text:
\section{Introduction}
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) \cite{fujimoto95} is a
non-invasive imaging technique using low-coherence interferometry to
produce depth profiles of a sample.  OCT has found many biomedical
applications; prominent examples include the diagnosis of ocular
diseases or detection of early-stage cancer \cite{fercher03}. Axial
resolution in OCT is ultimately limited by the coherence length of
the light source and can be less than 1~$\mu$m for very broadband
sources \cite{drexler04}.  This resolution is hindered by material
dispersion which both broadens the features in the
interferograms and reduces the contrast.

Exciting developments in quantum interferometry led to the proposal
and demonstration of quantum-optical coherence tomography (Q-OCT)
\cite{abouraddy02,nasr03}. This technique replaces white-light
interferometry (WLI) with Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interferometry
\cite{hong87} utilizing frequency-entangled photon pairs.  This
device automatically cancels all even orders of dispersion in the
resulting interferogram, including group-velocity dispersion, the most
significant contribution \cite{steinberg92b}. Dispersion
cancellation in HOM interference is ``blind'', requiring no \emph{a priori}
knowledge of the material properties, in contrast with dispersion
compensation methods (see \cite{fercher03} and references therein).
In addition to dispersion cancellation, the HOM interferometer is
phase insensitive, has better resolution than WLI with the same
bandwidth, and the interference visibility is insensitive to
unbalanced loss.  Unfortunately, this technique is based on entangled
photon pairs and the costs, in terms of speed and expense, have limited its
widespread adoption.  Other
techniques for blind dispersion compensation without entanglement
have been proposed \cite{erkmen06,banaszek07} or demonstrated
\cite{resch07b}, but they require unavailable technology
\cite{erkmen06} or significant numerical post-processing
\cite{banaszek07,resch07b} and do not have the other advantageous
properties of Q-OCT.  We have recently
demonstrated a completely classical technique, based on
oppositely-chirped laser pulses, for producing an interferogram with
\emph{all} the advantages of HOM interference with vastly higher
signal~\cite{kaltenbaek08}.

In the present work, we use chirped-pulse interferometry (CPI) for axial
profiling a sample with two optical interfaces. Q-OCT interferograms have
been shown to contain artifacts \cite{abouraddy02}, signals that do not
correspond to real features of the sample.  Due to the strong analogy,
these artifacts also appear in CPI-based axial imaging. We experimentally
demonstrate a straightforward method for controlling these artifacts.
Although it is possible to control these artifacts in Q-OCT as
well~\cite{abouraddy02}, it is technically challenging and has not been
demonstrated.

\begin{figure
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1 \columnwidth]{Fig1.pdf}
\caption{Experimental setup for axial profiling with chirped-pulse
interferometry.  Pairs of oppositely-chirped laser pulses with
horizontal polarization are combined at a 50/50 beam splitter (BS).
The light from one BS output reflects from a sample; the light from
the other undergoes a spatial delay. In the sample arm, two passes
through the quarter-wave plate (QWP) rotate the polarization to
vertical. This allows spatial recombination of the two beams at a
polarizing beam splitter. Both beams are focussed onto a 0.5~mm
thick BBO crystal phase-matched for type-II sum-frequency generation
(SFG). Dichroic mirrors separate the fundamental from the SFG light.
A grating and slit are used to filter a narrow band (0.46~nm FWHM)
of SFG light before the light is detected by an amplified Si
photodetector (D1).  An alternate configuration, where a 45$^\circ$
polarizer is inserted before the nonlinear crystal and the
fundamental light is directly detected with a photodiode (D2),
allows the observation of white-light fringes and a direct
comparison with CPI. A pair of calcite blocks can be inserted to
compare the effects of material dispersion on the interferograms.
\label{setup}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Experimental setup and methods}
Our interferometer is shown in Fig.~1 and described in the caption.  It
relies on pairs of
oppositely-chirped laser pulses that have been
stretched to several hundred times their initial, transform-limited,
pulse duration. In this large-chirp limit, at any given time the two
frequency-anticorrelated pulses have frequencies $\omega_0+\Omega$ and
$\omega_0-\Omega$, respectively. Here, $\omega_0$ is the average of the
instantaneous frequencies of these pulses.
If the chirped pulses are coincident at the input beam splitter,
$\omega_0$ is equal to the centre frequency of the laser, but it can
be tuned by changing the relative delay between the pulses. We refer
to $\omega_0$ as the \emph{operating frequency} to distinguish it
from the centre frequency of the laser.  Following the theoretical
framework from \cite{abouraddy02}, we assume that the effect of
the sample is modelled by a linear transfer function, $H(\Omega)$. The
reference arm contains an adjustable path delay, $\Delta\tau$. After
propagation in each arm, the beams undergo sum-frequency generation
(SFG) in a nonlinear medium. We detect SFG light in a very narrow
frequency band near $2\omega_0$ ensuring that the output signal is
almost exclusively due to cross-correlations between the chirped and
anti-chirped pulses. Under these conditions, the signal integrated over all
frequencies in the chirped pulses and measured by a
square-law detector, $S(\Delta\tau)$, is
\begin{eqnarray}
S(\Delta\tau) &\propto& \int d\Omega I(\Omega)I(-\Omega)|H(\Omega)|^2
- \textrm{Re} \left[ \int d\Omega
I(\Omega)I(-\Omega)H(\Omega) H^*(-\Omega) e^{-2i\Omega \Delta\tau}
\right],
\end{eqnarray}
\noindent where $I(\Omega)$ is the intensity spectrum of both laser
pulses. The CPI
signal is identical to that in Q-OCT when $I(\Omega)I(-\Omega)$ is
equal to the spectrum of the entangled photons (see \cite{abouraddy02}, Eqns.~(6)-(8)).

A mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser (center wavelength 790~nm, average power 2.7~W,
repetition rate 80 MHz) was used to create a pair of horizontally-polarized
beams of oppositely-chirped pulses using a grating-based stretcher
and compressor \cite{pessot87}.  These stretched the initial pulses
from 100~fs to 54~ps (48~ps) with 11~nm (10~nm) bandwidth for the
chirped (anti-chirped) pulses.  Note that the difference in the
pulse duration is due to slightly different bandwidths, not different chirp
rates. Details on the stretcher and compressor can be found in
\cite{kaltenbaek08}.

\section{Results and discussions}
We used a borosilicate microscope coverglass as the sample. The CPI
(WLI) data was taken by recording the signal of detector D1 (D2)
over the delay $\Delta\tau$. In each scan data was accumulated for
0.5~s over a range of 0.5~mm. The data without and with the calcite
blocks are shown in Fig.~2(a) and Fig.~2(b), respectively, where the
upper (lower) plots are CPI (WLI) scans. Without additional
dispersion (Fig.~2(a)), the CPI interference dips have widths of
20.1$\pm$0.3~$\mu$m and 20.6$\pm$0.4~$\mu$m FWHM and corresponding
visibilities of 39.0\% and 40.9\% for the front and the back surface
of the coverglass, respectively.  The WLI patterns have widths
30.4$\pm$0.3 $\mu$m and 29.9$\pm$0.3 $\mu$m FWHM and corresponding
visibilities of 12.9\% and 14.0\%. The errors in these measurements
are mainly due to positioning uncertainty of the motor. Even without
the addition of calcite blocks, we see that the CPI signal has
enhanced resolution by a factor of 1.5 compared to WLI. This
enhancement factor is slightly larger than the theoretically
expected value of $\sqrt{2}$ (assuming Gaussian spectra), due to
uncompensated dispersion caused by the additional PBS in the sample
arm.
\begin{figure*
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1 \columnwidth]{Fig2a.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=1 \columnwidth]{Fig2b.pdf}
\caption{Axial scans of a microscope coverglass using chirped-pulse and
white-light interference. Light enters from the left and is reflected from
either the front or the back surface of the sample, as indicated at the top of
the figure. The normalized detector signal is plotted as a
function of path delay. Each data set shows interference features
corresponding to the front and back surface reflections of the
sample.  The CPI (top) and the WLI (bottom) were taken a) without
and b) with calcite blocks.  The CPI signal resolution, as measured
by the width of the interference feature, is unaffected by
the dispersion whereas the WLI is broadened by 74\%.  As in Q-OCT,
CPI shows an artifact between the two real signals. \label{scans}}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}

The average optical power in the WLI scans in Figs.~2(a)~\&~2(b) was
\mbox{$\sim$10~mW}. In the CPI scans, the normalized intensity of
1.0 corresponds to 0.3~$\mu$W of measured optical power. This
corresponds to approximately $10^{12}$~photons/s. It is difficult to
directly compare this rate with the performance of Q-OCT
demonstrated in \cite{nasr03} since only normalized rates are
presented; however, the highest measured coincidence-counting rate
from an entangled photon source to date is $\sim10^6$ photons/s
\cite{altepeter05}. Given a total sample reflectivity of $\sim10\%$
our measured power is 7 orders of magnitude larger than what could
be achieved in Q-OCT with the best available technology.

\begin{figure
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1 \columnwidth]{Fig3.pdf}
\caption{False-color representation of the SFG spectrum vs path delay.
Two pairs of narrow lines originate from SFG of the
oppositely-chirped laser pulses with different time delays. When the
time delay through the reference arm coincides with the delay
through the sample arm from one of the two interfaces, an
interference dip occurs.  The other pair of crossings between the
real interference dips gives rise to the artifact.\label{falsecolor}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The path delay between the two CPI interference dips is
286.1$\pm$0.4~$\mu$m. The operating frequency was measured by taking
the spectrum of the light after the first beam splitter; it is the
frequency at which the chirped and antichirped pulses interfere. The
observed delay can be converted to the thickness of the coverslip by
dividing by the group index, $n_g(\lambda)=n(\lambda)-\lambda \left. \frac{dn}{d\lambda}
\right|_\lambda$, of borosilicate
glass at the operating wavelength $790.8\pm0.3$~nm, $n_g=1.53482$
\cite{borosellmeier}.  The optical measurement of the coverglass
thickness is $186.4\pm0.3$~$\mu$m which is in good agreement with a
direct measurement, using a micrometer, yielding
$186.4\pm0.8$~$\mu$m.

To investigate the effects of material dispersion on the
interference, we added a pair of calcite beam displacers into the
setup. The sum of their lengths is 80.58$\pm$0.01~mm and the light
propagates through them with ordinary polarization. The widths of
the CPI dips are unchanged at 19.4$\pm$0.6~$\mu$m and
20.7$\pm$0.4~$\mu$m FWHM; the WLI envelopes are significantly
broadened by 74\% to 53.0$\pm$0.3 $\mu$m and 53.4$\pm$0.3 $\mu$m.
Under these conditions, CPI has a factor of 2.65 better resolution
than WLI.

Both CPI and Q-OCT signals contain artifacts, additional features in
the interferograms that do not correspond to real interfaces.  These
can be seen in the data in Fig.~2 in between the interference dips.
To illuminate the origin of these features in CPI we measured the
full SFG spectrum as a function of delay using a high-resolution
spectrometer (ACTON SP-2758).  The results are shown in Fig.~3. On
this scale, the only features visible are due to cross-correlations;
the autocorrelations form a weak, broadband background.  When the
paths are unbalanced, the signal contains two doublets of narrow
spectral lines.  One of these doublets is due to the chirped pulse
traversing the sample arm and the anti-chirped pulse traversing the
reference. The two peaks of the doublet are separated in frequency
due to the difference in optical delay reflecting from the front and
back surface of the sample. When the chirped pulse is reflected from
the front surface the frequency of the cross-correlation will be
slightly higher than upon reflection from the back surface. The
other doublet can be understood by swapping the roles of the chirped
and anti-chirped pulses.

Changing the path delay changes the spacing
between the two doublets. An interference dip occurs when the delay
in the reference path is equal to a delay in the sample path. The
interference results from two different processes (chirp in one of
the two arms and anti-chirp in the other) each producing light at
the same frequency, but out of phase. In Fig.~3 the four lines,
formed by the two doublets for varying path delay, cross at four
distinct points. Two of these points occur at the same wavelength
but at different path delays; they correspond to the dips in the CPI
scans indicating real features of the sample. The other two crossing
points occur at the same path delay but different wavelengths; these
give rise to the artifacts.

\begin{figure
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1 \columnwidth]{Fig4.pdf}
\caption{Controlling the phase of the artifact.  CPI interferograms
of the sample taken at an operating wavelength of a) 792.10~nm and
b) 791.54~nm clearly shows the dependence of the phase of the
artifact interference on the operating wavelength. c) Visibility of
the artifact versus operating wavelength. Positive (negative)
visibility corresponds to constructive (destructive) interference.
The measured period of oscillation of (1.13$\pm$0.02)~$n$m is in
good agreement with the theoretical expectation.\label{fringes}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

As in Q-OCT, the interference giving rise to the artifacts can be
constructive or destructive whereas for real features it is always
destructive. If the interference is constructive, as in Fig.~2, the
artifact is easy to identify.  If instead it is destructive,
artifacts can easily be confused with real features. In Q-OCT it was
predicted that this could be adjusted by changing the sum-frequency
of the entangled photon pair~\cite{abouraddy02}. In practice,
however, this is difficult as most UV narrow-band pump sources for
SPDC are not tunable. CPI has the intrinsic advantage that the
operating frequency is tunable by changing the relative delay
between the chirped and anti-chirped pulses at the input beam
splitter. In Figs.~4(a) and 4(b), we show two examples of CPI
interferograms taken at different operating wavelengths 792.10~nm
and 791.54~nm illustrating constructive and destructive interference
in the artifact, respectively. The operating frequency is half the
SFG frequency measured near zero delay.  In these scans the path
delay was not varied continuously but in discrete steps, accounting
for fewer data points.

We employ the model transfer function for the coverslip,
$H(\Omega)=r_1+r_2 e^{i2k(\omega_0+\Omega)d}$, where $r_1$ ($r_2$)
is the reflection amplitude from the front (back) surface,
$k(\omega)$ is the wavevector in the glass, and $d$ is the
thickness. Inserting this expression into Eq.~(1), one finds that the
term describing the artifact is modulated by $\cos 2 k(\omega_0) d$. If
the operating frequency changes from $\omega_0$ to $\omega_0+\delta$, then
$k(\omega_0+\delta)\approx k(\omega_0)+\alpha \delta$ and the expected
change in wavelength required to flip the sign of the artifact is
$\Delta \lambda \approx \pi^2 c/(\omega^2_0\alpha d)$.

Figure~4(c) shows the visibility of the artifact as a
function of the operating wavelength.  Visibility is defined as $(I_C-I_S)/I_S$, where
$I_C$ and $I_S$ are the intensities at the centre of the
dip and at the shoulder, respectively. A fit to this data yields a
period of (1.13$\pm$0.02)~nm in good agreement with the theoretical
prediction of 1.09~nm. Changing the operating wavelength in this
straightforward way allows identification and removal of artifacts
from axial scans.

There is a difference between Q-OCT and CPI. Even in the absence of
dispersion, the resolution in Q-OCT is a factor of $2$ better than
in WLI~\cite{abouraddy02} while, assuming Gaussian spectra, CPI has
a factor of $\sqrt{2}$ better resolution than WLI. The difference
originates from the effective bandwidths used in the comparison.
Assuming a source of entangled photons with spectrum $S(\Omega)$
(the modulus squared of $\zeta(\Omega)$ in Eq.~(5) in
\cite{abouraddy02}), the effective bandwidths for HOM
interference (see \cite{abouraddy02}, Eq.~(8)) and WLI (see
\cite{abouraddy02}, Eq.~(4)) are the same because their spectra,
$S(\Omega)$, are identical \cite{widthfootnote}. For chirped pulses
with spectra $I(\Omega)$, the bandwidth for CPI is determined by
$I(\Omega)I(-\Omega)$ (see Eq.~(1)) while that for WLI is determined by
$I(\Omega)$. For Gaussian spectra the effective bandwidth for CPI is
$\sqrt{2}$ narrower than that for the WLI, accounting for the
resolution advantage of Q-OCT.

Is this a fundamental feature of entanglement?  Surprisingly no. The
same difference in resolution could be achieved using purely
classical correlations. In CPI, time-correlations, but not intensity
correlations are created between anticorrelated frequencies.  In the
same setup, one replaces the chirped pulses with two CW lasers tuned
to frequencies $\omega_0 + \Omega$ and $\omega_0 + \Omega'$. During
the integration time of the detection the laser frequencies are
swept in an anticorrelated way according to the distribution
$P(\Omega,\Omega')=G(\Omega)\delta(\Omega+\Omega')$. In this case,
the effective spectrum in Eq.~(1) is $G(\Omega)$, while the WLI
bandwidth is determined by the marginal $P(\Omega)=\int d\Omega'
P(\Omega,\Omega')=G(\Omega)$. The effective bandwidths are identical
in both cases and thus this classical scheme achieves the same
factor of $2$ higher resolution as Q-OCT.  In practice, however,
chirped pulses offer dramatically higher nonlinear conversion
efficiency compared to CW lasers far outweighing this rather small
difference.

\section{Conclusion}
We have shown that chirped-pulse interferometry accrues the benefits
of quantum-OCT, but with a dramatic increase in signal, direct
optical detection, and a straightforward means of identifying
artifacts.  We have experimentally demonstrated improved resolution
in CPI over WLI with and without mismatched dispersion by up to a
factor of 2.65. Increasing the bandwidth of the light source is
required for the resolution in CPI-based OCT to compete with
established techniques.  Broadband (148nm) three-wave mixing of anticorrelated frequencies has been demonstrated in 1.5mm-thick nonlinear materials \cite{carrasco06}.  For safe \emph{in vivo} imaging, the optical
power can be attenuated before the sample without loss of signal
visibility \cite{kaltenbaek08}.  We have demonstrated SFG detection of reflected signals as low as 5mW \cite{kaltenbaek08}. Based on the results of \cite{peer07}, efficient SFG should be measureable with much lower reflected powers.
Incorporating better nonlinear
materials, such as PPKTP, and more sensitive detectors will further allow operation at lower power
levels. CPI achieves the benefits of quantum interferometry at
macroscopic power levels and represents a powerful new technique for
optical imaging. More generally, we have clarified the role of
entanglement versus correlation in axial imaging.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
We acknowledge financial support from NSERC and CFI.  We thank G.
Weihs and C. Couteau for the use of their spectrometer and technical
assistance.  We thank D. Biggerstaff, K. Bizheva, D. Strickland, and G. Weihs
for valuable discussions.  J.L. acknowledges financial support from the Bell Family Fund and
R.K. acknowledges financial support from IQC and ORDCF.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Food Chem. 2014 Jul 15;155:81-6. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.034. Epub 2014 Jan 23.
Thermal degradation kinetics study of curcumin with nonlinear methods.
Chen Z1, Xia Y1, Liao S2, Huang Y3, Li Y1, He Y1, Tong Z1, Li B1.
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China. Electronic address: liaosen@gxu.edu.cn.
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
The results of TG/DTG when curcumin was used as the food colouring agent indicated that the processing temperature of the food should not exceed 190°C. The decomposition process of curcumin involved two stages. The results of Eα values, determined by an advanced isoconversional method, showed that the two stages were both single-step processes. The most probable mechanisms of the two stages were estimated by using comparative and nonlinear model-fitting methods. The mechanisms obtained from the two methods are the same, which are the assumed random nucleation and its subsequent growth for stage I and one-dimensional diffusion for stage II, respectively. The values of pre-exponential factor A for both stages were obtained on the basis of Ea and g(α). Besides, some thermodynamic functions (ΔS(≠), ΔH(≠) and ΔG(≠)) of the transition state complexes for the two stages were also calculated.


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text:
Big Data & Technology: How It Has Totally Changed Recruiting and HR
By David Bernstein March 27, 2013 July 22, 2015
Photo illustration by istockphoto.com
Over the past three decades, HR technology has made amazing improvements – moving from paper to predictive analytics.
These advancements have enabled recruiters to source talent faster and smarter, which in turn, helps them achieve the organization's business objectives.
With the help of the latest innovations in technology, talent acquisition professionals can truly contribute to a company's profitability by proactively creating the talent pipelines required to meet critical hiring needs.
Game changers: the PC and the Internet
The first generation of recruiters or "headhunters" maintained a Rolodex containing the names of potential candidates and relied on print publications to get the word out about open positions. They also collected resumes at trade shows and purchased attendee lists to locate talent with particular skill sets.
Back in those "dark ages," candidates snail-mailed typewritten resumes in response to help wanted ads. One early innovation, a new machine called the "fax," enabled applicants to digitally send cover letters and resumes directly to employers. Another technological improvement in recruiting during this time was the ability for employers to view applicants through resumes that had been scanned into a database.
But the real game-changers in the field of human resources were the desktop computer and the advent of the Internet.
The Internet democratized recruiting. Job seekers could see directly into an organization and apply for jobs online.
Social media applications like LinkedIn made it easier to put not only active job seekers but also the elusive passive job seekers into the talent pipeline. Online job boards have made it easier to find specific talent, and niche sites allow even further targeting. New job search apps have taken recruiting to a new level of mobility.
Predictive technology in recruiting
The best part of these improvements — from an organizational standpoint — are the applications for strategic talent acquisition. The latest innovation, "big data" allows talent acquisition teams to utilize predictive technology to identify critical talent and source more strategically.
Big data's marketing metrics provide insight on the effectiveness of current recruitment marketing campaigns. If these metrics underperform compared to the forecasted baseline, the talent acquisition team is able to investigate and address lack of candidate response in real-time.
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Accessing the power of big data
To access the power of big data, examine your internal data: look at the previous time to fill, cost per hire, sources of hire, attrition rates, and performance scores for the positions that are critical to fill in the upcoming hiring year.
Review the data and metrics to determine the most cost-effective sources and best candidate flow that led to the most hires; especially the hires that stayed employed with the company at least a year and were meeting or exceeding their performance goals.
You should also review the number of unique IP addresses that visited your job/employer site. Capture which websites they came to you from, which pages were most visited on your site, how long candidates spent on those pages, which pages they last visited before they left, etc.
It is also important to compare the number of candidates you received from your job board advertising against the number of fully completed applications you receive to determine your candidate drop-off rate.
The other components of big data analysis include job board metrics, web traffic data, government labor data, social data, and data from outsourced vendors. By blending this information, you can capture key metrics about your company – i.e. how often your company is searched for, how often your jobs are viewed, how often they are clicked on, etc.
What does the future hold? Companies that take advantage of the latest HR technology will be able to glean keen insights into their sourcing and hiring strategies.
Technology and Strategic Talent Acquisition
At its core, the real value of big data technology lies in the answers it can provide, the insights that can be derived and its ability to enable business users to ask new kinds of questions that could not previously have been answered. Big Data only achieves its full potential when this information is analyzed, interpreted, reported and put to use by an organization's people. In this respect, the promise of big data could easily be squandered if HR doesn't help to lead the charge, especially where talent acquisition is concerned.
The time has come for HR to raise its profile as a strategic business partner by plugging into big data metrics and lifting talent acquisition strategies to a new level of success. Talent acquisition touches every part of the organization. Nothing else is as critical to the organization's ability to achieve business objectives.
With help from the right external partners, HR can jump-start their organizations' big data efforts, make decisions that are exponentially more evidence-based, and build strategic business advantages that will empower the entire organization.
This was originally published on eQuests' Floating Point blog.
David Bernstein is the head of eQuest's new Big Data for HR/Predictive Analytics Division, which enables organizations to make evidence-based decisions about their recruiting and hiring strategy. He writes and speaks regularly on how data analytics can predict future behavioral patterns of candidates and create a competitive advantage in candidate sourcing.
Best PracticesHiring ProcessHR CommunicationsHR ManagementRecruitingStaffing AgenciesBig DataHR Technology

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Removing small cores from your lawn (aeration) allows air, water, and fertilizer to more effectively reach the root zone. This creates a healthier, stronger lawn. Aeration and seeding services are recommended yearly.
Liming helps keep the pH level of your soil neutral, which allows grass to grow. We recommend liming yearly due to the acid rain we receive. Services are generally done in September along with aeration and seeding.
Founded in 1999, Nature's Friends Landscaping has proudly served many areas of Montgomery County for nearly 20 years.
Owner Cliff Bressler has been in the landscaping business since 1985, yet you can still find him active in every aspect of the work we do, and involved at every job site.
Communication and collaboration allow us to meet our client's needs and tastes, while staying within budget. We are proud of the reputation our personal service, sharp attention to detail, and high quality workmanship has given us — we love to exceed expectations!


Celebrating women is an everyday type of thing. Although, around the holidays is the perfect time to win the gifting game and make every woman in your life feel so special. If you have a certain lady in your circle who could use a dose of self-celebration, you've stumbled upon the right article. It's hard to choose gifts in the first place, let alone find gifts for badass women who seem to already have everything.
No worries, though. We did the damage for you and rounded up the 10 best gifts for every badass woman in your life. Trust—we scratched beyond the surface of everyday things and included cool gifts that'll both make women feel empowered and support other women. Girls supporting girls is a thing, and we're totally here for it. Scroll on for the best gifts for women the internet has to offer.
One woman can never have enough Tom Ford. Gift her with not one, but three mini Tom Ford lipsticks to build up her stash. These universal neutrals—two are richer in color while the other applies sheer—will look stunning on a variety of skin tones. What's even cooler is they're clutch-size, so she can easily slip one of these in her bag for an important meeting or a night out.
The best candles have two really important qualities. First and foremost, they smell absolutely amazing, and second, they double as décor and will look super luxe sitting on your shelf. This mango and grapefruit candle is a shining example of both. But the story behind this hand-poured soy candle is even more special. Each is handmade by a woman recovering from homelessness in Los Angeles, so you can support a woman's new journey to turn her life around with your purchase.
Keep her nails looking fresh with top-of-the-line nail polish that she'll be excited about hoarding. A woman's nail polish collection says a lot about her, and Smith & Cult only has good things to say. These pretty little bottles from the widely popular line of coveted polishes are made with grip-friendly tops for your fingers and come in a rainbow of shades to choose from. Start your friend off with this gorgeous shade, paired with a base coat and topcoat for a long-lasting application.
No doubt about it: The feminine fragrance Moonlight is sure to earn a prized space on your friend's holiday wish list.
If she's into makeup, you've pretty much won the lottery if you gift her with this game-changing mirror. It offers optimal lighting options with five different settings, a detachable magnifying mirror, a portable phone clip with a built-in Bluetooth selfie feature, and a rechargeable battery. In other words, her makeup will be on point, and her selfies will be on a whole other level.
If she's a beauty fan, there's a high chance she's a fan of Glossier. It's a millennial favorite because, well, Glossier just gets it. Phase 2 is equipped with Boy Brow, Stretch Concealer, and Generation G, which is essentially the starter kit for the low-key girl who wants to glam herself up fast.
Meet the cool-girl makeup pouch that every woman needs. Presenting representation and #squadgoals at their best, this pouch is decked out with some of the most powerful women from all walks of life. She'll want to carry around all of her goodies in this Instagram-worthy bag.
Baby-soft skin coming right up. She probably already takes her skincare routine very seriously, but she'll love you forever if you bless her with this Jo Malone body scrub. The brand is known for its super-luxe lineup of products, so consider this a "treat yourself" essential. It'll buff and scrub away grime, leaving her with silky and delicious-smelling skin thanks to its sunflower seed and shea butter blend.


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Source: Judge won't vacate AK-47 gunman's plea deal, but will give victim a hearing date
The judge said in court Wednesday that he could not vacate a plea deal and sentence that had been negotiated by District Attorney Larry Krasner's office for a gunman who had shot and critically wounded a beer deli owner with an AK-47 rifle, according to a source who was in the courtroom.
Philadelphia Judge Rayford Means (left) and District Attorney Larry Krasner.Read more
by Julie Shaw
A Philadelphia judge said Wednesday that he cannot vacate a plea deal and sentence already negotiated by the District Attorney's Office for a gunman who shot and critically wounded a West Philadelphia beer deli owner with an AK-47 rifle.
Common Pleas Court Judge Rayford Means said he felt constrained by case law, given that it was a done deal, according to a source in the justice system who was in the courtroom at the time. Means said he would schedule a Feb. 11, 2019, hearing for the victim to go to court and give a victim-impact statement.
No hearing had been scheduled in defendant Jovaun Patterson's case Wednesday. But four people from the District Attorney's Office — including three higher-ups — went to Means' courtroom early in the morning to speak to the judge about the case, according to the source, who spoke on condition of anonymity.
They were First Assistant District Attorney Robert Listenbee; Michael Giampietro, a former defense attorney who was hired by Krasner as a senior adviser; Krasner's spokesperson, Ben Waxman; and the prosecutor who handled the Nov. 15 plea hearing and sentencing, Lori Edelman Orem.
Means wasn't expecting them, and neither was the gunman's attorney, S. Philip Steinberg, who was called to the courtroom, according to the source.
At issue was a controversial petition filed Friday by the District Attorney's Office asking the judge to vacate its negotiated plea deal for Patterson, 29, who was sentenced to 3½ to 10 years in state prison for the May 5 shooting of Mike Poeng with an AK-47, a sentence that several former prosecutors and critics of Krasner consider lenient.
The judge also said that the Feb. 11 hearing would give him the opportunity to tell Poeng that he could object to the Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole whenever Patterson is up for parole and that the District Attorney's Office could do so as well, the source said.
Poeng, 50, was not aware of this brief hearing. He said that a victim-services coordinator from the District Attorney's Office, Danielle Nispel, called him Wednesday morning to ask if he would be able to go to court on Feb. 11. He has said that the District Attorney's Office, in offering what he considered to be a light sentence, was "almost like ... promoting a criminal to have an AK-47."
Waxman did not return calls or an email seeking comment Wednesday. Giampietro also did not return a call. Steinberg could not immediately be reached for comment.
Nothing was noted on Patterson's court docket regarding Wednesday morning's hearing or the Feb. 11 hearing as of late afternoon Wednesday.
Steinberg had opposed the district attorney's petition, noting in a brief that it was filed too late and that it would be "unfair" to Patterson and the "criminal justice system as a whole" to back away from a negotiated deal.
Patterson had pleaded guilty and was sentenced Nov. 15 on charges of aggravated assault, robbery, and possession of an instrument of crime. In exchange, prosecutors dropped charges of attempted murder, violations of the Uniform Firearms Act, and related offenses.
The District Attorney's Office said in its petition that Orem did not have the plea offer reviewed by her supervisor and also noted that the victim was not notified of the plea deal or the hearing, in violation of the Pennsylvania Crime Victims Act.
The petition did not say if the District Attorney's Office would seek a lengthier sentence for Patterson if the judge were to grant a new hearing, and Waxman on Tuesday declined to comment when asked if the office was planning to seek a harsher sentence or just wanted a hearing so the victim could be given the opportunity to testify.
Also on Tuesday, U.S. Attorney William M. McSwain, the top federal law enforcement official in Philadelphia, said that his office was considering charging Patterson with federal crimes for the same incident.
Former prosecutors have said that under Krasner's predecessors, prosecutors would have asked for a double-digit sentence at the minimum for a shooting with an AK-47 that critically injured someone. Poeng cannot walk without assistance as a result of his injuries.
A search of court records showed the following sentences in other Common Pleas Court gun cases that occurred before Krasner, a former criminal defense attorney, took office in January. Defendants are sentenced in part based on the nature of the crime committed and their criminal history:
In 2017, Alan Stokes, 26, was sentenced by Judge Mia Roberts Perez to 25 to 50 years in state prison after pleading guilty to attempted murder and firearms offenses for an August 2014 shooting outside a West Philadelphia store that left the victim, then 49, paralyzed from the waist down. The victim had accidentally bumped into Stokes inside the cramped store.
In 2016, Danir Malloy, 26, was sentenced by Judge Susan Schulman to 11 to 22 years in state prison after a jury found him guilty of robbery, possession of an instrument of crime, and related offenses in a 2015 Center City robbery in which Malloy threatened the victim with a fake gun. The victim testified at trial that he believed the silver handgun to be real. After the two men struggled for control of the gun, the victim fell, and Malloy took $15.
In 2014, Demond Thomas, 37, was sentenced to nine to 18 years in state prison by Judge Donna Woelpper after being found guilty by a jury of aggravated assault, robbery, and gun offenses after he shot a man in the leg in North Philadelphia and stole sneakers from him.
In May 2013, Shaheed Springs, 22, was sentenced by Judge Diana Anhalt to 7½ to 17 years in prison on two gun-possession cases, one of which also involved a felony offense of possessing heroin with intent to deliver. No one was shot in either case.
I cover crime and courts, with a focus on Philadelphia and South Jersey.


Traditional display advertising is still very much alive and kicking in 2018. Display has evolved from the days of placing a banner on a high traffic site on an even higher CPM and hoping for a little brand exposure. It is now very often performance based and at C7 we own one of the largest display publishers for lead generation campaigns in the UK.
Product Testing is now live in the UK, US and AU and offers a fantastic platform for advertisers to receive a high volume of targeted, validated leads in real time. All campaigns are performance based and all banners are designed in house and approved by the advertisers. This is very much modern day display advertising without the over inflated pricing options.
When it comes to brand exposure, PTUK gets in excess of 3 million unique visitors each month with US and AU taking that number close to 7 million and counting.
If Product Testing is not right for your campaign but you would still like to explore the benefits of display advertising, then we can introduce our partners to your offer. We work with a whole host of people with creative ways of displaying a campaign in high traffic positions. The move away from traditional CPM's to a more performance based CPL and CPA model has meant the affiliates are always looking to put your campaign in the best converting locations on site, meaning a much better ROI for the advertiser.
If you are an advertiser that allows incentivised traffic, we can support you there as well. OhMyDosh! Is a fresh approach to the traditional cashback site, offering members the chance to get paid for taking out CPL and CPA offers. OMD has proved so popular with advertisers and users since it's launch in late 2017, that it has been shortlisted for the 2019 Moneyfacts Consumer Awards.
Remember, email is not the only way to drive traffic to your offer. Very often, a modern approach to display advertising can perform as well if not better than a traditional email blast. If you are unsure on the benefits, please speak to us direct before you write it off.


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ACCEPTED

#### According to
Index Fungorum

#### Published in
in Boudartsev, Mitt. Forst. Versuchsw. Russl. 37: 45 (1912)

#### Original name
Thelephora bondarzewii P. Karst.

### Remarks
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The maintenance and use of metadata such as provenance and time-related information is of increasing importance in the Semantic Web, especially for Big Data applications that work on heterogeneous data from multiple sources and which require high data quality. In an RDF dataset, it is possible to store metadata alongside the actual RDF data and several possible metadata representation models have been proposed. However, there is still no in-depth comparative evaluation of the main representation alternatives on both the conceptual level and the implementation level using different graph backends. In order to help to close this gap, we introduce major use cases and requirements for storing and using diverse kinds of metadata. Based on these requirements, we perform a detailed comparison and benchmark study for different RDF-based metadata representations, including a new approach based on so-called companion properties. The benchmark evaluation considers two datasets and evaluates different representations for three popular RDF stores.
Submitted by Anonymous on 19 March, 2018 - 15:14.


text:
Chapter 4 Basic Probability
Published byFerdinand Morris Modified over 4 years ago
Presentation on theme: "Chapter 4 Basic Probability"— Presentation transcript:
1 Chapter 4 Basic Probability
Basic Business Statistics Chapter 4 Basic Probability Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
2 Learning Objectives In this chapter, you learn:
Basic probability concepts Conditional probability To use Bayes' Theorem to revise probabilities Various counting rules Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
3 Basic Probability Concepts
Probability – the chance that an uncertain event will occur (always between 0 and 1) Impossible Event – an event that has no chance of occurring (probability = 0) Certain Event – an event that is sure to occur (probability = 1) Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
4 Assessing Probability
There are three approaches to assessing the probability of an uncertain event: 1. a priori -- based on prior knowledge of the process 2. empirical probability 3. subjective probability probability of occurrence Assuming all outcomes are equally likely probability of occurrence based on a combination of an individual's past experience, personal opinion, and analysis of a particular situation Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
5 Computing Probabilities
The Probability of any Event A: Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
6 Example of a priori probability
Find the probability of selecting a face card (Jack, Queen, or King) from a standard deck of 52 cards. Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
7 Example of empirical probability
Find the probability of selecting a male taking statistics from the population described in the following table: Taking Stats Not Taking Stats Total Male 84 145 229 Female 76 134 210 160 279 439 Probability of male taking stats Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
8 Events Each possible outcome of a variable is an event. Simple event
An event described by a single characteristic e.g., A red card from a deck of cards Joint event An event described by two or more characteristics e.g., An ace that is also red from a deck of cards Complement of an event A (denoted A') All events that are not part of event A e.g., All cards that are not diamonds Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
9 Sample Space The Sample Space is the collection of all possible events
e.g. All 6 faces of a die: e.g. All 52 cards of a deck of cards: Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
10 Visualizing Events Contingency Tables Decision Trees Ace Not Ace Total
Black Red Total Sample Space 2 24 Ace Sample Space Black Card Not an Ace Full Deck of 52 Cards Ace Red Card Not an Ace Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
11 Visualizing Events Venn Diagrams Let A = aces Let B = red cards
A ∩ B = ace and red A B A U B = ace or red Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
12 Computing Probabilities
13 Contingency Tables (Joint Frequency Tables)
n = 200 students 100 70 30 40 40 120 Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
14 Definitions Simple vs. Joint Probability
Simple Probability refers to the probability of a simple event. (also called marginal probability) ex. P(King) ex. P(Spade) Joint Probability refers to the probability of an occurrence of two or more events (joint event). ex. P(King and Spade) Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
15 Mutually Exclusive Events
Events that cannot occur simultaneously Example: Drawing one card from a deck of cards A = queen of diamonds; B = queen of clubs Events A and B are mutually exclusive Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
16 Collectively Exhaustive Events
One of the events must occur The set of events covers the entire sample space example: A = aces; B = black cards; C = diamonds; D = hearts Events A, B, C and D are collectively exhaustive (but not mutually exclusive – an ace may also be a heart) Events B, C and D are collectively exhaustive and also mutually exclusive Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
17 Computing Joint and Marginal Probabilities
The probability of a joint event, A and B: Computing a marginal (or simple) probability: Where B1, B2, …, Bk are k mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive events Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
18 Marginal Probability Example
P(Ace) Color Type Total Red Black Ace 2 2 4 Non-Ace 24 24 48 Total 26 26 52 Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
19 Joint Probability Example
P(Red and Ace) Color Type Total Red Black Ace 2 2 4 Non-Ace 24 24 48 Total 26 26 52 Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
The Probability of an Event E: Each of the Outcomes in the Sample Space is Equally Likely to Occur E.g., P( ) = 2/36 (There are 2 ways to get one 6 and the other 4) Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
21 Contingency (Joint Frequency) Tables
n = 200 students 100 70 30 40 40 120 Marginal and Joint Probabilities Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
22 Contingency (Joint Probability) Tables
n = 200 students 100/200 70/200 30/200 40/200 120/200 40/200 Marginal and Joint Probabilities Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
23 Marginal & Joint Probabilities In A Contingency Table
Event Event B1 B2 Total A1 P(A1 and B1) P(A1 and B2) P(A1) A2 P(A2 and B1) P(A2 and B2) P(A2) Total P(B1) P(B2) 1 Marginal (Simple) Probabilities Joint Probabilities Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
24 Probability Summary So Far
Probability is the numerical measure of the likelihood that an event will occur The probability of any event must be between 0 and 1, inclusively The sum of the probabilities of all mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive events is 1 1 Certain 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1 For any event A 0.5 Impossible If A, B, and C are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
25 General Addition Rule General Addition Rule (Union Rule):
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B) If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(A and B) = 0, so the rule can be simplified: P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) For mutually exclusive events A and B Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
26 General Addition Rule Example
P(Red or Ace) = P(Red) +P(Ace) - P(Red and Ace) = 26/52 + 4/ /52 = 28/52 Don't count the two red aces twice! Color Type Total Red Black Ace 2 2 4 Non-Ace 24 24 48 Total 26 26 52 Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
27 Computing Conditional Probabilities
A conditional probability is the probability of one event, given that another event has occurred: The conditional probability of A given that B has occurred The conditional probability of B given that A has occurred Where P(A and B) = joint probability of A and B P(A) = marginal or simple probability of A P(B) = marginal or simple probability of B Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
28 Conditional Probability Example
Of the cars on a used car lot, 70% have air conditioning (AC) and 40% have a CD player (CD). 20% of the cars have both. What is the probability that a car has a CD player, given that it has AC ? i.e., we want to find P(CD | AC) Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
(continued) Of the cars on a used car lot, 70% have air conditioning (AC) and 40% have a CD player (CD). 20% of the cars have both. CD No CD Total AC 0.2 0.5 0.7 No AC 0.2 0.1 0.3 Total 0.4 0.6 1.0 Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
(continued) Given AC, we only consider the top row (70% of the cars). Of these, 20% have a CD player. 20% of 70% is about 28.57%. CD No CD Total AC 0.2 0.5 0.7 No AC 0.2 0.1 0.3 Total 0.4 0.6 1.0 Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
31 Independence Two events are independent if and only if:
Events A and B are independent when the probability of one event is not affected by the fact that the other event has occurred Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
32 Multiplication Rules Multiplication rule for two events A and B:
Note: If A and B are independent, then and the multiplication rule simplifies to Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
33 Bayes' Theorem Bayes' Theorem is used to revise previously calculated probabilities based on new information. Developed by Thomas Bayes in the 18th Century. It is an extension of conditional probability. Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
34 Contingency Tables n = 200 students 100 70 30 40 40 120
Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
36 Contingency (Joint Frequency) Tables (Addition/Union Rule)
n = 200 students 100 70 30 40 40 120 P(Accounting or Junior) = 100/ /200 – 70/200 Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
37 Contingency (Joint Frequency) Tables (Conditional Probability)
n = 200 students 100 70 30 40 40 120 P(Accounting│Junior) = 70/100 Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
38 Counting Rules Counting Rule: Factorial Notation: n! = (n)(n – 1)…(1)
(continued) Counting Rule: Factorial Notation: The number of ways that n items can be arranged in order is Note: 0! = 1 Example: You have five books to put on a bookshelf. How many different ways can these books be placed on the shelf? Answer: 5! = (5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 120 different possibilities n! = (n)(n – 1)…(1) Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
39 Counting Rules Counting Rule: Permutations:
(continued) Counting Rule: Permutations: Permutations: The number of ways of arranging X objects selected from n objects in order is Order Matters! Example: You have five books and are going to put three on a bookshelf. How many different ways can the books be ordered on the bookshelf? Answer: different possibilities Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
40 Permutations Example: Appliance Service Cans
n = 5 home appliance customers (A, B, C, D, E) need service calls, but the field technician can service only X = 3 of them before noon. The order is important so each possible arrangement of the three service calls is different. The number of possible permutations is:
41 Counting Rules Counting Rule: Combinations:
(continued) Counting Rule: Combinations: Combinations: The number of ways of selecting X objects from n objects, irrespective of order, is Order does not matter! Example: You have five books and are going to select three are to read. How many different combinations are there, ignoring the order in which they are selected? Answer: different possibilities Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
42 Combinations Example: Appliance Service Calls Revisited
n = 5 home appliance customers (A, B, C, D, E) need service calls, but the field technician can service only X = 3 of them before noon. This time order is not important. Thus, ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA would all be considered the same event because they contain the same 3 customers. The number of possible combinations is:
43 Combinations and Probability
If there are 10 students in the first row and 6 are female, then what's the probability of selecting a group of 3 where all three students are male? Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
What's the probability of getting all three students male? Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
What's the probability of getting 0 aces in a 5-card poker hand? Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
What's the probability of getting a 5-card poker hand with at least one ace? Hint: What's the only 5-card hand that is not included in the event of "at least one ace"?? Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
What's the probability of getting a 5-card poker hand with at least one ace? (0 Aces) and (At least 1 Ace) are complements! Remember…P(A) = 1 – P(A') So, P(At least 1 Ace) = 1 – P(0 Aces) = 1 – = 0.341 Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
49 Chapter Summary Discussed basic probability concepts
Sample spaces and events, contingency tables, Venn diagrams, simple probability, and joint probability Examined basic probability rules General addition rule, addition rule for mutually exclusive events, rule for collectively exhaustive events Defined conditional probability Statistical independence, marginal probability, decision trees, and the multiplication rule Discussed Bayes' theorem Examined counting rules Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
50 Bayes' Theorem where: Bi = ith event of k mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive events A = new event that might impact P(Bi) Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
51 Bayes' Theorem Example
A drilling company has estimated a 40% chance of striking oil for their new well. A detailed test has been scheduled for more information. Historically, 60% of successful wells have had detailed tests, and 20% of unsuccessful wells have had detailed tests. Given that this well has been scheduled for a detailed test, what is the probability that the well will be successful? Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
(continued) Let S = successful well U = unsuccessful well P(S) = 0.4 , P(U) = (prior probabilities) Define the detailed test event as D Conditional probabilities: P(D|S) = P(D|U) = 0.2 Goal is to find P(S|D) Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
53 Counting Rules Rules for counting the number of possible outcomes
If any one of k different mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive events can occur on each of n trials, the number of possible outcomes is equal to Example If you roll a fair die 3 times then there are 63 = 216 possible outcomes kn Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
(continued) Apply Bayes' Theorem: So the revised probability of success, given that this well has been scheduled for a detailed test, is 0.667 Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
(continued) Given the detailed test, the revised probability of a successful well has risen to from the original estimate of 0.4 Event Prior Prob. Conditional Prob. Joint Revised S (successful) 0.4 0.6 (0.4)(0.6) = 0.24 0.24/0.36 = 0.667 U (unsuccessful) 0.2 (0.6)(0.2) = 0.12 0.12/0.36 = 0.333 Sum = 0.36 Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
56 Using Decision Trees Given CD or no CD: (continued) P(CD and AC) = 0.2
Has AC P(CD)= 0.4 Does not have AC P(CD and AC') = 0.2 Has CD All Cars Conditional Probabilities Does not have CD P(CD' and AC) = 0.5 Has AC P(CD')= 0.6 Does not have AC P(CD' and AC') = 0.1 Basic Business Statistics, 11e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
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BY ACTOR: D
Willem Dafoe, born in 1955, is an actor with more than 80 titles to his name from a career spanning over three decades. In 1985 he starred in 'To Live and Die in L.A.' and the following year in Oliver Stone's 'Platoon' (1986), the latter earning him an Oscar nomination, which cemented his position as one of Hollywood's most talented character actors. He is known outside of the US for his collaborations with Lars von Trier.
Judi Dench, born in 1934, has not only defied all of the traditional strictures dogging the employment of actresses of a 'certain age', but has done most of her screen work from her sixties onwards. Despite her small stature, she has never had problems playing the 'grande dame'; she can be flighty, romantic, and terrifying. She is a ten-time BAFTA winner and was appointed Dame of Order of the British Empire in 1988.
To describe Catherine Deneuve as an icon of French cinema is only to hint at her importance as an actor over the course of the last 60 years. To discuss every film is impossible, but each decade has produced roles that have indelibly marked her imprint on the medium, both in France and internationally. Deneuve shot to fame as the adorable shop assistant in Jacques Demy's blissfully romantic musical drama 'The Umbrellas of Cherbourg' (1964). Three years later, she would reunite with Demy, starring alongside her sister Françoise Dorléac and Hollywood legend Gene Kelly in the melodious 'Les Demoiselles de Rochefort' (1967). Between these sublime confections, she was a woman losing her mind in a London apartment in Roman Polanski's nightmarish 'Repulsion' (1965). She was both the object of sexual fantasy and a sexual fantasist in Luis Buñuel's 'Belle de Jour' (1968) and went on to work with the director again in 'Tristan' (1970), a film that even Alfred Hitchcock was speechless at. Deneuve won a new generation of admirers playing a centuries-old vampire in Tony Scott's feature debut 'The Hunger' (1983), while her award-winning performance in Regis Wagnier's '>Indochina' (1992) cemented her position as the grande dame of French cinema. Her roles in Leos Carax's 'Pola X' (1999) and Lars von Trier's Dancer in the Dark (2000) highlighted her willingness to tackle unconventional roles, while 'Potiche' offered her the rare opportunity to indulge in farce.
Born in France in 1948, Gérard Depardieu is one of the most prolific actors in film history, appearing in over 150 films since 1967. After his breakout film role came in 'Going Places' (1974), he appeared in a diverse mix of films, becoming a leading actor in the 80s and 90s. He is known for 'Jean de Florette' (1986), 'Cyrano de Bergerac' (1990), 'La Vie en Rose' (2007), and 'Welcome to New York (2014).
Kate Dickie
Andrea Arnold's 'Red Road' (2004) firmly established Katie Dickie as one of the country's most striking actors. She plays a CCTV operator whose past collides with the present when she sees a man walking the streets. Dickie has continued to appear in television dramas most notably 'He Kills Coppers' (2008), 'The Pillars of the Earth' (2010) and as Lysa Arryn in 'Game of Thrones' (2011-14). She was one of the ill-fated crew members in 'Prometheus' and excelled as a emergency call responder in the BAFTA-winning short 'Operator' (2015). Two recent roles, in 'Couple in a Hole' and 'The Witch' (both 2015) highlight her versatility and daring.


Losing or misplacing keys is one of the most common mistakes that vehicle owners commit. It can happen to anyone, during day and night, at home, office or on the parking lot, whether you drive a car or ride a motorcycle.
Apart from losing your keys, a lockout is also one of the problems that vehicle owners can face, not to mention getting your keys jammed in the door, not able to open the trunk, or having the ignition failed. There is no need to feel lost or hopeless or call for a towing service when you can get the professional assistance of reliable automotive locksmith in Coppell in minutes.
Specializing in all types of automotive locksmith services, we are able to correspond to any problem you are facing with your vehicle lock and security system with prompt response and on-time, on-budget guaranteed solution.
Majority of the auto locksmith problems require professional assistance in immediate. Understanding the nature of the work and our commitment to provide tailored and reliable support to our customers, we provide full-scale 24/7 emergency automotive locksmith service, backed by industry-expert technicians always ready-on-call to move to the customer location, fully equipped mobile vans, and our coverage throughout the city of Coppell and the surrounding areas. Whether it is daytime or night, you can expect us to be with you in the least possible time, helping you get out of the situation right away. We do not charge any call out fee.
Although most of the locksmith problems happen with cars, we believe that every vehicle owner must have access to the dependable, proficient and affordable solution for their locksmith issue at the earliest. We are experts in handling lock and security challenges associated with any car, van, caravan, truck, motorcycle and other vehicles with complete ease and adeptness. We provide the right solution for any make and model with the aptest answer to your problem. Whether it is your owned car or a rental one, we have the right equipment and replacement product.
We know how sinking it feels when we get ourselves locked out of our car, or when the ignition isn't working and we are in hurry to reach somewhere in time. Drawing on our experience in the field and our dedication to give our customers the right solution as quickly as we can, we make the process easier for you. All you have to do is give us a call and explain your situation in brief. Our locksmiths will be on their way straight away. Wherever you are stuck, on a highway, street, your office parking lot, outside your home, in the market, or anywhere else throughout the Coppell city, we will take just minutes to reach there with a guaranteed solution.
We are a locally owned business, having evolved working with all types of vehicles through the years. This has helped us grow our knowledge and expertise in all types of vehicle locks and service systems. Our locksmiths are certified, fully trained and regularly update their knowledge and skills in not just local vehicles but international brand makes and models as well. Whatever auto locksmith issue have, you will always find most reasonable and economical pricing from us, with an honest quote upfront.
Don't let auto lock issues ruin your day. Call us for the best service with complete customer satisfaction!


[All slots taken] High school is a trying time for anyone, but this particular year, the lives of several students become connected as things begin to change for them all. For better or worse, this school year will be one they will never forget.
You've been chosen to "playtest" The Nonsense Game, a full-scale virtual world made by a madman known only as The Orchestrator. Now you're trapped inside his reality, with the only escape to finish his game... however you do that.
For gold, glory, and good!
The kingdoms of Vidaerla and Odimur are at a time of crumbling peace. With the hidden danger looming over the two kingdoms, their fate, it seems, lies in the hands of an unsuspecting stranger... Private RP.
[Officially Invite Only] When the life of a mermaid princess is threatened, she flees from home to find herself hiding on land, as a human. These are the stories of the many misadventures she and her companions undergo. . . .
Imarel is a neo-Victorian Magitech Adventure RPG that can be found on irc.darkmyst.net our OOC channel is #Imarel_ooc where you can meet our players and our staff. Our game has been around since 1995 with a rich lore and a diverse game-play experience.
An RP based on Final Fantasy.


So, now that image of a dream garden is not so far away. It's inside your reach to have a beautiful garden. Even if you happen to want more help than perhaps others with a inexperienced thumb, little question you could have found a tip or two that may come in handy! Apply the practical recommendation given on this article to see your garden grow! Don't over-plant your produce. In the event you plant more of a particular variety than you should utilize, retailer, and give away, it should simply go to waste. Plan out your backyard so that you'll have sufficient, without planting a lot that your efforts will merely end up getting thrown away or rotting on the vine.
Once you start gathering produce from your backyard, share it with your family and friends. This can be very satisfying to offer them a gift containing something that you simply made with your own palms. Seeing the pleased reactions of the recipients, also motivates you to continue working exhausting in your garden. When planting your vegetable backyard you could needless to say some plants do not grow properly together while others do. Do not forget that some vegetation cannot be planted subsequent to one another, so you need to avoid sure combos. For instance, broccoli can't be planted subsequent to tomato, and so forth.
Make certain to keep your eye on your backyard for pests. They'll eat away your plants or meals and trigger irreparable harm. Should you do find them in your backyard, it will be significant that you just do away with them as soon as doable earlier than they reproduce and create more problems. A lot of people say that gardening is a tough factor to get started on, however that is only true if you do not know what you are doing. The way in which to be successful with gardening is to educate yourself as a lot as you may about the topic. Whenever you do that and begin gardening you should be satisfied with the outcomes.
It's great for the health of the environment usually.
Hose reels are a vital piece of kit for the organic garden. You need to use reels to maintain hoses neat and forestall time-wasting tangles. Untangling a hose is probably the least gratifying technique to spend your gardening time. This problem is easily averted by purchasing a reel will rid any unnecessary frustration. A set of knee pads is a good funding in case your garden has a number of low-rising crops. Long hours tending your backyard can leave your knees sore and achy. Cushion your knees with a pair of gardening knee pads.
If you wish to preserve canines our of your backyard, take some aftershave, previous fragrance, or another scented item and spray the grass around the space. These scents overpower the garden's scents, which causes your canine to lose interest. Salt deposits can form ugly marks on your clay pots. To easily remove the deposits mix water, rubbing alcohol and white vinegar in equal components and spray onto the pots. Scrub with a plastic pad or brush and allow the pot to dry fully. Once the pot is dry, you might be able to plant.
Think about a colour scheme. Your garden design will take form more easily and rapidly if you choose a shade scheme to work around. Before deciding, bear in mind any present crops and things like the colour of the facade of your house. You may choose one color scheme for the entryway planting, and something fully completely different for a mixed border within the again backyard. If you're a starting gardener, don't be concerned about errors. If you find yourself with a garish trying show, you possibly can merely take away certain crops!
Soaker hoses not only conserve water, but in addition direct the water exactly the place it needs to go, into the filth, slightly than on the leaves and into the air.


What is the advantage of online subscriptions instead of DVDs? "Training inspired by industry journalists"
What is the advantage of online subscriptions instead of DVDs?
Because it's so much more efficient and convenient--for you! It's on-demand access, anytime, anywhere you have a reasonable internet connection. On your desktop, laptop, tablet, or mobile phone. Consider this: You have 20 people you want to train. With DVDs, you can either gather your staff in a classroom to show the video, or you have to deliver the DVDs, collect them, deliver them, collect them, etc., until everyone has seen each one. Since our lean video series has 40+ episodes, that is a lot of disk management! With an online subscription, you could gather seven people for a meeting and show a video. The other 13 can watch it on-demand at their work stations or wherever they like.Most importantly, coming in 2014, you'll be able to track students to see if they have actually watched a video, and passed the quiz you have the option of requiring they take. Additionally, as new videos are added to a series, as part of your subscription you automatically have access to them.


HumanLifeMatters: NATIONAL CATHOLIC REGISTER INCLUDES MY BLOG POST FOR "BEST CATHOLIC BLOGGING"
NATIONAL CATHOLIC REGISTER INCLUDES MY BLOG POST FOR "BEST CATHOLIC BLOGGING"
I came across a pleasant surprise. The National Catholic Register: America's Most Complete Catholic News Service, has a sectioned called "The Best In Catholic blogging" by Tito Edwards, Their online edition for August 2nd 2015 included A blog post of mine originally published July 12th on the HumanLifeMatters' blog under the title "Complete Abandon To Christ and the Purpose of Our Existence".
The U.S. online publication Catholic Lane re-published it on July 17th. That was where The National Catholic Register noticed it and included the piece as #10 in their top 12 Best Catholic Blogs. To see click below.


God often DELAYS IN ANSWERING PRAYER. We have several instances of this in sacred Scripture. Jacob did not get the blessing from the angel until near the dawn of day - he had to wrestle all night for it. The poor woman of Syrophenicia was answered not a word for a long while. Paul besought the Lord thrice that "the thorn in the flesh" might be taken from him, and he received no assurance that it should be taken away, but instead thereof a promise that God's grace should be sufficient for him.
If thou hast been knocking at the gate of mercy, and hast received no answer, shall I tell thee why the mighty Maker hath not opened the door and let thee in? Our Father has reasons peculiar to Himself for thus keeping us waiting. Sometimes it is to show His power and His sovereignty, that men may know that Jehovah has a right to give or to withhold. More frequently the delay is for our profit. Thou art perhaps kept waiting in order that thy desires may be more fervent. God knows that delay will quicken and increase desire, and that if He keeps thee waiting thou wilt see thy necessity more clearly, and wilt seek more earnestly; and that thou wilt prize the mercy all the more for its long tarrying. There may also be something wrong in thee which has need to be removed, before the joy of the Lord is given. Perhaps thy views of the Gospel plan are confused, or thou mayest be placing some little reliance on thyself, instead of trusting simply and entirely to the Lord Jesus. Or, God makes thee tarry awhile that He may the more fully display the riches of His grace to thee at last.
Originally published December 09, 2018.


Alongside myself, since 2014, Melbourne Spoken Word has been run by a dedicated committee of poets, some that have come and gone along the way. Meeting roughly once a month, the committee is responsible for the day to day running of MSW, helping keep the organization running, promoting poetry and spoken word in general, deciding line-ups and the events we run, helping with the festival and The MSW Prize, working MSW toward incorporation and helping out at events.
The current committee is Benjamin Solah, Amanda Anastasi, Rowan White, Es Foong, Kendra Keller, Brendan Bonsack, Phil Kent-Hughes and Trixi Rosa.
We're putting a call out for a couple of new committee members. MSW is seeking poets that are active in the spoken word and poetry scene and regularly attends a variety of events, someone who ideally already has a relationship with MSW and the things we do, and doesn't have any other major spoken word projects on their plate like running their own gig. People from diverse backgrounds are strongly encouraged to apply.
Committee members would be involved in decision making, supporting with promotion, taking on some other volunteer tasks and helping out at events.
If you're interested in becoming a committee member, please email benjamin AT melbournespokenword DOT com or via the contact page with some info about you and how you fit into the above criteria. If you have any questions, feel free to email or chat to a current committee member at any events.


Small and medium-sized UK businesses remain confident despite uncertain outlook, research from Barclaycard shows | City A.M.
Three-quarters of Britain's small and medium-sized businesses are confident about their growth prospects over the next 12 months despite tough political and economic conditions, according to new research.
Almost 40 per cent describe themselves as "very optimistic", with 70 per cent of small and medium-sized companies saying they were optimistic about growth over the next five years, research from payments service Barclaycard has today shown.
The research showed that on average the heads of "scale ups", companies which have at least 10 employees and average annualised growth of 20 per cent or more over three year, said on average that they were looking to invest 30 per cent of turnover to secure progress.
"I think that in the most part allows them to continue to create new opportunities to look at the world a little bit differently, to change as is necessary to account for the changing environment", she said.


text:
Supreme Court of Nepal order violates press freedom principles
The Nepali supreme court on 25 February ordered the country's Press Council to ban the publication of news criticising a senior judge. The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) and its affiliates the Federation of Nepali Journalists (FNJ) and the Nepal Press Union (NPU) today expressed their concern over the ruling, recalling the need for the judiciary to respect fundamental principles of press freedom.
Kantipur Daily published a series of articles about discrepancies in the date of birth of Nepal's Chief Justice Gopal Parajuli. The articles argues that he might be close to retirement. An advocate filed a contempt of court case against Kantipur, claiming that the articles caused controversy and dishonoured the senior judge.
Chief Justice Gopal Parajuli heard the case –despite the issue being about him- and entered an interim order on 25 February, calling on the Press Council of Nepal (PCN) to probe news reports published by Kantipur Daily mentioning discrepancies about his birth date in official documents. The order asked PCN to investigate if the news violated journalists' code of conduct and to ensure that no news criticising the Chief Justice is published again.
Ramesh Bista, the FNJ General Secretary, said: "The publication and dissemination of any news article is the right of any media house bestowed by the Constitution of Nepal 2015 which protects press freedom, specifically by mentioning and granting a discretionary right to the media."
NPU General Secretary Ajaya Babu Shiwakoti said: "The NPU understands that questions have been raised on the order. Chief Justice Gopal Parajuli issued it after hearing the case and judges should not hear cases where there is the possible conflict of interest. The NPU respects the principle of an independent judiciary system and appeals to the Chief Justice and the Supreme Court to pave a way forward to ensure an independent and fair verdict in this case."
IFJ General Secretary Anthony Bellanger said: "The IFJ is concerned by the interim order issued by the Supreme Court in the court case involving Kantipur Daily. A ban on the publication of news amounts to censorship, which is unacceptable in a democracy. A press council must work independently and should not be dictated its activities by the judicial power. The IFJ urges the Supreme Court of Nepal to set aside the interim order and respect fundamental press freedom principles when issuing further orders related to media."


This lab session demonstrates how a rough spectral analysis of a signal may be obtained through the use of a bank of filters. The combination of the spectral analysis with some information about the excitation allows the recreation of the signal with some interesting modifications.
(ii) Low-pass filter the signal at 1000Hz and replay the result.
(iii) High-pass filter the original signal at 900Hz and replay the result.
(iv) Band-pass filter the original signal between 900 and 1000Hz and replay the result.
(v) Compare spectrograms of the four signals.
(i) Acquire a speech signal and a laryngograph signal at 20000 samples/second.
(ii) Use the '19-channel auditory filterbank' program to save the energies in 19 frequency bands from the speech signal.
(iii) Use the 'make grey scale' option to turn the energies into a grey-level picture. Dsiplay the grey-level picture of the filterbank outputs alongside a spectrogram of the original signal.
(i) Convert the laryngograph waveform to Tx pulses.
(ii) Convert the Tx data into a fundamental frequency contour.
(iii) Use the '19 channel synthesizer' program to resynthesize the original signal from the filterbank analysis and the fundamental frequency contour.
(iv) Use the '19 channel synthesizer' program with the 'Whispered' switch to produce a whispered version of the utterance. What excitation is being used here?
4. Synthesis with alternative excitation.
(i) Acquire into the same file as the original speech, a piece of orchestral music at 10,000 samples/sec.
(ii) Using the '19 channel synthesizer' program with the 'alternative excitation' switch (and the music item number), resynthesize the speech signal using an orchestral excitation. Replay the result. Compare spectrograms between the different resynthesized versions and the original signal.


text:
4 Steps to immunity from UK snooping laws
Last week's draft Communications Bill outlines how civil servants are again intent on surveilling the internet communications of innocent British citizens. Fortunately, Free Software provides several ways with which you can protect your privacy online, regardless of the measures that the Coalition may impose upon you or your telecoms providers.
Browse securely with HTTPS
Internet Service Providers like Virgin, SKY, and BT, can see everything that customers browse. The Communications Bill would require that the Government also has easy access to this information.
Fortunately, it takes seconds to encrypt your browsing by default, using a Free Software browser add on for Firefox and Chrome / Chromium.
Try: Installing 'HTTPS Everywhere' in your web browser. That's it - all websites that support content encryption will use it by default. Both ISP and Government will know what websites you visited, but not the actual content that you viewed or downloaded.
Encrypt your instant messaging
XMPP (also known as Jabber) is an encryption-friendly Open Standard which is already used by both Google and Facebook chat, and is well supported by clients on all platforms (Android, iPhone, GNU/Linux, Windows, Mac).
Combined with 'Off The Record' - an optional encryption protocol, XMPP offers easy to use, widely supported, heavy-weight privacy.
Try: Installing an XMPP client, like Pidgin on your desktop, or Beem on your Android smartphone, and enabling Off The Record. If you don't already have an XMPP access through one of your existing web services, you'll need to register a new one, free of charge. Then chat with your XMPP contacts securely.
Use a pro-privacy social network
Some social networks keep your data and share it with companies and Governments. Others let you decide where it is stored, when it is deleted, and what is shared with whom.
Top of the list of privacy protecting social networks is Diaspora - a Free Software, decentralised web application which has no single data store. Users can choose what information is public and what is private, with fine-grained privacy controls that predate Google Plus. Each Diaspora server is called a 'Pod'. Choose a pod with encryption and a strong privacy policy to keep your socialising safe.
Try: Registering an account with a Diaspora pod - choose from the list here (additional privacy ratings here), searching for people who you know and share your interests, and posting some updates. You can simultaneously send messages from Diaspora to Facebook and Twitter, but beware of losing the privacy benefits if you do.
Encrypt your emails
Email snooping is a key part of the proposed bill, as email is the most heavily used system that it covers. GNUPG offers widely used, rock solid email protection based on public and private keys. It can be fiddly to set up, but once that's done it typically works reliably and conveniently, and is supported by mail clients on most platforms, including Android.
GNUPG emails can only be sent to people who also use it, which restricts how frequently you can use it. For people you email regularly though, or those to whom you need to send particularly private messages, its worth setting up. You can check if the intended recipient is already a user by searching for them on a keyserver. Once encrypted, an email cannot be read by a third party, even if they have copies of it, or access to your computer.
Try: Installing GNUPG with a Free Software helper app on GNU/Linux, Anrdoid, Mac, or Windows (you may also need to install an add-on for your mail client, like Enigmail for Thunderbird). Follow the instructions to generate a key for yourself, importing the key of someone you know, then sending them an encrypted email. GNUPG also enabled you to sign emails and encrypt files, but that won't protect you from the bill.
Following these four measures will shield you from some, but not all of the proposed bill's measures. For even more extensive privacy you may wish to consider using encrypted Free Software Voice Over IP for your calls, and keeping your in-game chat to a minimum.
Free Software Basics
About FSFE
Free Software Foundation Europe is a charity that empowers users to control technology.
Software is deeply involved in all aspects of our lives. It is important that this technology empowers rather than restricts us. Free Software gives everybody the rights to use, understand, adapt and share software. These rights help support other fundamental rights like freedom of speech, freedom of press and privacy.
Last changed: 2019-06-12 17:49:32 (automatic)
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved. JavaScript Licences


Enjoy a great cycling trip combining mountain and seashore cycling in charming Bulgaria and sunny Greece.
This cycling tour will take you on a memorable adventure in the lands of the Rodopi mountains in Bulgaria, the central parts of Northern Greece and Halkidiki peninsula (Sithonia and Athon). You will bike among pristine landscapes of old coniferous forests, gorges, caves, big dams and beautiful meadows in the mythical Rodopi mountains Then you cross the border with Greece and start exploring the lands of Drama prefecture typical for their karst relief housing 2 of the most beautiful caves in Greece Aggitis and Alistrati. The tour ends with three days of exciting cycling in the middle peninsula of Halkidiki – Sithonia full with sun, numerous secluded beaches, stunning cliffs, rich island vegetation, olive gardens, palms and peaceful small villages and towns. This tour will show you the changing of the landscape, culture and architecture going from North to South to the Augean sea while you cycle, experience the local village life, swim in the crystal clear sea waters and flavor your senses with local traditional food.
♦ Rodopi Mountains - are the oldest mountains on the Balkan Peninsula, housing 2 of the most beautiful caves in Bulgaria - Devil's throat and Yagodina cave.
♦ Ognyanovo - famous spa resort with thermal mineral water and numerous swimming pools.
♦ Alistrati cave – with its length of 3000m is one of the most beautiful and biggest caves in Greece with rare cave formations and fauna. Nearby is the stunning canyon of Aggitis river.
♦ Sithonia – it is the middle part of Halkidiki peninsula known for its pristine nature and beautiful sandy beaches. It was named after Sithonas, son of Poseidon (god of the sea in the Greek mythology).
Arrive Sofia and transfer to your hotel for overnight -/-/-.
♦ Roads: we use mainly village asphalt roads with little traffic, road conditions are relatively good with some exceptions (bumpy sections, potholes, rough asphalt), In Halkidiki peninsula we use main quality coastal roads with low traffic in the tour's active season. Short off road sections can be added.


There's been a high incidence of bikes on Cycle EXIF lately with a naturally weathered finish, which is a striking and necessary contrast to to immaculate pinlined lugs we see on most of the custom frames featured here. They achieve the same effect: highlighting the components of the build and proudly accentuating the fact the frame is built from steel.
Nicholas Baxter was given an old Apollo frame and was intending to build it up as a rain bike. That's when he was struck with the inspiration to administer a rusted effect to the frame. It was first coated with a rust-proof primer and then the rust paint was applied. An oxidising solution was used to speed up the process and overnight the frame took on the appearance of having been pulled from the ocean.
Velo Orange supplied the fenders and bars, and the original 27″ rims were polished with the rear laced to a coaster brake hub. The rust effect provides a wonderful backdrop to the polished components and also to the Brooks leather tape and saddle, which Nicholas took to with a wood burning tool to achieve the decorative scroll work. A fantastic result, a vast improvement, I should imagine, on the original.
All photography by Nicholas Baxter.


Heartbreak? These Videos Might Help You Get Through It.
At the end of a failed relationship, some people may say things you don't want to hear right now. Like targeting the person you love or demanding you to get over yourself and forget about it.
But the thing is, it's easier said than done. Because they are not the ones struggling or missing the person. They will never understand what you're going through right now. You are the one who has lost the greatest love you know.
And most of all, because you are the one who has to get through this breakup and not them.
YouTube channel WongFu Productions got you covered and says whatever you are afraid to say. Embrace your heartache and what you're feeling right now. We assure you, these are the words you need to hear to help you mend your broken heart.
"I miss it all." "That's okay. You're allowed to. You're supposed to." For when you still want that person back in your life, this video will teach you how to embrace what you're truly feeling. The story will make you clear your head and want to rebuild yourself to be a stronger and better version.
"What do you think will happen if we don't end up together." This video reminds us of the every stage relationships goes through that leads to a breakup. How there are ups and downs but in the end, you just need to appreciate the moments you've had together—weather it is good or bad.
This video will remind you why we fall in love and how much it's a gift. And those past relationships are what gives us a glimpse of what love truly is. Eventually, you'll also meet the 'who,' 'what,' 'when,' 'where,' and 'why' love that you deserve.
"We all want a story, we want that perfect resolution to our heartaches and curiosity." This video speaks daggers and arrows through your heart as it delivers the sad truth of reality. But at the end of the day, this is what we need for that perfect closure that we're looking for. So that you could continue on and live your life in a better place.
What are your thoughts, Candy Girls? Let us know in the comments!


Snow should start rolling in midday. Stay safe, stay warm, and remember to shovel the sidewalks in front of your home… and maybe also in front of the home of your neighbor who doesn't get around as well anymore.
The Seattle Times reports on the proposed amendments to the MHA legislations.
Capitol Hill Seattle Blog and MyNorthwest give us the latest election coverage.
The Seattle Times covers a City Auditor report critiquing the city's outreach work to homeless people.
GlobeSt. looks at the few microapartment developments in the city — and why they are popular.
Crosscut reports on a lawsuit that is the latest hurdle to the city establishing a safe consumption site.