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Indian security is at the stake! Politics apart, the nation must be answered abiout the reality. If the army Chief is right in his claims what you have to say about the Arms` race, budget Hike and defence scams?
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh is upset over the Army chief's action! Army chief has contended in the letter that the entire tank fleet is "devoid of critical ammunition to defeat enemy tanks", the air defence is "97 per cent obsolete" and the infantry is crippled with "deficiencies of crew served weapon" and lacks "night fighting" capabilities.
Troubled Galaxy Destroyed Dreams, chapter 759
Palash Biswas
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Indian security is at the stake! Politics apart, the nation must be answered abiout the reality. If the army Chief is right in his claims what you have to say about the Arms` race, budget Hike and defence scams?The UPA government has been caught unawares once again. The latest salvo from Army Chief V K Singh, this time targetting the Prime Minister's Office, has left it groping in the dark for options.General Singh's letter, which gave shocking details of India's security breaches, was leaked in a Mumbai-based daily on Wednesday.
An embattled army chief VK Singh on Wednesday found himself embroiled in another controversy over a letter that exposes weaknesses in the 1.3 million-strong force. Asking Army chief Gen V K Singh to go on forced leave is one of the options before the government, which is more than upset over the leakage of his letter to the Prime Minister projecting the country's defence preparedness in poor light.A minister who declined to be identified said as of now there are only two options before the government "tolerate the Army chief till his retirement due in the next two months or force him to go on leave". Tensions between Army Chief Gen V K Singh and the government escalated over the leak of his letter to the Prime Minister on national security, triggering demands for his removal as Defence Minister A K Antony promised "appropriate action". In a fresh blow to the government, Army chief General VK Singh has written a letter to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh warning that the country's security is at risk.
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh is upset over the Army chief's action but the government was not thinking of any drastic step as it was not seeing the issue in terms of an officer but in terms of an office. "No sacking" was the refrain of another senior minister, who said that the General has violated Army discipline by writing directly to the Prime Minister and not through the defence minister. Incidentally, Gen Singh had done a similar thing during the row over his age. The latest controversy was the worst thing that could have happened to the government at a time when it was hosting leaders of the BRICS nations including China.
In the midst of a row over Army Chief Gen V K Singh's bribery allegations, manufacturer of Tatra trucks today said the heavy vehicles have not faced any quality issues in the last 20 years. Gen Singh had recently alleged that he was offered a bribe of Rs 14 crore by a lobbyist to clear the sale of a tranche of 600 'substandard' trucks for the Army. "Tatra supplies only 30-35 per cent of the parts and the balance are produced or furnished by BEML, which assembles the trucks. Tatra has not heard of any quality issue from BEML in last 20 years," Tatra CEO Ronald Adams said in a statement. On the issue of over-pricing of these trucks, he said, "Tatra is a vehicle specially designed for severe Army use. It is unique in its construction and not a vehicle simply converted from civilian use to military use. We remain competitive globally." Adams said more than 38 armies in the world have either used or are using the Tatra trucks and many continue to place repeat orders. Indian armed forces have been using Tatra trucks since 1986 and since then, 7,000 of them have been inducted. The Army has not procured even a single one of them after from March 2010. In a press release issued on March 5, Army had alleged that Lt Gen Tejinder Singh had offered a bribe on behalf of Tatra and Vectra.
Last week Jane's Defence Weekly, a prestigious publication on security matters, published a report by their New Delhi-based representative Rahul Bedi, who reported, "The operational efficiency of India's 1.2 million-strong army is hampered not only by severe equipment shortages, obsolete hardware and restricted night-fighting capabilities, but also by its strained relations with the Ministry of Defence, which is solely responsible for the force's long-delayed modernisation programme."
Quoting Brigadier Arun Sahgal (retd), joint director of the New Delhi-based Institute of National Security Studies, the report said, "This prevailing impasse will impinge on co-operation between the MoD and army headquarters to urgently modernise the army's armoury, artillery, air defence and infantry assets, all of which are in disarray, afflicted by a lack of timely planning and resource management."
Amid demands by political parties for the dismissal of the Army chief, the government has taken serious note of the fact that V K Singh's letter to the Prime Minister was leaked to the media.Defence Minister A K Antony has said "appropriate action" would be taken on this and also noted that the contents of Singh's letter could not be a matter of public debate.
The contents of the letter rocked the Rajya Sabha with members terming it "disturbing" and "serious" and demanding the government take action against those responsible -- "whatever position he holds".
Responding to concerns expressed by members, Antony said, "I have made serious note of the observations... After consulting the Prime Minister and colleagues, we will take appropriate action."He confirmed the Army chief had written to the Prime Minister on March 12 drawing his "attention to issues related to national defence and security."He said: "These issues are under the consideration of the Ministry of Defence. By very nature of these issues, they cannot be a matter of public debate."
Earlier, Antony met the Prime Minister over the issue. Home Minister P Chidambaram and Defence Secretary Shashikant Sharma were also present at the meeting.
Retired Lt Gen Tejinder Singh on Tuesday filed a criminal defamation case against Army Chief V K Singh and four others before a trial court amid allegations that he had offered Rs 14 crore as bribe to Gen Singh to strike a defence deal.
Tejinder Singh has sought the court to summon and initiate proceedings against Gen Singh for making the "libelous" statement in media about him. In his complaint, the retired Lt Gen has also named S K Singh (Vice-Chief of Army staff), Lt Gen B S Thakur (DG MI), Major General S L Narshiman (Additional Director General of Public Information) and Lt Col Hitten Sawhney, accusing them of misusing their official position, power and authority to level false charges against him.
"Because of the false, unfounded and libelous statement and illegal act in past and present by the accused persons not only the complainant's reputation and honour has been lowered/ harmed but he is being held up to ridicule in his business, fraternity, acquaintances and family alike, leading others to avoid and shun him.
"And they have caused immense incalculable loss and damage to the reputation of the complainant and loss of business opportunities in present and in future," Tejinder Singh said in his petition filed in a Magistrate's court through counsel Anil K Aggarwal and S M Pandey. The petition is likely to be taken up on March 29.
The petition comes after the Army Chief had claimed in media interviews that a lobbyist, who had "just" retired, offered him a bribe of Rs 14 crore for clearing a file relating to purchase of a tranche of 600 "sub-standard" vehicles of a particular make and he had immediately informed defence minister A K Antony about it.
Refuting that he had offered bribe to the Army Chief, Tejinder Singh said that no conversation related to any Tatra trucks deal took place the last time he had met him and said any such incident "should have been investigated at that time itself."
Tejinder referred to the statement of the Army Chief and various press releases issued by the Army in connection with the defence deal and said, "the accused persons have abused and misused their official position, power and authority to level false charges of offence against the complainant with intent to injure."
"The accused persons have committed an offence punishable under section 211 (false charge of offence made with intent to injure) of the IPC," his plea said.
He added that such type of press releases issued by the Army officers are against the Defence Technical Publicity Rules, 2004.
"The complainant has suffered huge social and civil humiliation as a consequence of various press releases and their subsequent wide and extensive publication in mass media," he said, referring to a media report of March 6.
Tejinder Singh, in his complaint, said Gen V K Singh levelled false allegations against him to get his name cleared from the controversy over the illegal Air Monitoring or tapping of cellphones in Delhi by the Army, which was done at his behest.
"That while seeking to clear his own name appearing in some media reports, regarding alleged illegal Air Monitoring/ snooping/ tapping of mobile phones in Delhi by the Army at his behest, Gen V K Singh has made or caused to make, in complicity with the other accused persons, entirely false and unsubstantiated, ill-founded allegations against the complainant with malafide intention to defame and to bring disrepute to the complainant (Tejinder Singh)."
The complainant also accused the Army Chief of "misusing his official position, power and authority" by directly addressing media in September last year on the issue of his date of birth and by making statement against the government.
Referring to the press release issued by the Army on March 5, 2012, Tejinder Singh said, "The said press release contains ex-facie defamatory statements and allegations against the complainant, which are entirely baseless, false and concocted one."
He also said that the accused had specifically named him in the press release whereas they "deliberately withheld the names of the so called disgruntled officers of Military Intelligence serving under the accused persons particularly accused nos. 1 to 3 (V K Singh, S K Singh and B S Thakur) and supposedly known to them."
According to a newspaper report, the Army chief has contended in the letter that the entire tank fleet is "devoid of critical ammunition to defeat enemy tanks", the air defence is "97 per cent obsolete" and the infantry is crippled with "deficiencies of crew served weapon" and lacks "night fighting" capabilities.
According to Times Now, the letter which was written on March 12, 2012 states that army tanks in the country have run out of ammunition. The letter emphasises the need to bridge the shortcomings and bring the army to fighting level.
Sources told Times Now that in his letter VK Singh has called 97% of the air defence obsolete. Singh has also said that the elite special forces are woefully short of weapons.
The Army chief has been in news this week for his claims of being offered a bribery of Rs 14 crore to clear a tranche of sub-standard equipment for the army. Times Now sources have said that the CBI may record his statement in this regard on March 30, 2012.
Defence minister AK Antony has said that Army chief VK Singh had told him that a bribe of 14 crore was offered by an equipment middleman but Singh didn't want to pursue the case. Responding to the furore in Parliament over the issue, Antony named Lieutenant General (retd) Tejinder Singh as the person named by General Singh.
"I have always said the truth. When General VK Singh told me about the incident, I was shocked. The Army chief told me it was Tejinder Singh who offered him the bribe but he said he doesn't want to pursue it," Antony said.
In his defence, Antony said that once news reports on the alleged bribe offer was made public on Monday, he ordered an inquiry, even though there was no formal complaint. "I immediately told the defence secretary to take action without waiting for any formal complaint.
This was the action I took. CBI will inquire into everything," Antony said. The announcement of a CBI probe on Monday had led to an uproar in Parliament, as members felt that the minister should have taken Parliament, which is in session, into confidence before announcing the probe.
The Prime Minister held deliberations with defence minister A K Antony and home minister P Chidambaram in Parliament as the issue rocked the Rajya Sabha in morning.
Antony also held discussions on the matter with the NSA separately.
The government's view in the matter will be crystalized when the issue is expected to come up in Lok Sabha tomorrow.
The General's actions are the result of his failure to get one more year in service is the view of the government.
Minister of overseas affairs Vayalar Ravi put it more succintly. "I do not know what is the issue. I have not seen the letter. The Army is a disciplined force. (He) could not get an extension even by the court. May be a frustrated man suffers," Ravi said.
For the second day, Rajya Sabha was thrown into a tumult after a media report on the purported contents of the letter in which Gen Singh had reportedly said the country's security may be at stake forcing the top leadership of the government to go into a huddle with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.
Today's development came on top of acrimony between the Army Chief and the government in the last two days over his media interview in which he had claimed that he was offered a bribe of Rs 14 crore by a retired Lt Gen for swinging a sub-standard defence deal.
"I have made serious note of the observations. After consulting the Prime Minister and colleagues, we will take appropriate action," Antony said after members expressed serious concerns over issues of national security, a confidential matter, and being brought to public domain through media leaks.
JD (U) member Shivanand Tiwari demanded the Army Chief's removal while Pyari Mohan Mohanpatra said "people who are to be sacked should be sacked immediately".
CPI (M) leader Sitaram Yechury said those responsible for the leak should be held accountable irrespective of the position held by them.
Though the Congress party steered clear of the controversy, Union Minister Vyalar Ravi attacked Gen Singh saying his actions reflected "frustrations" of an individual who had to withdraw his petition on the age row in the Supreme Court.
Gen Singh was away from the capital on an official visit to Jammu and Kashmir and paid obeisance at the Vaishnao Devi temple.
Posted by Palash Biswas at 10:43 AM
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Whither identity politics? KANCHAN CHANDRA


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"The Perfect Scam - For the workers life is no carnival" … An article by Kirk Nielsen of the Miami New Times Feb 3 2000.
"Deep Blue Greed - The Arison clan built Carnival into a money machine by cleverly avoiding tax law" … An article by Ted Kissell of the Miami new Times Feb 3 2000.
"Carnival? Try Criminal - What happens when a female passenger is assaulted on a cruise ship? Not much …" An article by Tristram Korten of the Miami New Times Feb 3, 2003.


text:
THE HURRICANE by Gemini Wahhaj
Cleaver Magazine Posted on March 18, 2015 by thwack May 8, 2015
by Gemini Wahhaj
At the time of the hurricane, they were both still working. A few days before the hurricane hit, Lila was getting on a plane to New York for an oil and gas conference. They called it Hurricane Ike on the radio, and people laughed when they heard the warning, since it followed warnings about so many other hurricanes that season that had failed to materialize. But this time it was real.
Lila saw Ike approach Houston on TV in her hotel room in New York. She tried to call Kamal, but phone lines were down. Ike finally made landfall at night. Lila watched, minute by minute, as the giant, swirling cloud simulation of a category 4 tropical cyclone hit the speck that was supposed to be Houston. News of a train accident interrupted the hurricane coverage periodically, but mostly, during the days of the conference, all TV cameras stayed focused on Ike and Houston.
Heading home, on a flight to Atlanta (there were no flights available to Houston yet), Lila listened as the pilot made an announcement about the hurricane. Houston had been destroyed, he said. Windows had been knocked out from the high rises downtown. Trees had flattened houses to the ground. Entire neighborhoods had been flooded. This was terrible news to deliver to anyone cut off from family in Houston, trying to get home.
Lila buckled herself in her seat. She flagged down a tall, clean-shaven steward to ask him if he knew anything, but there was no way to glean any specific facts. For the first time in her life, Lila made a phone call from a plane. Although they made good money between them, their frugal, middle class, South Asian habits had always precluded any temptation to make a luxury call from an airplane, until this disaster, which warranted a change.
It was no use, though. She couldn't get through, and finally she slammed the phone back onto the seat in front of her, annoying the passenger beside her.
Lila and Kamal had come to Houston as graduate engineering students and followed the path of others from Bangladesh, landing professional jobs, buying a house in the suburbs and two cars, applying for green cards. She was a petroleum engineer and he was a civil engineer. Engineers did well in Houston. But now it seemed to Lila like settling in Houston had been the worst decision of their lives. What if Kamal had been killed in the hurricane?
When she arrived in Atlanta, Lila could not get a flight to Houston, since all flights in and out had been cancelled. Lila's company booked her a hotel in downtown Atlanta, and she waited there for two days, eating take-out Chinese out of cardboard boxes, as she and Kamal had done in graduate school, and watching the news on TV. Periodically, she called down to the hotel desk to ask for updates on flights.
She kept her phone plugged into the charger and called Kamal every half hour or so, but he didn't answer. She called friends, then friends of friends, then random people she had met at the large Bangladeshi parties they attended in Houston, but no one picked up the phone.
Finally, Lila received word that Intercontinental had regained power and flights were starting up. Somehow, she got herself booked on the first flight to Houston. At last she found herself walking toward the arrivals gate, terrified that no one would be there. But Kamal was there. Dusty and ruffled, but there, waiting for her. Lila screamed and ran to him.
"I've been here at the airport, looking for you at the gate of every flight, from every city!"
"You didn't call me!" she wailed.
"My phone's dead. There are long lines now in front of stores, people trying to get their phones charged."
They embraced tightly, like the other couples at the arrivals gate. Everything would finally get back to normal.
Together they walked to the elevator and rode up to the parking level. Kamal told Lila they had no power at the house. Their street was littered with trees. Some roofs had been smashed. But they were lucky. On nearby streets, the rooftops were battered from falling branches. People in Galveston had lost their homes and survived the flood by climbing onto their roofs. In Houston, people stood in long lines at the supermarkets for bags of ice. Food was scarce.
"But you know the saddest thing?" Kamal said, turning his earnest face toward her. "It was on the news. A couple was trying to cut down a tree ahead of the hurricane. The trunk of the tree fell on top of their son, just ten years old."
"What happened?" Lila asked.
"He was killed."
"How horrible," she said, rubbing his arm. At least they were safe; their lives were unchanged.
"We don't have power yet," he warned. "So the house is very hot and uncomfortable."
He smelled of sweat.
They climbed into Kamal's car, a smart silver Honda CR-V, and Lila breathed out finally.
"I just want to go home," she said, sliding down in her seat, "to lie down in our own bed. To go back to work! I'll bet the air conditioning at the office is working."
Once they came off the highway to their neighborhood in Spring, north of the airport, the streets were ghostly. The traffic lights weren't working. Cars stood stopped at every intersection, as feeble policemen tried to direct masses of traffic with stop signs. They passed several pile-ups, accidents caused by a confusion about whose turn it was to go.
"It's like a scene out of a hundred years ago, or a third world country!" Lila said, thinking that they had left their own third world country to escape such backward conditions.
"Or it could be a science fiction movie showing the future," Kamal said.
There was more bad news waiting at home. No matter what Kamal had said to Lila in the car, he could not have prepared her for what she was about to experience. There was no air conditioning, and it was dizzyingly hot. There seemed to be no air in the house. Kamal had flung open all the windows, but this meant that by evening the house had filled with mosquitoes. Lila slapped her arms angrily in the dark.
For the next two weeks, they passed evenings by dreary candlelight in the prickly heat. Most evenings, they ate out or cooked a laborious meal they had shopped for that day and then threw out what they didn't eat. It was tedious, having to plan a meal, buy the ingredients, throw out the leftovers, and wash the dishes by hand, but also somehow, like play-acting, like being in a different life in which one could pretend that life was about cooking and cleaning dishes and planning the meal one was to cook.
Even eating by candlelight felt like playing house. It was frustrating, of course, and hot, and expensive to eat out so often, but when they looked back on it later, they had to admit that it had been lovely too. Neighbors came out for the first time and sat on their steps in the dark with candles, talking across the street. Sometimes a neighbor would cross over with a bottle or a cigarette, wanting to chat. People borrowed generators from one another to hook up to their TV sets and refrigerators for a few hours. Lila and Kamal met everyone on their street for the first time in the five years they had lived there.
Their house had been hit the hardest among all the houses on the street. Their roof was intact, but a pipe had burst underground, apparently. When Lila tried to take a bath one day, the water in the bathtub backed up with sewage. Black water gurgled up, and she detected the smell of swamp gas, ammonia, and sulfur.
She stopped taking baths at home. Sleepy and dirty, she stumbled into the office building before anyone else every morning and took a long shower in one of the bathrooms two floors up from where she worked.
The city warned that the water supply was contaminated, so Lila and Kamal stopped using the water from the tap at home. They suffered through mosquito-filled evenings, labor-intensive cooking, and sleepless nights, going to work for relief, so glad that they worked, that they could spend eight hours a day in air conditioned offices, earning money, able to wear nice, steamed suits, able to drive clean cars that purred on gasoline on wide highways.
At the end of twenty-one days, their lives returned to normal. The transformer at the end of their street had been fixed. Lila and Kamal hired a plumber, and for a thousand dollars he fixed the sewage pipe that ran under their yard (a tree had settled on it in the storm) and thus also fixed the problem of the water backup. They had clean water again, a working refrigerator, and a working microwave oven.
They were relieved, eager to get past the hurricane. However, with time, it became clear that the hurricane had changed other things too. It wasn't entirely clear to anyone in Houston how the surreal atmosphere of the hurricane was related to the recession and layoffs that followed, but by September a lot of people had lost their jobs. In the middle of the layoffs, Kamal came back one day and told Lila that a man in another office in a different building in the Galleria had jumped out of a sixteenth floor window to his death. This incident also seemed to be logically related to Ike and the recession. If someone had asked either Kamal or Lila to explain, neither of them could have articulated how they were related, but they would both have said that they were related: the hurricane and the unreal weeks without power or water that followed and the layoffs that came later.
There was something the hurricane had brought on, or slammed through, besides slamming down the houses on the coast in Galveston, the hundred-year-old trees all through the neighborhoods in Houston, the glass windows of the downtown high rises, the air conditioning and the traffic lights and the refrigerators and the TV sets. It had smashed all the certainties of modern life, all the things that had made things real. Soon, there were dogs on the streets that had been set loose by owners no longer able to keep them. Houses were put up for foreclosure. People who hadn't lost their homes in the hurricane were now being driven out of their properties because they couldn't pay their mortgage.
The layoffs happened over several weeks. Lila lost her job first. Kamal kept holding on as more and more people in his office were laid off every day. At last, when Kamal's office was down to thirty people, with everyone sweating and trying to outperform everyone else by staying late and taking on the projects of all those who had been fired, Kamal finally received the email. He came home almost jubilant. Lila was up on a ladder, frowning, trying to repaint a section of the ceiling that had cracked during the hurricane.
"I'll have time to do that now," he said as he came in through the front door in his pressed shirt and slacks and put down his smart leather bag on the dining table. For a brief moment, he felt like whistling.
That mood soon passed. Laid off, they lay in their pajamas on separate leather sofas in the living room of their enormous house, their chests panting from simultaneous panic attacks. What would they do? How would they pay for the house, their cars, or their health insurance? How would they live in the only way they knew how? Kamal snatched the remote control off the coffee table and turned on MI-5, a spy thriller on a cable channel. But the high-stress episodes seemed to mirror their own lives. There was one particular episode in which all of London had gone awry. Nothing worked. Traffic lights didn't work, and there were accidents everywhere. The plot reminded Lila of the day she had landed in Houston and witnessed the traffic pile-ups on the streets. She shouted to Kamal to turn off the TV. After that day, they stopped watching cable television. They discontinued their service.
At first, they were both on the computer all day, desperately searching for jobs in their respective fields. Lila was on the phone to friends in the oil industry, asking for job leads. Kamal locked himself in another room and carried on the same search in his field in hushed tones. They were both filled with shame. They didn't know who they were without their jobs. They didn't recognize themselves in the bathroom mirror, in their uncombed states, in their pajamas. Kamal had to sign on to the Internet every week to fill out forms to claim his unemployment benefits. On the radio, people speculated about rising crime because of unemployment. Kamal felt desperate enough to commit a crime, to get into some sort of shady scheme, to make money, anything to return to their former state.
Then a particularly nasty strain of flu hit the city. Lila and Kamal had attended a Bengali birthday party at Maharaja, full of sick people, and they both caught it. For days they lay without eating, unable to either cook food or keep the food down. Vomit filled the three bathrooms of the house and lay there untouched. The cleaning lady had been fired. One day, Lila crawled off the sofa on which she had been lying in an inclined position, supported by three pillows so that she could breathe out of her congested chest (the hospitals were overflowing with people with the flu, and the flu was turning to pneumonia with a peculiar cough that sounded like a drum, which ultimately killed the patient, according to the radio), and made it to the bathroom. With the radio still blaring, the world went black in front of her. Slowly, she lowered herself onto the cool tile floor and lay there crying. Her chest was pounding and she couldn't breathe. The radio in the living room pleaded with patients to listen to their coughs, to listen for a drumbeat, which would indicate a turn to pneumonia and certain death. Patients who had a drumbeat-sounding cough should immediately check themselves into a hospital, the radio advised. But all the hospitals were full of patients already. Tents had been erected to manage the overflow. Lila listened to her cough, which sounded like a drumbeat, and her tears flowed.
After a long moment, Kamal stumbled to the bathroom and leaned against the doorjamb for support.
"What is it?" he asked weakly.
"If we don't get jobs, what will we do?" Lila sobbed. "We'll lose the house. The cars. Everything. What will people say?"
In response, Kamal coughed for a long time. His cough sounded hollow and drum-like, the way they had described on the radio. Lila's panic increased and she wanted him gone.
"This reminds me of Bengali novels I read as a child," Kamal said in a pause between coughs. He narrowed his eyes, as if trying to remember what he was about to say, as if remembering a life from a long time ago that he had forgotten.
"In a novel, things take time to happen. A problem resolves itself over six months or a year at least. You have to give it time, I think."
Lila didn't answer. She continued to breathe in a shallow way, thinking that she would choke to death. Kamal didn't bend down to check on her, but instead stumbled back to the living room. Lila didn't have the strength to get up and turn off the radio, which by its powerful force was taking on the world and morphing it, filling it with the flu, deaths, foreclosures, and unemployment figures, making it impossible to go back to the way things were. So she tried to concentrate on something long ago, before the horrors of sickness and unemployment. Finally, she remembered the parents who had been trying to cut down their tree ahead of the hurricane to stop it from falling over on their house and how they had killed their son instead. Lila didn't have children, but she thought that would have to be the worst thing that could happen to you. Your life would end if you lost a child. Somehow, the thought made her feel better. Ultimately, she fell asleep.
In the following months, as fall turned to winter, Lila and Kamal gave up the idea of finding jobs soon. They began to read novels to each other in Bengali, and sometimes they turned off the lights on purpose and read in the dark by candlelight. Or they went out and sat on the front steps talking in the dark, as they had done in the period following the hurricane and as they remembered doing in Bangladesh during frequent power outages. One day, Kamal went out in his car, and drove aimlessly through the neighborhood.
He came back and said, "I know what I'm going to do. I'm going into real estate."
He had suggested wild things before, such as working at McDonald's or at Home Depot, and Lila had been filled with shame. They were professionals. They had a certain class. They didn't work just for money, just to get by. What would their friends say at the Bangladeshi parties? Of course, they had stopped going to those parties, out of shame, and also because they didn't want to spend money on expensive presents or gas to drive so far, to other suburbs.
Now Lila looked at Kamal with a tired face, resigned, not sure what he meant exactly, but willing to look at new possibilities.
That winter, Lila and Kamal sold their house and bought a small, tear-down bungalow near downtown. Their new home was in a "changing" neighborhood, as the real estate people called it, and some of the houses were falling apart and old, while others were newly-built, big, two-story mansions. There were young families with children living in the neighborhood alongside old people waiting to die.
Kamal stayed up nights, a cigarette dangling from the corner of his mouth, singing tunelessly and drafting a plan to remodel their house piece by piece, now that he had time on his hands. Lila sat in the same room, which doubled as office and living room, sometimes reading a book, sometimes a magazine, always with tea in a ceramic mug in her hand.
Sometimes, late at night, they would turn on the radio in the background for company. Another hurricane season had started, and already there were radio advisories about filling up on gas and storing batteries to prepare for a hurricane. In memory of the previous year's hurricane, the newspaper had run a story recently about the family who had lost their son trying to cut down a tree ahead of Hurricane Ike. The article described how the couple had finally accepted their child's death and begun their life anew.
Lila remembered her own low moment following the hurricane, lying on her bathroom floor without a job or money or means to keep her house.
In their new home, Lila cooked a meal with fresh vegetables she had bought that morning from the local farmer's market downtown. Then she turned off the stove to take a walk down the street and say hello to the elderly neighbors who came out in the last rays of sunlight to chat about their dying days. As she walked, her feet in their open-toed sandals caught the dust and twigs lying on the sidewalk. She felt alive, breathing in the smell of pine cones falling off the tall trees and the barbecue cooking in neighboring houses.
Gemini Wahhaj's fiction has appeared in Granta, Cimarron Review, Crab Orchard Review, Night Train, The Carolina Quarterly, and Northwest Review, and is forthcoming in Silk Road and The Chattahoochee Review. An excerpt from her novel has been published in the volume Exotic Gothic 5, published by PS Publishing. She has a Ph.D. in creative writing from the University of Houston and she teaches at Lone Star Community College in Houston.
Image credit: Patrick Feller on Flickr
THE HURRICANE by Gemini Wahhaj Published on March 18, 2015 in Fiction, Issue 9 (Click for permalink.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Key verses: (7-12) Beloved, let us love one another, because love is from God; everyone who loves is born of God and knows God. 8Whoever does not love does not know God, for God is love. 9God's love was revealed among us in this way: God sent his only Son into the world so that we might live through him. 10In this is love, not that we loved God but that he loved us and sent his Son to be the atoning sacrifice for our sins. 11Beloved, since God loved us so much, we also ought to love one another. 12No one has ever seen God; if we love one another, God lives in us, and his love is perfected in us.
Reflection: Parent-child love, sibling love, extended-family love, friendship love, and adversary love are some of the many types of love God shares with us. This Christmas, we remember Christ's birth, as one sign of God's ultimate love for us.
God is love, as the writer of 1 John tells us. God defines love; love does not define God. It is God that shows us how to love God, Christ, and each other. We are called to take this idea of love that God gave us, and share it with all. Praise God for this gift!
This Christmas, as we celebrate Christ's coming into our world, let us remember and exhibit the love for one another that God, through Christ, models for us each and every day.
Prayer: Dear God, we thank you for the gift of love. Among the secular signs of this Christmas Day, help us to remember the love you share with us through Christ's birth. Encourage us to love you and each other as you love us. Amen.


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Anyway: much like the other maps, click a location marked in white to find what's sold there. We don't have store information for the greyed out ones; their locations are just shown for your information. If it doesn't seem to work, try the script-free version.
Nothing available here on disc three.
Nothing available here on disc two.


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Partner's follow-up EP Saturday the 14th found the duo embarking on bolder and more playful compositional excursions. Throughout this highly experimental period, ideas for the next album began to coalesce. In the summer of 2019 Lucy and Josée joined all-star drummer Simone TB (US Girls, Highest Order, Darlene Shrugg) in the studio to create their second full-length album, titled Never Give Up. With Never Give Up, Partner return to their classic rock roots and awaken their truest gifts to deliver their most exciting, riff-laden effort yet.
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Cassini, Gian Domenico (Jean-Dominique) (Cassini I)
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(b. Perinaldo, Imperia, Italy, 8 June 1625; d. Paris, France, 14 September 1712),
astronomy, geodesy.
The first of a family of astronomers who settled in France and were prominent in directing the activities of the
French school of astronomy until the Revolution, Cassini was the son of Jacopo Cassini, a Tuscan, and Julia
Crovesi. Raised by a maternal uncle, he studied at Vallebone and then at the Jesuit college in Genoa and at
the abbey of San Fructuoso. He showed great intellectual curiosity and was especially interested in poetry,
mathematics, and astronomy. He was attracted at first by astrological speculations, but reading Pico della
Mirandolas pamphlet Disputationes Joannis Pici Mirandolae adversus astrologiam divinatricem persuaded
him of the frivolity of that pseudoscience. Yet, paradoxically, the beginning of his scientific career benefited
from the reputation he acquired for his knowledge of astrology. The Marquis Cornelio Malvasia, a rich
amateur astronomer and senator of Bologna who calculated ephemerides for astrological purposes, invited
him to come to work in his observatory at Panzano, near Bologna.
In accepting this position Cassini initiated the first part of his career, which lasted until his departure for
france in February 1669. Thanks to the marquiss aid, he thus made use, from 1648, of several instruments
that allowed him to begin his first researches. He was also able to complete his education under the tutelage
of two excellent scientists, the Bolognese Jesuits Giovan Battista Riccioliwho was then finishing his great
treatise, the Almagestum novum (1651) and Francesco Maria Grimaldi, who later became famous for his
discovery of the phenomenon of diffraction, published in his posthumous work De lumine (1665). Although
one cannot exactly determine their influence on the young Cassini, it appears that they convinced him of the
importance of precise and systematic observation and of the necessity of a parallel improvement in
instruments and methods. They probably likewise contributed, less happily, to making him wary of the new
theoriesespecially of Copernicus systemand to reinforcing in him the conservative tendencies that he
displayed throughout his life.
With his first works Cassini won the esteem of his fellow citizens to such an extent that in 1650 the senate of
Bologna, on the recommendation of its patron, designated him to occupy the principal chair of astronomy at
the university, which had been vacant since Bonaventura Cavalieris death in 1647. Cassini was actively
interested in planetary astronomy and in 1653 wrote to Pierre Gassendi requesting precise observations
concerning the superior planets. In 16521653 the passage of a comet attracted his attention. In the account
of his observations he accepted that the earth is at the center of the universe, that the moon possesses an
atmosphere, and that the comets, which are situated beyond Saturn, are formed as a result of emanations
originating from the earth and the planets. But he affirmed later that comparison with other observations
soon led him to reject the latter theory, of Aristotelian inspiration, and to adopt that of Apollonius of Myndos;
thus he now considered the comets as heavenly bodies analogous to the planets but describing trajectories
of very great eccentricity.
A happy circumstance permitted him to reveal his practical abilities. Since the determination of certain
essential astronomical data is tied to the movement of the sun (solstices, obliquity of the ecliptic, and so
forth) and thus requires the daily observation of the height of that body at the time of its passage to the
meridian, astronomers for a long time had tried to increase the precision of these observations by employing
high structureschurches in particular as supports for large sundials, called meridians. Such was the
case at the church of San Petronio of Bologna, where an important meridian had been constructed in 1575
by a predecessor of Cassini in the chair of astronomy at the university, Egnatio Danti. Unfortunately,
structural modifications necessitated by the enlargement of the church had recently rendered this meridian
unusable by blocking the orifice through which the solar rays entered. In 1653, Cassini, wishing to employ
such an instrument, sketched a plan for a new and larger meridian but one that would be difficult to build.
His calculations were precise; the construction succeeded perfectly; and its success made Cassini a brilliant
reputation.
During the following years Cassini made with this meridian numerous observations on the obliquity of the
ecliptic, on the exact position of the solstices and the equinoxes, on the speed of the suns apparent motion
and the variation of its diameter, and even on atmospheric refraction; for all these phenomena he provided
increasingly more precise measurements. His principal observations, published in Specimen observationum
Bononiensium (1656), are dedicated to Queen Christina of Sweden, then in exile in Italy. In later
publications he drew upon other of the measurements he made by means of the meridian of San Petronio.
Activities of a more technical nature, however, were to oblige Cassini to abandon astronomical research to
some extent. As an official expert delegated by the Bolognese authorities, he participated in 1657 in the
settlement, directed by Pope Alexander VII, of a dispute between the cities of Bologna and Ferrara
concerning the course of the Reno River. On this occasion he composed several memoirs on the flooding of
the Po River and on the means of avoiding it; moreover, he also carried out experiments in applied
hydraulics. In the course of the following years he was charged with various further missions and important
technical functions. In 1663 he was named superintendent of fortifications and in 1665 inspector for Perugia.
In 1663 Cassini defended the views of the papal authorities before the grand duke of Tuscany at the time of
the controversies regarding the regularization of the waters of the Chiana River. He returned to Tuscany in
1665 for the same purpose, with the title of superintendent of the waters of the ecclesiastical states.
Requested by the pope to take holy orders, he declined to do so and endeavored to reconcile the exercise
of his functions at the papal court with his teaching at the University of Bologna. He was resolved not to give
up his purely scientific activity, and he accordingly took advantage of his numerous trips to participate in
certain meetings of the Accademia del Cimento in Florence, to make observations on insects, and to carry
out experiments on blood transfusion at Bologna.
Astronomy, however, remained his preoccupation. In 1659 he presented a model of the planetary system
that was in accord with the hypothesis of Tycho Brahe; in 1661 he developed a method, inspired by Keplers
work, of mapping successive phases of solar eclipses; and in 1662 he published new tables of the sun,
based on his observations at San Petronio. He also elaborated the first major theory of atmospheric
refraction founded on the sine law. Although his model of the atmosphere was incorrect, the tables that he
made in 1662 were later successfully employed in the construction of the ephemerides, before being
corrected in accordance with the observations made by Jean Richer in Cayenne in 1672. In 1664 Cassini
published an observation of a solar eclipse made at Ferrara. The study of comets, however, continued to
hold his special interest. In 16641665 he observed one of them in the presence of Queen Christina and
formulated on this occasion a new theory (in agreement with the Tychonian system) in which the orbit of the
comet is a great circle whose center is situated in the direction of Sirius and whose perigee is beyond the
orbit of Saturn.
A new and fertile direction now opened up for Cassinis observations. Through his friendship with the famous
Roman lensmakers Giuseppe Campani and Eustachio Divini, Cassini, beginning in 1664, was able to obtain
from them powerful celestial telescopes of great focal length. He used these instrumentsvery delicate and
extremely accurate for the time with great skill, and made within several years a remarkable series of
observations on the planetary surfaces, which led him to important discoveries. In July 1664 he detected the
shadow of certain satellites on Jupiters surface and was thus able to study the revolution of the satellites
and to demonstrate that of the planet; the period that he attributed to the latter, 9h 56m, is close to the
presently accepted value. At the same time, he described the whole group of the planets bands, as well as
its spots, and observed its flattening. This discovery involved him in polemics which, far from diminishing his
activity, incited him to pursue his research and his observations. At the beginning of 1666 he observed the
spots on Mars and investigated the rotation of that planet, whose period hecalculated at 24h 40m (three
minutes less than the value presently accepted). He made the same observations regarding Venus in 1667,
but in a less precise form.
Cassini likewise worked on establishing tables of movements of the satellites of Jupiter, a task that Galileo
had undertaken primarily in order to obtain a solution to the problem of the determination of longitudes.
While Galileo was unable fully to develop these tables owing to a lack of sufficiently precise and complete
observations, and while his direct successor, Vincenzo Renieri, similarly failed, Cassini succeeded in this
enterprise and published in 1668 his Ephemerides Bononienses mediceorem siderum. These ephemerides
were employed for several decades by astronomers and navigators, until they were replaced by the more
precise tables that Cassini published in Paris in 1693; in particular, they were used by Olaus Rmer in his
demonstration, in 1675, that light has a finite speed.
The fame that these tables, as well as his important discoveries concerning the planets, brought to Cassini
was to change his destiny and to open up for him a new and brilliant career at Paris, at the recently founded
Acadmic Royale des Sciences. Desiring to enhance the prestige of the Academy, Colbert endeavored to
attract to France several famous for eign scientists. Thus, after having recruited Christian Huygens before
the Academy actually opened, in 1667, he offered Cassini membership as a regular correspondent.
Cassini accepted, and in 1668 Colbert proposed that he come to Paris for a limited period, under attractive
financial conditions, to help set up the observatory, the construction of which had just begun. Several
persons took part in this negotiation, including the astronomer Adrien Auzout; the terms settled upon were
an annual pension of 9,000 livres (Huygens himself received only 6,000 livres), free lodging, and a travel
allowance of 1,000 cus. After a second, diplomatic discussion, the senate of Bologna and the pope
authorized Cassini at the end of 1668 to accept the invitation, while maintaining both the various titles he
had acquired in Italy and their corresponding emoluments. In fact, his departure from Bologna on 25
February 1669 marked not the beginning of a long foreign mission but the end of his Italian career.
Cassini arrived in Paris on 4 April and was very cordially received by the king five days later. He immediately
began to participate in the activities of the Academy, taking an active role in the enterprises already under
way. Since he had a particular interest in the construction of the observatory, he strove in vain to modify the
plans, which had been conceived by Claude Perrault and approved by the Academy. Cassini thought to
remain in France for only the brief time arranged and then to resume his previous duties and way of life;
therefore he at first made little effort to accustom himself to French life. Moreover, he spoke French only
haltingly; and his rather authoritarian character and privileged situation, due to the favor of the Crown,
provoked considerable hostility from the moment of his arrival.
He gradually got used to speaking French, however. He was delighted by the living and working conditions
provided for him. The ambition to organize and direct the important research program of the Academy
fortified his resolve. With all this, Cassini succeeded in overcoming much of the opposition he had
encountered and in winning essential collaboration. In September 1671 he moved into the apartment
prepared especially for him in the new observatory, where work was now beginning. Although this
establishment had in theory been placed under the collective respon sibility of the astronomers of the
Academy, Cassini assumed the effective direction of it. He then decided to settle in France, and on 14 July
1673 he obtained the benefits of French citizenship. In 1674 he married Genevive de Laistre, the daughter
of the lieutenant general of the comt of Clermont, whose dowry of valuable landholdings included the
chteau of Thury in the Oise, which became the familys summer residence. From this marriage Cassini had
two sons; the younger, Jacques, succeeded him as astronomer and geodesist under the name of Cassini II.
The important work that Cassini accomplished in France encompassed quite diverse aspects. Some were
related to the continuation of his Italian projects and to the exploitation of the new paths that he had opened;
others pointed toward new directions brought to light by discussions among the Academicians and by the
possibilities offered by the new observatory.
While remaining faithful to certain traditional methods (he had a gnomon constructed in the great hall of the
observatory), Cassini strove to follow the rapid progress of technology and to utilize recent inventions and
improvements: lenses of high focal length, the micrometer, and the attachment of eyepieces to measuring
instruments. A large of ficial subsidy allowed the purchase of new instruments which were thus employed for
observations regularly made at the observatory as well as in preparing the ephemerides, in improving the
celestial map, and in various researches: they were further used in the course of the numerous geographic,
geodesic, and astronomical expeditions carried out under the patronage of the observatory. These
instruments included quadrants, octants, equatorials, telescopes, and azimuth compasses and such original
contrivances as a main mast and a wooden tower 120 feet high erected on top of the observatory to permit
the use of the most powerful lenses.
Cassini continued the observational work begun in Italy using a lens made by Campani with a focal length of
seventeen feet that he had brought from Italy, as well as others even more powerful (up to a focal length of
136 feet), commissioned from either Campani or Divini, or from French lensmakers. In September 1671 he
discovered a second satellite of Saturn, Iapetus (VIII), and explained that the variations in its brightness
were due to its always turning the same face toward Saturn. In 1672 he observed a third satellite, Rhea (V),
and on 21 March 1684, two others, Tethys (III) and Dione (V). Moreover, his remarkable abilities as an
observer allowed him to discern a band on the surface of the planet and to discover, in 1675, that its ring is
subdivided into two parts, separated by a narrow band (Cassinis division). He suggested that the two parts
are constituted by the aggregation of a very great number of corpuscles, each of which is invisible and
behaves like a tiny satellite; this hypothesis has been verified by spectroscopy. Between 1671 and 1679 he
observed the features of the lunar surface and sketched an atlas that enabled him to draw a large map of
the moon, which he presented to the Academy in 1679. In 1683 he observed, following Kepler, the zodiacal
light and had the merit of considering this phenomenon as being of a cosmic, not a meteorological, order. It
is true, however, that he linked it in part to a completely false theory of the solar structure.
In 1680 the appearance of a particularly spectacular comet led Cassini back to one of his favorite subjects.
Yet while Newton drew decisive arguments from this occasion for his gravitational theory, Cassini saw in it
the confirmation of the cogency of his method of studying cometary trajectories and of his theory limiting
these trajectories to a band of the celestial vault, the cometary zodiac.
The tables of the eclipses of the satellites of Jupiter that Cassini had published in 1666 were utilized for the
determination of longitudes in the course of numerous worldwide expeditions undertaken by French
astronomers (in Denmark, the coast of France, Cayenne, Egypt, the Cape Verde Islands, and the Antilles,
among other places). As initiator of the new method, Cassini made the observations at Paris to serve as
controls and coordinated the results on a large planisphere. Beyond its geographical implications, Richers
expedition to Cayenne in 16721673 had several astronomical objectives, of which the most important was
the determination of the parallax of Mars during its opposition of 1672; it was accomplished through the
simultaneous observations made by Richer at Cayenne and by Cassini and Jean Picard in Paris. The result
obtained, 25, enabled them to fix the parallax of the sun at 9.5 (instead of 8.8) and to calculate for the first
time with a reasonable approximation the mean earth-sun distance and the dimensions of the planetary
orbits. The members of this expedition were also able to study atmospheric refraction near the equator and
to correct the tables previously published by Cassini. Finally, Richer observed that the length of a pendulum
with a frequency of once a second is less at Cayenne than at Paris, an unexpected fact whose interpretation
provoked ardent polemics for two thirds of a century. Whereas Richer thought this phenomenon could be
explained by the flattening of the earth and while Huygens quickly followed by Newton but through a
different approacharrived at this same conclusion, Cassini believed in the sphericity of the earth and
attempted to explain the phenomenon by temperature differences. Settlement of the debate required better
measurements of arcs of meridian than those taken by Picard between Paris and Amiens from 1668 to
1670. In 1683 Cassini obtained an agreement from Colbert and the king to extend the earlier measurement
(an arc of approximately 121) to an arc of 830 between the northern and southern frontiers of France.
Assisted by several collaborators, he immediately undertook to extend the meridian of Paris toward the
south, while Philippe de la Hire carried out the same operation toward the north. But in 1684 the death of
Colbert and the difficult situation of the public treasury interrupted these activities at a time when Cassini had
reached only the vicinity of Bourges. It was not until 1700 that the king decided to resume the project. With
the aid of several collaborators, including his son Jacques and his nephew Giacomo Filippo Maraldi, Cassini
measured the arc of meridian from Paris to Perpignan and, in addition, conducted various associated
geodesic and astronomical operations, which he reported on to the Academy. The result of this last great
expedition directed by Cassini led him to adopt the hypothesis of the lengthening of the terrestrial spheroid,
which was viewed favorably by the Cartesians. His direct successors, moreover, were to defend this
hypothesis with a certain obstinacy.
The traditionalist character shown by Cassinis position in this controversy is characteristic of the majority of
his theoretical conceptions. While it seems that in 1675 he narrowly preceded Rmer in formulating the
hypothesis of the finite speed of light to explain certain irregularities in the apparent movements of Jupiters
satellites, he soon rejected this explanation and, as a resolute Cartesian, combated Rmers theory, which
had the support of Huygens. Likewise Cassini was a determined opponent of the theory of universal
gravitation. Moreover, while he seems to have renounced Tycho Brahes planetary system, his
Copernicanism remained very limited, especially as he proposed to replace the Keplerian ellipses by curves
of the fourth degree (ovals of Cassini), a locus of points of which the product of the distances to two fixed
points is constant.
At the beginning of the eighteenth century, Cassinis activities declined rapidly, and his son Jacques
gradually replaced him in his various functions. His last two years were saddened by the total loss of his
sight.
Judgments on Cassinis work vary greatly. While many historians, following Jean-Baptiste Delambre, accuse
him of having found his best ideas in the writings of his predecessors and of having oriented French
astronomy in an authoritarian and retrograde direction, others insist on the importance of his work as
observer and organizer of the research at the Observatory. Although Cassinis control did restrict the
Observatorys studies and although he did fight against most of the new theories, his behavior does not
seem as uniformly tyrannical and baleful as Delambre described it. He was not a theoretician; he was,
however, a gifted observer and his indisputable discoveries are sufficient to win him a high position among
the astronomers of the pre-Newtonian generation.
I. Original Works. Most of Cassinis publications and memoirs are listed in the Catalogue gnral des livres
imprims de la Bibliothque Nationale, XXIV (Paris, 1905), cols. 678682, or in the Table gnrale des
maturs continuesdans lHistoire et dans les Mmoires de lAcadmic Royaledes Sciences, IIII (Paris,
17291734). Almost complete lists are given in A. Fabroni, Vitae Italorum doctrina excellentium, IV (Pisa,
1779), 313335, and V. Riccardi, Biblioteca matematica italiana, I (Bologna, 1887), cols. 275285; the latter,
which has been repr. in facsimile (Milan, 1952), does not cite the articles in the Journal des Savants or in the
Philosophical Transactions.
A large part of Cassinis publications subsequent to his arrival in France are collected in Recueil
dobservations faites en plusieurs voyages par ordre de S. M. pour perfectionner lastronomie et la
gographic avec divers traits astronomiques par Messieurs de lAcadmie Royale des Sciences (Paris,
1693), and in Mmoires de lAcademic Royale des Sciences depuis 1666 jusquen 1699 (Paris, 1730), vol.
VIII (Oeuvres diverses). Many MSS by Cassini or initialed by him are preserved in the Archives de
lObservatoire de Paris and at the Bibliothque de lInstitut.
II. Secondary Literature. On Cassini or his work, see F. Arago, Notices biographiques, III (Paris, 1855), 315
318; F. S. Bailly, Histoire de lastronomie moderne, II 111 (Paris, 1779); J. B. Biot, in Biographie universelle,
VII (Paris. 1813),297301, and in new ed., VII (Paris, 1844), 133136; J. D. Cassini IV, Mmoires pour servir
lhistoire des sciences et celle de lObservatoire de Paris (Paris, 1810); J. de Laland, Astronomic, 2nd
ed., I (Paris, 1771). 217220, and Bibliographie astronomique (Paris, 1802); J. B. J. Delambre, in Histoire dc
lastronomie moderne. II (Paris. 1821),686804, and table, I, LXVIILXIX: A. Fabroni, in Vitae Italorum
docirina excellentium, IV (Pisa, 1779), 197325, B. Fontenelle, loge de J. D. Cassini, in Histoire
delAcadmie rovale des Sciences [pour] 1712 (Paris, 1714), and ibid., 84106; F. Hoefer, in Nouvelle
biographic gnrale, IX (Paris, 1835), cols. 3851; C. G. Jcher, in Allgemeines gelehrten Lexicon, III
(Leipzig, 1750), cols. 17321733; J. F. Montucla, Histoire des mathmatiques, 11 (Paris, an VII[1798
1799]), 559567; and J. P. Nicron. in Mmoires pourservir lhistoire des hommes illustres, VII (Paris,
1729),287322.
Ren Taton
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Cassini, Giovanni Domenico
Space Sciences | 2002 | | Copyright
Italian Astronomer 1625-1712
Born in Perinaldo, Italy, Giovanni* Domenico Cassini (1625-1712) was an astronomer best known for his
discoveries connected with the planet Saturn. At the age of twenty-five, Cassini was named chair of
astronomy at the University of Bologna and held that position for nineteen years. He determined the rotation
rates of Jupiter in 1665, of Mars in 1666, and of Venus (erroneously) in 1667. In 1668, Cassini computed
tables that predicted the motion of Jupiter's four known moons. This led directly to Danish astronomer Ole
(or Olaus) Rmer's determination of the speed of light in 1675.
In 1669, King Louis XIV of France invited Cassini to Paris to direct the city's observatory. At the Paris
Observatory, Cassini, now using Jean Dominique as his first name, continued his astronomical observations,
at times using the extremely long "aerial telescopes" developed by Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens.
In Paris, Cassini discovered the second satellite of Saturn, Iapetus, in 1671 and correctly explained its
brightness variations. He found another satellite of Saturn, Rhea, in 1672. In 1675 Cassini observed a band
on Saturn and found that its ring had a division, now named the Cassini Division. Cassini discovered two
more of Saturn's satellites, Tethys and Dione, in 1684.
Among his other projects, Cassini used innovative methods to make the best measureat the timeof the
astronomical unit (the average distance between Earth and the Sun). Cassini also studied atmospheric
refraction and conducted a geodetic survey .
Cassini is the namesake of a joint program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the
European Space Agency, and the Italian Space Agency to study the Saturn system beginning in 2004.
see also Huygens, Christiaan (volume 2); Jupiter (volume 2); Saturn (volume 2); Small Bodies (volume 2).
Stephen J. Edberg
Abetti, Giorgio. The History of Astronomy, trans. Betty Burr Abetti. New York: Henry Schuman, 1952.
Beatty, J. Kelly. "A 'Comet Crash' in 1690?" Sky and Telescope 93, no. 4 (1997):111.
Berry, Arthur. A Short History of Astronomy (1898). New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1961.
Bishop, R., ed. Observer's Handbook, 2000. Toronto: Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 1999.
*Giovanni Domenico Cassini is sometimes known as "Gian Cassini."
Edberg, Stephen J.. "Cassini, Giovanni Domenico." Space Sciences. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2015
<http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
Edberg, Stephen J.. "Cassini, Giovanni Domenico." Space Sciences. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2015).
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3408800122.html
Edberg, Stephen J.. "Cassini, Giovanni Domenico." Space Sciences. 2002. Retrieved February 10, 2015 from
Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3408800122.html
World Encyclopedia | 2005 | Copyright
Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (16251712) French astronomer, who ran the Paris Observatory. He was the
first to accurately measure the dimensions of the Solar System, and discovered four satellites and also the
division in the rings of Saturn that now bear his name. He measured Jupiter's rotation period, and also
improved the tables of satellites.
"Cassini, Giovanni Domenico." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2015
"Cassini, Giovanni Domenico." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2015).
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-CassiniGiovanniDomenico.html
"Cassini, Giovanni Domenico." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved February 10, 2015 from Encyclopedia.com:
Facts and information from other sites
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Tray measures approximately 13-7/8" wide by 8-3/4" tall by 1-3/4" deep with 3/4" thick sides.
All are crafted from locally sourced, responsibly harvested maple hardwood.


Since 1997 we design and manufacture Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs), delivering Forklifts and Shuttles to either small and large businesses.
Shuttles can handle any product from 500 kg up to 170.000 kg. Shuttles can be fully personalized, delivered with motorized conveyors or belts on board, interfacing any production line, any automated warehouse or any robotized island.
These AGVs represent a natural replacement of traditional frontal forklifts, offering to the end user a terrific flexibility, they are capable to lift, as a standard, any pallet from 300 kg up to 6.000 kg.
VNA Forklifts are delivered with either bi-directional or tri-directional forks. Standard applications are limited to 11 m working height, but customization is always available.
The level and quality of customization of our AGV is endless: indoor, outdoor, electric power system, oversize, overweight, total payload, navigation systems, HW interfaces, SW interfaces… any AGV can be equipped with roller, motorized chain or belt conveyors, forks.
Proxaut has access to the most reliable navigation technologies within our industry. Particularly, each AGV can be configured for inductive guidance, laser guidance (LGV), inertial guidance (IGV). In most cases, each application is better suited by one specific navigation system or a combination of two of them.
Proxaut has developed a reliable and flexible SW package consisting in a traffic manager (AGVx) and a system supervisor (AGV_Gui). Proxaut can also offer a deep level of customization and integration with any ERP, WMS, MES and field PLCs.


At Dream Smiles Dental, we care about your children's dental health. We offer professional and friendly children's dentistry services and ensure that you child has an enjoyable and fun experience.
It is advised that children should first visit the dentist once the first baby tooth has erupted. This is generally around the age of 1-2. By bringing your child to regular visits to the dentist, you will be avoiding major dental treatments and costs in the future. Baby teeth are as important as they provide the blueprint for permanent teeth.
It is important to teach children daily dental care and implement a daily brushing routine. Parents should take time to set an example by committing to proper dental care as children learn by observation.
Healthy teeth is not only about daily brushing routines, but also has to do with a proper diet. Children should be taught about how sugary foods and drinks can cause tooth decay and cavities.
Dream Smiles Dental offers custom made mouthguards that will help to protect your children's growing teeth. It will also help to develop bone structures and prevent serious injuries if your child is engaged in sports and contact activities.
Dream smile dental clinic is now offering free consultation for braces. Offer is limited till 31st December, 2018.
Book a dentist appointment for your child today.


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Coronavirus Live News: Victorian Minister of Health resigns; World Health Organization warns two million people worldwide | world News
After increasing pressure on the Victorian government and its Minister of Health, Jenny Mikakos, Due to the failure of the state's hotel quarantine program, Mikakos resigned Saturday morning.
Jenny Mikakus MP #StayHomeSaveLives
(JennyMikakos)
My media statement has been attached. #Najran pic.twitter.com/h0Quxyed2P
This comes after a six-week investigation into the state's hotel quarantine program for returning international travelers, with the failure of infection control in the program, ultimately triggering the second wave of Victoria. Much of the state is now subject to strict lockdown restrictions, and borders to other Australian states remain closed or severely restricted.
Most other states and territories have chosen to use a police officer or the Australian Defense Force [ADF] From the staff to implement the hotel's quarantine program, Victoria employed private security contractors who were not well trained in infection control, the investigation had previously heard. The Prime Minister and Minister of Health came under pressure to explain why the ADF and the police had not been used.
As a reporter for Guardian Australia Josh Taylor Books on Friday.
On his long-awaited appearance at the hotel's quarantine investigation, Victorian Prime Minister Daniel Andrews said he considers his health minister, Jenny Mikakos, "to be in charge of the program."
The prime minister's written statement submitted to the investigation committee on Friday said Mikakos and Jobs Minister Martin Bakula were responsible for informing the cabinet of the program, and the couple submitted a report on the model program to the Cabinet Crisis Board on April 8.
Customs Cooperation Council [crisis council of cabinet] Minister Mikakos has been provided with regular reports containing data relevant to Victoria's response to the public health emergency, key insights from the data, in addition to other updates, including in relation to the program,
The prime minister declined to say who was behind the decision to use private security guards, but that claim likely put Andrews at odds with Health Minister Jenny Mikakos.
The health secretary's remarks in the investigation said Thursday that she was not aware of the use of security guards in the program until the outbreak at the Rydges Hotel in late May.
Mikacus issued a statement of the investigation after the release of Andrews' note, in which it denied that it misled the investigation.
The Prime Minister told the investigation that it was "extremely disappointing" that the decision regarding the private security guards was taken by a "group" of officials, without anyone being held responsible.
"I am disappointed that my integrity has sought to be undermined," Mikakos wrote in her resignation letter to the prime minister on Saturday.
"I have written today to the Victorian Governor for the resignation of my Commissions as Minister in effect today."
Mikakos also plans to resign from Parliament.
See also Right after lavish wedding in Bhilwara groom and 15 other people capture COVID-19 relatives fined by authorities
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