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Descendants of Mesias (Cyrus) Hall
Third Generation
76. Wilborn W. Hall (Richard , Mesias (Cyrus) ) was born on 17 Oct 1848 in Pike County, Kentucky. He died on 23 Feb 1886 in Pike County, Kentucky. He was buried in Frank Tackett Cemetery, Pike County, Kentucky.
Wilborn married (1) Rachel Osborne daughter of Hiram Grancer "Grand Sire" Osborne and Nancy Mullins on 23 Aug 1865 in Pike County, Kentucky. Rachel was born on 7 Sep 1840 in Pike County, Kentucky. She died on 18 Nov 1926 in Pike County, Kentucky. She was buried in Frank Tackett Cemetery, Pike County, Kentucky.
472 F i Rosie Hall was born in 1867.
Rosie married Wid Elliott.
473 F ii Arminia Hall was born on 14 Sep 1869. She died on 17 Mar 1937. She was buried in Riddle Cemetery, Virgie, Pike, Kentucky.
Arminia married Jefferson F. Riddle. Jefferson was born on 12 Apr 1868. He died on 19 Oct 1904. [Notes]
+ 474 F iii Nancy Jane Hall was born on 5 Oct 1871. She died on 2 Dec 1958.
+ 475 M iv Willard Hall was born on 17 Nov 1873. He died on 24 Nov 1962.
476 F v Sarah Belle Hall was born on 4 Mar 1876.
Sarah married Wash Elliott.
+ 477 F vi Lourena Hall was born on 25 Feb 1879. She died on 28 Mar 1961.
Wilborn married (2) Margaret "Peggy" Hall "Peggy" daughter of Riley W. Hall and Janet Cook. Margaret was born in 1843 in Taylor County, Kentucky.
Wilborn and Margaret had the following children:
+ 478 M vii Monroe (twin) Hall was born on 14 Feb 1883. He died on 18 Dec 1949.
479 M viii Pharoah (twin) Hall was born on 14 Feb 1883 in Floyd County, Kentucky. [Notes]
Wilborn married (3) Catherine Turner.
480 F ix Martha Hall.
Martha married Harland Mullins.
77. George Washington Hall (Richard , Mesias (Cyrus) ) was born on 22 Sep 1852 in Pike County, Kentucky. He died on 1 Jan 1947 in Triplett, Rowan, Kentucky.
George married (1) Elizabeth Tackett daughter of Abel Tackett and Rebecca Elizabeth Caudill on 20 Oct 1870 in Pike County, Kentucky. Elizabeth was born on 5 Dec 1855 in Pike County, Kentucky. She died on 5 Jan 1885 in Long Fork, Shelby Creek, Virgiie, Pike, Kentucky.
+ 481 M i Wilburn W. Hall was born on 5 Aug 1871. He died on 18 Jun 1949.
+ 482 F ii Frances L. Hall was born on 15 Jan 1873. She died on 13 Feb 1958.
483 M iii Abel R. Hall was born in 1877 in Pike County, Kentucky. He died on 3 Aug 1945 in Rowan County, Kentucky. He was buried in Cranston Cemetery, Cranston, Rowan, Kentucky.
Abel married Sarah Chambers.
484 M iv Isaac Grey Hall was born in 1879 in Pike County, Kentucky.
George married (2) Mary Alice Osborne daughter of Shadrack "Shade" Osborne and Martha Elizabeth "Betty" Robinson on 27 Nov 1882 in Pike County, Kentucky. Mary was born about 1857. She died on 2 Mar 1918. She was buried in Cranston, Rowan, Kentucky.
485 F v Alma Hall.
+ 486 M vi Allard Hall was born on 1 Sep 1883. He died on 14 Sep 1975.
+ 487 M vii Alney Hall was born on 17 Apr 1886. He died on 29 Apr 1965.
488 M viii Hatler Hall was born on 3 Jul 1888.
Hatler married Nancy Burton.
+ 489 M ix Dennis C. Hall was born on 9 Jun 1890. He died in Oct 1971.
490 M x Leland Burnie Hall was born on 19 Sep 1892 in Clothier, Boone, West Virginia.
Leland married Jewel Lewis.
+ 491 F xi Fannie Mae Hall was born on 28 Sep 1894.
492 F xii Minnie Grace Hall was born on 11 Oct 1896 in Hewett, Boone, West Virginia. She died in Jan 1976 in Temple City, Los Angeles, California. [Notes]
Minnie married Albert Hall.
78. Armina Hall (Richard , Mesias (Cyrus) ) was born in 1855 in Pike County, Kentucky. She died on 27 Dec 1886. She was buried in Frank Tackett Cemetery, Pike County, Kentucky.
Armina married Alamander Osborne son of Shadrack "Shade" Osborne and Martha Elizabeth "Betty" Robinson on 30 Aug 1871 in Shelby Creek, Pike, Kentucky. Alamander was born in 1851 in Pike County, Kentucky. He died on 24 Jun 1921 in Logan County, West Virginia. He was buried in Mullins Cemetery, Blair, Logan, West Virginia.
+ 493 F i Meribah Osborne was born on 9 Jul 1872. She died on 1 Jul 1910.
494 M ii William Osborne was born on 9 Jan 1874 in Virgie, Pike, Kentucky. He died on 16 Apr 1955 in Charleston, Kanawha, West Virginia. The cause of death was BRONCHOPNEUMONIA/PROSTATE CANCER. He was buried in Cunningham Memorial Park, Saint Albans, Kanawha, West Virginia.
William married Josephine Workman daughter of John L. Workman and Harriett L. White. Josephine was born on 7 Mar 1879 in West Virginia. She died on 3 May 1949 in Charleston, Kanawha, West Virginia. She was buried in Cunningham Memorial Park, Saint Albans, Kanawha, West Virginia.
495 M iii Shady Osborne was born on 7 Oct 1876. He died on 9 Sep 1877. He was buried in Frank Tackett Cemetery, Pike County, Kentucky. [Notes]
496 F iv Beverly C. "Bev" Osborne "Bev" was born on 9 Aug 1877. She died on 9 Apr 1918. She was buried in Mullins Cemetery, Blair, Logan, West Virginia.
497 F v Louisa J. Osborne was born on 1 Oct 1879 in Virgie, Pike, Kentucky. She died on 13 Oct 1935 in Madison, Boone, West Virginia. She was buried in Boone Memorial Park, Madison, Boone, West Virginia.
Louisa married Thomas Wriston Mullins son of James Mullins and Mary Ellen Perry. Thomas was born on 1 Mar 1878 in Logan County, West Virginia. He died on 6 Nov 1921 in Sovereign, Logan, West Virginia. He was buried in Mullins Cemetery, Blair, Logan, West Virginia.
+ 498 M vi David S. Osborne was born on 25 Dec 1882. He died on 6 Mar 1941.
79. Nancy Hall (Elijah , Mesias (Cyrus) ) was born in Mar 1833 in Floyd County, Kentucky. She died on 13 Jan 1888 in Floyd County, Kentucky. She was buried in Rice Cemetery, Dana, Floyd, Kentucky.
Nancy married Levi Akers son of David Daniel Akers and Elizabeth Collier on 26 Dec 1848 in Floyd County, Kentucky. Levi was born on 20 Jul 1823 in Floyd County, Kentucky. He died on 12 Apr 1899 in Floyd County, Kentucky. He was buried in Rice Cemetery, Dana, Floyd, Kentucky.
+ 499 F i Mary Jane Akers was born on 18 Dec 1849. She died on 4 Mar 1938.
+ 500 M ii William H. Akers was born on 20 Nov 1851. He died on 27 Dec 1925.
501 F iii Rhoda Akers was born in 1855 in Taylor County, Kentucky.
+ 502 M iv Elijah E. Akers was born in 1856. He died in 1933.
+ 503 M v Sylvester Caleb Akers was born on 15 May 1858. He died on 28 Apr 1927.
+ 504 F vi Margaret Catherine Akers was born on 21 Sep 1861. She died on 12 Mar 1945.
505 F vii Elizabeth Akers was born in 1863.
506 F viii Anna Elizabeth Akers was born on 25 Nov 1863.
+ 507 M ix David Akers was born on 1 Mar 1866. He died on 25 Apr 1945.
+ 508 M x James B. Akers was born on 15 Apr 1869.
+ 509 F xi Matilda Kate Akers was born on 2 Jul 1871. She died on 20 Dec 1964.
+ 510 M xii Kenis Akers was born on 28 Sep 1873. He died in 1964.
511 F xiii Cordelia Akers was born in 1875.
+ 512 F xiv Martha Ellen Akers was born on 18 Mar 1875. She died on 21 Jan 1961.
80. Arminta Hall (Elijah , Mesias (Cyrus) ) was born about 1835 in Virginia.
Arminta married Henry C. Watson. Henry was born about 1832 in Virginia.
+ 513 M i Elijah E. Watson was born in Mar 1854.
81. Mary Elizabeth Hall (Elijah , Mesias (Cyrus) ) was born in 1838 in Big Mud Creek, Floyd, Kentucky. She died in 1860 in Big Mud Creek, Floyd, Kentucky.
Mary married Lemuel G. Jones son of John Ray Jones and Satira Stanley on 17 Jul 1857 in Floyd County, Kentucky. Lemuel was born on 9 Mar 1838 in Floyd County, Kentucky. He died on 10 Mar 1920 in Big Mud Creek, Floyd, Kentucky.
514 F i Lovena C. Jones was born on 12 May 1858 in Big Mud Creek, Floyd, Kentucky.
+ 515 M ii Robert Jones was born on 27 Jan 1860.
82. Sylvester Hall (Elijah , Mesias (Cyrus) ) was born in 1841 in Floyd County, Kentucky.
Sylvester married Sarah Ellen "Sallie" Akers "Sallie" daughter of David Daniel Akers and Elizabeth Collier on 4 Mar 1860 in Floyd County, Kentucky. Sarah was born about 1839 in Taylor County, Kentucky.
+ 516 F i Martha Ellen Hall was born on 6 Feb 1861. She died on 22 May 1886.
+ 517 M ii John Hall was born about 1863.
+ 518 M iii Evan (Ivan) Hall was born on 8 Feb 1866. He died on 23 Dec 1947.
+ 519 F iv Mary Molly Hall was born in 1867.
+ 520 M v Ferninand C. "Ferdy" Hall was born in Feb 1870. He died on 25 Oct 1919.
+ 521 M vi Alexander Hall was born in 1871.
+ 522 M vii Joseph Hall was born on 1 Mar 1874. He died on 6 Aug 1962.
523 M viii Un-Named Infant Male Hall was born in 1877. He died in 1877.
524 M ix Elzie Lee Hall was born in 1878.
+ 525 M x Floyd M. Hall was born on 30 Apr 1878. He died on 25 May 1947.
83. Greenbury Hall (Elijah , Mesias (Cyrus) ) was born on 18 May 1841 in Floyd County, Kentucky. He died on 11 Feb 1882.
Greenbury married Florinda "Rina" Akers "Rina" daughter of David Daniel Akers and Elizabeth Collier. Florinda was born about 1837 in Floyd County, Kentucky. She died on 12 Jan 1921.
526 M i Thomas Hall.
527 M ii Henry C. Hall was born in Jul 1861.
528 M iii James Hall was born in Sep 1863.
529 M iv Kenas Hall was born in Sep 1863.
530 F v Margaret Elizabeth Hall was born on 4 Feb 1867 in Floyd County, Kentucky.
+ 531 M vi Henderson (Henry "Hint") Hall was born on 14 Nov 1868.
+ 532 M vii Ulysses Grant Hall was born in Dec 1871. He died on 9 May 1929.
+ 533 M viii Peyton Hall was born on 17 Nov 1874.
534 F ix Malinda Hall was born in 1876.
535 M x Milligan Kessie Hall was born on 23 Dec 1880 in Beaver, Floyd, Kentucky.
536 F xi Rosa Hall was born in Mar 1882.
Rosa married Malon Jones son of Robert Jones and Rebecca Estep. Malon was born in May 1880.
85. Mary Jane Hall (Elijah , Mesias (Cyrus) ) was born in Mar 1844 in Big Mud Creek, Floyd, Kentucky. She died after 1914 in Rowan County, Kentucky.
Mary married William Riley "Cody" Boyd "Cody" son of John Jackson Boyd and Nancy Woods on 21 Apr 1860 in Floyd County, Kentucky. William was born in Jul 1836 in Patrick County, Virginia. He died in 1902 in Rowan County, Kentucky.
537 M i James Malon Boyd was born in May 1864 in Floyd County, Kentucky. He died in 1936 in Antigo, Langlade, Wisconsin.
+ 538 M ii John Wesley Boyd was born on 9 Jun 1867. He died on 13 Sep 1931.
539 M iii William Farley Boyd was born in Jun 1870.
540 F iv Ada Boyd was born in 1871.
Ada married Felix Crisp.
541 M v Simon Boyd was born on 17 Jun 1872 in Rowan County, Kentucky. He died on 14 Feb 1920 in Rowan County, Kentucky.
542 F vi Minnie Nola Boyd was born in 1873 in Rowan County, Kentucky.
Minnie married Charles A. Callihan on 6 Nov 1887 in Greenup County, Kentucky.
543 M vii Andrew Jackson Boyd was born on 18 Mar 1878 in Rowan County, Kentucky. He died on 5 Jan 1961 in Ironton, Lawrence, Ohio.
+ 544 M viii Floyd Boyd was born on 17 Feb 1882. He died on 7 Jan 1971.
545 F ix Lillie Boyd was born on 5 Dec 1888 in Rowan County, Kentucky. She died in May 1979 in Ironton, Lawrence, Ohio.
86. Robert J. Hall (Elijah , Mesias (Cyrus) ) was born on 25 Oct 1848 in Floyd County, Kentucky. He died on 18 Jan 1930 in Floyd County, Kentucky.
Robert married (1) Martha Williams on 11 Aug 1870 in Floyd County, Kentucky. Martha was born on 11 Dec 1853 in Floyd County, Kentucky. She died on 3 Jul 1893 in Floyd County, Kentucky.
+ 546 M i Burley Hall was born on 7 Apr 1890. He died on 13 Mar 1955.
Robert married (2) Louisa Cecil on 15 Oct 1895 in Floyd County, Kentucky. Louisa was born on 20 Feb 1853 in Taylor County, Kentucky.
+ 547 M ii Emit J. Lee Hall was born on 23 Oct 1881. He died on 12 Nov 1918.
87. Mesias "Cyrus" (twin) Hall "Cyrus" (Elijah , Mesias (Cyrus) ) was born on 3 Apr 1854 in Floyd County, Kentucky. He died on 11 Apr 1882 in Banner, Floyd, Kentucky. He was buried in Hall Cemetery, Banner, Floyd, Kentucky.
Mesias married Phoebe Ellen Rice daughter of William S. Rice and Elizabeth Meade on 26 Oct 1871 in Floyd County, Kentucky. Phoebe was born on 10 May 1846 in Floyd County, Kentucky. She died on 20 Oct 1911 in Floyd County, Kentucky. She was buried in Hall Cemetery, Banner, Floyd, Kentucky.
+ 548 M i William Elijah Hall was born on 8 Jan 1872. He died on 2 Aug 1919.
549 M ii Andrew Hanmon Hall was born about 1874.
550 M iii Green B. "Greenberry" Hall "Greenberry" was born on 12 Jan 1878.
551 M iv James Melon Hall was born on 12 Jan 1878.
552 F v Margaret Hall was born in Sep 1879.
553 F vi Elizabeth "Lizzie Hall was born in Sep 1880.
+ 554 F vii Nancy E. Hall was born on 1 Jan 1881. She died on 25 Nov 1957.
+ 555 F viii Mary S. Hall was born on 2 Apr 1882. She died on 14 Aug 1911.
88. William (twin) Hall (Elijah , Mesias (Cyrus) ) was born on 3 Apr 1854 in Floyd County, Kentucky.
William married Emily Catherine "Emma" Akers "Emma" daughter of Daniel Akers and Arta Justice. Emily was born on 2 May 1852.
+ 556 M i Jerry Lee Hall was born on 3 Apr 1882. He died on 19 Feb 1954.


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Q: How to change svg color on Canvas - Fabricjs I'm creating an app with Fabricjs.
I have to add an SVG file to the canvas and change the color every time a Minicolors input changes.
I first made the browser display the SVG images as SVG codes like so:
$('img[src$=".svg"]').each(function(){
var $img = $(this),
    imgURL = $img.attr('src'),
    attributes = $img.prop('attributes');

$.get(imgURL, function(data) {
  // Get the SVG tag, ignore the rest
  var $svg = $(data).find('svg');
  // Remove any invalid XML tags as per http://validator.w3.org
  $svg = $svg.removeAttr('xmlns:a');
  // Make sure that every attribute was copied
  $.each(attributes, function() {
    $svg.attr(this.name, this.value);
  });
  // Replace image with new SVG
  $img.replaceWith($svg);
}, 'xml');
});

Then I loaded the SVG images from the DOM to the canvas when they get clicked on, like so:
$('#images').on('click', 'svg', function() {
  var serializer = new XMLSerializer(),
  svgStr = serializer.serializeToString(this);

  fabric.loadSVGFromString(svgStr,function(objects, options) {
    options.id = this.id;
    var obj = fabric.util.groupSVGElements(objects, options);

    canvas.add(obj);

    obj.scaleToHeight(127) // Scales it down to some small size
       .scaleToWidth(90)
       .center() // Centers it (no s**t, Sherlock)
       .setCoords();

    canvas.setActiveObject(obj).renderAll();
  });
});

Now for my next goal, how do I change the path color of the selected svg file?
My main guess would be to follow these steps:

*

*Save the left and top positions of the selected SVG

*Change the color of the SVG image in the DOM

*Remove the selected SVG object

*Replace it with the new SVG using the new color at the saved left and top positions

But I thought: "So I have to do all this every time a Minicolors input changes? Won't that be a performance issue later?"
Is there a better approach than this? Here's a JSFiddle that will get you started. Thanks.

A: Answer by Nick Rameau is not working with the latest version of the fabricjs.
In my case, I'm working with fabricjs 3.5.
In the latest version of the fabricjs, the paths attribute has been removed. The paths data has been added to the _objects property.
This is how, I got it working for me.
var obj = this.canvas.itemObj;
var color = '#ff00ff';

if (obj && obj._objects) {
  for (var i = 0; i < obj._objects.length; i++) {
    obj._objects[i].set({
      fill: color
    });
  }
}

A: When added to the canvas, the SVG object contains a property called "paths", which contains all the paths that build the image. So we do:
activeObject.paths.forEach(function(path) {path.fill = color});

But I wonder if it won't be a performance issue for huge SVG files (I won't get to that point, hopefully). Here's a working JSFiddle.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


SCCA & StartupWeek Sunshine Coast are joining forces for a Christmas party to finish off StartupWeek 2017. Taking over Chambers Island for art installations, projections, interactive displays, music, drinks and networking.
The 8th Annual General Meeting of Sunshine Coast Creative Alliance will be held: 5.30pm, Wednesday October 12, 2016 @ Spark Bureau. All members welcome to attend and we hope to see you there.
The already huge Maroochy Music & Visual Arts Festival (MMVAF) lineup gets even bigger by the day with a stack of exciting new music and visual artists.


A Global Youth Ambassador tells how he has launched computer science events for school students.
One of the most theatrical fields in Tunisia is the education system. It is memory-based learning and education is defined by how much you can memorise to pass your test.
Unfortunately, there are no activities or interests to use the creativity of students or increase their soft skills, which hugely affect their professional life later on and increase the unemployment rate in the country.
Most of the Tunisian high schools do not really cover extra activities because the education system doesn't make it mandatory - and that's a killer for the students' social life.
I am a young leader trying to boost the Tunisian education system. Since the 2011 revolution, many young leaders are being more involved in civil society and decision-making processes in Tunisia.
I am a Global Youth Ambassador campaigning for education and an education advocate with many international organisations. I have been working on implementing solutions to include activities and projects, which the Ministry of Education currently does not mention in its policies and has not done for years.
As a United Nations panelist focusing on Sustainable Development Goals and getting invited many times to the Social Good Summit, I believe that a quality education is an important way to create a sustainable development.
I launched a movement in Tunisia in 2017 called Lamma Events, which I created with my two computer science teachers, Anis Ammar and Wahbi Karoui, to target secondary and high schools students, help them to work on their social life and teach them how to learn new skills.
Lamma Events is a national act to support the rights of Tunisian students. Lamma Technologique - which translates as a which translates as a technological gathering - was an event we hosted this year, which changed the lives of 100 students.
At secondary schools, Tunisian students staying on for four years have a choice between following an academic or a technical track.
For the first two years, they stay with a common academic curriculum. After that, academic students may follow one of five specialisations, while others complete their final two years in a more vocational environment.
Last year I visited my high school, Marsa Riadh High School, where I graduated and received the National Baccalaureate Diploma in Computer Sciences. We organised a Lamma Technologique.
The event was attended by the whole school because the director allowed us to reserve a day for the event. One of the objectives was to orientate students and give them more information about the fields of computer science and technology to increase uptake of these courses but also to teach students coding.
The event was open to all students and they listened to speakers, attended workshops and took part in panel discussions with the Ministry of Education.
We made many partnerships between the government, the private sector and civil society. The event was in partnership with many local and international NGOs.
Afterwards, 100 students decided to choose computer science as a field of study while being accompanied and coached by the co-founders of Lamma Events, Anis Ammar and Wahbi Karoui. The organisations MentorsNations and Sciencia also decided to provide more workshops in order to help and motivate students in their careers.
The National Director of ِComputers Sciences Coordinators for Tunisian schools, Basma Tounsi, also attended the event to be a panelist. She answered questions and was engaged in discussion between the government, teachers and students.


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My careseeker says he'd like to pay me in cash for additional hours that I've clocked. Should I accept the cash payment?
Cash payment is not encouraged to ensure payments are traceable, to minimize any potential dispute. Coddle will not be able to intervene for any dispute on payment that are not traced on our platform.


Earlier doors and windows were used only for safety. But now, it's not the case. Now beautifully decorated doors and windows are a part of elegant interior decor. Preference is given to its shape, designing and architectural works also. Though it costs 10-15% more while making doors more beautiful, everyone is willing to afford that extra cost. Now not only wood, but certain substitutes are also readily available in market that is durable as well as less expensive, comparing wood. Scarcity of wood also asks people to go for alternatives. Through this article let me give you a few tips about wood and other substitutes for your interior.
Normal dimensions of a door are 210cm height X 100-120cm width X 3-4 cm thickness. If you are using doors with double panels, each panel should have at least 80-90 cm width. If a person needs to get inside the room freely, the door should have this dimension at least.
Two types of doors are used in construction of houses - giving a small step at the entry during construction and fitting door later or just an opening provided during construction process. Normally, in both cases doors are fitted at the later stage. In the first method, doors are stronger than the other method. If you have decided to fit door at the early stage itself, an elevation from ground should be given and it should be at least 3-5cm height. But today, most constructions choose the second method. That's the reason why such wooden steps are seen in old constructions only. Makes changes in plan is possible at any stage if you are choosing the second method for doors. Decisions can be made to choose materials for construction. Choose suitable bearings so that doors can be opened and closed without much difficulty.
Single panel, two and even four – you can design doors of any type. Old homes had doors with four panels. Though it gives more ventilation, single or two panel doors are best for main doors.
Many methods are used for the security of doors nowadays. Lens can be fitted on the other side of door, hiding from normal vision. By a single lock, it's now possible to lock the door at three places now, giving extra security to your home. Now cameras can be fitted also.
Among all woods, teak is most popular for doors. Never opt for two types of wood for a single door, as a colour change may occur. Now people are choosing PVC, fibre, glass, veneer and steel for constructing doors and windows. Except main entry, you can use such substitutes as they cost less. Also they are available readymade in market thus saving you a lot of time.
Normally bathroom doors are given 80cm width. But for senior citizens, it's better to give 90cm bathroom doors as you may need to assist them to bathroom. Also it's better for people who use wheel chair.
Earlier, only wood was used for making doors. But now, except front door we have wide options to choose while constructing homes. Such 'ready to use' doors are cheap, less maintenance cost and easy to fit. You just need to give measurement. Your favourite door with your favourite colour and pattern will reach your home. Less than one hour is needed to fit such doors. Now, seeing the latest trend, a lot of door materials are arriving the market daily, giving you a lot of options to choose. You can be cheated also. So, it's better to consult an engineer or architect before buying such readymade doors.
Veneer flush door – Gives wooden finish and design. They are less weight comparing normal wooden doors. Expense is just 1/4th of normal doors.
Steel-glass combination – They are more durable and strong comparing veneer doors.
PVC – They are less weight doors and are water proof.
Glass – They allow a lot of sunlight inside and gives an 'open feeling' for your interior.
You can use such substitutes for your interior. In addition to wooden doors, you can use such substitutes to give your home a fresh look as well as reducing your total expenses.
You can choose any design type for your doors; veneer can help you here by providing you with a range of wooden designs. From teak, mahogany and jackfruit tree of Indian traits to imported oak, maple, European Beachwood or Burma teak finish, veneer can give you.
How veneer sheets are prepared?
Natural wood hard wood or soft wood are used for this purpose. A veneer sheet up to 0.5mm thickness is used as a sticker on the top of any one of these woods to make it useful for construction purposes. Next process is coating. This veneer sheet can be coated on the surface of black board, ply wood or MDF. If it's the case of treated wood, this process is done with the application for high pressure. Veneer is available from 0.5mm to 4mm thickness.
Veneer substitutes are mainly used for interior décor. It can be used anywhere except front door. So, it's commonly used for kitchen's interior designing and designing of shelves and partitions in dining room and living room. It can be used for doors, windows, kitchen cabinets, table tops and partitions. Though it can be used for the front door, it should be core filled. If so, it will be stronger and resists moisture more easily.
If you want to make your interior more elegant, use glass-veneer combinations for designing shelves, windows, cabinets etc. Grilling work is simply the best.
If you are buying readymade wooden doors, they are seasoned wood with core filling material and it's purely a 'factory-made' wood. They can be used for grilling work, inlay work and classy opening.
Waste wood is chemically treated to make useful for interiors and furniture. This category of processed wood is known as treated wood. Extra strength and life span of treated wood is due to the chemical processing. Rubber wood, mahogany, red wood – treated wood of these trees are widely available in the market. They are imported from foreign countries also. Treated wood is mainly used for doors and cup boards.
Furniture of cheap cost can be made using treated wood. It's commonly used in the interior designing of flats also. Treated wood with the finish of normal wood are available in different designs also.
Now, the no.1 substitute of wood used in construction is plywood. Small layers of normal wood are arranged one above the other to prepare plywood. Through this layering process plywood becomes stronger, durable and everyone's favourite. Plywood is prepared by the application of high pressure and temperature on the layers of wooden sheet, in desired conditions. Now plywood is available in different textures of wood, both imported and exported. It's broadly divided into two.
It is used for home construction purposes. 18mm thick plywood can be used for making tables. 15mm and 12 mm plywood are used for racks and cabinet making. 8, 6, 4 mm plywood are used for concreting. But we should keep it away from moisture contact.
As name suggests, this plywood is used in the construction of ships and boats. It's water proof and durable. It's available in 18, 15, 12, 8, 6 and 4 mm thickness. Very often, veneer sheets are fixed on its top and used in making panels for homes.
Waste parts of wood are converted to pulp and added with sufficient amount of resin and wax. Then it's treated with extra pressure and temperature to stick the mixture together to get MDF. Bamboo and less weighted wood are used for making medium density fibre. Though hard wood and soft wood are present, hard word is most popular. Laminated MDF is also available.
Cup boards, kitchen cabinets, partitions, furniture – MDF is most commonly used for these purposes. Any paint or wood finish can be applied on it and any design work can be done. Such designed sheets used for door making are readily available in markets which are available in 4mm to 18mm thickness. But it should be kept away from moisture and fungal attack. If polishing is not done in good manner, it may be attacked by pests. Ready made doors, kitchen cabinets and bedroom cabinets made of MDF are commonly used in constructions, of which Jack wood MDF is most popular. New wood and Nova pan are two other derivations of MDF.
HDF is most widely used for interior flooring. As MDF, HDF is also produced by applying high temperature and pressure. In addition to floors, HDF is also used for windows and doors. Above core filling material LDF covering is given and molded panel doors can be made for homely purposes. Such doors have enough strength and durability.
Molded panel doors are made by applying HDF sheet covering over the surface of core filling material. They have minimum 3mm thickness and outer coating is known as 'hardwood skin' and this door is also a 100% factory made one. You can paint desired colour on its surface.
Both are made using wooden chips. Wooden chips are nothing, but waste particles and small layered pieces of wood while it's used for making doors and windows. When wood is cut to desired pieces, a lot of such waste wooden particles will be there. It is mixed with synthetic resin to make particle board and block board. They are used for making furniture like chairs and tables, computer table etc. They are cheap, strong enough and durable also.
Block board are a little thicker comparing particle board. Wooden sheets are neatly arranged to make thicker block boards. On either sides of hard wood, plywood or veneer can be fixed, according to user's taste. Block boards are available from 18 mm to 1 inch thickness. Polish it once in a while and you can use it for many years. It's most commonly used for industrial works and for making racks. Yet, excess sunlight and rain are its enemies.
If you want to give a modern look to your interior, no need to think twice. Use glass doors. You can choose single piece glass doors of 8-10 mm thickness without frames. If you use ceramic coating, you can attain any colour. It also gives a tinted effect. Use stainless steel fittings to fix glass doors.
Steel doors are no.1 in terms of durability, strength and stiffness. Since it's a pre-fabricated material, fixing such doors and windows are easy. Mild steel, powder coated steel, galvanized steel, stainless steel – its derivatives are numerous. Stainless steel is a bit expensive comparing others. It can be used for main doors and windows also. If you are choosing steel for main doors, make it at least 30mm thick. For inner doors, you can use steel-glass combinations.
PVC is most suited for bathroom doors. Light weight, resistive to water, won't rust and no need to fear pests – these factors make PVC the best choice for bathrooms. It's available in different shades and colours and no need for painting or polishing. Solid molded PVC doors are also available nowadays. Such doors can be used as inner doors also as it gives extra strength.
Fiber re-enforced plastic (FRP) is the material used for such doors and windows and they are very cheap too. Since it is water proof, it can be used in bathrooms. No painting is needed. It exposed to sunlight, it may fade and hence such accessories are not good for outdoor fittings.
They are cement boards with embedded wooden pieces. Its panels can be cut into any desired shape or size. For making doors, inside wooden frames, 6-8mm thick bison boards are fitted or use 16 mm thick bison boards instead. They are resistant to pests, fire etc.
Unplasticized Poly Vinyl Chloride – is used for this imported pre-fabricated material. Shining surface that never catches stains or dirt and low weight makes it a popular one. It can resist any climatic variations or seasonal change and can resist rusting too. It's easy washable also. So, it's best suited for doors and cabinets.
It can be fitted easily and its maintenance cost is very low comparing normal doors, windows and cabinets. It has good life span too. Within aluminum frames, particle boards can be given (of glass or wood) to design doors or windows. You can use aluminum sheet also, as substitute. It should be at least 12mm thick and if particle boards are used, panels need at least 3-4 mm thickness. Quality of aluminum should be increased using powder coating before it's used for construction purposes.
Through this article, I have given a brief description of wood and different substitutes that can be used for designing doors, windows and cabinets for your interior. Hoping it will be helpful for your new home.


Ismael Borrero Molina (gold medal) of Cuba defeats Shinobu Ota (silver medal) of Japan in the Men's Greco-Roman 59 kg Gold Medal match on Day 9 of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games at Carioca Arena 2 on August 14, 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Stig-Andre Berge (bronze medal) of Norway competes against Rovshan Bayramov of Azerbaijan during the Men's Greco-Roman 59 kg Bronze Finals on Day 9 of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games at Carioca Arena 2 on August 14, 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Elmurat Tasmuradov of Uzbekistan in green (bronze medal) competes against Arsen Eraliev of Kyrgyzstan during the Men's Greco-Roman Wrestling 59 kg Bronze Finals on Day 9 of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games at Carioca Arena 2 on August 14, 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
London 2012 - Thailand's Pen-Ek Karaket takes on Tamer Bayoumi of Egypt in a men's -59kg repechage taekwondo match on 8 August, 2012.


Teachers & Coaches: Click above to submit announcements. You must be logged onto your ASD1 account to use.
Students: Check your school email DAILY for announcements.
Parents: You can now see the daily announcements sent to students! Click HERE for a Google Doc displaying the latest announcements.


— Ultralight multifilament ripstop nylon, garment dyed. A special prismatic polyurethane film protects the outer face of the fabric, making it wind and water resistant. This functional finishing also serves an aestethic purpose, as the prismatic film gives the fabric a super-shiny look, creating a three- dimensional chromatic effect.


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text:
White supremacist, pro-Trump posters popping up in downtown Fargo
FARGO -- Posters advocating white supremacist and white separatist beliefs were tacked to telephone poles in downtown Fargo alleys recently. Fargo resident Christopher A. Smith photographed the posters and posted them on Facebook. "My first thoug...
This poster was found Monday April 24, 2017, in downtown Fargo. Christopher A. Smith / Special to The Forum
By Helmut Schmidt
FARGO - Posters advocating white supremacist and white separatist beliefs were tacked to telephone poles in downtown Fargo alleys recently.
Fargo resident Christopher A. Smith photographed the posters and posted them on Facebook.
"My first thought when I saw the posters was to tear them down. But, then, I thought it would be better to document the posters and their locations and share this to social media to raise awareness of what is happening in the community," Smith said.
Posters saying "White Lives Matter altright" and promoting an alt-right barbecue social started appearing Thursday, April 20, Smith said.
Other posters proclaiming "White people have a right to exist. Altright.com," and "This country is your birthright. Don't give it up" signed by "The Flyovers," were seen Monday, April 24 near Wurst Bier Hall and in Roberts Alley. Another poster said "Trump was the first step, we're the next," and gave several web addresses for alt-right groups.
The posters had been removed by Tuesday morning, April 25.
Unity-USA, a Fargo nonprofit working to combat racism and discrimination, posted a hate-group warning for Fargo-Moorhead on its Facebook page.
"While it is unknown which group is directly responsible, Unity-USA is conducting research and trying to track down suspected groups/group members," the group said in the post Monday.
Kade Ferris, public information director for Unity-USA and UnityND, said the posters have been going up in the last few weeks. He said they appear to have been created by an "a la carte hate group."
Rather than hewing strictly to the beliefs of groups like the Ku Klux Klan or Aryan Nations, members of "a la carte" groups pluck themes from the ideologies that "fit their own twisted hate system," Ferris said.
"If there is a group starting, it could be a very organic, fledgling group of like-minded wannabe Nazis," Ferris said.
He said there are indications that group is wrapping its message in the trappings of Norse mythology, including references to Odin, the god of war, death, the sky, wisdom and poetry, and a belief in the old gods of Scandinavia and Northern Europe called Asatru.
"A person being proud of Swedish heritage is a good thing. But trying to hide your racism behind that pride is a whole 'nother thing," Ferris said. "A thing like this gives good, honest, Scandinavian North Dakotans a black eye."
A Fargo police spokesman said he didn't have any detailed information on the posters.
"Yesterday, we have received one email on our tip line regarding the posters" which was passed on to the district commander, Deputy Chief Joe Anderson said in an email to The Forum.
Moorhead Police Lt. Tory Jacobson said he had of no reports of similar posters going up in Moorhead.
Ferris said while the posters are free speech, he encouraged reporting any criminal acts to police and spotting of racist signs to www.unitynd.com/incident-report , so his organization can track them.
"The main thing is for people to stay calm," Ferris said. "It's just an incident of possible hate group activity. That's something to monitor, but not worry about at present."
It's the not the first time groups or individuals espousing white supremacist ideologies have cropped up in the region. Unity-USA was formed in the wake of Craig Cobb's efforts to turn the small town of Leith, N.D., into a haven for white supremacists.
A Fargo resident also posted numerous signs downtown earlier this year identifying a Fargo man as a Nazi, though the subject of the posters rejected that label and said he considers himself "pro-white."
1/4: This poster was found Monday April 24, 2017, in downtown Fargo. Christopher A. Smith / Special to The Forum
2/4: This poster was found Thursday, April 20, 2017, in downtown Fargo. Christopher A. Smith / Special to The Forum
Related Topics: POLICEFARGONORTH DAKOTA
COVID-19 cases spike at North Dakota long-term care facilities, but vaccines reduce severity
"We see through the data that when we have a high vaccination rate in facilities, absolutely we have less infection there," said North Dakota Long Term Care Association President Shelly Peterson. "It really does work. It really does make a difference."
By Michelle Griffith
Sanford, Avera leaders: Get vaccinated, because the unvaccinated are filling our hospitals
They say the surging pandemic is stressing health systems by not only sending more people to the hospital, but also by taking staff away who are either sick with COVID-19, recovering, or have to stay home as caregivers because the virus has closed child care centers.
By Jeremy Fugleberg

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Minority Development Financing Advisory Board (MDFAB) assists the Development Services Agency in creating employment opportunities and wealth in the minority business community. The Minority Development Financing Advisory Board does this by reviewing and making recommendations on loans and surety bond requests. The Minority Development Financing Advisory Board consists of ten members, seven appointed by the governor, one member appointed by the President of the Senate, and one member appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The Director of the Development Services Agency is a voting member. Members are selected because of their knowledge of business, commercial financing and their understanding of the issues affecting minority business enterprises.
To see upcoming meetings for the Minority Development Financing Advisory Board, click here.


text:
info@derbyshireis.co.uk
HOMEPerformance AcademyBUSINESS SUPPORTSponSORSAbout USNEWSContact
BLOG: Jess Turner
We caught up with Jessica Turner just before she jetted off to Doha to represent British Athletics at the IAAF World Championships:
How do you handle pressure?
Generally, I will feel the pressure after I've warmed up for a race and in the "call room" waiting to be escorted out on the track. At this time, I tend to think about my race strategy and tactics and visualise certain points of the race that I need to focus on. Being positive helps and excluding any doubts or negative thoughts that may cross my mind and not to dwell on it. As soon as I'm on the track I have a routine to follow prior to the start of the race, and by following this routine I am focused and ready to go.
What is your best and worse thing about training?
My best part about training is achieving training goals and seeing improvement. It is also great to be part of a training group who are very supportive and encourage each other to push ourselves harder. The worst thing about training: Some training sessions are particularly tough, and I know that I'm going to go through some pain and discomfort, but there is a sense of achievement when I've completed them. I know they are a necessary part of my training regime, but in truth I still dread them.
What motivates you to do what you do?
Sense of achievement and the opportunity to represent my country and the belief that I can go on and perform at the highest level; ultimately to be an Olympian.
What does the DIS mean to you?
It means so much to me. Without the fantastic support network from the DIS, I doubt I would be where I am today in my sport. The DIS focused on my individual needs right from the beginning, with strength & conditioning and physio being hugely important in my development as an athlete.
Please help spread the word by sharing our news
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text:
// Copyright 2020 The Bazel Authors. All rights reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package net.starlark.java.eval;

import java.math.BigInteger;
import net.starlark.java.annot.StarlarkBuiltin;

/** The Starlark int data type. */
@StarlarkBuiltin(
    name = "int",
    category = "core",
    doc =
        "The type of integers in Starlark. Starlark integers may be of any magnitude; arithmetic"
            + " is exact. Examples of integer expressions:
"
            + "
153\n"
            + "0x2A  # hexadecimal literal\n"
            + "0o54  # octal literal\n"
            + "23 * 2 + 5\n"
            + "100 / -7\n"
            + "100 % -7  # -5 (unlike in some other languages)\n"
            + "int(\"18\")\n"
            + "
")
public abstract class StarlarkInt implements StarlarkValue, Comparable<StarlarkInt> {

  // A cache of small integers >= LEAST_SMALLINT.
  private static final int LEAST_SMALLINT = -128;
  private static final Int32[] smallints = new Int32[100_000];

  static final StarlarkInt ZERO = StarlarkInt.of(0);
  private static final StarlarkInt ONE = StarlarkInt.of(1);
  private static final StarlarkInt MINUS_ONE = StarlarkInt.of(-1);

  /** Only nested classes of {@code StarlarkInt} are allowed to inherit it. */
  private StarlarkInt() {}

  /** Returns the Starlark int value that represents x. */
  public static StarlarkInt of(int x) {
    int index = x - LEAST_SMALLINT; // (may overflow)
    if (0 <= index && index < smallints.length) {
      Int32 xi = smallints[index];
      if (xi == null) {
        xi = new Int32(x);
        smallints[index] = xi;
      }
      return xi;
    }
    return new Int32(x);
  }

  /** Returns the Starlark int value that represents x. */
  public static StarlarkInt of(long x) {
    if ((long) (int) x == x) {
      return StarlarkInt.of((int) x);
    }
    return new Int64(x);
  }

  /** Returns the Starlark int value that represents x. */
  public static StarlarkInt of(BigInteger x) {
    if (x.bitLength() < 64) {
      return StarlarkInt.of(x.longValue());
    }
    return new Big(x);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the StarlarkInt value that most closely approximates x.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException is x is not finite.
   */
  static StarlarkInt ofFiniteDouble(double x) {
    return StarlarkFloat.finiteDoubleToIntExact(x);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the int denoted by a literal string in the specified base, as if by the Starlark
   * expression {@code int(s, base)}.
   *
   * @throws NumberFormatException if the input is invalid.
   */
  public static StarlarkInt parse(String s, int base) {
    String stringForErrors = s;

    if (s.isEmpty()) {
      throw new NumberFormatException("empty string");
    }

    // +/- prefix?
    boolean isNegative = false;
    char c = s.charAt(0);
    if (c == '+') {
      s = s.substring(1);
    } else if (c == '-') {
      s = s.substring(1);
      isNegative = true;
    }

    String digits = s;

    // 0b 0o 0x prefix?
    if (s.length() > 1 && s.charAt(0) == '0') {
      int prefixBase = 0;
      c = s.charAt(1);
      if (c == 'b' || c == 'B') {
        prefixBase = 2;
      } else if (c == 'o' || c == 'O') {
        prefixBase = 8;
      } else if (c == 'x' || c == 'X') {
        prefixBase = 16;
      }
      if (prefixBase != 0) {
        if (base == 0 || base == prefixBase) {
          base = prefixBase;
          digits = s.substring(2); // strip prefix
        }
      }
    }

    // No prefix, no base? Use decimal.
    if (digits == s && base == 0) {
      // Don't infer base when input starts with '0' due to octal/decimal ambiguity.
      if (s.length() > 1 && s.charAt(0) == '0') {
        throw new NumberFormatException(
            "cannot infer base when string begins with a 0: " + Starlark.repr(stringForErrors));
      }
      base = 10;
    }
    if (base < 2 || base > 36) {
      throw new NumberFormatException(
          String.format("invalid base %d (want 2 <= base <= 36)", base));
    }

    // Do not allow Long.parseLong and new BigInteger to accept another +/- sign.
    if (digits.startsWith("+") || digits.startsWith("-")) {
      throw new NumberFormatException(
          String.format("invalid base-%d literal: %s", base, Starlark.repr(stringForErrors)));
    }

    StarlarkInt result;
    try {
      result = StarlarkInt.of(Long.parseLong(digits, base));
    } catch (NumberFormatException unused1) {
      try {
        result = StarlarkInt.of(new BigInteger(digits, base));
      } catch (NumberFormatException unused2) {
        throw new NumberFormatException(
            String.format("invalid base-%d literal: %s", base, Starlark.repr(stringForErrors)));
      }
    }
    return isNegative ? StarlarkInt.uminus(result) : result;
  }

  // Subclass for values exactly representable in a Java int.
  private static final class Int32 extends StarlarkInt {
    final int v;

    Int32(int v) {
      this.v = v;
    }

    @Override
    public int toInt(String what) {
      return v;
    }

    @Override
    public long toLong(String what) {
      return (long) v;
    }

    @Override
    protected long toLongFast() {
      return (long) v;
    }

    @Override
    public BigInteger toBigInteger() {
      return BigInteger.valueOf(v);
    }

    @Override
    public Number toNumber() {
      return v;
    }

    @Override
    public int signum() {
      return Integer.signum(v);
    }

    @Override
    public void repr(Printer printer) {
      printer.append(v);
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
      return 0x316c5239 * Integer.hashCode(v) ^ 0x67c4a7d5;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object that) {
      return (that instanceof Int32 && this.v == ((Int32) that).v)
          || (that instanceof StarlarkFloat && intEqualsFloat(this, (StarlarkFloat) that));
    }
  }

  // Subclass for values exactly representable in a Java long.
  private static final class Int64 extends StarlarkInt {
    final long v;

    Int64(long v) {
      this.v = v;
    }

    @Override
    public long toLong(String what) {
      return v;
    }

    @Override
    protected long toLongFast() {
      return v;
    }

    @Override
    public BigInteger toBigInteger() {
      return BigInteger.valueOf(v);
    }

    @Override
    public Number toNumber() {
      return v;
    }

    @Override
    public int signum() {
      return Long.signum(v);
    }

    @Override
    public void repr(Printer printer) {
      printer.append(v);
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
      return 0x67c4a7d5 * Long.hashCode(v) ^ 0xee914a1b;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object that) {
      return (that instanceof Int64 && this.v == ((Int64) that).v)
          || (that instanceof StarlarkFloat && intEqualsFloat(this, (StarlarkFloat) that));
    }
  }

  // Subclass for values not exactly representable in a long.
  private static final class Big extends StarlarkInt {
    final BigInteger v;

    Big(BigInteger v) {
      this.v = v;
    }

    @Override
    public BigInteger toBigInteger() {
      return v;
    }

    @Override
    public Number toNumber() {
      return v;
    }

    @Override
    public int signum() {
      return v.signum();
    }

    @Override
    public void repr(Printer printer) {
      printer.append(v.toString());
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
      return 0xee914a1b * v.hashCode() ^ 0x6406918f;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object that) {
      return (that instanceof Big && this.v.equals(((Big) that).v))
          || (that instanceof StarlarkFloat && intEqualsFloat(this, (StarlarkFloat) that));
    }
  }

  /** Returns the value of this StarlarkInt as a Number (Integer, Long, or BigInteger). */
  public abstract Number toNumber();

  /** Returns the signum of this StarlarkInt (-1, 0, or +1). */
  public abstract int signum();

  /** Returns this StarlarkInt as a string of decimal digits. */
  @Override
  public String toString() {
    if (this instanceof Int32) {
      return Integer.toString(((Int32) this).v);
    } else if (this instanceof Int64) {
      return Long.toString(((Int64) this).v);
    } else {
      return toBigInteger().toString();
    }
  }

  @Override
  public abstract void repr(Printer printer);

  /** Returns the signed int32 value of this StarlarkInt, or fails if not exactly representable. */
  public int toInt(String what) throws EvalException {
    throw Starlark.errorf("got %s for %s, want value in signed 32-bit range", this, what);
  }

  /** Returns the signed int64 value of this StarlarkInt, or fails if not exactly representable. */
  public long toLong(String what) throws EvalException {
    throw Starlark.errorf("got %s for %s, want value in the signed 64-bit range", this, what);
  }

  // A preallocated exception used to indicate overflow errors without the cost of allocation.
  private static final Overflow OVERFLOW = new Overflow();

  private static final class Overflow extends Exception {}

  /**
   * Similar to {@link #toLong(String)}, but faster: exception is not allocated and stack trace is
   * not collected.
   */
  protected long toLongFast() throws Overflow {
    throw OVERFLOW;
  }

  /** Returns the nearest IEEE-754 double-precision value closest to this int, which may be ±Inf. */
  public double toDouble() {
    if (this instanceof Int32) {
      return ((Int32) this).v;
    } else if (this instanceof Int64) {
      return ((Int64) this).v;
    } else {
      return toBigInteger().doubleValue(); // may be ±Inf
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the nearest IEEE-754 double-precision value closest to this int.
   *
   * @throws EvalException is the int is to large to represent as a finite float value.
   */
  public double toFiniteDouble() throws EvalException {
    double d = toDouble();
    if (!Double.isFinite(d)) {
      throw Starlark.errorf("int too large to convert to float");
    }
    return d;
  }

  /** Returns the BigInteger value of this StarlarkInt. */
  public abstract BigInteger toBigInteger();

  /**
   * Returns the value of this StarlarkInt as a Java signed 32-bit int.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if this int is not in that value range.
   */
  public final int toIntUnchecked() throws IllegalArgumentException {
    if (this instanceof Int32) {
      return ((Int32) this).v;
    }
    // Use a constant exception to avoid allocation.
    // This operator is provided for fast access and case discrimination.
    // Use toInt(String) for user-visible errors.
    throw NOT_INT32;
  }

  private static final IllegalArgumentException NOT_INT32 =
      new IllegalArgumentException("not a signed 32-bit value");

  /** Returns the result of truncating this value into the signed 32-bit range. */
  public int truncateToInt() {
    if (this instanceof Int32) {
      return ((Int32) this).v;
    } else if (this instanceof Int64) {
      return (int) ((Int64) this).v;
    } else {
      return toBigInteger().intValue();
    }
  }

  @Override
  public boolean isImmutable() {
    return true;
  }

  @Override
  public boolean truth() {
    return this != ZERO;
  }

  @Override
  public int compareTo(StarlarkInt x) {
    return compare(this, x);
  }

  // binary operators

  /** Returns signum(x - y). */
  public static int compare(StarlarkInt x, StarlarkInt y) {
    // If both arguments are big, we compare BigIntegers.
    // If neither argument is big, we compare longs.
    // If only one argument is big, its magnitude is greater
    // than the other operand, so only its sign matters.
    //
    // We avoid unnecessary branches.
    try {
      long xl = x.toLongFast();
      try {
        long yl = y.toLongFast();
        return Long.compare(xl, yl); // (long, long)
      } catch (Overflow unused) {
        return -((Big) y).v.signum(); // (long, big)
      }
    } catch (Overflow unused) {
      return y instanceof Big
          ? ((Big) x).v.compareTo(((Big) y).v) // (big, big)
          : ((Big) x).v.signum(); // (big, long)
    }
  }

  /** Returns x + y. */
  public static StarlarkInt add(StarlarkInt x, StarlarkInt y) {
    if (x instanceof Int32 && y instanceof Int32) {
      long xl = ((Int32) x).v;
      long yl = ((Int32) y).v;
      return StarlarkInt.of(xl + yl);
    }

    // We avoid Math.addExact and its overheads of exception allocation.
    try {
      long xl = x.toLongFast();
      long yl = y.toLongFast();
      long zl = xl + yl;
      boolean overflow = ((xl ^ zl) & (yl ^ zl)) < 0; // see Hacker's Delight, chapter 2
      if (!overflow) {
        return StarlarkInt.of(zl);
      }
    } catch (Overflow unused) {
      /* fall through */
    }

    BigInteger xbig = x.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger ybig = y.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger zbig = xbig.add(ybig);
    return StarlarkInt.of(zbig);
  }

  /** Returns x - y. */
  public static StarlarkInt subtract(StarlarkInt x, StarlarkInt y) {
    if (x instanceof Int32 && y instanceof Int32) {
      long xl = ((Int32) x).v;
      long yl = ((Int32) y).v;
      return StarlarkInt.of(xl - yl);
    }

    // We avoid Math.subtractExact and its overhead of exception allocation.
    try {
      long xl = x.toLongFast();
      long yl = y.toLongFast();
      long zl = xl - yl;
      boolean overflow = ((xl ^ yl) & (xl ^ zl)) < 0; // see Hacker's Delight, chapter 2
      if (!overflow) {
        return StarlarkInt.of(zl);
      }
    } catch (Overflow unused) {
      /* fall through */
    }

    BigInteger xbig = x.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger ybig = y.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger zbig = xbig.subtract(ybig);
    return StarlarkInt.of(zbig);
  }

  /** Returns x * y. */
  public static StarlarkInt multiply(StarlarkInt x, StarlarkInt y) {
    // Fast path for common case: int32 * int32.
    if (x instanceof Int32 && y instanceof Int32) {
      long xl = ((Int32) x).v;
      long yl = ((Int32) y).v;
      return StarlarkInt.of(xl * yl);
    }

    try {
      long xl = x.toLongFast();
      long yl = y.toLongFast();

      // Signed int128 multiplication, using Hacker's Delight 8-2
      // (High-Order Half of 64-Bit Product) extended to 128 bits.
      // TODO(adonovan): use Math.multiplyHigh when Java 9 becomes available.
      long xlo = xl & 0xFFFFFFFFL;
      long xhi = xl >> 32;
      long ylo = yl & 0xFFFFFFFFL;
      long yhi = yl >> 32;
      long zlo = xlo * ylo;
      long t = xhi * ylo + (zlo >>> 32);
      long z1 = t & 0xFFFFFFFFL;
      long z2 = t >> 32;
      z1 += xlo * yhi;

      // high and low arms of result
      long z128hi = xhi * yhi + z2 + (z1 >> 32);
      long z128lo = xl * yl;

      // Check int128 result is within int64 range.
      if (z128hi == (z128lo & Long.MIN_VALUE) >> 63) {
        return StarlarkInt.of(z128lo);
      }

      /* overflow */

    } catch (Overflow unused) {
      /* fall through */
    }

    // Avoid unnecessary conversion to BigInteger if the other operand is -1, 0, 1.
    // (Also makes self-test below faster.)
    if (x == ZERO || y == ONE) {
      return x;
    } else if (y == ZERO || x == ONE) {
      return y;
    } else if (x == MINUS_ONE) {
      return StarlarkInt.uminus(y);
    } else if (y == MINUS_ONE) {
      return StarlarkInt.uminus(x);
    }

    BigInteger xbig = x.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger ybig = y.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger zbig = xbig.multiply(ybig);
    StarlarkInt z = StarlarkInt.of(zbig);
    // cheap self-test
    if (!(z instanceof Big)) {
      throw new AssertionError(
          String.format(
              "bug in multiplication: %s * %s = %s, must be long multiplication", x, y, z));
    }
    return z;
  }

  /** Returns x // y (floor of integer division). */
  public static StarlarkInt floordiv(StarlarkInt x, StarlarkInt y) throws EvalException {
    if (y == ZERO) {
      throw Starlark.errorf("integer division by zero");
    }
    try {
      long xl = x.toLongFast();
      long yl = y.toLongFast();
      // http://python-history.blogspot.com/2010/08/why-pythons-integer-division-floors.html
      if (xl == Long.MIN_VALUE && yl == -1) {
        /* sole case in which quotient doesn't fit in long */
      } else {
        long quo = Math.floorDiv(xl, yl);
        return StarlarkInt.of(quo);
      }
      /* overflow */
    } catch (Overflow unused) {
      /* fall through */
    }

    BigInteger xbig = x.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger ybig = y.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger[] quorem = xbig.divideAndRemainder(ybig);
    if ((xbig.signum() < 0) != (ybig.signum() < 0) && quorem[1].signum() != 0) {
      quorem[0] = quorem[0].subtract(BigInteger.ONE);
    }
    return StarlarkInt.of(quorem[0]);
  }

  /** Returns x % y. */
  public static StarlarkInt mod(StarlarkInt x, StarlarkInt y) throws EvalException {
    if (y == ZERO) {
      throw Starlark.errorf("integer modulo by zero");
    }
    try {
      long xl = x.toLongFast();
      long yl = y.toLongFast();
      // In Starlark, the sign of the result is the sign of the divisor.
      return StarlarkInt.of(Math.floorMod(xl, yl));
    } catch (Overflow unused) {
      /* fall through */
    }

    BigInteger xbig = x.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger ybig = y.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger zbig = xbig.remainder(ybig);
    if ((x.signum() < 0) != (y.signum() < 0) && zbig.signum() != 0) {
      zbig = zbig.add(ybig);
    }
    return StarlarkInt.of(zbig);
  }

  /** Returns x >> y. */
  public static StarlarkInt shiftRight(StarlarkInt x, StarlarkInt y) throws EvalException {
    int yi = y.toInt("shift count");
    if (yi < 0) {
      throw Starlark.errorf("negative shift count: %d", yi);
    }
    try {
      long xl = x.toLongFast();
      if (yi >= Long.SIZE) {
        return xl < 0 ? StarlarkInt.of(-1) : ZERO;
      }
      return StarlarkInt.of(xl >> yi);
    } catch (Overflow unused) {
      /* fall through */
    }

    BigInteger xbig = x.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger zbig = xbig.shiftRight(yi);
    return StarlarkInt.of(zbig);
  }

  /** Returns x << y. */
  public static StarlarkInt shiftLeft(StarlarkInt x, StarlarkInt y) throws EvalException {
    int yi = y.toInt("shift count");
    if (yi < 0) {
      throw Starlark.errorf("negative shift count: %d", yi);
    } else if (yi >= 512) {
      throw Starlark.errorf("shift count too large: %d", yi);
    }
    try {
      long xl = x.toLongFast();
      long z = xl << yi; // only uses low 6 bits of yi
      if ((z >> yi) == xl && yi < 64) {
        return StarlarkInt.of(z);
      }
      /* overflow */
    } catch (Overflow unused) {
      /* fall through */
    }

    BigInteger xbig = x.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger zbig = xbig.shiftLeft(yi);
    return StarlarkInt.of(zbig);
  }

  /** Returns x ^ y. */
  public static StarlarkInt xor(StarlarkInt x, StarlarkInt y) {
    try {
      long xl = x.toLongFast();
      long yl = y.toLongFast();
      return StarlarkInt.of(xl ^ yl);
    } catch (Overflow unused) {
      /* fall through */
    }

    BigInteger xbig = x.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger ybig = y.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger zbig = xbig.xor(ybig);
    return StarlarkInt.of(zbig);
  }

  /** Returns x | y. */
  public static StarlarkInt or(StarlarkInt x, StarlarkInt y) {
    try {
      long xl = x.toLongFast();
      long yl = y.toLongFast();
      return StarlarkInt.of(xl | yl);
    } catch (Overflow unused) {
      /* fall through */
    }

    BigInteger xbig = x.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger ybig = y.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger zbig = xbig.or(ybig);
    return StarlarkInt.of(zbig);
  }

  /** Returns x & y. */
  public static StarlarkInt and(StarlarkInt x, StarlarkInt y) {
    try {
      long xl = x.toLongFast();
      long yl = y.toLongFast();
      return StarlarkInt.of(xl & yl);
    } catch (Overflow unused) {
      /* fall through */
    }

    BigInteger xbig = x.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger ybig = y.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger zbig = xbig.and(ybig);
    return StarlarkInt.of(zbig);
  }

  /** Returns ~x. */
  public static StarlarkInt bitnot(StarlarkInt x) {
    try {
      long xl = x.toLongFast();
      return StarlarkInt.of(~xl);
    } catch (Overflow unused) {
      /* fall through */
    }

    BigInteger xbig = ((Big) x).v;
    return StarlarkInt.of(xbig.not());
  }

  /** Returns -x. */
  public static StarlarkInt uminus(StarlarkInt x) {
    if (x instanceof Int32) {
      long xl = ((Int32) x).v;
      return StarlarkInt.of(-xl);
    }

    if (x instanceof Int64) {
      long xl = ((Int64) x).v;
      if (xl != Long.MIN_VALUE) {
        return StarlarkInt.of(-xl);
      }
    }

    BigInteger xbig = x.toBigInteger();
    BigInteger ybig = xbig.negate();
    return StarlarkInt.of(ybig);
  }

  /** Reports whether int x exactly equals float y. */
  static boolean intEqualsFloat(StarlarkInt x, StarlarkFloat y) {
    double yf = y.toDouble();
    return !Double.isNaN(yf) && compareIntAndDouble(x, yf) == 0;
  }

  /** Returns an exact three-valued comparison of int x with (non-NaN) double y. */
  static int compareIntAndDouble(StarlarkInt x, double y) {
    if (Double.isInfinite(y)) {
      return y > 0 ? -1 : +1;
    }

    // For Int32 and some Int64s, the toDouble conversion is exact.
    if (x instanceof StarlarkInt.Int32
        || (x instanceof StarlarkInt.Int64 && longHasExactDouble(((Int64) x).v))) {
      // Avoid Double.compare: it believes -0.0 < 0.0.
      double xf = x.toDouble();
      if (xf > y) {
        return +1;
      } else if (xf < y) {
        return -1;
      }
      return 0;
    }

    // If signs differ, we needn't look at magnitude.
    int xsign = x.signum();
    int ysign = (int) Math.signum(y);
    if (xsign > ysign) {
      return +1;
    } else if (xsign < ysign) {
      return -1;
    }

    // Left-shift either the int or the float mantissa,
    // then compare the resulting integers.
    int shift = StarlarkFloat.getShift(y);
    BigInteger xbig = x.toBigInteger();
    if (shift < 0) {
      xbig = xbig.shiftLeft(-shift);
    }
    BigInteger ybig = BigInteger.valueOf(StarlarkFloat.getMantissa(y));
    if (shift > 0) {
      ybig = ybig.shiftLeft(shift);
    }
    return xbig.compareTo(ybig);
  }

  private static boolean longHasExactDouble(long x) {
    return (long) (double) x == x;
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub