text:
Obaseki says golf is game of life, plays in deputy's birthday tourney
By Gistmaster on December 1, 2017 No Comment
The Governor of Edo State, Mr. Godwin Obaseki, on Friday hosted his deputy, Rt. Hon. Philip Shaibu, to a surprise birthday golf tournament at the Benin Club Golf course, in Benin City, the state capital.
L-R: Edo State Governor, Mr Godwin Obaseki, with his deputy, Rt. Hon. Philip Shaibu, on the golf course during the surprise birthday golf tournament at the golf section of the Benin Club in Benin City on Friday.
Obaseki said he was happy to join in celebrating his deputy's achievements, friendship and loyalty and wished him well in his new age.
He prayed for God to guide Rt. Hon. Shaibu through his desires, goals and all he has set his mind to accomplish in his new age. "For us it is about good health and happiness and making sure one accomplishes God's purpose in one's life," the governor said.
The governor said golf is a game of life because it tests one's endurance, fitness and ability to face life's challenges. He added that the game is not for the rich as erroneously perceived by many people.
"In America and other parts of the world the game of golf is played by all irrespective of their financial status; it is not meant for the rich alone. Golf requires a lot of mental participation."
In his response, a visibly elated Shaibu expressed his delight at the surprise golf tournament and the goodwill messages he has received from people on his birthday and thanked God for his mercy.
"My birthday coincides with the International World AIDS Day. For me, today is a day to remind people to take care of their health and show love to those living with the disease to enable them live a more fulfilled life knowing that they are loved," Shaibu said.
He wished the Muslim faithful a happy Eid-El-Maulud celebration and called on all to pray for the unity of the country.
The post Obaseki says golf is game of life, plays in deputy's birthday tourney appeared first on Vanguard News.
Obaseki says golf is game of life, plays in deputy's birthday tourney added by Gistmaster on December 1, 2017
View all posts by Gistmaster →
Police order 'Stun Guns' to reduce firearms misuse
Anambra Poll: APC has no preferred candidate, says Izunaso
We'll recover our stolen wealth —Hon. Agbonnayinma
Eagles must avoid 1994 mistake – Okpalla
Presidency approved $40m contract to Jonathan's cousin's firm, EFCC tells Court
© 2020, ↑ Gistmaster

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


While you may love your home and neighborhood, sometimes the house itself just can't support your needs any longer. Perhaps you have a growing family, require a new studio or have a parent coming to live with you. Whatever your reason, you want to grow without leaving your beloved area – and home additions or remodeling can help.
With a home addition, you can extend your living space. Your house might be cramped for space, or maybe your family has grown out of the square footage you already have. An addition to your home can give you the space you need without uprooting to a new home. Many people create additions for new bedrooms, adding a bathroom, or increasing living spaces. A big reason why homeowners invest in an addition to their home is the need for a solution to a particular problem, such as a master suite, a home office, a kitchen expansion, or a larger family room. There are a lot of older homes that don't have the configuration or square footage to match present-day needs; an addition can solve that problem.
Thinking of moving in the near future? Next to more space, one of the larger benefits is increased resale value on your home. An extra room off the back of your home can give it that extra bump of appeal potential homebuyers are looking for. An extra home addition can give your home a competitive advantage in the real estate market.
Adding a home addition is full of advantages, from more space to a higher resale value– you can't go wrong! For more information, contact the team at West County Renovations today.


text:
The Brexit crisis and the disintegration of Britain's political system
Written by Sean Ledwith
Published in Analysis
Parliament. Photo: Pixabay
Brexit is a crisis that cuts deep into the ruling class and Theresa May's failures have brought to the fore the cracks in Britain's political system, argues Sean Ledwith
The latest defeat for Theresa May's benighted Brexit deal has only compounded the stark contrast between the political leaderships of London and Brussels since the 2016 referendum. Many observers of the current mess have drawn attention to the contrast between the apparent calm and sense of control emanating from EU bosses in Brussels and the bewildering chaos swirling around Westminster. The suave demeanours of Donald Tusk and Michel Barnier only serve to highlight the hapless and hopeless leadership skills of Theresa May and her dysfunctional government.
At virtually every stage of the negotiation process since the Brexit vote of 2016, British politicians have found themselves outmanoeuvred and overpowered by the collective will of the other EU states. Although this asymmetrical contest has undoubtedly been exacerbated by the historic ineptitude of May, it also reflects the contrast between a centuries-old capitalist state on a downward trajectory, and a new version that would like to think it represents the future.
May roasted
May is now on her third Brexit Secretary (the instantly forgettable Steve Barclay) with the first two having quit in the face of the EU's hardball tactics. At the Salzburg summit last September, the EU swiftly blew the short-lived Chequers plan out of the water without any warning. Last week, May was almost openly mocked by Macron and Tusk as she made another pathetic plea for her current deal. The two men jokingly debated whether her chances of survival were 5% or less. Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte (supposedly sympathetic to the UK) lampooned May as the political equivalent of the Black Knight in Monty Python's Holy Grail who tries to dismiss his accelerating loss of limbs as mere scratches. This humiliation of the chief executive of the British state suitably reflects the power relationship between the two sides.
Mismatch
While May has even struggled to keep her own cabinet on the same page, the other 27 members of the EU have operated as a unanimous bloc with barely a hint of disagreement between them on how to handle the process. The political system of the UK seems to be in a state of almost irreversible disintegration, while the EU juggernaut looks set to emerge from the mess with renewed momentum. Brexit has triggered a fracture within the British ruling class between the majority of corporations and financiers that are emphatically pro-EU and the minority that cling onto the chimaera of an offshore Singapore-style free market haven. What we are also witnessing is partly a clash between two models of capitalist democracy, both of which are offering modified versions of neoliberalism, and which are ultimately antithetical to the interests of workers in the UK and Europe. The UK's cobweb-ridden constitution has been exposed as no match for the technocratic systems developed in Brussels. The ability of the EU to grind down the British state into submitting to some form of soft Brexit - as now looks likely - is a grim portent of the hollowed out democracy that threatens to dominate the 21st century.
Mysticism and modernity
The arcane and opaque nature of the British constitution has been subjected to the glare of publicity over recent weeks, perhaps more than at any point in its history. For centuries, the British ruling class has relied on evading fundamental discussions on the nature of political power and managed to package its famously non-codified constitution as the product of the incremental and organic development of a largely peaceful transition to democracy.
Feudal relics such as the monarchy and the House of Lords have been preserved alongside the processes of universal suffrage to concoct a framework that supposedly integrates mysticism and modernity. The other essential ingredient has been to keep the bulk of the population in ignorance as far as possible regarding constitutional matters. This has come to be prerogative of a largely private school and Oxbridge educated elite. Theresa May's cabinet which has so appallingly bungled Brexit is typical of the British establishment in this respect.
May v May
Speaker John Bercow's recent invocation of the parliamentary rulebook devised by Erskine May in the nineteenth century will have left most British people scratching their heads in bafflement. Bercow referred to this authority in an attempt to prevent Theresa May bringing her ill-fated deal back to the Commons for a third time. The other May in this farcical episode was a Clerk of the Commons whose tome on the procedures of the House is regarded as the definitive guide to parliamentary legitimacy. The ridiculously anachronistic nature of the British constitution is symbolised not just by the fact that most people have never heard of this person but also that if you wanted to purchase a copy it is exclusively available from the Parliament shop for the tidy sum of £499! While other capitalist states carve the faces of their constitutional creators into mountains or erect statues to them, the British elite keep their antecedents firmly under wraps.
Bercow referred to Erskine May to draw attention to a parliamentary precedent from 1604 that invalidates repeated attempts to push the same bill through the legislature. Any sane person would ask why a 21st democracy allows crucial decisions about its economic future to be affected by laws from an age when the divine right of kings was virtually unquestioned. Similarly, in 2017 May was considering using so-called Henry VIII powers to drive through her version of Brexit without scrutiny by Parliament. Our delusional elite never question the fact that the legislative tools of a feudal megalomaniac are still an option for a British Prime Minister.
PM for a day
Last week, another pillar of the British constitution was chipped away because of the Brexit mess when Parliament took over the ability of the executive to control the agenda of the House of Commons. The apologists of the status quo have long pointed to the fusion of legislative and executive powers in Parliament as one of the ingredients of the longevity of the system. This system is supposed to ensure fluidity of communication between the two branches of state and avoid gridlock. The depth of the Brexit crisis for the state is such that this arrangement has collapsed, leading the tabloids to dub Oliver Letwin (the Tory backbencher behind the temporary takeover) as unofficial Prime Minister for the day!
May has now been trounced three times in the Commons over her deal. Absurdly, losing more parliamentary votes in less than three years as PM than Blair did in ten years. She has been shedding ministers at a rate of one every 66 days. Yet the British constitution has no mechanism for removing a transparently inept figurehead. Normally, no PM would survive three crushing defeats of her flagship policy but such is the paralysis of the political elite that they have been unable to dislodge her barnacle-like grip on power.
Umbilical cord of reaction
The British side of negotiations has been most critically hamstrung by one more relic of the ideology of the ruling class - their attachment to the Loyalist minority in Northern Ireland. The refusal of the DUP to contemplate the backstop plan for the Irish border has proved to be the insoluble conundrum for the May deal. The most antediluvian faction of the British elite - personified by Jacob Rees-Mogg and the ERG - have synchronised their approach to the crisis almost totally in line with the thinking of Arlene Foster and the DUP. Absurdly, the British state finds itself being held constitutionally hostage by the most backward and bigoted section of its political factions. As England's first colony, the umbilical cord between the ruling class and their claim to Ireland (at least some part of it) has proved an insurmountable obstacle to finding a manageable Brexit. To add insult to injury, Foster currently has no political mandate anyway as the Stormont Assembly is suspended, primarily due to deadlock caused by allegations of corruption against her.
The EU hybrid
The dysfunctional nature of the UK capitalist state has led misguided voices on the left to argue the institutions of the European Union are a better source of protection for social and political rights. The ability of Tusk, Barnier, Juncker and the rest to run rings around May, however, should be little cause for celebration on the left. The democratic credentials of the EU are, if anything, even more tenuous than Britain's antiquated constitution. The evolution of the project coordinated from Brussels has been to create a political system that is increasingly remote from the populations that it putatively represents. The European Commission, headed by Juncker, acts as the unelected executive with the European Parliament ultimately reduced to a rubber stamp that can only veto legislation, not propose it.
Transcending both is the European Council made up of the chief executives of the member states, such as Macron and Merkel most notably. This body presides as the ultimate authority of the Union, and was the scene of Macron and Tusk's online taunting of May recently. As such, the EU represents a hybrid model of a capitalist state for the 21st century; one in which the window-dressing of democracy is on display but where the real power lies in decisions made at levels that are remote from popular control. The persistent ability of the EU to wriggle out of awkward referenda in its member states over the last two decades is testament to the essential subversion of democracy that lies at the core of this new model of capitalist politics. The failure of the British state to deliver Brexit by the original deadline of March 29th represents the latest addition to this roll call of compliance to the rule of the neoliberal European order.
Rising imperialist power
The EU has deliberately downplayed the military dimension of its rationale, but it has become increasingly apparent that its leading figures foresee the emergence of Europe as a counterweight to the other superpowers on the global stage. Earlier this year Macron and Merkel agreed a commitment to work towards a European army under the aegis of the EU. The latter stated:
I would rather look our Europe in the face and strengthen it to protect our peoples. That is what we are doing. We are committed to developing a common military culture, a common defence industry and a common line on arms exports.
Up to this point, the quasi-military operations of the EU have been mainly dedicated to keeping thousands of desperate refugees out of Fortress Europe. The growing influence of racist leaders such as Austria's Sebastian Kurz and Italy's Matteo Salvini in the decision-making bodies of the EU prompted an Amnesty spokesperson last year to comment:
EU leaders have signed off a raft of dangerous and self-serving policies which could expose men, women and children to serious abuse…EU leaders have chosen to pander to xenophobic governments who are hellbent on keeping Europe closed, and to push even more responsibility onto countries outside the EU.
Siren song of Remain
The dilapidated state of the British constitution and the political tradition it encapsulates has motivated many on the left to see the EU version of capitalism as preferable and to join the siren song of Remainers. To exchange the quasi-feudal constitution of the UK for the streamlined democracy-lite model version of the EU, however, represents a chronic failure of vision. The election of a Corbyn government in the near future is the best option to forge a third model of political participation that sows the seeds for a rejuvenated democracy. The contortions of the British class in the current mess are ultimately motivated by fear of a left-wing government more than anything else. Jacob Rees-Mogg's blatant hypocrisy in voting for a deal that he had previously denounced for reducing the UK to the situation of a vassal state is only the most egregious example of this desperation.
This fear of Corbyn is the one thing that unites the elites of London and Brussels. Last year EU officials expressed their apprehension at the prospect of the Labour Leader being elected on a platform of extensive nationalisation and public spending. The enactment of such commitments would put Corbyn on a collision course with the neoliberal framework that is hardwired into the ideology of the EU. The goal of unifying leftists on either side of the Leave-Remain debate would become a lot more straightforward in this scenario. A Corbyn government could be the springboard for a vision of socialist democracy that goes beyond the two unappetising versions of neoliberalism and imperialism currently on offer by the elites in Westminster and Brussels.
'I am not what I am': why the left must take action against 'Iago' Watson
By Sean Ledwith
Labour's lost Leave voters
By Lindsey German
Adopting the IHRA definition didn't end the attacks, it accelerated them
Tagged under: Neoliberalism Capitalism Democracy Europe Parliament EU Jeremy Corbyn Brexit Theresa May Brexit Crisis
Sean Ledwith
Sean Ledwith is a Counterfire member and Lecturer in History and Politics at York College, where he is also UCU branch secretary. Sean has also written for Marx and Philosophy Review of Books, Historical Materialism, Political Studies Review and Reviews in History
Slap of the Century: Trump's crooked deal for Palestine
Rubberboat in a sharkpool: Tories exploit the Assange case
Game of Thrones: dragons of mass destruction
Trump and Farage: gruesome twosome of the resurgent right
UK inequality: the facts speak for themselves
Limerick 1919: all power to the Irish soviets


We're celebrating Dyslexia Awareness Month and the successful union between the school and me, the Davis Dyslexia facilitator. We've had such successful relationship, it deserves to be celebrated," said Cristiane, who is also a teacher at the school.
She added that the children celebrated their dyslexia and created awareness.
"Dyslexia is not a disability, it's a thinking style," Rene Cristiane, a Davis Dyslexia facilitator, who discussed the difference during a Dyslexia Awareness Programme at Dios Los Ninos, a private school in Wilgeheuwel on 12 October.
"Davis is a correction programme for dyslexics. We go through the whole alphabet and help the children to read. It is more to adapt them to their strongest suit and thinking style," Cristiane explained.


text:
Az Albonai Köztársaság (Repúbblica di Albona, Labinska republika) egy rövid életű bányászköztársaság volt 1921-ben az isztriai Labinban, akkori olasz nevén Albonában.

Az első világháború végén, az Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia felbomlásakor olasz seregek szállták meg Isztria és Dalmácia egyes régióit. Még a fasiszta hatalomátvétel előtt, a fasiszta milíciák megtámadták a trieszti munkáskamara székhelyét, az épületet felgyújtották, s bántalmazták az arsiai bányászok képviselőit. Mindez általános sztrájkot váltott ki a kb. kétezer főt számláló albonai bányászok körében. Ellenőrzésük alá vonták a bányákat, kikiáltották a köztársaságot, bizottmányokat hoztak létre, s megalapították a vörös őrséget a fasiszták ellenében. Március 2-től saját kezükbe vették a kitermelést is. A helyi földművesek egy része szintén a bányászok mellé állt. Végül az olasz hatóságok elhatározták, hogy fegyveres erővel számolják föl a köztársaságot, s április 8-án az olasz hadsereg megtámadta a bányászokat, s letörte ellenállásukat.

Az Albonai Köztársaságot úgy tartják számon, mint az első antifasiszta felkelést.

Források

G. SCOTTI – L. GIURICIN. La Repubblica di Albona e il movimento dell'occupazione delle fabbriche in Italia
Az Albonai Köztársaság 86. évfordulója

Európa történelmi államai
Olaszország történelme
Horvátország történelme
Rövid életű államalakulatok

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
2018 Alfa Romeo Stelvio Review: The "Sport" In SUV
By Chris Davies/Dec. 5, 2017 11:14 am EST
EDITORS' RATING : 7 / 10
Nicely designed midsized SUV
2.0-liter turbo is punchy and rewarding
Driving dynamics more car-like than the average SUV
Solid equipment levels
Infotainment screen is oddly-proportioned and convoluted
Idle stop/start can be jerky
Some rivals have more second-row and trunk space
No Android Auto / Apple CarPlay yet
Alfa Romeo isn't a name you associate with SUVs, but the 2018 Stelvio would like to change that. Aggressively targeting the popular – and growing – premium SUV market, it takes a risk on the idea that, for all owners may make aspirational noises about broaching the outdoors, in reality they seldom road beyond asphalt. Accept that, and suddenly all that all-wheel drive traction can be used for something else.
By "something else" I mean "fun" and, frankly, if that's your goal then the Guilia sports sedan platform isn't a bad place to start out. Atop it, Alfa Romeo's designers have crafted a stylish SUV body that's unmistakably of-the-marque, with its deeply plunging front grille and distinctive light signature. You sacrifice some rear practicality what with the curvaceous rump, but it's probably worth it.
The Stelvio Ti Sport's cabin is a fairly pleasing place to be. It's dark, with lots of black plastic and dark wood trim, only lifted by touches of brushed metal, but feels solid and resilient. The sports seats are firm and supportive, though second-row legroom falls short of the best in the segment.
It wouldn't be an Alfa Romeo without some quirks, and the most noticeable are spotted from the drivers' seat. The paddle-shifters aren't just solid metal, but vast, like some sort of Klingon ceremonial weapon. I can't help but wish some of their budget had been spent on a larger display for the infotainment system, though. It's broad, but squat, as though you're looking at your navigation through a letter box. It gets even worse with the reversing camera, which occupies a needlessly small amount of the display. The software menus, which you navigate with a control wheel rather than tapping the screen, can be convoluted, and Apple CarPlay and Android Auto are in the pipeline but not available yet.
Alfa launched the car with a single engine option, a 2.0-liter turbocharged four-cylinder. It has 280 horsepower and 306 lb-ft. of torque, and the automaker says it'll do 0-60 mph in 5.4 seconds then keep going all the way to 144 mph. In the Stelvio, it's paired with an 8-speed transmission, which is great, and a jerky stop-start feature, which is not.
While the upcoming Quadrofoglio will add a Race drive mode, the Stelvio Q4 makes do with three: Dynamic, Natural, and Advanced Efficiency. They're accessed with a dedicated dial down by the gear selector and, unusually, the SUV doesn't force you to start out each time in the most frugal mode. Twisting it adjusts engine and transmission mapping, along with suspension settings.
It's a noticeable change, too. Though all-wheel drive is standard, usually the Stelvio pushes all of its power to the rear wheels. If traction needs demand it, up to 60-percent can be shifted to the front. This really, though, is an SUV for the road, not for the rough-stuff. It sits a mere 2.5-inches higher than the Guilia, and there's no mud/snow settings nor even a hill-descent mode.
Thankfully, then, the Stelvio puts its best foot forward where it's most likely to be used. The Advanced Efficiency "eco" mode leaves the car feeling sluggish, so I spent most of my time in either Natural or Dynamic. The former is good for everyday driving, particularly on roads where you're stuck behind slower-moving traffic. In Dynamic, the SUV waits to upshift until it really has to, which can leave the engine howling, while the hair-trigger throttle can make things jumpy at low speeds.
What I won't argue with is the general feel, nor the soundtrack. The Stelvio hides both its height and weight surprisingly well, feeling more nimble and compact than one of my other favorited driver's SUVs, Jaguar's F-PACE. The four-pot gathers speed eagerly, and sounds far more impressive than it has any right to given its size. 13-inch rotors and four-piston Brembo calipers up front, along with 12.5-inch, single-caliper discs at the back ensure shedding speed is just as effective, though their bite comes oddly far into the pedal's travel.
I'd thought that I would only miss the 505 horsepower of 2018's Stelvio Quadrifoglio the more time I spent behind the wheel of the Q4, but that wasn't actually the case. 380 HP, it turns out, suits the SUV well.
The lingering concern, undoubtedly, is Alfa Romeo's track record for reliability. Some of that is the arguably unfair legacy of admittedly disaster-prone cars of previous decades. Still, it's fair to say that Guilia hasn't been entirely free of mishaps.
It's something that's impossible to judge in a short-term test, though it's worth noting that I didn't experience any gremlins – electrical, mechanical, or otherwise – during my time with the SUV. For the moment, Alfa Romeo executives are doubling-down on their commitment to dealing with any issues that might arise swiftly. There's a 4 year / 50,000 mile warranty out of the gate, along with roadside assistance, which hopefully you won't need to call upon.
Sticker price for the Stelvio kicks off at $41,995, though since engine and AWD are standard across the current range, the major differences as you spend more cash come down to styling and equipment. Even at the entry-level you get leather seats, keyless start, and climate control, though the 8.8-inch display only arrives on Stelvio Ti trim, from $43,995. With extras, including a $1,350 dual-pane sunroof and a $1,500 driver-assistance package, the car I drove came in at $55,240.
The 2018 Stelvio Ti Sport AWD is competitive and distinctive. It legitimately emphasizes the "Sport" in SUV and, though that has a knock-on effect on just how much off-road "Utility" you can expect, for Alfa Romeo's target audience I suspect it's the right balance. If like so many drivers you've decided you need the practicality and height of an SUV, but you aren't willing to sacrifice on driving dynamics, the Stelvio finds itself well placed among admirable competition like the F-PACE and Porsche's Macan. Not bad at all for a first attempt.


The Exeter City club shop and reception will be closed from 1pm this Friday, August 25, and will re-open on Tuesday, August 29.
Supporters wanting to purchase tickets for City's trip to Cheltenham Town on Saturday can do so in person in the club shop/reception until 1pm on Friday (August 25). Tickets are also available on the match day at Cheltenham Town at no extra cost.
The club shop/reception will re-open at normal hours from Tuesday, August 29.


text:
Justia › US Law › Case Law › Federal Courts › District Courts › Pennsylvania › Middle District of Pennsylvania › 1993 › Koch v. United States
Koch v. United States, 814 F. Supp. 1221 (M.D. Pa. 1993)
U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania - 814 F. Supp. 1221 (M.D. Pa. 1993)
814 F. Supp. 1221 (1993)
Bonita M. KOCH, Executrix of the Estate of Ralph E. Korn, Deceased, Plaintiff,
UNITED STATES of America, Pagnotti Coal Company, and Tully Drilling Company, Defendants.
Civ. No. 3:CV-92-0685.
*1222 *1223 *1224 Thomas L. Cooper, Gilardi & Cooper, P.A., Pittsburgh, PA, for plaintiff.
John A. Morano, Asst. U.S. Atty., Scranton, PA, for defendant U.S.
Jeffrey B. Rettig, Thomas, Thomas & Hafer, Harrisburg, PA, for defendant Pagnotti Coal Co.
Robert A. Seiferth, Liebert, Short & Hirshland, Williamsport, PA, for defendant Tully Drilling Co., Inc.
Plaintiff Bonita M. Koch filed this wrongful death action as Executrix of the Estate of Ralph E. Korn, deceased.[1] Korn sustained fatal injuries on May 24, 1991, while operating a pickup truck on an abandoned strip-mining road on property owned by the Pagnotti Coal Company (Pagnotti Coal) in Centralia, Columbia County, Pennsylvania. Korn was injured when the pickup truck struck a standpipe protruding from the center of the road. Plaintiff alleges that the standpipe had no markers or warning devices attached to it and was obscured from view.
*1225 The standpipe was connected to a borehole[2] drilled as part of a project to monitor emissions from the Centralia underground mine fire. The Centralia Underground Mine Fire Exploratory Drilling Project (the "project") was an effort on the part of the United States Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM) to gather data on the fire and assess the seriousness of the threat posed to area residents. (See: Record Document No. 16, exhibit "C", paras. 3-7)
Permission to install standpipe BH-34 was granted to the federal government by the property owner, Pagnotti Coal, in an agreement dated August 23, 1979. The agreement provided, in relevant part, that Pagnotti would refrain from activities which would interfere with or disturb the government's work on the project and that OSM would restore the premises to substantially the same condition as before, when its work was completed. (Record Document No. 16, exhibit "E")
The location and placement of the boreholes was determined by OSM employees. Actual drilling of the boreholes and installation of the attached standpipes was performed by an independent contractor retained by the government, Tully Drilling Company (Tully Drilling). The standpipe which Korn's pickup struck was installed in September, 1982 by Tully Drilling.
OSM monitored emissions from 189 boreholes for eight months, from August, 1982 to March, 1983. At the conclusion of OSM's monitoring program, the boreholes and monitoring equipment were made available to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (PaDER) for continued monitoring. PaDER has used the boreholes to monitor the temperature of the underground fire. Its conduct is not in question, and it is not a party to this action at this time.[3]
Plaintiff asserts a claim against the United States under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA), 28 U.S.C. §§ 2671-2680,[4] and claims against defendants Tully Drilling and Pagnotti Coal[5] under state tort law. Plaintiff alleges that the OSM was negligent in positioning and installing the standpipe and in failing to inspect the premises to keep them safe after the installation.
Before the court is a Rule 12(b) (1) motion by the United States to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, or in the alternative, for summary judgment (Record Document No. 7). The United States argues that plaintiff's claim against it is barred by the discretionary function exception to the FTCA, codified at 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a).[6] Both plaintiff and Pagnotti Coal oppose the motion. The United States supplemented its motion with a statement of material facts (Record Document No. 16) in response to which the plaintiff filed a counter-statement (Record Document No. 26). The United States also supplemented its motion with an affidavit from David G. Simpson who served as Chief of the Wilkes-Barre Field Office of the Untied States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines from November 16, 1980 to March 21, 1982.
Pagnotti Coal did not file a response to the statement of material facts filed by the United States. Nor did it join in the counter-statement of facts filed by plaintiff. It, therefore, is deemed to have admitted as undisputed the facts stated in the government's statement for purposes of ruling on the government's motion. (Local Rule 401.4)
Plaintiff requests denial or continuance of the government's summary judgment motion *1226 pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(f) on the grounds that it was filed prematurely before adequate opportunity for discovery on key issues. (Record Document No. 25, p. 12) In support of her request, plaintiff submits an affidavit from counsel, Marcia L. Cooper, Esq., detailing discovery allegedly necessary to flesh out factual issues.
For the reasons discussed below, we will grant the United States' motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The United States' motion for summary judgment is denied as moot. Plaintiff's request for additional time to conduct discovery is denied on the same ground.
Rule 12(b) (1) standard
The basis for the United States' motion for dismissal on jurisdictional grounds is the principle that federal courts do not have jurisdiction over claims asserted against the United States if an exception to the FTCA applies such that its waiver of sovereign immunity cannot be invoked. Smith v. Johns-Manville Corp., 795 F.2d 301, 306 n. 8 (3d Cir. 1986).
The United States' motion is a factual attack on the basis for federal jurisdiction. It relies on affidavits and documentary evidence as support for its contention that jurisdiction does not exist because the discretionary function exception to the FTCA applies. In such cases, the trial court is free to weigh the evidence and satisfy itself as to the existence of subject matter jurisdiction. International Association of Machinists & Aerospace Workers v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 673 F.2d 700, 711 (3d Cir.1982).
Although courts "enjoy substantial procedural flexibility" in ruling on jurisdictional challenges, Berardi v. Swanson Memorial Lodge No. 48, 920 F.2d 198, 200 (3d Cir.1990), they should proceed cautiously in dismissing claims for lack of subject matter jurisdiction at an early stage if relevant facts are in dispute and pertinent discovery has not been concluded. Mortensen v. First Federal Savings and Loan Association, 549 F.2d 884, 892 (3d Cir.1977). Dismissal is appropriate only if the record establishes that plaintiff had an opportunity to present facts by affidavit or deposition or in an evidentiary hearing after the jurisdictional challenge arose and either exercised or waived that opportunity.
Here, the plaintiff did not request an evidentiary hearing or the opportunity for additional discovery to assist her in responding to the Rule 12(b) (1) motion. Nor has the United States requested an evidentiary hearing. There being no request before the court for an evidentiary hearing, and no contention by the parties that the jurisdictional issues are not now ripe for disposition, there is no reason not to rule on the motion to dismiss at this time.
Rule 12(b) (1) jurisdictional issues are decided by the court, even if they involve questions of fact. When the court's subject matter jurisdiction is under attack "the trial court is free to weigh the evidence and satisfy itself as to the existence of its power to hear the case." Mortensen, supra, 549 F.2d at 891. No presumption of truthfulness attaches to the allegations in plaintiff's complaint, and the existence of disputed material facts does not preclude the court from evaluating for itself the merits of plaintiff's claim that a basis for federal jurisdiction exists. Although plaintiff bears the burden of proof on this issue, the burden is a lesser one than the one which must be met at trial. Id. at 891-92.
When a defendant supports its attack on jurisdiction with supporting affidavits, the plaintiff has the burden of responding to the facts so stated. A conclusory response or a restatement of the allegations of the complaint is not sufficient. Machinists & Aerospace Workers, supra, 673 F.2d at 711. The plaintiff must adduce facts which
meet and controvert the facts asserted by the defendant. If the plaintiff does not meet and controvert the defendant's factual assertions by affidavits or other sworn proofs, then the district court must determine whether it has subject matter jurisdiction based upon the factual context presented by the defendant.
Id. at 711-12.
If, on the other hand, the plaintiff's and the defendant's sworn proofs raise a *1227 disputed issue of material fact, the court should permit the case to proceed to a trial in which the contested jurisdictional issues and the issues on the merits are both resolved. Id. at 712.
Here, the parties are in agreement on many, if not all, of the essential facts on which our decision turns. Allowing further time for discovery would not alter the facts on which the parties now agree or change the ultimate result.
Discretionary Function Exception
The FTCA operates as a waiver of the sovereign immunity of the United States from civil actions for money damages on claims "for injury or loss of property, or personal injury or death caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the Government while acting within the scope of his office or employment, under circumstances where the United States, if a private person, would be liable to the claimant in accordance with the law of the place where the act or omission occurred." 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b).
The exception on which the United States relies, the discretionary function exception, exempts claims "based upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty on the part of a federal agency or an employee of the Government, whether or not the discretion involved be abused." 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a). The United States is immune from all conduct within the purview of this exception regardless of whether the agents or employees involved committed an abuse of discretion or acted negligently. USF & G v. United States, 837 F.2d 116, 120 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 487 U.S. 1235, 108 S. Ct. 2902, 101 L. Ed. 2d 935 (1988). Whether the exception applies is a threshold determination which precedes any analysis of the alleged negligence. "Factual issues concerning negligence are irrelevant to the threshold issue whether the officials' actions are shielded from liability by the discretionary function exception." Johnson v. United States, Department of the Interior, 949 F.2d 332, 340 (10th Cir.1991).
Conduct is not discretionary unless it involves an element of judgment or choice. The exception cannot apply if a federal statute, regulation, or policy "specifically prescribes a course of action for an employee to follow. In this event, the employee has no rightful option but to adhere to the directive." Berkovitz v. United States, 486 U.S. 531, 536, 108 S. Ct. 1954, 1958, 100 L. Ed. 2d 531 (1988). If the conduct being challenged as the cause of plaintiff's harm "cannot appropriately be the product of judgment or choice, then there is no discretion in the conduct for the ... exception to protect." Id.
If the "challenged conduct involves an element of judgment," the court's next line of inquiry is whether the judgment exercised is the kind that the exception was designed to protect. Correctly construed, the exception "protects only governmental actions and decisions based on considerations of public policy." Id. at 536-37, 108 S. Ct. at 1958-59.
This requirement does not, however, limit the exception solely to planning functions. United States v. Gaubert, ___ U.S. ___, 111 S. Ct. 1267, 113 L. Ed. 2d 335 (1991). Any decision which balances competing considerations or identifiable policy factors, such as budgetary constraints, safety concerns, allocation of limited resources, etc. may be discretionary. Johnson, supra, 949 F.2d at 339.
Discretionary decisions are not confined to a particular job category or type. The focus is on the nature of the conduct under attack, not on the job title or level of the federal employee involved. United States v. S.A. Empresa de Viacao Aerea Rio Grandense, (Varig Airlines), 467 U.S. 797, 813, 104 S. Ct. 2755, 2764, 81 L. Ed. 2d 660 (1984).
The line is drawn at operational conduct. Acts carrying out policy decisions which do not, of themselves, involve the exercise of discretion or which involve what has been called "ordinary discretion" are not exempt. Driving an automobile is an example of an act involving ordinary discretion. "Although driving requires the constant exercise *1228 of discretion, the official's decisions in exercising that discretion can hardly be said to be grounded in regulatory policy." Gaubert, supra, ___ U.S. at ___ n. 7, 111 S. Ct. at 1275 n. 7, 113 L. Ed. 2d at 348 n. 7. Only decisions susceptible to "policy analysis" are protected by the exception. Id.
The exception does not apply if the conduct in question violated the United States Constitution, a federal statute or agency regulation. Such conduct cannot be discretionary under the courts' analysis of the exception. Federal employees do not have discretion to violate mandatory requirements, and conduct which does so is actionable under the FTCA. Berkovitz, supra, 486 U.S. at 543, 108 S. Ct. at 1962. If the plaintiff alleges the violation of a specific mandatory directive, the exception does not apply. Id. at 544, 108 S. Ct. at 1962.
Decisions and conduct at issue
The issue before us at this time is not whether OSM was negligent. Our sole inquiry is whether plaintiff has overcome the discretionary function exception by demonstrating facts which counter the facts established by defendant through sworn statements and documentary evidence, and which are sufficient to satisfy the jurisdictional requirement for application of the FTCA at this stage. See: Gaubert, supra.
At least four decisions made by OSM have been identified as the possible object of the discretionary function exception: 1) the decision by OSM mining engineers to place BH-34 in the center of an abandoned stripmining road; 2) the decision not to place warning lights or other signals on or near BH-34; 3) the decision to delegate responsibility for actual installation of BH-34 and warning devices to Tully Drilling; and 4) the decision not to remove BH-34 when OSM ceased actively monitoring underground emissions at the project site.
The initial focus of the United State's argument was the discretionary nature of the decision selecting the location of BH-34. Emphasizing that the location chosen was the one judged by professionals to be readily accessible yet most likely to yield useful data on the fire, the government argued that their determination was clearly a discretionary one. (See: Record Document No. 16, exhibit "C", paras. 11-13) OSM Field Office Supervisor David Simpson states in his affidavit that "No BOM[7] or OSM rules or regulations were violated in the placement of boreholes and standpipes, including borehole "S-34", in the said Project." (Record Document No. 16, exhibit "C", para. 16) Plaintiff concedes the discretionary nature of this decision[8] and has shifted the focus of her case to other acts and other decisions.
Plaintiff and Pagnotti Coal argue that OSM's failure to adhere to the terms of its contract with Tully Drilling and with Pagnotti Coal and its negligence in failing to inspect the premises take its conduct outside the scope of the exemption. They argue that: 1) OSM violated the specifications incorporated in its contract with Tully Drilling by failing to ensure placement of a warning device at or near standpipe BH-34; 2) OSM violated its agreement with Pagnotti Coal by failing to return the premises to substantially their original condition by removing standpipe BH-34 when its monitoring efforts ceased in 1983; and 3) OSM voluntarily undertook the obligation to inspect and maintain standpipes installed on the project site, which it performed negligently.
Alleged violation of contractual obligation
Plaintiff and Pagnotti Coal argue that the United States violated two contract provisions: one, stated in its agreement with Pagnotti Coal, which requires it to return the premises to substantially their original condition, and the other stated in its contract with Tully Drilling which required Tully Drilling to install "double blinking warning markers" at boreholes "receiving special caps on public street, (sic) highways, pedestrian walkways, and as may be directed." (Record Document No. 16, exhibit "F", p. 7)[9]
*1229 Plaintiff and Pagnotti argue that the agreement to return the premises to their pre-existing condition implied an obligation on the part of the United States to remove standpipe BH-34 when OSM's involvement with the project ceased.[10] The United States counters by stating that it was never the parties' intention that this requirement be construed to imply an obligation to remove standpipes as it was understood by all concerned that once installed, the standpipes would be left in place so that monitoring of the underground fire could continue long-term.
Under Pennsylvania law,[11] the interpretation of the parties' intent in entering into a contract is a question of law for the court to determine if the writing is not ambiguous, i.e. is not subject to more than one reasonable interpretation. Ram Construction Co., Inc. v. American States Insurance Co., 749 F.2d 1049, 1052-53 (3d Cir.1984). The stated obligation to return the premises to their original condition is not ambiguous. It is susceptible of only one reasonable interpretation.
We agree with the government on this issue. Had the parties contemplated removal of all 189 standpipes it is reasonable to assume that the agreement would have spelled out the government's obligation to perform such a significant undertaking. Likewise, if certain standpipes but not others were to be removed, the agreement would certainly have specified those to be removed. There is no mention of such an obligation, only the obligation which Pagnotti and plaintiff now seek to imply from the general statement that the premises will be returned substantially to their original condition.
Pagnotti's inaction on this matter is also a telling indicator of the parties' intent. If it had considered the government's failure to remove the 189 standpipes installed on its property a breach of the 1979 release agreement, it most likely would have taken some action long before this to have that breach remedied. We find it hard to believe that Pagnotti was unaware that the standpipes were still on its property until decedent's accident, since PaDER continues to use the standpipes to monitor the fire.
Even if we were convinced that the contract required the removal of standpipe *1230 BH-34, we are not convinced that this would be sufficient, by itself, to take the government's conduct outside the discretionary exception. All cases cited by the parties on this issue refer to the violation of a statute or regulation. See, e.g. Berkovitz, supra. We have seen nothing which suggests that breach of a contract with a private party has the same significance and effect, and we perceive no rational basis for extending the rule to encompass such conduct. Breach of a contractual obligation owed to a private party, voluntarily assumed, is not in the same category as the violation of statutes, regulations or mandatory guidelines imposed on an agency by a legislative or rule-making body.
The opposing parties' second contractual argument centers on a provision in OSM's contract with Tully Drilling which required it to install flashing lights on standpipes installed on public roads and walkways.
It is undisputed that BH-34 had no blinking lights or warning devices of any kind affixed to it. (See: Record Document No. 26, para. 4 and exhibit 3, United States' response to plaintiff's interrogatories, question 6). Undisputed facts also establish that the road on which standpipe BH-34 is located is not a "public road". Plaintiff concedes as much in her amended complaint, in which she describes the road on which Korn was travelling as an abandoned stripmining road. Plaintiff restates this as a fact in her counter-statement of material facts. She states: "At the time of the accident, the stripmine located on Pagnotti Coal Company's property was no longer in use and had been closed for some time." (Record Document No. 26, para. 2)
The road was on property owned by Pagnotti Coal, private property. An abandoned road on private property is not a public thoroughfare, and thus under the express terms of the contract, installation of warning devices on standpipes located on it was not required.
The decision not to require installation of blinking lights on standpipes not located on public roads was a discretionary one. In making that decision, government employees struck a balance between safety concerns and budgetary constraints, and the efficient allocation of resources. They decided to have warning devices installed on standpipes located on roads and walkways frequented by the public, but not in areas not frequented by the general public. The reasonableness of that decision is not at issue. The only issue before us is whether that decision was a discretionary one, and therefore not subject to challenge in an FTCA action. We find that it was. Plaintiff bears the burden of proving jurisdiction, and she has not pointed to any facts which show the decision not to require warning devices in non-public areas to be other than a discretionary one. See, e.g. Boyd v. United States, 881 F.2d 895 (10th Cir.1989) (Army Corps of Engineers decision not to zone a portion of a lake for swimming held discretionary, because it required government officials "to strike a balance between public safety, including the amount of funds to expend in promoting that objective, and recreational use")
The opposing parties' only contention on this issue goes to the question of negligence, not to the question of the character of the decision. Plaintiff and Pagnotti argue that a warning should have been erected at BH-34 because it was well known in the area that teenagers used the area for underage drinking and local police even patrolled the road on the look-out for persons in the area for just such purposes.[12] This assertion has no bearing on the issue before *1231 the court. Conditions existing long after installation of the standpipe and approximately eight years after the government pulled out of the project have no bearing on the character of its decisions made in 1983, or before.
Plaintiff and Pagnotti argue that the failure to erect a warning device is not defensible as a policy decision and takes OSM's conduct outside the discretionary function exemption.
OSM argues that uncontroverted affidavits and documents establish that it delegated the installation of safety devices to Tully Drilling and that its decision to do so was a discretionary one exempt from judicial review under the FTCA.
Courts have held the decision to delegate responsibility for safety measures to be a discretionary determination exempt from review, particularly in cases in which the decision-maker balanced concern for public safety against staffing, efficiency, budgetary, operational and administrative limitations. See: United States v. S.A. Empresa de Viacao Aerea Rio Grandense, (Varig Airlines), 467 U.S. 797, 820, 104 S. Ct. 2755, 2767, 81 L. Ed. 2d 660 (1984).
The decision not to install warning devices or post warning signs can be discretionary if government employees weigh competing considerations in making that determination, or if that decision is a component of a larger policy decision. In Zumwalt v. United States, 928 F.2d 951, 955 (10th Cir. 1991), for example, the Tenth Circuit held that United States Park Services' failure to post warning signs on a wilderness trail was related to a policy decision to preserve the wilderness setting in its natural state for the benefit of park visitors, and was, therefore, discretionary. Similarly, in Johnson, supra, 949 F.2d at 340, the court held that decisions made by Park Service employees in the course of conducting a search and rescue mission for plaintiff's decedent were discretionary in that they required the park rangers to balance competing policy considerations. See also: Miller v. United States, 710 F.2d 656, 665 (10th Cir.) (claim of failure to warn of hazardous highway condition barred under the discretionary function exception because highway construction process was infused with a "welter of public policy considerations"), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 939, 104 S. Ct. 352, 78 L. Ed. 2d 316 (1983). Cf. Boyd, supra, (Army Corps of Engineers decision to zone a portion of a federally controlled lake "nonswimming" was a policy decision but its decision not to post warning signs in that area was not alleged failure to warn not shown to be part of the discretionary zoning decision "[T]he government's failure to warn was not connected to the policy decision which created the hazard.")
Decision to delegate
The decision to delegate responsibility for safety measures can, likewise, be discretionary if the decision-maker balanced competing considerations. See: United States v. S.A. Empresa de Viacao Aerea Rio Grandense, (Varig Airlines), supra. Here, the decision to delegate responsibility for installing signs and warning devices was a discretionary one for the same reason the decision to require installation of such devices on standpipes in private areas is of the same character.
Voluntary assumption of an obligation
Plaintiff argues that the federal government undertook an obligation to ensure the safe installation and maintenance of the Centralia project standpipes, and that it breached that obligation by failing to make certain that warning or safety devices were installed or maintained at standpipe BH-34.[13] The government concedes that no maintenance or repair work was performed on BH S-34 by OSM. (Record Document No. 26, exhibit 3, United States' response to plaintiff's interrogatories, question 4).
It is true that if the government undertakes a duty to inspect or warn, it is liable for the consequences if that obligation *1232 is performed negligently. See: Indian Towing Co. v. United States, 350 U.S. 61, 76 S. Ct. 122, 100 L. Ed. 48 (1955) (negligent failure to maintain a lighthouse in good working order subjected government to suit under the FTCA even though the initial decision to undertake and maintain lighthouse service was a discretionary policy judgment).
Here, not only is there nothing to suggest that the government undertook such an obligation, there is evidence to the contrary. As evidence of such an undertaking, the opposing parties point to a clause in OSM's agreement with Pagnotti which states that Pagnotti will refrain from activities which will disturb the project or cause it to be disturbed, without first receiving permission from the federal government.
There is absolutely no basis for expanding a non-interference clause into an assumption of an obligation to make and keep the premises safe. There is nothing whatsoever to suggest that the inclusion of that clause was intended to signify OSM's undertaking of an obligation to inspect or maintain the premises, much less one that extended eight years after its involvement with the project ended. Agreements are not presumed to extend into perpetuity. If no term is stated, it is assumed that the parties intended the contract to remain in force for a reasonable period of time or until such time as their objectives could be accomplished.
To accept opposing parties' argument that the government had a duty to inspect or maintain, we would have to imply an obligation to inspect the premises in perpetuity for defects and safety hazards. No basis exists for imposing such an extraordinary obligation on OSM.
In addition, the terms of OSM's contract with Tully Drilling run counter to the opposing parties' assertion. The government delegated responsibility for installation of warning devices to Tully Drilling. Even if OSM had an obligation to inspect the work performed by Tully Drilling to see that it was done correctly, that obligation was fulfilled. The work performed conformed to contract specifications without the installation of a warning device on standpipe BH-34, because, as discussed above, the contract did not require installation of warning devices on standpipes located on non-public roads.
Request for additional time
As stated above, plaintiff asked for additional time to conduct discovery only if the court disposed of defendant's motion on summary judgment grounds. We disposed of the motion on jurisdictional grounds, and plaintiff did not request additional time to respond to the jurisdictional aspects of defendant's motion.
In any event, the grant of additional time for discovery would serve no useful purpose. There are no material issues of fact. It is clear as a matter of law that the discretionary function exemption applies to all conduct which arguably could be the basis for a cause of action against the United States under the FTCA. In addition, the only issue on which plaintiff focuses her discovery request in particular is the existence of an alleged mandatory duty on the part of government employees to install a warning device on standpipe BH-34. That duty depends on the existence of a statute or regulation requiring such a device, issues which are a matter of legal research, not discovery. The existence or non-existence of a legal duty can be States or access to its records on the project. Federal statutes and regulations are equally accessible to both sides.
Remaining state law claims
The claim asserted under the FTCA is the only federally based claim. In addition to that claim, plaintiff asserts state law claims for the death of Korn. Plaintiff's state law claims will be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 726, 86 S. Ct. 1130, 1139, 16 L. Ed. 2d 218 (1966). We decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367, since only state-based claims remain.
Plaintiff's state-law claims will be dismissed without prejudice, such that plaintiff will not be barred by any ruling of this court from pursuing either claim in state court. *1233 We make no judgment or assessment on the merit of those claims.
An order will be entered consistent with this opinion.
[1] Koch was appointed Executrix by the Register of Wills of Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania.
[2] The standpipe was designated BH-34 (a reference to borehole 34).
[3] PaDER was originally named a defendant, but plaintiff subsequently withdrew all claims against it. (See: order dated August 18, 1992)
[4] Jurisdiction exists under 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b). Plaintiff has exhausted her administrative remedies. 28 U.S.C. § 2675(a).
Although the activities being challenged were carried out by the OSM, the United States is properly named as the defendant under the FTCA. 28 U.S.C. § 2679.
[5] Tully Drilling was added as a defendant with the filing of plaintiff's amended complaint. (Record Document No. 14)
[6] The United States raised another ground for dismissal in its motion as well, the Contractor Exclusion, 28 U.S.C. § 2671(a), but subsequently withdrew that ground.
[7] BOM refers the United States Bureau of Mines.
[8] See: Plaintiff's opposing brief, record document no. 25, pp. 4 and 9.
[9] The preceding paragraph states:
As directed by the FR, the contractor shall furnish and install the caps per the attached Figures 5 and 6. the caps shall remain installed for the duration of the project and shall become the Government's property.
(Record Document No. 16, exhibit "F", p. 7)
An earlier paragraph assigns obligation to pay for the markers to the contractor; it provides:
The contractor shall furnish blinking warning markers when needed at the contractor's expense.
[10] The clause states in its entirety:
Upon completion of the work to be performed formed for the control or extinguishment of the fire the land shall be restored to substantially the condition existing prior to the performance of work, except for changes, alterations, and deviations required and deemed necessary and proper for the successful performance of the work. Property damaged or destroyed as a result of, or incident to, operations or work performed, shall be repaired, restored, or replaced, including but not limited to structures, buildings, fences, sidewalks, driveways, and landscaping, which may have been removed or damaged by or as a result of the work; provided, this obligation to restore, repair, or replace shall not extend to any damage to the land, buildings, or improvements that would, or might, have occurred if the work had not been performed, including but not be limited to, subsidence, caving, damage by fire, or damage due to escape of presence of noxious or poisonous fumes or gases, and whether occurring before, during, or after the performance of the work.
(Record Document No. 16, exhibit "E", para. 3)
[11] Pennsylvania law clearly governs disposition of this case and the issues it presents. Under the FTCA, the law of the forum state, in this case, Pennsylvania, governs. Rodriguez v. United States, 823 F.2d 735, 739 (3d Cir.1987) and 28 U.S.C. § 2674.
To the extent that the contract issues are governed by choice-of law rules, Pennsylvania law governs under that analysis as well. Choice-of-law decisions are governed by the choice-of-law rules of the forum state. Klaxon v. Stentor Electric Manufacturing Co., 313 U.S. 487, 61 S. Ct. 1020, 85 L. Ed. 1477 (1941).
In this instance, Pennsylvania choice-of-law rules require application of Pennsylvania law. Griffith v. United Air Lines, 416 Pa. 1, 203 A.2d 796 (1964). The events relative to Tully's contract with OSM took place in Pennsylvania. The contract was entered into here, Tully Drilling is a Pennsylvania corporation, and the work was to be performed here. No other state has any contact with the events giving rise to either this action or the state court action. Id.
[12] Plaintiff states in her counter-statement of material facts:
.... The Pagnotti Coal property was, however, used and travelled by persons living in the Byrnesville, Columbia County, area. In particularly (sic), the Pagnotti Coal Company property was used by teenagers engaging in underage drinking and by certain members of the community as a dumping ground for trash and other refuse materials.... Because of the public's use of the Pagnotti Coal Company property, local law enforcement agency (sic) regularly patrolled the area.
(Record Document No. 26, para. 2)
Pagnotti Coal states in its response to plaintiff's interrogatories that "No Trespassing" signs were posted at all entrances to the property. (Record Document No. 26, exhibit 3, Pagnotti Coal's responses to plaintiff's interrogatories, question 6)
.... The Government performed no maintenance work, repair work, or inspections of the standpipe alleged to have caused the accident, from the time of its installation until the time of the accident.


text:
thefool » Education & Teaching » The Secret of Getting Straight A's: Learn More In Less Time With Little Effort
The Secret of Getting Straight A's: Learn More In Less Time With Little Effort download epub
by Brian Marshall
Brian_Marshall Studying_and_Workbooks English
Brian Marshall, who holds a Master of Science in Software Engineering and worked as an aerospace engineer on. .
Brian Marshall, who holds a Master of Science in Software Engineering and worked as an aerospace engineer on the space shuttle, never scored high on IQ tests. Yet he was able to graduate with honors by simply applying these guidelines. This book does not seem to be very popular amongst the various study books though it should be. It's a shame it's not more popular because it really is a very simple, easy, effective, and quickly applicable system. I have read Wood Smethurst's Study Power and Adam Robinson's What Smart Students Know, and I don't particularly like either one because they are both too complicated and time consuming to apply.
I'll get right to it: please support the Internet Archive today
I'll get right to it: please support the Internet Archive today.
taking, time allotment, handling homework, preparing for exam The Secret of Getting Straight A's: Learn.
The Secret of Getting Straight A's: Learn More in Less Time with Little Effort An essential handbook for anyone aspiring to win e self-confidence-get in elite universities-and land high-paying jobs
The Secret of Getting Straight A's: Learn More in Less Time with Little Effort.
The Secret of Getting Straight A's: Learn More in Less Time with Little Effort. The Secrets of Getting Better Grades: Work Smarter, Not Harder. The Teradata Database : Application and Archive/Recovery Utilities.
learn more in less time with little effort. Published 1993 by Hathaway International Publications in Buena Park, CA. Written in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-160) and index.
Find nearly any book by Brian Marshall. Get the best deal by comparing prices from over 100,000 booksellers. Secrets of Getting Better Grades: Study Smarter, Not Harder! by Brian Marshall, Wendy Ford. ISBN 9781571120618 (978-1-57112-061-8) Softcover, Jist Works, 1994. Find signed collectible books: 'The Secrets of Getting Better Grades: Work Smarter, Not Harder'.
But studying and learning are much more than committing facts into memory. Your mind wanders somewhere because it got bored. One way to prevent this is to have an on-going interaction with the material while you are studying. Many of us fail to remember important concepts because we don't tap the brain's natural way to preserve information. In my post How to Learn Anything Faster, I detailed some ways on how you can actually learn a material efficiently. You're probably doing this already but improving it will make your system better.
Usanner
This book does not seem to be very popular amongst the various study books though it should be. It's a shame it's not more popular because it really is a very simple, easy, effective, and quickly applicable system.
I have read Wood Smethurst's Study Power and Adam Robinson's
What Smart Students Know, and I don't particularly like either one because they are both too complicated and time consuming to apply. Marshall's isn't like that. It doesn't take long to learn or apply when you are studying, unlike Smethurst who would have you taking boucoup notes and constantly rereading them, or Robinson who would have you spend twenty minutes on a page asking a billion questions, writing notes on it, and then later rewriting them three more times. Simple is effective. It's not perfect, and it won't get you to completely and thoroughly understand and learn a subject, but it will help you tremendously in getting A's, and that, despite what teachers would like to hear, is really more important in highschool when you're trying to get into college, and college when you're trying to get into grad. school or get the highest paying job you can.
Marshall is simple, easy, and pretty effective, and he doesn't get wishy-washy into making you think you REALLY need to COMPLETELY learn this useless material that your grade depends on.
Delalbine
This is a great book. Easy to understand and to the point. Grades are important if you (the student) wish to ultimately attend college. Get a copy. Increase your chances for admission. You won't be disappointed.
Studying & Workbooks
Author: Brian Marshall
Category: Education & Teaching
Subcategory: Studying & Workbooks
Publisher: Hathaway International Publications (June 25, 1994)
Books similar to The Secret of Getting Straight A's: Learn More In Less Time With Little Effort:
The Teacher's Daybook, 2007-2008, Revised Edition: Time to Teach, Time to Learn, Time to Live epub
Chick Magnet: The Secret Of The Attraction Factor epub
Let the Big Dog Eat!: A Dictionary of the Secret Language of Golf epub
SECRET SEVEN: 04: SECRET SEVEN ON THE TRAIL epub
Good Job, Ajay! (I See I Learn) epub
Top Secret Bird: Luftwaffe's Me-163 Comet epub
The Theology of Time: (The Secret of the Time) epub
Straight epub
Budgeting Essentials: Personal Financing to Save Money Time & Effort epub
Once Upon a Time in Hollywood: From the Secret Files of Harry Pennypacker epub


text:
Q: how would i write scores 1&2 to a text file in python? I'm making a game where two players roll 2 dice each and receive points depending on the number they roll. There will be 5 rounds in a game. Whoever has the highest total of points by the end wins.
At the end I would like it to write the winner's name and score to a text file.
How would I go about doing that?
Many thanks,
   Roshan
#Import required functions
import time
import random

#Created required variables
goes=0
score1=0
score2=0
password1="2w$&Kk"
password2="Zc7g/m"

#Authorisation
passcheck1=input("PLayer 1, please enter the set password for your player: ")
passcheck2=input("PLayer 2, please enter the set password for your player: ")
if password1 == passcheck1:
    player1=input("Player 1, please enter your name: ")
else:
    exit()
if password2 == passcheck2:
    player2=input("Player 2, please enter your name: ")
else:
    exit()

#Game
while goes <10:
    print(player1, "rolls 2 dice")
    time.sleep(2)
    dice1=random.randint(0,6)
    dice2=random.randint(0,6)
    dice3=random.randint(0,6)
    total=dice1+dice2

    if dice1 == dice2:
        print(player1, "rolled a double! They are now allowed to roll a third die. The number on the third die is the amount of points they earn")
        score1=score1+dice3

    elif (total % 2) == 0:
        score1=score1+10
        goes=goes+1

    else:
        score1=score1-5
        goes=goes+1

    print (score1)
    if score1 < 0:
        print(player1,"'s score has reached below 0, therefore has lost.")
        goes=10

    time.sleep(2)

    print(player2, "rolls 2 dice")
    time.sleep(2)
    dice1=random.randint(0,6)
    dice2=random.randint(0,6)
    dice3=random.randint(0,6)
    total=dice1+dice2

    if dice1 == dice2:
        print(player2, "rolled a double! They are now allowed to roll a third die. The number on the third die is the amount of points they earn")
        score2=score2+dice3

    elif (total % 2) == 0:
        score2=score2+10
        goes=goes+1

    else:
        score2=score2-5
        goes=goes+1

    print(score2)
    if score2 < 0:
        print(player2,"'s score has reached below 0, therefore has lost.")
        goes=10

#Deciding who wins
if goes==10:
    if score1 == score2:
        time.sleep(2)
        print("Both players scores are the same and must roll another five times to see who wins")
        goes=0
    elif score1 < score2:
        print("Player 2 wins")
        f = open("scores.txt", "a")
        f.write(player2)
        f.write(score2)
        f.close
    else:
        print("Player 1 wins")
        f = open("scores.txt", "a")
        f.write(player1)
        f.write(score1)
        f.close

A: You could do it like this:
with open('my_file.txt', 'a') as f:
    f.write(f"{player2},{score2}\n")

or if you're not using python 3.6 or later
    f.write( "{},{}\n".format(player2,score2) )

The way it works is that you open a file f, with argument a (append) to indicate you wish to add it to the existing lines. Because you use a with statement to open the file, it automatically closes the file and you won't have to worry about the file not being closed and eating up memory.
If you want to overwrite the file, you should use w instead of a.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
module Net
  module DNS
    module Version

      MAJOR = 0
      MINOR = 8
      PATCH = 0
      BUILD = nil

      STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, PATCH, BUILD].compact.join(".")
    end

    VERSION = Version::STRING

  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Hello all! I thought it was time to get back to a somewhat regular posting schedule on the blog, and as I brainstormed topics I checked my email. I had a THIRDS question from a lovely reader. I get quite a few of those every week which I always have so much fun answering. Usually they're questions regarding the THIRDS world.
One of my awesome proofreaders brought up the fantastic idea of having a THIRDS Wiki. At some point, I'd love to get something like that together. I figured in the meantime, I could post the answers to a lot of those reader questions about the THIRDS world here on the blog for folks to read when they fancied. That way I could expand on the answer without bombarding any poor readers with essay-sized emails. So today's the first post of THIRDS 101.
With the birth of Therians came new laws and a new branch of Therian government. One of the many laws enforced was the legal requirement to be registered and marked. All Therians must be registered at their nearest CDC Therian Registration Office where they'll be marked by classification for the safety of both Therian and Human citizens. With the uproar and violence brought about by the riots in the 80s, Humans wanted assurances from the government that they would be safe from this new stronger, potentially lethal species. If there's one thing Humans fear most, it's the unknown. Governments around the world were desperate to ease the unrest and put an end to the violence. They issued the Therian Registration Law.
Therian adults who were around before the law was passed, were instructed to register. After that, any Therian children born would need to be registered and marked by the time they turned two years old. The process is supposed to be painless, but that's hardly the case for small children. New procedures are currently in development to improve this.
What does this Therian mark entail? Three letters tattooed in black on the left side of a Therian's neck, making it illegal for Humans to get tattoos in that spot, though there are of course Humans who ignore this and risk the penalties, especially Therians chasers.
The three letters specify: Family, Genus, and Species. For example, here are the tattoos you'll find on the necks of some of our THIRDS crew. It's three letters, and the default font for the government is what you see below. It's an attempt to make the markings look less like letters--but still legible enough--and more like small graphics.
What do those letters mean? Let's take a look at Sloane's tattoo. The "F" says his Therian form is of the Felid Family, the "P" for his Genus Panthera, and the "J" for his species Jaguar. With that in mind, here are the meanings of our THIRDS crew's markings.
Not all Therians reacted kindly to this law when it was introduced in the late 80s, and it continues to be a topic of controversy in the THIRDS world. Many Therians chose and still choose to remain unregistered. Another difficult job of the THIRDS is to deal with unregistered Therians. These cases are handled by Unit Alpha and Unit Beta. Anyone who's caught has a week to register and get marked, or a warrant will be issued for their arrest.
Life is difficult for these Therians, as it makes it illegal for them to be hired. They're not entitled to benefits or aid from the government. There are unregistered Therians who prefer to remain in their Therian form. Many of these unregistered Therians hide out in dangerous sections of New York City, such as Greenpoint in Brooklyn, a once a thriving community that's now in ruins, the buildings and streets dilapidated with Humans staying far away. An undisclosed number of Therians reside there, and due to the danger of simply stepping foot in the area, no law enforcement agency enters unless absolutely necessary. The state has decided it's best to just leave those Therians there, providing they don't hurt anyone outside. It gives new meaning to the term Urban Jungle.


text:
@interface AxcFilterVC ()<
UIImagePickerControllerDelegate
,UINavigationControllerDelegate

>

@property(nonatomic,strong)UIImageView *MainImageView;

//系统照片选择控制器
@property(nonatomic, strong)UIImagePickerController *imagePickerController;
// 处理滑竿
@property (strong, nonatomic)  UISlider *Staturation;
@property (strong, nonatomic)  UISlider *Brightness;
@property (strong, nonatomic)  UISlider *Contrast;
// 说明Label
@property(nonatomic, strong)AxcFilterInstructionsLabel *StaturationLabel;
@property(nonatomic, strong)AxcFilterInstructionsLabel *BrightnessLabel;
@property(nonatomic, strong)AxcFilterInstructionsLabel *ContrastLabel;

@property(nonatomic, strong)UISwitch *dynamicRendering;
@property(nonatomic, strong)AxcFilterInstructionsLabel *dynamicRenderingLabel;

@property(nonatomic, strong)UIButton *ModifyOneBtn;

@end

@implementation AxcFilterVC

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];

    [self.view addSubview:self.MainImageView];

    self.instructionsLabel.text = @"需要添加相册权限字段:NSPhotoLibraryUsageDescription才能调用相册。\n开启取消动态渲染后,需每次调整完数值后点击按钮使用函数触发渲染\n动态渲染效率较低,所以开放此接口供手动调节调用";

    [self autolayout];
}

// 重写SET传值,无先后顺序,设置即可动态调整  ************************************************
- (void)click_ModifyOneBtn{     // 渲染函数
    [self.MainImageView AxcUI_SetFilterImage];
}
- (void)controllActionSwitch{       // 是否开启"取消动态渲染"
    self.MainImageView.axcUI_filterDynamicRendering = self.dynamicRendering.on;
}
- (void)controllAction:(UISlider *)sender{      // 基础渲染三项参数设置
    switch (sender.tag - 100) {
        case 0:
            self.MainImageView.axcUI_filterStaturation = sender.value;
            self.StaturationLabel.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"饱和度:%.2f",sender.value];
            break;
        case 1:
            self.MainImageView.axcUI_filterBrightness = sender.value;
            self.BrightnessLabel.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"亮度:%.2f",sender.value];
            break;
        case 2:
            self.MainImageView.axcUI_filterContrast = sender.value;
            self.ContrastLabel.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"对比度:%.2f",sender.value];
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
}

- (void)autolayout{
    __weak typeof(self) WeakSelf = self;

    [self.StaturationLabel mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
        make.top.mas_equalTo(WeakSelf.MainImageView.mas_bottom).offset(10);
        make.centerX.mas_equalTo(0);
    }];

    [self.Staturation mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
        make.top.mas_equalTo(WeakSelf.StaturationLabel.mas_bottom).offset(0);
        make.left.mas_equalTo(10);
        make.right.mas_equalTo(-10);
    }];

    [self.BrightnessLabel mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
        make.top.mas_equalTo(WeakSelf.Staturation.mas_bottom).offset(0);
        make.centerX.mas_equalTo(0);
    }];

    [self.Brightness mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
        make.top.mas_equalTo(WeakSelf.BrightnessLabel.mas_bottom).offset(0);
        make.left.mas_equalTo(10);
        make.right.mas_equalTo(-10);
    }];

    [self.ContrastLabel mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
        make.top.mas_equalTo(WeakSelf.Brightness.mas_bottom).offset(0);
        make.centerX.mas_equalTo(0);
    }];

    [self.Contrast mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
        make.top.mas_equalTo(WeakSelf.ContrastLabel.mas_bottom).offset(0);
        make.left.mas_equalTo(10);
        make.right.mas_equalTo(-10);
    }];

    [self.dynamicRenderingLabel mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
        make.top.mas_equalTo(WeakSelf.Contrast.mas_bottom).offset(10);
        make.left.mas_equalTo(10);
        make.width.mas_equalTo(100);
    }];

    [self.dynamicRendering mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
        make.top.mas_equalTo(WeakSelf.dynamicRenderingLabel.mas_top).offset(0);
        make.left.mas_equalTo(WeakSelf.dynamicRenderingLabel.mas_right).offset(5);
    }];

    [self.ModifyOneBtn mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
        make.top.mas_equalTo(WeakSelf.dynamicRenderingLabel.mas_top).offset(0);
        make.left.mas_equalTo(WeakSelf.dynamicRendering.mas_right).offset(10);
        make.right.mas_equalTo(-10);
        make.bottom.mas_equalTo(WeakSelf.dynamicRenderingLabel.mas_bottom).offset(0);
    }];

}

- (void)SelectImage{
    [self presentViewController:self.imagePickerController animated:YES completion:nil];
}

#pragma mark - 图片选择器选择图片代理方法
-(void)imagePickerController:(UIImagePickerController *)picker didFinishPickingMediaWithInfo:(NSDictionary *)info{
    //关闭图片选择器
    [self dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil];
    //取得选择图片
    UIImage *selectedImage=[info objectForKey:UIImagePickerControllerOriginalImage];
    self.MainImageView.image = selectedImage;
    //把Slider的值重置成默认值
    self.Staturation.value = 1;
    self.Brightness.value = 0;
    self.Contrast.value = 1;
    // 此处为:如果图片发生切换,则手动置空释放空色彩滤镜 ****************************************
    if (self.MainImageView.axcUI_filterColorControlsFilter) {
        self.MainImageView.axcUI_filterColorControlsFilter = nil;
    }
}

// 防止imagePickerController循环引用
- (BOOL)AxcUI_navigationShouldPopOnBackButton{
    self.imagePickerController.delegate = nil;
    self.imagePickerController = nil;
    return YES;
}

#pragma mark - 懒加载
- (UIImagePickerController *)imagePickerController{
    if (!_imagePickerController) {
        [AxcUI_Toast AxcUI_showCenterWithText:@"正在打开相册..."];
        _imagePickerController=[[UIImagePickerController alloc]init];
        _imagePickerController.delegate =self;
    }
    return _imagePickerController;
}

- (UIButton *)ModifyOneBtn{
    if (!_ModifyOneBtn) {
        _ModifyOneBtn = [[UIButton alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0, 0, 250, 30)];
        [_ModifyOneBtn setTitle:@"点击渲染图片" forState:UIControlStateNormal];
        [_ModifyOneBtn setTitleColor:[UIColor AxcUI_BelizeHoleColor] forState:UIControlStateNormal];
        _ModifyOneBtn.titleLabel.textAlignment = NSTextAlignmentCenter;
        _ModifyOneBtn.backgroundColor = [UIColor AxcUI_CloudColor];
        _ModifyOneBtn.titleLabel.font = [UIFont systemFontOfSize:14];
        [_ModifyOneBtn addTarget:self action:@selector(click_ModifyOneBtn) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside];
        [self.view addSubview:_ModifyOneBtn];
    }
    return _ModifyOneBtn;
}

- (AxcFilterInstructionsLabel *)dynamicRenderingLabel{
    if (!_dynamicRenderingLabel) {
        _dynamicRenderingLabel = [[AxcFilterInstructionsLabel alloc] init];
        _dynamicRenderingLabel.text = @"关闭动态渲染";
        [self.view addSubview:_dynamicRenderingLabel];
    }
    return _dynamicRenderingLabel;
}

- (UISwitch *)dynamicRendering{
    if (!_dynamicRendering) {
        _dynamicRendering = [[UISwitch alloc] init];
        [_dynamicRendering addTarget:self action:@selector(controllActionSwitch) forControlEvents:UIControlEventValueChanged];
        _dynamicRendering.tag = 100 + 3;
        _dynamicRendering.on = NO;
        [self.view addSubview:_dynamicRendering];
    }
    return _dynamicRendering;
}

- (AxcFilterInstructionsLabel *)ContrastLabel{
    if (!_ContrastLabel) {
        _ContrastLabel = [[AxcFilterInstructionsLabel alloc] init];
        _ContrastLabel.text = @"对比度:1.00";
        [self.view addSubview:_ContrastLabel];
    }
    return _ContrastLabel;
}

- (UISlider *)Contrast{
    if (!_Contrast) {
        _Contrast = [[UISlider alloc] init];
        [_Contrast addTarget:self action:@selector(controllAction:) forControlEvents:UIControlEventValueChanged];
        _Contrast.minimumValue = 0;
        _Contrast.maximumValue = 2;
        _Contrast.value = 1;
        _Contrast.tag = 100 + 2 ;
        [self.view addSubview:_Contrast];
    }
    return _Contrast;
}

- (AxcFilterInstructionsLabel *)BrightnessLabel{
    if (!_BrightnessLabel) {
        _BrightnessLabel = [[AxcFilterInstructionsLabel alloc] init];
        _BrightnessLabel.text = @"亮度:0.00";
        [self.view addSubview:_BrightnessLabel];
    }
    return _BrightnessLabel;
}

- (UISlider *)Brightness{
    if (!_Brightness) {
        _Brightness = [[UISlider alloc] init];
        [_Brightness addTarget:self action:@selector(controllAction:) forControlEvents:UIControlEventValueChanged];
        _Brightness.minimumValue = -1;
        _Brightness.maximumValue = 1;
        _Brightness.value = 0;
        _Brightness.tag = 100 +1 ;
        [self.view addSubview:_Brightness];
    }
    return _Brightness;
}

- (AxcFilterInstructionsLabel *)StaturationLabel{
    if (!_StaturationLabel) {
        _StaturationLabel = [[AxcFilterInstructionsLabel alloc] init];
        _StaturationLabel.text = @"饱和度:1.00";
        [self.view addSubview:_StaturationLabel];
    }
    return _StaturationLabel;
}

- (UISlider *)Staturation{
    if (!_Staturation) {
        _Staturation = [[UISlider alloc] init];
        [_Staturation addTarget:self action:@selector(controllAction:) forControlEvents:UIControlEventValueChanged];
        _Staturation.minimumValue = 0;
        _Staturation.maximumValue = 2;
        _Staturation.value = 1;
        _Staturation.tag = 100 ;
        [self.view addSubview:_Staturation];
    }
    return _Staturation;
}

- (UIImageView *)MainImageView{
    if (!_MainImageView) {
        _MainImageView = [[UIImageView alloc] init];
        _MainImageView.axcUI_Size = CGSizeMake(250, 250);
        _MainImageView.axcUI_CenterX = self.view.axcUI_CenterX;
        _MainImageView.axcUI_Y = 100;
        _MainImageView.backgroundColor = [UIColor AxcUI_CloudColor];
        _MainImageView.contentMode = UIViewContentModeScaleAspectFit;
        _MainImageView.image = [UIImage imageNamed:@"add_Image"];
        _MainImageView.userInteractionEnabled = YES;
        UITapGestureRecognizer *tap = [[UITapGestureRecognizer alloc]initWithTarget:self
                                                                             action:@selector(SelectImage)];
        [_MainImageView addGestureRecognizer:tap];
    }
    return _MainImageView;
}

@end

@implementation AxcFilterInstructionsLabel

- (instancetype)init{
    if (self == [super init]) {
        self.font = [UIFont systemFontOfSize:14];
        self.textAlignment = NSTextAlignmentCenter;
        self.textColor = [UIColor AxcUI_AmethystColor];
        self.axcUI_Width = 100;
        self.axcUI_Height = 40;
    }
    return self;
}

@end


Balancing farmhouse style with casual living, the versatile Utopian is ideally suited for humid environments. Smooth contours and simple lines provide a clean, progressive look that enhances d?cor without distraction. For bathrooms, kitchens, and verandas, the Utopian is the perfect choice.


text:
Home LifestyleFashion	Which Pop Star Has A Unicorn Tattooed On Her Leg Inscribed With The Words "Born This Way"?
Which Pop Star Has A Unicorn Tattooed On Her Leg Inscribed With The Words "Born This Way"?
written by Nisha Jaiswal August 29, 2021
Which pop star has a unicorn tattooed on her leg inscribed with the words "born this way"? This question has search volume on the internet because people are determined to know the name of the celebrity with a unicorn tattoo.
So, the answer to the question Which pop star has a unicorn tattooed on her leg inscribed with the words "born this way"? Is Lady Gaga. This popular celebrity has around 23 tattoos located on many parts of her body, inspiring many.
Lady Gaga is very proud of her tattoos and she has promised her father that she would keep one side of her body free from ink. This is the reason why her tattoos are mostly on the left side of the body, yet it didn't last long. Besides, each tattoo highlights some meanings that we will discuss here in detail.
1 Lady Gaga & Her Tattoos – All You Need To Know
2 Unicorn Tattoo Of Lady Gaga "Born This Way"
3 Which Pop Star Has A Unicorn Tattooed On Her Leg Inscribed With The Words "Born This Way"?
4 The Final Thoughts
4.0.1 More Resources
Lady Gaga & Her Tattoos – All You Need To Know
Lady Gaga is an American singer, actress, and songwriter. She began performing as a teenager in her school days and singing at open mic nights.
Her tattoos include touching tributes to her albums, artist collaborations, and family members. Lady Gaga is grown with her collection of inks and she truly loves it.
Gaga is well known as a top influencer for people all over the world and received many awards for her talent till now. She is one of the world's best-selling music artists and also the highest-earning female musician.
Moreover, Lady Gaga is popular for her singing, acting, and tattoo. Her fashion sense is appreciated by several top celebrities of Hollywood and Bollywood. Her personality and style are followed not only by ordinary women but celebrities too.
Unicorn Tattoo Of Lady Gaga "Born This Way"
Lady Gaga was tremendously dedicated to her third studio album 'Born This Way,' and it was found when she forgot her pants while walking via LAX.
The song then sold more than 1 million copies within 5 days, and this was also listed on Guinness World Record.
She tattooed the fictitious animal on her thigh labeled as "Born This Way." The anthem has been particularly significant for the LGBTQ community, and the singer is an enthusiastic supporter.
She also showed her tattoo on social media and uncovered her feelings about the unicorn tattoo. Gaga is truly an inspiration in the Hollywood industry and for all tattoo lovers.
Lady Gaga is a pop star who has a unicorn tattooed on her leg inscribed with the words "born this way," and this is one of her most successful songs ever.
According to Lady Gaga, the unicorn is her favorite mythical creature, and she said that she was in love with the same when she was a child. Besides, her leg tattoo highlights a white unicorn's head and a banner covered around the unicorn's horn that states "born this way."
I have described in detail the pop star who has a unicorn tattooed on her leg inscribed with the words "born this way." Obviously, I am talking about Lady Gaga who is the inspiration of many individuals and has good fashion taste.
5 Steps To A Professional Fashion Style
How To Select Diamond Jewelry For Your Special Occasion?
What To Wear With Your Long Sleeve Dress On A Date Night?
Which Pop Star Has A Unicorn Tattooed On Her Leg Inscribed With The Words "Born This Way"? was last modified: August 30th, 2021 by Nisha Jaiswal
born this way unicornlady gaga tattoolady gaga tattooslady gaga's tattoosunicorn horn tattoowhich pop star has a unicorn tattooed on her leg inscribed with the words "born this way"
Nisha Jaiswal
Nisha Jaiswal is a Traveler by passion and a Content Writer by profession. She is one of the Content Editors at BloggerOutreach, OnlineHealthMedia, ContentRally, TechNetDeals, etc. She loves to write articles on Fashion, Beauty, Health, Tech, and much more. She is also a freelance writer who writes SEO-friendly content.
When Using Composer, What's The Purpose Of The Social Profile Picker?
What Are the Important Factors of Outdoor...
How to Choose the Right Jacket For...
10 Hacks for Reinvigorating Your Tired Wardrobe
Embrace Your 2c Hair to The Fullest...
5 Ways to Wear a Hoodie This...
The 5 Best Looks for a Night...
Footwear Completes the Outfit: 12 Brands of...
6 Style Tips for Dressing Up Sweaters


Waiting for Kate, I saw Bob and Aimee.
Roxane came home from Boston last week.
Rathnakumar is quite a bit taller than me.
Brandi begged us to stay.
Marc probably went to Sandeep's.
Case and Pat both looked sad.
Vernon should have handled the situation differently.
Isn't Annie supposed to be helping Shutoku clean the house?
I assumed Denis and Norma were husband and wife.
You said you wouldn't talk to Patty.
Catherine prided herself on her beauty.
Tran is Indra's boyfriend's brother.
Anna has been a close friend of mine for years.
Do you think I could take Phillip?
I wish Amanda were here to see Liza dance.
Shakil did nothing but complain.
Kurt will help me clean my room.
I don't think Gregor saw us.
Irwin didn't know for certain which road to take.
Jakob and Johan are Canadians.
David is asleep in the back of the van.
Sanand put something in his mouth.
We've been waiting for Valentin.
Pradeep lost sight of Elizabeth in the crowd.
Dory bought two chocolate cupcakes with vanilla icing and gave one of them to Mason.
Jelske didn't know what he'd be allowed to do.
Arne thinks that he's always right.
Maybe that's what Ranjit would do, but I wouldn't do that.
Knute has a funny way of laughing, doesn't he?


text:
package org.antlr.v4.codegen.model.chunk;

public class DefaultParserSuperClass extends ActionChunk {
	public DefaultParserSuperClass() { super(null); }
}


A colorful procession marked the high voltage Perambra fest at Perambra in Kozhikode ,yesterday.
While inaugurating the fest,Kerala speaker P. Sreeramakrishnan said that our tradition was upholding the value of pluralism and unity without any dissent or disgust.
This News was posted on Saturday, April 7th, 2018 at 10:42 am and is filed under City Talk.


text:
HomeBook Reviews
Book Review: A Most English Princess by Clare McHugh
January 28, 2023 Moniek Bloks 0
*contains affiliate links* Victoria, Princess Royal was born on 21 November 1840 as the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert. She married the future Frederick III, German Emperor at the age of 17 and went on to have eight children with him. Tragically, his reign would last just 99 days as [read more]
Book News February 2023
*contains affiliate links* The Boleyns: From the Tudors to the Windsors Hardcover – 15 October 2022 (UK) & 15 February 2023 (US) Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII, was executed on 19 May 1536. Her sister Mary, rumoured mistress to the monarch, lived on and survived the king's wrath. But this is [read more]
Book Review: Princess Mary: The First Modern Princess by Elisabeth Basford
*contains affiliate links* Princess Mary, later Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood, was born in 1897 as the third child of the then Duke and Duchess of York, later King George V and Queen Mary. She was born during the reign of her great-grandmother Queen Victoria and subsequently lived in six reigns – that of [read more]
*contains affiliate links* The Beauforts: Lineage, Ambition and Obligation 1373-1510 Hardcover – 15 September 2022 (UK) & 15 January 2023 (US) Four bastard children of John of Gaunt and his mistress Katherine Swynford vigorously made their way in the world despite their questionable origin, and when all four were retrospectively declared legitimate they were each [read more]
Book Review: Mistresses: Sex and Scandal at the Court of Charles II by Linda Porter
*contains affiliate links* *review copy* King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland famously left no legitimate children with his wife, Catherine of Braganza. However, he did leave plenty of illegitimate children fathered with his many mistresses. Linda Porter, who has also written about one of my favourite Queens – Queen Mary I, writes most [read more]
Book News December 2022
November 19, 2022 Moniek Bloks 0
*contains affiliate links* The Woodville Women: 100 Years of Plantagenet and Tudor History Hardcover – 30 October 2022 (UK) & 31 December 2022 (US) Elizabeth Woodville, Queen to Edward IV and mother of the Princes in the Tower. Elizabeth of York, daughter of Elizabeth Woodville and the first Tudor queen of England. Elizabeth Grey, granddaughter [read more]


text:
← TPP: Leaked Investment Chapter Exposes Corporate Power Grab
Union Organising In Kenya – Support ITF Affiliate →
Brazil: Unions Call General Strike Against Outsourcing Jobs
From IndustriALL Global Union
Trade unions in Brazil and their social movement partners are calling for a general strike on 15th April, after the House of Representatives voted on Wednesday to adopt a bill favouring the liberalization of outsourcing.
The PL 4330 bill sets no limits to outsourcing in private and public sectors. Activities, including those linked to the core business of a company, could be outsourced.
If made law, it could lead to a large-scale replacement of direct permanent workers by outsourced workers with poorer working conditions, less protection and fewer benefits.
Fernando Lopes, IndustriALL Assistant General Secretary, said: The adoption of the PL 4330 Bill marks a step backwards for workers' rights. Outsourcing represents a real obstacle to freedom of association. IndustriALL supports its affiliates which will mobilize on 15 April to withdraw this bill.
The day before the crucial vote, several IndustriALL Global Union affiliates and their trade union confederations demonstrated in the capital Brasilia in front of the House of the Representatives to try to prevent the PL 4330 bill from being adopted.
They intended to lobby parliament members to postpone the vote and further debate the issue of outsourcing. However, trade unions were denied access to the House of Representatives and that afternoon there were clashes between protestors and the police. Two unionists were detained and three were hurt.
Despite this opposition, the House of Representatives decided not to delay the vote and approved the "emergency regime� to vote rapidly on the bill in plenary session. The bill was approved the next day with 324 votes in favour and 137 against. The government had also tried to postpone the vote without success.
On 14th April, political parties will present modifications on the most controversial points of the bill. Once these modifications will have been discussed and approved, the bill will be submitted to the Senate.


(a) Outline the basic principles that apply to developer <> developer & developer <> community interaction.
(b) List the various communication channels that are utilized by the development team.
We maintain a project glossary for agreed upon terms, as tehey eases communication and help us to avoid misunderstandings.
Be polite. Politeness is a key to understanding each other. No one will bother to understand what you have to say if you annoy him/her. Don't be oppressive, don't criticize "all in general". You can be brilliant, but while not being polite you will not communicate nothing to no one.
Try to react not too emotionally. Never loose your balance. Don't get angry. Keep discussion calm, quiet, and as close to the topic, as you can.
Respect other people and, most important, their time.
Be explicit and comprehensive. When you're describing something, do the rest of the community this small favour and actually describe it. Imagine we don't know nothing about what you want to say to us.
Every developer and user is encouraged to ask questions. The easiest way to address gaps in one's knowledge is to simply directly ask. Asking questions is not seen as act of being unaware but as expression of the will to learn and to educate yourself.
Feedback by developers and users is always appreciated, preferably worded in a constructive manner. This does not only apply to Public relations but also to any form of communication that involves PARPG developers.
Criticism is encouraged in general. Constructive criticism is strongly encouraged on the team but even listening to feedback by users that appears to be worded in a destructive manner can help us to spot issues. Recognizing and admitting problems is the first necessary step to resolve them.
Discussions are an exchange of rational arguments. If you fail to find a way to express your opinion as arguments, try to describe the rationale behind your feelings for or against something nevertheless.
Public discussion is strongly preferred over private discussion. All information that is exchanged via private communication between two individuals is not available to other developers; that's something we want to avoid! Use the IRC channel or the Forums instead of mailing other developers directly.
Assume good intentions. A little bit of psychology goes into this one, but just because you are having a bad day, doesn't mean that someone is giving you attitude. If someone points out something you should be doing that you aren't, or something that you are doing that you shouldn't, assume that they are acting in best faith, and not maliciously. It usually is the case, and doing so eases many potential issues.
This page was last modified on 16 September 2011, at 20:27.
This page has been accessed 31,867 times.