Irish history and medical history, and increasingly working in interdisciplinary area of Medical Humanities. Research informed by issues surrounding gender and poverty, and the impacts of these upon mental health in particular.
Umut Korkut is Professor of International Politics at Glasgow School for Business and Society at Glasgow Caledonian University.
Emily Thomson has undertaken extensive research into gender-based occupational segregation and the Scottish Modern Apprenticeship programme.
Emeritus Professor at the University of Essex and Chair of the UK Women's Budget Group, Professor Elson research focuses on fiscal policy, gender equality and human rights.
Claire is a Lecturer in Risk within the department of Finance, Accountancy and Risk and is programme leader for the MSc Risk Management and BA (Hons) Risk and Law.


"Attention! Temperature increase! The current temperature of batch DE-286023 is 9 degrees." At the click of a button, this notification informs the pharmaceutical manufacturer of the location of the goods - in storage room 14.b in a logistics center some 200 kilometers away. They can then initiate measures to regulate the room temperature.
The alarm itself was raised by a temperature label attached to a pallet of pharmaceuticals. The label consists of a temperature sensor, a circuit, data storage, an antenna, a NFC module for wireless data transmission, a battery and, of course, film and adhesive. "These labels cost around 10 euros today because they are made up of conventional electronic components," says Dr. Klaus Hecker, Managing Director of the OE-A. "With printed electronics, the price will be around 1 euro in the future, and the labels will not only be used for entire batches, but for individual packages as well."
"The organic and printed electronics market is worth billions - and the future looks set for growth," says Hecker. Labels that make it possible to verify whether the cold chain has been consistently complied with are only one example of the opportunities unlocked by printed electronics. OLED displays (organic light-emitting diode) are just as much a part of the product range as electronic seals, flexible displays, packaging with glowing labels and products of medical technology. Market research institutes expect the market volume to increase to 27 billion US dollars in 2017. "Experts predict that the market will double in size in the next five years," states Dr. Hecker. Additionally, the Internet of Things will give rise to a wealth of other possible applications in the years to come, as this requires a wide range of compact and cost-efficient sensors that can be integrated seamlessly into existing systems. "Printed electronics with sensors that can measure pressure, temperature, humidity, movement and wear are a great solution here. They are increasingly being used in wearables, i.e. wearable electronic devices used in the fitness and medical sector - which is, incidentally, another market with rapid growth," explains Hecker.
But how can you print a battery or a sensor? "Printed Electronics starts usually from plastic films or specialty papers," explains the VDMA expert. These substrates are then coated or printed with multiple, extremely thin layers of conductive polymers, silver inks or pastes. This is done in modified printing processes such as inkjet, screen and gravure printing. The result is resistors, sensors, conductors, luminous surfaces and many other technologies. "Although this may sound simple, all the processes need to be aligned very carefully. Excellent collaboration between experts from the fields of chemistry, printing, and electronics is very important in this regard."
Headed by Dr. Hecker, the OE-A was founded in 2004 as a working group within VDMA and has organizational ties to the Electronics, Micro and Nano Technologies (EMINT) Association. The OE-A has a strong international focus from its very beginning - the now well over 200 member companies are based in Europe, Asia and North America. "The goal of the OE-A is to bridge the gap between research and development and the consumer industry," says Hecker. "Ranging from mechanical engineering companies to material manufacturers, producers, end users and research institutes, our member companies span the entire production chain."
The organic and printed electronics industry is currently still in the development stage, with many products still being researched. "We are supporting the companies in establishing this industry," stresses Hecker. To ensure that the products make their way from the lab to the mass market, the OE-A network encourages dialog between all stakeholders involved in the process.
Organic and printed electronics have already become established in many applications, such as cars. For example, the touch screens in the center console and automatically dimming rear-view mirrors are produced in printing processes - and the same goes for seat occupancy sensors for measuring weights. In the case of an accident, these sensors communicate with the airbag and relay information on which seats are occupied. OLED rear lights are another example of printed electronics that have now become a standard in many models.
In medical technology, people with diabetes have been using test strips with printed sensors for measuring their blood sugar level for quite some time now. And the electrodes used in ECG measurements are also produced in printing processes in many cases. "Combined with flexible batteries, NFC modules and displays, these sensors are paving the way for a vast array of new products and fields of application in the health and fitness sector," confirms Hecker.
When it comes to the challenges the industry is facing, Hecker is clear about which aspect takes priority. "The cost factor is of central importance in this context. We need to increase production volumes in many areas in order to make the products profitable." And investors are a fundamental prerequisite for turning ideas into competitive products, he continues. Further important aspects are to print ever smaller and more precise products and to focus on further improving the materials. For the members of the OE-A, environmental aspects and the protection of resources are also gaining relevance. "Our Sustainability working group explores regulatory frameworks as well as recyclability and sustainability aspects," says Hecker.
"Further development in this field is basically unstoppable, and one of the major trends is stretchable electronics," Dr. Klaus Hecker says with conviction. "Stretchable electronics will increasingly make their way into medical technology and the textile industry in the next years. They can be worn just like a second skin," he continues.
The OE-A's most important publication is its Roadmap, which is published every two years. In the OE-A Roadmap, experts explain which applications are already possible today, provide details on state-of-the-art technology and highlight important challenges and goals. "Geared towards industry representatives, policymakers and researchers, the OE-A Roadmap provides a comprehensive outlook on the future of the sector," says Hecker. "In addition, it supports companies in planning their developments and products," he adds. The new white paper of the 7th edition of the OE-A Roadmap was published in September 2017.
LOPEC (Large-area, Organic & Printed Electronics Convention) is the world's leading trade show and conference for the organic and printed electronics industry, organized by the OE-A and Messe München. Companies and experts from the entire value chain participate in LOPEC to present innovative technologies, new products and business models. The tenth LOPEC will be held in March 2018.
Sophie Isabel Verstraelen, Press & Public Relations OE-A.


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Nature, conservation and wildlife holidays
Nature apps
Wildlife calendar
Wildlife extra
Okapi Wildlife Reserve
Okapi Wildlife Reserve (Wikipedia)
The Okapi Wildlife Reserve is a World Heritage Site in the Ituri Forest in the north-east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, near the borders with Sudan and Uganda. At approximately 14,000 km², it covers approximately one fifth of the area of the forest.
As implied by the name, the reserve is home to many okapis. As of 1996, the number was estimated at about 3900–6350, out of a global population of around 10,000–20,000. It is also the location of the Epulu Conservation and Research Center, on the Epulu River. This facility dates back to 1928 when the camp was founded by American anthropologist Patrick Putnam as a capture station, where wild okapis were captured and sent to American and European zoos. It still serves that function today, albeit with very different methodology. Okapis are captured, and then bred in captivity, and then only these offspring are sent to zoos, as it has been found that they have a much lower chance of survival. Even so, very few are now exported — only the minimum number necessary to ensure genetic viability of the captive population. The center also carries out much important research and conservation work.
In addition to the okapis, the wildlife reserve is also home to many other interesting or endangered animals, such as the forest elephant, and at least 13 species of anthropoid primates. Nomadic Mbuti pygmies and indigenous Bantu farmers also live within the reserve.
UNESCO Okapi Wildlife Reserve Site
The Okapi Wildlife Reserve occupies about one-fifth of the Ituri forest in the north-east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Congo river basin, of which the reserve and forest are a part, is one of the largest drainage systems in Africa. The reserve contains threatened species of primates and birds and about 5,000 of the estimated 30,000 okapi surviving in the wild. It also has some dramatic scenery, including waterfalls on the Ituri and Epulu rivers. The reserve is inhabited by traditional nomadic pygmy Mbuti and Efe hunters.
Blogs from the Rangers of the Okapi Wildlife Reserve
Wildlife and nature guides to the world
Birdwatching in Turkey
Nature and wildlife apps for iphone
Wildlife of Africa
Wildlife of Asia
Wildlife of Europe
Wildlife of North Africa
Wildlife of North and South America
World wildlife guides
Wild Congo
Gorillas in Congo
Hippos in Congo
Rhinos in Congo
Snakes of Congo
Wildlife and nature holidays in Congo
No feed items.
Natural history of Congo, Mammals of Congo, Reptiles of Congo, Birds of Congo, Animals of Congo, Snakes of Congo, Dangerous animals of Congo, Insects of Congo, Birdwatching in Congo, Wildlife watching in Congo
A great source on the net for world wildlife news is Wildlife Extra
Wildlife of Angola
Wildlife of Botswana
Wildlife of Burundi
Wildlife of Cameroon
Wildlife of Chad
Wildlife of Congo
Wildlife of Egypt
Wildlife of Eritrea
Wildlife of Ethiopia
Wildlife of Gabon
Wildlife of Gambia
Wildlife of Ghana
Wildlife of Kenya
Wildlife of Madagascar
Wildlife of Malawi
Wildlife of Morocco
Wildlife of Mozambique
Wildlife of Namibia
Wildlife of Niger
Wildlife of Nigeria
Wildlife of Senegal
Wildlife of South Africa
Wildlife of Sudan
Wildlife of Tanzania
Wildlife of Uganda
Wildlife of Zambia
Wildlife of Zimbabwe
Nature news about Africa
What is that pink balloon on a marabou stork? 2012/01/29
The lowest point in Africa 2011/02/11
Elephant meat for dogs 2011/02/05
Giraffes at Arusha, Tanzania 2011/01/04
Tsavo lions only ate 35 people 2009/11/02
Wildlife and nature holidays in Africa
Self-drive safari in Namibia 2009/10/20
Natural history of Africa, Mammals of Africa, Birds of Africa, Animals of Africa, Reptiles of Africa, Amphibians of Africa, Snakes of Africa, Insects of Africa, Wildlife watching in Africa, birdwatching in Africa
Wild world is proudly powered by WordPress. Entries (RSS).


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Q: In Zeph, what is an outline of the book?
A: Looking at five different Christian sources, and combining the common elements, here is an outline:
1:1-3 Destruction of everything
1:4-13 Judgment of Judah
1:14-2:3 The Day of the Lord
2:4-15 Judgment on other nations
3:1-7/8 Judgment on Jerusalem
3:8/9-20 God's Restoration
Q: In Zeph 1:1, who was Zephaniah?
A: Since the name Hezekiah is not qualified, this most likely means Zephaniah was the great grandson of Hezekiah the king on his father's side, and thus distantly related to the current King Josiah. Between Hezekiah and Josiah were almost 50 years of only evil kings..
Zephaniah was not a priest. Since he was the paternal grandson of King Hezekiah, and the kings were from the tribe of Judah, Hezekiah was from Judah. The priests were all from the tribe of Levi. One did not have to be a priest or minister to proclaim the word of God, either then or today. Though he was not a priest, Zephaniah was a person familiar with Deuteronomy. He alludes to Deuteronomy in nine places: Dt 1:13,15,17; 2:2,5,7,11; 3:5,19-20 according to The Expositor's Bible Commentary vol.7 p.538.
There were three other people in the Old Testament with the same name: 1) 1 Chronicles 6:36-38; 2) 2 Kings 25:18-21 and 3) Jeremiah 52:24-27; and Zechariah 6:10,14 according to The Expositor's Bible Commentary vol.7 p.537 and The Bible Knowledge Commentary : Old Testament p.1523.
Q: In Zeph 1:1, was Zephaniah a priest?
A: No. Since he was the grandson of King Hezekiah, and the kings were from the tribe of Judah, Hezekiah was from Judah. The priests were all from the tribe of Levi. One did not have to be a priest or minister to proclaim the word of God, either then or today.
Q: In Zeph 1:1, why is Zephaniah the only prophet with his ancestry listed?
A: The fathers of other prophets generally were given, but generally not their ancestors. Zephaniah was descended from King Hezekiah, and perhaps this was mentioned to remind the people of King Hezekiah's reforms.
Both Hezekiah and Josiah were godly kings, but there were no godly kings between them. See the Believers Bible Commentary p.1147, the New Geneva Study Bible p.1451, and The Bible Knowledge Commentary : Old Testament p.1523-1524 for more info.
Q: In Zeph 1:1, when was Zephaniah written?
A: From Zephaniah 2:13, all agree it written before the Assyrians were defeated, which was around 612 B.C. Asimov's Guide to the Bible p.658 suggests that it was written prior to Josiah's reforms in 621 B.C. Both the Believers Bible Commentary p.1147 and the New Geneva Study Bible p.1451 say it is unclear whether it was before or after Josiah's reforms.
However, since the king's sons were criticized for wearing foreign clothes in Zephaniah 2:13, it probably means they were old enough to choose their own wardrobe.
Q: In Zeph 1:2, since God would consume all on the land, including specifically men and animals, how come some things, including men and animals, are left in Palestine?
A: This refers to the wanton destruction of the land, as well as the people, by the Babylonian army. It does not say the destruction was permanent.
Furthermore, many prophecies have a dual fulfillment, and this could also refer to the future destruction of the earth.
Q: In Zeph 1:2-3, when will God consume the animals?
A: In two ways. At the end, God will sweep the earth clean at the end. In addition, the Babylonian invasion would be like a "broom" that sweeps the land of Judah.
Q: In Zeph 1:2-3, what is curious about the order of the animals here?
A: As The Bible Knowledge Commentary : Old Testament p.1525 says, these are exactly in the reverse order mentioned in Creation in Genesis 1:20-26.
Q: In Zeph 1:4 (KJV), what are "Chemarims"?
A: Jay P. Green's Literal Translation translates this "idol-worshippers". The NIV translates this as "pagan".
Q: In Zeph 1:4, why did God cut off the worship of Baal?
A: The Lord despises the worship of idol gods. Since this is the case, it does not make much sense for believers to have any idols in their homes.
Q: In Zeph 1:5, who was Malcom/Milcom?
A: This was another name for the idol Molech. The Wycliffe Bible Dictionary p.705 mentions that Molech was an Ammonite god worshipped with human sacrifice. Molech might be the same as the idol Muluk worshipped at Mari around 1700 B.C..
Q: In Zeph 1:7, who are God's guests for a sacrifice?
A: Three points to consider in the answer.
1. Zephaniah 1:7 could refer to the Great Supper of the Lamb mentioned in Revelation 19, or it could be the time of judgment of Judah prior to that, or it could be a dual reference. Nahum 1:3-5 is a second example of a dual reference. See The Bible Knowledge Commentary : Old Testament p.1525 for more on the view that both are "two parts of one grand event".
2. When an earthly king had a triumphal procession there were guests who were happy to be there and "guests" who were prisoners and not at all happy to be there. The question boils down to which type of guest is intended.
3. Willing guests view: At the supper of the Lamb in Revelation 19, the guests are believers. In Zephaniah 1:7, the New Geneva Study Bible believes these might be the nations who are judging Israel or else believers. The Believer's Bible Commentary p.1149 and The Bible Knowledge Commentary : Old Testament p.1526 believe these are the nations judging Judah.
Q: In Zeph 1:7,9,10,14 (2x), 15 (5x),16; 2:2,3; 3:8,11,16, also 1:8,19; 2:3, Isa 2:12; 13:6,9; Jer 46:10; Ezek 13:5; 30:3; Joel 1:15; 2:1,11,31, 3:14; Amos 5:18,20; Obad 15, Zeph 14:1; Mal 4:5, how is the day of the Lord near for people?
A: The Day of the Lord of "that day" is mentioned in 19 places. Zephaniah 1:7,9,10,14 (2x), 15 (5x), 16, 2:2,3; 3:8,11,16
The Day of the LORD's sacrifice is in Zephaniah 1:8
The Day of the LORD's wrath/anger 1:19; 2:3
At that time is in Zephaniah 3:20 (2x)
The appointed time Zephaniah 2:2
Q: In Zeph 1:9, what is the significance of stepping over the threshold?
A: This refers to the pagan practice of not stepping on the threshold out of reverence for the idol Dagon. The statue's head was broken when the Philistines had the ark, as 1 Samuel 5:5 mentions. The Philistines, Babylonians, and Phoenicians, as well as some idolatrous Israelites worshipped Dagon. The Lord did not want them holding other gods in respect. See The Bible Knowledge Commentary : Old Testament p.1527 for more info.
Q: In Zeph 1:11 (KJV), what is Maktesh?
A: There are four translations of this Hebrew word.
1. The KJV, NKJV, and Green's Literal Translation simply transliterate this as "Maktesh".
2. The Septuagint simply translates this as "city", probably because they did not know what it was.
3. The NRSV translates this as "Mortar" because "Matktesh" literally means "mortar". It was called this because the Maktesh district was mortar-shaped. The NIV also calls this "Mortar" in the footnote.
4. The NIV translates this a "market district" because the Maktesh was the section of Jerusalem where foreign merchants gathered. Many silver shops were there.
See the Wycliffe Bible Dictionary p.1070-1071 for more info.
Q: In Zeph 1:12, how are the persistent evil like wine left on its dregs?
A: "The analogy of wine left on its dregs suggests that the nation had become spiritually polluted. Wine allowed to ferment for a long time forms a hard crust and the liquid becomes syrupy, bitter, and unpalatable. Instead of removing the dregs of daily pollution, Judah had become hardened and indifferent to God." The Bible Knowledge Commentary : Old Testament p.1527.
Q: In Zeph 1:12, why does it seem that sometimes God will not do good or evil?
A: Sometimes God wants to see what we will do. God cannot judge a person's actions if they have no opportunity to do good or evil.
Q: In Zeph 1:14-18, should people look forward to the day of the Lord?
A: Ungodly people definitely should not. Godly people should look forward to their redemption, however, realizing that like birth, a painful time comes before the joy.
Q: In Zeph 2:1, what is interesting about the word "shamed"?
A: In Hebrew shame is niksap, which comes from the word kasap, which means to be pale or white with shame. The word kesep means silver. See The Bible Knowledge Commentary : Old Testament p.1529 for more info.
Q: In Zeph 2:4, what is poetic about these words?
A: There are two plays on words here. In Hebrew The word for "Gaza" sound similar to the word for "abandoned", and the word for "Ekron" sounds similar to the word for "uprooted". See The Expositor's Bible Commentary vol.7 p.553 for more info.
Q: In Zeph 2:4-15 why are people quick and eager to see the evil in others, but not in themselves?
A: this is perhaps one of the many varied aspects of our fallen nature. Many are blind, sometimes willfully so, to the sins and selfishness in themselves and their children. But they not only see quickly many genuine faults in others, but sometimes they see bad things that are not really there, or not there to the degree they think. Jesus talked about pulling the log out of your own eye before trying to remove the speck from someone else's in Matthew 7:3-5 and Luke 6:41-42.
Q: In Zeph 2:5, since the land of the Philistines will have no inhabitants, why does it have inhabitants today?
A: In Zephaniah 2:5, Kerethites are another term for Philistines. There are no Philistine inhabitants today. In fact, there is no Philistia today, as the people living in the Gaza strip are Palestinians, not related to Philistines.
Kerethites were another name for the Philistines or at least a part of the Philistines. The name actually meant people from Crete, which was the original homeland of the Philistines and other Sea Peoples. The Minoan Civilization was very rich and powerful, until it was destroyed by a combination of volcano and the Mycenaean Greeks. There were five main Philistine cities and four of the five are mentioned, going from south to north. A fifth one, Gath, was not mentioned, probably because it was so thoroughly destroyed by King Uzziah in 2 chronicles 26:2. Kerethite can also mean cut off, in a punning sense. Philistia "by the sea"
Gaza ('azzah) like abandon ('azubah). Ekron ('eqron) like uproot (ta'aqer). Kerethites are also mentioned in 1 Samuel 30:14; 2 Samuel 8:18; 20:23; 1 Chronicles 18:17; Ezekiel 25:16. Caphtorites, or Cretans, are also mentioned in Jeremiah 47:4 and Amos 9:7. Necho II of Egypt, reigning from 609-599 B.C., destroyed the Philistines.
Q: In Zeph 2:8, when (if at all) is it appropriate to taunt or insult someone?
A: 1 Peter 3:15 says "...Always be prepared to give an answer to everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have. But do this with gentleness and respect," (NIV). Even more, 1 Peter 2:23a gives the example of Jesus, who When they hurled their insults at him, he did not retaliate; when he suffered, he made no threats." (NIV) We should remember that the point is not to win an argument, but to win them to Christ.
But do not try to make meekness or gentleness an excuse for lack of boldness. Peter might have been meek, but he was also bold in Acts 4:8-13.
On the other hand, what about those, what while they might not be won to Christ, are actively teaching others soul-perishing things? Those people should be publicly rebuked as John the Baptist, Jesus, Paul, and Peter did in numerous places. Jesus was harsh towards the Pharisees in Luke 11:37-52 and other places, though not with all Pharisees, such as Nicodemus in John 3:1-21. Paul was harsh to Elymas in Acts 13:9-11. Peter rebuked the Jewish leaders in Acts 5:28-30, saying bluntly, they murdered Jesus. Peter sounded harsh to Simon in Acts 8:20-23.
Q: In Zeph 2:8-15 how did the pride of Moab and Ammon differ from the pride of Assyria?
A: H.A. Ironside emphasizes the pretensions of these wicked nations. Assyria was a militarily impressive nation; Moab and Ammon never were. Assyria had something they thought they could be proud of, though in an evil, perverse way. Moab and Ammon had nothing to be proud of, but they were proud anyway. Zephaniah 2:15 says people would scoff and raise their firsts at Assyria. They would not do that so much to Moab and Ammon.
Q: In Zeph 2:9, how come there were Moabites and Ammonites after the exile?
A: This verse did not say when the Moabites and Ammonites would become extinct, only that they would. In fact, Nabateans (around 325 B.C.) and other Arabs later came and settled in these lands of modern-day Jordan. The Nabateans also conquered the east part of Edom. According to the Wycliffe Bible Dictionary p.41-42, the Ammonites were finally conquered by Judas Maccabeus in 1 Maccabees 5:6.
The land also became desolate, in that it is dry desert today where it used to simply be arid range.
Q: In Zeph 2:11, why does everyone who dwells on the earth not worship God?
A: They do not now, but when Christ comes again and removes the unbelievers, all will worship God during the millennium in Revelation 20:4-5, and also on the new earth in Revelation 21:1-3.
In Zephaniah 2:11 it could either be translated "The Lord will be awesome" or else "The Lord will be against them". Regardless though, the meaning is that the Lord will be awesome against them.
Q: In Zeph 2:12, how are "Ethiopians slain by my sword"?
A: While this could refer solely to the land of Ethiopia, it is more likely that it refers to Egypt as well, since they were one kingdom just prior to the Assyrian invasion. Egypt was under the control of Ethiopia from about 728 B.C. to the conquest of Egypt by Esarhaddon of Assyria in 671 B.C. The Ethiopians tried to revolt around 664 B.C. but were defeated. Zephaniah wrote around 630 to 612 B.C.
See Pharaohs and Kings : A Biblical Quest p.22-23 for more info.
Q: In Zeph 2:14, what is appropriate about the flocks?
A: Assyria was a nation where armies lived; it had too many people to just support itself by agriculture. In the future there will be armies living there too; armies of sheep and cattle that is.
Q: In Zeph 2:14, what is the meaning behind mentioning owls?
A: A lot happens at nighttime when people are not around. The land will not be barren; there might be a lot happening as far as wildlife is concerned, but humans will not be part of it. Owl qol = voice
Q: In Zeph 2:15 what is the significance of the description here?
A: This is not just that it is a desolate place for wild beasts. Rather it is the contrast between the former crowded city and the desolate place in the future.
Q: In Zeph 3:1-2 what is the relationship between being an oppressor, not accepting correction, and not trusting in the Lord?
A: These were three sins of Jerusalem spoken against in Zephaniah. Verses 3-4 explain in more detail. People can oppress for at least three reasons: they are arrogant, they do not want to be under someone, and they are fearful that if they stop they will be oppressed, as they have oppressed others. A person might want to be their own boss, just so they don't have to accept correction from anyone else.
Q: In Zeph 3:2,7, what did God expect them to accept correction about?
A: Zephaniah 3:1 says they oppressed others, they were rebellious, and they were defiled.
They oppressed others, especially their rulers in Zephaniah 3:3-4. Sometimes religious leaders, by their position, oppress others too. Sometimes people give no thought whatsoever to others.
They were rebellious in that they accepted correction and would obey no one in Zephaniah 3:2. Sometimes a person will not obey certain people they do not respect; however here it says they will obey no one.
They were defiled in that rather than drawing near to God (Zephaniah 3:2), their drawing near to the sanctuary only profaned it (Zephaniah 3:4b).
Q: In Zeph 3:2,7, why did God expect them to fear Him and accept correction?
A: Even though they did not have the Holy Spirit inside them, and even though some of them might not have received godly instruction, they still would know something of God by nature and the truth that they did have. They still had their conscience. There is a sense of "oughtness" here; that they should have done some things they did not do, and not done some things that they did.
Q: In Zeph 3:2,7, why do some people, even bad people, accept correction, and others not?
A: If there is something that looks enticing to do, different people might think about it in at least four different ways.
Risk: Some might look at the desirability, balanced by the severity and probability (often judged by frequency) of getting caught. They might also look at the urgency of the action (offer good today only), and if how much they want to believe it. On the other hand, some are reckless, meaning that they don't even bother to think about possible negative consequences.
Sin management: Some might want to be "a little bad and a little good". Not bad by too much, but they think a little is OK as long as they don't overdo it. Robin hood was said to rob from the rich and give to the poor. Robbing itself is bad, and if you rob people, God is not at all impressed with giving a portion of wealth, that never belonged to you in the first place, to others.
Blocking the desire to sin: Some might want to commit the sin, but something, such as getting caught, or seeing possible future consequences will stop them. I know of an atheist who would never get drunk, or even drink. He was a long-distance runner, and he would not commit the sin of getting drunk because he wanted to stay in good shape. I know of another non-religious college student who would never have sex before marriage. He really wanted his wife to be a virgin before he got marriage, and he figured that for that to happen he would need to be too. I know of a heavy smoker, who when he was discharged from the military was given his lung x-rays and told to walk them to another office. He peeked at them, and saw that they were all black. So, he threw away his cigarettes right then and there, and never smoked again. He did not know that those x-rays were over-exposed. The point is that people can decide not to commit some sins for reasons that have nothing to do with God.
Desire to please God: Sometimes when something might look enticing, a Christian might remember that God is watching him, remember how much God loves them and has done for them, and as a result does not try to commit that sin for one simple reason: they just don't want to.
Q: In Zeph 3:5,11,19 why does Zephaniah emphasize shame?
A: It is said that many western societies are "truth-based" societies, at least before post-modernism. But many eastern societies, including in the Mideast, India, and the orient are "honor/shame-based" societies. Some people are more concerned about being correct or knowing the truth than being an honorable person. Others are more concerned about being an honorable person than in being right, or even fighting for the right side. Zephaniah emphasizes honor instead of shame in Zephaniah 3:19.
Q: In Zeph 3:8, why does God tell people to "wait for Him"?
A: While we should wait patiently on God, that is not at all what this verse means.
In Zephaniah 3:8, when God is telling evildoers to "wait for Me" God is using irony according to the New International Bible Commentary p.956. When people are doing violence to God's people, God is saying, "rest assured, I will be coming after you."
Q: In Zeph 3:8-13, is there any evidence this section had a different author than the rest of Zephaniah?
A: No. This claim was made solely on the fact that Zephaniah 3:8-13 was a message of hope, while the rest speaks of judgment. See When Critics Ask p.317 for more info.
Q: In Zeph 3:9 what does this mean?
A: This means to purify the lips of the people. It is not referring to a particular language, such as Greek or Hebrew, but rather to using proper godly speech in any language.
However, 1001 Bible Questions Answered p.354 has the view that this prophesies a universal language for all people.
Q: In Zeph 3:13-16, has this prophecy of Jerusalem come true yet?
A: No, it has not. It will come true in the Millennium in Revelation 20:4-5, and when the New Jerusalem comes down in Revelation 21:2.
Q: In Zeph 3:15, when will Jerusalem never again fear any harm?
A: The last verses of the minor prophets speak of God's future judgment and/or the Millennium, and Zephaniah is no exception. This speaks of the time after the tribulation, after God assembles all the nations and comes in power in Zephaniah 3:8. However, Jews would be able to know that until God has cleared away all their enemies (in Zephaniah 3:15), then they can fear disaster no more.
Q: In Zeph 3:15-20, what does God promise to a crushed and guilty people? What else does God promise?
A: God promises His protection, so that this won't happen again to God's chosen people. Of course, some people wonder about God's promises in light of the Holocaust. Some that concluded that God's not protecting them from genocide means does not consider the Jews His chosen people anymore. But regardless of the theology behind the evil that happened then, Revelation 7:5-8 assures us that Jewish people have a special place in God' will in the future.
But even more important that God's protection is God's promise of His presence. He will be with His chosen people; though there will still be trials, God will carry us through them.
Q: In Zeph 3:17, how do you cultivate tenderness towards God?
A: Hold God in awe, desire to draw closer to Him, and then spend time with Him in prayer and in the word. Here are four aspects.
Spiritual breathing: be in constant prayer with God as you go about your day.
Devote quality time exclusively to God: Take some time every day, such as in the morning, to concentrate solely on God in Bible Study, prayer, and meditation on Him.
Fellowship with other believers one-on-one or in small groups.
Worship in larger groups, such as on Sunday mornings.
Q: In Zeph 3:19, what does it mean by the lame and outcast/driven away?
A: Some animals were considered so inferior that it was not desired to keep them in the herd. If they were not even worth killing for food (due to size or fear of disease), the shepherds could only drive them away. Here God is promising that no matter how worthless they might feel, at that time God will bring them to His herd. See 1001 Bible Questions Answered p.376 for more info.
Q: In Zeph, what are some of the earliest manuscripts that still exist today?
A: Dead Sea scrolls (c.1 B.C.): There are 2 copies of Zephaniah among the Dead Sea scrolls. They are labeled 4Q77 (=4QIIb) and 4Q78 (4QXIIc). There is a commentary on Zephaniah called 1Q15 (=1QpZeph) (The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated p.468).
4Q77 contains Zephaniah 1:1-2; 2:13-15; 3:19-20
4Q78 contains Zephaniah 2:15; 3:1-2.
Nahal Hever is a cave near Engedi, that has a fragment of the minor prophets in Greek (8 Hev XIIgr). According to Manuscripts of the Greek Bible p.34, it was written between 50 B.C. and 50 A.D.. It was hidden during the Bar Kokhba revolt against Rome. It is a revision of the Septuagint, made in Judea, and almost identical to the Masoretic text. 8 Hev XIIgr contains Zephaniah 1:1-6,13-18; 2:9-10; 3:6-7
The wadi Murabb'at scroll (Mur XII) is from c.132 A.D. It contains Zephaniah 1:1,11-18; 2:1-15; 3:1-6,8-20 plus other minor prophets.
Overall, preserved in the Dead Sea scrolls, Nahal Hever and wadi Murabb'at are the following verses of Zephaniah: 1:1-6; 13-18; 2:9-10, 13-15; 3:1-2,6-7, 19-20. In other words, they contain at least parts of every verse of Zephaniah except 1:7-12; 2:1-8; 11-12; 3:3-5; 8-18. See The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls for more details.
Christian Bible manuscripts, from about 350 A.D., contain the Old Testament, including Zephaniah. Two of these are Vaticanus (325-250 A.D.) and Alexandrinus (c.450 A.D.), where the books of the twelve Minor Prophets were placed before Isaiah. Zephaniah is complete in both Vaticanus and Alexandrinus.
Sinaiticus (340-350 A.D.) also has the entire book of Zephaniah. It starts on the same page as Habakkuk ends. It ends on at the end of a page, and the next page is where Haggai starts.
Q: Which early writers referred to Zephaniah?
A: Pre-Nicene writers who referenced or alluded to verses in Zephaniah are:
Epistle of Barnabas (c.70-130 A.D.) ch.11 p.144 alludes to Zephaniah 3:19 as "the prophet says".
Melito of Sardis (170-177/180 A.D.) (Implied) mentions the "Old Testament" and lists the books. He does not list the twelve minor prophets individually, but calls them The Twelve. Fragment 4 from the Book of Extracts vol.8 p.759
Clement of Alexandria (193-217/220 A.D.) quotes Zephaniah 1:18 as "the Spirit prophesies by Zephaniah" The Instructor book 2 chl.13 p.269
Origen (225-254 A.D.) quotes Zephaniah 3:7-13 as "the following passage from Zephaniah" Origen Against Celsus book 8 ch.72 p.667
Treatise Against Novatian (c.248-258 A.D.) ch.6 p.659 quotes Zephaniah 1:1,2,3 from the Septuagint.
Cyprian of Carthage (c.246-258 A.D.) quotes from "Zephaniah" in Treatise 12 the third book ch.61 p.550.
After Nicea (325 A.D.)
Athanasius of Alexandria (367 A.D.) (Implied because mentions the twelve prophets) "There are, then, of the Old Testament, twenty-two books in number; ... then the Prophets, the twelve being reckoned as one book...." Athanasius Easter Letter 39 ch.4 p.552.
Ephraem the Syrian (350-378 A.D.) alludes to Hosea 4:3 and Zephaniah 1:3 "At these uproars the fish in the sea were moved, and Leviathan also." The Pearl Hymn 1 no.3 p.294
Cyril of Jerusalem (c.349-385 A.D.) quotes Zephaniah 3:7 from the Septuagint as by Zephaniah. Catechical Lectures Lecture 14 no.6 p.95
Jerome (373-420 A.D.) discusses the books of the Old Testament. He specifically discusses Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, the Pentateuch, Job, Jesus son of Nave [Joshua], Judges, Ruth, Samuel Kings (2 books), twelve prophets, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai,, Zechariah, Malachi, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, Esther, Ezra, Nehemiah, Letter 53 ch.7-8 p.99-101.
Augustine of Hippo (388-430 A.D.) mentions Obadiah, Nahum, Habakkuk in The City of God book 17 ch.31 p.377
The semi-Pelagian John Cassian (419-430 A.D.)
Among heretics and spurious books
Q: In Zeph, what are some of the translation differences between the Hebrew and Greek Septuagint?
A: Someone once said the Septuagint translation of Zephaniah was good but not outstanding, sort of like a fourth year language student. Focusing on chapter 1, the first alternative is the Masoretic text, the second is the Septuagint, unless otherwise noted.
Zeph 1:2 "I will completely snatch away all" vs. "Let there be an utter cutting off"
Zeph 1:3 "stumbling blocks / heaps of rubble" (Masoretic text) vs. (absent) (Septuagint)
Zeph 1:3 "snatch" vs. "be cut off" 2 times
Zeph 1:4 "remnant of Baal" vs. "name of Baal"
Zeph 1:4 "idolatrous/pagan [and the] priests" vs. "names of the priests" (Septuagint)
Zeph 1:5 "bow" vs. "worship
Zeph 1:5 "Malcom" (Masoretic) vs. "Milcom" (Septuagint, Syriac, Vulgate)
Zeph 1:6 "draw back" vs. "turn aside"
Zeph 1:7 "be silent" vs. "fear"
Zeph 1:7 "called ones" vs. "guests"
Zeph 1:8 "visit" vs. "openly take vengeance"
Zeph 1:9 "those who leap on the threshold" vs. "porches"
Zeph 1:9 "violence" vs. "ungodliness"
Zeph 1:10 "fish gate" vs. "gate of men slaying"
Zeph 1:11 "Maktesh" vs. "they that"
Zeph 1:11 "those carrying silvers" vs. "those exalted by silver"
Zeph 1:12 "settled on their lees" vs. "despised the things committed to them"
Zeph 1:14 "the mighty man shall cry out bitterly there" vs. "is made bitter and harsh."
Zeph 1:15 "darkness and gloom" vs. "gloom and darkness"
Zeph 2:2 "before a decree is born, like chaff a day is passed away" vs. "before you (plural) become as the flower that passes away," (Septuagint)
Zeph 2:14 "nation" vs. "wild animal" (targum), vs. "wild beasts" (Septuagint)
Zeph 2:14 "a voice hoots" vs. "the owl croaks"
Zeph 2:14 "the desolation croaks" vs. "the raven croaks"
Zeph 3:4 "oppressive (Masoretic) vs. "dove" (Septuagint, Theodore of Mopsuestia Commentary on Zephaniah ch.3 p.300)
Zeph 3:7 "Surely it" vs. "Surely the city"
Zeph 3:7 "its dwelling will not be cut off" vs. "it will not lose sight" (Septuagint, Syriac)
Zeph 3:8 "rise up to plunder" (Masoretic) vs. "stand up to witness/testify" (Septuagint and Syriac) vs. "the day of My revelation for judgment" (Targum) vs. "for the day of My resurrection that is to come" (Vulgate) (The Expositor's Bible Commentary vol.8 p.559 says in Hebrew the consonants for "plunder" and "witness" are the same. The original Hebrew did not have vowels.)
Zeph 3:15 "see disaster no more" (Hebrew manuscripts) vs. "fear no more" (Septuagint, Bg. (=1524-1525 edition of the Hebrew Old Testament published by Daniel Bomberg), Masoretic, Vulgate)
Zeph 3:17 "he will be silent in his love" vs. "he will renew you in his love" (Septuagint, Syriac)
Zeph 3:18 "I will remove from you" vs. "I will gather your afflicted ones." (Septuagint)
Bibliography for this question: the Hebrew translation is from Jay P. Green's Literal Translation and the Septuagint rendering is from Sir Lancelot C.L. Brenton's translation of The Septuagint : Greek and English. The Expositor's Bible Commentary and the footnotes in the NASB, NIV, NKJV, and NRSV Bibles also were used.


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Histories of Scientific Observation
Observation is the most pervasive and fundamental practice of all the modern sciences, both natural and human. Its instruments include not only the naked senses but also tools such as the telescope and microscope, the questionnaire, the photographic plate, the notebook, the glassed-in beehive, and myriad other ingenious inventions designed to make the invisible visible, the evanescent permanent, the abstract concrete. Yet observation has almost never been considered as an object of historical inquiry in itself. This wide-ranging collection offers the first examination of the history of scientific observation in its own right, as both epistemic category and scientific practice.
Histories of Scientific Observation features engaging episodes drawn from across the spectrum of the natural and human sciences, ranging from meteorology, medicine, and natural history to economics, astronomy, and psychology. The contributions spotlight how observers have scrutinized everything--from seaweed to X-ray radiation, household budgets to the emotions--with ingenuity, curiosity, and perseverance verging on obsession. This book makes a compelling case for the significance of the long, surprising, and epistemologically significant history of scientific observation, a history full of innovations that have enlarged the possibilities of perception, judgment, and reason.


Fighting for his life in one of the most closely watched congressional races in the nation, U.S. Rep. Carlos Curbelo, R-Fla., broke with President Donald Trump on birthright citizenship.
"The president has claimed his White House counsel has advised him that he does have the right to do this, not clear who is referring to since Don McGann is already on his way out, and he has not been replaced by his replacement yet," Sciutto said. "But do you suspect that this is just political performance art on the part of the president, days to an election to raise this where even the president himself – does not actually believe he has this capability?
"It's possible, but here is what I have to say to Republicans," Curbelo said. "They would be wrong and hypocritical if they didn't call this president out on this issue the same way they used to criticize President Obama when he used to draft executive orders and sign them, even though they contradicted existing laws. We have to be consistent, we have to be honest, and I think that's the broader point about what we need in our politics today.
First elected in 2014, Curbelo represents a swing district where Democrats have been gaining, especially in presidential elections. However, while Hillary Clinton routed Donald Trump 57 percent to 41 percent here back in 2016, Curbelo blew out former U.S. Rep. Joe Garcia, D-Fla., 53 percent to 41 percent in the same election.
Democrats have high hopes for community leader Debbie Mucarsel-Powell and she does have the support of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) in what is expected to be one of the closest congressional races in the Sunshine State.


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The latest chapter in Argentine football legend Diego Maradona's colorful career will be coaching Mexican second-division club Dorados, a team owned by a powerful family that has faced accusations of ties to drug trafficking.
Maradona, 57, raised eyebrows Friday with the announcement that he had signed on to manage the struggling club in Sinaloa, a state best known as home to the drug cartel of jailed kingpin Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman.
But joking aside, the clan behind the club, the Hank family, has faced accusations of links to Mexico's lucrative and violent drug trafficking industry.
Hank Rhon's son, Jorgealberto Hank Inzunza, is the president of both clubs.
He said Dorados -- who are currently in 13th place in their 15-team league -- want Maradona to stay for the remainder of the 2018 season and all of next season.
"In my conversations with him he's been very excited to come coach here. Honestly, it was easier to convince him than I thought," he told ESPN.
They are based in Culiacan, the capital of the western state of Sinaloa. But the Hanks's stronghold is Tijuana, in the north.
Hank Rhon, 62, was Tijuana's mayor from 2004 to 2007.
Prosecutors said two of the guns had been used to commit murders. But a judge ordered Hank Rhon's release after 10 days, in a widely criticized ruling.
Authorities also brought him in for questioning in 2009 over a woman's murder, but released him without charge.
His "favorite animals," he once said, are women.
"He's controversial, there's no doubt. But he has a lot of people who support him. He's a sort of patron figure," Clark told AFP.
"He has a philanthropic side. He gives money to the poor. There are always people in his office asking him for help, and he generally gives it. If you need an operation or a medical treatment, you go to him."
Journalists in Tijuana have nicknamed Hank Rhon "The Engineer," and treat him with kid gloves, one told AFP.
"He'll always give you a good story if you ask him politely for an interview. He gives great quotes. But you have to tread carefully," he said, asking his name be withheld for his own safety.
"You definitely don't ask the Engineer about drug trafficking."
The one journalist who dared to investigate Hank Rhon's links to organized crime was Hector Felix, a reporter for the local newspaper Zeta.
He was murdered in 1988. Two of Hank Rhon's bodyguards were convicted of the crime.
Hank Rhon's own father was Carlos Hank Gonzalez, a towering figure in the PRI in the days when it ruled Mexico as a one-party state.
Some say he coined the classic Mexican phrase, "a politician who is poor is a poor politician."


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text:
Woman Accused of Murdering Victim in NYC Subway Smirks at Arraignment
CBS New York/screenshot
Katherine Rodriguez
A woman accused of pushing a commuter in front of an oncoming subway in Times Square in New York City smirked at a court hearing where she was arraigned on murder charges Tuesday, the New York Daily News reported.
"This is a strong case with multiple eyewitnesses and the defendant has admitted to the crime," prosecutor Matthew Thiman told the judge at Melanie Liverpool's Manhattan Criminal Court appearance.
Liverpool, smirked and rolled her eyes as Thiman described how victim Connie Watton was pushed to her death, interrupting with, "What, I didn't admit to nothing."
Her lawyer argued that the 30-year-old was not guilty and maintains her innocence.
"The defendant has indicated to me that she does wish to inform the court that she is not guilty," defense attorney Mathew Mari said, highlighting the fact that she has no criminal record.
The woman, who has a history of schizophrenia, claimed to have pushed another woman in front of a train at the Union Square subway station Oct. 19.
"I hear voices. I push people in front of trains," she told cops then, police sources said.
Witnesses told police that Liverpool entered the station as the woman jumped, so Liverpool was not charged with a crime.
Liverpool was ordered held without bond before her next court appearance Thursday.
Another woman was convicted and sentenced last year to 24 years in prison for pushing a man into a New York City subway in 2012.
In 2014, a 61-year-old man was fatally pushed in front of an oncoming D train in the Bronx without warning. The suspect was smoking a cigarette outside a bodega as if nothing had happened.
CrimePoliticsPre-ViralNew York CityschizophreniaSubwayTimes Square
Graham on Trump 2024 Support: No One Else 'Could Do What He Could'
FBI Conducted Previously Undisclosed Search at Penn Biden Center
Joe Biden Sends Tanks to Ukraine After Warning Doing So Would Be WWIII
Howard Dean: There Are Republicans 'Who Mean America Harm'


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Catnip (Nepeta cataria) – Why Do Cats Love Catnip?
January 13, 2020 July 24, 2017 by Julia Wilson
1 Catnip (Nepeta cataria) at a glance
2 What is catnip?
3 Effects of catnip on cats
4 Mechanism of action
5 How do cats respond to catnip?
6 Do cats get a catnip hangover?
7 Is catnip harmful to cats?
8 Can pregnant cats have catnip?
9 How to give catnip to a cat
10 How much catnip should I give my cat?
11 Where can I purchase catnip?
12 How to grow catnip
13 Harvesting and storing catnip
14 Can humans get high on catnip?
15 Catnip for humans
16 Medicinal uses for catnip
17 Can other plants get cats high?
Catnip (Nepeta cataria) at a glance
What is catnip? Catnip is a member of the mint family and contains the essential oil nepetalactone which gets some cats high.
Does it affect all cats? Approximately 64% of cats are affected by catnip; kittens under eight weeks aren't able to enjoy catnip.
How does catnip affect cats? Cats respond in several ways including drooling, head and body rolling.
How long does the effect last? Approximately 5 to 10 minutes.
World catnip awareness day: 15th June.
Genus: Nepeta
Family: Lamiaceae
Botanical name: Nepeta catara
Catnip is a perennial herb from the mint family Labiatae. It has a square, hairy stalk with typically green/grey coloured heart-shaped leaves that have scalloped edges. Flowers grow in spikes, reaching 1/2 inch in length. It is best known for its ability to get cats high.
Catnip species:
There are approximately 250 species of flowering plants in the family Labiatae, some of which include:
Nepeta cataria (catnip or true catnip): White flowers, grows up to 3 feet. This is the variety most cats enjoy.
Nepeta camphorata (camphor catnip): White flowers with purple dots, grows up to 18 inches. Camphor scent.
Nepeta parnassica (Greek catnip): White, pale pink flowers, grows up to 18 inches.
Nepeta cataria citriodora (Lemon catnip): White flowers, spotted with purple, grows up to 3 feet. The leaves have a lemony scent.
Nepeta mussinii (Persian catmint): Purple flowers. This plant has smallish, grey/green leaves. It grows up to 15 inches high.
Native to Europe and Asia, catnip became naturalised in North America, Canada, Northern Europe and New Zealand after being introduced by the colonists. The name Nepeta is believed to have come from the town of Nepete in Italy, and Cataria is thought to have come from the Latin word for cat.
Nepeta cataria is also known by the following names: cataria, catmint, catnep, catrup, cat's healall, cats-play, true catnip, cat's wort, catswort, catwort, chi hsueh tsao, field balm, Garden Nep, Herba Cataria, Herba Catti, Nebada, Nep.
The active ingredient that causes a high in cats is an essential oil, nepetalactone, which is present in the leaves and stems of the plant. Other constituents include acetic acid, alpha, and beta-nepetalactone, citral, nepetalactone, geraniol, dipentene, citronellol, nerol, butyric acid, valeric acid, and tannins.
Effects of catnip on cats
Cats affected by catnip roll on the floor—which mimics a female in estrus—it has been suggested that the plant acts as an aphrodisiac, but this is unlikely, as males react the same way as females. What is likely is the cat is reacting to similar feel-good pheromones released during sexual courtship/activity. However, non-sexual behaviour—including playing, chasing, and hunting—can also be observed.
Neil B. Todd found 31% of cats are immune to the effects of catnip. Kittens under six months of age don't respond to catnip. Large cats including lions, tigers, bobcats, jaguars, servals and snow leopards also react to catnip, but it does not affect other species of animal. Kittens younger than eight weeks old aren't able to enjoy its effect; in fact, they show an aversion to it. Lions, tigers, leopards, servals, lynxes, leopards and cougars also enjoy the effects of catnip. Cats can smell 1 part per billion in the air.
Cats inherit their response to catnip as an autosomal dominant gene, which means the gene only needs to be passed on from one parent.
The olfactory system mediates the response to catnip:
When nepetalactone enters the cat's nasal passages, it binds to olfactory sensory neurons found in the olfactory epithelium (specialised tissue located on the roof of the nasal cavity, at the back of the nose), which is involved in smell. A layer of mucus covers the olfactory epithelium which traps odour molecules.
The olfactory sensory neurons send signals through the olfactory tract to the olfactory bulb which is located in the front part of the brain and responsible for processing smells.
The olfactory bulb then sends signals to several regions of the brain including the amygdala (responsible for emotions) and the hypothalamus (responsible for behavioural responses).
The cat's sense of smell is far superior to that of humans. The size of the feline olfactory epithelium is 20 cm squared, compared to our paltry 2 – 4 cm squared. Cats also have 200 million scent sensors and humans have 5 million.
How do cats respond to catnip?
Four responses have been described when a cat encounters catnip.
Chewing, licking and head shaking
Chin and cheek rubbing
Head rolling and body rubbing
Additional responses may include stretching, drooling, jumping, licking, aggression, and hyperactivity. Sniffing produces the high; it is believed that cats chew or eat catnip to bruise the leaves, thereby releasing more of the nepetalactone.
The high produced will usually last between five and ten minutes, followed by a one-hour period where the cat remains unaffected by catnip.
Do cats get a catnip hangover?
No, cats don't get a hangover from catnip so they can indulge without worry.
Is catnip harmful to cats?
No, it is harmful to your cat. Most cats know when they've had enough and will refuse any further offers; however intoxication is has been reported.
Can pregnant cats have catnip?
While catnip is safe for most cats, it is a known uterine stimulant and should be avoided in pregnant cats.
How to give catnip to a cat
You can grow it in a pot and keep it near a window or in their cat enclosure. They can have a nibble as they see fit.
You can dry it out and sprinkle some on the floor for them, add a few pinches to a paper bag and scrunch it into a ball or place a few pinches in a sock.
You can buy toys with catnip in them. Most pet shops sell toy mice filled with catnip.
How much catnip should I give my cat?
If you are giving him dry catnip, a couple of small pinches will do.
Where can I purchase catnip?
Most garden centres (nurseries) sell fresh catnip in the herb section.
Most pet shops sell dried catnip and catnip toys.
Or you can grow it fresh and dry it at home.
How to grow catnip
Catnip is easy to grow. You should be able to purchase the plant from your local garden centre. You can also grow from seed, but the germination rate can be quite low.
It likes light, sandy soil and grows best in full sun. Keep it well watered until it has become established. As the plant is growing, pinch out the top growth tips to promote bushiness. If you are planting it in a garden your cat has access to, make sure there is plenty of adjacent space around the plant so that other plants won't be damaged if your cat rolls in it.
If you have catnip in a pot for an indoor cat, have several pots growing outdoors so that you can rotate plants regularly.
Harvesting and storing catnip
You can take leaves from your catnip plant throughout the year. To dry, place in the oven on very low heat or hang upside down in a dry, ventilated area, away from the sun. It should crumble easily when it is ready.
Most pet shops sell catnip toys and/or dried catnip.
Store in an airtight container in the fridge or freezer.
Dried catnip
Can humans get high on catnip?
Catnip doesn't induce a high in humans as it can in cats. It tends to have a sedative effect, instead. As we mentioned above, some claim it produces a high similar to marijuana when smoked.
Interestingly, researchers say that nepetalactone is about ten times more effective at repelling mosquitoes than DEET, which is the active ingredient in most insect repellents. It also repels cockroaches. Plants aren't alone in containing nepetalactone; some insects and ants also contain it. It is thought it protects them from other insects.
Rats and mice have a strong dislike of catnip and will avoid places where it grows.
Catnip for humans
Catnip tea
Catnip can calm an upset stomach or help with sleep when drunk as a tea.
How to make catnip tea:
Place 1–2 teaspoons of dried catnip into a cup and add hot (not boiling) water
Let it sit for 10 minutes
Flavour with honey or lemon (optional).
It can also be used as an aromatic herb in cooking and salads.
Medicinal uses for catnip
Catnip is useful for settling an upset stomach. It has been used to treat headaches, scarlet fever, coughing, insomnia, and smallpox. It can also be used for cuts; studies show it has a natural healing quality. Crush fresh catnip leaves, damp them and apply to your wound.
Some other medicinal uses for catnip include anesthetic, antibiotic, anti-rheumatic, antispasmodic, astringent, calmative, diuretic, muscular aches and pains, rheumatism, chills, cold in the joints, hemorrhoids, toothache.
K'Eogh, in his General Irish Herbal (1735) wrote of catnip, "It provokes urination and menstruation: it expels the stillborn child; it opens obstructions of the lungs and the womb and is good for internal bruises and shortness of breath. Drunk with salt and honey, it expels worms from the body."
According to The Herb Garden, "The root when chewed is said to make the most gentle person fierce and quarrelsome." There is a story about an executioner who would have to chew on the root of catnip so he could bring himself to kill.
Pregnant women should avoid catnip, as it can induce uterine contractions.
Can other plants get cats high?
Yes, catnip isn't the only high-inducing plant. A recent article in Wired talks about current research which have found three other plants which are capable of inducing a high in cats. None of these plants contains the active compound nepetalactone, but do have similar compounds. Doctor Sebastian Bol, a molecular biologist and a founder of Cowboy Cat Ranch tried these plants out on 100 domestic cats from Southern California cat clinics to try the following plants on their feline subjects.
Silvervine
Tartarian honeysuckle
Plant matter was rubbed on a sock or a piece of carpet and placed within the line of sight of the cats. Eighty percent of cats responded to Silvervine. That is 10% more than the number of cats who respond to catnip. Forty percent of cats responded to valerian root and Tartarian honeysuckle.
Some of the cats who didn't respond to catnip did react to the other plants, 23% of cats responded to catnip, valerian root, silver vine and Tartarian honeysuckle.
Green olives can also send some cats crazy. They contain isoprenoids (also known as terpenoids) which are structurally similar to nepetalactone. I offered an olive to three of my cats, all of whom ignored it. But it warrants further research.
Categories General Cat Articles Post navigation
Heart Murmur in Cats
Cat Teeth – All About Cat Teeth & Their Care


Look chic and stylish in this fabulous skirt by Gina Bacconi. It is made from a beautiful mild stretch crepe fabric, is fully lined for comfort and fastens with a concealed zip at the side. Featuring an asymmetric seam detail and a flounce hem with the addition of a satin insert. Pair with one of our Gina Bacconi tops and heels to complete the look.


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Last night we had planned to do date night at Carlo and Ernie's Runway Bar & Grill. I am glad we ended up running into Dianne and Tracy in the parking lot which was packed with carts, they were just leaving. When we got to the bar, many of our friends were already there helping celebrate the new venue. It was a unanimous agreement that this was a great spot and that it was going to do very well. We could all see ourselves there doing airport pick ups and drop offs waiving to our friend flying in and out.
We arrived a bit later than planned and missed the food so when Cowboy Doug said he was heading onto Wet Willy's Cantina to support the Midtown Violets fundraiser for Mama Vilma's, it was a no brainier to meet him there to support a good cause, get some baked mac and cheese and home cut fries – yum.
Yeah you should have Carbunkle Trumpet, can you send me your mailing Addy? I got you a couple of Karen's beer coozies at the Wet Willy's show. I will tell him.
I should have come down this year for the show as it was mid 40's and rain on the river this year for Musicfest. Tell Paul that I finally got to see Alice n Chains this year after we hung out in the sea container 2 years back for the Tornado warning. Well worth the wait!


text:
Legends articles, Articles to be expanded, Army of Light members,
Galactic Republic military personnel
Pre-Ruusan Jedi trainees
Redeemed Jedi
Sith acolytes and apprentices
Somov Rit residents
Darovit
Somov Rit[1]
1013 BBY (978BrS),[2] Somov Rit[1]
990 BBY (955BrS), Ambria[2]
Human[1]
Male[1]
Chronological and political information
Affiliation(s)
Jedi Order (formerly)[1]
Galactic Republic[1]
Brotherhood of Darkness (formerly)[1]
Githany (Sith Master; temporarily)[1]
"Leave him. He is nothing to us."
―Darth Bane[src]
Darovit, also known as Tomcat, was a failed Human Jedi Padawan and failed Sith during the last battles of the New Sith Wars. He was also the cousin of Hardin and the Sith Lord Darth Zannah.
1.1 Later life
1.2 Death
2 Personality and traits
3 Powers and abilities
"We kill because it's just."
―Darovit[src]
Darovit falls to the dark side.
The Jedi scout Torr Snapit discovered Darovit on Somov Rit along with his cousins, Hardin (known as Bug) and Zannah (known as Rain). He was allowed to join in the war between the Army of Light and Brotherhood of Darkness by their cousin and guardian, Root.[1]
On the way to the Army of Light base on Ruusan, the starship flown by Torr Snapit was brought down in the forest. Snapit allowed the children to cross a rope bridge to safety, then sliced it with his lightsaber. After the Sith and Torr had fallen down the canyon, Darovit climbed down to retrieve Torr's lightsaber and found him alive. Although Torr pleaded for him to leave it, Darovit left him dismayed as he took it anyway and rejoined his cousin.[1]
The ragged remnants of the Army of Light and the brutal reality of the war failed to fit in with the youth's expectations of what being a Jedi would be like. He betrayed the Jedi, murdered General Kiel Charny and joined the Sith as a pupil of Dark Lady Githany. At the end of the Seventh Battle of Ruusan, he turned his back on the dark when he proved unable to kill Hardin.[1]
Zannah causes Darovit's hand to explode.
However, no sooner had he made his decision when he became powerless to prevent either his mentor or his cousin from being killed by Lord Kaan's thought bomb. He was one of the few survivors of the thought bomb, although he had no idea how he managed it. In reality, it was because his connection to the Force was very weak, especially after Rain left. It was later revealed that the only reason Darovit ever had any power was because of his Force bond with Rain.[1]
After the thought bomb, he was drawn to the nexus of trapped souls it had created. There, he encountered Rain (now using her real name Zannah) and her Master Darth Bane. Believing Bane to be about to kill them both, Darovit drew his lightsaber against him. Zannah drew on the dark side, exploding the hand Darovit was holding the lightsaber with, to allow Bane to spare his life - her last act of mercy before becoming a true Sith.[1][2]
Later life[edit | edit source]
Darovit with the Bouncers.
Darovit remained on Ruusan, where he was befriended by the Bouncers, who taught him herbal lore which he used to treat resident humans, who dubbed him "the Healing Hermit."[1][2] After years wandering, he finally built a simple hut in the boreal forests in 996 BBY. When Johun Othone was overseeing the creation of the Jedi memorial on Ruusan in 990 BBY, Darovit was enraged and constantly sabotaged the construction. He was later caught by Othone, and the Jedi convinced Darovit to come to Coruscant and let everyone know of the Sith Lords, Bane and Zannah, that he'd seen.[2]
Before he could testify and let his story be known, however, Darovit found Zannah, who was disguised as a Jedi, in the Jedi Archives. Fearing that she'd be discovered, Zannah took Darovit with her aboard the Loranda to Tython. There, Darovit was instructed to hide in the closet inside of Belia Darzu's castle, as the Sith Lords engaged in a duel against the pursuing Jedi.[2]
Following the aftermath of the duel, Darovit was instructed by Zannah to take the holocron of Belia Darzu and the five lightsabers from the Jedi with him to the Loranda.[2]
Darovit accompanied Darth Zannah to Ambria, where they confronted Caleb, to heal Darth Bane. When Caleb refused to heal him unless Zannah sent a message to the Jedi, revealing his presence to them, Darovit suggested that Zannah make a deal with him. He thought that Zannah should message the Jedi to let them know of Bane, and that her Master would be arrested, and she could be redeemed. Zannah refused, knowing that Darovit was trying to get her to turn away from the dark side, but Darovit told her it was the only way Caleb would heal Bane, and eventually she agreed.[2]
After Caleb healed Bane, Zannah murdered him and used her sorcery to drive Darovit insane. When the Jedi arrived, Zannah had hidden herself and her Master in Caleb's hut in a hidden trap door under a blanket. Meanwhile, Darovit, driven mad by illusions, attacked the Jedi with Valenthyne Farfalla's lightsaber, and was cut down immediately. Since the Jedi believed he was the Sith Lord that Caleb had spoken of, they investigated no further into the matter, and returned to Coruscant with Caleb's remains, never finding Zannah and Bane.[2]
Personality and traits[edit | edit source]
It is requested that this article section be expanded. Please improve it in any way that you see fit, and remove this notice once the article section is more complete.
Powers and abilities[edit | edit source]
Darovit wielding Torr Snapit's lightsaber.
Darovit was a moderately powerful Force user. After interacting with Darth Bane and his cousin Zannah at the thought bomb site his hand was exploded, but due to his isolation from the galactic society he never was able to get a cybernetic to replace it. Even though he had very little formal training he was still fairly competent. He was able to kill a handful of Jedi soldiers but since a majority of the Army of Light was built up of mostly teenage force sensitives with only a month or so of training, this was not a great display of skill. However, it still showed Darovit was capable in the field of battle. It was made clear, however, that he was no match for the Sith'ari Darth Bane, and when he fought the Jedi on Ambria, he was cut down quickly, though this was likely due to his mind having just been broken by Zannah. He was stated to be a good hunter and skilled basic weapon and stick combat.
Darovit was not a very powerful Force user but he was not useless. He could use the Force to augment his physical ability to the point where he could keep away from a Jedi Knight. He was able to use basic telekinesis when he was young but rarely used it. He was able to cloak himself from people using the Force and had a knowledge of using flora and making the into weapons like acids and trappings. He became a skilled healer whilst living on Ruusan.
The New Essential Chronology, The Dark Forces Saga and Book of Sith: Secrets from the Dark Side identify Darovit as Zannah's brother, when, in fact, the original source Jedi vs. Sith establishes them as cousins.
Initially there was some debate as to whether Darovit was Force-sensitive, and whether Jedi vs. Sith intended to hint at this or fans were just being overanalytical. This debate was ended when Rule of Two explicitly identified him as Force-sensitive, albeit only slightly.
Rule of Two once misspelled his name Darovti (most likely a typo). Also, during Zannah's Force Choking of him in Rule of Two it is said that his hands clawing at his throat—even though he only had one hand at the time.
Star Wars: Jedi vs. Sith (First appearance)
Darth Bane: Path of Destruction (Mentioned only)
Darth Bane: Rule of Two
Darth Bane: Dynasty of Evil (Vision to Darth Cognus)
"The Dark Forces Saga, Part 6" on Wizards.com (original article link, backup link)
The New Essential Chronology
Star Wars: The Comics Companion
Jedi vs. Sith: The Essential Guide to the Force (Picture only)
Book of Sith: Secrets from the Dark Side (Indirect mention only)
The Essential Reader's Companion
↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 Star Wars: Jedi vs. Sith
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Darth Bane: Rule of Two
Retrieved from "https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Darovit?oldid=9604802"
Army of Light members


Sour Cream - How Long Does Sour Cream Last? Sour Cream - How Long Does Sour Cream Last?
How Long Does Sour Cream Last?
How long does sour cream last? Sour cream lasts for 1-2 weeks beyond the date printed on the container if unopened, about a week beyond if opened close to the date. Does sour cream go bad? Yes, it sure does! The shelf life of sour cream is influenced by a variety of factors, such as the type of cream, the processing method, packaging date, its exposure to heat and how it is stored.
Sour cream is a dairy product obtained by fermenting regular cream with a bacterial culture that sours and thickens the cream.  The resulting product is high in fat, but can be found in reduced fat and non-fat versions and can also be mixed with a variety of spices to create dips.
Of course, all food and drink products last for a shorter period of time if they are not stored properly. But remember, sour cream, like a lot of other dairy products, usually has a sell by date, which is simply the last date it should be sold, not consumed. Because of this distinction, you may safely use sour cream on your vegetables even after its sell by date has lapsed.
How to tell if Sour Cream is bad, rotten or spoiled?
Although not a perfect test, your senses are usually the most reliable instruments to tell if your sour cream has gone bad. When sour cream is beginning to go bad, the water will separate and begin to pool... at this point, you should use up your sour cream in the next few days. You can tell if sour cream has gone bad if you notice dark mold on its surface, bright bacterial marks, pockets of watery liquid and a sharp, bitter flavor. When you notice mold on the inside of the lid and/or in the product - it's time to throw out the entire container.
How to store Sour Cream to extend its shelf life?
Proper food storage is the key to extending the shelf life of sour cream.
Prior to purchase, you should leave all cream products on the shelf until you are ready to check out. Once at home, you can help all dairy products stay fresh longer by storing them in your refrigerator below 40°F immediately after use.
Like with most dairy products, you should store your sour cream in air-tight containers that help keep out moisture and other contaminants - the original containers actually work fine. In addition, you should always make sure to use clean utensils when serving sour cream in order to avoid cross contamination. Separate sour cream from onions, garlic, and citrus fruits so it doesn't absorb pungent odors.
Can you freeze sour cream? Freezing is not recommended as it will likely result in a lumpy texture and loss of flavor when the product is thawed.
Most sour cream containers are made of plastic which reduce the cream's exposure to light, air and fluctuating temperatures.
Whether or not sour cream contains preservatives depends on the specific manufacturer.
How to use extra before your Sour Cream goes bad?
Use sour cream in place of some oil in your favorite coffee cake recipe for a more unique flavor.
If you've run out of sour cream and need a quick substitute, check our sour cream substitute page.
How long is Sour Cream good for when prepared in a dish?
How long does sour cream last? That depends. How long do baked potatoes last? In general, sour cream lasts only as long as the quickest expiring ingredient it is mixed with.
In determining how long Sour Cream lasts, our content incorporates research from multiple resources, including the United States Department of Agriculture and the United States Food & Drug Administration. In addition, we scoured the web for informative articles and reports related to food safety, food storage and the shelf life of Sour Cream.
Although the Sour Cream shelf life information on Eat By Date is generally reliable, please remember that individual cases will vary and that our advice should only be taken as an opinion and not a replacement for your health care professional. Please eat responsibly!


text:
import { assert, CMapCompressionType } from '../../src/shared/util';
import isNodeJS from '../../src/shared/is_node';
import { isRef } from '../../src/core/primitives';

class DOMFileReaderFactory {
  static async fetch(params) {
    const response = await fetch(params.path);
    if (!response.ok) {
      throw new Error(response.statusText);
    }
    return new Uint8Array(await response.arrayBuffer());
  }
}

class NodeFileReaderFactory {
  static async fetch(params) {
    const fs = require('fs');

    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      fs.readFile(params.path, (error, data) => {
        if (error || !data) {
          reject(error || new Error(`Empty file for: ${params.path}`));
          return;
        }
        resolve(new Uint8Array(data));
      });
    });
  }
}

const TEST_PDFS_PATH = {
  dom: '../pdfs/',
  node: './test/pdfs/',
};

function buildGetDocumentParams(filename, options) {
  let params = Object.create(null);
  if (isNodeJS()) {
    params.url = TEST_PDFS_PATH.node + filename;
  } else {
    params.url = new URL(TEST_PDFS_PATH.dom + filename, window.location).href;
  }
  for (let option in options) {
    params[option] = options[option];
  }
  return params;
}

class NodeCanvasFactory {
  create(width, height) {
    assert(width > 0 && height > 0, 'Invalid canvas size');

    const Canvas = require('canvas');
    const canvas = Canvas.createCanvas(width, height);
    return {
      canvas,
      context: canvas.getContext('2d'),
    };
  }

  reset(canvasAndContext, width, height) {
    assert(canvasAndContext.canvas, 'Canvas is not specified');
    assert(width > 0 && height > 0, 'Invalid canvas size');

    canvasAndContext.canvas.width = width;
    canvasAndContext.canvas.height = height;
  }

  destroy(canvasAndContext) {
    assert(canvasAndContext.canvas, 'Canvas is not specified');

    // Zeroing the width and height cause Firefox to release graphics
    // resources immediately, which can greatly reduce memory consumption.
    canvasAndContext.canvas.width = 0;
    canvasAndContext.canvas.height = 0;
    canvasAndContext.canvas = null;
    canvasAndContext.context = null;
  }
}

class NodeCMapReaderFactory {
  constructor({ baseUrl = null, isCompressed = false, }) {
    this.baseUrl = baseUrl;
    this.isCompressed = isCompressed;
  }

  async fetch({ name, }) {
    if (!this.baseUrl) {
      throw new Error(
        'The CMap "baseUrl" parameter must be specified, ensure that ' +
        'the "cMapUrl" and "cMapPacked" API parameters are provided.');
    }
    if (!name) {
      throw new Error('CMap name must be specified.');
    }
    const url = this.baseUrl + name + (this.isCompressed ? '.bcmap' : '');
    const compressionType = (this.isCompressed ? CMapCompressionType.BINARY :
                                                 CMapCompressionType.NONE);

    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      const fs = require('fs');
      fs.readFile(url, (error, data) => {
        if (error || !data) {
          reject(new Error(error));
          return;
        }
        resolve({ cMapData: new Uint8Array(data), compressionType, });
      });
    }).catch((reason) => {
      throw new Error(`Unable to load ${this.isCompressed ? 'binary ' : ''}` +
                      `CMap at: ${url}`);
    });
  }
}

class XRefMock {
  constructor(array) {
    this._map = Object.create(null);

    for (let key in array) {
      let obj = array[key];
      this._map[obj.ref.toString()] = obj.data;
    }
  }

  fetch(ref) {
    return this._map[ref.toString()];
  }

  fetchAsync(ref) {
    return Promise.resolve(this.fetch(ref));
  }

  fetchIfRef(obj) {
    if (!isRef(obj)) {
      return obj;
    }
    return this.fetch(obj);
  }

  fetchIfRefAsync(obj) {
    return Promise.resolve(this.fetchIfRef(obj));
  }
}

export {
  DOMFileReaderFactory,
  NodeFileReaderFactory,
  NodeCanvasFactory,
  NodeCMapReaderFactory,
  XRefMock,
  buildGetDocumentParams,
  TEST_PDFS_PATH,
};


Our Values - Clean Air America Inc.
We want to share our business philosophy with you, our customers, as an indication of our commitment to you and a promise of what you can expect to receive when you choose to do business with Clean Air America, Inc.
Placing our customers' well-being first is our top priority. Our success depends on satisfying our customers.
We will respond promptly, courteously, and professionally to information and action requests from our customers.
We will utilize product and market research, customer feedback, and formal training to maintain technical superiority and to ensure our customers access to the best available technology. We will provide the foremost value to our customers, combining application know-how, high quality equipment, competitive price and delivery, and all necessary after-sale services.
We are an "information resource" to our customers. We encourage you to call us with any questions relating to improving indoor air quality and solving air pollution problems. If we cannot solve your problem, we will help you to find a solution elsewhere.
All equipment and services provided by Clean Air America, Inc. are performance guaranteed.
This commitment is embraced by every Clean Air America, Inc. employee. We expect this same commitment from our suppliers, subcontractors, and other business partners who join with Clean Air America, Inc. to provide goods and services to our valued customers.
Clean Air America, Inc. welcomes your comments and suggestions on how we can continuously improve upon the products and services which we supply to you.


Nothing sheepish about this meal! Lamb provides great quality protein, while also providing Vitamin B12 – important for our nervous system, cell formation and for growing bodies. It is also reputed to help in improving kids appetites. Olive oil provides mono-saturated fats, which contribute towards a healthy heart, and are also great for our skin. The healthiest version is Extra Virgin Olive Oil, also known as EVOO. Balance this meal with colourful roasted root vegetables and potatoes for healthy carbs – a great way to use more EVOO!
Mix together the olive oil, crushed garlic, crushed rosemary and thyme sprigs in a large bowl.
Add the lamb and coat well. Grind some coarse black pepper over all.
If you have the time, wrap well and marinate the racks overnight.
Place the lamb in the oven and roast in for 20 to 30 minutes.
Can you spot thyme and rosemary in the picture on top of the page?
Do you recognise the other herbs?


Battle Baptists celebrate after winning the National Christian Cup last May.
Battle Baptist Football Club is in confident mood as it bids for a semi-final place in its defence of the National Christian Cup.
The Macron East Sussex Football League leaders will travel to Selhurst United in the quarter-finals of the prestigious national knockout competition tomorrow (Saturday).
Battle manager Gary Walsh said: "We're really excited. Everybody's fit and raring to go, and we're really looking forward to it.
Battle have won all four of their games in all competitions since the turn of the year without conceding a goal, all of them away from home. One of those victories was a 5-0 success against St Albans Romans in the previous round.
Beckenham-based Selhurst have scored 11 goals and conceded just one to reach this stage, winning 8-1 at home to Soul Church (Norwich) and 3-0 at home to FC Cornerstone (Stevenage).
"I don't know a great deal about them," admitted Walsh. "Their name seems new to me in the competition, we've never played them before, but clearly they've got to this stage so we know that they're going to be a force to be reckoned with.
Walsh says a lot of the players still talk about Battle's victory in last season's final at The Valley, home of Charlton Athletic FC, and opponents mention it too.
"We keep looking back to that day last May when we had such a great time and we want it again," he went on. "A lot of the lads talk about it, and they're going to battle and fight because they want it again.
"Every time I make contact with our opposition they always mention it. The comment on Monday from the (Selhurst) guy when he emailed me was 'we're looking forward to it to measure ourselves against the national champions'.
The winners of tomorrow's quarter-final will face a long trip to the north-west in the last four to face opposition from Bolton or Liverpool.
Apart from Adam Higgins-Gooch, Battle should be at full strength with Jake Rudwick and Dean Boyd having shaken off their injury concerns.
The squad will leave Battle at 9.30am and should arrive in south east London in plenty of time for the 1.30pm kick-off.
Battle's scheduled league fixture at home to Crowhurst last weekend was postponed due to an unfit pitch, meaning they still haven't played on their own turf since October.


Before you take a sledgehammer to that wall….
Here in construction world we are going strong with our big summer build. We are looking forward to a few months of cooler temps before the weather drives us inside.
Now is time to start thinking about your holiday needs. Are you hosting Thanksgiving? Can you handle it in your kitchen as is? Need more counter space? Is your dining room big enough? Is this the year you knock out a wall to create an open plan kitchen/dining/living area?
Now before you take a sledgehammer to your walls you need expert advice to determine if it's a wall that can go away. Every wall has purpose. Sometimes it's only to divide the space, sometimes it's holds up the 2nd floor and some hold up the roof. Some conceal the pipes and electrical between the floors. You can't tell just by looking. Scheduling a structural engineer or architect to come look and draw you up a plan is the right way to go. Now if you built your house and still have the architect plans on hand you can look there but most of us don't have access to those plans. I know this sounds like an extra expense but getting your 2nd floor out of your first floor after it walls collapse in would be a much larger expense. Gone are the days when a builder can come in, knock out a wall and re-do an area without permits. More & more towns are requiring raised seals plans before issuing permits. It's for every ones protection to have permits & inspections along the way. Now if they determine that your wall is load bearing there might be a way around it but again you need a professional plan. They may also come up with alternate plans that may even be better than what you planned.
Point is, it's worth the expense to have a professional plan. I confirmed with our town that anytime you are doing a job that requires a permit you will need a written/drawn plan. Unless you are re-doing something, like re-roofing, re-siding, re-wiring or replacing an appliance. Anytime you have to open the drywall or add to or change service you will need a permit thus a plan. Customer's can draw their own plan but realize this you are then assuming the liability for the validity of the plan. You have just absolved the builder & town of most of the liability if it goes wrong. So don't think of it as an added expense but as the first of many expenses, We have all be told a job worth doing is worth doing right.
Plan to spend 1-2 months getting all of your legal ducks in a row before a sledgehammer gets anywhere near your walls. Pavolony Construction can refer you to architects & structural engineers but we will work with any plans you secure. So start now if you need that new space for the holidays.