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text:
\section{Introduction}
Herbig-Haro objects have been the subject of significant analytical, observational, and numerical attention since their discovery. Observations using optical \citep[e.g.][]{bally2002hh1/2} and IR \citep[e.g.][]{velusamy2007hh46/47} techniques reveal that these jets typically show striking large scale collimation extending out to parsec distances combined with features appearing on a range of smaller scales.

Structure along the jet beam (``knots'' or ``clumps'') have, in particular, received considerable attention.  The origin of knots remains a subject of debate. Early studies focused on clumpyness of the HH bow shocks; \cite{norman1979} postulated the existence of single ``interstellar bullets,'' while \cite{schwartz1978} attributed the structures to stationary clumps being overrun by a wind. Stationary crossing shocks due to an overpressured jet beam expanding and then re-collimating were an early possibility that was considered for knots along the beam \citep{buehrke1988,raga1990internal}. More recently, \cite{rubini2007obliqueshocks} have suggested oblique shock focusing as a natural mechanism for hydrodynamic knot formation, though the presence of magnetic fields \citep{hartigan2007bfields}, precession \citep{masciadri2002precession}, and interactions with the environment \citep{raga2002hh110, dalpino1999, yirak2008} all offer other means by which dense clumps might be created.  While considerable work has gone into these scenarios, currently the most favored model for the knots are internal working surfaces where shocks are driven down the beam by pulsation at the jet source. This ``pulsation'' model was first proposed by \cite{rees1978} and was extensively explored by Raga and collaborators \citep{raga1990ws, biro1994, raga1993}. In pulsed jet simulations the density and velocity cross-sectional profiles $\rho_j(r)$ \& $v_j(r)$ in the jet-launching region are kept fixed, while the magnitude of the velocity varies sinusoidally \citep{raga1990ws, volker1999}. The pulsation scenario has become so dominant that even when attempting to address questions unrelated to clump formation, periodic inflow variations are frequently employed \citep[e.g.][]{suttner1997}.

A variety of observational signatures can be recovered via pulsed jet models through careful choice of specific jet physical parameters and sinusoidal variability. In \cite{raga2002hh34/111}, for example, a two-mode launching model was proposed using velocity histories extracted from observations of HH~34 and HH~111. Using these pulsation modes axisymmetric hydrodynamic simulations provided a convincing match to the location of the leading bow shock and the location of bright knots in the beam. These and similar results provide strong support for pulsed jet models.

A detailed examination of jets observed at the highest spatial resolution however shows features which do not fit into the pulsed jet paradigm.  In particular a number of ``archetypal'' jets show features at scales below the jet radius ($r<r_j$) which are distinctly displaced from the jet axis. In the case of HH~47 the jet clearly shows a non-axisymmetric morphology in the form an apparent helical bending of the beam \citep{hartigan2005hh47}.  The beam itself is defined by a sequence of quasi-periodic knots with displacements to either side of the nominal jet axis. Explanations for this bending have included impacts with objects \citep{raga2002hh110, dalpino1999}, magnetic fields \citep{hartigan2007bfields} and precession of the jet source \citep{masciadri2002precession}. We consider the presence of sub-radial, non-axisymmetric features to be a challenge to the pulsed jet paradigm.  Here, we consider an alternative to the pulsed jet model and investigate the consequences of intrinsic density heterogeneity in jet formation and evolution.

We are motivated to explore this model both by observations and new high energy density laboratory astrophysics (HEDLA) plasma experiments.  Using pulsed power wire array technologies \cite{lebedev2005labjet}, \cite{ciardi2007labjet}, and Ciardi et al.~(2008, in preparation) have presented experiments that track the evolution of fully magnetized, hypersonic, radiative jets.  The stability of hydro and MHD jets has long been a topic of debate, and these experiments shed some light on the real dynamics of 3-D systems \citep{xu2000jetstability3d}. The experiments show that kink mode instabilities strongly affect the jet.  As the kink mode grows into the non-linear regime its disrupts but does not destroy the jet. The saturation of the instability transforms the jet into a sequence of collimated chains of knots which propagate with a range of velocities. Similar fragmented chains have been seen in other pulsed power experiments \citep{golingo2005zpinch}.

Thus we propose a model in which the velocity and density profile of the jet are variable in time and space on scales less than the jet age and jet radius, respectively. Specifying conditions on these scales allows the model to achieve complex structures not seen before in simulations. Our simulations utilize AMR techniques and so are able resolve clumps in the jet beam at acceptable levels.

In the following sections, we describe the model in detail, offer dynamical and observational signatures, and briefly discuss the results.

\section{Computational Method \& Physical Model}
Numerical simulations were undertaken with the \emph{AstroBEAR} computational code \footnote{Information about the \emph{AstroBEAR} code may be found online, at http://www.pas.rochester.edu/{\tiny $\sim$}bearclaw/}. $AstroBEAR$ is a parallel adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) code which allows a variety of choices for numerical solvers, integration schemes, and cooling modules for hydrodynamic or magnetohydrodynamic astrophysical fluids \citep{cunningham2006collisions,cunningham2007amrmhd}. Here, the code solved the 3D hyperbolic system of equations for inviscid, compressible flow using a spatial second-order and temporal first-order accurate MUSCL scheme using a Roe-averaged linearized Riemann solver. Simple radiative cooling is included separately using an iterative source term with the cooling curve of \cite{dalgarno1972}.

In what follows, the geometry of the system is taken to have the jet axis aligned with the $z$-axis, with $x$- and $y$-axes following the right handed convention. A base grid of $36\times36\times96$ cells covered the simulation domain of extent $1,200\times1,200\times3,200$ AU. AstroBEAR employs a patch-based adaptive grid to refine areas of interest; here, two levels of refinement were used, yielding a maximum effective resolution of $288\times288\times768$ cells.  This corresponds to a minimum cell length of $\Delta x=6.23\times10^{13}$ cm ($\sim$4 AU). All boundaries had outflow conditions, with user-specified conditions in the jet launching region.

The ambient number density and temperature were initialized to constant values of $\rho_a$=10 cm$^{-3}$ and $T_a$=2,000 K, respectively, giving a sound speed of $c_a=5.26$ km~s$^{-1}$. The inhomogeneities in the beam were introduced as spherical density and velocity perturbations in an otherwise smooth beam: we shall refer to the former as ``clumps'' and the latter as the ``jet.'' The jet had number density, radius, velocity, and temperature of $\rho_j$=10$^2$ cm$^{-3}$, $r_j$=100 AU, $v_j$=150 km~s$^{-1}$, and $T_j$=2,000 K. This resulted in a Mach 30, over-dense ($\chi_{ja}\equiv\rho_j/\rho_a=10$), and overpressured ($p_j/p_a=10$) jet. The jet was launched at $x,y$=600 AU on the $z=0$ plane. The clumps all had the same initial number density of $\rho_c$=10$^3$ cm$^{-3}$, yielding density ratios of $\chi_{cj}\equiv\rho_c/\rho_j$=10 and $\chi_{ca}\equiv\rho_c/\rho_a$=10$^2$. The clumps were seeded with radii and velocities that were random within ranges of $r_c$=26--60 AU, and $v_c$=132--168 km~s$^{-1}$. Relative to the jet, these correspond to ranges $r_c/r_j$=0.26--0.60 and $v_c/v_j$=0.88--1.12. The $x$- and $y$-locations of the clumps in the jet were random with the constraint that the entire clump be located within the jet beam. All clumps were seeded at the same  $z$ location in the grid. The clumps had temperatures such that they were in pressure balance with the jet beam (assuming a relative velocity of zero). They were seeded nominally 8 years apart; this resulted in the production of 12 clumps before the end of the simulation ($t_{sim}=100$ yr).

At the maximum AMR level, the jet radius was resolved by 24 cells, and the clump radii by 6--14 cells. This represents probably the lower limit on desirable resolution. Jet, clump, and ambient materials were separately tracked with passive advected tracers.

\section{Results \& Analysis}
A time-sequence of the simulation is given over four panels in Fig.~\ref{isocontours}. Density plots and a Schlieren image are shown in Fig.~\ref{schlieren}.  Figure \ref{isocontours} shows a 3-D representation of the simulation in the form of a set of iso-density contours.  In the panels, the jet beam enters from the left hand side of the grid and propagates to the right. Shortly after the start of the simulation, knots appear with random sizes, locations, and speeds. The figure has been adjusted to track the evolution of the clumps via an iso-density contour of a passive clump tracer (in green).  Thus the clumps are readily recognizable as initially spherical inclusions within the beam close to the inflow boundary cells. As the simulation progresses, the clumps evolve via their interaction with the inter-clump material in the beam and, in some cases, with other clumps.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=120mm]{allcontours_mod.png}
\caption{Isocontours of logarithmic density at four times in the simulation, $t=$30, 53, 77, \& 100 yr. The clumps are depicted in light green, with the jet material in blue. The $x$-$z$ plane along the jet axis clips the jet material contours.}
\label{isocontours}
\end{figure}
We note that bow shocks form for clumps with high enough differential speeds relative to the beam i.e. $|\Delta v_c| =|v_{c} - v_{j}| > c_j$ where $c_j$ is the sound speed in the jet beam.  As a bow shock propagates into the beam material, a transmitted shock will propagate into and compress the clumps.  If the differential velocity $\delta v_c = \Delta v_c/v_{j}$ is positive then the bow shock faces forward into the direction of jet propagation.  If $\delta v_c$ is negative then the bow shock will face backwards towards the jet source.  These bow shocks are not directly visible in Fig.~\ref{isocontours}, however the sign of $\delta v_c$ is apparent in the compression occurring on the leading (trailing) edges when $\delta v_c$ is positive (negative).  The bow shocks are apparent in Fig. \ref{schlieren}. In the bottom panel, the clump at $z$ = 2100 AU has $\delta v_c > 0$ and hence a forward facing shock forms at its leading edge while the larger clump at $z$ = 900 AU shows the opposite behavior.  We note also the presence ``spur shocks'' in the bottom panel of Fig.~\ref{schlieren}.  These are concave shocks that originate at the edges of the beam and arc away from the beam \citep{heathcote1996hubble}. We find the presence of clumps off-axis naturally leads to the development of such structures.

Once clumps are launched into the jet there are three possible consequences.  The first consequence is the clump propagating downstream unimpeded and colliding with the jet head.  In this case the dense clump may break through the bow shock defining the front edge of the jet, leading to significant non-axisymmetric structures there.  This behavior is apparent in both Fig.'s~\ref{isocontours} and \ref{schlieren} where a dense clump has already traversed the jet length and propagated through the jet shock/bow shock structure at the terminus of the beam.  The presence of a significant ``knob'' protruding at the lower edge of the jet head defines the extent of the clump which now forms the leading edge of the jet.

A second possibility however is that the clump will not make it to the leading edge of the jet.  The behavior of shocked clumps has been extensively studied both analytically and numerically \citep[e.g.][]{klein1994,jones1996,poludnenko2002,fragile2004radclumps}.  These studies demonstrate that a clump compressed by a strong transmitted shock wave (in this case the transmitted wave originates from its relative motion within the beam) will eventually be destroyed in a ``cloud crushing time'' given approximately by $t_{cc} = 2r_c \chi_{cj}^{1/2}/|\Delta v_c|$ where $\chi_{cj}= \rho_c/\rho_j$.  If this happens before the clump reaches the jet head then the clump material will be dispersed within the beam.  Thus the cloud crushing timescale should be compared with the timescale required to cross the length of the jet beam, $t_{jc} = L_j/(v_c-v_{bs})$.  Note that $L_j = v_{bs} t$ where $v_{bs}$ is the speed of the jet head given by the familiar formula $v_{bs} = v_j/ (1+\chi_{ja}^{-1/2})$ and $t$ is the time at which the clump is launched.  Comparing these expressions we find the critical launching time $t^*$,
\begin{equation}
t^* = \frac{2 r_c}{|\Delta v_c|} \sqrt{\chi_{cj}}\left(\frac{v_c}{v_j} (1+\chi_{ja}^{-1/2}) - 1\right)\qquad (v_c\neq v_j)
\end{equation}
A clump of radius $r_c$, velocity dispersion $\Delta v_c$ and density ratio $\chi_{cj}$ needs to be launched at a time $t=t_{launch}<t^*$ in order for it to reach the jet head before being destroyed. For each instantiated clump, comparing $t_{launch}$ to $t^*$ reveals that $t_{launch}<t^*$ for three of the twelve clumps. This implies that late in time (assuming no other interactions) nine of the twelve clumps would disperse before reaching the jet head. However, $t_{cc}>t_{sim}$ for all the clumps in the simulation ($t_{sim}$ is the duration of the simulation). We therefore expect all clumps to exert a strong influence on the jet beam throughout the simulation, and we expect some of the clumps to affect strongly the morphology of the jet head. These expectations are confirmed in the simulation.

The third possibility for the long term evolution of a clump, assuming $\delta v_c$ is not the same for all clumps, is interaction with another clump.  The interaction can take the form of direct or glancing collision depending on the impact parameter $b$.  Even when $b > 2r_c$ there can still be interactions between a clump-driven bow shock and a neighboring clump \citep{poludnenko2002}  Such interactions will be determined by the width of the clump bow shock which will, in general be determined by the Mach number of the clump through the inter-clump beam media ($M_c = |\Delta v_c|/c_j$).  The collisions of clumps is also a process which has been well studied, and one expects the formation of transmitted shock waves within the clumps which heat and compress clump material as it streams into the shock \citep{klein1994, miniati1999}. Figure \ref{isocontours} and Fig.~\ref{schlieren} show a number of such interactions occurring.  By the last panel of Fig.~\ref{isocontours}, clump collisions have resulted in a merged structure near the head of the jet, and their effect on each other and on the jet beam itself is complex. It is noteworthy however that the collision, compression and subsequent merger of clumps can come to resemble the internal working surfaces in homogeneous pulsed jets.  Note the resemblance in the bottom panel of Fig.~\ref{schlieren} of the structure at $z=2300$ AU to the thin shock bounded working surfaces seen in jet pulsation simulations.  An important difference in the case of clumps however is that these structures remain sub-radial. The merged structure identified at $z=2300$ AU has a lateral width of $h \approx 1.8 r_j$ and is offset from the jet axis by $r_0\approx 0.25 r_j$. Thus, even collisions between slow moving clumps overtaken by faster moving ones differ from what is expected for homogeneous jet beams with varying inflow velocity. In this case, the resulting shock structures are slightly smaller than the jet diameter and displaced from the jet axis.

The difference between homogeneity and heterogeneity is particularly striking for glancing clump collisions: $r_c < b < 2r_c$.  In these cases the clump-clump interaction will be off center and one can expect from momentum conservation that non-axial motions will result. The top two panels of Fig.~\ref{schlieren} illustrate this point, showing the off-center collision of three clumps.  Before the collision the velocity vectors of all three clumps is purely axial $\vec{v} = v_z \hat{e}_z$.  After the collision the clumps have acquired transverse $v_r$ velocities.  The ability to generate non-axial motions within the beam via clump interactions is an important point as proper motion studies of highly resolved HH jets show knot to knot variability in both direction and speed \citep{hartigan2005hh47, bally2002hh1/2}. Moreover, this interaction forms the structure at $z=2300$ AU seen in the bottom panel of Fig.~\ref{schlieren} which therefore has varying velocity components across its surface, in contrast to similar structures in pulsed-jet models.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=120mm]{density-schlieren.png}
\caption{The top two panels give grayscale images of logarithmic density in the $x$-$z$ plane located on the jet axis at two different times, $t=$53 \& 77 yr, corresponding to the lower left and upper right panels of Fig. \ref{isocontours}. Lighter gray corresponds to denser material. Velocity vectors originating at three knots have been overlaid, and they are seen to change as the knots interact. The bottom panel shows a synthetic Schlieren image at $t=100$ yr, which illuminates such features as a clump with a forward bow shock at $z=$2100 AU, a clump with reverse bow shock at $z=$900 AU, and clump-induced ``spur shocks'' at several places along the jet beam. The disk-like feature at $z=2300$ AU is discussed further in the text.}
\label{schlieren}
\end{figure}
We note again that the clump injection time, position within beam cross-section and velocity were all chosen randomly within constraints. We now address the issue of the observational properties of jets with this kind of heterogeneity, with respect to assumptions of pulsation. In many studies lifetimes of features along an HH beam jet beam are derived by relating the current position of the feature and its proper motion \citep{bally2002hh1/2, hartigan2005hh47}. Going a step further several some studies \citep[e.g.][]{raga1998hh34, raga2002hh34/111}) infer full velocity histories of jets from observations in terms of multiple pulsation modes at the jet launch region.  While these studies are able to convincingly reproduce some observational characteristics of the jets, our models of heterogeneous jets shed new light on the issue of recovering pulsation histories from observations. We note that inferring ejection histories from current positions and velocities requires two intrinsic assumptions: first, that the launching is smoothly varying and periodic in nature, and second, that pulsation-formed knots are coherent throughout their lifetimes. In particular, it is assumed that given a position $z_0$ for a hypersonic, semi-ballistic jet, the time-variability in the past can be inferred from the current observed velocity structure. Considering the current epoch to be $t=0$ one uses observed axial velocity $v(z_0)$ to compute dynamical times $t_0 = -z_0/v(z_0)$ for fluid parcels when they where ejected from the source. The velocity history of the jet as $v_j(t) = v \left[t = -z/v(z)\right]$ can then be derived. In \cite{raga2002hh34/111} for HH~34 and HH~111 it was assumed that $v_j(t)$ could be described by a periodic function of the form
\begin{equation}
v_j(t) = v_{j,0} + \sum_{k=1}^{n} v_j^{(k)} \sin\left(\frac{2\pi t}{\tau_k}+\phi_k\right)
\label{periodic}
\end{equation}
where $ v_j^{(k)}, \tau_k$ and $\phi_k$ are the amplitude, period, and phase of each pulsation mode. For HH~111, $n=1$, while for HH~34, accounting for the collimated knots near the source requires $n=3$.

Assuming Eq.~\ref{periodic} for $v_j(t)$ can bias the description of jets as we now demonstrate. For each data frame in our simulation, we may perform a similar analysis; see Fig.~\ref{curvefit}. Along the axis of the jet we may denote the locations of ``knots'' as those positions where the density peaks at some value above the jet density. The axial density profile is given in the left panel of Fig.~\ref{curvefit}, with knots identified by circles. We then take the velocities at these positions to be the knot velocities. This allows us to calculate dynamical times and, using a single mode ($n=1$) for simplicity, reconstruct a separate velocity history for each data frame in the simulation.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=120mm]{fit-composite-gray.png}
\caption{$Left\ panel$: The axial density profile normalized by the ambient density, $\rho/\rho_a$, is plotted with positions designated as ``knots'' given by ``$\circ$''. $Right\ panels$: From top to bottom, velocities for knots (``$\circ$'') versus their launching (dynamical) time at $t=$100, 80, \& 40 yr. Results from least-squares fits are shown with 1-$\sigma$ error overlaid. The period $\tau$ and mean velocity with single-mode sinusoidal amplitude, $v_j=v_{j,0}\pm v_j^{(1)}$, are printed on each panel.}
\label{curvefit}
\end{figure}
As implied by the second assumption above, in order for this analysis to be valid the resulting amplitude and period should be robust to the time in the simulation, especially late in time when there are the greatest number of knots. We found that the results were not robust, as depicted in the right hand panels of Fig. \ref{curvefit}. The three panels show, from top to bottom, the result of least-squares fits to the data at $t= 100,\ 80,$ and $40$ yr with 1-$\sigma$ error bounds overlaid. The top panel shows the fit resulting from the corresponding data given in the left panel. The average velocity of the knots remains roughly constant for each of the three times depicted and is close to the jet velocity ($v_j = 150$ km s$^{-1}$), as expected. However, the amplitude varies by $\sim30\%$ over time, and the period varies by over $100\%$. The goodness of the fits, though less at $t=80$ yr than the other two times depicted, appears adequate. Although not explicitly shown here, variation in the fit results shows correlation with knot-knot interactions.

\section{Discussion and Conclusions}
We have performed 3-D simulations using a new ``collimated clumps'' scenario for protostellar jets.  Our model offers a fundamentally different paradigm for understanding jet origins and dynamics in the sense that heterogeneity is seen as being intrinsic and links the jet morphology on ``meso-scales'' to the processes (such as instabilities) occurring on ``micro-scales'' near the central engine.

While the pulsed-jet model has been successful at interpreting some aspects of jets, it may be misleading if used too generally. In particular, the assumption of sinusoidal pulsations can limit the interpretation of HH object observations. In our simulations, which had no sinusoidal variation in time, we nonetheless were able to recover (erroneous) sinusoidal behavior using an analysis similar to that which has been carried out in the past on observations. While one part of this behavior (the mean velocity $v_{j,0}$) fit the initial conditions well, the assumption of periodic pulsation allows the false conclusion that the structures in the beam arose due to periodic ejection behavior. We conclude therefore that care should be taken when attributing observations of apparent sinusoidal velocity in protostellar jets to corresponding sinusoidal behavior of a central engine.

In contrast to pulsed-jet models, our model offers two attractive features: first, a natural mechanism (knot-knot interactions) helps explain small-scale features along the jet axis. The idea that knots or bow shocks in HH objects are evolving clumpy structures has been discussed before in the context of observations \citep[e.g.][]{reipurth2002hh34}, with ongoing HST observations giving continued support to this idea \citep[e.g.][]{hartigan2005hh47}. The interaction of distinct sub-radial knots with each other and with an overall bow shock offers a simple explanation for such evolution. The second feature the model offers is the presence of unique observational characteristics in the form of forward- and reverse-facing bow shocks and spur shocks at the edges of the jet beam. Our scenario provides a simple mechanism for the formation of sub-radial non-axisymetric features via multiple dense, clumps which have a nonzero velocity dispersion. The ease with which non-axisymmetric features like spur shocks \citep{heathcote1996hubble} develop in our models is attractive.

What would be the origin of the entrained clumps? The issues of the stability of jets particularly at ``micro-scale'' regions near the launch region remains unresolved \citep{konigl2004diskwinds, ouyed2003jetstability, xu2000jetstability3d, micono1998khjets}. In addition, issues of magnetic field strength and velocity perturbations near the jet launch region also present problems \citep{hartigan2007bfields}. Although we do not explicitly consider details of disk/jet launching here, plausible scenarios present themselves. It has long been considered that the interaction between the forming star and accretion disk---via magnetic fields---is responsible for jet launching \citep{konigl1982}. Further, anisotropy of the magnetized disk during the YSO phase is a distinct possibility, as suggested by \cite{combet2008}. One could therefore theorize the occurrence of a non-cylindrically-symmetric accretion burst as a possible explanation for non-axial density enhancements in the jet beam.

Recent high energy density laboratory astrophysics (HEDLA) investigations provide an unique window into the behavior of fully 3-D radiative hypersonic MHD jets.  These experiments demonstrate that magnetized jet beams in the lab may break up into a sequence of quasi-periodic knots due to the kink instability \citep{ciardi2007labjet}. These knots may be displaced slightly to the side of the nominal jet axis and may propagate with varying velocities. This results in morphologies qualitatively reminiscent of HH-jet beams. It should be noted that the present simulation does not employ magnetic fields; however, it remains an open question whether magnetic fields remain dynamically important on the length scales of consideration here \citep{hartigan2007bfields, ostriker2001molecularclouds}. It seems plausible that a similar process could occur in the astrophysical context, beginning with a smooth beam near the central engine which then becomes disrupted owing to the kink or sausage instabilities on intermediate scales. This would result in a series of knots which continue to evolve as they propagate away from the central engine. Such a scenario would also explain the observed velocity differences between knots, attributable to the particulars of each knot's formation. The present simulation is an idealization of this model.

The degree to which the results of the simulation presented here depend on the values chosen for parameters such as $\chi_{cj}$ and $\Delta v_c$ requires further investigation. In particular, $t_{launch}<t^*$ was not satisfied for all of the instantiated clumps, implying that some should disperse before reaching the jet head. The present simulation did not progress far enough to witness this behavior (that is, $t_{cc}>t_{sim}$). Also, using a $\Delta v_c\neq0$ and varying from clump to clump should result in an injection of considerable vorticity into the jet beam. Future work should therefore explore the long term evolution of the clumped jet. The aspect ratio (length/width) of the jet's final state in the present simulation is less than that for HH objects, implying again that simulations which progress for longer times would be of interest. While increased resolution would of course be of benefit, extracting details of clump-clump interaction within the jet-beam environment is probably outside the scope of this study and would be appropriate for a separate investigation (Dennis et al. 2008, in preparation). Finally, the inclusion of magnetic fields to study scenarios of knot formation and the resulting observational consequences would be of additional interest.

\acknowledgements
We would like to thank Pat Hartigan, Sergey Lebedev, and Andrea Ciardi for their time. Tim Dennis and Brandon Shroyer also provided invaluable support and help.

Support for this work was in part provided by by NASA through awards issued by JPL/Caltech through Spitzer program 20269 and 051080-001, the National Science Foundation through grants AST-0507519 as well as the Space Telescope Science Institute through grants HST-AR-10972, HST-AR-11250, HST-AR-11252 to.   We also thank the University of Rochester
Laboratory for Laser Energetics and funds received through the DOE Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC03-02NA00057.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Jennifer is a student researcher at Wellesley College's Human-Computer Interaction Lab. As part of the HCI Lab, she is working on user-centered gamification projects that will enhance the understanding children have of basic concepts in bioengineering and its implications in the hopes of a more advanced and sustainable future . She has experience with game design, prototyping, user studies, and curriculum building. She is interested in design, technology, and law. In her free time, Jennifer loves to be with friends, swim, and watch movies.


text:
Q: Method create and destroy doesn't work : ruby on rails I am beginner on coding and on Ruby on rails.
I start to code an app to reference my favorite restaurants.
I start coding my action on my Restaurant Controller and the action Index, Show and Update work.
But I don't understand why my method create and destroy don't work.

*

*Data base : schema.rb :

  create_table "restaurants", force: :cascade do |t|
    t.string "name"
    t.string "price"
    t.string "address"
    t.string "category"
    t.string "website"
    t.datetime "created_at", null: false
    t.datetime "updated_at", null: false
    t.bigint "user_id"
    t.index ["user_id"], name: "index_restaurants_on_user_id"
  end

*

*Model : restaurant.rb :

class Restaurant < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :user
  CATEGORY = ['Gourmand', 'Healthy', 'Asiatique', 'Italien', 'Cuisine du monde', 'Traditionel',
              'Festive', 'Chic', 'Populaire', 'Fast-food', 'Casher', 'Halal', 'Vegan/Végétarien']

  PRICE = ['€', '€€', '€€€', '€€€€']

  validates :name, presence: true
  validates :address, presence: true
  validates :price, inclusion: { in: Restaurant::PRICE }, presence: true
  validates :category, inclusion: { in: Restaurant::CATEGORY }, presence: true
end

*

*Controller : restaurants_controller.rb

class RestaurantsController < ApplicationController
  skip_before_action :authenticate_user!
  before_action :set_restaurant, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]

  def index
    @restaurant = Restaurant.all
  end

  def show
  end

  def new
    @restaurant = Restaurant.new
  end

  def create
    @restaurant = Restaurant.new(restaurant_params)
    @restaurant.save!
    redirect_to restaurants_path(@restaurant), notice: 'new add'

    # if @restaurant.save
    #   redirect_to restaurants_path(@restaurant), notice: 'New restaurant added'
    # else
    #   render :new, status: :unprocessable_entity
    # end

  end
  def edit
  end

  def update
    @restaurant.update(restaurant_params)
    redirect_to restaurant_path(@restaurant), notice: 'Restaurant was successfully updated.'
  end

  def destroy
    @restaurant.destroy
    redirect_to restaurants_path, status: :see_other
  end

  private

  def restaurant_params
    params.require(:restaurant).permit(
      :name,
      :address,
      :category,
      :website,
      :price
    )
  end

  def set_restaurant
    @restaurant = Restaurant.find(params[:id])
  end
end

*

*View new : new.html.erb :

<h1>Add a new restaurant </h1>
<%= render 'restaurants/form', restaurant: @restaurant %>

*

*View simple form : _form.html.erb

<%= simple_form_for(restaurant) do |f| %>
  <%= f.input :name %>
  <%= f.input :address %>
  <%= f.input :category, collection: Restaurant::CATEGORY%>
  <%= f.input :price, collection:Restaurant::PRICE %>
  <%= f.input :website%>
  <%= f.submit "#{ restaurant.persisted? ? 'Update' : 'Create' } Restaurant" %>
  <%#= link_to 'Back to restaurant', restaurants_path %>
<% end %>

I add Devise Gems by the way but I skip the authentification with a :
skip_before_action :authenticate_user!

on my Restaurant Controller so it does not come from Devise.
Thank you :)
I check on my rails console : no restaurants created
When I put a 'raise' in the action 'create' just before my @restaurant.save, I can see on the params all the informations I added on my form.
But I don't know why it doesn't save my information and don't create the restaurant.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
City Planning & Development»Planning & Development Resources»Development Applications»Official Community Plan Amendments
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Please be aware, beginning July 2, 2019, the City will be recovering mail costs from the applicant for all new applications that require a public notification in the form of letters being mailed.
The City's Citywide Official Community Plan (OCP) is a comprehensive plan to guide future land use and address related needs for amenities, services, and infrastructure support. The OCP operates in conjunction with the Zoning Bylaw and other municipal bylaws, and guides City Council as they consider zoning changes.
The OCP may be amended, from time to time, with regard to specific issues or proposals. A further overview regarding the OCP and Zoning Bylaw is provided in the Zoning Bylaw/Official Community Plan Amendment Guide.
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Q1.What was the approximate average number of candidates who applied for Bank A over all the years together?
Q2.Total number of candidates who applied for Bank A over all the years together was approximately what percentage of the total number of candidates who applied for Bank B over all the years together?
Q3.In which years the total number of candidates who applied for both the banks together is exactly equal?
Q4.If 20 percent of candidates who applied for Bank B qualified in the year 2008, then what was the number of candidates who have been disqualified in the same year?
Q5.What was the respective ratio between the total number of candidate who applied for Bank A in the year 2006 and 2008 and the total number of candidates who applied for Bank B in the year 2005 and 2008 together?
Directions (6-10):Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below it.


The insufferable summer weather can ruin more than just a silk blouse. You can't exclusively blame the sweltering heat, oppressive humidity, and spontaneous rain storms for dampening your natural radiance. We even get betrayed by our beloved daily moisturizer, which along with sweat, clogs pores. Time for a new skincare romance.
Meet the best summer products that will restore your healthy tone and texture to make you fall in love with your skin.
After a weekend in Vegas, our skin (and wallets) needed some TLC. Days poolside in the Cabana with cocktails, followed by nights on the town, resulted in a forehead breakout and tired, dull eye area. We were in major need of a skintervention and sought the unparalleled benefits in this cleanser. It is a multitasking miracle product that immediately calmed our inflamed skin, and went to work repairing and rejuvenating our depleted skin. The results were instantaneous - after a single wash our combination skin looked healthier and more hydrated. This powerful cocktail of anti-aging ingredients will keep us nourished for the rest of the summer.
Keep this potion in your pocket for instant protection from the sun, pollution and frustration. There's nothing worse than slathering on SPF only to find that it rubs in like clown makeup. We love this product because it's pigmented and matte, for a flawless finish so there's no risk of looking like a Times Square performer. It's small enough to keep in your purse and be pulled out a moments notice when the sun starts beating down. Also add a dab to your neck and ears to avoid pesky sunburns, and extend your afternoon rosé all day.
Organic to Green's Coco Oil is widely popular due to the fact that it never turns solid and there are more ways to use it than you can imagine. No seriously, it's a jack-of-all-trades that has a surplus of beauty benefits. Coco Oil is made with 100% pure and gentle coconut oil and unlike most of its kind, It is non-greasy and absorbs quickly into the skin without clogging pores. Blended with additional organic and natural botanicals – and now with no fragrance, it's an easy way to care for the body. Bonus, it works for the most sensitive and allergy-prone skin types, this product is perfect for sharing with your buddy (or baby).


text:
package armsql

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore"
	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/arm"
	armruntime "github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/arm/runtime"
	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/cloud"
	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/policy"
	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/runtime"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"strings"
)

// LedgerDigestUploadsClient contains the methods for the LedgerDigestUploads group.
// Don't use this type directly, use NewLedgerDigestUploadsClient() instead.
type LedgerDigestUploadsClient struct {
	host           string
	subscriptionID string
	pl             runtime.Pipeline
}

// NewLedgerDigestUploadsClient creates a new instance of LedgerDigestUploadsClient with the specified values.
// subscriptionID - The subscription ID that identifies an Azure subscription.
// credential - used to authorize requests. Usually a credential from azidentity.
// options - pass nil to accept the default values.
func NewLedgerDigestUploadsClient(subscriptionID string, credential azcore.TokenCredential, options *arm.ClientOptions) (*LedgerDigestUploadsClient, error) {
	if options == nil {
		options = &arm.ClientOptions{}
	}
	ep := cloud.AzurePublic.Services[cloud.ResourceManager].Endpoint
	if c, ok := options.Cloud.Services[cloud.ResourceManager]; ok {
		ep = c.Endpoint
	}
	pl, err := armruntime.NewPipeline(moduleName, moduleVersion, credential, runtime.PipelineOptions{}, options)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	client := &LedgerDigestUploadsClient{
		subscriptionID: subscriptionID,
		host:           ep,
		pl:             pl,
	}
	return client, nil
}

// BeginCreateOrUpdate - Enables upload ledger digests to an Azure Storage account or an Azure Confidential Ledger instance.
// If the operation fails it returns an *azcore.ResponseError type.
// Generated from API version 2021-02-01-preview
// resourceGroupName - The name of the resource group that contains the resource. You can obtain this value from the Azure
// Resource Manager API or the portal.
// serverName - The name of the server.
// databaseName - The name of the database.
// options - LedgerDigestUploadsClientBeginCreateOrUpdateOptions contains the optional parameters for the LedgerDigestUploadsClient.BeginCreateOrUpdate
// method.
func (client *LedgerDigestUploadsClient) BeginCreateOrUpdate(ctx context.Context, resourceGroupName string, serverName string, databaseName string, ledgerDigestUploads LedgerDigestUploadsName, parameters LedgerDigestUploads, options *LedgerDigestUploadsClientBeginCreateOrUpdateOptions) (*runtime.Poller[LedgerDigestUploadsClientCreateOrUpdateResponse], error) {
	if options == nil || options.ResumeToken == "" {
		resp, err := client.createOrUpdate(ctx, resourceGroupName, serverName, databaseName, ledgerDigestUploads, parameters, options)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		return runtime.NewPoller[LedgerDigestUploadsClientCreateOrUpdateResponse](resp, client.pl, nil)
	} else {
		return runtime.NewPollerFromResumeToken[LedgerDigestUploadsClientCreateOrUpdateResponse](options.ResumeToken, client.pl, nil)
	}
}

// CreateOrUpdate - Enables upload ledger digests to an Azure Storage account or an Azure Confidential Ledger instance.
// If the operation fails it returns an *azcore.ResponseError type.
// Generated from API version 2021-02-01-preview
func (client *LedgerDigestUploadsClient) createOrUpdate(ctx context.Context, resourceGroupName string, serverName string, databaseName string, ledgerDigestUploads LedgerDigestUploadsName, parameters LedgerDigestUploads, options *LedgerDigestUploadsClientBeginCreateOrUpdateOptions) (*http.Response, error) {
	req, err := client.createOrUpdateCreateRequest(ctx, resourceGroupName, serverName, databaseName, ledgerDigestUploads, parameters, options)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	resp, err := client.pl.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if !runtime.HasStatusCode(resp, http.StatusOK, http.StatusAccepted) {
		return nil, runtime.NewResponseError(resp)
	}
	return resp, nil
}

// createOrUpdateCreateRequest creates the CreateOrUpdate request.
func (client *LedgerDigestUploadsClient) createOrUpdateCreateRequest(ctx context.Context, resourceGroupName string, serverName string, databaseName string, ledgerDigestUploads LedgerDigestUploadsName, parameters LedgerDigestUploads, options *LedgerDigestUploadsClientBeginCreateOrUpdateOptions) (*policy.Request, error) {
	urlPath := "/subscriptions/{subscriptionId}/resourceGroups/{resourceGroupName}/providers/Microsoft.Sql/servers/{serverName}/databases/{databaseName}/ledgerDigestUploads/{ledgerDigestUploads}"
	if resourceGroupName == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter resourceGroupName cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{resourceGroupName}", url.PathEscape(resourceGroupName))
	if serverName == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter serverName cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{serverName}", url.PathEscape(serverName))
	if databaseName == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter databaseName cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{databaseName}", url.PathEscape(databaseName))
	if ledgerDigestUploads == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter ledgerDigestUploads cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{ledgerDigestUploads}", url.PathEscape(string(ledgerDigestUploads)))
	if client.subscriptionID == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter client.subscriptionID cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{subscriptionId}", url.PathEscape(client.subscriptionID))
	req, err := runtime.NewRequest(ctx, http.MethodPut, runtime.JoinPaths(client.host, urlPath))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	reqQP := req.Raw().URL.Query()
	reqQP.Set("api-version", "2021-02-01-preview")
	req.Raw().URL.RawQuery = reqQP.Encode()
	req.Raw().Header["Accept"] = []string{"application/json"}
	return req, runtime.MarshalAsJSON(req, parameters)
}

// BeginDisable - Disables uploading ledger digests to an Azure Storage account or an Azure Confidential Ledger instance.
// If the operation fails it returns an *azcore.ResponseError type.
// Generated from API version 2021-02-01-preview
// resourceGroupName - The name of the resource group that contains the resource. You can obtain this value from the Azure
// Resource Manager API or the portal.
// serverName - The name of the server.
// databaseName - The name of the database.
// options - LedgerDigestUploadsClientBeginDisableOptions contains the optional parameters for the LedgerDigestUploadsClient.BeginDisable
// method.
func (client *LedgerDigestUploadsClient) BeginDisable(ctx context.Context, resourceGroupName string, serverName string, databaseName string, ledgerDigestUploads LedgerDigestUploadsName, options *LedgerDigestUploadsClientBeginDisableOptions) (*runtime.Poller[LedgerDigestUploadsClientDisableResponse], error) {
	if options == nil || options.ResumeToken == "" {
		resp, err := client.disable(ctx, resourceGroupName, serverName, databaseName, ledgerDigestUploads, options)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		return runtime.NewPoller[LedgerDigestUploadsClientDisableResponse](resp, client.pl, nil)
	} else {
		return runtime.NewPollerFromResumeToken[LedgerDigestUploadsClientDisableResponse](options.ResumeToken, client.pl, nil)
	}
}

// Disable - Disables uploading ledger digests to an Azure Storage account or an Azure Confidential Ledger instance.
// If the operation fails it returns an *azcore.ResponseError type.
// Generated from API version 2021-02-01-preview
func (client *LedgerDigestUploadsClient) disable(ctx context.Context, resourceGroupName string, serverName string, databaseName string, ledgerDigestUploads LedgerDigestUploadsName, options *LedgerDigestUploadsClientBeginDisableOptions) (*http.Response, error) {
	req, err := client.disableCreateRequest(ctx, resourceGroupName, serverName, databaseName, ledgerDigestUploads, options)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	resp, err := client.pl.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if !runtime.HasStatusCode(resp, http.StatusOK, http.StatusAccepted) {
		return nil, runtime.NewResponseError(resp)
	}
	return resp, nil
}

// disableCreateRequest creates the Disable request.
func (client *LedgerDigestUploadsClient) disableCreateRequest(ctx context.Context, resourceGroupName string, serverName string, databaseName string, ledgerDigestUploads LedgerDigestUploadsName, options *LedgerDigestUploadsClientBeginDisableOptions) (*policy.Request, error) {
	urlPath := "/subscriptions/{subscriptionId}/resourceGroups/{resourceGroupName}/providers/Microsoft.Sql/servers/{serverName}/databases/{databaseName}/ledgerDigestUploads/{ledgerDigestUploads}/disable"
	if resourceGroupName == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter resourceGroupName cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{resourceGroupName}", url.PathEscape(resourceGroupName))
	if serverName == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter serverName cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{serverName}", url.PathEscape(serverName))
	if databaseName == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter databaseName cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{databaseName}", url.PathEscape(databaseName))
	if ledgerDigestUploads == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter ledgerDigestUploads cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{ledgerDigestUploads}", url.PathEscape(string(ledgerDigestUploads)))
	if client.subscriptionID == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter client.subscriptionID cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{subscriptionId}", url.PathEscape(client.subscriptionID))
	req, err := runtime.NewRequest(ctx, http.MethodPost, runtime.JoinPaths(client.host, urlPath))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	reqQP := req.Raw().URL.Query()
	reqQP.Set("api-version", "2021-02-01-preview")
	req.Raw().URL.RawQuery = reqQP.Encode()
	req.Raw().Header["Accept"] = []string{"application/json"}
	return req, nil
}

// Get - Gets the current ledger digest upload configuration for a database.
// If the operation fails it returns an *azcore.ResponseError type.
// Generated from API version 2021-02-01-preview
// resourceGroupName - The name of the resource group that contains the resource. You can obtain this value from the Azure
// Resource Manager API or the portal.
// serverName - The name of the server.
// databaseName - The name of the database.
// options - LedgerDigestUploadsClientGetOptions contains the optional parameters for the LedgerDigestUploadsClient.Get method.
func (client *LedgerDigestUploadsClient) Get(ctx context.Context, resourceGroupName string, serverName string, databaseName string, ledgerDigestUploads LedgerDigestUploadsName, options *LedgerDigestUploadsClientGetOptions) (LedgerDigestUploadsClientGetResponse, error) {
	req, err := client.getCreateRequest(ctx, resourceGroupName, serverName, databaseName, ledgerDigestUploads, options)
	if err != nil {
		return LedgerDigestUploadsClientGetResponse{}, err
	}
	resp, err := client.pl.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		return LedgerDigestUploadsClientGetResponse{}, err
	}
	if !runtime.HasStatusCode(resp, http.StatusOK) {
		return LedgerDigestUploadsClientGetResponse{}, runtime.NewResponseError(resp)
	}
	return client.getHandleResponse(resp)
}

// getCreateRequest creates the Get request.
func (client *LedgerDigestUploadsClient) getCreateRequest(ctx context.Context, resourceGroupName string, serverName string, databaseName string, ledgerDigestUploads LedgerDigestUploadsName, options *LedgerDigestUploadsClientGetOptions) (*policy.Request, error) {
	urlPath := "/subscriptions/{subscriptionId}/resourceGroups/{resourceGroupName}/providers/Microsoft.Sql/servers/{serverName}/databases/{databaseName}/ledgerDigestUploads/{ledgerDigestUploads}"
	if resourceGroupName == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter resourceGroupName cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{resourceGroupName}", url.PathEscape(resourceGroupName))
	if serverName == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter serverName cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{serverName}", url.PathEscape(serverName))
	if databaseName == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter databaseName cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{databaseName}", url.PathEscape(databaseName))
	if ledgerDigestUploads == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter ledgerDigestUploads cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{ledgerDigestUploads}", url.PathEscape(string(ledgerDigestUploads)))
	if client.subscriptionID == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter client.subscriptionID cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{subscriptionId}", url.PathEscape(client.subscriptionID))
	req, err := runtime.NewRequest(ctx, http.MethodGet, runtime.JoinPaths(client.host, urlPath))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	reqQP := req.Raw().URL.Query()
	reqQP.Set("api-version", "2021-02-01-preview")
	req.Raw().URL.RawQuery = reqQP.Encode()
	req.Raw().Header["Accept"] = []string{"application/json"}
	return req, nil
}

// getHandleResponse handles the Get response.
func (client *LedgerDigestUploadsClient) getHandleResponse(resp *http.Response) (LedgerDigestUploadsClientGetResponse, error) {
	result := LedgerDigestUploadsClientGetResponse{}
	if err := runtime.UnmarshalAsJSON(resp, &result.LedgerDigestUploads); err != nil {
		return LedgerDigestUploadsClientGetResponse{}, err
	}
	return result, nil
}

// NewListByDatabasePager - Gets all ledger digest upload settings on a database.
// If the operation fails it returns an *azcore.ResponseError type.
// Generated from API version 2021-02-01-preview
// resourceGroupName - The name of the resource group that contains the resource. You can obtain this value from the Azure
// Resource Manager API or the portal.
// serverName - The name of the server.
// databaseName - The name of the database.
// options - LedgerDigestUploadsClientListByDatabaseOptions contains the optional parameters for the LedgerDigestUploadsClient.ListByDatabase
// method.
func (client *LedgerDigestUploadsClient) NewListByDatabasePager(resourceGroupName string, serverName string, databaseName string, options *LedgerDigestUploadsClientListByDatabaseOptions) *runtime.Pager[LedgerDigestUploadsClientListByDatabaseResponse] {
	return runtime.NewPager(runtime.PagingHandler[LedgerDigestUploadsClientListByDatabaseResponse]{
		More: func(page LedgerDigestUploadsClientListByDatabaseResponse) bool {
			return page.NextLink != nil && len(*page.NextLink) > 0
		},
		Fetcher: func(ctx context.Context, page *LedgerDigestUploadsClientListByDatabaseResponse) (LedgerDigestUploadsClientListByDatabaseResponse, error) {
			var req *policy.Request
			var err error
			if page == nil {
				req, err = client.listByDatabaseCreateRequest(ctx, resourceGroupName, serverName, databaseName, options)
			} else {
				req, err = runtime.NewRequest(ctx, http.MethodGet, *page.NextLink)
			}
			if err != nil {
				return LedgerDigestUploadsClientListByDatabaseResponse{}, err
			}
			resp, err := client.pl.Do(req)
			if err != nil {
				return LedgerDigestUploadsClientListByDatabaseResponse{}, err
			}
			if !runtime.HasStatusCode(resp, http.StatusOK) {
				return LedgerDigestUploadsClientListByDatabaseResponse{}, runtime.NewResponseError(resp)
			}
			return client.listByDatabaseHandleResponse(resp)
		},
	})
}

// listByDatabaseCreateRequest creates the ListByDatabase request.
func (client *LedgerDigestUploadsClient) listByDatabaseCreateRequest(ctx context.Context, resourceGroupName string, serverName string, databaseName string, options *LedgerDigestUploadsClientListByDatabaseOptions) (*policy.Request, error) {
	urlPath := "/subscriptions/{subscriptionId}/resourceGroups/{resourceGroupName}/providers/Microsoft.Sql/servers/{serverName}/databases/{databaseName}/ledgerDigestUploads"
	if resourceGroupName == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter resourceGroupName cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{resourceGroupName}", url.PathEscape(resourceGroupName))
	if serverName == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter serverName cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{serverName}", url.PathEscape(serverName))
	if databaseName == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter databaseName cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{databaseName}", url.PathEscape(databaseName))
	if client.subscriptionID == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("parameter client.subscriptionID cannot be empty")
	}
	urlPath = strings.ReplaceAll(urlPath, "{subscriptionId}", url.PathEscape(client.subscriptionID))
	req, err := runtime.NewRequest(ctx, http.MethodGet, runtime.JoinPaths(client.host, urlPath))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	reqQP := req.Raw().URL.Query()
	reqQP.Set("api-version", "2021-02-01-preview")
	req.Raw().URL.RawQuery = reqQP.Encode()
	req.Raw().Header["Accept"] = []string{"application/json"}
	return req, nil
}

// listByDatabaseHandleResponse handles the ListByDatabase response.
func (client *LedgerDigestUploadsClient) listByDatabaseHandleResponse(resp *http.Response) (LedgerDigestUploadsClientListByDatabaseResponse, error) {
	result := LedgerDigestUploadsClientListByDatabaseResponse{}
	if err := runtime.UnmarshalAsJSON(resp, &result.LedgerDigestUploadsListResult); err != nil {
		return LedgerDigestUploadsClientListByDatabaseResponse{}, err
	}
	return result, nil
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Now it occurred about eight days after these sayings, taking along Peter and John and James also, that He ascended into the mountain to pray.
I was in the city of Joppa, praying; and I perceived, in an ecstasy, a VISION, a certain utensil descending, as a large sheet with four edges, being let down out of heaven; and it came as far as me.
And, coming out, he followed him. And he had not perceived that what is occurring by means of the messenger is true, yet he seemed to be observing a VISION.
Peter thought he saw a vision, but it was reality. What, however, he had experienced on the high mountain with James and John, was not reality, but only a vision.


text:
Spc. Frank K. Rivers Jr.
Hometown: Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
Died: April 14, 2004 in Operation Iraqi Freedom.
Unit: 3rd Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division (Stryker Brigade Combat Team), Fort Lewis, Wash.
Soldier father buries a soldier son at Newark service
NEWARK, N.J. — An Army specialist who died during training in Iraq was remembered as a hero during an emotional memorial service in New Jersey.
"I know he served in the military and he served very well. I'm so proud of him. I would have been proud of him no matter which way he went," said Frank K. Rivers Sr., who bid goodbye to his son, Frank Jr., Friday during the service at Trinity Temple Seventh Day Adventists Church.
The younger Rivers died April 14 in Mosul, Iraq, after collapsing during a training exercise. His death continues to be investigated by the Army.
The 23-year-old was sent to Iraq in November as a member of the 334th Signal Company, a unit of the 2nd Infantry Division's Stryker Brigade Combat Team.
Rivers was posthumously awarded a Bronze Star, which the Army previously gave to his father.
"Specialist Frank Rivers Jr. is an American hero. Today, we will present this star to the hero's hero. You all recognize that Frank Jr.'s hero is Frank Sr.," Maj. Gen. William H. Russ told the crowd of 150, which then rose to applaud the fallen soldier's father.
The younger Rivers was born at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington when his father was stationed at Fort Meade, Md.
Rivers' family moved to Newark when he was 4. He attended high school first in East Orange, then in Woodbridge, Va., where his father sent him to live with an aunt to help him escape distractions that pulled down his grades.
Upon graduation, Rivers joined the Army to follow in his father's footsteps. A younger brother, Lemar, is also in the Army, stationed in Germany.


From the rugged foothills of the Sierra Mountains comes fruit and fare that's elegant and inspired. They'll love the Succulent D'Anjou Pears, Crisp Fuji Apples, Fresh Satsuma Mandarin Oranges, Fiscalini® Farmstead Cheddar,Vella Mezzo Secco Dry Jack Cheese, Olive Oil Crackers, Bakery-fresh Baklava, Earth & Vine® Provisions Apple Cranberry Pear Chutney, Columbus® Dry Salame and much more. And it all arrives, lovingly handpicked and hand-packed, in this hand-woven fabric lined willow and rope gift basket.
Easy to share, this delectable gift arrives orchard-fresh, ripe and ready to eat!
From the rugged foothills of the Sierra Mountains comes fruit and fare that's elegant and inspired. They'll love the Succulent D'Anjou Pears, Crisp Fuji Apples, Fresh Satsuma Mandarin Oranges, Fiscalini® Farmstead Cheddar,Vella Mezzo Secco Dry Jack Cheese, Olive Oil Crackers, Bakery-fresh Baklava, Earth & Vine® Provisions Apple Cranberry Pear Chutney, Columbus® Dry Salame and much more. And it all arrives, lovingly handpicked and hand-packed, in this hand-woven lined willow and rope gift basket.


What a wonderful event!! Nathalie Choquart and Nassim Daghighian organised this book signing at the Musée de l'Elysée Bookshop with four artists: Graziella Antonini, Delphine Burtin, Olivier Lovey and Brigitte Lustenberger. Antonini, Lovey and Lustenberger presented their editions published by NEAR und Till Schaap Edition, Burtin presented her limited edition artist book.


text:
Q: Why $\int_0^{2\pi} \frac{dx}{2-\sin x}=0$? Of course this is not true, because the integrand is always greater than zero. However, when using Mathematica to do an indefinite integral of the general form
$$
\int\frac{dx}{\xi-\sin x} = -\frac{2\arctan\left[\frac{1-\xi\tan\frac{x}{2}}{\sqrt{\xi^2-1}}\right]}{\sqrt{\xi^2-1}}
$$
Now if you plug into the limit in the result, i.e. $0$ to $2\pi$, the result is zero. What's wrong with this argument? I must miss something very basic...
I don't need another way to do the integral, just need someone tell me why this doesn't work...

A: The $\arctan$ function is multi-valued. When it appears in formulae for indefinite integrals you have to be careful when using it to calculate definite integrals, since in practice you use the principal branch ${\rm Arctan} : {\Bbb R} \cup {\infty}\to (-\pi/2,\pi/2]$ to evaluate the expression.
Let me illustrate by a simplified example:
$$ x = \int dx = 2\arctan(\tan(x/2)).$$
Again, calculating $\int_0^{2\pi} dx = 2\pi$ leads to the same paradoxe as yours if you evaluate using ${\rm Arctan}$ on the RHS. To solve the paradoxe note that there is a constant of integration which was omitted in the formula. You may change this constant when $\tan$ goes through a singularity $x=(2k+1)\pi$, $k\in {\Bbb Z}$ so as to make the result a continuous function.
Thus for my integral, if I want a continuous indefinite integral I should split ${\Bbb R}$ into intervals between these singularities:
$$ x =\int dx = 2{\rm Arctan} (\tan(x/2)) +  2\pi k,  \ \ \ \ \ \ {\rm when } \ \ x\in  \left((2k-1) \pi, (2k+1) \pi\right], k\in {\Bbb Z}.$$
which now is continuous and an identity for all $x\in {\Bbb R}$.
A drawback is, of course, that the formula becomes somewhat indigestible to read.

A: As Olivier Diaz has pointed out rightly in the comments, there is a problem with the domain. And, also the period of the function is $2 \pi$ and hence the limits can be shifted.
Link for the graphs : https://www.desmos.com/calculator/dd6azsbkak

Note that the antiderivative you provided is wrong.
It is $$\dfrac{2\arctan\left(\frac{2\tan\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)-1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)}{\sqrt{3}}$$
You missed the $\sqrt{3}$
Anyways as we can see from the graph there is a discontinuity at $x= \pi$
Also note that the function is changing its signs. If you wanted to simply substitute limits it wouldn't work. It is similar to the case of $$\int_{-1} ^{1} |x|^3dx$$ where you need to resolve the limits for antiderivative $>0$ and $<0$
If we directly substitute limits we find that the integral is zero.
There is a difference between calculating area under a curve and value of definite integral
Thus we need to substitute limits from $0$ to $\pi$ first and then $\pi$ to $2\pi$. that would give the required answer. Also be careful about taking limit at $x=\pi$.
The explanation relating to $\int |x|^3dx$ is just a partial explanation. The actual discrepancy occurs due to the domain of $\tan^{-1}x$ only. Just integrate by breaking into two parts.

A: Open Image here
Hi, pls find the answer in the attached image. The answer should also yield 2π/sqrt(3) which is the same as mjw answer.
Please upvote if you find it useful

A: One popular method to find this integral is to let $z=e^{ix}$, so that
$\sin x = \frac{z+z^{-1}}{2i}$ and $\frac{dz}{iz} = dx.$
$$I=\int_0^{2\pi} \frac{dx}{2-\sin x} = \oint_C \frac{ \frac{dz}{iz}}{2-\frac{z-z^{-1}}{2i}}= -2\oint_C \frac{dz}{z^2-4iz-1}$$ where $C$ is the unit circle traversed counterclockwise.
$$I = -2 \oint \frac{dz}{(z-r_1)(z-r_2)}$$ where $r_1=i(2-\sqrt{3})$ and $r_2 = i(2+\sqrt{3})$.  The root $r_1$ is inside the circle and $r_2$ is outside.
We have $$I = -2\cdot (2\pi i)\cdot \text{Res}_{z=r_1} \, \frac{1}{(z-r_1)(z-r_2)}=- \frac{4 \pi i }{r_1-r_2} = \frac{2\pi  }{\sqrt{3}}.$$


Lovely sketch and lovely samples!!! I'll be doing this one for sure!
Great sketch and lovely cards by the designers.
This is a fabulous sketch--LOVE it! I had to play along even though the linky is closed. Thank your for the wonderful inspiraton from the DT. Here's my card!


text:
Q: Duplicates allowed when constructing HashSet with List parameter? I am holding two lists in my program - one master list and another temporary list which is constantly being updated. Every so often, the temporary list flushes into the master list.
The master list is HashSet (for no-duplicates) and the temporary list is List (for indexing capability). I flush the latter into the former by calling
HashSet<T>.UnionWith(List<T>)

In my testing, I find that duplicates make their way into the list, yet I thought this wasn't possible in a HashSet. Can someone please confirm/correct this? I haven't been able to find it in MSDN.

A: It isn't possible if your type overrides GetHashCode() and Equals() correctly. My guess is that your type hasn't done this properly. (Or your hash set has been created with a custom equality comparer which doesn't do what you want.)
If you believe that's not the case, please post the code :)
But yes, it really will prevents duplicates when used normally.

A:
List (for indexing capability).

You'd want a dictionary for indexing.
On that note though, here's a very simple program that illustrates your problem:
class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        int totalCats = 0;
        HashSet<Cat> allCats = new HashSet<Cat>();
        List<Cat> tempCats = new List<Cat>();

        //put 10 cats in
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
        {
            tempCats.Add(new Cat(i));
            totalCats += 1;
        }

        //add the cats to the final hashset & empty the temp list
        allCats.UnionWith(tempCats);
        tempCats = new List<Cat>();

        //create 10 identical cats
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
        {
            tempCats.Add(new Cat(i));
            totalCats += 1;
        }

        //join them again
        allCats.UnionWith(tempCats);
        //print the result
        Console.WriteLine("Total cats: " + totalCats);
        foreach (Cat curCat in allCats)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(curCat.CatNumber);
        }
    }
}

public class Cat
{
    public int CatNumber { get; set; }
    public Cat(int catNum)
    {
        CatNumber = catNum;
    }
}

Your problem is that you aren't overriding GetHashCode() and Equals(). You need to have both for the hash set to stay unique.
This will work, however the GetHashCode() function should be much more robust. I'd recommend reading up how .NET does it:
class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        int totalCats = 0;
        HashSet<Cat> allCats = new HashSet<Cat>();
        List<Cat> tempCats = new List<Cat>();

        //put 10 cats in
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
        {
            tempCats.Add(new Cat(i));
            totalCats += 1;
        }

        //add the cats to the final hashset & empty the temp list
        allCats.UnionWith(tempCats);
        tempCats = new List<Cat>();

        //create 10 identical cats
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
        {
            tempCats.Add(new Cat(i));
            totalCats += 1;
        }

        //join them again
        allCats.UnionWith(tempCats);
        //print the result
        Console.WriteLine("Total cats: " + totalCats);
        foreach (Cat curCat in allCats)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(curCat.CatNumber);
        }
        Console.ReadKey();
    }
}

public class Cat
{
    public int CatNumber { get; set; }
    public Cat(int catNum)
    {
        CatNumber = catNum;
    }

    public override int GetHashCode()
    {
        return CatNumber;
    }

    public override bool Equals(object obj)
    {
        if (obj is Cat)
        {
            return ((Cat)obj).CatNumber == CatNumber;
        }
        return false;
    }
}


text:
Kościół Matki Bożej Nieustającej Pomocy – rzymskokatolicki kościół parafialny należący do parafii pod tym samym wezwaniem (dekanat Wałcz, diecezji koszalińsko-kołobrzeskiej, metropolii szczecińsko-kamieńskiej).

Architektura
Jest to świątynia poewangelicka wybudowana w 1868 roku, murowana, posiada ceglane elewacje, wzniesiona została na planie prostokąta z trójbocznie zamkniętym prezbiterium, z przodu znajduje się wieża zwieńczona wysokim dachem wieżowym.

Do wyposażenia kościoła pochodzącego z XIX wieku należą m.in. chrzcielnica, dwie pasyjki, feretron.

Architektura świątyni zainspirowana jest popularnymi w XIX stuleciu formami stylów: neogotyckiego i neoromańskiego.

Przypisy

Świątynie pod wezwaniem Matki Bożej Nieustającej Pomocy
Zabytkowe kościoły w powiecie pilskim
Dawne kościoły protestanckie w województwie wielkopolskim
Obiekty sakralne w gminie Szydłowo (województwo wielkopolskie)
Architektura neogotycka w województwie wielkopolskim
Kościoły w diecezji koszalińsko-kołobrzeskiej
Szydłowo (powiat pilski)
Budynki w Polsce oddane do użytku w 1868

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Birthday greetings to the love of my heart, Dale Yearwood, of Georgetown, who will be celebrating on Sunday, 15th February. Greetings are coming from your girlfriend Ozzanie, your lil princess Dezanie, sister Cynthia and the rest of the family circle. We all wish you an enjoyable day. Love ya, babes.


text:
Pilot Season
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Sharkatefonz
S02.E05: XIII
Sharkatefonz replied to maraleia's topic in Black Sails [V]
I can't wait to see Flint's reaction to Billy. Toby Stephens is fascinating to watch. I'm wondering if we'll know without a doubt if he threw him overboard or not, just from the look on Flint's face. I can't help but keep running over it again and again all that happened tonight. Such a great show.
It's annoying that a great story is getting overlooked in some areas by homophobia. Their loss. FWIW, I think Miranda looked disappointed when Thomas kissed James. To me, it seems as though up until that moment James was all hers. She than shared him with Thomas. She declares to loving them both and I believe that to be true. I think Thomas was gay and Flint until Thomas made the first move, had not considered loving a man romantically. I'm of the belief though, that Flint's actions in the love scene with Barlowe last year could be due to him being angry at her, and feeling that her depth of love for Thomas outweighed her affection for him. Her reading from the book she shared with Thomas and her eyes being closed during that scene. She never looked at Flint. Just because her husband was gay, it didn't prevent her from being in love with him. Perhaps if things didn't unfold so badly, she'd still have Thomas even though she loved them both. Had to add that even if Flint loved Thomas, it doesn't prevent (IMO) Flint from being jealous of her affections for Thomas so many years later. Another layer of regret/jealousy- the scene Miranda with the book. She could be so sad that Thomas is taking her lover, but I think she was upset because James was the one true love to Thomas and not her. In a perfect world I think she'd have preferred Thomas could love her that way, and she does also love James. The part that I keep trying to figure out is does she or even CAN she love them both as deeply or truly? Or does her love for one outweigh the love she has for the other? As for Flint-I think he loves them both, he's heartbroken over Thomas and perhaps wonders as to whether Miranda could ever love him as deeply as she did Thomas. The way he looked at her when he brought her back the book that first time in season 1. That's a quiet, sincere kindness, that little something extra you do for someone you love, IMO. And he did it again, even after all the hell he went through at sea this time. Relationships are very complex and I applaud them for showing the shades. Not just one choice or level of emotions. Tonight's opening scene demonstrates it so well IMO. Anne was ok with all three being involved, but she didn't want to be the one on the outside; the third. I think it's opening a fascinating discussion on polyamory. One of the challenges is in all parties being accepting of their role in the relationship. For some it's more complicated, and fall out results. Sorry for being so OT. Such a thought provoking episode.
Neurochick, absolutely love your last comment. I think a great internal theme of Black Sails is about sexual and emotional fluidity. Not being put into a pretty little box, and owning who we are as people, free of repression and shame. Each of the characters have varying levels of scars, repression, anger, resentment and shame. A group of outcasts. Of course they are all drawn to this place where they can be themselves. After tonight it is so much more poignant to me. My all time favorite Flint scene is episode 7, when he grates out 'it's an intolerable sacrifice, to apologize to England'. No wonder with how he was treated. Berated for who he is, at his core as a man, when all he wanted was what was truly right. On another note: I'm wondering if Flint was looking at Billy the day of the boat rising was because he reminded him of someone. Yes, I mean that other blonde and noble fellow. Which again makes me think he didn't push Billy. Do we know just how much was in that letter yet? The Flint story is always my go to over all, but each of these characters represent so well, relatable stories of anguish. Wow! Such a great show. Amazing insult the writers wrote for Eleanor to say to her bum of a father. 'Paraphrasing' About coming from him, and always expecting that stench when he darkens her door. He did deserve that for openly admitting he ditched her in a war zone because she wasn't a son. Anybody else think Max knew those particular men had resentments toward Anne, and was waiting to use that and the exchange with Jack at the beginning, to her advantage?
I know no one is gonna believe this, but I thought it, I kept thinking it might be...and then I freaking SAID IT! I knew it! And yes, I did totally jump out of my chair! Still screaming and my brain is exploding!
S02.E04: XII
Glad you brought this up Garnett7: 'I think he wants to seat himself as the big man at the table and Vane has to go before he can get to that spot. Eleanor, too, if she doesn't watch her back.' I have a bad feeling that we're seeing Eleanor so scattered because she is going to be the big death this year, and possibly by Flint's hand. No proof, no spoiler info just a niggling feeling, after seeing so much Barlowe now, and the season 2 trailer showing Barlowe talking to Flint where she says they've come too far and also talks about really being a partner w him in running the island. Barlowe's not going to be any leader with Eleanor around so... I don't think she'd have any problem taking Eleanor's place.
So true ganesh, about fear equalling respect on Nassau. Silver's monologue to her, the night she assembled the men to kill the crew members, expressed how much power she would hold. But the fallout and riot she faced shook her. Now with someone like Lowe threatening her and the absence of her true father figure (Mr Scott) she's making mistakes. Add to that, IMO how she looked up to Flint as a heroic figure and ally, but now isn't sure he is who she thought. Things are spinning for her because she's discovering such a huge grey area. After seeing how tortured Flint is over what the people think of him, I would like to see the parallel of Eleanor's reaction to what the people think of her.
WatchrTina, great thoughts on Abigail! I think father and daughter might not be so close after all, and she either feels it's best to just tell the pirate he'll get paid, or as you said, he'll pay out of duty. I've wondered just how she was sedated. Drug use sounds possible, because I was curious how in all of that commotion we see her already unconscious. It of course could've been time lapse for drama, but seemed odd to me that we didn't hear her fighting back or just a scream or anything. I liked her answer about Lowe losing his head- 'Good.' For a moment I thought that was a scene to ultimately connect her to Vane, but again this show keeps me guessing. As for Flint's real motives---DAMN!! That might be true. He might really have been motivated by his emotions surrounding Lady Hamilton all along. I'm also wary of Lord Ashe and Flint's history. I have a bad feeling he was the person who discovered the affair and won't much care for dealing with Flint now. dohe, I'm glad you brought up Max again. I think the line that made me feel it was business was how she said that Anne had a conflict inside of her and Max almost had it resolved (paraphrasing) until Jack came in the room and started to compete. I just feel it's to gain control of the brothel because Jack right now is the owner with Anne. I believe Max is a partner as well, so if she breaks them up she can truly take over. I get the feeling from Anne's words of powerlessness where it concerns Max, that Max would be the one in control in their relationship, and ultimately controlling the business. I also have a bad feeling that she helped get Jack and Anne back on the seas because in their absence she'd be running the business. A lot happens in Nassau VERY quickly, when gone for a day on the seas. Or she might ask Anne to stay with her because she knows she's struggling with refusing her, which could drive a wedge between Jack and Anne. Her telling the prostitute (apologies for not remembering her name) all of the seduction tricks and secrets shared as we see Jack's face, made me wonder about the part about being locked in a closet. Will that be addressed later? Maybe it's Max's history, or it was Anne's, and she's letting him know in that moment all that Anne has told her already. The fact that she wants to break them apart has me disappointed in her character right now, but JPK is a wonderful actress. As for Jack, I'm not so sure he'd take other women with Anne around. I remember that holy rollin' fit she had last season when Jack was in the tub, screaming that she believed he'd slept with Max. Which IMO was jealousy more so because of her buried feelings for Max. In this episode, I thought Max said 'new recruits', and Jack was drinking with them with one of the brothel girls on his lap more so to keep the men interested in paying for time with the ladies. I took it as part of the technique. One gal sits on Jack's lap, the others come over and interest the men, and then perhaps they pay for some privacy. That's the most interesting thing about Max and Jack for me. Each seems to anticipate the challenge of dealing with one another, but they might have underestimated Anne in all of this. Have I said how much I love this show?
This episode showcased perfectly why Toby Stephens is perfect in this role. The lighter, more idealistic (if somewhat cynical even then) McGraw, who believed in Lord Thomas. He admired him and called him friend. Cut to the present, desperate, determined, possibly regretful 'Flint' who looks tortured by how he is perceived. It's a remarkable thing to watch. This week as each before leaves me analyzing people's motivations and that too is a great feeling when watching a show. I can't just guess what's going to be the end result. Vane making Abigail write the ransom note: Possibilities IMO, to keep her in line, fully realizing the gravity of her situation. Written in her own hand serves as a form of proof to any that recognize her handwriting (unless she is going with the men delivering the message-I have to rewatch that scene). Perhaps he can't read or write, or he'd rather use that assumption to his advantage; make others underestimate his intelligence to outsmart them in the long run. Eleanor will constantly struggle and always run the risk of being someone's enemy because she's simply never going to please everyone. She's trying to lead in an already uncivilized place and I think it's realistic to see her flounder when being pulled in so many directions. She also doesn't seem to want to betray Flint or Vane, but she will have to pick a direction. With her rancid father involved now, I think she's going to gain a lot of enemies. I actually like Eleanor and the way she looked up to Flint, so I worry that she might not make it through this transition. The conversation between Max and Jack and the way she coached the other young prostitute showed her to be quite cold and calculating, IMO. Tonight it left me feeling as though she really doesn't care for Anne, but wanted to win favor and push Jack out of the brothel, but Anne sounds like she is trying to guard herself. I honestly can't say I know who will be the odd man out in this scenario, but maybe Jack will come across Mary Read and introduce her to Anne and Max will have to move on. Glad Billy is FINALLY back and I can't wait to hear how he went into the sea and just how he made it back to Nassau. Silver is definitely hiding Billy away because he believes Flint tossed him overboard. Right now he's hiding him to keep him from talking, but I bet he's also preparing to use Billy to help hang Flint if necessary. He's always got an angle. I loved all the plotting, the conversations and the performances. I can't wait for next week.
Episode Discussion: TFGH
Sharkatefonz replied to GHScorpiosRule's topic in General Hospital
I've caught up with this board more than the show for quite a long while, and made the mistake of actually using some downtime to watch. So Sonny the reprehensible mobster extraordinaire is going to be town savior and forgiven (and by extension, Carly the overbearing mother of the year) by Michael. Excuse me while I bleach my eyes and ears out. Or I'll try that nifty spork idea Oncesane mentioned. What a gag inducing waste of time. I'll continue to read the board for entertainment.
102.7k replies
S02.E02: X
Hot DAMN!!! Meeks, dude we hardly knew you. That was brutal. I too loathe all about Lowe and his equally psychotic crew. The theme of this episode for me was all about schemes. Jack tried to beat Max at her own game by being an accepting third party, or accepting of Max as a third, but I do think she'd prefer to usurp him. That might backfire on her a bit, but I'm not sure who will win out in the long run. Vane saw the brutality before him but didn't intervene. Not that it would be so smart or beneficial to his own well being at that moment, to get in the fray (I'm not sure how many of his men were around to back up Vane) but it certainly worked to his advantage to let Eleanor dangle. I don't feel bad for Dufresne because he and Degroot even talked about what Flint said and yet they still chose to endanger their men, because they wanted to prove their power. I thought Dufresne was arrogant and passing the buck on his own responsibility in what happened. Flint used his brain again, banking on Dufresne going against him and not being prepared to act appropriately. He couldn't know for fact that their men would die, or that they'd even fail in their pursuit. He used Dufresne freezing to his advantage, and the men were the ones who chose to vote Flint back in, even after everything else they already blamed him for. Flint and Silver are made of all things awesome. Billy Bones!!! Another great episode. And I always love me some Randall!
S02.E01: IX
Many thanks ;-)
I'm still not certain how to properly quote others when replying, as I'm using a tablet. My last post included quotes from other posters and I wouldn't want anyone to think I was using their words as my own. I'll try to edit my early post upthread. Apologies for any confusion.
'On the other hand Vane seems clearly to have been sexually molested as a child and been scarred by it -- that's the vibe I get from his encounter with the big, bald pirate he killed after rising from the grave. ' God that guy was so creepy and disgusting. I had that vibe too, and very glad Vane defeated him. That was a character that I was glad to see short lived. Very thoughtful post, thank you. 'There's a sad reason for that- Jannes Eiselen, the original Dufrense, suffered a recurrence of brain cancer in late 2013, right before season 2 began filming and had to leave. ' That's heartbreaking. **Edited because proper quote function seems to be misbehaving on my tablet. Apologies for any confusion**
Welcome back show! I'm still dancing a jig, and rewatched throughout the evening. Glued to my seat the first time, and laughed out loud at the Flint/Silver interactions. Second time around I just enjoyed the hell out of their scenes, and enjoyed much of Hannah New's delivery in her scenes. I enjoyed how each flashback served a purpose at different points in Flint's own introspection. He's looking back at those turning points and we're being shown the differences in him, rather than just told. It didn't come across as heavy handed when Thomas mentioned Flint's meager upbringing, or him giving his former last name to Mrs Hamilton. I also loved her dialogue. Right from the start I believe she was drawing him in, and even then she was wistful for another lost time. The way she 'envied' what it felt like first meeting her husband. It already sounded like she was missing something in her marriage. The early cracks that brought her to Flint. I still believe she was the one who orchestrated what happened between them, and Flint will start to see that in hindsight. There is no turning back for him, and he knows it. He's world weary and even if he has regrets or has moments of remorse, it's just too late and he has to desperately continue to move forward or perish. Count me in to the 'dont like Dufresne' Club. He's a little too high and mighty for someone who considered killing Randall, along with Degroot and that other crew member who all wanted to silence Randall and keep the plan in motion last season. And his actions were ignorant and dangerous while preparing to cripple the ship before she brought around her broad side. Not saying they definitely would have succeeded, but he is no captain, and certainly without a clear vision. Flint had reason to be angry with him for his part in their shipwreck as well. It looks like the preview is showing his limitations next week, getting Flint another opening at Captain. That's why I enjoy it all so much. Each of them has flaws and schemes. They are pirates after all. Ned Lowe is awful and disgusting as he should be, but his character shouldn't take over the whole show. We'll see if that happens. I'm hoping more for him being the outsider to bring old foes Vane and Flint together as unlikely allies for a short time. Vane had a good scene with Eleanor, and again we see who will turn on who and for what price. Max again becomes part of throwing a wrench into things and affecting the course of events. Most notably, Lowe's young captive, and just who she will be used as a bargaining chip to control. I too disliked her selling to Lowe out from under Eleanor, because I think she did it because she could and not for any more useful or sensible reason. She reacted in the moment and didn't think beyond getting a jab in at Eleanor. As for her going to Bonny , I don't see real feelings on her part yet, beyond seducing Bonny to get what she wants. Right now it's to win favor because she sees how attracted Bonny is and she'll use that. I also think it's not cool that she did that to Jack after he was pleading her case to Bonny. I could be wrong, but I think her deeper feelings will be with Max and Jack will be the outsider. If I do have one gripe though it would be to agree with those who mentioned the obvious bisexual females and lacking in any male/male relations. Maybe this year will be different, but I'm expecting true love for Max and Bonny, and the only male interaction I'm not sure of at this point. If this season remains this good, I really hope they get some awards recognition beyond make up or sets.
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Bringing together honest, smart, kind-of-weird-in-the-best-way and just generally-killing-it-in-life women to optimize each other's badassery.
Kim Leung
Software Engineer @
Kim Leung is on a never-ending journey to build new things while also showing others that they can do it, too. He is currently a Devops and Site Reliability engineer at Contently, a content marketing platform that connects clients with thousands of freelance writers, videographers, illustrators and other creatives. His day-to-day consists of telling servers when to turn on and off, monitoring colorful charts that hopefully always stay a flat line and empowering other engineers with tools to succeed and build more efficiently.
Born in Hong Kong and raised in Boston, Kim tried to be a million other things before becoming an engineer. Moving to New York with dreams of being an actor, he eventually graduated from NYU in Mathematics and enrolled in grad school for Philosophy. After spending a summer at Fullstack Academy, a NYC based coding bootcamp, Kim decided to drop out of his grad program to pursue engineering.
He is now a mentor to coding bootcamp grads, giving them the resources to navigate the difficult terrain of changing careers, feeling imposter syndrome or starting your first engineering job. He is also an advocate for equalizing the gender gap in tech because he believes at the status quo, the industry is only reaching 50% of its full potential.
In his free time, you can find him at tech meetups around the city, AWS loft, THINK coffee on 4th ave, Crunch gym or other fitness studios in the city.
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As a speaker, Kim's expertise includes:
Industries: media, tech, social impact, health & wellness
Topics: engineering, product, mentorship, equality in tech
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