resigned, reform-minded Cardinals, religion, Roman Catholic Church, Rome, shot at the title, stupidity, the Curia, the Italian mob, the new papa, The Yanks Are Coming, Vatican bureaucracy
I wrote a short post last week called "Gandolfo, And Step On It" about the power struggle within the Vatican and the real paedophilia and money laundering reasons that Pope Benedict resigned.
Latest report emanating from Rome say that the power struggle is continuing.
Not only that, but an American, Cardinal Timothy Dolan, is in the running, so to speak.
Apparently while the Italian mob within the Curia — which is the influential Vatican bureaucracy — favor Brazilian Cardinal Odilo Scherer as the new Pope because they believe they could control him, numerous other reform-minded Cardinals want an independent Pope not beholden to the bureaucrats in any way.
Not so long ago even the idea that an American could become Pope was once thought to be so outlandish that it was dismissed out of hand.
But the world has changed dramatically for the Roman Catholic Church and new circumstances have arisen which make it plausible for an American to become the new papa.
It is still very much an outside chance but it is interesting that Cardinal Dolan has even a potential shot at the title.
So place your bets now folks!
Cardinal Timothy Dolan doing his Superman impression, he will be if he wins!
The Mayans Were Just Ten Days Out – 2012, The End
December 31, 2012 December 31, 2012 fasab Factoids, Uncategorized, Unusual	2012, 2013, 31st December, 80 mph winds, Adam Lanza, Alex Karras, America, Andrew Breitbart, Android, Andy Griffith, Andy Williams, apple, Arlen Specter, Art Modell, Aurora, Australia, Austrian, Batman, BBC, Benghazi, Blogs, books, Carol Bartz, Category 1 Hurricane, Category 2 hurricane, celebrity paedophiles, Celeste Holm, Chad Everett, Charles Durning, child sex abuse, China, Chuck Colson, CIA Director, Colorado, congress, Connecticut, crazed gunman, Current Events, cycling champion, Daniel Inouye, Darrell Royal, Dave Brubeck, David Petraeus, Davy Jones, departures, derecho, Dick Clark, Director General, disc jockey, Don Cornelius, Don Grady, Donna Summer, Dust Bowl drought, Earl Scruggs, education, EF-4 tornadoes, Elizabeth Montgomery, Empire State Building, Ernest Borgnine, Etta James, events, events of the year, facebook, Felix Baumgartner, France, Frank Cady, g, Gary Carter, Gary Collins, George Harrison, George Lindsey, George McGovern, Germany, Gerry Anderson, Goodfellas, Google, Google Maps, Gore Vidal, Great Britain, Great Drought, greedy banksters, Hal David, Harry Carey, Helen Gurley Brown, Henry Hill, Herbert Lom, Hurricane Isaac, Illinois, increasing taxes, International Cycling Union, Intrade, ipad, iPhone 5, Islamic militants, Jack Klugman, James Holmes, James Q Wilson, Japan, Jerry Sandusky, Jim Unger, Jimmy Savile, Joe Paterno, Jonathan Frid, Junior Seau, Kentucky, Kitty Wells, Lance Armstrong, Larry Hagman, Lee MacPhail, Levon Helm, Libya, Life, London, Louisiana, Lower Mississippi River, Marvin Hamlisch, Marvin Miller, Maurice Sendak, Mayans, Megaupload, memories, Michael Clarke Duncan, microsoft, Mike Wallace, Misc, Miscellaneous, Mississippi, Mississippi River, movies, Musings, Neil Armstrong, New Jersey, new york, Newtown, Nora Ephron, Norman Schwarzkopf, November 2012, Obama administration, olympic games, Oval Office, paedophile, Paralympic Games, Patrick Moore, Paul Ryan, Penn State University, People, personalities, Peter Breck, Phyllis Diller, Plaquemines Parish, politics, pope, Port Sulphur, President Obama, President of the United States, presidential election, Prison Fellowship Ministries, publishing, Random, Ravi Shankar, Ray Bradbury, Reddit, Richard D. Zanuck, Richard Dawson, Robert Bork, Robert Hegyes, Robin Gibb, Rodney King, Roman Catholic Church, Ron Palillo, Russia, Sally Ride, Samsung, Sandy Hook Elementary School, scandal, Scott Thompson, September 11, severe thunderstorms, Sherman Hemsley, Sikh temple, SOPA, south korea, southern Georgia, Southern Indiana, southern Ohio, Stop Online Piracy Act, Sun Myung Moon, Super Storm Sandy, Sylvia Kristel, tablets, Techie World, technology, television, The Dark Knight Rises, thought police, Tony Martin, tornado, Tour de France, Turhan Bey, tweeting, Twitter, Ukraine, United States Anti-Doping Agency, US Ambassador Christopher Stevens, US mission, US Presidential Election, USA, USADA, Victor Spinetti, Vidal Sassoon, Virginia, warmest year on record, weather, Whitney Houston, Wikipedia, wildfires, William Asher, William Rees-Mog, WIndows 8, Wisconsin, Yahoo, Yitzhak Shamir, Zig Ziglar
Yes folks we all gave the Mayans some stick when their prediction didn't come true (including me, click here if you missed it) but they were just ten days out, not too bad in a few thousand years!
Today IS the end. The end of 2012. It has been a difficult and frustrating year business-wise because of the continued mess created by the stupid and greedy banksters, so I for one won't be sorry to see the end of it.
However that gripe aside, it is the last day of 2012 so I thought we should do something a little different today.
So, before we start to look forward to a new, and hopefully better, year, here is a selective look back at some of the events of this year.
There are a couple of ways you could do a post like this. You could link to other sites, particularly newspaper sites because they all seem to do lists of one kind or another at the close of the year. The other way is to compile a more personal one, with the things you remember personally. Both are equally valid, but this being a blog I've chosen to go the more personal route and compile a list of the things I remember so, although it is quite long, it is selective and by no means covers everything that happened in 2012.
I have also included a list of some of the personalities that passed during 2012, you probably heard about them all at the time, but memories being what they are I am sure one or two of them will come as a surprise.
So let's get started.
I don't know whether to class this as the biggest event or the biggest non event of the year, but November 2012 saw the Presidential election campaign and the successful return of President Obama to the Oval Office. Look forward to increasing taxes in 2013!
Although on the face of it a national event, because of the power and influence of America, the US Presidential Election has now become an International spectacle watched by several billion people worldwide. What they made of it all I don't know, but they watched it anyway.
The other big international spectacle of the 2012 that drew large viewing audiences were the Olympic and Paralympic Games held in London in July, August and September. Approximately 10,500 athletes participated in 302 events in 26 sports.
In the Olympics the top six gold medal places went to USA (46), China (38), Great Britain (29), Russia (24), and South Korea (13), with Germany and France tying for sixth place with 11 gold medals each. The overall medal table was slightly different, USA (104), China (88), Russia (82), Great Britain (65), Germany (44), and Japan (38).
In the Paralympics the top six gold medal places went to China (95), Russia (36), Great Britain (34), Ukraine (32), Australia (32), and USA (31). In the overall medal results the order was China (231), Great Britain (120), Russia (102), USA (98), Australia (85), and Ukraine (84).
The weather, at its extremes, was another major talking point of 2012. Starting with the last and worst, 'Super Storm Sandy' took most of the headlines and did the most damage, particularly to north east coast areas of New York, New Jersey and Connecticut. The cost is estimated to be in the tens of billions of dollars.
Almost forgotten because of the ferocity of Sandy was Hurricane Isaac that slowly lumbered ashore near the mouth of the Mississippi River on August 28 as a Category 1 Hurricane with 80 mph winds. Isaac's large size and slow motion caused a storm surge of up to eleven feet, more characteristic of a Category 2 hurricane. Thankfully, however, New Orleans' new $14.5 billion levee upgrade held against Isaac's surge, although further up the Mississippi River in Plaquemines Parish near Port Sulphur, it did cause major flooding of homes. In total Isaac still managed to do about $2 billion worth of damage.
Early March also saw a massive and violent tornado outbreak on an exceptional scale and including two deadly EF-4 tornadoes. In all, seventy tornadoes touched down in eleven states, from southern Ohio to southern Georgia, killing 41 people, with Kentucky and Southern Indiana being hardest hit and suffering 22 and 13 dead, respectively. At one point, 31 separate tornado warnings were in effect during the outbreak covering an area of more than 80,000 square miles. Tornado watches were posted for mpre than 300,000 square miles, an area larger than Texas. Total damage was estimated at $4 billion.
Also on June 29 a violent line of severe thunderstorms called a derecho swept across the U.S. from Illinois to Virginia, damaging houses, toppling trees, and bringing down power lines. Twenty-two people were killed, and power cuts affected at least 3.4 million people. The derecho was unusually intense due to extreme heat that set all-time records at ten major cities on its south side, helping to create an unstable atmosphere with plenty of energy to fuel severe thunderstorms. At least 38 thunderstorms in the derecho generated wind gusts in excess of hurricane force, making it one of the most severe derechoes on record. Total damage was estimated at $3.75 billion.
Contrarily, 2012 was the warmest year on record, with July being the warmest month of any month in the 1,400+ months of the U.S. data record, going back to 1895. The spring temperature departure from average was also the largest on record for any season, and March temperatures had the second largest warm departure from average of any month in U.S. history. All-time hottest temperature records were set over approximately 7% of the area of the contiguous U.S., according to a database of 298 major U.S. cities maintained by wunderground's weather historian, Christopher C. Burt.
This, despite all this rainfall and flooding caused by the severe storms, also saw a 'Great Drought' in 2012, the full consequences of which we have not yet seen and which may well prove to be the biggest weather story of the year. The area of the contiguous U.S. in moderate or greater drought peaked at 61.8% in July–the largest such area since the Dust Bowl drought of December 1939. The heat and dryness resulted in record or near-record evaporation rates, causing major impact on corn, soybean and wheat belts in addition to livestock production. Drought upstream of the Lower Mississippi River caused record and near-record low stream flows along the river in Mississippi and Louisiana, resulting in limited river transportation and commerce. Crop damages alone from the great drought are estimated at $35 billion. As the total scope of losses is realized across all lines of business in coming moths, this number will climb significantly.
Add to this 2012 as the 3rd worst wildfire year in U.S. history, with 9.2 million acres burned–an area larger than the state of Maryland.
On a completely different subject 2012 will also be remembered as the year of the high profile celebrity paedophiles.
Penn State University's former defensive coordinator, Jerry Sandusky, was convicted of 45 counts of sexually abusing 10 boys over 15 years. He was sentenced to 30 to 60 years in prison. The scandal sparked a national debate over child sex abuse, embarrassed the university and implicated a number of its top officials including legendary football head coach, the late Joe Paterno.
In Britain there was a major, and still ongoing, scandal within the BBC because of the actions and subsequent cover-up of the actions of paedophile disc jockey Jimmy Savile (now deceased). This has already led to the resignations of several high-ranking BBC employees, including its Director General.
The Roman Catholic Church also continued to suffer from the fallout from decades of child abuse and cover-ups by its priests and hierarchy.
In the Techie World 2012 saw a number of milestone events.
There was the introduction of the all new WIndows 8 operating system by Microsoft.
Then there was the continuation of the big bust up between Apple and Samsung which in its second year seemed even stronger than ever.
The thought police closed down Megaupload and stopped Americans using Intrade.
Members of Congress also sponsored the Stop Online Piracy Act, or SOPA, and related bills to make it easier to shut down websites that illegally share music, movies and other content. But opponents (which included just about everybody who used the internet) argued it went too far and could end up shutting down legitimate sites while stifling free expression in the process. Unfortunately for backers of SOPA, Web heavyweights such as Google, Facebook, Reddit and Wikipedia joined the fight against the bill. Sites went black on January 18 to raise awareness. Members of communities such as Reddit put intense pressure on lawmakers (including soon-to-be GOP vice presidential nominee Paul Ryan) until they dropped their support or went on record opposing the bill. The unprecedented backlash eventually caused supporters to shelve SOPA, and quite possibly ushered in a new age of Web activism.
Facebook flopped producing one of the longest alliterated titles in the blogsphere during 2012 (Furious Flabbergasted Facebook Fools Face Frightening Falls From Fanciful Flagging Financial Flotation Farce ).
Meanwhile Twitter went from strength to strength with even the President of the United States and the Pope tweeting their little hearts out.
Speaking of flops, Carol Bartz flopped at Yahoo and was sacked being replaced by Scott Thompson. Yahoo continues to be troubled since its idiotic refusal of a $40 billion plus offer from Microsoft.
Google got itself some tablets and started to take on greedy Apple in the iPad market selling its Android versions for substantially less.
Along with the rollout of the much anticipated iPhone 5 in September, Apple overhauled iOS, the operating system that runs the phone, its iPad and other mobile devices. A much-hyped feature of the change was Apple's first effort at its own mapping app – after dumping rival Google's map software. The result was so bad that a few days later Apple's CEO was essentially telling customers to use Google Maps.
2012 also the passing of many well known personalities and celebrities. For example,
In space
Neil Armstrong, aged 82 (8/5/1930 to 8/25/2012), astronaut who flew on the Gemini 8 mission (as commander) in 1966 and the Apollo 11 mission (as commander) in 1969, becoming the first of twelve men to walk on the moon.
Sally Ride, aged 61 (5/26/1951 to 7/23/2012), astronaut and the first American woman in space, who flew on Shuttle flights STS-7 (1983) and STS 41-G (1984).
Patrick Moore, aged 89 (3/4/1923 to 12/9/2012), British astronomer, writer, researcher, radio commentator and television presenter. Moore was a former president of the British Astronomical Association, co-founder and former president of the Society for Popular Astronomy (SPA), author of over 70 books on astronomy, and presenter of the world's longest-running television series with the same original presenter, the BBC's The Sky at Night. He was also a self-taught xylophone, glockenspiel player and pianist, as well as an accomplished composer. He was a former amateur cricketer, golfer and chess player. In addition to many popular science books, he wrote numerous works of fiction. Moore served in the Royal Air Force during World War II; his fiancée was killed by a bomb during the war and he never married.
Chuck Colson, aged 80 (10/16/1931 to 4/21/2012), White House counsel under Nixon (1969-72), and imprisoned for obstruction of justice in Watergate scandal (1973). While in prison he underwent Christian conversion and founded Prison Fellowship Ministries.
Robert Bork, aged 85 (3/1/1927 to 12/19/2012, U.S. solicitor general under Nixon. As acting Attorney General, he fired Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox on Nixon's orders, after Elliot Richardson and then William Ruckelshaus refused and resigned. He was subsequently Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (1982-88) and Nominated to the Supreme Court by Reagan in 1987 and rejected by the Senate.
Daniel Inouye, aged 88 (9/7/1924 to 12/17/2012), U.S. Representative (D-HI, 1959-63), U.S. Senator (D-HI, 1963-2012).
William Rees-Mogg, Baron Rees-Mogg, aged 84 (14 July 1928 – 29 December 2012), British journalist and life peer, Editor of The Times (1967–1981).
George McGovern, aged 90 (7/19/1922 to 10/21/2012), U.S. Rep., D-SD (1957-61); U.S. Senator, D-SD (1963-81); Democratic presidential nominee (1972).
Arlen Specter, aged 82 (2/12/1930 to 10/14/2012), U.S. Senator (R-PA, 1981-2009; D-PA, 2009-11). Specter was a member of the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and co-author of the 'magic bullet' theory that Kennedy and Gov. John Connally were shot by the same single bullet.
Norman Schwarzkopf, aged 78 (8/22/1934 to 12/27/2012), U.S. Army general. Commanded the U.S. and allied forces in the Persian Gulf War (1991).
Yitzhak Shamir, aged 96 (10/15/1915 to 6/30/2012), Israeli prime minister (Likud party, 1983-84, 1986-92).
In TV & movies
Gerry Anderson, aged 83 (14 April 1929 – 26 December 2012) publisher, producer, director and writer, famous for futuristic television programs, using 'supermarionation', working with modified marionettes, such as Thunderbirds, and Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. He was also responsible for the real-life sci-fi tv series Space 1999.
Ernest Borgnine, aged 95 (1/24/1917 to 7/8/2012), actor, From Here to Eternity (1953), "McHale's Navy" (Lt. Quinton McHale, 1962-66), The Poseidon Adventure (1972), Code Name: Wild Geese (1984). Won an Academy award for Marty (Best actor, 1956). Husband of singer Ethel Merman for 32 days in 1964.
Phyllis Diller, aged 95 (7/17/1917 to 8/20/2012), comedienne/actress who appeared frequently on talk shows, game shows, and variety shows in the 1960s and 70s.
Charles Durning, aged 89 (2/28/1923 to 12/24/2012), actor, The Sting (1973), The Muppet Movie (1979), The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (1982), "Evening Shade" (Dr. Harlan Eldridge, 1990-94).
Larry Hagman, aged 81 (9/21/1931 to 11/23/2012), actor, "I Dream of Jeannie" (Maj. Anthony Nelson, 1965-70), "Dallas" (J.R. Ewing, 1978-91) and reprised the role of J.R. Ewing in the 2012 tv series "Dallas". Son of actress Mary Martin.
Jack Klugman, aged 90 (4/27/1922 to 12/24/2012), actor, 12 Angry Men (1957), "The Odd Couple" (Oscar Madison, 1970-75), "Quincy, M.E." (Dr. R. Quincy, 1976-83). Husband of actress/game show panelist Brett Somers (1953-74). Won two Emmy Awards for "The Odd Couple" (1971, 1973).
Sylvia Kristel, aged 60 (9/28/1952 to 10/17/2012), actress, the controversial Emmanuelle (1974) and three sequels (1975-84), Private Lessons (1981).
Herbert Lom, aged 95 (1/9/1917 to 9/27/2012), most famous for his portrayal of Chief Inspector Dreyfus in The Return of the Pink Panther (1974) and five more films in the "Pink Panther" series from 1976 to 1993.
William Asher, aged 90 (8/8/1921 to 7/16/2012), was a TV and film director whose work included "I Love Lucy" (1952-57), Beach Party (1963), "Bewitched" (1964-72), "Alice" (1977-79). Husband of actress Elizabeth Montgomery (1963-73).
Turhan Bey, aged 90 (3/30/1922 to 9/30/2012), actor who starred in Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (1944), The Amazing Mr. X (1948).
Peter Breck, aged 82 (3/13/1929 to 2/6/2012), actor, "Maverick" (Doc Holliday, 1960-62), "The Big Valley" (Nick Barkley, 1965-69).
Frank Cady, aged 96 (9/8/1915 to 6/9/2012), actor, "Petticoat Junction" (1963-70), "Green Acres" (Sam Drucker, 1965-71).
Harry Carey, Jr., aged 91 (May 16, 1921 – December 27, 2012), actor, appeared in over 90 movies including Gremplins and Tombstone and several John Ford Westerns such as The Searchers, as well as numerous television series.
Dick Clark, aged 82 (11/30/1929 to 4/18/2012), a TV host on shows "American Bandstand" (1957-87), "The $10,000 Pyramid" (1973-88), "TV's Bloopers & Practical Jokes" (1984-88), "New Year's Rockin' Eve" (1972-2012). He was also the producer of a variety of TV game shows, talk shows, entertainment shows, and movies.
Gary Collins, aged 74 (4/30/1938 to 10/13/2012), actor, Iron Horse (Dave Tarrant, 1966-68), "The Sixth Sense" (Dr. Michael Rhodes, 1972). TV host for "Hour Magazine" (1980-88), Miss America Pageant (1982-90). Husband of Miss America 1959 Mary Ann Mobley (1967-2012).
Don Cornelius, aged 75 (9/27/1936 to 2/1/2012), host (1971-2007) and producer (1971-88) of "Soul Train". Producer of the "Soul Train Music Awards" (1987-2007).
Richard Dawson, aged 79 (11/20/1932 to 6/2/2012), actor and game show host, starred in "Hogan's Heroes" (Cpl. Peter Newkirk, 1965-71), "Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In" (regular performer, 1971-73), "Match Game" (panelist, 1973-79), "Family Feud" (host, 1975-88, 94-95), The Running Man (1987).
Michael Clarke Duncan, aged 54 (12/10/1957 to 9/3/2012), actor, Armageddon (1998), The Green Mile (1999).
Nora Ephron, aged 71 (5/19/1941 to 6/26/2012), filmmaker responsible for Silkwood (writer, 1983), When Hary Met Sally (writer, 1989), Sleepless in Seattle (writer, director, 1993), You've Got Mail (writer, director, producer, 1998), Julie & Julia (writer, director, producer, 2009).
Chad Everett, aged 76 (6/11/1936 to 7/24/2012), actor, "Medical Center" (Dr. Joe Gannon, 1969-76), Airplane II: The Sequel (1982).
Jonathan Frid, aged 87 (12/2/1924 to 4/13/2012), actor, "Dark Shadows" (Barnabas Collins, 1967-71).
Don Grady, aged 68 (6/8/1944 to 6/27/2012), cast member, "The Mickey Mouse Club" (1957-58). Actor, "My Three Sons" (Robbie Douglas, 1960-71).
Andy Griffith, aged 86 (6/1/1926 to 7/3/2012), cast member, "The Mickey Mouse Club" (1957-58). Gained prominence in the starring role in A Face in the Crowd (1957) before becoming better known for his television roles, playing the lead characters in the 1960–1968 situation comedy The Andy Griffith Show and in the 1986–1995 legal drama Matlock.
Robert Hegyes, aged 60 (5/7/1951 to 1/26/2012), actor, "Welcome Back, Kotter" (Juan Epstein, 1975-79).
Sherman Hemsley, aged 74 (2/1/1938 to 7/24/2012), actor, "All in the Family" (George Jefferson, 1973-75), "The Jeffersons" (George Jefferson, 1975-85), "Amen" (Deacon Ernest Frye, 1986-91).
Celeste Holm, aged 95 (4/29/1917 to 7/15/2012), actress, All About Eve (1950). Won an Academy award for Gentleman's Agreement (Best supporting actress, 1948).
George Lindsey, aged 83 (12/17/1928 to 5/6/2012), actor, "The Andy Griffith Show" (Goober Pyle, 1965-68), "Mayberry R.F.D." (Goober Pyle, 1968-71), "Hee Haw" (Goober, 1972-92).
Ron Palillo, aged 63 (4/2/1949 to 8/14/2012), actor, "Welcome Back, Kotter" (Arnold Horshack, 1975-79).
Victor Spinetti, aged 82 (9/2/1929 to 6/18/2012), actor, The Beatles movies A Hard Day's Night (1964), Help! (1965), "Magical Mystery Tour" (1967).
Mike Wallace, aged 93 (5/9/1918 to 4/7/2012), TV news correspondent famous for his adversarial style. Programs include "Mike Wallace Interview (1957-60)", "60 Minutes" (1968-2006).
Richard D. Zanuck, aged 77 (12/13/1934 to 7/13/2012), film producer for movies like Jaws (1975), Neighbors (1981), Cocoon (1985), Driving Miss Daisy (1989), Deep Impact (1998), Planet of the Apes (2001). Son of producer Darryl F. Zanuck.
Robin Gibb, aged 62 (12/22/1949 to 5/20/2012), member of the Bee Gees with older brother Barry and twin brother Maurice (1958-69, 1970-2003). Hits include "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" (1970), "Jive Talkin'" (1975), "Stayin' Alive" (1977), and "Too Much Heaven" (1979). Older brother of Andy Gibb.
Marvin Hamlisch, aged 68 (6/2/1944 to 8/6/2012), songwriter. Hits include "Sunshine, Lollipops, and Rainbows" (1965), "The Way We Were" (1973), "The Entertainer" (1974), "What I Did For Love" (1975), and "Nobody Does It Better" (1977).
Whitney Houston, aged 48 (8/9/1963 to 2/11/2012), pop singer. Hits include "Saving All My Love for You" (1985), "I Wanna Dance With Somebody" (1987), and "I Will Always Love You" (1992). Wife of singer Bobby Brown (1992-2007). Cousin of singer Dionne Warwick.
Andy Williams, aged 84 (12/3/1927 to 9/25/2012), TV host, "The Andy Williams Show" (1962-71) and singer, "Butterfly" (1957), "Moon River" (1962), "Love Story (Where Do I Begin)" (1971).
Donna Summer, aged 63 (12/31/1948 to 5/17/2012), pop/disco singer. Hits include "Love to Love You Baby" (1975), "Last Dance" (1978) "Bad Girls" (1979), and "She Works Hard for the Money" (1983).
Ravi Shankar, aged 92 (4/7/1920 to 12/11/2012), sitar player. Mentored rock musician George Harrison (1966), played in the Concert for Bangladesh (1971). Father of jazz musician Norah Jones (1979).
Dave Brubeck, aged 91 (12/6/1920 to 12/5/2012), jazz pianist. Hits include "Take Five" (1959).
Hal David, aged 91 (5/25/1921 to 9/1/2012), lyricist and songwriting partner of Burt Bacharach (1957-1972). Hits include "Walk on By", "What the World Needs Now Is Love", "What's New Pussycat?", "The Look of Love", "This Guy's In Love With You", "Raindrops Keep Fallin' On My Head", "Close to You", and "One Less Bell to Answer". Inducted to the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
Levon Helm, aged 71 (5/26/1940 to 4/19/2012), rock vocalist and drummer, member of The Band (1968-1976, 1983-1999). Sang lead on "The Weight" (1968), "Up on Cripple Creek" (1969), and "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down" (1969).
Etta James, aged 73 (1/25/1938 to 1/20/2012), blues singer. Hits include "The Wallflower" (1955), "At Last" (1961), "I Just Want to Make Love to You" (1996). Won four Grammy awards (1994-2004). Inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame (1993).
Davy Jones, aged 66 (12/30/1945 to 2/29/2012), actor/singer, "The Monkees" (1966-68). Sang lead on "Daydream Believer" (1967).
Tony Martin, aged 98 (12/25/1913 to 7/27/2012), singer. Hits include "There's No Tomorrow" (1949), "I Get Ideas" (1951), "Walk Hand In Hand" (1956). Actor; Casbah (1948), Here Come the Girls (1953), Hit the Deck (1955). Husband of actress Cyd Charisse (1948-2008).
Earl Scruggs, aged 88 (1/6/1924 to 3/28/2012), bluegrass banjo player, teamed with Lester Flatt (1948-69). Hits include "The Ballad of Jed Clampett" (1963).
Kitty Wells, aged 92 (8/30/1919 to 7/16/2012), country singer. Hits include "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels" (1952), "I Can't Stop Loving You" (1958), "Heartbreak U.S.A." (1961). Inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame (1974). Received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award (1991). Wife of country singer Johnnie Wright (1937-2011).
Gary Carter, aged 57 (4/5/1954 to 2/16/2012), catcher for Montreal Expos (1974-84, 1992), New York Mets (1985-89), and two other teams (1990-91). 11-time All-Star (1975, 1979-88) and 3-time Gold Glove Award winner (1980-82). Inducted into the Hall of Fame (2003).
Lee MacPhail, aged 95 (10/25/1917 to 11/8/2012), major-league baseball executive, general manager of the Baltimore Orioles and New York Yankees, American League President (1974-83) and President of the Players Relations Committee. Elected to the MLB Hall of Fame (1998). Son of baseball executive Larry MacPhail and father of baseball executive Andy MacPhail (1953).
Marvin Miller, aged 95 (4/14/1917 to 11/27/2012), executive director of the Major League Baseball Players Association (1966-82), negotiated collective bargaining, arbitration, and free agency with the baseball owners.
Art Modell, aged87 (6/23/1925 to 9/6/2012), owner of the NFL Cleveland Browns (1961-95) and Baltimore Ravens (1996-2004). President of the National Football League (1967-69). Was the principal force in having NFL games televised on Monday nights (1970).
Joe Paterno, aged 85 (12/21/1926 to 1/22/2012), college football coach (Penn State 1966-2011). Won 24 bowl games and 3 Big Ten championships. Inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame (2006). Fired for not doing more about allegations of child molestation taking place in his facilities.
Darrell Royal, aged 88 (7/9/1924 to 11/7/2012), college football head coach for Mississippi State University (1954-55), University of Washington (1956), and University of Texas (1957-76). Won three national championships (1963, 1969, 1970). Had 23 consecutive winning seasons.
Alex Karras, aged 77 (7/15/1935 to 10/10/2012), NFL football player; Detroit Lions (tackle, 1958-71). Actor, Blazing Saddles (1974), "Webster" (George Papadapolis, 1983-89).
Junior Seau, aged 43 (1/19/1969 to 5/2/2012), NFL linebacker for San Diego Chargers (1990-2002), Miami Dolphins (2003-05), and New England Patriots (2006-09). Was on the Pro Bowl team 12 consecutive years (1991-2002).
In Publishing & Books
Ray Bradbury, aged 91 (8/22/1920 to 6/5/2012), science fiction writer whose works include The Martian Chronicles (1950), and Farenheit 451 (1953).
Andrew Breitbart, aged 43 (2/1/1969 to 3/1/2012), web publisher, editor for The Drudge Report, and founder of Brietbart.com and BigGovernment.com (2009). Facilitated an undercover video purporting to expose fraud in ACORN (2009).
Helen Gurley Brown, aged 90 (2/18/1922 to 8/13/2012), author of Sex and the Single Girl (1962) and editor of Cosmopolitan (1965-1997).
Jim Unger, aged 75 (1/21/1937 to 5/29/2012), cartoonist of "Herman" (1974-92).
Gore Vidal, aged 86 (10/3/1925 to 7/31/2012), novelist whose works include Myra Breckinridge (1968) and Lincoln (1984).
Maurice Sendak, aged 83 (6/10/1928 to 5/8/2012), children's writer whose works include Little Bear (1957) and Where the Wild Things Are (1963).
James Q. Wilson, aged 80 (5/27/1931 to 3/2/2012), sociologist/criminologist professor at Harvard (1961-87). Rejected prevailing theories that most/all criminal behavior is the product of societal factors. Wrote Varieties of Police Behavior (1968) and Thinking About Crime (1975).
Zig Ziglar, aged 86 (11/6/1926 to 11/28/2012), motivational speaker and author (See You at the Top, 1975).
Henry Hill, aged 69 (6/11/1943 to 6/12/2012), organized crime figure with the Luchesse crime family of New York, participated in a hesit of Lufthansa Air (1978), became an FBI informant, expelled from the U.S. Witness Protection Program (1982). Subject of the film Goodfellas (1990).
Sun Myung Moon, aged 92 (2/25/1920 to 9/2/2012), founder of the Unification Church (1954), also known as "Moonies". Convicted of willfully filing false US income tax returns (1982); imprisoned for 13 months (1984-85).
Vidal Sassoon, aged 84 (1/17/1928 to 5/9/2012), hairdresser to the rich and famous.
Rodney King, aged 47 (4/2/1965 to 6/17/2012), victim of a videotaped beating involving seven Los Angeles police officers on 3 March 1991 that made him a symbol of police brutality and led to racially charged riots in Los Angeles. Four officers were tried; three were acquitted and the jury failed to reach a verdict on the fourth. Their acquittals on 29 April 1992 prompted a riot in which 54 people died. Two officers were subsequently found guilty of civil rights violations in federal court, and King was paid $3.8 million by the city of Los Angeles.
Manmade Tragedies
2012 also had its share of manmade tragedies.
In Aurora, Colorado a crazed gunman opened fire on an unsuspecting audience during a midnight screening of the Batman new movie "The Dark Knight Rises", killing 12 people and wounding 58 others. The killer was former neuroscience graduate student James Holmes.
In Benghazi , Libya Islamic militants stormed the U.S. mission on the anniversary of the September 11, 2001, attacks on New York and Washington, killing U.S. Ambassador Christopher Stevens and three other Americans. The attack was the first to kill a U.S. ambassador in the line of duty since 1979 and sparked severe criticism of the Obama administration. An official inquiry found widespread failures in both security planning and internal management.
In a Wisconsin Sikh temple a gunman killed six people and critically wounded three others, before he was himself shot dead by police.
At the Empire State Building in New York City, an out-of-work fashion designer fatally shot a former co-worker before being killed in a blaze of gunshots by police, stunning tourists and commuters outside of one of New York's most popular landmarks.
Finally, at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, Adam Lanza shot dead 20 children and six staff members, before killing himself. He had also killed his mother.
Other notables
Lance Armstrong, the disgraced cycling champion had his seven Tour de France victories scratched from the records and was banned from cycling for life after the International Cycling Union (UCI) ratified the United States Anti-Doping Agency's (USADA) sanctions against him. A USADA report said Armstrong had been involved in the "most sophisticated, professionalized and successful doping program that sport has ever seen."
Record-setting skydiver. Austrian daredevil Felix Baumgartner leapt into the stratosphere from a balloon near the edge of space 24 miles above Earth and safely landed, setting a record for the highest skydive and breaking the sound barrier in the process.
CIA Director, David Petraeus, who had formerly played a key role in the Iraq war, and led the U.S. Central Command and commanded U.S. and NATO troops in Afghanistan, stepped down after admitting he had engaged in an extramarital affair.
Significant Number Factoid Friday – Today Number Eleven 11
November 30, 2012 November 30, 2012 fasab Factoids, Numbers, Politics, Sport, Uncategorized, Unusual, War	11, 11th President of the United States, 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment, 9-11, Academy Awards, Ace, Air Force, Allied Pictures Corp, alphabet, aluminium, American Airlines, American football, and Washington Bullets, Andromeda, Apollo 11, Apostle Judas, apostles, apple, Aquarius, Armistice, Armistice Day, Army CID, astrology, atomic number, Atomic Weight, B-11 Gun, B.I. Shavyrin, Baltimore, Baranquilla, Barry Larkin, Basque, bassoon, BBC, Ben-Hur, Benjamin Franklin, Best Picture, Bible, Bill Clinton, blackjack, Blue Angels, Bob Davies, Book of Enoch, Boron, Brian Sutter, Brigadier General, British Spey 512, Bruges, Buffalo Sabres, California Angels, Cambodia, canada, Canadian currency, Canadian fifty-dollar bill, Canadian one-dollar coin, capital, Carl Hubbell, Chicago White Sox, Chicago's Sears Tower, Chinese Animal Zodiac, Chou En-lai, Christopher Eccleston, Cincinnati Reds, clocks, Coast Guard, Colin Baker, Cologne coat of arms, Colombia, Colt 1911, Commonwealth of Nations, Computers, computing, cricket, Crowns, Crucifixion of Jesus, curtains of goats' hair, David Tennant, DEC, Delta Force, Detroit Pistons, Detroit Tigers, diatonic scale, Digital Equipment Corporation, dimensions, disciples, Doctor Who, Doomsday clock, Edgar Martínez, Edmonton Oilers, education, Eleven pipers piping, Elevenses, Eleventh Commandment, eleventh hour, Elfmeter, Elvin Hayes, Elvis Presley, Europe, F11, fact, factoid, FBI, FBI Hostage Rescue Team, federal, first manned spacecraft to land on the Moon, Flag of Canada, flight 11, French department Aude, function key, Galilee, General Orders, Genesis, Germany, Gilbert Perreault, GMA News TV, Google Chrome, Gregorian calendar, Grumman Aircraft Corporation, Grumman F11F/F-11 Tiger, gun, gun salute, guns, Hall of Famer, hamaika, hendecagon, hijacked, Himalia, hockey, Igor Stravinsky, Internet Explorer, Isiah Thomas, J-11, J-11 Chinese Light Fighter Aircraft, James Polk, Jason Webley, Jesus, Jim Fregosi, John Browning, Jon Pertwee, Judas Iscariot, Jupiter, Kaph, kickers, King James Version, Konqueror for KDE, Korean War, Lambda, LAPD, latitude, left wing-forward, Lester del Rey, Liberia, London, longitude, los angeles, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Los Angeles Police Department, Luis Aparicio, lyrics, M11-A1, M1911 Colt, Mac OS X, Major League Baseball, maple leaf, Marine Corps, Marine Corps Special Operations Command, Mark Messier, marriage, mathematics, Matt Smith, Matthias, Messianic Kingdom, Messier object M11, midfielder, MiG-19 Farmer, Mike Gartner, Militaria, military, Minoru Yamasaki, modern string theory, Monarch, Monrovia, Moon, Moses, Mother Teresa, movies, Mozilla Firefox, Munich, music, Navy, NBA, NCIS, NCIS Los Angeles, Negativland's song Time Zones, new york, New York City, New York Giants, New York Rangers, NFL, NHL, North Tower, November 11 1918, number, number 11, number 11 bus, numbers, Ocean's Eleven, octave, Old Testament, Omar Vizquel, Opera, parable of the vineyard laborers, Patrick Troughton, Paul McGann, Paul Waner, PDP-11 series, penalty kick, Peter Davison, Phil Simms, Philippines, Phnom Penh, physics, Pittsburgh Pirates, PLAAF J-6, politics, polygon, President, President of the United States, punter, Pyramid formation, quarterbacks, Rear Admirals, religion, Remembrance Day, Rochester Royals, Roman Catholic Church, Roman numeral, rugby union, Rutherford B. Hayes, Sacramento Kings, Saint Ursula Shrine, San Francisco Giants, science, Seattle Mariners, Sentries, September 11 2001, Shenyang Aircraft Factory, Short Reset Trigger, Sig Sauer, Sig Sauer M11, Silicon, SIS, Smith & Wesson, Smith & Wesson Model 11 .38 Pistol, soccer, sodium, Sophia Loren, space, Sparky Anderson, sport, St. Louis Blues, Station of the Cross, Steel wedding anniversary, striker, sunspot cycle, SWAT, Sylvester McCoy, tabernacle, Tacoma, television, terrorist attack, Terrorists, The Doctor, the Eleven, The Grateful Dead, The Lord of the Rings The Return of the King, The Pillory by Brandon Fleming, The Rite of Spring, The Twelve Days of Christmas, Thelema, Titanic, Tom Baker, Tool's song Jimmy, twin towers, undecagon, Union, United States, Universe, Unix, US Army, USN F11F Tiger, Veterans Day, Vietnam War, Voltaire, Washington Capitals, Washington Police Department, Washington Wizards, whisper key, wide receivers, Wild Duck Cluster, William Hartnell, windows, Winston Churchill, world trade center, World War I, world war ii, WTC, X11, XI, Zodiac
The number for today's Friday Factoid is eleven. If this is your lucky number, date of birth or if you are just interested in random facts, now is your chance to find out some things you probably didn't know about the number eleven.
The Number Eleven 11
The word "apple" is cited 11 times in the Bible, all in the Old Testament.
Moses was instructed to make curtains of goats' hair to be a covering upon the tabernacle: "eleven curtains shalt thou make." ( Exodus 26.7)
11 apostles remained with Jesus after the treason and suicide of Apostle Judas:
After Judas Iscariot was disgraced, the remaining apostles of Jesus were sometimes described as "the Eleven"; this occurred even after Matthias was added to bring the number to 12, as in Acts 2:14.
Jesus' parable of the vineyard laborers: And about the eleventh hour he went out, and found others standing idle, and says unto them, Why stand you here all the day idle? (Matthew 20.6)
11th Book of Enoch describes the Messianic Kingdom.
11th Station of the Cross: Crucifixion of Jesus (14 Stations of the Cross, Via Dolorosa)
11 is a spiritually significant number in Thelema.
In mathematics
If a number is divisible by 11, reversing its digits will result in another multiple of 11.
As long as no two adjacent digits of a number added together exceed 9, then multiplying the number by 11, reversing the digits of the product, and dividing that new number by 11, will yield a number that is the reverse of the original number. (For example: 142,312 x 11 = 1,565,432. 2,345,651 / 11 = 213,241.)
An 11-sided polygon is called a hendecagon or undecagon.
In computing
In Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Konqueror for KDE, Google Chrome and Internet Explorer for Windows, the function key F11 key toggles full screen viewing mode. In Mac OS X, F11 hides all open windows.
The windowing system for Unix computers is known as X11.
Computers of the PDP-11 series from Digital Equipment Corporation were informally referred to as "elevens".
cpu room with DEC PDP-11
In science
11 is the atomic number of sodium.
11 is the Atomic Weight of Boron, a black and semi-metallic element, chemically closer to silicon than to aluminium.
In modern string theory physics, 11 dimensions are proposed to exist in the universe.
Apollo 11 was the first manned spacecraft to land on the Moon.
The approximate periodicity of a sunspot cycle is 11 years.
Messier object M11, a magnitude 7.0 open cluster in the constellation Scutum, also known as the Wild Duck Cluster.
Messier object M11 – Wild Duck Cluster
The New General Catalogue object NGC 11, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda
The 11th moon of Jupiter is Himalia.
Himalia, the 11th Moon of Jupiter
11th State to enter the Union is New York (July 26, 1788)
The 11th President of the United States is James Polk (1795-1849) who served (1845-1849).
James Polk 11th President of the United States of America
Polk was on the 11¢ stamp issued on September 8, 1938 in the Presidential Series.
11¢ stamps of the United States have also featured Presidents, Benjamin Franklin (issued Aug. 9, 1915) and Rutherford B. Hayes (issued Oct. 4, 1922)
11 cent stamps, Franklin, Polk, Hayes
The stylized maple leaf on the Flag of Canada has 11 points.
The Canadian one-dollar coin is a hendecagon, an 11-sided polygon.
Canadian one-dollar coin
Clocks depicted on Canadian currency, for example the Canadian fifty-dollar bill, show 11:00.
Canadian fifty-dollar bill showing clock
Eleven denominations of Canadian currency are produced in large quantities.
Due to Canada's federal nature, eleven legally distinct Crowns effectively exist in the country, with the Monarch being represented separately in each province, as well as at the federal level.
There are 11 players on a soccer team on the field at a time as well as in a cricket team.
Also in soccer, a penalty kick is referred to as "Elfmeter" because the penalty spot is approximately 11m (precisely 12 yards) from the goal line.
Historically, in the Pyramid formation that position names are taken from, a left wing-forward in football wears number 11. In the modern game, especially using the 4-4-2 formation, it is worn by a left-sided midfielder. Less commonly a striker will wear the shirt.
There are 11 players in a field hockey team. The player wearing 11 will usually play on the left-hand side, as in soccer.
An American football team also has 11 players on the field at one time during play. 11 is also worn by quarterbacks, kickers, punter and wide receivers in American football's NFL.
In rugby union, the starting left wing wears the 11 shirt.
In cricket, the 11th batsman is usually the weakest batsman, at the end of the tail. He is primarily in the team for his bowling abilities.
The jersey number 11 has been retired by several North American sports teams in honor of past playing greats or other key figures:
In Major League Baseball: the Chicago White Sox, for Hall of Famer Luis Aparicio ( 2010 and 2011, Aparicio allowed fellow Venezuelan Omar Vizquel to wear the number); the Cincinnati Reds, for Hall of Famer Barry Larkin; the Detroit Tigers, for Hall of Fame manager Sparky Anderson; the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, for Jim Fregosi (who played for the team in its former incarnations as the Los Angeles Angels and California Angels, and also managed the California Angels); the Pittsburgh Pirates, for Hall of Famer Paul Waner; the San Francisco Giants, for Hall of Famer Carl Hubbell (honoring the number's retirement when the team was known as the New York Giants); the Seattle Mariners have yet to retire any numbers, but have not issued #11 since the retirement of Edgar Martínez at the end of the 2004 season.
Baseball Hall of Fame Cincinnati Reds
In the NBA: the Detroit Pistons, for Hall of Famer Isiah Thomas; the Sacramento Kings, for Hall of Famer Bob Davies (honoring the number's retirement when the team was known as the Rochester Royals); the Washington Wizards, for Hall of Famer Elvin Hayes (who played for the team in its past incarnations as the Baltimore, Capital, and Washington Bullets);
Elvin Hayes
In the NFL: the New York Giants, for Phil Simms.
In the NHL: the Buffalo Sabres, for Hall of Famer Gilbert Perreault; the Edmonton Oilers and New York Rangers, for Hall of Famer Mark Messier; the St. Louis Blues, for Brian Sutter; the Washington Capitals, for Hall of Famer Mike Gartner.
Oilers and New York Rangers, for Hall of Famer Mark Messier
In militaria
World War I ended with an Armistice on November 11, 1918, which went into effect at 11:00 am, the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month of the year. Armistice Day is still observed on November 11 of each year, although it is now called Veterans Day in the United States and Remembrance Day in the Commonwealth of Nations and parts of Europe.
11 is the number of guns in a gun salute to U.S. Army, Air Force and Marine Corps Brigadier Generals, and to Navy and Coast Guard Rear Admirals Lower Half.
11 is the number of General Orders for Sentries in the Marine Corps and United States Navy.
USN F11F Tiger
The Grumman F11F/F-11 Tiger was a single-seat carrier-based United States Navy fighter aircraft in operation during the 1950s and 1960s. Originally designated the F11F Tiger in April 1955 under the pre-1962 Navy designation system, it was redesignated as F-11 Tiger under the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system.
The F11F/F-11 was used by the Blue Angels flight team from 1957 to 1969. Grumman Aircraft Corporation made about 200 Tigers, with last delivered 23 January 1
The Grumman F11F/F-11 Tiger
J-11 Chinese Light Fighter Aircraft
The J-11 designation was originally applied in the design Shenyang Aircraft Factory in response to a 1968 requirement for a replacement PLAAF J-6 (MiG-19 Farmer). Shenyang's proposal was triggered by a British Spey 512 afterburning turbofan engine and followed a conventional light fighter design, with wings swept back and side of the fuselage assembly entries.
The J-11 was a sophisticated design for its time, but the British Spey-512 engines proved "difficult" for Communist China to obtain at that time. Shenyang factory was ordered to concentrate their energies in the J-8, and J-11 never went beyond the planning stage.
The B-11 Gun
The B-11 gun is designed by the Design Bureau under guidance of B.I. Shavyrin. Its barrel consists of a smooth-bore tube, chamber, breech and breech mechanism. It is fixed on a tripod mount consisting of frame and boom. In firing position, the gun rests on the tripod mount and the wheels are elevated above ground level. The gun is transported by means of a prime-mover.
The gun can be transported in a truck body together with crew and ammo load. The gun can be also dropped by parachute.
Colt 1911
Designed by John Browning, the M1911 Colt is arguably the most well known pistol in the world. It is a single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated handgun chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge. It served as the standard-issue side arm for the United States armed forces from 1911 to 1985 and was widely used in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War.
The M1911 is still carried by some U.S. forces. Its formal designation as of 1940 was Automatic Pistol, Caliber .45, M1911 for the original Model of 1911 or Automatic Pistol, Caliber .45, M1911A1 for the M1911A1, adopted in 1924.
In total, the United States procured around 2.7 million M1911 and M1911A1 pistols in military contracts during its service life. The M1911 was replaced by the M9 pistol as the standard U.S. sidearm in the early 1990s, but due to its popularity among users, it has not been completely phased out. Modern M1911 variants are still in use by some units within the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps.
Many military and law enforcement organizations in the United States and other countries continue to use (often modified) M1911A1 pistols including Marine Corps Special Operations Command, Los Angeles Police Department S.W.A.T. and L.A.P.D. S.I.S., the FBI Hostage Rescue Team, F.B.I. regional S.W.A.T. teams, and 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment—Delta (Delta Force). The Tacoma, Washington Police Department selected the Kimber Pro Carry II or Pro Carry II HD as optional, department supplied weapons available to its officers
Sig Sauer M11-A1
Two of the most watched shows on television are NCIS and NCIS: Los Angeles. The 2nd spinoff show, NCIS: LA features covert NCIS agents based out of Los Angeles investigating things that have nothing to do with NCIS and regularly getting into gunfights and leaving bodies all over LA. And each week, they're correctly depicted using the Sig Sauer M11, the standard issue pistol for NCIS, Army CID, and a number of other special units of the US military.
The Sig Sauer M11-A1 is a commercially available version of the military sidearm; upgrading the slide to stainless steel and adding Sig's excellent Short Reset Trigger. The Sig M11-A1 comes standard with three 15-round magazines, and SigLite night sights.
Smith & Wesson Model 11 .38 Pistol
The American Smith & Wesson .38 Model 11 Revolver was supplied to British Commonwealth countries 1950s – 1970s for Police use. A standard 6-shot hand ejector with 4" barrel, 'Mod 11' marking and flared chequered walnut grips.
Smith-and-Wesson-Model-11
In music, movies and television
The interval of an octave and a fourth is an 11th.
A complete 11th chord has almost every note of a diatonic scale.
The number of thumb keys on a bassoon, not counting the whisper key. (A few bassoons have a 12th thumb key.)
In Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring, there are 11 consecutive repetitions of the same chord.
In Tool's song Jimmy, and in Negativland's song Time Zones the number 11 is heard numerous times in the lyrics.
"Eleven pipers piping" is the gift on the 11th day of Christmas in the carol "The Twelve Days of Christmas"
The Eleven is a song by The Grateful Dead.
Eleven Records is the record label of Jason Webley, and many of Webley's works feature the number 11.
Three films, Ben-Hur (1959), Titanic (1997), and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003), have each won 11 Academy Awards, including Best Picture of their respective years.
ben hur action shot
Ocean's Eleven is the name of two American films.
The Eleventh Commandment is a feature length film by Allied Pictures Corp. (1933) adapted from the story The Pillory by Brandon Fleming.
The Eleventh Commandment (1962) is a science fiction novel by Lester del Rey (USA). In a heavily overpopulated future, the Roman Catholic Church continues to encourage people to be fruitful and multiply. But there is a scientific reason behind this apparent madness.
The number of incarnations of The Doctor in BBC sci-fi series Doctor Who is 11, as of 2012. (William Hartnell; Patrick Troughton; Jon Pertwee; Tom Baker; Peter Davison; Colin Baker; Sylvester McCoy; Paul McGann; Christopher Eccleston; David Tennant and Matt Smith)
The 11 actors who have played 'The Doctor'
Cities located at 11o longitude: Munich, Germany; Monrovia, Liberia
Cities located at 11o latitude: Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Baranquilla, Colombia
The eleventh hour means the last possible moment to take care of something, and often implies a situation of urgent danger or emergency (see Doomsday clock).
11 days were lost when the British imposed the Gregorian calendar in 1752, decreeing that the day following September 2 be called September 14.
"Elevenses" is a tea or coffee taken at midmorning and often accompanied by a snack (British custom).
The number 11 bus is a low-cost way of sightseeing in London
In the game of blackjack, an Ace can be counted as either one or 11, whichever is more advantageous for the player.
11 is the number of the French department Aude.
11 is the channel assignment of GMA News TV in the Philippines (formerly ZOE-TV 11). Both owned by ZOE Broadcasting Network and GMA Network.
The Roman numeral for 11 is XI.
Steel wedding anniversary celebrates 11 years of marriage.
K is the 11th letter of the English alphabet .
Kaph is the 11th letter of the Hebrew alphabet, and means "grasping hand", with a numeric value of 20.
Lambda is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet, meaning service, with numeric value of 30
In Astrology, Aquarius is the 11th astrological sign of the Zodiac.
The dog is the 11th sign of the Chinese Animal Zodiac based on the lunar year. Dog-year people are honest, intelligent, and straightforward, with a deep sense of loyalty and justice. The previous dog year was Feb. 10, 1994 to Jan. 30, 1995. The next lunar dog year is Jan. 29, 2006 to Feb. 17, 2007. People born in the dog year include Voltaire, Winston Churchill, Mother Teresa, Chou En-lai, Sophia Loren, Elvis Presley, and Bill Clinton.
The Cologne coat of arms depicts the two-headed Imperial eagle holding sword and sceptre. The escutcheon (shield) shows three crowns (relics of the Three Magi kept in the Cologne Cathedral). The 11 black flames stand for the Patron Saint Ursula protecting the 11,000 virgins. Hans Memling (1440-1494) painted "Saint Ursula and the Holy Virgins" (1489) on wood at Saint Ursula Shrine in Bruges. Memling reduced the 11,000 virgins to a more manageable 11.
German Rhineland carnival season begins on 11.11 at 11:11 A.M. in Cologne.
The twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City looked like the number 11.
It was 110 stories tall, rising 1353 feet and was the tallest building in the world, until surpassed by Chicago's Sears Tower (1450 feet).
WTC was built in 1966-1977 by Minoru Yamasaki.
American Airlines Flight 11 was a passenger flight which was hijacked by five al-Qaeda terrorists on September 11, 2001, as part of the September 11 attacks. They deliberately crashed it into the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing all 87 people aboard plus the hijackers, and an unconfirmed number in the building's impact zone. The aircraft involved, a Boeing 767-223ER, was flying American Airlines' daily scheduled morning transcontinental service from Logan International Airport, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Los Angeles International Airport, in Los Angeles, California.
The second aircraft, a United Airlines Flight 175, a Boeing 767–222, scheduled to fly from Logan International Airport, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Los Angeles International Airport, in Los Angeles, California, hit the South Tower at 09.03.
After the World Trade Center was demolished by terrorist attack on 9/11/2001, ceremonies were held on subsequent 9/11 dates near the site showing "Tribute in Light"— twin beams of light that resemble the number 11 projected to the sky.


Public works crews will be doing day and night snow removal this week.
Daytime snow removal is also scheduled and takes place from 7:30 a.m. to 4 p.m.
• Timmins - First, Kimberly, Kirby. A second snow removal will be dispatched for Timmins/Mountjoy as resources become available.
• Timmins - Laurier, Borden, Floral, Crescent, Lincoln. A second snow removal will be dispatched for Timmins/Mountjoy as resources become available.
• Timmins - Columbus, Wende, Bannerman. A second snow removal will be dispatched for Timmins as resources become available.
• Timmins - Sterling, Lee, Moneta. A second snow removal will be dispatched for Timmins/Mountjoy as resources become available.
• Timmins - churches and store fronts. A second snow removal will be dispatched for Timmins/Mountjoy as resources become available.
More information on the schedule, how and why it may be delayed, and city bylaws about snow placement, winter parking ban and more is available here.


text:
Q: Default Stack Size Varies between .NET 3.5 and 4.x? Consider the following sample:
 static void DoNothing()
 {
     signal.WaitOne();
 }

 static void Main(string[] args)
 {
     signal = new ManualResetEvent(false);
     List<Thread> threads = new List<Thread>();
     try
     {
         while (true)
         {
             Console.WriteLine($"{threads.Count}, Memory:{Process.GetCurrentProcess().PrivateMemorySize64 / (1024 * 1024)}");
             var thread = new Thread(DoNothing);
             thread.Start();
             threads.Add(thread);
         }
     }
     catch (OutOfMemoryException)
     {
         Console.WriteLine($"Out of memory at: {threads.Count}");
         signal.Set();
     }
     threads.ForEach(t => t.Join());
     Console.WriteLine("Finished.");
     Console.ReadLine();
 }

The code is compiled as a 32-bit process.
I discovered it behaves differently when compiled for .NET 3.5, and for 4.x.  I only change the version of the Target framework.
When compiled for NET 3.5, the memory is exhausted with approx. 1 MB per thread created.  This is as expected, because the default stack size is 1MB (https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms686774(v=vs.85).aspx)
However, when compiled for .NET 4.x, the memory is consumed as pace of approx. 100KB per thread created, i.e. 1/10th of 1MB.
Did the default stack size changed between .NET 3.5 and 4.x?
I conduct the experiment on Windows 10.  Is it possible this has to do with the version of Windows?

A: In the meanwhile, I found the answer.
The stack size is not changes, it is 1 MB across all versions.
What got changed is obviously the way memory is committed.  With .NET 4.x, seems only 100K of each stack is actually committed (i.e. consumed, more information can be found in the Tomes of Wisdom).  The rest is just reserved in case it's actually needed later.  The app still loses 1MB of its virtual memory and crashes at about 1450 threads created, regardless of the version of the Framework.
Thanks to Hans Passant for the tip:
https://stackoverflow.com/a/28658130/383426

A: According to MSDN:
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/5cykbwz4.aspx?tduid=(b5f758a58cbf5c5c52da174750c6fbc0)(256380)(2459594)(TnL5HPStwNw-EgIcu96.E0oIiXcj83I4gQ)()
The minimum stack size of each thread is ~256KB and the default is 1MB. The space must be contiguous, so if you increase the stack size for a thread, you will be able to run fewer total threads in your application.
The default thread stack size has not changed. The only thing to my knowledge that has changed is that as of .Net 4.5, perhaps earlier, .Net no longer commits the stack of a thread (When it did commit, it didn't just reserve the size of the stack, it also made sure that space was reserved in the operating system's paging file so the stack could always be swapped out when necessary.)
However, for your example, this is all irrelevant! Why?
The main thread in a 32 bit .Net process receives 1MB of stack space. The overhead for EACH thread is not 1MB, in fact, it is fairly small, being in the KB range. They each get their own stack space, which is independent of the main threads stack space.
I am not sure what you are referencing by "..with approx. 1 MB per thread created".
You can calculate the stack size remaining to you by using some unsafe code
class Program
{
static int n;
static int topOfStack;
const int stackSize = 1000000; // Default?

// The func is 76 bytes, but we need space to unwind the exception.
const int spaceRequired = 18*1024;

unsafe static void Main(string[] args)
{
    int var;
    topOfStack = (int)&var;

    n=0;
    recurse();
}

unsafe static void recurse()
{
    int remaining;
    remaining = stackSize - (topOfStack - (int)&remaining);
    if (remaining < spaceRequired)
        throw new Exception("Cheese");
    n++;
    recurse();
}
}

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The 2 AI trends no one talks about
AI will create jobs, but purpose-built is a bad move, writes VIAN CHINNER, CEO of Xineoh
Two artificial intelligence (AI) trends that will become a reality in 2019 – the rapid broadening of AI and its ability to create thousands of jobs – are not being widely spoken about.
Purpose-built algorithms will become obsolete
There is a lot of talk about when AI will be smarter than human beings. The reality is, when it comes to certain singular tasks, AI has been smarter than humans for a long time.
Consider the humble calculator, which delivers flawlessly time after time. The best human brains are only capable of completing large calculations accurately about 80% of the time, and they take considerably longer to do so.
Tasks of increasing complexity, such as banking transactions, can be concluded significantly faster by an automated teller machine (ATM) than a human teller. The ATM is also more accurate and doesn't become tired.
At a task as complex as chess, AI had already beaten the best human player in 1997.
What most people refer to when discussing the prospect of AI becoming smarter than human beings is the broadening of AI. Broadening refers to a broad algorithm that can teach itself to master many tasks, such as Google's one algorithm to rule them all. By the end of 2017, this algorithm started beating purpose-built algorithms in several fields.
Given that AI's strength doubles every six months, broad algorithms are highly likely to outperform a huge number of purpose-built algorithms by the end of 2019.
Why are people not talking about this?
Given that things move linearly in our evolutionary environment, human brains are not wired for exponential equations. For example, if algae doubles every day and takes 40 days to cover an entire lake, how much time did it take to cover 25% of the lake? The answer is: 38 days, the other 75% came in just 2 days.
AI is a bit like the algae. It doubles every six months. By 2016, we had been working on generalised AI for several years and hadn't made much progress. By 2017, we started to get some results and by 2018 it began to beat some of our purpose-built results. This is why it is extremely likely that generalised AI will surpass a plethora of purpose-built algorithms this year and we will have no use for them anymore.
AI will create more jobs than it destroys
The narrative around AI is often pessimistic, with self-proclaimed pundits predicting countless job losses and other equally woeful outcomes. The fact is that AI has the potential to create many more jobs than it destroys. Many multiples more.
With the unemployment rate hovering around the 27%-mark, South Africa is desperate to find ways to help the unemployed become more economically active. A poor education system and a large pool of people without qualifications or skills means that even if jobs are available, many of these people cannot be considered for them.
Reducing unemployment would be the single greatest contributor to a better South Africa. Getting everybody into a job would massively reduce crime, increase productivity and change citizens' outlook on voting.
Economically speaking, the only sustainable way to get someone to earn a higher wage is to increase their skills and productivity. Consider a domestic worker, who is expected to complete various cleaning chores. For her to move up the skills value chain where she is managing the household, buying groceries and cooking, would require training and experience.
This is where AI can play a significant role and have a huge impact on society. For someone to be employed, the marginal value they add for the next person needs to be more than the marginal cost of employing that person. AI can dramatically skill people up, making them more valuable. In fact, the lower people are on the labour rung, the larger the effect AI can have on their productivity.
So, if the domestic worker, who only has basic cooking skills, harnesses AI to access various programmes or apps that help her create gourmet meals, she instantly moves up the skills value chain. Similarly, a gardener can become an Uber driver and go from making R150 per day to potentially earning R150 per hour.
The reason we don't currently have an app to show someone how to create food step-by step is because creating a bespoke AI algorithm has been prohibitively expensive. The broadening of AI, however, will change this and result in apps that will help increase the marginal value of people and significantly reduce unemployment in South Africa.
Uber is an excellent example of the power of AI to reduce unemployment. Prior to Uber, South Africa had tiny meter taxi industry. The advent of Uber has seen a massive expansion of the pay-for-ride industry, creating thousands of jobs.
The possibilities are endless. Imagine a gardener becoming a landscape expert, a driver gaining motor mechanic skills, a domestic worker becoming a culinary expert or a super nanny. AI can do this. It's already doing it. And, if left to its own devices, it will happen organically.
Related Topics:Artificial Intelligencefeatured
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China's Belt & Road Initiative: Infrastructure Investment for Sustainable Development
The Law and the SDGs | India Kearsley
The ancient Silk Road was a network of trading routes crossing Eurasia, linking Eastern China with Western Europe until the 1400s. Today, this idea is being revitalised by China. The 'Belt and Road Initiative' (BRI) or 'One Belt One Road' is a global, multi-billion-dollar infrastructure, investment and development project, launched by Xi Jinping in 2013. The BRI comprises a Silk Road Economic Belt and a 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, connecting China with South East Asia, Central Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Europe. Examining the challenges and opportunities presented by the BRI, this piece explains the role that lawyers can play in ensuring the BRI fulfils its potential to impact on the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The BRI's official aims are to achieve policy coordination, infrastructure connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration and connections between people. On the face of it, these appear to be favourable outcomes, but the international response to China's large-scale project has been varied. Some international observers have described it as 'an indicator of the scale of China's global ambitions', whilst others have raised concerns that the project is a smokescreen for 'China-led regional development, military expansion and Beijing-controlled institutions'. Despite these mixed reactions, the potential for the BRI to become a success is huge, especially in terms of its impact on achieving the SDGs.
The BRI and sustainable development
As an infrastructure, investment and development project, the BRI will primarily impact on SDG 9 (industry, innovation and infrastructure), specifically targets 9.1 and 9.4, which concern the building and upgrading of infrastructure. There is currently a global shortfall of infrastructure investment funds standing at around US $1 trillion. If you also consider the cost of infrastructure investment needed to realise the SDGs, this figure increases by a third. As a mobiliser of funding for infrastructure projects, the BRI represents a significant opportunity to plug this shortfall and contribute towards the achievement of SDG 9. Alongside this, the BRI can contribute towards achieving several other SDGs, such as Goal 7 (affordable and clean energy) and Goal 17 (partnerships for the Goals). Progression towards Goal 8 (decent work) can be made through employment creation and protecting and honouring labour rights. China Daily reports that BRI projects in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor have created around 70,000 jobs in Pakistan.
However, Chinese infrastructure finance has its risks. According to Foreign Affairs, China tends to overestimate the economic benefits of infrastructure projects and underestimate their harmful environmental and social impacts. Furthermore, the economic benefits of Chinese development finance tend to be shorter-lived than those from Western sources. But one advantage of Chinese financing is the sheer scale of finance available; BRI financing has been shown to significantly outspend traditional project-by-project development finance from international institutions such as the World Bank. As such, there is a lack of competitive sources of funding, which ultimately reinforces China's monopoly in infrastructure project financing. Given China's dominance, there is a need for increased transparency and due diligence in Chinese-financed infrastructure projects, including those encompassed by the BRI.
Some recipient countries are more susceptible than others to the risks associated with Chinese infrastructure finance due to the relatively small size of their economies. Research by the Centre for Global Development has identified eight countries at high-risk of debt distress due to BRI-related financing. These are Djibouti, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, the Maldives, Mongolia, Montenegro, Pakistan and Tajikistan. This reiterates the need for greater transparency, but also for ensuring that finance is sustainable for individual host countries. Some BRI projects that have caused debt distress and infringed on sovereignty have been described as 'wake-up calls' to the dangers of opaque and unsustainable financing. The Hambantota Port Development Project in Sri Lanka was financed under the BRI, but the Sri Lankan government failed to make the debt repayments. Instead of easing the terms of the finance, China offered a different solution – that Sri Lanka hand over the port on a 99-year lease. The port's location, close to China's long-term competitor India, led to accusations of 'debt-trap diplomacy'. This represents an example of unsustainable infrastructure financing, which negatively impacts on the BRI's contribution to the SDGs.
The role for lawyers
Lawyers working with lending institutions, private companies and host governments can help to ensure the BRI is sustainable. There are various standards which can be applied to project financing under the BRI. One example is the Equator Principles (EPs). The EPs are a risk management framework for 'determining, assessing and managing environmental and social risk in development projects, establishing a minimum standard for due diligence and monitoring to support responsible risk decision-making'. Their voluntary nature has received some criticism; a UN Environment Programme report found that the EPs were mainly adopted due to perceived reputational benefits and do not significantly change project financing. The report called for the EPs to clarify and define sustainability thresholds and to adopt an enforcement mechanism to improve compliance.
Nevertheless, the EPs are an important first step towards embedding sustainability considerations into project finance. Lawyers should be aware of these standards, and others, as well as their criticisms. To best address sustainability issues in project financing, lawyers should seek to situate such standards in the context of the projects they are working on. By doing so, they can avoid simply participating in a box-ticking exercise and instead understand the broader implications of project financing and address any unsustainable impacts. By applying the EPs to BRI infrastructure investments, lawyers can help to ensure that China's projects truly are contributing to SDG 9.
Alongside infrastructure investment comes employment creation. The BRI therefore has the potential to impact on the achievement of SDG 8 (decent work). The World Bank states that 'labour laws are key to the success of infrastructure projects', and that failure to recognise their importance can prevent the success of such projects. There are many different approaches to managing labour issues in infrastructure investing. By integrating labour standards into infrastructure projects and investment agreements under the BRI, lawyers can ensure that not only will projects have a greater chance at success, but that they can contribute towards the achievement of SDG 8.
By intervening in the lending and labour laws surrounding BRI projects, lawyers can prevent the BRI from being labelled a failed opportunity for sustainable development, and at the same time, drive the BRI towards fulfilling its potential impact on the achievement of the SDGs.
India Kearsley
← Peace, justice and strong institutions
Land Acquisition in Sudan and South Sudan: Emptying the Bread Basket →
The Law and the SDGs | Juliette Leoni
Can laws tackling gender inequality help to enhance disaster resilience in the Philippines?
The Law and the SDGs | Anna Cossi
Green Bonds: Financing the SDGs?
Business and Human Rights | Audrey Foo
Land Acquisition in Sudan and South Sudan: Emptying the Bread Basket
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text:
CHM 2412 (Physical Chemistry Lab I)
Using a Parr Bomb to Measure Enthalpy
↘ Dec 9, 2008 … 3′ … download⇠ | skip ⇢
The term enthalpy is used to describe the thermodynamic potential of a system. Heat of reaction, one form of enthalpy, is the energy given off by a substance upon combustion. It can be measured using a Parr bomb, which is an adiabatic container, held at a constant volume that ignites a substance. In this case, the heat of reaction is equal to the enthalpy because the reaction takes place at a constant volume and the change in pressure is negligible. The heat of reaction is also equal to the internal energy because of the constant pressure.
The substance to be measured is placed in the bomb, and the bomb is filled with oxygen and then sealed. The bomb is placed in a vessel of circulating water. The substance is ignited through wires touching it which are connected to a fuse box. The energy given off from combustion can then be measured from the changes in temperature of the water surrounding the bomb using a thermistor. The thermistor can be linked to a computer and the temperate as a function of time can be monitored and recorded. A substance of known enthalpy, or heat of reaction, is first used to create a constant for mass times Cp, so that a substance of unknown enthalpy can then be calculated from that information. The change in mass from each experimental run is negligible, making this method valid. The thermistor itself must also first be calibrated, by measuring a constant temperature bath and then changes in the temperature bath as a function of resistance.
II. Method
First, water that was a slightly above room temperature was placed in a vessel. The vessel was placed into the calorimeter and allowed to cool to room temperature. This change in temperature was measured and recorded with a thermistor and graphed on the computer as a function of resistance. This part of the experiment was performed without the actual bomb, as it was used for calibration purposes.
Next, the enthalpy of benzoic acid was measured. First, about 2000 g of water at room temperature was poured into the vessel. The exact weight of the water and vessel were recorded. Then a sample of about 1 g of benzoic acid was made into a pellet, and placed into the combustion cup. The exact weights of the benzoic acid pellet and combustion cup were also recorded. Fuse wire was attached to the electrodes, and it was made sure that the fuse wire securely touched the benzoic acid pellet. The lid of the bomb was securely attached, the bomb was purged with oxygen, and about 25 atmospheres of oxygen was pumped into the bomb.
The vessel was then placed into the calorimeter and bomb was placed into the vessel. The fuse connections were plugged into the bomb right before it was submerged in water. The lid of the calorimeter was placed on as to make sure the thermistor was in place in the water and so that the propeller could spin properly. The propeller was turned on and data was recorded on the computer. Once a stable temperature was reached, the bomb was ignited and again data was collected until a stable temperature was reached. This process was repeated for naphthalene and a food source (rice cakes).
III. Results
Equation (x is resistance) y = -1E-08x3 + 4E-05x2 – 0.0811x + 348.34
Change in Temperature (K) 6.78183
Measurement Benzoic Acid Naphthalene Rice Cake
Weight of Water (g) 2005.60 1999.60 2030.00
Weight of Vessel (g) 782.96 784.70 —-
Weight of Combustion Cup (g) 13.8628 —- —-
Weight Pellet (g) 0.9488 0.9068 0.5097
Final Resistance 1041.37 1027.268 1190.49
Initial Resistance 1166.984 1200.926 1143.122
Final Temperature (K) 295.97 296.40 291.60
Initial Temperature (K) 292.28 291.31 292.96
Temperature Difference (K) 3.69 5.09 1.36
Theoretical q (kJ/g) 26.43 47.86 16.736
Theoretical q (kJ) 25.08 43.40 8.53
Actual q (kJ) —- 34.6 9.25
Percent Error —- 20.31% 8.44%
Weight of Sample Rice Cake, hydrated (g) 3.1655
Weight of Sample Rice Cake, dry (g) 2.8013
Weight of Water in Hydrated Rice Cake (g) 0.3642
a. Heat capacity (mCp) from benzoic acid
qb.a. = 26.43 kJ/g (theoretical)
q = [mCp] ΔT
q = K ΔT
K = q / ΔT
K = (26.43 kJ/g) (0.9488 g) / (3.69 K)
K = 6.80 kJ / K
b. Heat of reaction of naphthalene and % error
qnap = 47.86 kJ/g (theoretical)
qnap = (47.86 kJ/g) x (0.9068 g)
qnap = 43.42 kJ
qnap = K ΔT
qnap = (6.80 kJ / K) x (5.09 K)
qnap = 34.6 kJ (actual)
Percent Error:
(34.6 kJ – 43.42 kJ) / 43.42 kJ x 100% = 20.31%
c. Heat of reaction of rice cake and % error.
16 Cal / 4 g (looked up) = x / 0.5097 g
x = 2.0388 Cal (for the 0.5097 g pellet)
2.0388 Cal x (4.184 kJ / Cal) = 8.53 kJ
qrice cake = 8.53 (theoretical)
qrice cake = (6.80 kJ / K) x (1.36 K)
qrice cake = 9.25 kJ (actual)
(9.25 kJ – 8.53 kJ) / 8.53 kJ x 100% = 8.44%
The difference in heat of reaction between the actual and theoretical values for naphthalene was 20.1%. The measured value was lower than the theoretical value. This means the change in water temperature was lower than it should have been. This error could have come from a few sources. The water used may have been warmer than room temperature, meaning that difference between the temperatures that the water was at and the temperature of room temperature water would have not been accounted for in the temperature difference. Another problem could have been that bomb was not flushed correctly with oxygen. This would cause an uneven ignition of the naphthalene, and the temperature might not have gone up as much as it should.
The difference in the heat of reaction between the actual and theoretical values for the rice cake was 8.44%. This seems like a fairly reasonable result. The actual value was high than that of the theoretical value. This could be accounted for in a few ways. The water used may have been colder than room temperature, causing a bigger change in temperature than there should have been. The bomb may also have been dirty, causing debris to ignite along with the rice cake, which would add to the temperature difference. The rice cake may also have gained some water vapor, causing water to ignite along with the rice cake, also causing a bigger change in temperature. Overall, the measured values as somewhat close to the theoretical values, showing there is some merit to the theories we have learned.
08 Dec 9: Using a Parr Bomb to Measure Enthalpy #CHM 2412 (Physical Chemistry Lab I) #Dr. Jose Cerda #Saint Joseph's University
08 Oct 6: Analysis of Ethanol and Butanol Solutions via Gas Chromatography #CHM 2412 (Physical Chemistry Lab I) #Dr. Jose Cerda #Saint Joseph's University
Dr. Jose Cerda (Teacher) / Saint Joseph's University (School) / schoolwork (Post Type)
Analysis of Ethanol and Butanol Solutions via Gas Chromatography
During this laboratory experiment, a gas chromatograph was used to analyze the ethanol and butanol content of solutions of known mass ratios, and then construct a calibration curve using calculated area ratios from the graphs produced by the gas chromatograph. A solution of unknown mass ratio was then analyzed with the gas chromatograph in order to determine its area ratio. This area ratio was compared to the calibration curve in order to find the mass ratio of the unknown. Seven solutions of ethanol and butanol were prepared using different mass ratios of the two components. The solutions were then one by one injected into the gas chromatograph using a syringe. As each solution went through the gas chromatograph, the apparatus heated the solution. Ethanol and butanol have different chemical compositions and boiling points, so they reached a detector at different times. As the components reached the detector, the voltage given off by the components was read and recorded as a graph on a computer of time versus voltage.
Specifically, the gas chromatograph functions using an inert gas, in the case of this experiment, nitrogen, to function as a carrier gas for the analyte. The analyte is injected through a septum using a microsyringe. The carrier gas aids the analyte flow through the column. As the analyte moves through the column, the different components are separated and reach the detector at different rates, as the components have different chemical properties. In the case of this experiment, once the analyte reached the detector, the thermal conductivity of the components were measured as voltage. The voltage readings were graphed as a function of time on a computer.
Desired Ratio of Masses of Ethanol to Butanol Mass of Ethanol (g) Mass of Butanol (g) True Ratio of Masses of Ethanol to Butanol Ratio of Areas of Ethanol to Butanol
1:7 1.0159 7.0125 0.14487 0.202332
2:6 1.9839 6.0561 0.327587 0.402598
6:2 6.2265 2.0196 3.083036 2.95128
Unknown 4.2861 2.7397 1.56441 1.559821*
*The graph of the original unknown was unreadable to determine the ratio of the areas, so
Anwar's group's graph of unknown was used to find a ratio of areas.
Equation of Linear Regression Line y = 1.134x – 0.0184
Mass Ratio of Unknown (Ethanol vs. Butanol) 1.750437
Substance Weight of Cut-out Piece of Paper for 4:4 Composition (g) Ratio of Areas
Ethanol 0.1121 1.094
Butanol 0.1025
The calibration curve came out fairly well. It follows almost exactly a straight line except for the value where the ratio of masses was 5:3. The ratio of the areas is much lower than it should be. There is a decrease in the ratio of the areas from the 4:4 composition (1.100032), to the 5:3 composition (0.846482), and then the area ratio goes back up in the 6:2 composition (2.95128). The value for the ratio of the areas should have been somewhere between 1.100032 and 2.95128. Other than that one value, all the other values are very linear. It should have been expected that the values would linear, considering that the ratio of the masses was not increased exponentially; the ratios were only decreased and increased by a constant value. This also means the slope of the area ratio versus the mass ratio should be close to being in unity (a value of one), because of the constant increase and decrease in the mass ratio.
The ratio of the areas for the original unknown was unreadable on the graph, so another group's unknown graph was used to find a ratio of areas. That group did not record their original masses used for their unknown sample, so it is not possible to find the percent error. However, using the equation for the linear regression line, the expected ratio of masses could be found by subbing the ratio of the areas in for "x". The mass ratio found for their unknown was 1.750437, which is close to the mass ratio for the 5:3 composition (1.677444), so it can be estimated that their unknown was composed of about 5 grams of ethanol and 3 grams of butanol. A percent error can be determined by comparing one of the points on the calibration curve to the actual equation of the line. For example, using the 6:2 mass compisition, the actual mass ratio was 3.083036. However, using the calculated area, according to the calibration curve the theoretical mass ratio is 3.31701. This yields a percent error of 7.59%. This is a fairly low percent error, but it should be, as the linear regression line is calculated to make it as close to the points on the graph as possible.
Finally, using the alternative method of finding the ratio of areas by physically weighing the two curves, the value was extremely close to the calculated value. The calculated ratio for the 4:4 mass ratio was 1.100032, while the ratio from weighing the curves was 1.094. This shows that weighing all the curves would have been an acceptable way of determining the area ratios, rather than using the trapezoidal rule to calculate the area ratios. The trapezoidal rule has error to it, so weighing the curves may even be more accurate than using the trapezoidal rule. If it was not a requirement to use the trapezoidal rule, it would have been preferred to simply weigh all the curves, as this would have been a much quicker way of determining the area ratios.