text:
\section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction}
 Data on light quark mesons comes mainly
  from hadron induced reactions, {\it e.g.} by using $K$, $\pi$, $p$ or $\bar p$ beams and, more recently, from decays of heavy mesons.
Up to now, only a few studies of the light meson spectrum were attempted with electromagnetic probes and, in particular, with real photons.
  The main reason for
 this is the relatively small production
cross sections compared to hadronic reactions.
However, this situation is changing,   thanks to the recent advances in producing high-intensity and high-quality tagged, polarized photon beams.  At  lower energies, {\it e.g.} near single meson production thresholds, high quality data have been accumulated  by the CB-ELSA~\cite{elsa}  and CB-MAMI~\cite{Ostrick:2016eig} experiments, while at higher energies, photoproduction data have come from the CLAS~\cite{Ireland:2017ksn} experiment at Jefferson Lab. Moreover, two new programs,  GLUEX~\cite{Patsyuk:2017imk} and MesonEx  ~\cite{mesonx} have just been launched in the same laboratory.
 A typical meson photoproduction data set from past experiments in the energy range below 20 GeV, typical for meson spectroscopy, has tens of thousands of events, and only a few topologies have been studied~\cite{Ballam73,Aston80,Fries78}.
For comparison, the data samples from the $g11$ run at CLAS used here, exceed the existing sets in many channels by at least an order of magnitude, and several reconstructed topologies are available for a comprehensive study~\cite{Battaglieri:2012zz}.

Specifically, two-pseudoscalar meson photoproduction (two-pion and two-kaon) offers the possibility of investigating various aspects of the light meson resonance spectrum.
Two-pion is the main decay mode of the  lowest isoscalar-tensor, the  $f_2(1270)$ resonance, and it is
the only known hadronic decay mode of the lowest isovector-vector resonance, the $\rho(770)$.
The two-kaon channel is the main decay mode of the isoscalar-vector $\phi(1020)$ and a possible sub-threshold decay of the isoscalar-scalar $f_0(980)$ and the isovector-scalar $a_0(980)$.
 Both the two pion and two kaon decay modes couple to the isoscalar-scalar channel, which contains the  $f_0(500)$ and  $f_0(980)$ resonances ~\cite{Pelaez:2015qba} and a few more resonances with masses above 1 GeV that are not yet well understood.   For example, the $f_0(500)$  meson, which is now well established~\cite{Caprini:2005zr,Kaminski:2006qe,Kaminski:2006yv}, but does not fit the naive quark model classification. The $f_0(980)$ is similarly difficult to classify and its composition is affected by proximity to the $K{\bar K}$ threshold.
These states have been the subject of extensive investigations~\cite{Dai:2014zta,Briceno:2017qmb} since their
observation in photon induced reactions can provide insights into their internal structure.\\
In this paper we present results of the analysis of
 $K^+K^-$ photoproduction in the photon energy range $3.0 - 3.8 \mbox{  GeV}$ and momentum transfer
squared $-t$  between $0.6 \mbox{ GeV}^2$ and $1.3 \mbox{ GeV}^2$, where
the di-kaon effective mass $M_{K^+K^-}$ varies from 0.990 to 1.075 GeV.
We have focused on  this mass region because it is dominated by the production of the $\phi(1020)$ resonance that decays to the two kaons in  the $P$-wave, and thus a partial wave analysis based on the lower ($S$ and $P$) waves efficiently describes it.  To describe the higher mass region would require a higher number of partial waves, and is not included in this study.

Angular distributions of photoproduced mesons and related observables, such as the spherical harmonic moments and the spin density matrix elements, are the most effective tools
for studying individual partial waves. For example, interference between the $S$-wave and the dominant $P$-wave
was first discovered in the moment analysis of $K^+K^-$ photoproduction on hydrogen in the experiments performed at DESY~\cite{Behrend}  and Daresbury~\cite{Barber}.
In this work we applied the same methodology used in the
analysis of two pion photoproduction to the same data set~\cite{f0-clas,2pi-clas} and we refer the reader to those  works for a detailed description of the analysis procedure.

This paper is organized as follows. In the next section we give a summary of the experimental setup and data analysis.   Extraction of  the angular moments of the
two-kaon system is described in Section ~\ref{sec:mom}. The
fit of a phenomenological model to the extracted moments is described in
 Section~\ref{sec:disp}, where we also present results of the partial wave analysis, including the extracted differential cross sections for each partial wave, and a physics interpretation. A summary of the results is given in  Section~\ref{sec:sum}.

\section{\label{sec:exp} Experimental procedures and data analysis}
\subsection{The photon beam and the target}
The measurement   was performed with the CLAS detector~\cite{CLAS}
in  Hall B at Jefferson Lab with a bremsstrahlung
photon beam  produced by a continuous 60 nA electron beam of energy  $E_0$ = 4.02 GeV
impinging on a gold foil of thickness $8 \times 10^{-5}$ radiation lengths.
A bremsstrahlung tagging system~\cite{SO99} with a photon energy resolution of 0.1$\%$ $E_0$
was used to tag photons in the energy range from 1.6 GeV
to a maximum energy of 3.8 GeV. In this analysis only the high-energy
part of the photon spectrum, ranging from 3.0 to 3.8 GeV, was used. The
$e^+$ $e^-$ pairs produced by  interactions of the  photon beam on an additional thin gold foil were used
to continuously monitor the photon flux  during the experiment. Absolute normalization was obtained by comparing
the $e^+$ $e^-$ pair rate with the photon flux measured by a total absorption lead-glass counter in dedicated
low-intensity runs.
The  energy calibration of the Hall-B tagger system
was performed both by a direct measurement of the $e^+e^-$ pairs produced by the incoming photons
and by applying  an over-constrained kinematic fit  to the  reaction $\gamma p \to p \pi^+ \pi^-$, where all particles
in the final state were detected in CLAS~\cite{tag-abs_cal}.
The quality of the calibrations was checked by
looking at  the mass  of known particles, as well as their dependence on  other kinematic variables
(photon energy, detected particle momenta and angles).

The target cell, a Mylar  cylinder  4 cm in diameter and 40-cm long, was filled by liquid hydrogen at 20.4 K.
The luminosity was obtained as the product of the target density,
target length and the incoming photon flux
corrected for data-acquisition dead time.
The overall   systematic uncertainty on the run  luminosity was estimated to be approximately  10$\%$,
dominated by the uncertainty of the photon flux normalisation~\cite{devita}.

\subsection{The CLAS detector}
Outgoing  hadrons were detected in the CLAS  spectrometer.
Momentum information for charged particles was obtained via tracking
through three regions of multi-wire drift chambers~\cite{DC} within  a toroidal magnetic
field ($\sim 1.25$ T) generated by six superconducting coils.
The polarity of the field was set to bend the positive particles away from the beam line  into the acceptance
of the  detector.
Time-of-flight scintillators (TOF) were used for charged hadron
identification~\cite{Sm99}.
The interaction time between the incoming photon and the target
was measured by  the start counter (ST)~\cite{ST}. This   was
made of 24 strips of 2.2 mm thick plastic scintillator surrounding the hydrogen cell
with a single-ended PMT-based read-out.
The average time resolution of the ST strips was $\sim$300~ps.

The CLAS momentum resolution, $\sigma_p/p$, ranged from 0.5 to 1.0\%, depending on
the kinematics.
The detector geometrical acceptance for each positive particle in the
relevant kinematic region was about 40\%. It was somewhat less for low-energy negative
hadrons, which could be lost at  forward angles because
their paths were bent toward the beam line and out of the acceptance
by the toroidal field.
Coincidences between the photon tagger and the CLAS detector triggered
the recording of the events. The trigger in CLAS  required
a coincidence between the TOF and the ST
in at least two sectors, in order to  select
reactions with at least two charged particles in the final state.
A total integrated luminosity of 70 pb$^{-1}$ ($\sim20$ pb$^{-1}$ in the range 3.0$<E_\gamma<$3.8 GeV)
was accumulated in  50 days of data taking  in 2004.

\subsection{Data analysis and reaction identification}\label{ssec:reac_id}
The raw data were passed through the standard CLAS reconstruction software to determine the four-momenta of the detected particles.
In this phase of the analysis, corrections were applied to account for the energy loss of charged particles in the target and
surrounding  materials, misalignments of the  drift chamber positions, and
uncertainties in the value of the toroidal magnetic field.\\
\begin{figure}
\center
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{prd-fig1.eps}
\caption{Missing mass of the reconstructed $K^-$ for the reaction $\gamma p \to p K^+ K^-$. Only events in the shaded area were used in the analysis. \label{fig:missmass}}
\end{figure}
The reaction $\gamma p \to p K^+ K^-$ was isolated by detecting the  proton and the $K^+$ in the CLAS spectrometer,
while the  $K^-$ was reconstructed from the four-momenta of the detected particles by using the missing-mass technique.
A combination of drift chambers and TOF information allowed for the identification of  the kaon band in the $\beta$ vs. $p$ plane for positive charged particles. More details, as well as  the  resulting $K^+$ missing mass  spectrum for the reaction $\gamma p \to K^+ X$ can be found in
Ref.~\cite{devita}.
The exclusivity of the reaction was ensured by retaining events  within 3$\sigma$ around the missing $K^-$ peak (492 MeV $\pm$ 30 MeV). This cut
kept the contamination from pion misidentification and multi-kaon  background to a minimum ($\sim$7\%) for events in the di-kaon mass range of interest for this analysis (0.990 GeV $<M_{K^+K^-}<$ 1.075 GeV).
\ Figure~\ref{fig:missmass} shows the $K^-$ missing mass.
The  background below the kaon peak appears as a smooth contribution
to the $K^+K^-$ invariant mass that can be accounted for by fitting and subtracting a polynomial function.
Since the focus of the paper is about the interference of the narrow $P$-wave (the $\phi$ meson) with the  $S$-wave,  the experimental background, as well as the  projection of high mass hyperons populating the $pK^+$ mass spectrum,
enters in the $K^+K^-$ mass as a smooth  incoherent contribution that does not affect the results.

To  cut out  edge regions in the  detector acceptance, only events within a {\it fiducial phase space} volume were retained in this analysis.
In the laboratory reference system, cuts were defined for
the minimum hadron momentum ($p_{p}>0.32$~GeV/c and $p_{K^+}>0.125$~GeV/c), and the minimum
angles ($\theta_{p} >10^\circ$ and $\theta_{K^+} >5^\circ$).
The  fiducial cuts  were defined comparing in detail the experimental data distributions with the results of  the detector  simulation.
The minimum momentum cuts were tuned for different hadrons to take into account the energy loss as the particles pass through the target and the detector.\\
After all cuts, 0.2M  events were identified as produced in the exclusive reaction   $\gamma p \to p K^+ (K^-)$.
The other event topologies that required the $K^-$ to be detected
were not used since, in the kinematics of interest for this analysis ($-t<1.3$~GeV$^2$),
the collected data were about one  order of magnitude less due to the reduced detector acceptance for the inbending $K^-$.
Figure ~\ref{fig:dalitzplot} shows the invariant mass spectra of $pK^-$ and $K^+K^-$ using the reconstructed $K^-$  four-momentum.\\
The $\phi(1020)$ dominates the $K^+ K^-$ spectrum and  the $\Lambda(1520)$ peak is  visible in the mass spectrum of the  $p K^-$
invariant mass. No overlap between  the $\Lambda(1520)$ peak  and the $K^+ K^-$ spectrum occurs for
$M_{K^+K^-}<1.25$ GeV. Nevertheless, a sharp cut for $M_{pK^-}<1.6$ GeV was applied to avoid any contamination in the meson spectrum from the    $\Lambda(1520)$.
A hint of excited $\Lambda$ states is visible in the bi-dimensional distribution  but their contribution to the $K^+K^-$ spectrum is very small and tends to be smooth when all hyperon states are integrated over.
\begin{figure}
\center
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{prd-fig2.eps}
\caption{Invariant mass of the $pK^+$ system vs. invariant mass of the $K^+K^-$
         system. The $\phi$ meson shows up as a narrow vertical band peaked around 1~GeV, while the $\Lambda(1520)$ is visible as a horizontal band around 1.5 GeV. \label{fig:dalitzplot}}
\end{figure}

\section{\label{sec:mom} Moments of the di-kaon angular distributions}\label{par:fin_results}
In this section we consider the analysis of spherical harmonic moments,
$ \langle Y_{\lM} \rangle =  \langle Y_{\lM} \rangle(E_\gamma,t,M_{K^+K^-})$, of the  di-kaon angular distribution defined as,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:mom}
\langle Y_{\lM} \rangle = \sqrt{4\pi} \int d\Omega_K  {{d\sigma} \over {dt\;dM_{K^+K^-} \;d\Omega_K}} Y_{\lM}(\Omega_K),
\end{equation}
where $d\sigma$ is the four-fold differential cross section at fixed
 photon energy $E_\gamma$. Here $t$ is the momentum transfer squared between the target and the recoil proton,
  $M_{K^+K^-}$ is the di-kaon invariant mass and $Y_{\lM}$ are
spherical harmonics. The spherical angle
$\Omega_K = (\theta_K , \phi_K)$ corresponds to the
 direction of flight of the  $K^+$
in the $K^+K^-$ helicity rest frame. This is the rest frame of the $K^+  K^-$ pair, with the $y$-axis perpendicular to the production plane and the $z$-axis pointing in the opposite direction of the recoil nucleon  momentum.
 In  equation \eqref{eq:mom}  the normalization has been chosen such that
  the $\langle Y_{00}\rangle$ moment is equal to the di-kaon production  differential  cross section $d\sigma/dt\;dM_{K^+K^-}$.

There are several advantages in using moments of the angular distribution compared to a direct partial wave analysis.
Moments  can  be  expressed as bi-linear in terms of the partial waves and,
depending on the particular combination of $L$ and $M$,  show specific sensitivity to  a particular subset of them.
In addition, they can be directly and
unambiguously derived from the data, allowing for a quantitative comparison to the same observables calculated in specific theoretical models. Since partial wave analysis has either intrinsic mathematical ambiguities or is model dependent, it is important to extract physical observables like moments before proceeding with a model dependent analysis~\cite{Chung:1997qd}.

 The moments were extracted using two separate methods, both expanding  in a model-independent set of basis functions, which were compared to the data by maximizing a likelihood function. The  first of these two methods (M1) parametrized the angular distributions in terms of moments directly, while the second method (M2) used spherical harmonic partial wave amplitudes.
 The approximations in these two methods are dependent on the basis and
on their truncation.
As a check of systematics we also applied two further methods:  we first binned the data and Monte Carlo simulations in all kinematical variables and divided the data by acceptance to obtain the expected angular distributions; the second used linear algebra techniques to set up an over-determined system of equations for the moments. They provided consistent results but  were not as stable or reliable as the maximum likelihood methods M1 and M2 and were  not included in the  final determination of the experimental moments.
Detailed systematic studies using both Monte Carlo and data were performed to test the stability of the results for the different methods. A summary of these studies is reported in Appendix~\ref{appendix:syst}.
Full details regarding the procedure adopted for  the moment extractions  are reported in~\cite{2pi-clas,sal-note}.

\subsection{Detector efficiency}
The CLAS detection efficiency for the reaction  $\gamma p \to p K^+K^-$ was obtained by means of detailed Monte Carlo
simulations, which included knowledge of the full detector geometry and a realistic response to traversing particles. Events were generated
according  to three-particle phase space with a  bremsstrahlung photon energy spectrum.
A total  of 96 M  events were generated in the energy range  3.0 GeV $< E_\gamma <$  3.8 GeV  and covered
the allowed kinematic  range in $-t$ and $M_{K^+K^-}$. About 19 M  events were reconstructed
in the $M_{K^+K^-}$ and $-t$ ranges of interest
(0.990 GeV $< M_K<$ 1.365 GeV, 0.6 GeV$^2< -t < $ 1.3 GeV$^2$).
This corresponds to more than 400 times the  statistics collected in the experiment, thereby introducing a negligible
statistical uncertainty with respect to the statistical fluctuations  of the data.

\subsection{Extraction of the moments via likelihood fit of experimental data}
The extraction of the moments, $\langle Y_{LM}\rangle$, was performed using the extended maximum likelihood method. As stated above, the expected theoretical  yield was parametrized in terms of appropriate functions, amplitudes in one case and  moments in the other. The theoretical expectation, after correction  for acceptance, was  compared to the experimental yield. The likelihood is then given by,
\begin{equation}
{\cal L}\sim\frac{\overline{n}_{Y_{LM}}^{n}}{n!}e^{-\overline{n}_{Y_{LM}}}\Pi_{a=1}^{n}\left[\frac{\eta(\tau_{a})I(\tau_{a},\langle Y_{LM}\rangle)}{\bar{n(\langle Y_{LM}\rangle)}}\right].
\end{equation}

Here  $a$ represents a data event, $n $ is the number of data events in a given $(E_\gamma,t,M_{K^+K^-})$ bin ({\it i.e.}
the fit is done independently in each bin), $\tau_a$ represents  the set of kinematical variables of the $a^{th}$ event (here the two kaon decay angles),
 $\eta(\tau_a)$ is the corresponding acceptance derived by Monte Carlo simulations  and $I(\tau_a)$ is the theoretical
function representing the expected event distribution.
The measure $d\tau$ includes the phase space factor and the likelihood function is normalized to the expected number of events in the bin
\begin{equation}

\overline{n}_{Y_{LM}}=\int d\tau\eta(\tau)I(\tau,\langle Y_{LM}\rangle).
\end{equation}
This normalization integral was performed by Monte-Carlo integration over the reconstructed simulated events.
The parameters were extracted by minimizing a function of the form,
\begin{equation}
-2\ln{\cal L}\propto-2\sum_{a=1}^{n}I(\tau_{a},\langle Y_{LM}\rangle)+2\;\overline{n}_{Y_{LM}}.
\end{equation}
The advantage of this approach lies in avoiding binning the data and the large uncertainties related to the corrections
in  regions of CLAS with vanishing efficiencies.

Comparison of the results of the two different extraction methods
allows one to estimate the systematic uncertainty related to the procedure.
A detailed description of the two approaches is reported in Ref.~\cite{2pi-clas}.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth]{prd-fig3-1.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth]{prd-fig3-2.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth]{prd-fig3-3.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth]{prd-fig3-4.eps}
\caption[]{Moments of the di-kaon angular distributions  for $3.0 <E_\gamma< 3.8 \mbox{ GeV}$
and $-t=0.45\pm0.05 \mbox{ GeV}^2$ (black), $-t=0.65\pm0.05 \mbox{ GeV}^2$ (red) and $-t=0.95\pm0.05 \mbox{ GeV}^2$ (blue). The error bars include both statistical and systematic uncertainties as explained in the text.}
\label{fig:final-2}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth]{prd-fig4-1.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth]{prd-fig4-2.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth]{prd-fig4-3.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth]{prd-fig4-4.eps}
\caption[]{Moments of the di-kaon angular distributions  for $3.0 <E_\gamma< 3.8 \mbox{ GeV}$
and $-t=0.45\pm0.05 \mbox{ GeV}^2$ (black), $-t=0.65\pm0.05 \mbox{ GeV}^2$ (red) and $-t=0.95\pm0.05 \mbox{ GeV}^2$ (blue). The error bars include both statistical and systematic uncertainties as explained in the text. }
\label{fig:final-3}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth]{prd-fig5-1.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth]{prd-fig5-2.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth]{prd-fig5-3.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth]{prd-fig5-4.eps}
\caption[]{Moments of the di-kaon angular distributions  for $3.0 <E_\gamma< 3.8 \mbox{ GeV}$
and $-t=0.45\pm0.05 \mbox{ GeV}^2$ (black), $-t=0.65\pm0.05 \mbox{ GeV}^2$ (red) and $-t=0.95\pm0.05 \mbox{ GeV}^2$ (blue). The error bars include both statistical and systematic uncertainties as explained in the text.}
\label{fig:final-4}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Method comparisons and final results}\label{sec:final_moments}
Moments derived by the different procedures agreed qualitatively.
The two  methods were consistent in the range of interest from 0.990 GeV$< M_{K^+K^-}< 1.075$~GeV   (and $0.6 < -t <  1.3 \mbox{ GeV}^2$). We do not use the region $M_{K^+K^-}>$ 1.075~GeV
to extract amplitude information because the choice of amplitude parametrization  (see Sec.~\ref{sec:amplitudes}) is only valid in proximity to  the $\phi(1020)$ meson mass.
The difference between  the fit results of M1 and M2 was used to evaluate the systematic uncertainty
associated with the moment extractions.
The final results are  given as the  average of
M1 (parametrization with moments) and M2 (parametrization with amplitudes),
\begin{equation}
Y_{final}={{1}\over{2}}\sum_{i=1,2 \, Methods}{Y_i},
\end{equation}
where $Y$ stands for  $\langle Y_{\lM} \rangle(E_\gamma,t,M_{K^+K^-})$.
The total uncertainty $\delta Y_{final}$ in the final moments was evaluated by adding in quadrature the statistical uncertainty, $\delta Y_{MINUIT}$ as given by MINUIT, and two systematic uncertainty contributions:
$\delta Y_{syst\,\, fit}$ related to the moment extraction procedure,
and $\delta Y_{syst\,\,  norm}$, the systematic uncertainty  associated with the photon flux normalization (see Sec.~\ref{sec:exp}).
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta Y_{final}=\sqrt{\delta Y_{MINUIT}^2+\delta Y_{syst\,\, fit}^2+\delta Y_{syst\,\, norm}^2}\label{eq:err_Y}
\end{eqnarray}
with:\\
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta Y_{syst\,\,  fit}&=&\sqrt{\sum_{i=3,4 \, Methods}({Y_i}-Y_{final})^2}\\
\delta Y_{syst\,\,  norm}& =& 10\% \cdot Y_{final}.
\end{eqnarray}
Therefore, faor most of  the data points, the systematic uncertainties dominate over the statistical uncertainty.
Samples of the  final experimental moments are shown in Figs.~\ref{fig:final-2},~\ref{fig:final-3}, and~\ref{fig:final-4}. The  error bars include the systematic uncertainties related to the moment extraction  and the photon flux normalization
as discussed in  Sec.~\ref{sec:final_moments}. The whole set of moments resulting from this analysis  is  available in the Jefferson Lab~\cite{jlab-db} and the Durham~\cite{dhuram-db} databases.

As a check of the analysis procedure, the differential cross  section $d\sigma/dt$ for the $\gamma p \to p \phi(1020)$ meson  was extracted by integrating  the $\langle Y_{00} \rangle$ moment in each $t$ bin in the range  1.005 GeV  $<M_{K^+K^-}<$1.035 GeV  after subtracting a first-order polynomial background fitted to the data (excluding the region 1.005  GeV $< M_{K^+K^-} <$ 1.035 GeV as $\langle\tilde{Y}_{00}\rangle$ is not linear due to the $\phi$ peak).
The results are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:phi_xsec}.
Despite the different energy binning of the various studies, the reasonable agreement within the quoted uncertainties  with previous  measurements~\cite{Barber,phi-clas-2014}
gives us confidence in the accuracy of the analysis method.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width = 3.2in]{prd-fig6.eps}
 \caption{Differential cross section for $ 3.0 <E_{\gamma} < 3.8 \mbox{ GeV}$ derived from the $\langle Y_{00} \rangle$ moment analysis compared with other results.
 The differential cross section was calculated  from the $P$-wave extracted using the partial waves analysis described in  Sec.~\ref{sec:res_sec}.
 The uncertainties include fit parameter uncertainties added in quadrature with a 10\% systematic uncertainty from the photon flux normalization.
Results of this work are compared to CLAS published results from~ \cite{phi-clas-2014}
in the energy range $ E_{\gamma} $= 3.300 GeV $\pm$ 0.015 GeV and Daresbury data~\cite{Barber} in the range $ 2.8 <E_{\gamma} < 3.8 \mbox{ GeV}$. }
\label{fig:phi_xsec}
 \end{center}
 \end{figure}

\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width = 6.5in]{prd-fig7.eps}
\caption{Experimental moments $\langle Y_{LM} \rangle$ (red) for
            $0.6 \le \vert t \vert \le 0.7$~GeV$^2$ for $L \le 2$ and $M \le 2$ together
	    with the moments derived from the fitted amplitudes (black), including the
	    $L$=0 and $L$=1 amplitudes in the fit. The shaded band indicates the
	    associated systematic uncertainty. Under our assumptions (see text), $\langle Y_{22} \rangle = 0$ in the full mass range. The solid line represent the best fit.
}
\label{fig:mom_results_start}
\end{figure*}

\section{\label{sec:disp} Partial wave analysis}
In the previous section we discussed how moments of the angular distributions of the $K^+K^-$ system,
$\langle Y_{LM} \rangle$,  were extracted from the data in each bin in photon  energy, momentum transfer and di-kaon mass.
In this section we describe how partial waves were parametrized and extracted by fitting the experimental moments.

 The production amplitudes can be written as
\begin{equation}
f = f_{\lambda_\gamma,\lambda,\lambda'}(s,t,M_{K^+K^-},\Omega )= f_{\{\lambda\}}(s,t,M_{K^+K^-},\Omega).
\end{equation}
where $\lambda_\gamma,\lambda,\lambda'$ are the helicities of the photon, target and recoil nucleon, respectively, and $M_{K^+K^-}$ is the invariant mass of the $K^+ K^-$ system.
In terms of the helicity amplitudes the cross section is given by,
\begin{equation}
 \frac{d\sigma}{d t d M_{K^+K^-} d \Omega} \;\left[ \frac{\mu b}{0.1\mbox{GeV}^2 2.5 \mbox{GeV}} \right]  = \Phi
 |f_{\{\lambda\}}|^2
\end{equation}
with the phase space factor $\Phi$ given by
\begin{equation}
\Phi =  \frac{1}{4} \frac{1.5577}{64 \pi m_{N}^2E_{\gamma}^2}
\frac{\sqrt{M_{K^+K^-}^2/4 - m_K^2}}
{2(2\pi)^3},
\end{equation} \\
 where the factor of $1/4$ comes from averaging over the initial photon and target polarizations and all dimensional quantities enter in
 units of GeV.  The helicity amplitudes are decomposed into partial waves $f^{LM}_{\{\lambda\}}$ in the $K\bar K$ channel,
\begin{equation}
 f_{\{\lambda\}}(s,t,M_{K^+K^-},\Omega)  = \sum_{LM}  f^{LM}_{\{\lambda\}}(s,t,M_{K^+K^-}) Y_{LM}(\Omega).
 \label{pws}
 \end{equation}
 so that the  moments, defined in \eqref{eq:mom},
 are given by,

\begin{equation}
\frac{\langle Y_{LM}\rangle}{\Phi} = \sum_{L_1,M_1,L_2,M_2;\{\lambda\}} c_{L_1,M_1,L_2,M_2;LM}
 \left[ f^{L_1M_1 *}_{\{\lambda\}}
 f^{L_2M_2}_{\{\lambda\}}  \right].
\label{eq:explicit_moment_formula}
\end{equation}
with the $c$'s proportional to a product of Clebsch-Gordan
 coefficients.
Note that we are using the spherical basis for the spin projection $M$ and not the so-called reflectivity basis.
 Equation \eqref{eq:explicit_moment_formula}  is a bilinear relation between the moments derived from the data and the partial wave amplitudes. The fit minimized the difference of the right  and the left side  of  Eq.~\eqref{eq:explicit_moment_formula}  with respect to free parameters in the amplitude parametrization.
 In this way, a set of moments was used to determine the amplitudes.

\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width = 6.5in]{prd-fig8.eps}
\caption{Experimental moments $\langle Y_{LM} \rangle$ (red) for
            $0.7 \le \vert t \vert \le 0.8$~GeV$^2$ for $L \le 2$ and $M \le 2$ together
	    with the moments derived from the fitted amplitudes (black), including the
	    $L$=0 and $L$=1 amplitudes in the fit. The shaded band indicates the
	    associated systematic uncertainty. Under our assumptions (see text), $\langle Y_{22} \rangle = 0$ in the full mass range. The solid line represent the best fit.
}
\label{fig:results1}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width = 6.5in]{prd-fig9.eps}
\caption{Experimental moments $\langle Y_{LM} \rangle$ (red) for
            $0.8 \le \vert t \vert \le 0.9$~GeV$^2$ for $L \le 2$ and $M \le 2$ together
	    with the moments derived from the fitted amplitudes (black), including the
	    $L$=0 and $L$=1 amplitudes in the fit. The shaded band indicates the
	    associated systematic uncertainty. Under our assumptions (see text), $\langle Y_{22} \rangle = 0$ in the full mass range. The solid line represent the best fit.
}
\label{fig:results1}
\end{figure*}
\subsection{Parametrization of the partial waves}\label{sec:amplitudes}

 For a given $L$ and $M$, there are eight independent amplitudes, $f^{LM}_{\lambda_\gamma,\lambda,\lambda'} (M_{K^+K^-})$, in each energy and momentum transfer bin
corresponding to each combination of photon and initial and final nucleon helicity.
We have only one energy bin in this analysis, so the fitted amplitudes do not depend on $E_\gamma$. Since the $L \ge 2$ amplitudes ($D$- and $F$-waves) are expected to be small in the $K^+K^-$ invariant mass range, we only include $S$- and $P$- partial-waves. The reaction $\gamma p \rightarrow p  K^+ K^- $
was then characterized by 32 amplitudes. There were 8 amplitudes required to describe the $S-$wave depending on the two spin projections of the photon ($\lambda_\gamma= \pm 1$), the target proton ($\lambda = \pm 1/2 $), and the recoil proton ($\lambda' = \pm 1/2$). In addition, there were 24 $P-$wave amplitudes depending also on 3 spin projections of the $\phi$. However, the photon helicity
 was restricted to  $\lambda_\gamma  = +1$
since the other amplitudes are related by parity conservation, resulting in 16 unconstrained amplitudes.
In addition, some  approximations in the parametrization  of the partial
waves were adopted to reduce the number of free parameters in the fit as discussed below. In general, it is expected that the dominant amplitudes require minimal photon helicity flip, \textit{i.e.}
\begin{equation}
|f^{L1}| > |f^{L0}|.
 \end{equation}
 corresponding to photon helicity flip by zero and one,  respectively. In the $s$-channel helicity frame, we assume the $P$-wave production ($L=1$) is dominated by helicity non-flip amplitudes, {\it i.e.} the non-vanishing independent amplitudes are:
\begin{align}
P_{+} \equiv f^{1,1}_{+,+,+}, \ \ P_{-} \equiv  f^{1,1}_{+,-,-},
\end{align}
where $\pm$ refer to helicities of the photon and the protons, {\it e.g.} $+,+,+$ corresponds to $\lambda_\gamma = +1$, $\lambda = +1/2$ and $\lambda' = +1/2$.
We introduced two additional amplitudes per each  orbital angular momentum, to describe unit photon helicity flip,
\begin{align}
P_{0+} \equiv f^{1,0}_{+,+,+},\ \ P_{0-} \equiv f^{1,0}_{+,-,-} ,
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
S_{+} \equiv f^{0,0}_{+,+,+},\ \
S_{-} \equiv f^{0,0}_{+,-,-} .
\end{align}
  In the approximations described above, the dependence of moments on the $S$ and $P$ amplitudes  is given by,

\begin{align}
\langle Y_{00}\rangle &=  2[ |S_+|^2 + |S_-|^2 \nonumber \\
& + |P_+|^2 + |P_-|^2 + |P_{0+}|^2 + |P_{0-}|^2 ] \nonumber \\
\langle Y_{10} \rangle  &= 2   [S^*_+  P_{0+} + S^*_- P_{0-} + P^{*}_{0+} S_+ + P^{*}_{0-} S_-] \\ \nonumber
\langle Y_{11} \rangle  &=   P^*_+ S_+ + P^*_- S_-  + S^*_+ P_+ + S^*_- P_- \\ \nonumber
\langle Y_{20} \rangle  &= \frac{2}{\sqrt{5}} [ 2 |P_{0+}|^2 + 2 |P_{0-}|^2 -  |P_+|^2 -  |P_-|^2 ] \\ \nonumber
\langle Y_{21} \rangle  &= \sqrt{\frac{3}{5}} [  P^*_{0+} P_+ + P^*_{0-} P_-  + P^*_+ P_{0+} + P^*_- P_{0-} ].
\label{explicit_moment_formula}
\end{align}
with $\langle Y_{22} \rangle$ vanishing under our assumptions.
 Here we see the $\langle Y_{10} \rangle$ and $\langle Y_{11} \rangle$ moments contain information about the presence of the  $S$-wave interference with the dominant $P$-wave. Thus a nonzero  $\langle Y_{10} \rangle$ or $\langle Y_{11} \rangle$ moment is an indication of a non-vanishing  $S$-wave amplitude.

   In order for the $\langle Y_{22} \rangle$ moment to be non-zero, there must be two-unit photon helicity flip amplitudes. Given that there is no significant structure in any $\langle Y_{22} \rangle$ moments of this analysis, it is justified to neglect two-unit photon helicity flip amplitudes.
 So far we have introduced only the nucleon helicity non-flip amplitudes.  Indeed $P$-wave nucleon helicity flip amplitudes are expected to be small ({\it cf. } Appendix~\ref{appendix:amp} and Ref.~\cite{Lesniak:2003}).

Without polarization information, it is difficult to separate out amplitudes differing only by the helicity of the nucleon.
We did attempt to fit the data using various configurations of nucleon helicity amplitudes and found in particular that the $S-P$ interference signal in the $\langle Y_{11} \rangle$ moment cannot be described solely by interference between nucleon flip amplitudes.
 We comment on this further in Sec.~\ref{pwa}.  We find, however,  that the moments can be well described by interference between the dominant, nucleon helicity non-flip $P$- and $S$-wave amplitudes.
Details of the amplitude  parametrization are given in Appendix~\ref{appendix:amp}.

\subsection{Fit of the moments}

\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width = 6.5in]{prd-fig10.eps}
\caption{Experimental moments $\langle Y_{LM} \rangle$ (red) for
            $0.9 \le \vert t \vert \le 1.0$~GeV$^2$ for $L \le 2$ and $M \le 2$ together
	    with the moments derived from the fitted amplitudes (black), including the
	    $L$=0 and $L$=1 amplitudes in the fit. The shaded band indicates the
	    associated systematic uncertainty. Under our assumptions (see text), $\langle Y_{22} \rangle = 0$ in the full mass range. The solid line represent the best fit.
}
\label{fig:results1}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width = 6.5in]{prd-fig11.eps}
\caption{Experimental moments $\langle Y_{LM} \rangle$ (red) for
            $1.0 \le \vert t \vert \le 1.1$~GeV$^2$ for $L \le 2$ and $M \le 2$ together
	    with the moments derived from the fitted amplitudes (black), including the
	    $L$=0 and $L$=1 amplitudes in the fit. The shaded band indicates the
	    associated systematic uncertainty. Under our assumptions (see text), $\langle Y_{22} \rangle = 0$ in the full mass range. The solid line represent the best fit.
}
\label{fig:results1}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width = 6.5in]{prd-fig12.eps}
\caption{Experimental moments $\langle Y_{LM} \rangle$ (red) for
            $1.1 \le \vert t \vert \le 1.2$~GeV$^2$ for $L \le 2$ and $M \le 2$ together
	    with the moments derived from the fitted amplitudes (black), including the
	    $L$=0 and $L$=1 amplitudes in the fit. The shaded band indicates the
	    associated systematic uncertainty. Under our assumptions (see text), $\langle Y_{22} \rangle = 0$ in the full mass range. The solid line represent the best fit
}
\label{fig:results1}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width = 6.5in]{prd-fig13.eps}
\caption{Experimental moments $\langle Y_{LM} \rangle$ (red) for
            $1.2 \le \vert t \vert \le 1.3$~GeV$^2$ for $L \le 2$ and $M \le 2$ together
	    with the moments derived from the fitted amplitudes (black), including the
	    $L$=0 and $L$=1 amplitudes in the fit. The shaded band indicates the
	    associated systematic uncertainty. Under our assumptions (see text), $\langle Y_{22} \rangle = 0$ in the full mass range. The solid line represent the best fit. }
\label{fig:mom_results_end}
\end{figure*}

To account for detector resolution, the moments calculated from the amplitudes were smeared by a Gaussian function. The $\phi$ width apparent in the $\langle Y_{00} \rangle$ moment determined the smearing needed in order for the $P$-wave parametrization (with fixed $\phi$ width) to match the data.  This lead to a width in the Gaussian
smearing of  4 MeV,  which is compatible with the CLAS detector resolution measured in other reactions~\cite{devita}.
We fit the moments $\langle Y_{LM} \rangle$ with $L \le 2$ and $M \le 2$ using up to $L=1\ (P)$ waves as described above.
In Figs. \ref{fig:mom_results_start} - \ref{fig:mom_results_end}, we present the fit results of this analysis from $0.6 < -t < 1.3$  GeV$^2$. To properly take into account the uncertainty contributions (statistical and systematic) to the experimental moments described in Sec.~\ref{sec:final_moments}, the two sets of moments from methods M1 and M2 were individually fit, and the fit results were averaged, obtaining the central value shown by the black line in the figures. The error band, shown as a grey area, was calculated following the same procedure adopted for the experimental moments (Sec.~\ref{sec:final_moments}). The two lowest momentum transfer bins $ 0.4 \le t \le 0.6  \mbox{ GeV}^2$ were excluded from the analysis because the moment reconstruction procedure was found not to be reliable in this region. In addition, the $\langle Y_{10} \rangle$ moment was not used to extract the $S$-wave magnitude because the  procedure could not  always reproduce an accurate $\langle Y_{10} \rangle$ moment based on  tests  performed on pseudo-data.

\subsection{Partial wave amplitudes} \label{pwa}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width = 3.5in]{prd-fig14.eps}
\caption{Magnitudes of the $S$ and $P$ partial waves along with two spin projections of the $P-$wave ($\lambda_{KK}=1,0$) in the $0.7 \le t \le 0.8 $ GeV$^2$ bin determined by fitting to the experimental moments. }
\label{fig:waves_res}
\end{figure}

As an example, the square of the magnitude of the $S$- and $P$ partial-waves derived by fit for the momentum transfer bin
$0.7 < -t < 0.8$ GeV$^2 $ are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:waves_res}. The $S$-wave threshold enhancement provides a hint of the scalar $f_0(980)$ or $a_0(980)$ states, which have been parametrized by the exchange
of the $\omega$ and $\rho$ vector mesons in the $t$-channel. The top and the middle plots show the partial waves summed over all helicities. The two bottom plots show the amplitudes for two possible values of $M=1,0$, the helicity of the di-kaon system. Note that we use the wave with photon helicity  $\lambda_\gamma=+1$ as a reference. Thus, $M = 1$ corresponds to the no-helicity flip ($s-$channel helicity conserving) amplitude, which, as expected, is the dominant one, and $M=0$ corresponds to unit photon helicity flip.
The non-vanishing $\langle Y_{22} \rangle$ moments show the presence of a small two unit helicity flip amplitude. By neglecting  the $M=-1$ amplitudes, we have focused on describing the dominant structure  in the $\langle Y_{11} \rangle$ and $\langle Y_{20} \rangle$ moments and reducing the number of fit parameters. \\
To check sensitivity to various helicity components we performed  the fit in three configurations. In the first configuration we included  $S$- and $P$-wave amplitudes with vanishing photon helicity flip and unit photon helicity flip. Nucleon helicity flip amplitudes were excluded.   In the second configuration, we used Regge factorization to reduce the number of independent amplitudes. Specifically,  the parity relation applied to the nucleon vertex~\cite{Irving:1977ea} reduces the number of unconstrained amplitudes by a factor of two, since $S_+$ is related to $S_-$, $P_+$ to $P_-$, and $P_{0+}$ to $P_{0-}$. Finally in the third configuration we used the above Regge-constrained $P$-wave amplitudes and we added to them the nucleon helicity flip amplitudes. In this configuration we tested if the interference signal in the moments could be described by interfering nucleon flip amplitudes by attempting to extract the nucleon helicity flip amplitudes from the $\langle Y_{10} \rangle$ and $\langle Y_{11} \rangle$ moments.
 Specifically, we added two nucleon helicity flip $P-$wave amplitudes
$ f^{1,1}_{++-}$, $f^{1,0}_{++-}$  and one nucleon flip $S-$wave amplitude $f^{0,0}_{++-}$. It is only necessary to consider one-half of all the nucleon flip amplitudes because the others are not independent after using the Regge factorization condition.
We found  that the first two configurations gave similar results, and specifically, in Figs.~\ref{fig:mom_results_start}-\ref{fig:mom_results_end}, we show the results obtained with the
 second configuration described above.
In the third  configuration
a fit was first performed using the  $\langle Y_{00} \rangle$ and $\langle Y_{20} \rangle$  moments to  extract the dominant nucleon non-flip $P-$wave, while setting the nucleon flip amplitudes to zero.
After fixing the strength of the non-flip $P$-wave in this way, we introduced nucleon flip $P-$ and $S$-waves and added the $\langle Y_{10} \rangle$ and $\langle Y_{11} \rangle$  moments to the fit. As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:flip_test} , we found the nucleon flip amplitudes cannot be large enough to significantly affect the $\langle Y_{11} \rangle$  moment. We thus conclude that the non-flip amplitudes dominate the measured moments.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width = 8.05cm]{prd-fig15.eps}
\caption{Fit of $\langle Y_{11} \rangle$ moment with the nucleon flip amplitude alone. The bad agreement indicates  the non-flip amplitudes dominate  the measured moments.}
\label{fig:flip_test}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Differential cross sections} \label{sec:res_sec}
Differential cross section $(d\sigma/dt)_L$ for individual waves
 can be obtained by integrating the corresponding amplitude obtained from fits to the moments. The rCrossesults  are shown in Figs. \ref{fig:dsigma1} and \ref{fig:dsigma2}.  All cross sections are found by integrating the mass region $1.0195 \pm 0.0225$ GeV.
It is worth noting that the  magnitudes of the $S$ and $P_0$ waves found in this analysis (see Table \ref{tab:results}) are consistent with predictions (summarized in Table  \ref{tab:lesniak}) of a model constrained on a somewhat higher photon energy data~\cite{Barber,Fries78,Behrend}. The discrepancy can be explained by the different $-t$ integration range.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width = 8cm]{prd-fig16.eps}
\caption{Differential cross section obtained from integrating the $S-$wave magnitude in the $M_{K^+K^-}$ range $1.0195 \pm 0.0225$ GeV }
\label{fig:dsigma1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width = 8cm]{prd-fig17.eps}
\caption{Differential cross section obtained from integrating the $P-$wave magnitude in the $M_{K^+K^-}$ range $1.0195 \pm 0.0225$ GeV.  }
\label{fig:dsigma2}
\end{figure}

 \begin{table}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
	\hline
	photon energy & 3.0 - 3.8 $\mbox{ GeV}$ \\
	\hline
total cross section & 27.2 \\
	\hline
sum of $P$-waves & 22.9 $\pm$ 2.4    \\
	\hline
$P_0$-wave   & 1.9 $\pm$ 0.6   \\
	\hline
$S$-wave &    4.3 $\pm$ 0.45 \\
	\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{ Cross sections in nb
 obtained from this analysis by integrating the $S$- and $P$-wave  magnitudes in the $M_{K^+K^-}$ range $1.0195 \pm 0.0225$ GeV in the single momentum transfer bin $0.6 \le - t \le 0.7 \mbox{ GeV}^2$.}
\label{tab:results}
\end{table}

 \begin{table}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
	\hline
	photon energy & 4.00 $\mbox{ GeV}$ & $5.65 \mbox{ GeV}$\\
	\hline
sum of $P$-waves & $218.4 \pm 39.5$ & $120.5 \pm 9.4$     \\
	\hline
 background & $300.0^{+10.0}_{-10.7}$ & $4.7^{+4.2}_{-5.8}$ \\
  \hline
$P_0$-wave   & $4.7^{+5.7}_{-4.5}$ &  $14.0^{+5.3}_{-4.8}$ \\
	\hline
$S$-wave &    $4.3^{+6.6}_{-3.6}$ & $6.8^{+6.6}_{-4.3}$ \\
	\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{ Cross sections in nb  obtained from integrating the $S-$  and $P-$waves from the Regge model of  \cite{Lesniak:2005}. The results shown are
 integrated over $-t$ up to  $1.5\mbox{ GeV}^2$ and the
$M_{K\bar{K}}$ range of $(0.997-1.042)$ GeV for
$E_\gamma = 4\mbox{ GeV}$ and up to $-t$ of
$0.2\mbox{ GeV}^2$ an $M_{K\bar K}$ in the range $(1.01-1.03)$ GeV at $E_\gamma = 5.65\mbox{ GeV}$, respectively.
}
\label{tab:lesniak}
\end{table}

\subsection{Uncertainty  evaluation}
The final uncertainty was computed as the sum in quadrature of the statistical uncertainty of the fit, and two systematic uncertainty  contributions: the first related to the moment extraction procedure, evaluated as the variance of the two fit results, and the second associated with the photon flux normalization estimated to be 10\%. The central values and uncertainties for all of the observables of interest discussed in the next sections were derived from the fit results with the same procedure.

\section{\label{sec:sum} Summary}
In summary, we performed a partial wave analysis of the reaction  $\gamma p \to p K^+ K^-$ in the photon energy range 3.0-3.8~GeV
and momentum transfer range $-t=0.6-1.3$~GeV$^2$.
Peripheral photoproduction of meson resonances is an important reaction to study their structure.
 On one side, photons have a  point-like coupling to quarks, which enhances production of compact states. On the other, pion exchange amplitudes in photoproduction on the nucleon can be used to determine rate of resonance production through final state interactions.  Theoretical analysis of these process are currently underway \cite{Bibrzycki:2013pja}.
Moments of the di-kaon angular distributions, defined as bi-linear functions of the partial wave amplitudes,
were fitted to the experimental data by means of an un-binned likelihood procedure. Different parametrisation bases were used and detailed systematic checks
were performed to ensure the reliability of the analysis procedure. We extracted moments $\langle Y_{LM}\rangle$ with $L \le 4$ and $M \le 2$ by using amplitudes with $L \le 2$ (up to $P$-waves).
The production amplitudes have been parametrized using a Regge-theory inspired model. The $P-$wave, dominated by the $\phi(1020)$-meson, was parametrized by  Pomeron exchange, while the $f_0(980)$ meson  in the  $S$-wave was described by the exchange of the $\omega$ and $\rho$ vector mesons in the $t$-channel. This model also accounts for the final state interaction (FSI) of  the emitted kaons.
The moment $\langle Y_{00} \rangle$ is dominated by the $\phi(1020)$ meson contribution in the $P$-wave,
while the moments $\langle Y_{10} \rangle$ and $\langle Y_{11} \rangle$  show  contributions of the $S$-wave  through
interference with the $P$-wave. The cross sections of $S$- and $P$-waves in the mass range of the $\phi(1020)$,  were
computed. This is the first time the  $t$-dependent cross section of the $S$-wave contribution to the elastic $K^+K^-$ photoproduction has been measured.

\section{\label{sec:ack} Acknowledgments}
We would like to acknowledge the outstanding efforts of the staff of the Accelerator
and the Physics Divisions at Jefferson Lab that made this experiment possible.
 This work was supported in part by
 the Chilean Comisi\'on Nacional de Investigaci\'on Cient\'ifica y Tecnol\'ogica (CONICYT),
 the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare,
 the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,
 the French Commissariat \`{a} l'Energie Atomique,
 the U.S. Department of Energy,
 the National Science Foundation,
 the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA),
 the United Kingdom's Science and Technology Facilities Council,
 and the National Research Foundation of Korea.
 The Southeastern Universities Research Association (SURA) operates the
 Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility for the United States
 Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-84ER40150.
This material is based
upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science,
Office of Nuclear Physics under contract DE-AC05-06OR23177.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


If you are like many, hopping on the Pokémon train, then you are likely trying to figure out the first things you should do as a new Pokémon GO trainer. With so many options at your disposal, it can be really confusing. You might even miss some features altogether!
But fear not, brave Pokémon GO trainer! We got you covered with this list of essential things to do when first starting the game. Read on to find them all!
This is important, as PokéStops give you items for free that you otherwise need in-game currency to purchase. There are PokéStops in various locations. You will need to look on the map for blue icons that look like floating squares, this is a PokéStop.
Usually, PokéStops are sculptures, landmarks, or places of interests. When you are close enough, the square will turn into a circle and you can tap it. Once it opens, you will be able to use your finger to swipe the PokéStop image.
Click on item bubbles to collect or exit, and they will automatically be added to your bag.
Items at PokéStops appear at random and can include Eggs, Lures, various Pokéballs, and once you are level 5 you can get Revives and Potions that heal Pokémon when they're injured in gym battles.
Remember that PokéStops regenerate in less than 10 minutes, allowing you to grab items often!
Note: You must be within range to collect items, making it a challenge to obtain PokéStops if you're in a car.
If you have played Pokémon GO at all, you likely noticed how quick it drains the battery. If you're just planning a short hunt, the battery life may not be an issue.
However, if you are going to be out hunting Pokémon for a while, you will want your phone fully charged. Depending on the length of your hunt, you may want to carry power banks too.
Luckily, there is also a Battery Saver option that can be found in the Settings menu. This automatically darkens the screen and minimizes the app when your phone is upside down, such as in your pocket.
However, unlike with turning the screen off, it continues to track your movement and gives alerts of Pokémon appearing around you (and PokéStops as well).
Take a power bank or two. Ensure they are charged, of course.
Note: As servers are crashing, Battery Saver setting can be reset without you noticing it. You should check that it's active now and then to ensure the Battery Saver mode is still on.
Want to prolong your phone's battery life even more? Learn how to fix Pokémon GO battery drain issue on Android and iOS with offline Google Maps.
Not everything in Pokémon GO is brand new, as one popular feature from prior Pokémon games has been carried over – the ability to rename your Pokémon!
Once you have caught your Pokémon, simply go to the 'Pokémon' screen and tap on the Pokémon you want to rename. From here, you will be able to rename it as you wish, if curse words.
You will quickly notice one of the coolest features of Pokémon GO is the 'nearby Pokémon'. It gives you the icons of which Pokémon are nearby in the lower right corner.
If you have not caught the Pokémon yet, it will be a shadow icon. It's sort of like adventuring in the unknown of prior games. Adds so much fun to the game!
However, by knowing your Pokémon shapes, you can get an idea of which ones are around you. After all, the goal is to become the best Pokémon trainer ever!
The 'nearby Pokémon' feature will also tell you roughly how far away they are too, with the footprint icons under them.
Note: There's a nasty bug in Pokémon GO that might not show the footprints to nearby Pokémon decreasing as you're getting closer to it.
Tap on a Pokémon icon in the nearby list to track a certain Pokémon.
After that, only that Pokémon will show up in the lower right box.
If you get closer or farther away, the box will pulse to let you know of the change.
Once there are no footprints under the Pokémon, it will shortly be summoned around you.
Be ready to catch it at once!
When catching Pokémon, you will catch the same type multiple times, but you can only hold a certain number of same-type Pokémon. That is where the feature of transferring them to Professor Willow comes in.
You should compare your doubles prior to transferring as they will be gone forever. Review their stats and compare them with the one you already have. Determine which one has the highest CP, if the attacks are different, which Pokémon weighs more, etc.
The rule of thumb here is simple: in order to become the greatest trainer, you should transfer the weaker of the doubles.
Tap it and confirm the trade.
Transferring your Pokémon to Professor Willow has another major bonus: after each trade, you will receive Candy for that particular Pokémon type.
When you get enough Candies, you can use them to evolve the Pokémon. Another option is to use Candy and Stardust to power up Pokémon combat points (CP).
When just starting out in Pokémon GO, it's easy to become confused and miss a few features as the game has enough complexity to it.
In this guide, we highlighted the most important features to get started, such as visiting PokéStops, tracking new Pokémon with footprints, renaming the Pokémon you already caught and transferring Pokémon to Professor Willow for Candy to evolve your Pokémon or power up their CP.
If you enjoyed our Pokémon GO starter guide, share it with friends by clicking on the social buttons!
Did we miss something? Tell us in the comments if other Pokémon GO features can seem confusing for beginners, and we will update our guide.


"I became a doctor because I wanted a career where I could make a difference in peoples' lives on both a personal and broader community level," relates Dr. Ginsburg. Dovetailing off her extensive immunology research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease as Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, Dr. Ginsburg collaborated with the CDC and the American Gastroenterological Association to create a national program that provides pro bono colonoscopies to the under-insured and the uninsured. She brings years of experience to GMA, as well as the ability to foster trusting relationships with her patients built on open communication. "It is important for a physician to have empathy and compassion, and I hope I convey that to my patients," Dr. Ginsburg says.


text:
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    private $dbs;
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Isabel Hoving
Senior University Lecturer
interculturality
postcolonial theory
Dr. I. Hoving
i.hoving@hum.leidenuniv.nl
Isabel Hoving is Senior University Lecturer at the Leiden University Centre for the Arts in Society.
More information about Isabel Hoving
14 November 2017 Two different approaches at the Diversity symposium
15 June 2017 Working together only way to create equal opportunities
If my research concerns interculturality, globalization, gender, sexuality, and nature, it is because I am interested in all manifestations of cultural diversity. I obtained my PhD at Amsterdam University in 1995 with a dissertation on the multi-voiced literatures Caribbean migrant women (cum laude; supervisor Mieke Bal). My work aims at relating critically to postcolonial literary theory and the theories of migration and globalization, by confronting and mixing these theories with other theories, and testing them in new contexts. For example, I am translating postcolonial (and related critical) insights to the Dutch situation (see e.g. my publications on Surinamese literature (2004), the influence of migration on Dutch everyday culture (2005), and (forthcoming) Dutch racism). My most recent work inquires into the baffling intersections of postcolonial theory, ecocriticism, and queer theory. I became interested in ecocriticism (which researches the literary imagination of nature), when my research in issues of postcoloniality and interculturality showed me that, at the heart of the intertwined discourses of race and sexuality, we find strong convictions of what would be natural, and what unnatural. A final topic that fascinates me is cross-over literature; as a writer (of cross-over philosophical fantasy), I like to ponder the tensions between the theory and the practice of literature.
I began my working life as a secondary school teacher (1978). After working at the Universities of Amsterdam and Antwerp, I had the fortune to join the Department of Literary Studies in Leiden, where I am now in particular responsible for courses in interculturality, and gender and sexuality. Having been a teacher for more than thirty years, I still love teaching, particularly when it concerns literature: I love story-telling so much that I cannot help but publish novels myself (2002, 2009, 2010). I am also a member of the editorial team of Thamyris/Intersecting: Place, sex and race, and Ecozon@, Journal for European Literature, Culture and Environment.
Between Relation and the Bare Facts: the Migratory Imagination and Relationality. In Durrant, S. & Lord, C.M. (Eds.) Essays in Migratory Aesthetics: Cultural Practices Between Migration and Art-making (pp. 179-190). Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2007.
Moving the Caribbean Landscape: Cereus Blooms At Night as a Re-imagination of the Caribbean Environment. In: DeLoughrey, E.M., Gosson, R.K., Handley, G.M. (Eds.), Caribbean Literature and the Environment: Between Nature and Culture (New World Studies), pp. 154-168. Charlottesville/London: University of Virginia Press, 2005.
Hoving, I. & Dibbits, H. & Schrover, Marlou (Eds.) (2005) . Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers, 2005.
Niets dan het heden: over Jamaica Kincaid, de postkoloniale literatuurstudie, en wat er van ons terecht moet komen. In Kempen, M., van, Verkruijsse, P., Zuiderweg, A. (Eds.) Wandelaar onder de palmen (pp. 15-27). Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 2004.
Oude pijn en nieuwe moed: familie, politiek en geweld door de ogen van een nieuwe generatie Surinaamse schrijfsters. OSO Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse Taalkunde, Letterkunde, Cultuur en Geschiedenis, 23 (2004) 1, pp. 98-109.
With Kathleen Gyssels andMaggie Bowers, ed. Convergences and Interferences: Newness in Intercultural Practices. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2001
In Praise of New Travellers. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 2001.
Literatuurwetenschap
van Wijkplaats
Van Wijkplaats 2
2311 BX Leiden
Room number 1.02b
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De lichtheid van literatuur: Engagement in de multiculturele samenleving
Modern and Contemporary Studies
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A few years back, if someone was asked to name a Halal confectionery brand, they would be lost for words; namely because there was no such thing as a Halal confectionery manufacturer, not in the UK at least.
In contrast, what we find today is a Halal UK confectionery market which has been inundated with many companies offering a diverse range of confectionery, ranging from Jelly sweets to Marshmallows to Chews and Bubblegum, Candy Floss and the list continues.
Although the initial influx of entrepreneurship from several Muslim-backed or owned companies gave rise to the increased trend for Halal confectionary sales, it has inevitably been due to the large corporate confectionery manufacturers, that we have seen this surge in the Halal confectionery consumer market.
According to KasehDia Research & Consultancy's European Halal Food Sector Report, the Halal industry was worth approximately £41 billion in 2009; and with forecasts for the Muslim population in Europe to double within the next 20 years to the region of 100 million, there lies a very lucrative market with huge opportunities for those willing to invest their time and money, and investigate into the intricate nature of the Halal industry.
While the Halal confectionery market remains one of the more promising sectors of the Halal industry, it has in recent times been faced with a series of culpable issues, such as those relating to Halal certification and their respective bodies, uncertainties concerning the use of ingredients such as Gelatine, Alcohol, Colourings and Flavourings, and last but not least, the production process which the confectionery ultimately goes through before being packaged and marketed for the target Muslim audience.
Gradually information has become more readily available to consumers, firstly from a Shariah point of view from within the Muslim Community itself and secondly from the wider legislative requirements necessitating the provision of certain dietary, health and safety information. As such Muslim consumers have an increased awareness which has resulted, to some extent, in apprehension in regards to whether what they are eating is actually Halal.
Muslim consumers will derive benefit from this, as Halal confectionery manufacturers along with their counterparts in the Halal industry have taken a keen and willing approach into looking at the many different issues that have arisen and those that may emanate. The main areas of concern are gelatine, food additives, colouring and alcohol, and the manufacturing process that the confectionery goes through. An additional vital factor, which concerns all three points mentioned, is related to the Halal certification and the Organisation(s) providing the relevant checks and ascertaining that the products are fit for consumption for Muslims as per Islamic Shariah requirements.
Taking a closer look at some of these important issues will give an appreciation of the complexities and challenges faced by the Halal confectionery industry, as well as the need for an authentic, reliable and competent Halal authentication system.
Recently there has been a fair amount of controversy concerning the gelatine used in the manufacturing of Halal jelly sweets. There are several countries where Halal gelatine is manufactured, some of which are Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Halal gelatine is manufactured using the skin and bones of animals that are slaughtered according to Shariah (Islamic Law).
The problem that has arisen is that several of the abattoirs that were visited by Muslim inspectors in various countries, did not meet the Shariah requirements when it came to slaughtering the animal.
Along with this, there were issues of contamination as well as mixing of skin and bones from Swine and non-halal animals. This puts a considerable element of doubt on whether the gelatine that is produced using the residue of these animals is Halal. This problem was widely highlighted in Brazil where a very large portion of the gelatine is produced and then sourced for Halal jelly sweets manufactured for the European market including the UK.
On the contrary, there are places such as Pakistan where the controls and checks regarding the slaughtering of animals and manufacturing of gelatine were better enacted. Clearly this was due to Pakistan being a Muslim country and certain governmental regulations stipulating the use of Shariah compliant methods.
One may ask why companies are obtaining gelatine from the likes of Argentina or Brazil, when the gelatine from say Pakistan is more reliable for the Muslim consumer. Well, it boils down to several factors; firstly confectionery companies and manufacturing plants are too complacent with the Halal assurance provided by way of certifications by the gelatine manufacturers. Secondly, due to the lack of Islamic knowledge relating to the food industry as a whole, many important issues are overlooked or neglected, by all parties involved in the manufacturing of the confectionery. Finally, the price of gelatine plays a large part in all of this, being cheaper and more readily available from somewhere like Brazil as opposed to Pakistan; it allows companies to price their confectionery competitively and ultimately generate more profit. In spite of this, it is encouraging to see some Halal confectionery manufacturers having a genuine concern for the Muslim consumers at large and using Pakistani gelatine for the manufacturing of Halal jelly sweets.
Food additives and colouring is another area where consumers and sweet manufacturers need to be cautious. Many of these additives and colours contain animal or insect based ingredients which render the confectionery unlawful for Muslim consumers. We need to bear in mind that there is always an alternative vegetarian source for such ingredients. Furthermore some of these additives have health and dietary issues that have legislative restrictions on their use in food products that are being sold in the UK, which otherwise may be suitable to use in other countries. Often such ingredients will be masked by E numbers, thus leaving consumers unaware as to what is actually contained within. Fortunately the trend is changing towards labelling ingredients with their official name.
Unknown to most consumers, alcohol or alcohol-based derivatives are also used in some of the ingredients (flavouring) or processes when manufacturing confectionery. Although there is scope for permissibility for the use of synthetic alcohols, this is an area which needs to be checked and authenticated by qualified Scholars on behalf of Halal confectionery manufacturers.
Finally another area of concern is the actual manufacturing process, the equipment utilised and individuals responsible for the production of the confectionery. In spite of everything else being checked and approved as being 100% Halal, this is the stage where the Halal Confectionery manufacturing process is least monitored, and if the appropriate inspections are not put in place, then there is a great risk of contamination taking place.
Contamination can take place in several ways, for example, when Halal and non-Halal confectionery is produced in the same factory, but the necessary precautions are not taken when cleaning the production equipment; when non-Halal substitutes are used instead of Halal ingredients, either inadvertently or maliciously by those involved in the production run. Furthermore, after the confectionery has been produced, there is also a possibility of contamination during the packaging process from equipment which is used to fill the confectionery into bags and tubs etc.
Having highlighted some of these fundamental concerns of the Halal confectionery industry, it becomes evident that there is much effort and co-operation required from all parties involved, to assure that Muslim consumers are offered confectionery which is satisfactory to their Halal dietary requirements.
Within the UK there are several Halal certifying bodies with their respective requirements for Halal classification. These organisations need to take a pragmatic approach towards attaining a balanced and conclusive certification system which can be relied upon by Muslim consumers, Halal food suppliers and manufacturers, and those involved with abattoirs right down to the farming process.
Due to the broad disparities between some of these Halal certifying bodies, naturally there is much confusion amongst the Muslims themselves, let alone the non-Muslim organisations and individuals who are involved in the Halal confectionery industry. This results in uncertainty regarding what is permissible or impermissible, which ultimately leads to complacency in meeting the appropriate Shariah requirements.
Another point of contention is the Halal logo which is used widely by various confectionery and food manufacturers. Due to a lack of standards by which to gauge Halal requirements, the Halal logo has been misused for far too long. It is about time that the Halal certifying bodies agreed on a standard set of requirements which meet the dietary requirements of Muslim consumers, and along with this, liaise with the Food Standards Agency (FSA) to approve one authentic Halal logo. Thus manufacturers and consumers alike can, with certainty, view the logo as an independent verification of quality and integrity.
For the sceptics of such a proposal, we only need to point out the Kosher certification and logo system that is in effect within the UK. The Jewish community has enjoyed the benefits of the Kosher logo for many years, even though they have a more stringent authentication process to meet Kosher requirements.
By utilising the correct channels, Halal certification bodies along with the relevant Muslim organisations, need to inform the Muslim consumers of the need to consume proper Halal food and confectionery, to be vigilant in doing so, and the detriment caused by unlawful consumption. At the same time, the likes of Abattoir personnel, factory operatives, those dealing with the ingredients side of things, distributors and sellers, all need to be educated with the required level of knowledge to fulfil their role in providing the consumer with authentic and reliable Halal confectionery to meet their dietary needs.
It is imperative for the manufacturers to be extremely careful in producing Halal sweets through rigorous checks and the intentions to be clear in benefiting the Muslim community. We as a Muslim community should not allow our desires or our profits to take precedence over the requirement to produce and consume genuine Halal.
Finally, all Brothers and Sisters are urged to educate themselves, their families, friends and colleagues, on this very important issue. Being complacent when it comes to ensuring the food we are consuming is completely Halal, has risks, which inevitably will affect our spiritual and physical state, and be detrimental for us in this world and the hereafter.
May Allah guide us All and Eid Mubarak.
Excellent article, eye opening. UK is ahead of N.America when in comes to manufactured halal products so it's interesting to learn about the deeper issues with halal certification.


"I am a passionate advocate for the rights of women around the world. My passion derives from my unique journey to getting to where I am today. When I was three years old, my family fled the civil war in Somalia and we came to Calgary where I was raised and educated. As a current nursing student at Mount Royal University, my dream is to engage and empower women globally while one day creating a nursing program for my war torn homeland of Somalia.
Last summer I took part in organizing and participating in 'Step Up For Somalia', a walk that raised over $30,000, in which we donated to Oxfam Canada's East Africa Fund to help those affected by the drought and famine. Our walk was to honor the lives of all the women, men, and children who were walking for nearly 40 days to find food and water. We wanted to show solidarity that we saw them, felt their pain, and wanted to help in some small way. It was a full circle moment for me because I came from Somalia but with my education, I was now in a position to give back.
The experience was amazing because it showed me the power of a single person. It began with a simple idea, and before we knew it, we were receiving support and donations from around the world, and the media quickly took notice. Within weeks, the walking movement had spread and a total of ten other cities walked for Somalia. It taught me that the youth can have a powerful impact in creating social change and that we can make a difference.
My interest in Oxfam is rooted from my strong belief in the importance of educating and empowering women around the world. I admire Oxfam's approach in creating a world free of poverty and injustice through the promotion of gender equality and through the empowerment of communities within developing countries.
As the current Regional Youth Liaison for Oxfam Canada, I have had the opportunity to encourage and engage youth within the Prairie region in issues related to food sustainability. Through participation in various community and campus club events, I have been able to gain a greater understanding and appreciation for Oxfam's work on a local level. On International Women's Day, our University of Calgary Oxfam campus club stood in solidarity with campuses across Canada in support of women working in the Global South – we had over 100 students sign our "hands-on" petition.
While I volunteer to help others, volunteering with Oxfam Canada has also changed my life. Through volunteering with Oxfam, I have learned about important social and gender issues. Oxfam Canada has also allowed me to discover the essential role that advocacy plays in bringing about social justice. Oxfam is an organization that has had a huge impact in my life and in the lives of millions of women around the world; and I know that it takes every single volunteer to make that happen."


text:
DORITOS FORAYS INTO GAMING SEGMENT WITH CALL OF DUTY MOBILE AND LAUNCHES NEWLY DESIGNED PROMO PACKS
Every newly designed promo pack unlocks 100 Weapon XP that can be redeemed in Call of Duty®: Mobile
Offer valid till 31st January 2023 on promo packs worth INR 10, 20, 30, 50, and 85 of Doritos Nacho Cheese, Sweet Chilli and Masala Mayhem flavours
New Delhi, 16 November 2022: Doritos, the world's number one Nacho Chip brand*, has collaborated with Call of Duty®: Mobile to bring a bold new initiative for consumers and gaming enthusiasts. Between now and 31st January 2023, Doritos-loving gamers across India can unlock 100 Weapon XP (Experience Points) cards by using the 15-digit code printed inside every newly designed promotional pack of Doritos.
The offer is valid on all Doritos packs worth Rs 10, 20, 30, 50, and 85 in all three flavours – Nacho Cheese, Sweet Chilli and Masala Mayhem. The newly designed packs are available at Dmart, Reliance, More and 24SEVEN stores, as well as online platforms including Swiggy InstaMart, Amazon, Zepto, Blinkit and Big Basket.
Talking about the collaboration, Ankit Agarwal, Associate Director, Brand Marketing – PepsiCo India said, "We love bringing new and exciting offers for our consumers, and what's more exciting than one of the world's boldest brands meeting one of the world's most popular game franchises! Gaming is something we really want to develop in India. It's a means for us to deepen our connect with today's generation through a highly engaging format that is not only booming in the country but has also been successfully leveraged by Doritos globally."
To activate the code, consumers should note the 15-digit code inside their Doritos promo pack, visit https://www.callofduty.com/redemption, follow the instructions therein, and enter the code to redeem their 100 Weapon XP cards, which they can use as in-game currency to level up and unlock new content within the game. The participation in the promo shall be subject to the T&C at https://www.pepsicoindia.co.in/cod-t-and-c.


text:
The 2012 San Marino CEPU Open was a professional tennis tournament plays on clay courts. It was the 25th edition of the tournament which is part of the Tretorn SERIE+ of the 2012 ATP Challenger Tour. It takes place in City of San Marino, San Marino between 6 and 12 August 2012.

Singles main draw entrants

Seeds

 1 Rankings are as of August 1, 2012.

Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
  Alessio di Mauro
  Stefano Galvani
  Nicolás Massú
  Walter Trusendi

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
  Claudio Grassi
  Guillermo Hormazábal
  Miliaan Niesten
  Stéphane Robert

Champions

Singles

  Martin Kližan def.  Simone Bolelli, 6–3, 6–1

Doubles

  Lukáš Dlouhý /  Michal Mertiňák def.  Stefano Ianni /  Matteo Viola, 2–6, 7–6(7–3), [11–9]

External links
Official Website
ITF Search
ATP official site

San Marino CEPU Open
San Marino CEPU Open

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Coral reefs are said to be the "rainforests of the ocean", and are one of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. Their delicate ecological balance and health are affected by local, regional, and global environmental problems. Therefore the study of reef ecosystems encourages people to think beyond their own familiar point of view and to consider solutions to complex environmental issues with a global perspective. To serve as a scientific foundation, basic ecological concepts such as biodiversity, matter cycling, sustainability, and anthropogenic and natural stresses on ecosystems will be covered, with particular attention paid to those affecting the world's coral reefs. In addition, methods of marine resources management, the economic value of the reefs, and the importance of the reefs in the cultures of tropical nations and communities are examined.
ISLOs: This course supports student development of Written and Oral Communications, Critical Thinking, Quantitative Literacy, Multicultural and Global Perspectives, and Social Responsibility.
Prerequisite(s): Completion of a college-level science with a C or better.


text:
Shell 'wins' Iraq gas contract
by Corporate Watch / Environment, Iraq, News, Uncategorized / 12 Oct 2008
Oil giant Shell has recently won the Big Oil race to become the first major oil company to gain access to Iraq's energy sector since the 1970s. With no competitive bidding process, the Dutch-British multinational has 'won' a $4bn contract to process and market natural gas with the South Gas Company in Basra.
The deal has been conducted in secret, leaving important information about the terms and authorship unknown. This secrecy has meant the contract was not subject to any public scrutiny or debate. Platform co-director Greg Muttitt surmised that "a country under occupation has introduced an oil policy that is favourable to western oil companies. The [US] State Department has already admitted that it has advisers working on oil policy and there is a likelihood they may have drafted the Shell contract."
However, attempts to gain control over Iraq's oil fields have not gone so well. As Corporate Watch reported last year (www.corporatewatch.org/?lid=2912), an oil law permitting de-facto oil privatisation was drafted under pressure from Big Oil, the US and UK governments, their consultants, and the IMF. It was presented to the Iraqi parliament in May 2007 and was expected to pass quickly. However, Iraqi and international opposition to transferring oil sovereignty to multinational oil companies has helped create a climate in which the Iraqi parliament has been able to resist the extreme pressure by US and UK governments and the has not been passed to date. So the big oil companies and governments are busy finding other avenues to the eventual prize of control over Iraq's vast oil fields.
These avenues include discussing, preparing, and now bidding for contracts such as Risk Service Contracts (RSCs). While usually offering companies less in terms of long-term control over production and revenue than the prized Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs), they can nonetheless be written to be very similar to PSCs. The devil is in the detail with these complex agreements, details which have not been disclosed. What is certain is that, if secured, they will represent a radical departure from traditional Iraqi – and indeed international – oil policy.
Risk Service Contracts, for instance, would still put private companies in charge of oil fields that are currently run by the public sector. Even the rejected draft Oil Law prescribed that those oil fields already producing oil would be run by the Iraqi National Oil Company (INOC). But this policy was reversed in June 2008 when the government announced that oil companies would be invited to bid for RSC contracts on six fields which collectively produce over 90% of Iraq's current oil. They also offer far more control and profit to the oil companies than in any other major oil-producing country. They grant INOC a mere 25% stake, paltry in comparison with the average 80% demanded by the Libyan State Oil Company for new exploration contracts, for example, or with Nigeria's National Petroleum Company, which is regarded as one of OPEC's members most friendly to western companies, with a 55% stake in onshore projects.
These PSC-lite versions represent a desperate attempt by Big Oil to combat the resistance and to get their foot in the back door to Iraq's massive oil reserves. At the same time, the US administration is battling to ratify the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) in order to maintain the occupation beyond the end of 2008, when the UN Mandate expires. Rumours are circulating in Baghdad that this agreement will also include provisions allowing for the privatisation of the oil fields. While any agreement will not have the detail or the binding force of the Oil Law, the strategy seems to be to prolong the occupation to retain the political dominance to eventually get the privatisation they have been fighting for.
Of course, these attempts need coordination. On 13 October, 2008, Iraqi Oil Minister Hussein al-Shahristani will meet with representatives of 41 international oil companies in London. This will be the formal launch of a round of bidding for some of Iraq's largest oil fields, with the aim of signing long-term contracts in June 2009. The Iraqi Oil Ministry claims these deals will be for risk service contracts – in theory, a significant improvement over PSCs. But with such secrecy, it is impossible to know what the Iraqi government is signing away. What we do know is what the US and UK government, and Big Oil want, and the force – enabled by prolonging the occupation – that they will use to get it.
For more details, see Greg Muttitt's recent articles at:
www.carbonweb.org/showitem.asp?article=332&parent=39, www.niqash.org/content.php?contentTypeID=28&id=2230&lang=0 and www.carbonweb.org/showitem.asp?article=333&parent=9.


While the Instant Pot makes it easy to prepare all sorts of delicious meals, Instant Pot Oatmeal just might be our very favorite.
It is incredibly simple to make, yet packs a big nutritional punch. And it's so versatile; oatmeal is not just a great way to start your day, but also a perfect choice for a hearty lunch, an energizing mid-afternoon snack, or even as a sweet and satisfying dessert.
The best thing about Instant Pot oatmeal is the limitless choice of topping combinations.
We've gathered a list of our favorite recipes, ranging from classic oatmeal pairings, to some more unexpected flavors. With 8 different delectable options, you can try a new one every day of the week!
And whether you prefer to make your oatmeal with steel cut oats or quick oats, we'e got you covered with great-tasting recipes for both. This is a list of 8 Instant Pot Oatmeal Recipes that you're sure to love.
The oat grain, or groat, may be small, but it is a nutritional powerhouse. Quick oats are rich in protein and fiber, and packed with vitamins and minerals.
This combination of traditional oatmeal flavors is comforting, satisfying, and delicious. And, this recipe includes a helpful tip for cooking oatmeal in the Instant Pot.
The sweet and salty pairing of chocolate and peanut butter is an all-time classic. With this recipe, you can indulge in the flavors of your favorite peanut butter cup candy, without any of the guilt!
Enjoying the flavors of fall couldn't be easier — with the Instant Pot, you can enjoy a comforting, warm bowl of oatmeal in just 5 minutes.
Chocoholics, Rejoice! This Instant Pot oatmeal recipe lets you satisfy your chocolate craving while providing many great health benefits. Tastes so decadent.
Steel Cut Oats are oat groats that have been cut into two or three pieces by a steel blade. Less processed than quick oats, they have a lower glycemic index (GI) number, which means they are digested more slowly and provide sustained energy.
This breakfast of champions is healthy, hearty, and thanks to the Instant Pot, so incredibly easy to make.
The delicious combination of strawberries and brown sugar will make you feel like you're indulging in a relaxing Sunday Brunch, even on a busy weekday morning.
Starting your day off right has never been easier, thanks to the dynamic superfoods duo of blueberries and almonds. This recipe also provides a great tip for how to easily clean your Instant Pot inner pot and get it looking like new again.
Classic banana split flavors make hearty and healthy steel cut oats feel more like a decadent treat than a good-for-you way to start your day.
« Ranch Dip – Easy Homemade Recipe!


Our business was built around wholesale customers, and we continue to grow the segment with delivery and service across Eastern NC. New customers are encouraged to contact us to discuss how we can meet your battery needs.
Conveniently located on HWY 70 in Morehead City, NC we are easy to find and available 6 days a week. We are here to answer your questions, and meet your customer service needs every time you need a battery.
Recycling old batteries helps us to keep our prices affordable and it has made us one of the largest lead recyclers in NC. Prices on new batteries (Auto, Marine, and Golf) are based on exchange of your old battery. If you have any old batteries laying around – do the right thing and bring them to us for proper recycling.


text:
Cyprus News Agency
Five exploratory drillings to be carried out in the next two years, Minister of Energy says --`We are aiming to the solution of the Cyprus Problem and to good collaboration with Turkey`, Christodoulides notes Under-Secretary-General for Peace Operations to visit Cyprus next week --The Cyprus Institute to document churches in occupied Cyprus --Tourist arrivals decrease in June and in the first six months of the year -
US is looking for friends sharing its core values, given 'Russia's malevolent machinations', Congressman says
CNA - Maria Koniotou - CYPRUS/Nicosia 27/05/2019 13:36
Given "Russia's malevolent machinations", the US is looking for friends who share its core values, as democracy, and that is certainly the situation here as well, Chairman of the US Congress Foreign Affairs Committee Eliot Engel said after being received on Monday by Cyprus President Nicos Anastasiades.
Responding to questions by the media, Engel also noted that the energy rights that Cyprus has are exciting, "it is a new threshold and I think that Mr. Putin in Russia can't and shouldn't have been able to control the situation.
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Germany calls upon Turkey to avoid escalation and refrain from illegal drillings 17/07/2019 | 20:59
Turkish provocations poison the climate, says Presidential commissioner 17/07/2019 | 20:46
Environment Minister and US Ambassador discuss about climate change 17/07/2019 | 19:26
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