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Oct. 26, 2021, 4:30 p.m. EDT
10-Q: ARCH RESOURCES, INC.
(EDGAR Online via COMTEX) -- Item 2.Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this report to "Arch", "we", "us", or "our" are to Arch Resources, Inc. and its subsidiaries.
Cautionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This report contains "forward-looking statements" - that is, statements related to future, not past, events. In this context, forward-looking statements often address our expected future business and financial performance, and often contain words such as "should," "appears," "expects," "anticipates," "intends," "plans," "believes," "seeks," or "will." Forward-looking statements by their nature address matters that are, to different degrees, uncertain. For us, particular uncertainties arise from the COVID-19 pandemic, including its adverse effects on businesses, economies, and financial markets worldwide; from the impact of COVID-19 on efficiency, costs and production; from changes in the demand for our coal by the steel production and electricity generation industries; from our ability to access the capital markets on acceptable terms and conditions; from policy, legislation and regulations relating to the Clean Air Act, greenhouse gas emissions, incentives for alternative energy sources, and other environmental initiatives; from competition within our industry and with producers of competing energy sources; from our ability to successfully acquire or develop coal reserves, including the integration of our Leer South mine and its ramp up to full production levels; from operational, geological, permit, labor, transportation, and weather-related factors; from the effects of foreign and domestic trade policies, actions or disputes; from fluctuations in the amount of cash we generate from operations, which could impact, among other things, our ability to service our outstanding indebtedness and fund capital expenditures; from our ability to successfully integrate the operations that we acquire; from our ability to generate significant revenue to make payments required by, and to comply with restrictions related to, our indebtedness, including our ability to repurchase our Convertible Notes; from additional demands for credit support by third parties; from the loss of, or significant reduction in, purchases by our largest customers; from the development of future technology to replace coal with hydrogen in the steelmaking process; and from numerous other matters of national, regional and global scale, including those of a political, economic, business, competitive or regulatory nature. These uncertainties may cause our actual future results to be materially different than those expressed in our forward-looking statements. We do not undertake to update our forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required by law. For a description of some of the risks and uncertainties that may affect our future results, you should see the "Risk Factors" in Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 and subsequent Form 10-Q filings.
In the first quarter of 2020, COVID-19 emerged as a global pandemic. The continuing responses to the COVID-19 outbreak include actions that have a significant impact on domestic and global economies, including travel restrictions, gathering bans, stay at home orders, and many other restrictive measures. All of our operations have been classified as essential in the states in which we operate. We instituted many policies and procedures, in alignment with CDC guidelines along with state and local mandates, to protect our employees during the COVID-19 outbreak. These policies and procedures included, but were not limited to, staggering shift times to limit the number of people in common areas at one time, limiting meetings and meeting sizes, continual cleaning and disinfecting of high touch and high traffic areas, including door handles, bathrooms, bathhouses, access elevators, mining equipment, and other areas, limiting contractor access to our properties, limiting business travel, and instituting work from home for administrative employees. During the third quarter of 2021, vaccination rates among our workforce began to level off in alignment with national and local trends. Furthermore, with the advent of the Delta variant, infection rates among our workforce increased at certain operations, in alignment with national and local trends, and we reinstated stricter protocols at these operations. During the third quarter of 2021, over thirty unit production shifts in our metallurgical segment were adversely impacted by staffing shortfalls related to increased COVID-19 case rates, and our requisite quarantine protocols. We continue to encourage vaccination among our workforce and adjust our COVID-19 responses. We continually evaluate our policies and procedures, in accordance with CDC, state, and local guidelines, and make any necessary adjustments to respond to the particular circumstances in the areas in which we operate.
We recognize that the COVID-19 outbreak and responses thereto also continue to impact both our customers and suppliers. To date, we have not had any significant issues with critical suppliers, and we continue to communicate with them and closely monitor their developments to ensure we have access to the goods and services required to maintain our operations. Our customers have reacted, and continue to react, in various ways and to varying degrees to changes in demand for their products. Our current view of our customer demand situation is discussed in greater detail in the "Overview" section below.
Our results for the third quarter of 2021 benefited from continued improvement in metallurgical and thermal coal markets. During the third quarter of 2021, global economic growth continued to accelerate as pent up demand from the responses to the global pandemic seeks to be fulfilled. Global steel production appears to currently exceed pre-pandemic levels. At the same time, increased COVID-19 cases in certain coal producing jurisdictions, particularly Mongolia, have constrained coking coal supply, and a wetter than normal rainy season in Indonesia, has constrained thermal coal supply. Furthermore, global supply chain constraints, COVID-19 related and otherwise, have restricted hydrocarbon supplies across the energy sector. Through the third quarter of 2021, supply chain constraints have had a relatively minor impact on our shipment volumes, although we did have two coking coal vessels that we planned to ship late in the third quarter, delayed to early in the fourth quarter. If rail or vessel supply chain constraints increased in our areas of operation, our future results could be negatively impacted.
During the third quarter of 2021, accelerating global economic growth, historically high steel prices, and production and supply chain constraints, combined to drive international coking coal indices to historically high levels. Despite historically high coking coal prices, North American coking coal supply remains constrained compared to pre-COVID-19 levels. Some new supplies have been added to the market, in particular, our new Leer South longwall operation that will be ramping up production throughout the fourth quarter of 2021. Still, some of the high cost coking coal mine idlings announced during 2020 remain in place, and more recent supply disruptions also constrain supply. The duration of specific supply disruptions is unknown. We believe that under investment in the sector in recent years underlies the current market situation. In the current environment, we expect coking coal prices to be volatile. Longer term, we believe continued limited global capital investment in new coking coal production capacity, normal reserve depletion, and continuing economic growth will provide support to coking coal markets.
During the fourth quarter of 2020, a major political dispute that manifested itself as a trade dispute escalated between China, a major importer of coking coal, and Australia, the world's largest exporter of coking coal. Specifically, China has effectively banned the import of coking coal and thermal coal, among other export products, from Australia. Historical trade patterns remain disrupted, and new trade patterns have emerged in the international coking coal markets. Indices for United States (US) East Coast coking coal continued to increase during the third quarter of 2021, as strong demand, particularly from China, has had a positive impact on these markets. Australian Premium Low Volatile ("PLV") coking coal indices have also increased to historic levels as demand outside of China has increased though Australian export volumes remain below pre-pandemic levels. Recently, China has announced plans to reduce steel production. This planned reduction has not yet impacted coking coal prices, but depending on the magnitude of the reduction, could put pressure on all international coking coal indices.
Domestic thermal coal consumption increased in the third quarter of 2021, compared to the third quarter of 2020, due to significantly increased natural gas prices and continuing economic recovery from the responses to COVID-19. Longer term, we continue to believe thermal coal demand will remain pressured by continuing increases in subsidized renewable generation sources, particularly wind and solar, and planned retirements of coal fueled generating facilities. Currently, however; the significant increase in natural gas prices has led to an increase in coal fired generation. We believe coal generator stockpiles likely declined significantly during the current quarter, and domestic thermal coal indices have reached historically high levels. Importantly, this increase in domestic prices has allowed us to place significant volumes of domestic term business at prices meaningfully higher than seen prior to the third quarter of 2021. During the third quarter of 2021, international thermal coal market pricing increased to historical highs that economically support exports from our thermal operations. We continue to layer in additional thermal export commitments for the current year and 2022.
On September 29, 2020, the U.S. District Court ruled against our proposal with Peabody to form a joint venture that would have combined our Powder River Basin and Colorado mining operations with Peabody's, and we subsequently announced the termination of our joint venture efforts. We continue to pursue other strategic alternatives for our thermal assets, including, among other things, potential divestiture. We are concurrently shrinking our operational footprint at our thermal operations. During the first nine months of 2021, we have completed approximately $32.2 million of Asset Retirement Obligation (ARO) work at these operations, compared to approximately $4.5 million in the first nine months of 2020. We are also planning to establish self-funding mechanisms for these long-term reclamation liabilities at those operations. Currently, we will exercise our operational flexibility to maximize cash generation from our thermal operations. Longer term, we will maintain our focus on aligning our thermal production rates with the secular decline in domestic thermal coal demand, while adjusting our thermal operating plans to minimize future cash requirements and maintain flexibility to react to future short-term market fluctuations. We continue to streamline our entire organizational structure to reflect our long-term strategic direction as a leading producer of metallurgical products for the steelmaking industry.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2021 and 2020
Revenues. Our revenues include sales to customers of coal produced at our operations and coal purchased from third parties. Transportation costs are included in cost of coal sales and amounts billed by us to our customers for transportation are included in revenues.
Coal Sales. The following table summarizes information about our coal sales during the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020:
2021            2020        (Decrease) / Increase
Coal sales    $    594,412     $  382,261    $               212,151
Tons sold           21,005         17,128                      3,877
On a consolidated basis, coal sales in the third quarter of 2021 were approximately $212.2 million, or 55.5%, more than in the third quarter of 2020, while tons sold increased approximately 3.9 million tons, or 22.6%. Coal sales from Metallurgical operations increased approximately $127.2 million, primarily due to increased pricing. Thermal coal sales increased approximately $85.8 million due to increased pricing and volume. In the prior year quarter, our Viper operation, which was sold in December 2020, provided approximately $10.0 million in coal sales and 0.3 million tons sold. See the discussion in "Operational Performance" for further information about segment results.
Costs, expenses and other. The following table summarizes costs, expenses and other components of operating income during the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020:
in Net
2021            2020           Income
Cost of sales (exclusive of items shown
separately below)                                  $   423,826     $   345,539     $  (78,287)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization                30,760          32,630           1,870
Accretion on asset retirement obligations                5,437           4,947           (490)
Change in fair value of coal derivatives and
coal trading activities, net                            19,641           2,649        (16,992)
Selling, general and administrative expenses            21,081          21,541             460
Costs related to proposed joint venture with
Peabody Energy                                               -           4,423           4,423
Asset impairment and restructuring                           -         163,106         163,106
Other operating income, net                            (1,731)         (4,894)         (3,163)
Total costs, expenses and other                    $   499,014     $   569,941    $     70,927
Cost of sales. Our cost of sales for the third quarter of 2021 increased approximately $78.3 million, or 22.7%, versus the third quarter of 2020. In the prior year quarter, our Viper operation, which was sold in December 2020, accounted for approximately $11.8 million in cost of sales. The increase in cost of sales at ongoing operations consists of increased transportation costs of approximately $30.9 million, increased repairs and supplies costs of approximately $28.0 million, increased operating taxes and royalties resulting from higher sales prices of approximately $22.9 million, and increased compensation costs of approximately $10.7 million. These cost increases were partially offset by an increase in credit for ARO reclamation work completed primarily at our Thermal operations of approximately $4.1 million. See discussion in "Operational Performance" for further information about segment results.
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization. The decrease in depreciation, depletion, and amortization in the third quarter of 2021 versus the third quarter of 2020 is primarily due to the reduced depreciation expense of approximately $2.7 million resulting from the asset impairment we recorded in the third quarter of 2020 in our Thermal segment.
Accretion on asset retirement obligations. The increase in accretion expense in the third quarter of 2021 versus the third quarter of 2020 is primarily related to the changes in the planned timing of reclamation work to be completed at our Thermal operations, specifically at the Coal Creek mine.
Change in fair value of coal derivatives and coal trading activities, net. The costs in both the third quarter of 2021 and 2020 are primarily related to mark-to-market losses on coal derivatives that we had entered to hedge our price risk for planned international thermal coal shipments.
Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses in the third quarter of 2021 decreased versus the third quarter of 2020 due to reduced contractor services of approximately $1.6 million, partially offset by increased compensation costs of approximately $1.0 million, primarily related to higher incentive compensation accruals recorded in the third quarter of 2021.
Costs related to proposed joint venture with Peabody Energy. We incurred expenses of $4.4 million in the third quarter of 2020 associated with the regulatory approval process related to the proposed joint venture with Peabody that was terminated jointly by the parties following the Federal Trade Commission's successful lawsuit to block the joint venture.
Asset impairment and restructuring. In the third quarter of 2020, we recorded $163.1 million of impairment charges relating to three of our thermal operations, Coal Creek, West Elk, and Viper, as well as, our equity investment in Knight Hawk Holdings, LLC. For further information on our Asset Impairment costs, see Note 5, "Asset Impairment and Restructuring" to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Other operating income, net. The decrease in other operating income, net in the third quarter of 2021 versus the third quarter of 2020 consists primarily of the net unfavorable impact of certain coal derivative settlements of approximately $9.1 million, partially offset by increased income from equity investments of approximately $3.7 million.
Nonoperating expenses. The following table summarizes our nonoperating expenses during the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020:
2021              2020           in Net Income
Non-service related pension and
postretirement benefit costs                   $     (1,186)     $       (878)     $         (308)
Non-service related pension and postretirement benefit costs. The increase in non-service related pension and postretirement benefit costs in the third quarter of 2021 versus the third quarter of 2020 is primarily due to the increased postretirement benefit loss amortization in the third quarter of 2021.
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes. The following table summarizes our provision for (benefit from) income taxes for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020:
Increase (Decrease)
2021              2020              in Net Income
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes    $      (1,082)     $         379     $               1,461
See Note 12, "Income Taxes" to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of the federal income tax provision at the statutory rate to the actual provision for income taxes.
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021 and 2020
Coal Sales. The following table summarizes information about our coal sales during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020:
2021           2020         (Decrease) / Increase
Coal sales    $ 1,402,345    $ 1,107,014    $               295,331
Tons sold          52,262         47,367                      4,895
On a consolidated basis, coal sales in the first nine months of 2021 were approximately $295.3 million, or 26.7%, more than in the first nine months of 2020, while tons sold increased approximately 4.9 million tons, or 10.3%. Coal sales from Metallurgical operations increased approximately $203.9 million due to increased pricing and volume. Thermal coal sales increased approximately $109.5 million due to increased pricing and volume. In the prior year period, our Viper operation, which was sold in December 2020, provided approximately $27.1 million in coal sales and 0.7 million tons sold. See the discussion in "Operational Performance" for further information about segment results.
Costs, expenses and other. The following table summarizes costs, expenses and other components of operating income during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020:
2021           2020           Income
separately below)                                 $ 1,089,061    $ 1,036,886     $  (52,175)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization               84,441         94,105           9,664
Accretion on asset retirement obligations              16,311         14,939         (1,372)
coal trading activities, net                           28,931          3,263        (25,668)
Selling, general and administrative expenses           66,679         64,024         (2,655)
Peabody Energy                                              -         15,938          15,938
Asset impairment and restructuring                          -        176,371         176,371
Gain on property insurance recovery related to
Mountain Laurel longwall                                    -       (23,518)        (23,518)
Gain on divestitures                                        -        (1,369)         (1,369)
Other operating income, net                          (11,344)       (16,768)         (5,424)
Total costs, expenses and other                   $ 1,274,079    $ 1,363,871    $     89,792
Cost of sales. Our cost of sales for the first nine months of 2021 increased approximately $52.2 million, or 5.0%, versus the first nine months of 2020. In the prior year period, our Viper operation, which was sold in December 2020, accounted for approximately $33.9 million in cost of sales. The increase in cost of sales at ongoing operations consists of increased transportation costs of approximately $56.2 million, increased operating taxes and royalties resulting from higher sales prices of approximately $33.6 million, increased compensation costs of approximately $15.8 million, and increased repairs and supplies costs of approximately $14.7 million. These cost increases were partially offset by an increase in credit for ARO reclamation work completed primarily at our Thermal operations of approximately $26.3 million and a decrease in purchased coal costs of approximately $12.5 million. See discussion in "Operational Performance" for further information about segment results.
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization. The decrease in depreciation, depletion, and amortization in the first nine months of 2021 versus the first nine months of 2020 is primarily due to the reduced depreciation expense of approximately $8.1 million resulting from the asset impairment we recorded in the third quarter of 2020 in our Thermal segment.
Accretion on asset retirement obligations. The increase in accretion expense in the first nine months of 2021 versus the first nine months of 2020 is primarily related to the changes in the planned timing of reclamation work to be completed at our Thermal operations, specifically at the Coal Creek mine.
Change in fair value of coal derivatives and coal trading activities, net. The costs in both the first nine months of 2021 and 2020 are primarily related to mark-to-market losses on coal derivatives that we had entered to hedge our price risk for planned international thermal coal shipments.
Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses in the first nine months of 2021 increased versus the first nine months of 2020 due to increased compensation costs of approximately $4.5 million, primarily related to higher incentive compensation accruals recorded in the first nine months of 2021, partially offset by reduced IT related costs of approximately $1.4 million.
Costs related to proposed joint venture with Peabody Energy. During the first nine months of 2020, we incurred expenses of $15.9 million associated with the regulatory approval process related to the proposed joint venture with Peabody that was terminated jointly by the parties following the Federal Trade Commission's successful lawsuit to block the joint venture.
Asset impairment and restructuring. During the first nine months of 2020, we recorded $163.1 million of impairment charges relating to three of our thermal operations, Coal Creek, West Elk, and Viper, as well as, our equity investment in Knight Hawk Holdings, LLC. Also, during the first nine months of 2020, we recorded $13.3 million of employee severance expense related to voluntary separation plans that were accepted by 53 employees of the corporate staff and 201 employees of our Thermal operations. For further information on our Asset Impairment costs, see Note 5, "Asset Impairment and Restructuring" to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Gain on property insurance recovery related to Mountain Laurel longwall. During the first nine months of 2020, we recorded a $23.5 million benefit from insurance proceeds related to the loss of certain longwall shields at our Mountain Laurel operation.
Gain on divestitures. During the first nine months of 2020, we recorded a $1.4 million gain on the sale of our idle Dal-Tex and Briar Branch properties.
Other operating income, net. The decrease in other operating income, net in the first nine months of 2021 versus the first nine months of 2020 consists primarily of the net unfavorable impact of certain coal derivative settlements of approximately $14.0 million, partially offset by increased income from equity investments of approximately $5.9 million and an unfavorable impact of mark to market movements on heating oil positions of approximately $2.0 million recorded in the first nine months of 2020.
Nonoperating expenses. The following table summarizes our nonoperating expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020:


text:
CASA Staff
Volunteer Log In
CASA of Cameron & Willacy Counties
Be a part of the solution!
Take the first step to becoming a CASA advocate:
Events CASA Volunteer Training
CASA Volunteer Training
Interested in making a difference in the life of a child?
We are currently accepting applications.
our Volunteer training begins Monday, March 30th – April 9th, 2015. Sessions are held Monday through Thursday (5:30pm – 8:30pm) and one Saturday (9am – 3pm). Please contact our office if you have any questions or concerns.
This event finished on 09 April 2015.
Venue: CASA Office
Categories: Volunteer Trainings
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CASA Volunteers Make A Difference
Speak Up for a Child
"To give a child a CASA is to give them a voice. To give them a voice is to give them hope. And to give them hope is to give them the world. I believe that with all my heart."
– Pamela Butler, former foster youth
Every Child Has a Chance – It's You!®
CASA Vision & Mission
To find a safe and permanent home for abused and neglected children.
The mission of CASA of Cameron and Willacy Counties, Inc. is to be an independent voice for children who have been removed from their homes because of abuse and/or neglect. Trained community CASA volunteers work to ensure each child has a safe, loving and permanent home.
CASA of Cameron and Willacy Counties, Inc. is an equal opportunity organization. CASA prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, national origin, age, disability, or sexual orientation.
Current volunteers can sign in to our Optima database.
© 2023 CASA of Cameron and Willacy Counties | A member of the National Court Appointed Special Advocates® Association
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Glen Jackson (born April 5, 1954 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a former star linebacker for the BC Lions.

High school & College career
After playing at Notre Dame Regional Secondary School, he went on to play university football at Simon Fraser University.

Canadian Football League career
Jackson would play 12 years with the BC Lions, from 1976 to 1987, including 192 games, and two Grey Cups (1983 and 1985) and one championship (in 1985.) He was a Western All Star six times.

He selected to the Lions 50th anniversary All Time Team and is a member of the BC Lions Wall of Fame.

Post-playing career
Retired from Holy Cross Regional High School in Surrey, British Columbia.

References

1954 births
Living people
BC Lions players
Canadian football linebackers
Players of Canadian football from British Columbia
Simon Fraser Clan football players
Simon Fraser University alumni
Canadian football people from Vancouver

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Canadian Business & Current Affairs (CBCA) Database is Canada's most comprehensive and diverse full-text online database that mixes content from three centered databases: CBCA Business, CBCA Education, and CBCA Reference & Current Events. Hear the experiences of Information Systems professionals concerning the present developments and career possibilities. CBCA Reference & Current Events is a long-standing reference resource to Canadian periodicals with a broad selection policy. Rajan mentioned that a charge cut could be possible later in 2016 if a good monsoon helps in easing inflation. A global centre for digital applied sciences, the UK has an enormous number of companies ready and capable of supply goods and companies all over the world.
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All members of the BABC community chapters are invited to attend occasions of other chapters at the Member Rate. The occasion focuses on the most related enterprise drivers within the industry which have a serious influence in any kind of business, be it giant, medium or begin-ups. Here at London Business Conferences, we play our half by applying innovative considering to right this moment's enterprise challenges and being first to market with our next-technology convention subjects. However, in April 2016, progress posted by industry teams in manufacturing increased from 12 (in March 2016) to 14 (in April 2016). Critically replicate by yourself conduct, to improve your individual interpersonal and operational skills and information, in gentle of your position within the occasions industry and its influence on the economy, environment and society.


What is the frontend of a software?
While frontend is the presentation layer of a software, backend would be the "behind the scenes" of a software. When it comes to Umbraco CMS, we call the backend part of the software "backoffice".
So you could say that Umbraco frontend is the "face" of an Umbraco-based site. And the way the site is going to look like largely depends on how the Umbraco backoffice is set up.
Umbraco frontend then is what your site visitors are seeing and interacting with. This could be text, photos, videos, other illustrations.
That's because Umbraco doesn't interfere with whatever frontend code you choose to work with and doesn't mess up the end result.
You can create templates in Umbraco starting with your own markup, that means that the CMS doesn't come in your way and you have a high level of flexibility and creativity. This is exactly why Umbraco is loved by frontend developers far and wide.


Refrigerators are no more luxury products in the modern world, and almost every house has a refrigerator. People approach refrigerators several times a day and it is one of the most used and most viewed equipment at home. Brands have introduced promotional refrigerator magnets at this context of visibility and usability of refrigerators. Personalized fridge magnets are the magnetic products that can be affixed onto the metal surface of refrigerators. These magnets can be useful products like calendar magnets or notepad magnets, or purely promotional magnets with brand names and promotional messages. There are several types of fridge magnets, classified according to the size, shape and utility of them. The most common types of personalized refrigerator magnets are personalized fridge magnets, standard acrylic magnets, 2D PVC fridge magnets and ultra thin refrigerator magnets.
Customized fridge magnets are the variant, widely used for promotional purposes. They come with custom shape, designs and messages. They come as car shaped, house shaped, mug shaped airplane shaped etc… Custom magnets can be manufactured in any desired shape. Customization helps them to be attractive and eye grabbing. People use personalized fridge magnets as decorative items; thus custom shaped magnets become great products to serve the purpose of fridge decoration. Most of the custom magnets are used by brands to popularize their products and services. Affixed to the refrigerators, they promote brands and their business for practically long periods of time.
Standard acrylic magnets are another variant in refrigerator magnets. Being manufactured in durable thick acrylic, they remain durable for longer periods and offer lasting advertisements and extended promotional results. Acrylic magnets are attractive and best decorative products. They come in multi color printing and also with laminated finishes. There are several material used to print the promotional messages, but the acrylic magnets are outstanding when the durability and promotional effects are concerned.
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Ultra thin magnets are most loved products as they look great on every refrigerator. The thinnest magnet comes at a size of 0.5ml thickness. This will make the magnets not bulging out on the surfaces. They can also be used for offices. Ultra thin magnets are easy to carry and the strong magnetic power helps them getting affixed on the surfaces strong for longer periods. Thick magnets are not impressive as they project outward on the surfaces and affixing many of such on a fridge will make the entire surface looking dull. Many brands use ultra thin magnets as effective products for brand promotion.


A beautiful, Kraft paper advent calendar featuring 25 shaped and stitched pockets of Santa and his Reindeer flying through stars and clouds. A magical countdown to Christmas guaranteed to look stunning and delight the family.
We had such fun designing this fun and eye-catching advent calendar. It started with Betsy getting busy with her watercolours and painting a dark blue inky pattern. We then used this to fill in our five reindeer and Santa in his sleigh, printing them on to thick textured white Kraft paper. The remaining pockets are formed as clouds or stars and when all hung together it gives the impression of Santa and his trusty stags flying through the sky with a sack full of gifts.
Each shape is individually stitched with white cotton and an opening is left for you to add your Advent treats. Will you add chocolates, jokes, funny little Christmas tasks or tiny gifts such as Lego minifigs or glittery lipgloss? The pockets are quite generous so you can be creative with the kind of treat you want in your daily advent.
Choose how you wish to display this whimsical Advent calendar as each shape is strung separately. We love hanging them all together above a sideboard for example, but each individual shape would also look good adorning a tree!
Supplied with a length of white satin ribbon for handy hanging arrangements.
If you're careful we think you could use this calendar again next year. Or for some imaginative recycling, you could stick each shape on to the front of a blank card and use them as thank you notes after Christmas!
Each shape is approximately 13cm square.
White kraft paper and cotton.


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text:
\section{Introduction}
Study of optical properties of semiconductor quantum dots
is largely driven by potential applications afforded by
their size-dependent bandgap and exciton spectra, such as
solar cells, \cite{solar} lasers, \cite{laser} and fluorescent tags
in byotechnology applications. \cite{tags1,tags2}
In addition, quantum dots are excellent testing grounds
for the applicability of various theoretical models.
One of the most common features of quantum dots
is the photoluminescence redshift
relative to absorption (also called Stokes shift).
There are various causes for the Stokes shift, most common is due to non-resonant
absorption in the existence of large size variation in the sample.
However even when the non-resonant component has been eliminated, e.g, by the florescence line
narrowing techniques (FLN) where only the largest quantum dots are excited,
there can still exist the Stokes shift. This resonant Stoke shift is usually caused by
a dark exciton ground state, but the nature of this dark ground state
can vary. A common dark ground state is caused by the exchange interaction
between the electron and the hole producing a spin triplet ground state which is
spin-forbidden for optical transition. \cite{CdSe1,CdSe4}
Another possibility consists of the electron and hole having
different spatial envelope function symmetries.
Since it is relatively rare, this spatial symmetry induced dark
exciton ground state has been actively pursued in quantum dots.
It has been indicated in previous theoretical and
experimental studies that the exciton ground state
of a CdS quantum dot is one such candidate. \cite{CdS1,CdS_kp1}
In this work, we will use ab initio accuracy
calculation to re-investigate this problem.

The use of the {\bf k$\cdot$p}
theory to theoretically investigate the structure of energy levels and
exciton states of spherical quantum dots has been very popular.
\cite{kp1,kp2,kp3,kp4,kp5,kp6}
It has been shown by various authors, including ourselves, that \cite{CdS1,CdS_kp1,kp6}
based on the {\bf k$\cdot$p} calculations,
the CdS QDs exciton ground state is an optically passive
``dark exciton'' for sufficiently small QDs because the hole ground state
has an $P$-like envelope function.
While the same have been found for CdSe and CdTe quantum dots, \cite{kp6}
the results depend sensitively on the {\bf k$\cdot$p} parameters used.
In contrast, for CdS quantum dots almost all reasonable {\bf k$\cdot$p}
parameters, and even different {\bf k$\cdot$p} Hamiltonian models
(including cubic and wurtzite crystal field splitting)
predict the same
$P$-like hole ground state, thus indicating the spatial symmetry induced dark exciton.
With increasing quantum dot size the hole
ground state within the {\bf k$\cdot$p} framework eventually becomes
a bright 1S$_{3/2}$ state.
This result has seemingly been confirmed by the large values of observed Stokes shift in
CdS quantum dots, \cite{CdS1,CdS_kp1,CdS_kp2,CdS_kp3} the calculated 1P$_{3/2}$-1S$_{3/2}$
splitting values were shown to fit the observed values of resonant Stokes
shift. \cite{CdS1}

While the {\bf k$\cdot$p} model had first successfully predicted
the S-like state as the VBM in CdSe QDs \cite{kp4},
using a different set of {\bf k$\cdot$p} parameters
generated from the pseudopotential bulk band structure
it predicts the P-like state as the VBM, in contrast to the direct
pseudopotential results \cite{CdSe_pseudo}. This shows that the {\bf k$\cdot$p} and the
pseudopotential methods can predict different S/P ordering for the same set
of {\bf k$\cdot$p} parameters.
Unfortunately, the pseudopotential Hamiltonian
for CdS quantum dot was previously unavailable, therefore previous theoretical
studies on CdS quantum dot have been limited to {\bf k$\cdot$p}-type calculations
or tight-binding calculations. \cite{kp2,CdS1,CdS2,CdS_kp1,CdS_kp2,CdS_kp3}
Recently, we have developed an ab initio accuracy charge patching method.
This method can be used to calculate nanosystems of any given semiconductor material.
A previous quantum dot/quantum wire  calculation using this method
for thirteen different semiconductor materials \cite{LW_JB_dots} have demonstrated
an excellent agreement between the calculated and experimental
optical band gaps. Here, we will apply this method to re-investigate the dark
exciton problem in CdS quantum dots.

The detailed recipe for our charge patching method calculations is
given in Ref. \onlinecite{LW_JB_dots}, here we only give a briefly outline.
The CdS quantum dots are assumed to have wurtzite structure with
lattice constants $a=4.12$ \AA~ and $c=6.73$ \AA.
The quantum dot effective radii $R_{eff}$ is determined from
estimating the number of atoms in a sphere of radius $R_{eff}$, assuming
equal density of atoms in a quantum dot and the bulk.
We are considering quantum dots (CdS)$_{43}$, (CdS)$_{92}$, (CdS)$_{183}$,
(CdS)$_{437}$, (CdS)$_{874}$, (CdS)$_{4586}$
(the subscript is the total number of Cd and S atoms),
which have effective radii
6.32 \AA, 8.15 \AA, 10.24 \AA, 13.70 \AA, 17.26 \AA, and 30 \AA~ respectively.
The calculations were performed with the plane-wave pseudopotential
method, using local density approximation (LDA) and norm-conserving
pseudopotentials. The plane wave energy cut-off of 35 Ry was used in all
calculations. A well known LDA shortcoming of underestimating
the bandgaps and the electron effective mass was corrected
by modifying the nonlocal pseudopotentials
(after Ref. \onlinecite{LW_JB_dots}),
such that the electron effective mass in the bulk is in a very good agreement
with experiment, i.e. $m_e=0.213m_0$ calculated here, versus $m_e=0.210m_0$
measured, \cite{reference} and the bandgap is partially corrected
(it is not possible to correct both simultaneously), i.e. $E_g=2.16$
eV calculated versus $E_g=2.58$ eV measured \cite{reference}
(uncorrected LDA yields \cite{LW_JB_dots}
$m_e=0.127m_0$ and $E_g=1.315$ eV).
Spin-orbit coupling is included
and adjusted to yield $\Delta_{SO}$=0.068 eV corresponding to the
experimental value. \cite{reference}
In order to eliminate the quantum dot surface dangling bond states
and keep the system charge neutral
we passivate the surface with pseudo-hydrogen
following Ref. \onlinecite{LW_thousand}. A surface atom of valency
$m$ is passivated with a pseudo-atom with $Z=(8-m)/4$, therefore
Cd and S are passivated with H($Z=1.5$) and H($Z=0.5$), respectively.

The charge patching method \cite{LW_patching} is used in order to obtain the
self-consistent quality real space charge distribution in the quantum dot, without
having to perform direct LDA calculations, which for the sizes of
the systems considered here are prohibitively expensive.
Here, only small prototype systems are computed self-consistently
for different atoms and their local environments to generate the
motif charge densities . These charge motifs
are then used to assemble the total charge density for the entire
quantum dot. Knowing the charge density the corresponding LDA potential
is generated and the Hamiltonian of a given quantum dot is
constructed. The band edge eigenstates of this single particle
Hamiltonian are then
solved using the folded spectrum method. \cite{folded}

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=3.0 in,height=2.5 in]{VBM_wrtS.eps}
\caption{Size dependence of the valence band energies
without electron-hole Coulomb interaction
in CdS quantum dots, plotted relative to the
top of the valence band, 1S$_{3/2}$ state.
The inset shows the hole energies of the 1P$_{3/2}$ and  1S$_{3/2}$ states as a
function of the quantum dot size, relative to the bulk
valence band maximum, calculated with the
spherical {\bf k$\cdot$p} method. The effective mass parameters
used are, $\gamma_1=2.31$, $\gamma_2=0.79$, and $\Delta_{SO}=0.068$ eV.
\label{fig: E_noCoulomb}}
\end{figure}

Our calculated single particle eigenenergies for the valence band
are shown in Fig.\ref{fig: E_noCoulomb}.
Our calculation produces a 1S$_{3/2}$ state as the top
of the valence band, and the energies in Fig.\ref{fig: E_noCoulomb}
are plotted relative to this state.
For quantum dots in the region of  $R_{eff}>17$\AA~ the 1P$_{3/2}$
is the second hole state. For smaller quantum dots, there is another S$_{3/2}$
state above the 1P$_{3/2}$ state.
Even for the largest QD calculated here, i.e. (CdS)$_{4586}$ with
effective radius of $R_{eff}=30$\AA, we do not observe a
S-to-P hole groundstate transition, and 1S$_{3/2}$ is still a groundstate.
On the contrary, the $6\times6$ {\bf k$\cdot$p} theory in the
spherical approximation, using the effective mass
parameters derived from our ab initio bulk band structure
($\gamma_1=2.31$, $\gamma_2=0.64$, $\gamma_3=0.89$, $\Delta_{SO}=0.068$ eV,
$E_p=16.6$ eV, $E_g=2.16$ eV, $m_e=0.21m_0$, and in the spherical
approximation $\gamma_{2,3}=0.79$),
yields the 1P$_{3/2}$ groundstate,
rather than the 1S$_{3/2}$ state, as shown in
the inset to Fig. \ref{fig: E_noCoulomb}.
For this set of parameters the P-to-S hole groundstate transition
occurs at the QD effective radius of $\sim$100\AA.
This is similar to other {\bf k$\cdot$p} calculations even
though {\bf k$\cdot$p} parameters used might be somewhat
different. \cite{kp2,kp6,CdS1} (Note, the caption of Fig. 5 in Ref. \onlinecite{CdS1}
is in error. The energy is given in the units of $\varepsilon_0=\gamma_1/(2R^2)$
not $\varepsilon_0=\gamma_1/(2R)^2$, and the $x$-axis is $0.529177 \times R$(nm),
not $R$(nm).)
Note, that the $8\times8$ {\bf k$\cdot$p} formula should give qualitatively
similar results due to the large bandgap.
Since the {\bf k$\cdot$p} predicts 1P$_{3/2}$ hole groundstate
for $R_{eff}<100$\AA, our calculations indicate that
it is possible that the size range of
$\sim$40\AA~$<R_{eff}<$ 100\AA,
the 1P$_{3/2}$ is indeed the hole groundstate.
However, the possible spatial symmetry induced dark exciton in that size range
cannot be used to explain the experimentally observed Stokes shift, which is
in the range of 15 - 70 meV, while the spatial dark exciton in that size range
will have a Stokes shift of 0.6 - 6 meV, as predicted by the
{\bf k$\cdot$p} model.
The {\bf k$\cdot$p} method has been known to predict different ordering
(and even omission) of the electronic levels in quantum dots \cite{CdSe_pseudo}
when compared to ab initio pseudopotential method.
There has been a debate in the literature as to the proper comparison
of the {\bf k$\cdot$p} and the ab initio methods \cite{debate}.
While describing the bulk
reasonably well, the two methods can give qualitatively different results
when applied to a nanocrystal
(for a very detailed study see also Ref. \onlinecite{comparison}).
Here we present another particular case of such disagreement.

To compare our results with experimental optical measurements,
in addition to the single particle energies,
we need to calculate the exciton energies.
Exciton energies of optical transitions
in the strong confinement regime, where correlation effects are negligible,
can be calculated from the:
\begin{equation}
E_{ex}=\varepsilon_c - \varepsilon_v - E^{C}_{cv}-E^X_{cv},
\label{Exciton_energy}
\end{equation}
where, $\varepsilon_c$ and $\varepsilon_v$ are the single-particle
conduction and valence states energies, respectively, and $E^{C}_{cv}$
is the electron-hole Coulomb energy, obtained as \cite{direct_coulomb}
\begin{equation}
E^{C}_{cv}=\int \int \frac{|\psi_c({\bf x}_1)|^2 |\psi_v({\bf x}_2)|^2}{\epsilon({\bf r}_1-{\bf r}_2)|{\bf r}_1-{\bf r}_2|} d {\bf x}_1 d{\bf x}_2
\label{Coulomb}
\end{equation}
where, ${\bf x}\equiv({\bf r},\sigma)$ includes both spatial ${\bf r}$ and
spin $\sigma=\uparrow,\downarrow$ variables, $\epsilon({\bf r}_1-{\bf r}_2)$
is a position-dependent dielectric function (described below), and $\psi_c({\bf x})$
and $\psi_v({\bf x})$ are the wavefunctions for the conduction and
valence states, respectively.
The exciton energies can be further split by the electron-hole exchange
interaction $E^X_{cv}$ in Eq.(\ref{Exciton_energy}).
The exchange integral $E^X_{cv}$ is calculated as:
\begin{equation}
E^{X}_{cv}=\int \int \frac{\psi_{v}^*({\bf x}_1) \psi_{c}^*({\bf x}_2) \psi_{c}({\bf x}_1)  \psi_{v}({\bf x}_2)}{\epsilon({\bf r}_1-{\bf r}_2)|{\bf r}_1-{\bf r}_2|} d {\bf x}_1 d{\bf x}_2 .
\label{Exchange}
\end{equation}
In using the model dielectric function
$\epsilon({\bf r}_1-{\bf r}_2)$ we follow the procedure outlined in
Ref. \onlinecite{LW_screen}, where the short range exchange interaction
is essentially unscreened while the long range exchange interaction is
screened significantly.
Note that, to get the exchange splitting of the exciton energy,
Eq.(\ref{Exciton_energy}) needs to be
diagonalized among a few Kramers doublet spin configurations,
which are degenerate
under the first three terms in Eq.(\ref{Exciton_energy}).

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=3.0 in,height=2.5 in]{Exciton_Coul.eps}
\caption{Size dependence of the energies of excitons constructed from different
valence band states
including electron-hole Coulomb interaction.
The inset shows the energy difference between the 1P$_{3/2}$ and  1S$_{3/2}$
valence state constructed excitons
as a function of the CdS quantum dot size.
\label{fig: E_Coulomb}}
\end{figure}

The calculated exciton energies using Eq.(\ref{Exciton_energy})
without the $E_{cv}^X$ term are shown in Fig.\ref{fig: E_Coulomb}.
The inset to Fig.\ref{fig: E_Coulomb} shows the
1S$_{3/2}$ and 1P$_{3/2}$ energy difference which
include electron-hole Coulomb interaction
as a function of the QD radius.
The $E_{1P_{3/2}}-E_{1S_{3/2}}$ difference for the exciton has
been enlarged compared to the single particle energies.
This is because the 1S$_{3/2}$ hole state has larger
Coulomb interaction energy with the electron than the 1P$_{3/2}$ hole.
Indeed, in the literature, there are reports of order changing in exciton
states due to this Coulomb energy difference. \cite{CdS_kp2} In our
case, it just makes the $P$-like hole state dark exciton less likely.

We then add in the exchange interaction, and calculate the exciton
exchange splitting for our calculated 1S$_{3/2}$ hole ground state exciton,
therefore producing a spin-forbidden dark exciton.
While there is no debate about the screening in the electron-hole
Coulomb interaction,
there exists a controversy regarding screening of the electron-hole exchange
interaction in excitons.
For example, when calculating optical properties in Si quantum dots
\cite{unscreened_X} and hydrogenated Si clusters \cite{unscreened_X2}
authors have calculated exciton energy structure with unscreened
exchange interaction, following the argument that in the Bethe-Salpeter
equation \cite{Sham_Rice} for the excitonic state the exchange term should be
unscreened, otherwise leading to improper diagrams.
Recently, however, it was shown \cite{screen_Bethe} that when the
two-particle Green's function is constructed from a small set of
particle-hole states, it may be appropriate to screen the electron-hole
exchange interaction.
Therefore, in this work, along with the screened electron-hole exchange
splitting we also calculate unscreened exchange splitting for comparison.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=3.0 in,height=2.5 in]{Exchange_final.eps}
\caption{Electron-hole exchange splitting in comparison with experimentally
measure resonant Stokes shift. Experimental data is deduced from
Ref.\onlinecite{CdS1} (Z. Yu et al.) and from Ref.\onlinecite{CdS2}
(M. Chamarro et al.), measured with
resonant photoluminescence (RPL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE).
\label{fig: exchange}}
\end{figure}

The results are summarized in Fig. \ref{fig: exchange}, where
we plot the singlet-triplet exciton energy splitting for the screened
exchange interaction,
unscreened exchange interaction, and experimental data taken from
Refs. \onlinecite{CdS1} and \onlinecite{CdS2}.
The overall trend of the electron-hole exchange splitting agrees with
the experimental data for the resonant Stokes shift.
The experiment seems to favor the unscreened
electron-hole exchange splitting results.
This is in agreement with a previous tight-binding study \cite{CdS2}
where the exchange
interaction was also unscreened. On the other hand,
there is a systematic discrepancy between the experiment and
calculated values of the screened electron-hole exchange splitting.
Overall, our results indicate that singlet-triplet splitting
could be responsible for the observed values of the resonant Stokes
shift in the experiment.
In order to confirm this theoretical prediction we propose an experiment
in which the resonant Stokes shift is measured as a function of
applied external magnetic field.
The linear dependence of the Zeeman splitting on the external
magnetic field could be detected from the Stokes shift measurement. \cite{CdSe1}

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=3.2 in,height=1.7 in]{sym_asym3.eps}
\caption{Symmetric (a) and asymmetric (b) CdS quantum dots.
The asymmetric dots exhibit a much (two orders of magnitude) smaller
radiative lifetimes for P-type hole states, compared with symmetric dots.
\label{fig: sym_asym}}
\end{figure}

Last, to further study the possibility of the $P$-like hole
induced spatial dark exciton,
we have examined the geometry dependence of the spatial dark exciton
radiative life time.
Note that the quantum dot (wurtzite) structures considered so far
are highly symmetric.
Namely, there is a 120 degree rotation symmetry along the dot center $z$-axis
(looking down in Fig. \ref{fig: sym_asym}).
However, quantum dots obtained in experiment will
always have some structural imperfections, away from the perfect
symmetric shape. It is therefore interesting to study the influence of such
imperfection on the rate of optical transitions.
Here we calculate radiative lifetimes $\tau$, following
Ref. \onlinecite{lifetime}.
Experimentally measured values for the radiative lifetimes
are \cite{CdS1} $\sim$180 ns for the slow
component of the luminescence at the temperature of 10 K
which corresponds to the radiative recombination of the
optically passive state.
In our calculations for the symmetric quantum dot [Fig.\ref{fig: sym_asym}(a)] we obtain
radiative lifetimes of 1 ns for $S$-like states,
and very long ($> 1000$ ns) lifetime for P-like states, the latter is at least an order of
magnitude larger than observed in experiment.
We then calculated a similar sized quantum dot with its axial symmetry removed
[Fig.\ref{fig: sym_asym}(b)]. As a result, the
radiative lifetime of the dark 1P$_{3/2}$ induced exciton
decreases sharply to $\sim$20 ns, much smaller than the observed experimental lifetime.
Since it is hard to expect perfect symmetric structures in the
experiment, this result further supports the idea that the
experimentally observed Stoke shift
is not caused by the spatial dark exciton,
rather it might be caused by the exchange interaction
induced spin-forbidden dark exciton.
Note that the spin-forbidden dark exciton will not be eliminated by the
change of spatial shape of the quantum dot, and the CdS
experimental lifetime of $\sim$180 ns (QD of $R=11$~\AA~ at $T=10$ K) is
similar to the dark exciton lifetime in CdSe
(210 ns for DQ of $R=13$~\AA~ at $T=12$ K) \cite{new_CdSe_lifetime}
where it is known that the dark exciton is caused by the exchange splitting.

In summary,
we have performed calculations of exciton states, optical properties, and
electron-hole exchange splitting in CdS quantum dots. The results indicate
that the previous {\bf k$\cdot$p} method wrongly assigned the top of valence band
for small ($R_{eff}< 30$\AA) CdS quantum dots. Our hole ground state is found
to be bright S-state, rather than dark P-state predicted by the
{\bf k$\cdot$p} method. As a consequence, the dark exciton is not spatially
forbidden in CdS quantum dot. Our calculation indicates that the exchange splitting
might be responsible  for the dark exciton and the observed Stoke shift. We recommend the
magnetic field experiments to further resolve this issue.

We would like to thank Joshua Schrier for helping with the
charge patching code, Byounghak Lee for useful discussions.
This work was supported by the Director, Office of Energy Research, Office of Science, and
Division of Material Science, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No.
DE-AC02-05CH11231. It used the resources of National
Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
LIGHT. REPEATED IS SHEER BEAUTY BY ELLIE FORD
'FELL FOR THE WORLD' SEES THE WELCOMED RETURN OF RAINY
acoustic folk
chilled acoustic
Fell for the World sees the welcome return of the multi-talented Rainy. His previous releases, What it all Boils Down To and Hold to the Rhythm, were both well received. They offered a chilled acoustic sound described as Bill Withers meets Jack Johnson.
The album begins with "Strangest of Circumstance" which sets the tone of the album with its laid-back blend of acoustic vibes. The gentle use of the guitar, drums, and piano creates a soothing atmosphere. Rainy's great vocal presence caps off this impressive start.
It is difficult not to notice the relaxed tone that this album has to offer. This is why it has been compared to artists such as Jack Johnson, Paul Simon and Xavier Rudd. It makes you want to kick back, relax and enjoy.
This soundtrack is all created by the man himself who performs using an array of instruments which range from acoustic guitar, piano, bass and various other percussion instruments. He receives a little help from Marcelo Andrade who uses the Rabeca (Brazilian Violin) on "Wishing Well."
"Wishing Well" is also a great example of how he records each separate instrument and layers them to create a beautiful sound. It is one of many great examples of his music engineering and producing talents at work. This track features the use of a sitar, banjo, flute, and some throat singing. Its combination creates such a relaxed tone that is a delight to hear.
With such an impressive soundtrack, you need an impressive vocal performance to go with it. Rainy confirms that he has this ability. He brings a gentle tone that is soothing and compelling. There is also a subtle amount of emotion within his voice which gives more soul to his lyrics. It all combines to create a storytelling element to his work as "Home" highlights. From start to finish his story sweeps you away, thanks to one of his best vocal performances.
Fell For The World by Rainy and The Dust
'Fell for the World' by Rainy was worth the wait
Fell for the World is one of those albums which shows no weakness. It has so many impressive tracks that it is difficult to choose a favourite. "Not Lead to the Light" is one that continues to stand out with each listen. The use of the resonator guitar and harmonica gives the track a cool bluesy tone. It's not his usual type of sound but it's one that fits him well. His vocals are put to great use to share its message about changing your ways to make your life better. Its hook helps to shares this message: "We could spend our whole lives / Chasing these shadows around / Only to find / The way becomes the chains that bind you inside / we turn the wrong way / This road will not lead to the light."
"Still Here" is another personal highlight with its gentle use of the guitar and vocals. This combination sets the stage for Rainy's story to be told. He does so with a style that is similar to the great storytellers such as Dave Van Ronk. The song flows effortlessly with its positive tone which is mirrored by lyrics such as "So bring your smile / And spread your cheer / Make true the wise / While we're still here / 'Cos we're still here."
Overall, Fell for the World is an album has an infectious warmth that will capture a lot of people's attention. When a songwriter puts this much of their soul in their work like this, it is difficult to resist.
Rainy is already working on new material. He is also looking forward to playing Fell for the World live and is planning to tour Europe and parts of the US. This new chapter in the music from Rainy has only just begun.
acoustic folk chilled acoustic Rainy
Beatnik Neon "Rides" again with new single Previous
Bittersweet Machines Proves There Is "No Bad Horizon" Next
KEV MINNEY TELLS US 'GOD IS AN ALGORITHM'
'CLAIRE' IS THE STUNNING NEW SINGLE BY MICHAEL BAKER
Tom Speight releases his debut album 'Collide'
'HOT HANDED' BY SINCERE DECEIVERS OFFERS MORE THAN JUST A NEW SINGLE
Hayley Gia Hughes Is No Longer '#Invisible' https://t.co/SRhyWYVfq9 #review #hayleygiahughes #singer


text:
Home > Stealth > Review: Echo (PlayStation 4)
Review: Echo (PlayStation 4)
Review by Matt S.
A shooter that manages to be intelligent is a rare, precious thing. Not just intelligent in the sense of it being "anti-war" or subversive, such as games like the recent Wolfenstein titles or Spec Ops: The Line. Nor just in the way that it plays with a long-established formula to do something genuinely different, as we see in titles like Superhot. No, I'm talking about games that are bona fide philosophical in nature and intent, and muse on the kind of topics that people doing those art degrees that everyone who hasn't done them likes to think are useless. Those degrees are not actually useless, of course, because being able to think with philosophical depth is important in being able to analyse and understand the world, and we need a lot more of that going around.
But before I go on a great long digression there, the point is that very few games, let alone shooters, would dare to ask players to actually think of this stuff. And yet that's exactly what Echo does. And Echo is a genius game. It's impressive on so many levels, but perhaps the most impressive thing about it is that, where so many philosophical art games struggle to make themselves palatable to people who haven't run through a couple of years of a philosophy degree, Echo is still a brilliant and innovative mix of stealth and shooter action. As such, it's one of those rare games I can comfortably recommend to anyone.
It all starts with a young woman and her AI (or possibly human over a communications platform - it's not immediately made clear) ally. They're the only two on a spaceship that's on its way to a remote planet, and they are heading that way to "save" another person, a situation that the AI fellow blames the woman for. Their relationship is hostile, and we don't really get a sense for why at first. Indeed, everything makes little sense at first, and more questions are raised before the answers start to come in thick and fast. The planet, for example, is completely covered with pristine white structures, which are crumbling underneath, but give the impression that the entire planet is nothing but a flat plain of white sand, snow or salt. How did these structures get here and why is nobody actually on the planet? We just don't know.
I think this game gonna be smart #PS4sharehttps://t.co/xM1WToWnFm pic.twitter.com/0OmOk8oP8T
— DDNet Says Vote Yes (@DigitallyDownld) October 12, 2017
Then we discover that the woman belongs to a particular species or religious organisation (again, it's not entirely clear at first), and that this planet, and more particularly what is inside the structures, is the holiest of holy sites to her people - not that she really knows why.
And then things start getting really weird.
Upon entering the structure, which turns out to be a planet-wide mansion of the greatest opulence, the woman descends deep inside, at which point she somehow triggers some kind of power surge. When the lights come back on, the mansion begins to be populated with hostile creatures, which happen to look just like the woman. It gets worse. At first the creatures can barely move, but frequently the lights will go back out, and each time these creatures are somehow "reset" back to their original positions… but each time having obtained greater abilities. At first they won't go near water. Then they start wandering through it comfortably. At first they can't open doors, but then they can. Then they can fire guns. It just gets worse and worse for the poor woman, who by this point just wants out.
It becomes clear soon enough that these creatures are actually learning by observing the woman's own behaviour and movements. They are echoes; becoming more deadly as they come to understand and then mimic their prey. And through this all we are constantly bombarded by a narrative dense in existential theory and debate. Any game, book, film or whatever that uses a line to the effect of "you keep trying to find meaning when there is none," is a game, book, film or whatever that has been made by a person or group of people where at least one of them has studied the likes of Jean-Paul Sartre and Søren Kierkegaard. Yep, that's one of the many stock standard philosophy lines thrown in through this game's running time.
Existentialism is, of course, a philosophy that people often misattribute to be predominantly focused on the question of "what is life?" There's an element of that from some existentialist thinkers, but in actual fact, existentialist thinking generally is much more concerned with the concept of authenticity, or the question of how true a person is to themselves, even in the face of outside pressures and forces. In Echo we see this continually play out, with the young protagonist being forced to face herself, and violently conflict with her own behaviours and personality in order to survive. It's very much a story of this authenticity, and philosophy majors will get a real kick out of thinking through the ramifications of the hypothetical world that Echo posits.
But that's just one discussion that they - or you - could have with Echo. One of the incredible things about this game is just how densely layered its themes are. Two other very apparent and very immediate themes that the game presents is a deconstruction on religion and faith; what it means to have faith in something unknowable (for the woman has never been to the mansion and was never truly sure it existed, even as she believed in it). Her beliefs also have caused her to do things that her logical AI ally apparently finds repugnant, and the game definitely has that age-old tension between religion and academic logic playing out.
The other immediately obvious theme - one that is very timely at the moment - is that of progress in artificial intelligence, and the threat that poses. The echoes that the woman fights against are programs of a sort - artificial beings created within the mansion labyrinth. At first the are nothing but the equivalent of "raw code", flopping around in the most primitive fashion. But they learn, and eventually become complex beings that are a far more intelligent - and therefore great - threat. This is an explicit warning against the growing threat posed by allowing AI development to go unchecked.
And there are more themes that you'll take from this game that I didn't. Part of Echo's genius is that it is so very open-ended in terms of the way that the narrative can be interpreted. Another person might draw some meaning out of the opulence of the mansion's design, while yet another might see it in the context of the science fiction genre and draw some conclusions there. Still other people might look at the distinctive, stunning art design and architecture and draw themes out of that. There are gender and feminist themes in there. Regardless of where your academic interests might like, Echo will have something to catch your attention.
Or you can ignore all of that entirely. Mechanically, Echo is a budget stealth action game, but one of the most refined and smartly designed ones that I've ever played. And it is fundamentally so enjoyable. Most of the time, the echoes that threaten your protagonist will have overwhelming numbers, and it doesn't take much to put her down, so you'll need to be smart about surveying the landscape, planning out a route to the objective, and then pushing through as quickly and efficiently as possible. Perhaps most importantly, however, is the way that the echoes learn your character's movements and skills, and start to use those against her. However the developers managed to structure this is beyond me, but the game absolutely feels like it adapts and becomes more complex as you play along, which makes it all the more challenging (after all, you're being asked to out-think yourself), and is a piece of genuine innovation in a genre that has long become stale. I will bet that big blockbuster developers will crib this game's ideas in one way or another as some point, in one of their own productions.
Speed is critical, because there's a specific rhythm to which the lights go out and everything gets reset. You'll have a couple of seconds where the lights will go out, and then there'll be a drumming sound, and then everything will blank out. A second later, the screen will fade in, fully lit again, and the echoes - including any you might have killed, will be back in their original places. Sometimes this works out for the better - when a swarm of them are chasing you, having them thrown back to their starting place provides a second of relief. But most of the time it simply makes things harder all over again, so you'll want to finish your objectives in as few "resets" as possible.
You've got limited ammo for your gun and energy for your suit (which you can use to get a burst of speed, or push an enemy down, or vault over a table or balcony to the floor below. So, again, careful planning and accurate execution is the name of the game. I'm not very good at these kinds of games, so I took multiple retries to get through most of the game's challenges, but each time I learned a little better about how to get around the hordes. Perhaps I'm an echo myself, learning from my avatar's progress... yep, mind blown.
More seriously, the checkpoint system is generous and the game's intention is never to keep you locked into one area too long. It has a potent story to tell, after all. So you'll make mistakes, learn, and move onto the next challenge. Because there's so much trial-and-error and restarting involved I couldn't put an exact time on what it would take to finish Echo. It took me a while, but speedrunners will probably fly through it. For most it'll be a relatively brief, but very enjoyable diversion, I suspect.
Backed by gorgeous production values and, critically, voice acting that's able to carry the nuance this script demands, Echo is distinctive, characteristic and artful. It's not a stretch to say it's probably the smartest shooter that I've ever played, and it's exactly the kind of thing that I've been waiting for from the genre. It's a game that didn't need multiplayer, loot boxes, unlockables or experience bars, or any of the other features that bloat down the modern shooter genre. It's simply a single player game that has the confidence to be smart, and faith that the player will either "get it", or at least enjoy the innovative and creative gameplay enough to have a good time anyway. On either level, Echo is a resounding win.


(a) "Digital network" means any online-enabled technology application service, website, or system offered or used by a transportation network company which enables the prearrangement of rides with transportation network company drivers.
(b) "Prearranged ride" means the provision of transportation by a TNC driver to a rider, beginning when a TNC driver accepts a ride requested by a rider through a digital network controlled by a transportation network company, continuing while the TNC driver transports the rider, and ending when the last rider exits from and is no longer occupying the TNC vehicle. The term does not include a taxicab, for-hire vehicle, or street hail service and does not include ridesharing as defined in s. 341.031, carpool as defined in s. 450.28, or any other type of service in which the driver receives a fee that does not exceed the driver's cost to provide the ride.
(c) "Rider" means an individual who uses a digital network to connect with a TNC driver in order to obtain a prearranged ride in the TNC driver's TNC vehicle between points chosen by the rider. A person may use a digital network to request a prearranged ride on behalf of a rider.
(d) "Street hail" means an immediate arrangement on a street with a driver by a person using any method other than a digital network to seek immediate transportation.
(e) "Transportation network company" or "TNC" means an entity operating in this state pursuant to this section using a digital network to connect a rider to a TNC driver, who provides prearranged rides. A TNC is not deemed to own, control, operate, direct, or manage the TNC vehicles or TNC drivers that connect to its digital network, except where agreed to by written contract, and is not a taxicab association or for-hire vehicle owner. An individual, corporation, partnership, sole proprietorship, or other entity that arranges medical transportation for individuals qualifying for Medicaid or Medicare pursuant to a contract with the state or a managed care organization is not a TNC. This section does not prohibit a TNC from providing prearranged rides to individuals who qualify for Medicaid or Medicare if it meets the requirements of this section.
2. In return for compensation, uses a TNC vehicle to offer or provide a prearranged ride to a rider upon connection through a digital network.
2. Owned, leased, or otherwise authorized to be used by the TNC driver.
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a vehicle that is let or rented to another for consideration may be used as a TNC vehicle.
(2) NOT OTHER CARRIERS.—A TNC or TNC driver is not a common carrier, contract carrier, or motor carrier and does not provide taxicab or for-hire vehicle service. In addition, a TNC driver is not required to register the vehicle that the TNC driver uses to provide prearranged rides as a commercial motor vehicle or a for-hire vehicle.
(3) AGENT.—A TNC must designate and maintain an agent for service of process in this state.
(4) FARE TRANSPARENCY.—If a fare is collected from a rider, the TNC must disclose to the rider the fare or fare calculation method on its website or within the online-enabled technology application service before the beginning of the prearranged ride. If the fare is not disclosed to the rider before the beginning of the prearranged ride, the rider must have the option to receive an estimated fare before the beginning of the prearranged ride.
(5) IDENTIFICATION OF TNC VEHICLES AND DRIVERS.—The TNC's digital network must display a photograph of the TNC driver and the license plate number of the TNC vehicle used for providing the prearranged ride before the rider enters the TNC driver's vehicle.
(c) The total fare paid.
2. Covers the TNC driver while the TNC driver is logged on to the digital network of the TNC or while the TNC driver is engaged in a prearranged ride.
c. Uninsured and underinsured vehicle coverage as required by s. 627.727.
c. A combination of sub-subparagraphs a. and b.
(d) If the TNC driver's insurance under paragraph (b) or paragraph (c) has lapsed or does not provide the required coverage, the insurance maintained by the TNC must provide the coverage required under this subsection, beginning with the first dollar of a claim, and have the duty to defend such claim.
(e) Coverage under an automobile insurance policy maintained by the TNC must not be dependent on a personal automobile insurer first denying a claim, and a personal automobile insurance policy is not required to first deny a claim.
(f) Insurance required under this subsection must be provided by an insurer authorized to do business in this state which is a member of the Florida Insurance Guaranty Association or an eligible surplus lines insurer that has a superior, excellent, exceptional, or equivalent financial strength rating by a rating agency acceptable to the Office of Insurance Regulation of the Financial Services Commission.
(g) Insurance satisfying the requirements under this subsection is deemed to satisfy the financial responsibility requirement for a motor vehicle under chapter 324 and the security required under s. 627.733 for any period when the TNC driver is logged onto the digital network or engaged in a prearranged ride.
(h) A TNC driver shall carry proof of coverage satisfying paragraphs (b) and (c) with him or her at all times during his or her use of a TNC vehicle in connection with a digital network. In the event of an accident, a TNC driver shall provide this insurance coverage information to any party directly involved in the accident or the party's designated representative, automobile insurers, and investigating police officers. Proof of financial responsibility may be presented through an electronic device, such as a digital phone application, under s. 316.646. Upon request, a TNC driver shall also disclose to any party directly involved in the accident or the party's designated representative, automobile insurers, and investigating police officers whether he or she was logged on to a digital network or was engaged in a prearranged ride at the time of the accident.
(i) If a TNC's insurer makes a payment for a claim covered under comprehensive coverage or collision coverage, the TNC shall cause its insurer to issue the payment directly to the business repairing the vehicle or jointly to the owner of the vehicle and the primary lienholder on the covered vehicle.
1. The insurance coverage, including the types of coverage and the limits for each coverage, which the TNC provides while the TNC driver uses a TNC vehicle in connection with the TNC's digital network.
2. That the TNC driver's own automobile insurance policy might not provide any coverage while the TNC driver is logged on to the digital network or is engaged in a prearranged ride, depending on the terms of the TNC driver's own automobile insurance policy.
3. That the provision of rides for compensation which are not prearranged rides subjects the driver to the coverage requirements imposed under s. 324.032(1) and that failure to meet such coverage requirements subjects the TNC driver to penalties provided in s. 324.221, up to and including a misdemeanor of the second degree.
2. The exclusions described in subparagraph 1. apply notwithstanding any requirement under chapter 324. These exclusions do not affect or diminish coverage otherwise available for permissive drivers or resident relatives under the personal automobile insurance policy of the TNC driver or owner of the TNC vehicle who are not occupying the TNC vehicle at the time of loss. This section does not require that a personal automobile insurance policy provide coverage while the TNC driver is logged on to a digital network, while the TNC driver is engaged in a prearranged ride, or while the TNC driver otherwise uses a vehicle to transport riders for compensation.
3. This section must not be construed to require an insurer to use any particular policy language or reference to this section in order to exclude any and all coverage for any loss or injury that occurs while a TNC driver is logged on to a digital network or while a TNC driver provides a prearranged ride.
4. This section does not preclude an insurer from providing primary or excess coverage for the TNC driver's vehicle by contract or endorsement.
(c)1. An automobile insurer that excludes the coverage described in subparagraph (b)1. does not have a duty to defend or indemnify any claim expressly excluded thereunder. This section does not invalidate or limit an exclusion contained in a policy, including a policy in use or approved for use in this state before July 1, 2017, which excludes coverage for vehicles used to carry persons or property for a charge or available for hire by the public.
2. An automobile insurer that defends or indemnifies a claim against a TNC driver which is excluded under the terms of its policy has a right of contribution against other insurers that provide automobile insurance to the same TNC driver in satisfaction of the coverage requirements of subsection (7) at the time of loss.
(d) In a claims coverage investigation, a TNC shall immediately provide, upon request by a directly involved party or any insurer of the TNC driver, if applicable, the precise times that the TNC driver logged on and off the digital network in the 12-hour period immediately preceding and in the 12-hour period immediately following the accident. An insurer providing coverage under subsection (7) shall disclose, upon request by any other insurer involved in the particular claim, the applicable coverages, exclusions, and limits provided under any automobile insurance maintained in order to satisfy the requirements of subsection (7).
(a) The TNC does not unilaterally prescribe specific hours during which the TNC driver must be logged on to the TNC's digital network.
(b) The TNC does not prohibit the TNC driver from using digital networks from other TNCs.
(c) The TNC does not restrict the TNC driver from engaging in any other occupation or business.
(d) The TNC and TNC driver agree in writing that the TNC driver is an independent contractor with respect to the TNC.
(a) The TNC shall implement a zero-tolerance policy regarding a TNC driver's activities while accessing the TNC's digital network. The zero-tolerance policy must address the use of drugs or alcohol while a TNC driver is providing a prearranged ride or is logged on to the digital network.
(b) The TNC shall provide notice of this policy on its website, as well as procedures to report a complaint about a TNC driver who a rider reasonably suspects was under the influence of drugs or alcohol during the course of the ride.
(c) Upon receipt of a rider's complaint alleging a violation of the zero-tolerance policy, the TNC shall suspend a TNC driver's ability to accept any ride request through the TNC's digital network as soon as possible and shall conduct an investigation into the reported incident. The suspension must last the duration of the investigation.
3. The TNC must obtain and review, or have a third party obtain and review, a driving history research report for the applicant.
(b) The TNC shall conduct the background check required under paragraph (a) for a TNC driver every 3 years.
(c) The TNC may not authorize an individual to act as a TNC driver on its digital network if the driving history research report conducted when the individual first seeks access to the digital network reveals that the individual has had more than three moving violations in the prior 3-year period.
5. Does not possess proof of registration for the motor vehicle used to provide prearranged rides.
(e) No later than January 1 of every other year beginning in 2019, a TNC shall submit to the Department of Financial Services an examination report prepared by an independent certified public accountant for the sole purpose of verifying that the TNC has maintained compliance with subsection (8) and this subsection on a continual basis for either the preceding 2 years or for the timeframe that the TNC has been operating in this state if that timeframe is less than 2 years. The report shall expressly state whether the TNC was compliant or noncompliant. The report must be prepared in accordance with applicable attestation standards established by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. The TNC shall bear all costs associated with the preparation and submission of the report.
(f) The Department of Financial Services, within 30 days after receipt of the report required under paragraph (e), shall impose a fine of $10,000 if the report includes a finding that the TNC has been noncompliant with subsection (8), this subsection, or both. A TNC that has been found to be noncompliant shall submit another examination report prepared by an independent certified public accountant to the department no later than January 1 of the following year. This subsequent report shall evaluate the records of the TNC for the timeframe since the independent certified public accountant last reviewed the records of the TNC to determine whether the TNC has been compliant with subsection (8), this subsection, or both on a continual basis. The department, within 30 days after receipt of the subsequent report required by this paragraph, shall impose a fine of $20,000 if the subsequent report includes a finding that the TNC has been noncompliant with subsection (8), this subsection, or both. Failure to timely submit any report required under this paragraph shall result in the imposition of an additional fine of $10,000 for noncompliance. Any fine imposed by the department shall be payable within 21 days after receipt of notice from the department. The moneys so received may be deposited by the department for use in defraying the expenses of the department in the discharge of its administrative and regulatory duties under this subsection. The payment of the fine shall be stayed by the filing of a petition for an administrative proceeding pursuant to chapter 120 with the department's agency clerk. Failure to timely petition will waive any rights to an administrative hearing. The department may, pursuant to the Florida Rules of Civil Procedure, seek injunctive relief against a TNC that fails to comply with the requirements of paragraph (e) and this paragraph. The department may adopt rules to implement paragraph (e) and this paragraph.
(g) Unless otherwise explicitly provided, this subsection does not extinguish any claim otherwise available under common law or any other statute.
(a) A TNC driver may not accept a ride for compensation other than by a rider arranged through a digital network.
(b) A TNC driver may not solicit or accept street hails.
(c) A TNC may not alter the presentation of information on its digital network to an enforcement official for the purpose of thwarting or interfering with the official's enforcement or oversight of the TNC.
(a) A TNC shall adopt a policy of nondiscrimination with respect to riders and potential riders and shall notify TNC drivers of such policy.
(b) A TNC driver shall comply with the TNC's nondiscrimination policy.
(c) A TNC driver shall comply with all applicable laws regarding nondiscrimination against riders and potential riders.
(d) A TNC driver shall comply with all applicable laws relating to accommodation of service animals.
(e) A TNC may not impose additional charges for providing services to a person who has a physical disability because of the person's disability.
(f) A TNC that contracts with a governmental entity to provide paratransit services must comply with all applicable state and federal laws related to individuals with disabilities.
(g) A TNC shall reevaluate any decision to remove a TNC driver's authorization to access its digital network due to a low quality rating by riders if the TNC driver alleges that the low quality rating was because of a characteristic identified in the company's nondiscrimination policy and there is a plausible basis for such allegation.
(b) Individual records of TNC drivers for at least 1 year after the date on which the TNC driver's relationship with the TNC ends.
3. Require a TNC or a TNC driver to obtain a business license or any other type of similar authorization to operate within the local governmental entity's jurisdiction.
(b) This subsection does not prohibit an airport or seaport from charging reasonable pickup fees consistent with any pickup fees charged to taxicab companies at that airport or seaport for their use of the airport's or seaport's facilities or prohibit the airport or seaport from designating locations for staging, pickup, and other similar operations at the airport or seaport.
History.—s. 1, ch. 2017-12; s. 86, ch. 2018-110.


Mr. Hassan Abdullah Isamik has an extensive experience spanning more than 20 years with an in-depth knowledge in real estate industry and a variety of investments, he began his career as a business pioneer.
Mr. Hasan Ismaik gained a reputation as one of the most prominent business leaders in the Middle East, because of his impressive achievements track record, and his wide expertise in the oil and gas, energy and real estate sectors.
HE Hassan was declared in the first position in the list of 100 most influential people in the construction sector for 2013 in the "Construction Week" magazine, a list which compiles and ranks the most figures in the construction sector at Gulf cooperation Council (GCC), in January 2014 He was chosen by the magazine "Meed" among the most economically influential figure in the Middle East.
Chairman of Jordan Masaken for lands development and industrial projects company (Masaken Capital).
Chairman of the Board, "HAMG" Group in United Arab Emirates.
Chairman of the Board of Directors of Marya Investment Company in United Arab Emirates.
Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors for Almanara International Jewelry Company.
Chairman of TSV 1860 Munich football club in Germany.
Bachelor's degree in Business Administration from the University of Baghdad / Iraq.


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Download the silence of the lambs series movie
News, Photos and Information about The Silence of the Lambs (movie) Cast/credits plus additional information about the film.
the silence of the lambs series movie. Series 2010 - The Silence Of The Lambs While researching the novel that would later become a hit movie, Thomas Harris spent time with the May 29, 2015 · Movies similar to The Silence of the Lambs, Se7en, Movies similar to The Silence of the Lambs, Se7en, Exorcist III 27 May 2015 In depth looks at all the movies that matter as well as The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Hannibal (2001), Red Dragon (2002). Red Dragon v.s. Hannibal v.s. The Silence Of The Lambs.. - Which movie did you like more in this series of movies that somewhat were based on the same "Silenceâ€� is the third film I ve mentioned in this series to take inspiration from the real-life killer Ed Gein the other two are Psycho and The Texas The Silence of the Lambs · The Rite .. Q How much sex, violence, and profanity are in this movie Q Why didn t Scott 2) This was the third film in the series. The Silence of the Lambs is based on Thomas Harris 1988 novel of the . After the film came out, there were public protests by the gay and Amazon.com The Hannibal Lecter Trilogy Blu Ray Set (Region Free) (2011) For example, on the extra/bonus for the Silence of the Lambs film you get toÂ
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You are here: Home > About us > News > Low income 'is best indicator of pupil success...
Low income 'is best indicator of pupil success'
Ending child poverty would transform academic achievement in schools, says a children's charity.
Tim Nichols, press and parliamentary officer for the Child Poverty Action Group, said that "low income is the most accurate predictor of educational failure".
Commenting on the government's Gifted and Talented scheme, Mr Nichols said that the government needs to focus on helping those with jobs in education develop the potential of every child.
"For some it may be the difference between getting to university or not, for others it may be the difference between having the qualifications for a decent job, or having no qualifications and struggling to get work," he added.
The government's Gifted and Talented scheme targets those students from a disadvantaged background who excel in a particular area or have high potential but are underachieving.
Students included in the scheme may be entitled to a £250 annual scholarship for up to four years.
School Education News


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Q: How to update a Char list while maintaining rest of list (Haskell) I need to update a Char list (it's actually a list of Char lists, but for simplicity assume it's just a Char list). I have written an 'nth' function that gets the nth element from a list, but I need to be able to update that element and return the new list with the updated value.
I've done some researching, but the only methods I've found can return all elements up to the element to be updated, and I haven't been able to understand them enough to modify their behaviour. Any help would be appreciated :)

A: To update the i'th position of a list, concatenate the first i elements, the element that you want to insert, and the last length l - i - 1 elements. The splitAt function makes this very easy.

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