Foreign exchange trading refers to merchandising one state 's money for that of another state. The demand for such trade arises due to touristry, international trade, or investings across boundaries. The foreign-exchange market, as we normally think of it, refers to big commercial Bankss in fiscal centres, like New York or London, merchandising foreign-currency-dominated sedimentations among each other.
Theories taking to research and understand interactions in international pecuniary variables became progressively more of import as deregulatings and international integrating of fiscal markets throughout the universe continued to germinate and increase faster than it has of all time been. One theory linked two of import fiscal variables, exchange rates and involvement rates, is the International Fisher Effect ( IFE ) .
IFE provinces that future topographic point exchange rates can be determined from nominal involvement derived functions. In bend, existent involvement rate will be equalized across the universe through arbitrage. Differences in ascertained nominal involvement rates will be stemming from differences in expected rising pricess. These differences in awaited rising pricess are embedded in nominal involvement rates as described by Fisher equation.
The consequence of these variables on exchange rates are more likely to happen under flexible exchange rates where currencies are allowed to fluctuates without authorities intercessions but instead lift to free market forces to find the appropriate exchange rates.
In this undertaking, some of the most of import theories in international finance literature are traveling to be explored with an effort to clear up the logic behind them every bit good as the basic mathematical expressions that describes these theories.
After that, a statistical trial will be employed utilizing arrested development analysis on two currencies that are viewed to be the most traded and free of, or more realistically, exhibit minimum authorities intercessions. The trial aims to verify the cogency of IFE theory and its explanatory power of fluctuations in exchange rates.
However, an overview of the market is traveling to research the history of foreign exchange market in add-on to the major merchandises and participants in that peculiar market.
Commercial Bankss charge fees for carry oning foreign exchange minutess. Banks command ( purchase ) foreign currencies at a monetary value and inquire ( sell ) them at a higher monetary value. The bid/ask spread covers Bankss ' costs plus a net income border. Normally, bid/ask spreads are maps net income borders of Bankss and of the hazard of the currency, liquidness hazard for case.
Cardinal Bankss play an built-in function in the foreign exchange market. Exchange rates affect the competitory place of merchandises of a state in the international market topographic point through alterations in the comparative monetary value of currencies. This is the chief ground for authorities intercession in the exchange market.
Cardinal Bankss like the Federal Reserve in the U.S. bargain and sell currencies to drive values of their currency to level the free market would non set up. For illustration, purchasing dollars and selling lbs would take down supply of dollar and increase the lb which will finally drives the monetary value of the dollar upward and pushes the lb downward ( supply and demand game ) ( 6 ) .
The class of normal operations of the authorities might necessitate some foreign currencies which can be another ground for cardinal Bankss to run in the foreign exchange market.
In this subdivision, the theoretical frame that describes factors impacting exchange rates are traveling to be described. The subdivision begins with buying power para ( PPP ) that relates alterations in exchange rates to rising prices derived function between two states. The intuition behind the theory and its versions ( absolute and relation ) are traveling to be explained in add-on to the basic mathematical frame of the theory.
After that, the analysis will head to the Fisher equation which states that nominal involvement rate in a state is a map of existent involvement rate plus a premium for awaited rising prices. That theory is non straight related to exchange markets but it builds a necessary span to the International Fisher Effect.
The subdivision ends with associating the above-named theories, viz. PPP and Fisher equation, to organize the International Fisher Effect ( IFE ) . IFE relates exchange rate alterations to involvement rate derived functions between two currencies. That theory, if valid, allows foreign exchange market participants to foretell motions in exchange rates utilizing widely available public information which is market involvement rates.
By the terminal of this subdivision, we are traveling to be equipped by adequate theory to get down analysing historical informations to measure how closely markets move to what Fisher predicted in his theory.
Buying power para ( PPP ) has two versions: absolute and comparative. Absolute PPP states that exchange rate between any two currencies should be equal to the ratio of their monetary value indexes ( 6 ) .
Equation 2 is called the Law of One Price ( 6 ) . That means monetary values of domestically produced merchandises equal monetary values of foreign state 's merchandises in the local currency. If that status was violated, domestic consumers will switch ingestion from foreign merchandises to domestic merchandises when monetary values of foreign merchandises increase comparative to domestic merchandises and the frailty versa if monetary values of foreign state 's merchandises lessening. When that happens, exchange rates will set to call off out the monetary value difference between the two states to retain equilibrium.
Equation 3 is merely an estimate of the mathematical expression of relation PPP. In order to get the precise definition of International Fisher Effect, subsequently on, the exact comparative PPP needs to be established.
First, we assume that monetary value index of place Ph and foreign state Pf are equal. Relative PPP suggests that foreign currency exchange rate will alter if rising prices differs between any place and foreign state.
Equation 7 provinces, in apparent linguistic communication, that the foreign currency monetary value relation to place currency will appreciate if domestic rising prices exceeds foreign rising prices, and frailty versa, proportionately to rising prices derived function. The chart bellows shows diagrammatically how rising prices derived function and comparative alteration in exchange rate should act if comparative PPP holds. The y-axis represents rising prices differential while x-axis represents comparative alteration in foreign exchange rate.
Arguments of PPP, whether comparative or absolute, makes economic sense under really simplified premises that does non capture the complexness if the existent universe. The tabular array holla shows these premises and their restriction.
Economists distinguish between existent and nominal involvement rates.Nominal involvement rate is the rate observed in the market while existent involvement rate is a construct that measures returns after seting for rising prices and is assumed to be the same internationally ( 6 ) .
In presence of arbitrage, capital markets will be integrated worldwide. That means existent involvement rates are determined by planetary supply and demand of financess. In an internationally incorporate capital market, domestic existent involvement rate is dependent upon events inside every bit good as outside the state. If existent involvement rate in a state were higher compared to another, a flow of capital will force supply of financess upward toward equilibrium.
Nominal involvement rate will be given to integrate rising prices outlooks to supply loaners with a existent return for the usage of their money. This inflation-expectation consequence on nominal involvement rate is called the Fisher Effect and can be expressed by the Fisher equation.
However, many factors prevents free flow of capital across boundary lines including psychological barriers, legal restraints, political hazard, exchange rate hazard, revenue enhancements and minutess costs.
If we assumed that markets are perfect and capital is wholly nomadic so we can safely presume that existent involvement rates are equal worldwide.
Since a dealingss has been established between involvement rate and rising prices rate and that we have PPP which links rising prices with exchange rate, a relation between involvement rate and exchange rate can be established which is known as the International Fisher Effect IFE.
International Fisher Effect is a theory that links PPP with the Fisher consequence that were discussed earlier. The rational behind IFE follows the undermentioned logical sequence.
Since comparative alterations in exchange rate harmonizing to the comparative PPP peers rising prices derived function and since nominal involvement rate, excessively, alterations with rising prices and since existent returns are equal in different states ; so rising prices differential precisely equals nominal involvement rate derived function between any two states as the chart illustrates diagrammatically.
Equations 12 is the IFE which states that comparative alterations in foreign exchange rate is relative to nominal involvement derived function, see the chart holla.
This is the last subdivision in this paper where IFE is tested based on existent universe observations instead than logical and conceptual trials. The subdivision begins with a brief treatment of old trials on PPP, Fisher equation and IFE. Then, a major premise about the trial is established before discoursing the statistical theoretical account used to prove IFE. At the terminal, the consequences are shown and discussed in order to happen a sensible reading of any divergence from the IFE theory.
Since IFE theory was established in the old subdivision, an immediate inquiry is whether IFE explains alterations in foreign exchange market in the existent universe. In order to make that, a statistical analysis was conducted on historical informations of two major currencies against the dollar, viz. British lb and Nipponese hankerings. These currencies were chosen for the undermentioned grounds. Dollar, lb and hankering are the most liquid currencies in the market which eliminates any liquidness hazard factor that might impact our analysis. The political system and the stableness of authoritiess lower default hazard to minimal in order to be able to compare involvement rate on authorities bonds. Finally, handiness of informations was a chief concern, for illustration, Euro is a comparatively new currency that does non hold a long historical clip series in order to be able to carry on a dependable trial.
Monthly and quarterly informations get downing from 1979 of U.S dollars, British lbs and from 1985 to 2006 of Nipponese hankerings and at that place several involvement rates were used in the statistical analysis.
Data goes back to 1979 for two grounds. First, utilizing monthly or quarterly informations for a period from 1979 to 2006 for British lb and American dollar would supply us with a sample of 335 and 111 observations which are sensible sample sizes ( 257 and 86, severally, for Nipponese hankering ) . The smaller the sample the less assurance we have in any statistical illation and we might run in period specific consequences. Second, if an effort to travel further in historical information was made ; we might acquire caught in periods were market forces did non hold the power to freely find the appropriate exchange rates which will evidently backlash the cogency of any proving effort.
Data of exchange rate of U.S dollars and British lbs and their several involvement rate informations were downloaded from the Federal Reserve and Bank of England web sites, severally. The Japanese Yen exchange rate and Nipponese involvement rate was downloaded from the web site of Bank of Japan. In this study, nominal involvement rate is defined as the output on short term authorities bonds.
In order to prove IFE statistically, we are forced to do one more premise. The premise is that foreign exchange markets are efficient, i.e. rational outlook theory applies.
Market efficiency implies that a market has many good informed participants who react instantly to any information which will drive monetary values instantly to their appropriate degrees.
Due to the fact that an tremendous figure of good informed persons, corporations and institutional investors who trade and speculates in more than a trillion dollars a twenty-four hours in the foreign exchange market ; it is safe to presume that exchange rates react rationally to alterations in the basicss that affects monetary values in a affair of seconds.
This premise is critical to our trial. If this premise was violated so any disagreement from whatever theory we are proving might be due to inefficiency and/or unreason of market participant instead than a lack in the theory.
Equation 14 provinces that, per centum alteration in the future topographic point rate should be involvement rate derived function in the current period.
If any of these conditions was non met, so IFE does non keep. In order to make that 95 % assurance degree will be used to prove these two hypotheses.
A sum-up of the trial consequences is provided in the tabular array holla.
Consequences of informations analysis are presented here. The analysis covered two currencies against U.S dollars and covered two braces which are U.S dollars against 1 ) British lbs ; 2 ) Nipponese Yen. The trial was run twice on each brace. The first used monthly informations and quarterly in the 2nd. The point from that is to see if alterations in the term would hold any consequence on the consequence of the trial. Complete consequences of arrested development analyses are provided in appendix 1.
Other braces could hold been tested, excessively, but that would non hold added any value. For illustration, British lbs against Nipponese Hankerings can be analyzed the same manner. However, the exchange rate between them has already been determined from utilizing cross rates of U.S $ / lbs and U.S $ / Yens. That means if Pounds / Hankerings were tested it simply duplicates an already tested hypothesis.
From the tabular array above, the informations covered a moderately long period of clip supplying us with a sufficient sample size. Using the P-value of each parametric quantity I?0 and I?1 every bit good as the overall arrested development theoretical account ; the theoretical account and each estimated parametric quantity are considered statistically important at 5 % significance degree. A status of the truth of the theoretical account is the entropy of the error term. The chart holla supports this premise.
Using the arrested development consequences shows a really weak relation, as indicated by the R2, between involvement derived functions and alterations in exchange rates which contrast IFE theory. The analysis indicates that involvement rate derived function explains merely 3.5 % of the fluctuation in exchange rate go forthing 96.5 % to be explained by other variables.
I?0, which is statistically important at 5 % significance degree, did non include nothing in the 95 % assurance interval which contradicts the conjectural value established by IFE which is zero.
I?1 is supposed to be 1 harmonizing to IFE. However, the analysis revealed a important divergence non merely in value but besides in way as it carried, at 95 % assurance degree, a negative value opposed to positive one predicted by IFE. From all of that, it can be stated with 95 % assurance that information does non back up IFE.
Using quarterly informations, estimations of parametric quantities differ than monthly informations, nevertheless, the decision is still the same. For more inside informations of the trial consequences of both monthly and quarterly informations go to appendix 1.
From the tabular array above, the informations covered a moderately long period of clip supplying us with a sufficient sample size. Using the P-value of each parametric quantity I?0 and I?1 every bit good as the overall arrested development theoretical account ; the theoretical account and each estimated parametric quantity are considered statistically important at 5 % significance degree. Another status of the truth of the theoretical account is the entropy of the error term. The chart bawl support this premise.
Using the arrested development consequences shows a really weak relation, as indicated by the R2, between involvement derived functions and alterations in exchange rates which contrasts IFE theory. The analysis indicates that involvement rate derived function explains merely 2.9 % of the fluctuation in exchange rate go forthing 97.1 % to be explained by other variables.
I?1 is supposed to be 1 harmonizing to IFE. However, the analysis revealed a important divergence from that non merely in value but besides in way as it carried, at 95 % assurance degree, a negative value opposed to positive one predicted by IFE. From all of that, it can be stated with 95 % assurance that information does non back up IFE.
From the tabular array above, the informations covered a moderately long period of clip supplying us with a sufficient sample size. Using the P-value of each parametric quantity I?0 and I?1 every bit good as the overall arrested development theoretical account ; the theoretical account and each estimated parametric quantity are considered statistically important at 5 % significance degree. Another status of the truth of the theoretical account is the entropy of the error term. The chart holla supports this premise.
Using the arrested development consequences shows a weak relation, as indicated by the R2, between involvement derived functions and alterations in exchange rates which contrast IFE theory. The analysis indicates that involvement rate derived function explains merely 7.2 % of the fluctuation in exchange rate go forthing 92.8 % to be explained by other variables.
I?1 is supposed to be 1 harmonizing to IFE. The arrested development estimation is 0.8 which is rather near that conjectural value compared to monthly analysis. Furthermore, 95 % assurance interval includes the conjectural value which indicates that this information is in line with IFE.
Although I?1 estimation follows IFE, the arrested development consequences showed weak relation as indicated by the R2 and showed that I?0 is non as predicted by the theory. As a consequence, IFE is rejected utilizing 95 % assurance degree.
Empirical analysis utilizing additive arrested development theoretical account at 5 % significanse degree on monthly and quartly informations of U.S dollar against the British lb for the period from ( 1979 – 2006 ) and from July ( 1985-2006 ) for U.S dollar against Nipponese hankerings did non back up IFE. That is in line with old trials of the theory. The divergence from IFE can be chiefly due to failings in the bases it was built on which is PPP and Fisher consequence as discussed in earlier subdivisions.
Furthermore, foreign exchange market fluctuates due to many factors and non limited to involvement rate derived functions. The factors include, but non limited to, economic growing, financial policies, motion of capital due to comparative factor costs, market attraction ( both existent and fiscal markets ) in add-on to political and legal environments. Furthermore, Macroeconomic variables are non the lone determiners of exchange rates as market micro-structure has its effects, excessively.
For market participants who try to calculate motion in foreign exchange market by utilizing alterations in nominal involvement rate, at least in the short tally, will be every bit good as if they flipped a coin to calculate exchange rates.
Finally, harmonizing to IFE, borrowing from states with lower involvement rates would be every bit good as borrowing from states with high involvement rate as motion in exchange rates would call off the advantage of lower involvement rates. However, the consequence of the trial supports the thought of happening deals in states with low involvement rates which contradicts International Fisher Effect theory. The same thing applies for fixed income investings across boundaries.


text:
template < typename Float_Type >
inline Float_Type log_normal_pdf(Float_Type x, Float_Type mean, Float_Type stdv, Float_Type log_stdv)
{
    // From SO: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10847007/using-the-gaussian-probability-density-function-in-c
    static const Float_Type log_2pi = std::log(2.0 * M_PI);
    Float_Type a = (x - mean) / stdv;
    return - log_stdv - (log_2pi + a * a) / static_cast< Float_Type >(2.0);
}

template < typename Float_Type >
inline Float_Type log_invgauss_pdf(Float_Type x, Float_Type log_x,
                                   Float_Type mu, Float_Type lambda, Float_Type log_lambda)
{
    static const Float_Type log_2pi = std::log(2.0 * M_PI);
    Float_Type a = (x - mu) / mu;
    return (log_lambda - log_2pi - static_cast< Float_Type >(3.0) * log_x - lambda * a * a / x) / static_cast< Float_Type >(2.0);
}

template < typename Float_Type >
struct Pore_Model_Parameters
{
    Pore_Model_Parameters() : scale(1.0), shift(0.0), drift(0.0), var(1.0), scale_sd(1.0), var_sd(1.0) {}

    Float_Type scale;
    Float_Type shift;
    Float_Type drift;
    Float_Type var;
    Float_Type scale_sd;
    Float_Type var_sd;

    void load_from_fast5(const fast5::File& f, bool strand)
    {
        assert(f.have_basecall_model(strand));
        auto m_p = f.get_basecall_model_params(strand);
        scale = m_p.scale;
        shift = m_p.shift;
        drift = m_p.drift;
        var = m_p.var;
        scale_sd = m_p.scale_sd;
        var_sd = m_p.var_sd;
    }

    friend std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, const Pore_Model_Parameters& p)
    {
        os << "[scale=" << p.scale << " shift=" << p.shift << " drift=" << p.drift
           << " var=" << p.var << " scale_sd=" << p.scale_sd << " var_sd=" << p.var_sd << "]";
        return os;
    }
    void write_tsv(std::ostream& os) const
    {
        os << std::fixed << std::setprecision(5)
           << scale << '\t' << shift << '\t' << drift << '\t' << var << '\t' << scale_sd << '\t' << var_sd;
    }
}; // struct Pore_Model_Parameters

template < typename Float_Type, unsigned Kmer_Size >
struct Pore_Model_State
{
    typedef Event< Float_Type, Kmer_Size > Event_Type;
    typedef Pore_Model_Parameters< Float_Type > Pore_Model_Parameters_Type;

    Float_Type level_mean;
    Float_Type level_stdv;
    Float_Type sd_mean;
    Float_Type sd_stdv;
    Float_Type sd_lambda;

    Float_Type log_level_mean;
    Float_Type log_level_stdv;
    Float_Type log_sd_mean;
    Float_Type log_sd_stdv;
    Float_Type log_sd_lambda;

    std::array< char, Kmer_Size > kmer;

    Pore_Model_State& operator = (const fast5::Model_Entry& e)
    {
        level_mean = e.level_mean;
        level_stdv = e.level_stdv;
        sd_mean = e.sd_mean;
        sd_stdv = e.sd_stdv;
        std::copy_n(e.kmer.begin(), Kmer_Size, kmer.begin());
        update_sd_lambda();
        update_logs();
        return *this;
    }

    // update sd_lambda based on sd_mean & sd_stdv
    void update_sd_lambda() { sd_lambda = pow(sd_mean, 3.0) / pow(sd_stdv, 2.0); }

    // update sd_stdv based on sd_mean & sd_lambda
    void update_sd_stdv() { sd_stdv = pow(pow(sd_mean, 3.0) / sd_lambda, .5); }

    // update logs
    void update_logs()
    {
        log_level_mean = std::log(level_mean);
        log_level_stdv = std::log(level_stdv);
        log_sd_mean = std::log(sd_mean);
        log_sd_lambda = std::log(sd_lambda);
    }

    void scale(const Pore_Model_Parameters_Type& params, const Pore_Model_Parameters_Type& log_params)
    {
        // these functions are provided by ONT
        level_mean = level_mean * params.scale + params.shift;
        level_stdv = level_stdv * params.var;
        sd_mean = sd_mean * params.scale_sd;
        sd_lambda = sd_lambda * params.var_sd;
        update_sd_stdv();
        log_level_mean = std::log(level_mean);
        log_level_stdv += log_params.var;
        log_sd_mean += log_params.scale_sd;
        log_sd_lambda += log_params.var_sd;
    }

    Float_Type log_pr_emission(const Event_Type& e) const
    {
        return (log_normal_pdf< Float_Type >(e.mean, level_mean, level_stdv, log_level_stdv)
                + log_invgauss_pdf< Float_Type >(e.stdv, e.log_stdv, sd_mean, sd_lambda, log_sd_lambda));
    }
    Float_Type log_pr_corrected_emission(const Event_Type& e) const
    {
        return (log_normal_pdf< Float_Type >(e.corrected_mean, level_mean, level_stdv, log_level_stdv)
                + log_invgauss_pdf< Float_Type >(e.stdv, e.log_stdv, sd_mean, sd_lambda, log_sd_lambda));
    }

    friend std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, const Pore_Model_State& state)
    {
        os << std::string(state.kmer.begin(), state.kmer.end()) << '\t'
           << state.level_mean << '\t'
           << state.level_stdv << '\t'
           << state.sd_mean << '\t'
           << state.sd_stdv;
        return os;
    }

    friend bool operator < (const Pore_Model_State& lhs, const Pore_Model_State& rhs)
    {
        return lhs.kmer < rhs.kmer;
    }
}; // struct Pore_Model_State

template < typename Float_Type, unsigned Kmer_Size = 6 >
class Pore_Model
{
public:
    typedef Kmer< Kmer_Size > Kmer_Type;
    typedef Event< Float_Type, Kmer_Size > Event_Type;
    typedef Pore_Model_State< Float_Type, Kmer_Size > Pore_Model_State_Type;
    typedef Pore_Model_Parameters< Float_Type > Pore_Model_Parameters_Type;
    static const unsigned n_states = 1u << (2 * Kmer_Size);

    Pore_Model() : _strand(2) {}
    void clear() { _state.clear(); }

    const Pore_Model_State_Type& state(unsigned i) const { return _state.at(i); }
    Pore_Model_State_Type& state(unsigned i) { return _state.at(i); }

    const std::vector< Pore_Model_State_Type >& get_state_vector() const { return _state; }

    const unsigned& strand() const { return _strand; }
    unsigned& strand() { return _strand; }
    Float_Type mean() const { return _mean; }
    Float_Type stdv() const { return _stdv; }

    void scale(const Pore_Model_Parameters_Type& params)
    {
        Pore_Model_Parameters_Type log_params;
        log_params.var = std::log(params.var);
        log_params.scale_sd = std::log(params.scale_sd);
        log_params.var_sd = std::log(params.var_sd);
        for(unsigned i = 0; i < n_states; ++i)
        {
            state(i).scale(params, log_params);
        }
        update_statistics();
    }

    // load model from fast5 file
    void load_from_fast5(const fast5::File& f, bool strand)
    {
        assert(f.have_basecall_model(strand));
        auto m = f.get_basecall_model(strand);
        assert(m.size() == n_states);
        _state.clear();
        _state.reserve(n_states);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n_states; ++i)
        {
            _state.emplace_back();
            state(i) = m.at(i);
        }
        update_statistics();
    }

    // load from vector
    template < typename V_Float_Type >
    void load_from_vector(const std::vector< V_Float_Type >& v)
    {
        assert(v.size() == n_states * 4);
        _state.clear();
        _state.reserve(n_states);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n_states; ++i)
        {
            _state.emplace_back();
            state(i).level_mean = v[4 * i + 0];
            state(i).level_stdv = v[4 * i + 1];
            state(i).sd_mean = v[4 * i + 2];
            state(i).sd_stdv = v[4 * i + 3];
            auto s = Kmer_Type::to_string(i);
            std::copy_n(s.begin(), Kmer_Size, state(i).kmer.begin());
            state(i).update_sd_lambda();
            state(i).update_logs();
        }
        update_statistics();
    }

    // write model to out stream
    friend std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, const Pore_Model& pm)
    {
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < pm.n_states; ++i)
        {
            os << pm.state(i) << std::endl;
        }
        return os;
    }
    // load model from input stream
    friend std::istream& operator >> (std::istream& is, Pore_Model& pm)
    {
        pm._state.clear();
        pm._state.reserve(n_states);
        unsigned i = 0;
        std::string line;
        while (std::getline(is, line))
        {
            std::istringstream iss(line);
            std::string s;
            iss >> s;
            if (s[0] == '#') continue;
            if (line.find("kmer") != std::string::npos) continue;
            pm._state.emplace_back();
            iss >> pm.state(i).level_mean
                >> pm.state(i).level_stdv
                >> pm.state(i).sd_mean
                >> pm.state(i).sd_stdv;
            std::copy_n(s.begin(), Kmer_Size, pm.state(i).kmer.begin());
            pm.state(i).update_sd_lambda();
            pm.state(i).update_logs();
            ++i;
        }
        if (i != pm.n_states)
        {
            LOG(error)
                << "unexpected number of states" << std::endl;
            std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        std::sort(pm._state.begin(), pm._state.end());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < pm.n_states; ++i)
        {
            assert(Kmer_Type::to_int(pm.state(i).kmer) == i);
        }
        pm.update_statistics();
        return is;
    }

    // log of probability of an emission from a state
    Float_Type log_pr_emission(unsigned i, const Event_Type& e) const
    {
        Float_Type res = state(i).log_pr_emission(e);
        return res;
    }
    Float_Type log_pr_corrected_emission(unsigned i, const Event_Type& e) const
    {
        Float_Type res = state(i).log_pr_corrected_emission(e);
        return res;
    }

private:
    std::vector< Pore_Model_State_Type > _state;
    Float_Type _mean;
    Float_Type _stdv;
    unsigned _strand;

    void update_statistics()
    {
        assert(_state.size() == n_states);
        std::tie(_mean, _stdv) = alg::mean_stdv_of< Float_Type >(
            _state,
            [] (const Pore_Model_State_Type& s) { return s.level_mean; });
    }
}; // class Pore_Model

template < typename Float_Type, unsigned Kmer_Size >
using Pore_Model_Dict = std::map< std::string, Pore_Model< Float_Type, Kmer_Size > >;

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh. A veteran politician, he was respected by his friends and foes alike for his knowledge and forthrightness. He outshined all other Ministers in the cabinet except perhaps Pandit Nehru by his erudition and culture.
Upadhyaya borrowed the Gandhian principles such as sarvodaya (progress of all), swadeshi (Indianisation), and Gram Swaraj (village self rule) and these principles were appropriated selectively to give more importance to cultural-national values.


Clamped Jars are a fresh, new take on the classic mason jars that have been around for so long. Event Blossom offers a variety of mason jar favors, from 4 oz mason jars to drinking mason jars and now, Glass Jars with Swing Top Lid . Present your goodies beautifully in these secure little jars. You may also use them as decorative ornamentation around your reception tables or candy buffet. These clamped jars can be used as baby shower favors, bridal shower favors, birthday party favors... it can be used for any kind of event! These quaint little mementos are not only pretty but handy as well. You can keep it around long after the party and use it to store anything you like.


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A visitor studies a piece at the current Promega Art Showcase.
Albert Einstein once wrote: "to raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle requires creative imagination and marks real advances in science." The marriage of science and creativity, it seems, is indispensable for exploration and the discovery of new ideas.
As a life sciences company, Promega supports the work of scientists who are tasked with unraveling mysteries and who ask questions in an effort to get answers that improve the lives of others. Because creative thinking plays a key role in the scientific discovery process, Promega supports artistic exploration in many forms. As an organization, we appreciate that creativity reinforces the type of imagination that inspires scientific progress and innovation.


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Rocabella Mykonos Resort & Spa is a brand new hotel nestled above the beach of Agios Stefanos, in the finest line where sky and sea meet the land and overlooking the aegean big blue and the coastline of Mykonos, one of the most cosmopolitan islands in Greece. Rocabella Mykonos is a unique hotel that offers you first class tickets to the daily rituals of enjoying a sunrise and sunset like no other.
Rocabella Mykonos Hotel is a boutique size-wise, traditionally architectured considering the stone washed and white colour building, fully advantaged with a wide range of facilities and with a stunning personalised service adjusted to your needs and exceeding your expectations: you are about to experience hospitality, comfort and relaxation at its outmost.
Rocabella Mykonos hotel counts 18 exclusive and fully equipped rooms.
The amphitheatric layout of the hotel provides every single one of them with magnificent and unforgettable views over Tourlos bay, the town of Mykonos, just a short drive away and the island of Delos.
Although decorated in an individual way and adorned with carefully selected fabrics and textures, all of our rooms are equally advantaged by the above mentioned view and their in-room facilities. So just choose between 8 Classic rooms of Rocabella that have a balcony, 5 Superior rooms that have the advantage of a wider terrace or pamper yourself with one of the 5 Deluxe Rocabella rooms that boast a terrace and an external Jacuzzi.
Rocabella Mykonos can provide you with just that: The vast outdoor areas by the Rocabella hotel restaurant and the swimming pool, with their amazing view, our fully equipped conference room with capacity up to 65 persons and a meeting room for up to 20 persons, will form your ideal setting.
Furthermore our event organisers will help you plan and tailor your event to your very specific needs, providing you with all options, striving to make even the impossible come true and our professional staff will masterfully orchestrate what will be an event to remember for a lifetime.


International students are confused over several aspects of the UK's Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF) scheme, found a survey released by international student recruitment firm Hobsons EMEA last week.
Only 21.2 percent of the students surveyed reported understanding the TEF, with almost two-thirds of this group saying the scheme has not been very well explained to them.
Almost 80 percent (79.5 percent) held the mistaken belief the framework measures the teaching quality at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
"I'm not surprised by these results, but I'm a bit disappointed more international students aren't familiar with the TEF," Hobsons director of marketing & market intelligence, Paul Raybould said, as quoted by The PIE News.
The TEF is a new controversial assessment of teaching, learning and student experience at the undergraduate level, where universities will be given a ranking of either gold, silver or bronze.
According to the Department of Education, the "Gold" rating is described as "consistently outstanding and of the highest quality found in the UK Higher Education sector", "Silver" as "high quality, and significantly and consistently exceeds the baseline quality threshold expected of UK Higher Education" while a "Bronze" means the school provides teaching of "satisfactory quality".
The results released last month sent shockwaves through the sector, with several top universities unexpectedly earning "Bronze" ratings while smaller and younger schools were given the coveted "Gold" prize.
While almost three quarters (72.6 percent) of those who have heard of the TEF understand how these ratings work, more than half (55.3 percent) believed "TEF results are based on random inspections of lectures and classes by inspectors from the Department for Education".
Almost a quarter of those who know about the TEF also believe a Bronze Award means a school's teaching quality is "unsatisfactory".
Despite their misunderstanding over how it works, students said they would be using the scheme when weighing their options, regardless of whether they know about the TEF or not.
Both groups said they would choose a university with a Gold TEF Award over another with high rankings, but will choose the one with high rankings over a university with a Silver or Bronze Award.
Hobsons' research surveyed 3,335 international students who have expressed interest to study in the UK.


text:
Fabrica è un centro di ricerca sulla comunicazione finanziato dal Gruppo Benetton a Catena di Villorba, in provincia di Treviso. Fondato da Oliviero Toscani e Luciano Benetton nel 1994, traendo ispirazione dalla Factory di Andy Warhol, ha prodotto e realizzato, tra gli altri progetti, la rivista Colors, distribuita in 70 paesi del mondo.

Il centro mira a coniugare la cultura con l'industria e offre ai giovani l'opportunità di crescita creativa e interscambio multiculturale e multidisciplinare. Il centro è ospitato all'interno della Villa del XVII secolo Pastega Manera nei pressi di Villorba, restaurata e notevolmente ampliata dall'architetto giapponese Tadao Ando.

Giovani artisti, designer, giornalisti e maker da tutto il mondo sono invitati al centro e ricevono una borsa di studio di un anno, che copre le spese di viaggio, indennità e formazione professionale e risorse. I residenti lavorano nelle aree del design, della comunicazione visiva, della fotografia, dei video, della musica e dell'editoria sotto la guida di maestri e coordinatori di Fabrica, combinando progetti personali con il lavoro per i clienti.

La prima pubblicazione realizzata è stata Iranian Living Room, realizzata da 15 fotografi iraniani, a cui inizialmente è stato vietato il pagamento tramite il sistema di pagamento PayPal per avere la parola "Iranian" nel titolo.

Direttori artistici
Quando nel 1993 Oliviero Toscani e Luciano Benetton decisero di creare Fabrica, si presentò il problema di scegliere la figura del direttore artistico del centro; inizialmente, la scelta cadde su Fidel Castro, noto leader cubano, il quale venne invitato da Luciano Benetton attraverso una lettera pubblica, con lo scopo dichiarato di "stabilire e sviluppare un legame tra culture e tradizioni diverse e tra l'individuo e l'industria". Il leader però, rifiutò prontamente il ruolo, e la scelta cadde poi sulla figura di Godfrey Reggio, noto regista americano famoso per la sua opera Koyaanisquatsi. Il regista resterà in carica fino al 1997, da quel momento Fabrica sarà divisa in dipartimenti. Tra i direttori artistici più noti, si annoverano Marco Müller (1998-2004), Babak Payami (2008-2010), Dan Hill, Erik Ravelo e lo stesso Toscani (2017-2018).

Progetti
Nel corso dei suoi 27 anni, Fabrica è riuscita a produrre un enorme numero di progetti, nati dalle idee dei giovani creativi del centro che sono inoltre riusciti a ottenere numerosi riconoscimenti internazionali.

Tra i vari progetti realizzati dai "fabricanti", di una certa rilevanza fu Lavoratori, un reportage sugli extracomunitari impegnati nelle industrie del Nord-est pubblicato nel 1999 sotto la guida di Oliviero Toscani con la sponsorizzazione della Regione Veneto. Nel 2000 venne poi pubblicato 1000 Extra/ordinary objects, una raccolta degli oggetti più folli del ventesimo secolo.

Nel 2001, sotto la direzione creativa del designer francese Sam Baron, venne poi inaugurato Fabrica Features, una seria di spazi commerciali e culturali che, oltre a proporre i prodotti ideati e selezionati da Fabrica, presentano al loro interno dei luoghi riservati alla realizzazione di concerti, proiezioni video, performance di artisti, conferenze, mostre di fotografia e opere d'arte, installazioni e workshop.

Oltre ai due spazi permanenti situati a Bologna e Lisbona, si sono aggiunti negli anni alcuni negozi temporanei situati a Londra, Madrid, Porto, Amsterdam, Istanbul e Hong Kong. Nel 2003 inoltre, la casa editrice Electa decise di pubblicare due volte l'anno Fabrica Files, una raccolta dei progetti realizzati all'interno di Fabrica durante i sei mesi che intercorrono tra un'edizione e l'altra.

Oltre alla realizzazioni di libri, design e progetti fotografici, Fabrica è celebre per le campagne pubblicitarie controverse, sulla scia dell'operato del suo fondatore, Oliviero Toscani. Particolarmente esemplificativa la campagna UNHATE, lanciata proprio dagli artisti del centro il 16 novembre 2011 e vincitrice del Cannes Ad Festival, che prevede una serie di iniziative ed eventi coordinati aventi come tema centrale il bacio, simbolo universale d'amore, scambiato tra leader politici e religiosi mondiali.

Nel 2012, la fondazione UNHATE torna con un'altra campagna, sempre realizzata dai "fabricanti" del centro, sul tema della non occupazione giovanile, con il titolo Unemployee of the year, a fronte della stima dell'OIL (Organizzazione Internazionale del Lavoro) che vede un tasso di disoccupazione giovanile mondiale pari al 12,7%, con oltre 75 milioni di giovani disoccupati tra i 15 e i 24 anni. A supporto della campagna è stato poi realizzato un film, diretto dal regista americano Tristan Patterson, che ritrae alcuni momenti di vita dei giovani "NEET" (Not in Education, Employment or Training), le loro lotte contro l'indifferenza per trovare un lavoro.

Pubblicazioni

 Iranian Living Room. Treviso, Italia: Fabrica, 2013.. Seconda edizione. Testo in inglese e italiano. Introduzione di Vanna Vannuccini, Hamid Ziarati ed Enrico Bossan. Fotografie di Mohammad Mahdi Amya, Majid Farahani, Saina Golzar, Sanaz Hajikhani, Hamed Ilkhan, Ali Kaveh, Mahshid Mahboubifar, Mehdi Moradpour, Sahar Pishsaraeian, Negar Sadehvandi, Hashem Shakeri, Sina Shiri, Ali Kaveh e Morteza Soorani.

Produzioni cinematografiche

Lungometraggi

 Moloch, regia di Alexandr Sukurov, Russia-Germania-Italia, 1999
 Seventeen Years regia di Zhang Yuan, 1999
 No Man's Land, regia di Danis Tanović, 2001

Cortometraggi

 Evidence, regia di Godfrey Reggio, 1997
 Vanish, regia di Daniel Schwarz, 2012
 De Versicoloribus Naturalium Ludis, regia di Artem Ludyankov, 2012
 Los Rosales, regia di Daniel Ferreira, 2014

Documentari

 Afterwords, regia di Gianfranco Rosi, Carlos Casas, Jean Sebastien Lallemand, 2001
 Rocinha. Ritratto di una Favela, regia di Carlos Casas, 2003
 Aral, Fishing in an Invisible Sea, regia di Carlos Casas, Saodat Ismailova, 2004
 Solitudine alla Fine del Mondo, regia di Carlos Casas, Fernando Zuber, 2005
 Fabbrica dei Martiri, regia di Camilla Cuomo, Annalisa Vozza, 2008
 Hunters since the beginning of Time, regia di Carlos Casas, 2008
 I am Jesus, regia di Valerie Gudenus, Heloisa Sartorato, 2010
 Not To Be, regia di Chelsea McMullan, 2011
 Deragliamenti, regia di Chelsea McMullan, 2011
 Devil Comes to Koko, regia di Alfie Nze, 2015
 La Gente Resta, regia di Maria Tilli, 2015
 Beatrice, regia di Lorena Alvarado, 2017
 Drew Nikonowicz - Notes from Anywhere, regia di Mattia Mura, 2017
 Shame and Soul, regia di Marco Pavan, 2017

Note

Collegamenti esterni

 Sito ufficiale di Fabrica Research Centre
Fabrica sul sito dei Beni Culturali Italiani
La voce di Fabrica nel sito ufficiale dell'azienda Benetton
Case editrici d'arte

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Ceramic container bought in Tokyo in April but sent by mail.
Recently arrived and had to be used.
I've just returned from the tropics. Sam and I took a short but much needed break and headed for the warmth of tropical Queensland. We spent six glorious days in Port Douglas where the weather is absolutely perfect with warm days and balmy nights. A marked difference from cold and miserable Melbourne.
Tapeinochilos ananassae, the spiral ginger plant, blow, would be great for ikebana. Its stems grow in a spiral pattern with the leaves on the outer side of the curve. Nature's work of art.
As if the lush tropical vegetation around the resort was not enough to make this poor ikebanist's heart beat faster, I had to come across this pile of 'rubbish' on the lawn. As I stood looking at the various dry palm fronds, my mind went into overdrive - Oh, the things I could do! My 'beloved' had to gently drag me away.
I came across the flower, in the photo below, growing outside a shop and was fascinated with it. I stopped to photograph it when a kind passer-by volunteered to tell me what it was. It's called 'Bat Plant' - Tacca Integrifolia (thank you google) and it comes in either black or white. This one is the white version. I would love to know what evolutionary purpose is served by this bizarre configuration of bracts, flowers and filaments.
I don't want to turn this post into a travel log but I want to share some highlights. For those who don't already know, the Daintree Rainforest is the oldest in the world, dating back 180 million years, older by tens of millions of years than the Amazon. A sobering thought.
Swimming in the Kassowary falls in the Daintree rainforest is definitely a highlight. The falls are situated in a privately owned property and there is only one tour company with arrangements to enter the property. Seven of us in a mini bus with a driver rattled through the rainforest, then changed to a very rough looking four wheel drive (photo below) went through locked gates, crossed water ways and arrived at the falls. It was a truly exhilarating experience to swim in the pristine pond under the falls, with fish and turtles swimming around us.
As part of the same tour we went on a short cruise on the Daintree river looking for crocodiles and other wildlife. I stopped to photograph this rather lovely yellow hibiscus, when the driver of the boat pointed to the beautifully coloured tree snake resting on a branch just above the flowers.
Near by Palm Cove boasts these giant Malaleucas, around which shops and restaurants have been built. If you look closely at the photographs, you'll see the trees growing through the roofs of the shops. An odd experience, sitting in a restaurant with a huge tree trunk next to you.
Upon our return from a walk to the Mossman Gorge, we came across this giant Golden Orb Weaver spider. It took my breath away. I estimated its size at 18 cm from tip of front legs to tip of back legs. Its web was over one sq. metre.
So, now we're back home and before I start on the accumulated laundry, I wanted to write this post. To those of you who stayed to the end, I say 'Thank you for your indulgence'.


text:
Justin Bieber's Egged Neighbors Still Want His Money
By Jo Davis November 18, 2018
It's hard to remember that Justin Bieber is only 24-years-old. Probably because this kid has been looking a little rough for the last several months, as evidenced here:
Yes, I know the kid got a buzzcut recently, but that still doesn't change my opinion. As I mentioned in my commentary last week, Bieber still isn't looking so hot.
What's even harder to believe is that at 24-years-old, Justin Bieber is now a married man, to the 21-year-old Hailey Baldwin. Kids grow up so fast these days. It feels like it wasn't so long ago that Bieber was egging houses and assaulting his neighbors. Oh wait, that's because it hasn't. If people think that Bieber is a skeezy-looking douche now, so soon they forget that he was once in the running for "Most Obnoxious Little S**t of the Decade." Bieber might physically look like crap, but no matter how old he gets or how progressively creepy looking he becomes, Bieber will always be to us, and in his own mind, a smarmy fifteen-year-old little punk.
Just last Friday, Bieber's long-going lawsuit with his former neighbors, Jeffrey and Suzanne Schwartz was finally settled. Bieber had already served probation, took a criminal plea deal, and had to pay $80,000 in restitution for damages attributed to the egging of his neighbors' house in 2013.
However, in 2015, the Schwartzes alleged further emotional harm from Bieber's actions back when he lived next door to them. Besides the egging incident, the lawsuit further details Bieber's activities in their neighborhood also included spitting in Jeffrey Schwartz's face, loud parties, drug use, and reckless driving in their gated community. The Schwartzes were asking for more than $25,000 for assault and battery, trespassing, and emotional distress. Bieber's attorneys argued that his previously paid restitution was enough, and Judge Elaine W. Mandel seemed skeptical about the additional claims brought by the Schwartzes.
You know, what, though? I don't care if this is just a clamor for more money by the the Schwartzes, I would just want them to have the money. I mean, these people went through hell dealing with this little fucker. He lived next door to them. There was no escaping him. I feel this is just as bad as if these people were trapped in a hostage situation. I can only imagine the years of therapy it will take to get over the trauma of living next to Justin Fucking Bieber. Hell, that shithead should be paying the therapy bills for everyone in his former neighborhood. I can't even fathom the horror of having to live in the same proximity as this asshole. Please pray for these people and their neighbors, friends. It doesn't matter how far away he is or how long ago this happened, the Bieber Nightmare continues to live on for them.
#justin bieber
#lawsuit
Justin Bieber Scored a Big Win in His Defamation Lawsuit Against Anonymous Rape Accusers
Justin Bieber Accused of Sexual Assault
6ix9ine is Snitching on Justin Bieber and Ariana Grande, Claiming They Bought Their Billboard #1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The huge cuts proposed by the White House budget put a lot of pressure on state and local administrators to figure out how to continue to provide government services. The best hedge against the potential federal cuts will be growing local and regional economies.
At a time in U.S. history when there has never been a greater technological pace of change and a greater mismatch of skills needed in the job marketplace, it seems unfathomable that the federal budget is on the precipice of slashing education and training services. But that is exactly what is happening. Employment and training programs are proposed to be cut by 38%. Severe cuts in education and many other government programs and services are also proposed.
"Ultimately, it will not be what Washington D.C. does, but what local regions do that will determine the future of the U.S. economy," said Colleen LaRose, founder and president of the North East Regional Employment and Training Association (NERETA). "This is why we are holding the Job Creation Summit (summit.nereta.org) in Scranton, PA on June 14 and 15 - to bring together experts from all the different constituencies represented in economic growth strategies to teach teams of local administrators not only how to cope, but how to grow their economy. As businesses in these growing economies also grow, they can help support other local needs. And, as local economies grow, so will the national economy," said LaRose.
So, why haven't so many local and regional economies embraced these growth strategies in the past?
Holstein continued, "That is why I have volunteered to act as moderator for the two days of the Job Creation Summit. All the players in a region need to learn what they can do to optimize growth. These strategies can be taught and this summit is bringing in the right expertise to teach precisely that."
The agenda and list of speakers is available at summit.nereta.org.
All in the name of growing jobs!
to improve local workforce capabilities in both technology and business ownership skills and boost a competitive advantage for your region.
Content copyright . NERETA. All rights reserved.


At BenefitWorks, our investment advisors, account administrators and support staff are here to serve you. We're committed to providing our clients with the investment leadership, retirement plan stewardship and full transparency they deserve. We're a Lebanon, PA investment advisor that's here to help.
Brooks Trefsgar grew up in Lebanon, Pennsylvania.
He is a graduate of The Hill School and Lebanon Valley College and holds a B.S. degree in economics and business.
Brooks entered the life insurance business in 1971 with Mutual of New York and specializes in the advanced markets of business and estate planning.
In 1984, Brooks and Robert Heerdt saw an opportunity to venture into the qualified plan recordkeeping and investment advisory business. Insurance companies were not interested in handling small plans, and there were no other recordkeepers in the Lebanon area.
Because Brooks and Bob were committed to serving their clients with complete objectivity, they built their Lebanon, PA investment advisor business – Trefsgar & Co, Inc. – on a fee-based business model rather than one that relies on commissions. In July 2007, that company became BenefitWorks, Inc.
Long active in the Lebanon community, Brooks served as president of the Lebanon Life Underwriters Association for many years as well as president of the Visiting Nurses Association. In addition, he was president of the VNA Foundation during its infancy and served on the board of directors of the Good Samaritan Hospital.
The fight against blindness is of paramount importance to Brooks. For 26 years, he organized and served as chair of the World Blindness Outreach, Inc. annual golf outing, helping to raise more than $1M to fund medical mission trips to developing nations. Brooks has participated in multiple missions to the Dominican Republic, Mexico and Ecuador.
Brooks and his wife, Amy, a Lebanon native, have four children, six grandchildren, three dogs and a cat. They are active members at The Church of the Good Shepherd in Lebanon and greatly enjoy contemporary Christian music. As a couple, they enjoy golf, skiing, biking and travel. Both are animal lovers and encourage others to provide forever homes to rescues.
BT Trefsgar grew up in Lebanon, Pennsylvania.
A 2006 graduate of the University of Richmond, BT earned his B.S. in business administration with concentrations in economics and finance.
After working in Philadelphia for several years, BT joined BenefitWorks in 2009 as a Lebanon, PA investment advisor. He also has served the company as a recordkeeper and compliance officer.
In 2018, BT earned his Qualified Plan Fiduciary Advisor (QPFA) designation. He is also licensed to sell life and health insurance.
A resident of Lebanon, BT and his wife, Katie, have two sons, Brooks and Harris, and a rescue dog named Rory. In his free time, BT enjoys traveling with his family, golfing, skiing, and working outside in his yard. He loves all sports, but Penn State football is his favorite.
© 2019 BenefitWorks Inc. All rights reserved.


text:
A blog on the St. Louis Cardinals
Poems For The Poet
Five Years Ago Today: June 3, 2011
Posted on June 3, 2016 by Christine Coleman
NOTE: As we all remember very well, 2011 was ultimately a special season for the Cardinals. And, since AMF began five years ago, we have the opportunity to take a look back at our coverage from that time. Today, a look back at some roster moves that happened on June 3, 2011 — with one now an obviously familiar name, while the other might make you say "who?"
Cardinals Make More Roster Moves
The Cardinals' roster is looking a little different again today.
Matt Carpenter and Mark Hamilton were called up from Triple A Memphis, to take the spots of Maikel Cleto and Pete Kozma. Cleto was sent back to Double A Springfield, while Kozma returned to Memphis.
Here's a look at Carpenter from Matthew Leach at Cardinals.com:
Carpenter was a Spring Training sensation and very nearly made the Major League roster out of camp. He got off to a slow start in the regular season, but is currently hitting .283 with a .421 OBP and a .387 SLG at Memphis. Carpenter was the Cardinals' Minor League player of the year in 2010.
Hamilton was with the Cards for a while last month, as Leach writes:
He went 3-for-15 earlier in 2011. Over parts of three seasons at Triple-A, however, Hamilton has shown himself to be an offensive force. In 25 games at Memphis this year, he's batting .391 with a .509 on-base percentage and a .552 slugging percentage. His career Triple-A line is .318/.409/.564 with 26 home runs in 143 games.
Kozma appeared in 10 games, mostly off the bench, while Cleto made his debut last night.
Both Carpenter and Hamilton will be available for tonight's game.
This entry was posted in 2011 Season and tagged Five years ago today ..., Mark Hamilton, Matt Carpenter by Christine Coleman. Bookmark the permalink.
About Christine Coleman
Christine Coleman is the creator of Aaron Miles' Fastball. Follow @AMilesFastball for the latest updates or email aaronmilesfastball@gmail.com.
View all posts by Christine Coleman →
3 thoughts on "Five Years Ago Today: June 3, 2011"
Michael on June 3, 2016 at 5:51 pm said:
Not "who?" to somebody who saw Matt Carpenter mash a home run for Memphis when he played against the Storm Chasers in Omaha. Dude had serious power even back then.
Christine Coleman on June 3, 2016 at 6:11 pm said:
The "who" was in reference to Mark Hamilton. Of course I remember Mike Shannon talking about Chris Carpenter's son Matt during spring training!
Joe Wegescheide on June 4, 2016 at 1:11 pm said:
And carpenter would, in fact, make his major league debut in that game, and get his first major league hit – a double off Kerry Wood in the ninth inning. It would be his only hit in 15 big league at bats in 2011.
I hope you do more of this. I think it's good for fans to remember the agony that went along with the ecstasy that was the 2011 season.


text:
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    {
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                $this->setLayout($e);
        }, -200);
    }

    private function setLayout($e){
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        $controllerClass = get_class($controller);
        $moduleNamespace = substr($controllerClass, 0, strpos($controllerClass, '\\'));
        $config          = $e->getApplication()->getServiceManager()->get('config');
        $routeMatch = $e->getRouteMatch();
        $actionName = strtolower($routeMatch->getParam('action', 'not-found')); // get the action name
        $controllerName = $routeMatch->getParam('controller', 'not-found'); // get the controller name
        $layout = '';
        if($controllerClass === 'Zend\Mvc\Application'){
            $moduleNamespace = explode('\\', $controllerName)[0];
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text:
Q: errException while running cloud ml engine: Unable to get element as bytes How can I solve this ?
 this error occurs when I launch prediction with cloud ml engine.
**

Exception during running the graph: Unable to get element as bytes.

**

A: It looks as though one or more inputs are marked as type DT_STRING but you are sending non-string data. Although I didn't go through all of the columns, I did notice at least the following:
inputs['dos_cp_trav'] tensor_info:
    dtype: DT_STRING
    shape: (-1)
    name: Placeholder_43:0

And your input JSON contained:
{
  ...
  "dos_cp_trav": 13009
  ...
}

You need to either change the data type of "dos_cp_trav" or pass a string in the JSON.
There may be others as well, so I recommend you double check the data types of all the inputs. You'll probably also find it helpful to use gcloud ml-engine local predict --json-instance=FILE to test locally before sending of large jobs to the cloud.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


For those of you have are serious Phantasy Star Portable addict like myself, and are into video games, have probably seen or heard of the new Phantasy Star Portable free video game. I saw the Phantasy Star Portable trailer about a month ago and was really impressed. I took some time to play around with this free full game Phantasy Star Portable and I was impressed.
Phantasy Star Portable marks the latest addition to the much loved and effortlessly fun gaming series like Xbox, Nintendo, PSP, PS2, PS3, WII etc.
Phantasy Star Portable can also spark a gamers interest in a particular subject, causing them to not only pick up information throughout the free full game like Phantasy Star Portable, but to seek further details at a later date.
I'm going to tell you some ups and downs the video game has after playing and finishing it, and it'll be up to you to decide if it is worth playing for yourself. Playing these game: Phantasy Star Portable that combines challenging fun with a little bit of aerobic activity, assists in the growth of thinking and problem-solving skills, as well as reasoning and memory capabilities.
Try to download for free full Phantasy Star Portable here.


After two years of work restoration of the 183m long heritage listed Curdies River bridge on the Camperdown to Timboon Rail Trail is almost complete. A significant portion of the work has been voluntary.
Please note Railtrails Australia has no connection with this work and interested people should ascertain for themselves the condition of the work with the Camperdown to Timboon Rail Trail Committee of Management. Also note that it will be heavy work.
The next issue of Rail Trail Connections will have a detailed article on the restoration to date.
Click here for more information on the rail trail.


text:
Famous Alumni of University College London - Celebrities from University College London
University College London is highly popular across the world, especially among students who want to pursue their postgraduate studies. Also commonly known as 'UCL', this great institution is the third oldest in the whole of England. Scroll to see the names of famous celebrities who studied at University College London. The achievements of many of these former students are simply outstanding. The notable alumni of UCL have played a vital role in making it a renowned institution. Scientist and inventor Alexander Graham Bell is the inventor of the telephone, a genius who has made communication across the world pretty convenient. Indian freedom fighter and lawyer Mahatma Gandhi, Acclaimed Hollywood filmmaker Christopher Nolan as well as English singer and songwriter Chris Martin are a few famous personalities who studied at UCL. Mahatma Gandhi was the face of the Indian freedom movement and in a great way helped his country gain freedom from the British. Christopher Nolan is one of the most loved filmmakers of recent times and has made several blockbusters like 'The Dark Knight', 'Inception' and 'Interstellar'. Many youngsters of today are filmmaking aspirants, thanks to Nolan's contribution to cinema. Popular English comedian and actor Ricky Gervais is another alumnus of University College London who has made his alma mater pretty proud. These individuals are now role models to many people across the world and have been inspiring them to pursue their dreams. We've compiled a list of some of the most famous Harvard students of all time, along with the field/area of their achievements. This list of notable University College London alumni is based on the individual's achievements and fame. We are quite certain that you will be surprised by some of the notable University College London alumni who made it to this list.
Check out the list of notable University College London (UCL) alumni. Some of the notable University College London (UCL) students are Mahatma Gandhi, Alexander Graham Bell, Rabindranath Tagore, Chris Martin and David Attenborough.
The Most Famous Alumni of University College London
Pietro Boselli December 3, 1998 Italian Pietro Boselli is an Italian model, engineer, teacher, and fitness athlete who became famous as the 'world's sexiest math teacher'
Joseph Lister April 5, 1827 British Joseph Lister was a British surgeon who was the founder of antiseptic medicine
Mahatma Gandhi October 2, 1869 Indian Mahatma Gandhi played an important role in India's struggle for freedom
Adrian Smith February 27, 1957 British Adrian Smith is an English guitarist, who has played for various bands
Marie Stopes October 15, 1880 British Marie Stopes was a British author and palaeobotanist who played a pioneering role in the field of family planning
V. K. Krishna Menon May 3, 1896 Indian Statesman and diplomat V.K
Hans Eysenck March 4, 1916 German Hans Eysenck was a psychologist, world renowned for his work on intelligence and personality
Francis Crick June 8, 1916 British Francis Crick was an English molecular biologist, biophysicist and neuroscientist, who received the Nobel Prize for Medicine
Mulk Raj Anand December 12, 1905 Indian Mulk Raj Anand was one of the first Indian writers in English to gain international fame
Robert Browning May 7, 1812 British Robert Browning was a famous English poet and playwright
Arthur Keith
Arthur Keith was a distinguished Scottish anatomist and anthropologist
WelshFebruary 5, 1866136 views
Owen Willans Richardson
Sir Owen Willans Richardson was a British physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1928 for his work on thermionic phenomenon
Roger Tomlinson
Roger Tomlinson was an English geographer commonly referred to as the "father of GIS." This biography of Roger Tomlinson provides detailed information about his childhood, life, achievements, works & timeline.
BritishNovember 17, 1933105 views
Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-American scientist and inventor, referred to as 'Father of the Telephone'
CanadianMarch 3, 1847120 views
Marie Stopes
Marie Stopes was a British author and palaeobotanist who played a pioneering role in the field of family planning
BritishOctober 15, 1880180 views
Agnes Arber
Agnes Arber was one of the most eminent botanists whose researches based on plant morphology hold good till date
BritishFebruary 23, 1879139 views
Mahatma Gandhi played an important role in India's struggle for freedom
IndianOctober 2, 1869201 views
Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar
Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar was an Indian scientist, famously dubbed as the 'Father of research laboratories'
IndianFebruary 21, 189487 views
Sir David Attenborough is an English broadcaster and naturalist
V. K. Krishna Menon
Statesman and diplomat V.K
IndianMay 3, 1896177 views


Patents can look pretty daunting. They are granted through an official application process, protected by law, and backed by the might of powerful pharmaceutical corporations. But it is always worth doing more research. For all the legal processes they go through, patents are not always valid.
Patents are a social tool, so in many countries, anyone may question whether the claims of a patent are factually true, and whether the patent was granted in error. And it's not a hopeless task: many groups and individuals have already been successful by following the steps described in this tutorial.
2. What makes a patent valid?
Generally, across the world, for a patent to be valid, there are three requirements: novelty (the product was not previously known by the public); inventiveness (the product is not simply an obvious solution that anyone could have thought of) and industrial application (the product can be demonstrably used in some kind of industry).
All national laws allow for a patent to be revoked if it is found to be invalid. But the particular way that the validity of a patent can be challenged is determined by national law, so checking them will be a fundamental part of your research — see Step 1. Fundamentals, for more information.
In some countries, during the period when a patent application is being reviewed (known as a "pre-grant opposition" or a "pre-grant observation").
Since joining the World Trade Organization, India has had to comply with international trade rules, including the TRIPS Agreement. In 2005, India amended its patent law and started to grant patents on medicines. Crucially, India maintained provisions to protect health and access to medicines: its new law includes a pre-grant opposition process that allows anyone to submit information to the Patent Controller as to why a patent does not fulfil India's patentability criteria (as provided under Section 25(1) of the Indian Patents Act).
Patent oppositions highlight information and evidence showing that the patent application does not meet a country's patentability standards. This reduces the possibility of unmerited and invalid patents being granted on these drugs.
To decide if an opposition is possible on a specific medicine, it is important to first identify which patents cover it, and then assess whether any of them block generic competitors from producing, marketing or supplying the medicine in your country.
Successful challenges can prevent the patent from being granted in the first place, or can completely or partly revoke patents.
Example: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is an essential antireteroviral that is a backbone of first- line HIV treatment. In India, Gilead had filed number of patent applications for TDF, including applications covering the pro-drug, fumarate salt, intermediates and fixed-dose combinations. These applications were successfully opposed by networks of people living with HIV/AIDS and civil society. As a result, both the patent grant for TDF and a 28-year patent monopoly were avoided in India.


NSF International provides dedicated laboratory resources focused on supporting bioanalytical research. Working with the academic research community, public health research institutions and business research sectors, we help researchers from the initial stages of study planning through execution and publication.
Using a variety of biochemical analysis techniques, we analyze samples in human sample matrixes and can perform custom method development on additional classes of chemicals or to expand an existing panel.


text:
Carmel Holy Land
Stella Maris Monastery
The history of the Carmelites
The Carmelite charism
The Teresian Charism
The Discalced Carmelites in the Holy Land
Spirituality of our Saints
Stella Maris Church
Pilgrim Center
Latin Parish of Saint Joseph
Local Church news
Spirituality news
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The Canadian Silver Maple Leaf coin can be a stunning, premium quality, natural gold bullion money that is highly sought after people and by lovers around the world. The Royal Canadian Mint first manufactured in a platinum gold model in 1979 the Maple Leaf cash. The silver edition was initially minted in 1988. Requirements: Each silver maple leaf coin includes one full whiff of natural gold. It's a professional love of magic. 38.0 mm is measured by its dimension. It's a breadth of 3.29 mm. It's a style that is static. A sculpture of Britan Elizabeth II is featured about the money's obverse. A walnut leaf, that will be the national token in Europe, is featured to the change.
No person needs to have a benefit on the additional.
It has a face-value of $ dollars. Interesting Details: Three head images – from young to older – of Queen Elizabeth II were supplied. In 1998, a model that was to ounce was minted to respect the 10th wedding of the cash. With a level that was happy, to observe the 20th Wedding of the program, Magic Maple Leafs were minted in 1999. The 2000 outdated cash included a level that was privy. Types: Usually the one oz silver Leaf coins can also be available in gold, palladium Special edition Maple Leaf variations were released. They incorporate hologram, shaded, Olympic, privy tag, and particular problems.
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Discalced Carmelite Order
31-090 Haifa - Israel
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text:
One-time settlement of VAT, excise disputes in the works
The scheme, if approved, would allow officials to focus on GST compliance instead of dealing with legacy issues and could also generate instant one-time revenue for the govt.
August 03, 2018, 06:15 IST
NEW DELHI: India could consider offering a one-time settlement to clear legacy central excise duty and value added tax (VAT) issues to ensure they do not linger and act as a drag in the goods and services tax regime. The GST Council, the apex decision-making body for the tax, will take up the proposal at a meeting on August 4.
The scheme, if approved, would allow officials to focus on GST compliance instead of dealing with legacy issues and could also generate instant one-time revenue for the government. "It would clean the slate," said an official privy to the proposal.
The scheme could cover assessments as well as arrears, according to the proposal that is part of the council's agenda. GST was rolled out on July 1 last year, replacing a range of central and state taxes including central excise duty, countervailing duty, cesses, VAT , entry tax and purchase tax.
VAT PENDENCY
The VAT regime across the country was not uniform, with states having their own laws and procedures. This meant separate filings by businesses across states in line with each state's VAT framework.
There is a backlog of two or three VAT assessments for every dealer in each state, according to an industry experts. As a result, tax teams of companies are not only grappling with GST law and compliance requirements, but are also compiling documents, collecting pending statutory forms and preparing reconciliations to complete VAT assessments.
Most tax manpower has shifted to GST and only a few are left to cater to the old tax regime, which is further fuelling pendency.
"For companies with pan-India operations (e.g. in FMCG, consumer electronics), at least two-three assessments are pending in each state. Thus, assuming a company has operations in 20 states, the total number of pending VAT assessments for such company in all states could be in the range of 40 to 50," said Harpreet Singh, partner, indirect tax, KPMG.
CENTRE KEEN TO CUT DISPUTES
The government is keen to cut down on unnecessary disputes and litigation. It recently raised the monetary thresholds for filing appeals by the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs as well as the Central Board of Direct Taxes. CBIC will withdraw 18% of such cases from tribunals, 22% from high courts and 21% from the Supreme Court.
The CBIC has asked its field formations to clear past cases expeditiously to focus on the GST regime, which is still settling down.
"As newer litigations are coming up under GST, it's important for the government to clean up the past as early as possible by coming with a onetime settlement for old litigation, wherein penalty and interest (at least partially) is waived," said Pratik Jain, leader, indirect taxes, PwC. "However, the tax paid should be available as a credit under GST as well, which would have been creditable earlier."
CBIC
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Astrantia, or otherwise known as masterwort, is often noted as a cottage garden flower. The blooms have a pincushion-like center with pointed petals circling the outside similar to a star, growing up to 18 inches tall. A great cut flower for arrangements. Plant in sun to part shade and enjoy the flowers all summer long.