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Self-reported patterns of impairments in mentalization, attachment, and psychopathology among clinically referred adolescents with and without borderline personality pathology
Sune Bo1,2 &
Mickey Kongerslev3,4
Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation volume 4, Article number: 4 (2017) Cite this article
Previous research, which primarily focused on adult samples, suggests that individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) display high levels of psychopathology, dysfunctional mentalization and problematic attachment to others. The current study investigated whether impairments in mentalization, attachment, and psychopathology are more severe in outpatient adolescents with BPD than in a clinical comparison group.
Consecutive referrals to a child and adolescent psychiatric clinic were clinically assessed with a battery of self-report instruments to assess mentalization, attachment, and psychopathology. Specifically, in regard to BPD a self-report questionnaire was employed to decide if patients were classified into the BPD or the clinical comparison group. The main outcome variables of adolescents with a primary diagnosis of BPD were then compared with those of a clinical comparison group comprising patients receiving psychiatric diagnoses other than BPD.
Relative to the clinical group without BPD, and after controlling for sociodemographic variables, the BPD group displayed poorer mentalizing abilities, more problematic attachments to parents and peers, and higher self-reported levels of psychopathology.
The results of this study suggest that BPD is a severe mental condition in adolescents and is characterized by poor mentalizing abilities, attachment problems and high levels of psychopathology compared to adolescents with psychiatric disorders other than BPD. Hence, clinicians should consider BPD when conducting diagnostic assessments, and evidence-based treatments for this vulnerable group should be developed.
In adult populations, personality disorders (PDs) in general and borderline personality disorder (BPD) in particular are related to significant impairments in general functioning when compared to subjects without PD diagnoses and those with other mental disorders [1]. Specifically, evidence suggests that adults with PD exhibit poorer social and interpersonal functioning, are less likely to prospectively maintain an occupation, and report less life-satisfaction compared to people without PD [2–4]. Regarding adolescents, longitudinal studies show that early maladaptive and pathological personality features predict later social and functional impairments (i.e., failure to complete school, alcohol and drug dependence, and hazardous and antisocial behaviors) [5–10].
Additionally, studies report a high prevalence of PDs in both the general and clinical populations [11] and that these disorders are associated with excessive societal costs [12, 13]. The increasing attention given to and research conducted in the field of PDs in adult populations has encouraged the development of new and specialized treatments for adults with PDs, notably BPD, in the last two decades [14].
Historically, however, less attention has been given to PDs in childhood and adolescence [15]. Until recently, many clinicians and researchers did not acknowledge the existence of personality pathologies in adolescents [16–18]. Indeed, they did so despite the fact that, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and its predecessors, PD diagnoses may be applied to adolescents when the individual's particular maladaptive personality traits appear to be pervasive and persistent, are unlikely to be limited to a particular developmental state or to another mental disorder, and are present for 1 year or more [19].
Indeed, the available research suggests that PDs in adolescents younger than 18 years can be diagnosed as reliably and with as much validity as in adulthood and that the prevalence of PDs in adolescents in both the general population and clinical settings are comparable to those reported for adults [15, 17, 20, 21]. Developmental research suggests that PDs are moderately stable during adolescence [22] and are strongly related to childhood emotional difficulties and problematic behavior [23–25]. Furthermore, studies have indicated that delays in the diagnosis of PDs and the provision of interventions in adolescence can potentially result in devastating consequences and poor long-term prognoses [26–28].
Most theoretical and empirical developmental models of BPD either implicitly or explicitly assume that attachment problems or interpersonal trauma and difficulties are related to the later development of BPD. According to the mentalization-based model of BPD, the core pathology underlying BPD is associated with dysfunction in mentalization and insecure attachment patterns [29]. Mentalization refers to the ability to understand the self and others as intentional agents with minds [30]. Mentalizing is considered important for interpersonal functioning because it enables people to understand behavior in terms of mental states in regard to both the self and others [31]. Research has demonstrated that dysfunctions in mentalization are a core feature in patients with BPD [32], and based on many studies that link BPD and mentalizing dysfunctions, promising theories have been proposed that apply the mentalization-based model to explain the emergence of BPD in adolescents [33]. The mentalizing theory suggests that the capacity to mentalize is developed via the close relationship between a child and his or her primary caregiver and is dependent upon a secure attachment relationship [31] in which the primary caregiver adequately mirrors the child's mental state. The mirroring process must be both contingent (e.g., fear is mirrored with fear and not joy) and marked (e.g., the mental state being mirrored must be similar but clearly different from that of the caregiver). Thus, a secure attachment relationship in which the caregiver benignly and accurately represents the child as an intentional agent with intentions, thoughts, and emotions underpins the development of the capacity to mentalize and secure the normative development of the child's personality [34].
In contrast, the pathological trajectory leading to BPD is characterized by a caregiver who is unable to provide a secure attachment relationship, specifically defined by inadequate mirroring (i.e., un-marked and non-contingent; see [34] for details). In this case, because the caregiver is unable to mirror and represent the mind of the child, the child will display difficulties in understanding how actions and mental states are linked in the self and others [31]. In the mentalizing theory, the difficulties pertaining to insecure attachment relations and dysfunctional mentalizing, as explained above, are specifically believed to underlie BPD. This does not mean that BPD is the only psychiatric disorder characterized by dysfunctional mentalization and insecure attachment [31]. However, the mentalizing theory emphasizes these characteristics in particular as underlying BPD. Problematic attachment relations and dysfunctional mentalization have also been found in empirical studies in adolescents with BPD [35–38]. Recent empirical findings showed that problematic family functioning and low maternal care were predictors of BPD in adolescents [39], underscoring the role of attachment relationships between parents and children in the development of BPD in adolescents. Another recent study, displayed how BPD patients compared to non-BPD psychiatric controls and healthy controls, showed more dysfunctional emotion regulation, even when controlling for important sociodemographic and clinical variables [40]. In a community-dwelling study with Italian adolescents, findings showed that non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and emotional dysregulation are moderately related to BPD features in adolescents [41]. This finding was replicated by Kaees and colleagues [42] in adolescent inpatients with NSSI and suicide attempts (SA) and showed that dimensional borderline pathology was associated with NSSI and SA. In line with recent developmental theories explaining BPD (i.e., mentalisation-based theory), Sharp and colleagues [43] found that specifically hypermentalizing (i.e., ascribing intentions and beliefs to people where non is) mediated the relationship between attachment coherence and borderline pathology. In another study Ramos and colleagues [44] found, in a sample of 60 adolescents BPD patients, that attachment anxiety was positively related to internalizing psychopathology but negatively related to externalizing pathology. Furthermore, in a study examining the trajectories of borderline pathology and psychosocial functioning, results indicated that the development of BPD was significantly related to worsening in academic, social and mental health outcomes [45]. Finally, in a recent systematic review and meta-analysis, Winsper and colleagues [46] found that BPD in adolescents is related to the same aetiological and psychopathological issues as those found in adults with BPD.
Despite emerging theories on BPD in adolescents and research findings pointing to psychological dysfunctions in BPD, there still exist gabs in the research literature on BPD in adolescents. First, a variety of different clinical variables have been identified as pertaining to BPD, but rarely have they been investigated in the same study. Second, many studies have compared BPD groups to healthy controls but few have included a clinical non-BPD comparison group. Third, and specifically related to attachment, no studies have explored the quality of self-reported attachment in relation to both parents and peers in patients with and without BPD. Finally, and to the authors' knowledge, no studies have been conducted as a naturalistic clinical comparison study in an ordinary child and adolescents' psychiatric clinic, adding ecological validity to the findings. Hence, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have explored the differences between patients with and without borderline pathology in terms of attachment, mentalizing and psychopathology in a sample of adolescent psychiatric patients.
Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the patterns of impairment in an outpatient adolescent clinical sample diagnosed with BPD compared to those of a clinical group without PD but with other mental disorders. Specifically, we wanted to determine whether there was a difference between BPD and clinical comparison subjects with respect to attachment to peers and parents and mentalization. We also examined differences regarding the severity of psychopathology, self-harm and risk-taking behaviors, and depression. We hypothesized that the BPD group would display more problematic attachment relations, more mentalizing dysfunctions, a significantly higher level of psychopathology, more depressive features and more self-harm and risk-taking behaviours than the group without BPD. We also predicted that significant differences would be apparent from both the dimensional (number of borderline features) and categorical (meeting the criteria for a BPD diagnosis) perspectives.
This study was conducted at a Danish outpatient child and adolescent psychiatric clinic by a team that specifically focuses on handling adolescents, including those with PDs. This clinic specializes in the assessment and treatment of a broad range of mental health disorders in referred children aged 0 to 17 years in Region Zealand. Within this clinic, the team involved in this study specifically handles adolescents aged 13–18 years. Social authorities, general medical practitioners, psychiatrists, and school services can refer adolescents to this clinic. The staff at the clinic consists of experienced and qualified specialized psychiatrists, nurses, and clinical psychologists.
All consecutive referrals to the team that focuses on adolescents within the child and adolescent psychiatric clinic from 2013 to 2015 were approached to participate in the study. Inclusion criteria were age between 13 and 18 years and Danish as the first language. In the BPD group, we only included patients with a BPD diagnosis as defined by a score of 66 or above on the Borderline Personality Feature Scale for Children (BPFS-C) [38]. The remaining patients (i.e., those not who did not receive a PD diagnosis) were included in the clinical comparison group.
All patients were seen at intake by at least two members of the staff for clinical and diagnostic assessments. These assessments also included interviews with family members and the collection of information from schools and social workers. The patients' final clinical diagnoses were decided at weekly clinical conferences attended by both psychologists and child and adolescents psychiatrists. As a part of this study, all patients also filled out a battery of self-report questionnaires measuring borderline features, attachment, mentalization, externalizing and internalizing pathologies, self-harm and risk taking behaviors, and depression. These self-report questionnaires were administered within 2 weeks of the referral and were filled out by the adolescents before they knew which diagnosis they would receive at the clinic. The clinic staff was kept blinded to the data from the questionnaires until after the final decisions regarding the diagnoses were made. As no semi-structured PD interview was systematically administered to all patients, BPD diagnoses was decided based on the total score on the BPFS-C (see below). The total sample comprised 109 patients, 45 of whom received a diagnosis of BPD with reference to the BPFS-C. In the clinical comparison group, 25 participants were diagnosed with depression, 11 with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 9 with anxiety disorders, 9 with other mixed disorders of conduct and emotions, 5 with pervasive developmental disorder, and 5 with conduct disorder. Nine patients were excluded because they were diagnosed with PDs other than BPD, and 17 of the referred patients never showed up to the initial clinical evaluation or moved during the assessment periode. Information on the sociodemographic characteristics of the total sample and stratified by groups is presented in Table 1.
Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the total sample and by groups
BPFS-C [38]
The BPFS-C assesses borderline personality traits dimensionally and was adapted from the Borderline Scale of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; [47]) for use with children and adolescents. This scale is composed of 24 items, which are summed to yield a total score after four of the items are reverse scored. Each item is scored on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all true) to 5 (always true). Higher scores indicate greater levels of borderline personality features. Crick and colleagues [38] demonstrated high internal consistency and established evidence of the scale's construct validity. Sharp and colleagues provide further evidence supporting its criterion validity, cross-informant concordance, and concurrent validity [48]. Chang and colleagues [49] found that the optimal cut-off score for discriminating BPD among adolescent inpatients using the BPFS-C was 66. The area under the curve (AUC) was .931, indicating high accuracy of the BPFS-C instrument in regard to the gold standard semi-structured interview. The BPFS-C was included in the present study to assess borderline pathology both categorically and dimensionally. In the current study, Cronbach's α was 0.90.
Youth self-report (YSR) [50]
The YSR is a widely used questionnaire that measures a broad range of psychopathologies in young people aged 11 to 18 years. It includes 112 problem items, each of which can be rated 0 (not true), 1 (somewhat or sometimes true) or 2 (very true or often true). The YSR has shown excellent psychometric properties and good correspondence with specific DSM diagnostic categories [51, 52]. In the present study, we used the two broad subscales of Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathologies. The Internalizing scale is composed of the Anxious/Depressed, Withdrawn/Depressed, and Somatic Complaints scales, whereas the Externalizing scale includes two subscales: Aggressive Behavior and Rule-breaking Behavior. The Cronbach's α in this study was 0.95.
Beck depression inventory for youth (BDI-Y) [53]
The BDI-Y is used to assess depressive features in children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years old. This test consists of 20 questions about depressive symptomatology within the past 14 days, each of which is rated from 0 (never) to 3 (always). The BDI-Y is widely used and has demonstrated adequate psychometric properties [54]. In the current study, Cronbach's α was 0.94.
Risk-taking and self-harm inventory for adolescents (RTSHI-A) [55]
The RTSHI-A is composed of 38 items adapted from the adult Self Harm Inventory (SHI, [56]) and is used to assess risk-taking and self-harming behaviors in children and adolescents. This measure requires the adolescent to rate the frequency with which he or she has engaged in self-harm or risk-taking behaviors using a four-point Likert scale. The RTSHI has been shown to have acceptable psychometric properties [55]. Cronbach's alpha in this study was 0.88.
Inventory of parent and peer attachment - revised (IPPA-R) [57]
The IPPA-R is a reliable and valid 53-item self-report questionnaire that measures attachment in adolescence. This instrument is composed of two scales that measure attachment to parents and peers. For each of the 28 items assessing parent attachment and 25 items assessing peer attachment, respondents are required to rate the degree to which each item is true for them on a five-point scale that ranges from 'Almost always or always true' to 'Almost never or never true'. Higher scale scores indicate more problematic attachment relations to parents and peers. In this study, Cronbach's α = 0.91.
Reflective function questionnaire for youth (RFQY) [58]
The RFQY is a 46-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure the general capacity for reflective function or mentalizing. Each item is rated on a 6-point Likert scale ranging from Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree. A total scale score can be derived by summing the individual item scores. High total scores indicate higher capacities for mentalizing. The RFQY demonstrated good psychometric properties, including construct validity, in a recent psychometric study [59]. Cronbach's alpha in the current study was 0.88.
Danish-translated versions of these instruments were used in this study.
SPSS version 23 for MAC was used to conduct all of the statistical analyses. Prior to testing the hypothesis, we performed preliminary analyses to determine the means, standard deviations and ranges for all variables included in the study. Then, independent t-tests were conducted to identify significant differences between the BPD group and the clinical comparison group in attachment (IPPA-Peer and IPPA-Parent), mentalization (RFQ:YV), borderline pathology (BPFS-C), depression (BDI-Y), self-harm and risk-taking behaviors (RTSHIA), and internalizing and externalizing pathologies (YSR-internalizing and YSR-externalizing scales). Next, Pearson correlational analysis was used to explore the bivariate relationships between all variables in the study and to elucidate the dimensional relationship between borderline pathology and attachment and mentalization. Finally, we conducted a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA); the grouping variable was BPD versus clinical comparison subjects without BPD, and the dependent variables were attachment (IPPA-Peer and IPPA-Parent), mentalization (RFQ:YV), borderline pathology (BPFS-C), depression (BDI-Y), self-harm and risk-taking behaviors (RTSHIA), and internalizing and externalizing pathologies (YSR-internalizing and YSR-externalizing scales). The MANCOVA analysis was followed by a separate analysis of variance (ANOVA) for each dependent variable [60]. The datasets analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Table 2 shows that the independent t-test revealed significant differences between the BPD and clinical comparison group for all variables. Thus, relative to the clinical comparison group, the BPD group displayed higher levels of self-reported BPD features, internalizing and externalizing psychopathologies, depressive symptomatology, impulsivity and self-harm and poorer mentalizing capacity and attachment to parents and peers. When examining the borderline pathology dimensionally, we found the same pattern. The bivariate correlations indicate that more borderline pathology is correlated with increased dysfunctional mentalization, problematic attachment relations to both parents and peers, and psychopathology, including depression and self-harm (see Table 3).
Table 2 Comparison of clinical characteristics among patient groups
Table 3 Bivariate correlations between main study variables
Clinical differences between the BPD and clinical comparison groups
MANCOVA was used to test for differences between the BPD and clinical comparison groups in attachment, mentalization, borderline features, externalizing and internalizing pathologies, depression, impulsivity and self-harm while controlling for age, gender, educational level, and living status. According to the Pillai's trace test, the results revealed significant differences between the BPD and clinical comparison groups: V = 0.80, F(8,96) = 48.1, p < 0.001 (Table 4). Note that none of the covariates were significantly related to BPD. Box's M indicated that the assumption of equality of covariance matrices for the MANCOVA was not violated (p = 0.06).
Table 4 MANCOVA analysis of BPD versus clinical comparison subjects as a function of attachment, mentalizing, borderline features, emotional dysregulation, externalizing and internalizing pathology, depression and risk taking and self-harm after controlling for sociodemographic variables
As shown in Table 5, separate univariate ANCOVAs performed for the outcome variables revealed a significant effect between the BPD and clinical comparison groups on all variables. Thus, significant differences between the two groups were found for attachment, mentalizing abilities, borderline features, depressive symptomatology, externalizing and internalizing pathologies, risk-taking behavior and self-harm.
Table 5 ANCOVA analysis of group differences between the borderline and clinical comparison subjects as a function of attachment, mentalizing, internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, depression, borderline features, and impulsivity and self-harm
In this study, we explored the differences in mentalization, attachment, and psychopathology between adolescents with BPD and clinical comparison subjects both dimensionally and categorically. As predicted, more severe borderline pathologies were correlated with poorer mentalizing abilities, problematic attachment relations to parents and peers, and higher levels of risk-taking behaviors, self-harm, depressive symptomatology, and internalizing and externalizing psychopathologies. When exploring the differences between groups, using the optimal cut-off for the BPFS-C (a total score of 66 or above) to categorize patients into the BPD or clinical comparison group, we found the same results. In the BPD group, we observed significantly more mentalizing dysfunctions, more problematic attachment relations to both peers and parents, and more severe levels of psychopathology, including depression and a greater propensity for self-harm.
Taken together, these findings suggest that adolescents diagnosed with BPD face a wide range of severe and complex impairments in their mentalizing abilities, difficulties with attachment, and high levels of both internalizing and externalizing psychopathologies. Thus, in adolescents, BPD is a severe disorder that is associated with both poor psychological well-being and high treatment needs. The finding that participants diagnosed with BPD display high levels of both internalizing and externalizing psychopathologies has also been observed in a large population-based sample of adults in the US [61] and in hospitalized adolescents [62]. Indeed, complex co-occurrence across the spectra of internalizing and externalizing psychopathologies appears to be a fairly characteristic feature of BPD in adolescence and adulthood and may indicate of a common susceptibility to distress, mental pain, and externalization [61, 63]. The results reflecting dysfunctional mentalization and problematic attachment relations in the BPD group are in good agreement with the mentalization-based model for BPD [31] and empirical findings showing that the core pathology of BPD in adolescents is related to dysfunctional mentalization and problematic attachment relations [29, 32, 33, 35, 36]. Thus, the findings of this study support the hypothesis that problematic attachment relations to both parents and peers and dysfunctional mentalization may be core features in the understanding and development of BPD [36].
Regarding BPD in adolescents, theories suggest that incapacities in mentalizing functioning are specifically characterized by a tendency to over-attribute intentions, beliefs, and wishes to people in situations where there is no proof supporting such attributions [33]. This form of dysfunctional mentalizing is termed hypermentalizing and can potentially cause substantial interpersonal difficulties [29]. The over-attribution of intentions to other people in social situations can easily lead to misunderstandings that can cause conflicts and problematic relationships. If left out of social interpersonal relationships, the adolescent can then become isolated from the valuable social and cultural knowledge (epistemic isolation) necessary for normative development [31]. The results of this study do not specifically indicate a hypermentalizing profile for the BPD group because we were unable to detect such dysfunctions using the instruments included in this work. However, the results are in line with the general mentalization-based theory of BPD, which identifies profound mentalizing dysfunctions as especially characteristic for and underlying BPD symptomatology [64].
Another noteworthy finding was the differential discriminative abilities between the BPD and clinical control groups in terms of parental and peer attachments. Although the empirical literature generally shows evidence that supports links between attachment difficulties and concurrent and prospective associations with psychopathology and BPD, there is a paucity of data on the potential differential effects of parent versus peer attachment problems on the development of psychopathology in general and BPD specifically [65, 66]. Additionally, this result appears to be consistent with both diagnostic classifications and theoretical approaches, including empirical research, that highlight pervasive interpersonal difficulties and dysfunctions as core features of PDs, including BPD [67–70]. Thus, this study indicates that BPD in adolescents is related to substantial attachment problems regarding both parents and peers relative to a clinical comparison group. These findings suggest that adolescents with BPD face great potential risks regarding their normative developmental processes [31, 64] because these individuals must struggle to establish the stable relationships with both parents and peers that are necessary for healthy development.
This study has several limitations. First, the diagnostic assessments were based on clinical interviews, and systematic standardized and structured clinical instruments were not always used. This diagnostic procedure is subject to a range of psychometric issues, including a high risk of overlooking psychopathology and poor inter-rater reliability [71]. Additionally, most of the variables of interest in this study were self-reported, and self-reporting is known to be subject to many potential psychometric issues, such as biased responding. For this reason, future studies should include other types of measures and measurement methods when further investigating dysfunction and psychopathology in BPD.
Another limitation relates to the cross-sectional nature of the study design, which does not allow for inferences about causal relationships and issues relating to the longitudinal relationships between variables. This issue should be addressed in future studies. Furthermore, whether our results are generalizable to populations with more or less severe levels of pathology, such as outpatients or community samples, is unknown. Finally, the small sample size did not allow us to robustly test the potential effects of gender or age.
Despite the aforementioned limitations, our study highlights that, in a clinical sample of adolescents, BPD is associated with significantly more severe self-reported mentalization dysfunctions, attachment problems and psychopathology relative to a clinical comparison group without BPD. The results also suggested that poor mentalizing abilities and problematic attachments to peers and parents characterized the BPD group compared to the clinical comparison group. This finding is in line with the recently developed mentalization-based theory for BPD. The potentially differential role of attachment to peers in adolescents with BPD compared to attachment to parents or other significant others is an important area that should be addressed in future research.
Taken together, the findings of the present study highlight the importance of clinicians being aware of BPD when assessing adolescents and demonstrate that poor mentalizing abilities and interpersonal dysfunctions may be important treatment targets in addition to the more behavioral manifestations of the BPD syndrome, such as self-harm. Fortunately, new and promising psychosocial treatments targeting BPD in adolescents are being developed and will hopefully become more broadly available to these vulnerable young people and their families in the near future [16, 35, 72–74]. The clinical recognition of BPD and the availability of evidence-based treatments for this debilitating disorder are both crucial to our ability to help these young people and their families.
BDI-Y:
Beck depression inventory for youth
BPFS-C:
Borderline personality features scale for children
CCG:
Clinical comparison group
DSM:
IPPA-R:
Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment – Revised
MANCOVA:
Multivariate analysis of covariance
RFQY:
Reflective function questionnaire for youth
RTSHI-A:
Risk-Taking and self-harm inventory for adolescents
SPSS:
Statistical program software package
YSR:
Youth self-report
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Wright AG, Zalewski M, Hallquist MN, Hipwell AE, Stepp SD. Developmental trajectories of borderline personality disorder symptoms and psychosocial functioning in adolescence. J Pers Disord. 2016;30(3):351–72.
Winsper C, Lereya ST, Marwaha S, Thompson A, Eyden J, Singh SP. The aetiological and psychopathological validity of borderline personality disorder in youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;44:13–24.
Morey LC. Personality assessment inventory (PAI). 2007.
Sharp C, Mosko O, Chang B, Ha C. The cross-informant concordance and concurrent validity of the borderline personality features scale for children in a community sample of boys. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011;16(3):335–49.
Chang B, Sharp C, Ha C. The criterion validity of the borderline personality features scale for children in an adolescent inpatient setting. J Pers Disord. 2011;25(4):492–503.
Achenbach TM. Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL. Burlington: Departmentt of Psychiatry, University of Vermont; 1991.
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Beck JS, Beck AT, Jolly JB, Steer RA. Beck youth inventories: Second edition for children and adolescents manual depression inventory for youth, anxiety inventory for youth, anger inventory for youth, disruptive behavior inventory for youth, self-concept inventory for youth. San Antonio, Boston: Psychological Corp., Harcourt Brace; 2005.
Ambrosini PJ, Metz C, Bianchi MD, Rabinovich H, Undie A. Concurrent validity and psychometric properties of the beck depression inventory in outpatient adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1991;30(1):51–7.
Vrouva I, Fonagy P, Fearon PR, Roussow T. The risk-taking and self-harm inventory for adolescents: development and psychometric evaluation. Psychol Assess. 2010;22(4):852–65.
Sansone RA, Wiederman MW, Sansone LA. The self-harm inventory (SHI): development of a scale for identifying self-destructive behaviors and borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychol. 1998;54(7):973–83.
Gullone E, Robinson K. The inventory of parent and peer attachment - revised (IPPA-R) for children: a psychometric investigation. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2005;12(1):67–79.
Sharp C, Williams LL, Ha C, Baumgardner J, Michonski J, Seals R, et al. The development of a mentalization-based outcomes and research protocol for an adolescent inpatient unit. Bull Menninger Clin. 2009;73(4):311–38.
Ha C, Sharp C, Ensink K, Fonagy P, Cirino P. The measurement of reflective function in adolescents with and without borderline traits. J Adolesc. 2013;36(6):1215–23.
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Ha C, Balderas JC, Zanarini MC, Oldham J, Sharp C. Psychiatric comorbidity in hospitalized adolescents with borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(5):e457–64.
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Levy KN. The implications of attachment theory and research for understanding borderline personality disorder. Dev Psychopathol 2005;17(4):959.
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Lazarus SA, Cheavens JS, Festa F, Zachary Rosenthal M. Interpersonal functioning in borderline personality disorder: a systematic review of behavioral and laboratory-based assessments. Clin Psychol Rev. 2014;34(3):193–205.
Skodol AE, Morey LC, Bender DS, Oldham JM. The alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders: a clinical application. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(7):606–13.
Tyrer P, Reed GM, Crawford MJ. Classification, assessment, prevalence, and effect of personality disorder. Lancet. 2015;385(9969):717–26.
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Chanen AM, Jackson HJ, McCutcheon LK, Jovev M, Dudgeon P, Yuen HP, et al. Early intervention for adolescents with borderline personality disorder using cognitive analytic therapy: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;193(6):477–84.
Mehlum L, Ramberg M, Tørmoen AJ, Haga E, Diep LM, Stanley BH, et al. Dialectical behavior therapy compared with enhanced usual care for adolescents with repeated suicidal and self-harming behavior: outcomes over a one-year follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55(4):295–300.
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No funding was provided for this study.
The datasets analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
SB designed the study, collected the data, analyzed the data, and wrote and revised the paper. MK contributed to the study design, data analyses, and literature review; wrote sections of the paper; and contributed to the revisions. Both of these authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The manuscript contains no individual data (video or images).
Permission to use data from patients' journals was obtained by the Danish Health Authority (3-3013-1540/1/); hence, no written consent or ethical approval of the project was necessary.
Psychiatric Research Unit, Region Zealand Psychiatry, Slagelse, Denmark
Sune Bo
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Region Zealand Psychiatry, Roskilde, Denmark
Centre of Excellence on Personality Disorder, Region Zealand Psychiatry, Slagelse, Denmark
Mickey Kongerslev
Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Correspondence to Sune Bo.
Bo, S., Kongerslev, M. Self-reported patterns of impairments in mentalization, attachment, and psychopathology among clinically referred adolescents with and without borderline personality pathology. bord personal disord emot dysregul 4, 4 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-017-0055-7
Reflective functioning
Mentalization
Developmental aspects of personality disorders


Certainly not flawless, good enough though. Four coats in and still touching up.
Lots of little things left to do. Windows, re-do and attach door windows, attach boot door, attach door handles, attach oh sh*t handles, make rear view mirrors, paint wheel wells, paint underside, attach hood, attach hood catch, shorten rear links, finish and paint front and back bumpers, make a steering wheel, get a driver, hook up the lights, and paint the inside of the roof.
As ever you might have it in hand, or its not even on the radar but………. dolls house stick down carpet is perfect for 1/10th scale interiors. Comes in A4 sheets in most colours.
Thanks for the link Bill, I've just ordered some carpet for a couple of projects.
Yeh its really scale carpet, like it a lot.
whats the plan for the unpainted inside parts? are they gonna be seen through the cab body or are you going down the tinted windows look?
so the whites staying in the rear there?
have you considered matting the seats down a little? i think that gloss look makes them look very plastic looking..
The white is the final colour, yes. It's a mimic of the Porsche 356 in this post, which was the scheme I emulated. The red is staying as shiny as it is for no other reason than I like it. I pretend leather, rather than plastic That said, colour choice in general has been a pretty emotive subject. I've had all sorts of recommendations which at first I took seriously, but I guess being my truck I needed to go with what I wanted.
What will change is the crash test dummy. He'll be grey. The yellow gives the truck a bit of a Lego feel, which I really noticed from Sunday's photos of it in the woods. He's a stand-in driver though, so I might not even bother.
Just read through this from start to finish… inspired work dude, completely unique and totally awesome attention to detail… the webbing in the panels, the little touches and the level of work into small things like hinges etc is just immense !
Well done, thats something to be proud of for sure… and a 1st attempt too… mental !
The Jeep is done, and the Unimog is going up for auction on Sunday so it's time to finish this thing off.
Got the GCM shock relocation kit installed. It's a pretty straightforward process. The photos on the GCM site provide a good explanation of how it goes in so I didn't bother with pictures of the process. That said, I did struggle to get the rings onto the axle, so lightly sanded the ends of the axle down, which made things a lot easier.
The optional shocks that came with the kit are a lot stiffer than the stock ones, which I like. They do seem to sway sideways easily (one side up, the other down – desktop testing only) which I hope doesn't cause torque twist. Going to have to move the top of the shocks further into the centre (there are 3 holes along that crossbar) to bring the back of the body down.
Here's what it looks like inside. I'm going to have to redo the whole bed to make use of the space I get when the stock shock towers come out. Left them in there for now because I use the stock body posts to mount the body.


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Independent contracting in the British Virgin Islands isn't always straightforward. You've got immigration issues, tax difficulties, and mountains of complex admin work. Even worse, missteps can cost you serious money, or even land you in legal trouble.
Before you consider taking a contract in the British Virgin Islands, you should be aware of what you're getting into – and how you can make it simpler.
Generally, you need to have an employer sponsor in order to secure the appropriate work permit and work visa for the British Virgin Islands.
Also, are you familiar with the intricacies of the tax system in the British Virgin Islands, as well as your own country's laws on overseas earnings? If so, good on you!
However, if you're like the rest of us, figuring out (much less reducing) your tax liability in the British Virgin Islands and your home country can seem like full-time work in itself.
Because they act as your "employer,' they can sponsor you and provide a single work permit for multiple contracts in the British Virgin Islands. Even better, most are experts in British Virgin Islander and expat tax law, meaning they'll also help you optimise your earnings in the British Virgin Islands.
While the umbrella company will charge a fee, you'll likely end up saving more money in the long run: you'll be able to focus on your work, expertly reduce your tax liability, and comply with all laws and regulations in the British Virgin Islands (which means avoiding fees, fines, or even worse penalties).
There's a huge variety of Umbrella Companies with different specialities and advantages in the British Virgin Islands. How do you find the right one for your circumstances?
We work closely with Umbrella Companies all throughout the British Virgin Islands and match contractors with the right company for them. If you've already secured a contract in the British Virgin Islands, we can help you find your best match (for free). Or, we can simply give you feedback on your situation (for free).
One of the most consistently challenging aspects of contracting in the British Virgin Islands is complying with the country's tax system. As well as paying tax in the British Virgin Islands, you might also still be eligible to pay some tax in your home country, and understanding the legislation behind this can be a challenge.
If you're working in the British Virgin Islands under a permanent contract, many employers will handle your tax under the PAYE (pay-as-you-earn) system. This means that they calculate and process your taxes in the British Virgin Islands for you and then send you a net wage. Your income tax, public health insurance, social security and other deductions will all be covered by this payment. This is the easiest way to handle your income tax in the British Virgin Islands, but contractors may not be offered this service because of their short stay with each employer.
Anybody who can't pay their tax in the British Virgin Islands through PAYE is left with the prospect doing everything themselves.
Do you know much about British Virgin Islander Tax Law? Do the British Virgin Islands have a tax treaty with your home country? You will need to find out or find someone who can help!
Individuals receiving employment income in the British Virgin Islands are not required to file taxes.
You become a tax resident in the British Virgin Islands when you are domiciled there.
You are not taxed on your global income in the British Virgin Islands.
If you are a contractor and want a calculation on your tax and net retention in the British Virgin Islands, we can supply it to you free of charge.
Contractors in the British Virgin Islands are faced with masses of paperwork and numerous wasted hours filing a tax return unless they find an alternative option. A British Virgin Islander umbrella company can act as your employer during your stay in the country whilst still allowing you the freedom of a contractor. The only difference is that you submit your timesheets to them; they'll calculate and pay your taxes as you earn, and then you receive a net wage (as well as documentation for your records).
The companies are experts in British Virgin Islander taxation, and they'll ensure that you keep the largest proportion of your earnings whilst complying with local laws. They can deal with any issues with the British Virgin Islands tax office or tax department directly including processing your tax refund if you are eligible.
We work with numerous umbrella companies in the British Virgin Islands, many of whom are experts in tax and immigration laws. If you have any questions about tax in the British Virgin Islands, we'll get the answers from them directly so you can rest assured you'll be getting accurate information. We have comprehensive knowledge of the different services they provide, and can help you find the right company to handle your income tax. We help oil and gas workers, software developers, IT project managers, testers, business analysts and telecommunications contractors get tax efficient payments and sponsorship for their British Virgin Islander work permit.
Our advice is 100 percent free, and comes with no obligations. You will be paying taxes in the British Virgin Islands but without the overhead of directly dealing with the British Virgin Islander tax authorities. Get in touch with us today for some reliable advice on tax in the British Virgin Islands!
Immigration is one of the primary concerns for any contractor hoping to start working in the British Virgin Islands. Permanent employees will find it easy to get their British Virgin Islander work permit because they'll receive "sponsorship" for their entire stay from their prospective employer.
The British Virgin Islander work permit is dependent on this sponsorship because it confirms that you'll be earning money during your stay in the country. Contracting in the British Virgin Islands is more difficult because the work permit is tied to one employer, so you have to change it to suit each new contract. Thankfully, umbrella companies provide a convenient and effective solution to this issue.
How Can Umbrella Companies Help You Get a Work Permit in British Virgin Islands ?
As your permanent employer, umbrella companies are able to sponsor you for your British Virgin Islander work permit provided they're on the register of approved sponsors. Many different companies offer this service, because it makes contracting in the British Virgin Islands infinitely simpler and saves you the hassle of continuous paperwork. Instead of changing your work permit every time you get a new contract, you can just work how you ordinarily would under the same permit. They protect you from the bureaucratic "rain" of legal compliance with the British Virgin Islander immigration authorities. They can even deal with the British Virgin Islander Embassy directly.
Through their service you may be able to use a business visa to get started quickly and then transition to a work visa in the British Virgin Islands. It depends on your specific visa requirements. Be aware you may have to register for a residence permit in the British Virgin Islands.


I was pecked (!) on twitter last week by a book promotion outfit. They offered help with promoting my book, obviously. It's the first time I've been approached. They said to get in touch if I was interested. I emailed for details because I'm interested in the world of self-publishing and self-promotion. It's good to know what goes on.
Multiples of all options are available. It depends only on how far you want your book to go.
There was a good deal of spiel with it. Like I say, it's nice to know what goes on. And a bit saddening to know that you can quite easily buy yourself some credit, buy your way up the charts. I don't know why I'm surprised, the principle is nothing new in business – you know: cheating. Maybe because it's my chosen career path and I've just walked round a corner to find it's strewn with litter.
I've learned something new about myself as a writer this week. When I finish the first draft of a book I suddenly become quite exhausted. I hadn't understood that till this week. I'm the same with teaching. When I get to the first week of the summer holiday I invariably suffer with extreme tiredness. I think it must be to with the handbrake going on on the struggle: the struggle to spoon a story out of my brain on the one hand and the struggle to spoon-feed learning into the brains of young learners on the other. Draining. Yes. Drained is the word I'm looking for. I finish a first draft, I finish a school year and I'm drained. That's what I learned about me the writer this week.
I finished the first draft of R&M#5 last weekend. Naturally, I've felt pretty drained all week. I started back at the beginning almost immediately. But because of my state of drainedness it's been a tough few days on the grey matter. It's really not easy to keep a whole book in your mind at once. Jumping backwards and forwards; did İ remember this; did I mention that; x has happened but is the build up there? How can that guy be dead in chapter three and having a phone conversation in chapter six?
But I quite enjoy this phase of writing a story. Things start feeling like they're coming together. Reading back through I often come up with little asides and comments to drop in – a bit of embroidery. I'm not focussing on where the story is going because I'm already over the line. My mind is free to revel in the detail, to explore the cul-de-sacs of the narrative.
At present the book, Particular Stupidities, is 100,000 words. As I said before, it's the longest R&M File so far. I've read it through once already. I like it. It's made me laugh a few times, which I always take as a good sign.
I ordered the cover yesterday. Another step along the way.
Last week I mentioned making an enquiry on Goodreads. It evolved into something of a thread as it went off at a tangent with other posters' thoughts and questions. A few people have weighed in on the direction it's taken. And then they've started weighing in on each other. I nearly got involved (it's my thread after all) but I'm glad I didn't. Jeez! These people end up at each other's throats. I have opinions and experiences to share, I really wanted to, but I'll be keeping them to myself. I have enough angst in my life.
Chill out with a glass or two pinot…………..Always works for me!!
Good advice, Neal. Although I'll have to settle for something less…foreign given the import duties that the Turkish authorities feel the need to slap on overseas alcohol. Turkish vino once again for me. Morning headache here we come!
God that's depressing. I mean it's honest – pay us and we'll like your work or write you a good review. Of course I know this stuff goes on, but as an honest Amazon reviewer it just makes me think: why do I bother giving am honest opinion when the whole review system is so corrupt?
When I started writing reviews I thought I would see if I could get into the top 10,000. A year and 120 odd reviews layer last week I ranked 10,498. Maybe it's time to stop.
Isn't it just. But I would say that probably it's only the honest Amazon reviewers, like yourself, who provide a balance for some titles. It makes me wonder how many authors do take advantage of these 'opportunities'. Don't stop reviewing!
What an obstacle course this self-publishing caper is. This past year has been an eye-opener for me, finding out about the lengths some people will go to. Personally if I can't reach my goal without cheating, then I will pull out of the race. As a writer my integrity is more important to me.
But, I found it interesting your comments about feeling drained after finishing a book, then perking up a bit when proofing. We appear spookily similar in the way we work, you and I, remember my comments about living two separate lives? Well, when you mentioned about adding bits as you proof, made me think of a poem I wrote a few years ago. I likened the conception of a new book to making a sandwich: you start off with a slice of bread, spread it with butter, then add the filling of your choice, then put another slice of bread on top to keep it together – a start, a middle, and an end. Sounds simple, I know, but it satisfies me to know there are 5 big whoppers sitting on my plate: 4 already on the plate and one about to be put there. My sandwiches, like yours, are not always of the same filling: we give choice, like any other good deli.
Writing is something I put on the back-burner for so many years whilst teaching, but now I feel I can't give it up. But rather than buying fame and fortune, I would rather pack away my computer and turn to extreme sports instead.
Am very much looking forward to picking up an R&M from your next buffet.
As Sarah says, it's a bit depressing. But we shouldn't be surprised. Where there's money and reputations to be made there will always be those who like a short cut. It's not for me though. Like you, I can't imagine any satisfaction to be gained by cheating.
Owing to life's commitments I came to writing pretty late, too. I'm determined to make the best and the most of the time I have at the keyboard now I'm there. Good luck with the new book.
I think I've read (and reviewed) all your books so far. Anxiously awaiting the next one!
Thanks for your message. And thank you for your reviews. I always appreciate comments from readers.


text:
Badian (Bayan ng Badian) är en kommun i Filippinerna. Kommunen tillhör provinsen Cebu och ligger på ön med samma namn. Folkmängden uppgår till  invånare.

Barangayer
Badian är indelat i 29 barangayer.

Bildgalleri

Källor
Quick Tables: List of Municipalities
Population and Housing

Orter i Cebu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Girl, 10, hails a taxi to 'go to the nearest orphanage' to avoid being scolded by her parents for failing to finish her homework
The pupil in China spent the weekend playing instead of writing her assignment
She was so scared of being criticised by her parents she ran away from school
Footage shows her telling a taxi driver to 'go to the nearest orphanage' yesterday
Her mother promised not to beat or scold her to police before taking her home
By Tracy You For Mailonline
A Chinese schoolgirl was so scared of being scolded by her parents for failing to finish her homework she packed up her bag and hailed a taxi to 'go to the nearest orphanage'.
The 10-year-old skipped her class yesterday for the desperate escape bid after spending her weekend playing instead of writing her assignments, her mother said.
The child was said to be under great mental pressure for the minor academic failure and wanted to avoid criticism by signing herself up to an orphanage.
The 10-year-old child is seen telling a taxi driver to 'go to the nearest orphanage' in Xi'an, China
The cabbie, Hu Runyin (pictured), called the police after noticing the seriousness of the matter
Man is forced by his surgeons to pay £6,400 DURING... Poké-mum! Mother donning a Pikachu costume jogs to her... Chinese arsonist is executed for setting fire to a busy... Chilling moment woman who faked her pregnancy to appease her...
The incident reportedly took place in Xi'an, the provincial capital of Shaanxi in north-western China.
The pupil, who remains unidentified, left her school in the morning before taking a bus to Hanguang Road where she flagged down a cab, according to Xi'an Evening News.
Footage released by local media shows the taxi driver, Hu Runyin, asking the girl about her destination.
The child told Mr Hu while sobbing: 'I want to go to the nearest orphanage.'
The girl's mother promised to the local TV station not beat or scold her again in the future
Surprised by her answer, the cabbie asked the girl what happened, but she refused to answer.
After being questioned further, she told Mr Hu she had quit school before carrying on crying.
Mr Hu immediately called the police.
Officers arrived at the scene 10 minutes later and contacted the girl's mother.
The girl's mother claimed that the main reason for the child's runaway was that she was afraid of going to school with an empty workbook.
Chinese children have a notoriously large amount of homework from an early age (file photo)
'She was busying playing on Sunday and did not finish her homework, so she was too scared to go to school,' her mother, known only as Xiao, told Shaanxi Radio and Television Station.
'She was scared of being criticised by her teacher in school and then again by me at home,' she added.
She confessed that she was too strict on the child 'sometimes', which brought psychological burden to her.
The mother promised not to beat and scold her daughter again in the future.
The girl was unhurt in the incident. She went home with her mother the same day.
西安报业传媒集团 数字报�
【抖音】记录美好生�
Girl, 10, skips class to 'go to the nearest orphanage' to avoid being scolded by her parents
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Multidimensional array to csv - how to create a second csv line for nested arrays I'm working with the following array.
Array
(
[0] => Array
    (
        [application_id] => 5234324
        [edition] => Enterprise
        [build_number] => 12.1.0.2.0
        [product] => Array
            (
                [vendor] => Oracle
                [name] => Oracle Database Server
            )

        [devices] => Array
            (
                [0] => Array
                    (
                        [device_id] => 432432
                        [host_name] => node1
                        [serial_number] => hs3423523d
                        [manufacturer] => HP
                        [model] => ProLiant DL380 Gen9
                        [last_scan] => 2018-04-27 11:39:51
                    )

                [1] => Array
                    (
                        [device_id] => 4ccf834b-43fa-4dd4-925a-9a3c96fadaf4
                        [host_name] => node2
                        [serial_number] => fdsgs35ed
                        [manufacturer] => HP
                        [model] => ProLiant DL380 Gen9
                        [last_scan] => 2018-04-27 08:24:08
                    )

            )

        [version] => 12c

    )

)

Below is my code to create a cleaner array and then write the line to a single CSV file.
$array = json_decode($result, true);

$applicationid = $data['application_id']?? '';
$softwareedition = $data['edition']?? '';
$buildnumber = $data['build_number']?? '';
$hostname = $data['devices'][0]['host_name']?? '';
$applicationversion = $data['version']?? '';

$device_array = array($applicationid, $softwareedition, $buildnumber,
$hostname,$location, $location, $lastscan, $applicationversion);

$fp = fopen('file.csv', 'a');

fputcsv($fp, $device_array);

fclose($fp);

This works great and the code writes the following line to the CSV file.
5234324,Enterprise,12.1.0.2.0,node1,12c
What I can't figure out is how to write a second CSV line as this particular array has two hostnames. So for such an array I would like to write two lines like this
5234324,Enterprise,12.1.0.2.0,node1,12c
5234324,Enterprise,12.1.0.2.0,node2,12c
I found the array_key_exists function but it doesn't work with multidimensional arrays. Would some pseudo code work best here? Something like this inside an inner loop.
GET HostnameCount
i = 0
WHILE i < HostnameCount...
Any help would be appreciated.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


· Adopts a fiberglass handle for excellent durability and safety.
· It employs a soft grip which is resistant to slipping and gentle on the hands.
· The head is fully quenched.
· A quenched pipe handle is used to give it a formidable toughness.
· It can be used for general masonry work.
· Used for hammering, etc.
· The socket part is for tightening 3/8" (17 mm) nuts and can support raceway and D-1/D-2 support bracket work.
· The shaft part is a through-type and can tighten up to the depth of 270 mm.
· Electricity, wiring work, piping, duct construction, etc.
· Can be used as a hammer for tightening nuts with 3/8" (17 mm) thread in ceiling work.
· The shaft part is a through-type and can tighten up to the depth of 300 mm.
· Compact size fits in waist pouch.
· Well balanced, light, and easy to use.
· With convenient 17 mm deep socket for raceways.
· A glass fiber handle with a head shape that is unlikely to be damaged.
· A universal hammer for construction and sheet metal work.
· For general nailing and sheet metal machining.
· Equipped with a steel handle and sturdy.
· Used for general sheet metal work such as folding/crushing.
· This uses a glass fiber handle and therefore it is unlikely to break, even when it is used under extreme conditions, making it safe.
· Engraving, marking and punch driving.
· Glass fiber handle to prevent breakage provides an easy grip.
· For driving anchors into concrete, etc.
· Optimal for general masonry work, stone crushing work and chipping work.
· Ideal for removing welding slag and spatter.
· Removes post-welding slag and spatter by tapping.
· A special hardened steel pipe is used which is extremely resistant to breaking and bending.
· The strike surface has two types of surfaces: anti-slip and non-anti-slip.
· The quenched hardness is HRC 50-55 for the impact portion, and HRC 45-50 for the pincers.
· Handle is made of ultra-tough duralumin.
· It has a grip design which firmly fits the hand.
· 17 mm box wrench at the end of the handle.
· Economic design made short and lightweight.
· The head is fully hardened (quenched to hardness: 50-55) and the handle is made of hickory which is lighter than oak while being durable and resilient.
· Lighter weight through the use of a handle made of light and sturdy carbon fiber often used for sports equipment.
· Features a handle made of non-slip material.
· TPR resin adopted in the grip that absorbs vibration to reduce pain when working.
· It is resistant to slipping and fatigue compared to the wooden handle.
· Suitable for construction work and civil engineering work in general.
· Can be used for driving anchors, survey nails, etc.
· Overall architectural and civil engineering work.
· For driving anchors and surveying nails.
· The flat iron side of the head can be used to hammer nails and the other side to pull out nails.
· Body is integrally molded using shock resistant plastic. Hammer head is securely attached.
· Anti-slip elastomer resin is used for the new structure vibration absorbing handle.
· The head cannot be replaced.
· Achieves durability 3 times that of a wooden handle using steel core material.
· The inner part of the head is made from fully hardened special steel, giving it exceptionally improved durability.
· The ergonomic design makes it easy to use.
· Used for precision work and assembly of wooden products.
· The flat iron surface on the head is used for driving nails, and the protruding iron surface on the other side is for finishing strikes.
· The flat iron surface on the head is perfect for detailed work, and is used for assembling small objects and metal carving work. The nylon head on the opposite side is used for times when scratches on impact surface are not desirable, or for assembly work where strong impact must be avoided.
· Body is integrally molded from shock resistant plastic. Hammer head is securely attached.
· Since plastic is integrally molded into special steel, have no fear that the head will come off during use.
· The handle is elastomer resin so it is easy to use.
A set containing one iron (flat), one brass, and one nylon product and three spare nylon heads is available.
· TPR resin adopted in the grip as an integrated structure that absorbs vibration to reduce the shocks received when working.
· For general masonry work. For stone crushing and chipping work.
· The head is fully quenched (hardness: 50-55).
· For general masonry work.
· For stone crushing and chipping work.
· For removing slag and sputter after welding.
· TPR resin adopted in the grip as an integrated structure that absorbs vibration to reduce pain when working.
· The handle uses hickory which is light, strong, and resilient.
· The hardness of the head is HRC 40 to 50.
· For plate metal, etc.
· There are two wide striking faces, round shaped and square shaped.
· The head is fully hardened (quenched to hardness: 45-55) and the handle is made of hickory which is lighter than oak while being durable and resilient.
· General carpentry such as nailing and removing nails.
· Since TPR resin is used for the grip, it absorbs vibration and reduces shock.


text:
Susie Fogelson
By Cablefax Staff | April 7, 2014
SVP, Marketing, Creative Services and PR, Food Category
Scripps Network Interactive
While heavily involved with what viewers see on the Food Network and Cooking Channels themselves, Fogelson also focuses on what fans see beyond their televisions. She has been key in aligning the outlets with popular food-space bloggers, such as Pioneer Woman and Hungry Girl, as well as overseeing Food Network's brand partnership with Major League Baseball. She has also played a major role in Food Network's Good Food Gardens initiative—a partnership with Share Our Strength—that teaches children about nutrition. For a month, she'd job swap with Jeff Bezos. "It would be wonderful leading the charge for one of today's most dynamic companies that's really poised for the future," she says.
Friday–January 14
Some Operators Ending QAM Video, Forcing IPTV Switch
While many consumers are choosing to drop traditional cable video service, a few operators, including Cable One and GCI, are giving them a push to IP video.
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