text:
\section{}

\textit{Introduction.}
While it has been known that the $E1$ excitations in atomic nuclei
are predominantly concentrated in the giant dipole resonance (GDR),
recent experiments have disclosed
that sizable $E1$ strengths are present at lower energies
in a number of $N>Z$ nuclei;
in nuclei far off the $\beta$ stability
such as $^{68}$Ni~\cite{Wieland09} and $^{130,132}$Sn~\cite{Adrich05},
and in medium- and heavy-mass nuclei along the $\beta$ stability line,
$^{90}$Zr~\cite{Schwengner,Iwamoto},
the Pb isotopes~\cite{Chapuran,Ryezayeva,Endres00,Tamii,Poltoratska}
and the $N=82$ isotones~\cite{Herzberg,Zilges,Volz,Savran06,Savran08,
Endres09,Endres10,Tonchev}.
These low-energy $E1$ strengths are often called
pygmy dipole resonance (PDR),
though their physical content yet remains obscure.
The GDR is a typical collective excitation of nuclei,
in which the constituent protons oscillate against neutrons
($pn$ mode), keeping the center-of-mass (c.m.) at rest.
A possible interpretation of the PDR is
an oscillation of the neutron skin against the inner core (skin mode),
as suggested in pioneering studies
with macroscopic models~\cite{mohan71,suzuki90,isacker92}.
However, recent calculations using the random-phase approximation (RPA)
do and do not support the skin-mode picture of the observed PDRs,
depending on nuclides as well as on effective interactions
or energy density functionals.
A systematic calculation~\cite{INY09} shows that
the low-energy $E1$ strengths well correlate to the neutron skin thickness
in some regions of nuclides,
but not in other regions.
The low-energy $E1$ strengths are quite relevant
to reaction rates in nucleosynthesis.
Moreover, the low-energy $E1$ strengths could correlate
to density-dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy,
and therefore to structure of neutron stars.
It is important to comprehend energy- and nucleus-dependence
of the low-energy $E1$ excitations,
to which inspection of its character should be crucial.

The $E1$ transitions have isovector (IV) character
in the long wavelength limit.
In the pure $pn$ mode the transition densities should be IV
at any position.
However, the transition densities at each position
may have isoscalar (IS) character in the skin mode,
although the IS component should vanish after integration
(see Eq.~(\ref{eq:int-sptrd}) given later).
In Refs.~\cite{Savran06,Endres09,Endres10},
it has been shown experimentally
that low-energy $1^-$ states in $^{138}$Ba, $^{140}$Ce and $^{124}$Sn
can be excited by $(\alpha,\alpha^\prime\gamma)$
as well as by $(\gamma,\gamma^\prime)$,
in contrast to higher-energy states excited only via $(\gamma,\gamma^\prime)$.
This seems to support the skin-mode interpretation
of the low-energy $E1$ strengths in these nuclei.
The isospin character of the low-energy transitions has been investigated
for $^{140}$Ce~\cite{Paar09}, $^{68}$Ni, $^{132}$Sn
and $^{208}$Pb~\cite{Roca-Maza12,Vretenar12} by the RPA calculations.
It has been pointed out in those studies
that character of the transitions varies as energy increases.
Similar results have been reported from calculations
in the quasiparticle-phonon model~\cite{Tsoneva08}.
However, in these experimental and theoretical studies,
character of the $E1$ transitions does not necessarily switch
from the skin mode to the $pn$ mode sharply.
It is hence desired
to investigate character of the low-energy $E1$ transitions
with taking admixture of the two modes into consideration.
Of particular interest is how the degree of the mixing varies
for increasing energy and/or mass number.
Since the transition operators to $1^-$ states
have different radial-dependence between the IS and the IV channels
so as not to contain the c.m. motion,
the IS and IV transition strengths cannot directly be compared.
We should also notice that the oscillation of the neutron skin
against the inner core should provide transition density
dominated by neutrons outside the core,
which has IV as much as IS characters.
It is not easy to draw quantitative information of the mixing
between the $pn$ and the skin modes
only from the isospin character of the transition rates,
although it is certainly useful for qualitative arguments.

In this article
we investigate character of the low-energy $E1$ excitations
via the RPA calculations on top of the Hartree-Fock (HF) wave functions.
Calculations have been implemented for a number of doubly magic nuclei
with various non-relativistic effective interactions,
the Skyrme (SkM$^\ast$, SkI2)~\cite{SkMs,SkI},
the Gogny (D1S, D1M)~\cite{D1S,D1M}
and the M3Y-type~(M3Y-P7)~\cite{Nak03,Nak12} interactions,
by using the numerical methods of Refs.~\cite{Ina06,NIY07,NMYM09}.
Note that in these calculations
the spurious c.m. motion has been separated out to good precision,
both for the Skyrme and the finite-range interactions.
We then introduce a new method of decomposing the low-energy $E1$ strengths
into the $pn$ and the skin modes
from the calculated transition densities,
by which mixing of the two modes is taken into account
in a straightforward manner.
Via this decomposition we shall examine
energy- and nucleus-dependence of character of the $E1$ transitions.
Since interaction-dependence does not influence essential points of arguments,
we shall mainly show results of the SkI2 interaction below,
with which observed PDRs in several nuclei are reproduced
relatively well~\cite{Car10}.

\textit{Transition density.}
The $E1$ transition operator is expressed as
\begin{equation}
 \mathcal{O}^{(E1)}
 = \frac{N}{A}\sum_{i\in p} r_i Y^{(1)}(\hat{\mathbf{r}}_i)
  -\frac{Z}{A}\sum_{i\in n} r_i Y^{(1)}(\hat{\mathbf{r}}_i)\,,
  \label{eq:op1}
\end{equation}
after the c.m. correction.
Here $i$ is the index of nucleons
and $i\in p$ ($i\in n$) indicates that the sum runs over protons (neutrons).
The $E1$ strength from the ground state $|0\rangle$
to the $1^-$ state $|\alpha\rangle$ in a even-even nucleus is
$B(E1;\alpha) = \Big|\langle\alpha|\mathcal{O}^{(E1)}|0\rangle\Big|^2$.
As the $1p$-$1h$ excitations,
we calculate the transition amplitude $\langle\alpha|\mathcal{O}^{(E1)}|0\rangle$
within the HF+RPA.
By smearing out with Lorentzian,
the strength function is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
 S^{(E1)}(\omega) &=& \frac{\gamma}{\pi}\sum_\alpha
  \bigg[\frac{1}{(\omega-\omega_\alpha)^2+\gamma^2}\nonumber\\
  &&\quad - \frac{1}{(\omega+\omega_\alpha)^2+\gamma^2}\bigg]\,
  \Big|\langle\alpha|\mathcal{O}^{(E1)}|0\rangle\Big|^2\,.
 \label{eq:S(E)}
\end{eqnarray}
We adopt $2\gamma=1\,\mathrm{MeV}$ throughout this paper.

We next define the proton and neutron transition density by
\begin{equation}
 r^2\delta\rho_{\tau_z}^{(\lambda=1)}(r;\alpha)
  = \left\{\begin{array}{r}
 {\displaystyle\langle \alpha|\sum_{i\in p} \delta(r-r_i)\,
  r_i Y^{(1)}(\hat{\mathbf{r}}_i)|0\rangle} \\
 (\mbox{for~}\tau_z=p) \\
 {\displaystyle\langle \alpha|\sum_{i\in n} \delta(r-r_i)\,
  r_i Y^{(1)}(\hat{\mathbf{r}}_i)|0\rangle} \\
 (\mbox{for~}\tau_z=n) \end{array}
 \right.\,.
\end{equation}
Associated with $\mathcal{O}^{(E1)}$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:op1}),
the $E1$ transition density is defined as
\begin{equation}
 \delta\rho^{(E1)}(r;\alpha) = \frac{N}{A}\delta\rho_p^{(\lambda=1)}(r;\alpha)
  -\frac{Z}{A}\delta\rho_n^{(\lambda=1)}(r;\alpha)\,,
 \label{eq:trdns1}
\end{equation}
which yields $\langle\alpha|\mathcal{O}^{(E1)}|0\rangle
= \int r^2dr\,\delta\rho^{(E1)}(r;\alpha)$.
It is noticed that, because the spurious c.m. motion is well separated,
we have
\begin{equation}
 \int r^2 dr\,\big[\delta\rho_p^{(\lambda=1)}(r;\alpha)
 + \delta\rho_n^{(\lambda=1)}(r;\alpha)\big]
  = 0\,.
\label{eq:int-sptrd}
\end{equation}

The transition density $\delta\rho_{\tau_z}^{(\lambda=1)}(r)$
is useful to investigate character of an individual transition.
In the $pn$ mode we have $\delta\rho_p^{(\lambda=1)}(r)
+\delta\rho_n^{(\lambda=1)}(r)\approx 0$ at any $r$.
In contrast, in the skin mode $\delta\rho_p^{(\lambda=1)}(r)$
and $\delta\rho_n^{(\lambda=1)}(r)$ have equal phases
up to around the nuclear surface,
and $\delta\rho_n^{(\lambda=1)}(r)$ at larger $r$
has the opposite phase to them,
so that Eq.~(\ref{eq:int-sptrd}) should be fulfilled.
This indicates that $\delta\rho^{(E1)}(r)$ is small in the interior
because $\delta\rho_p^{(\lambda=1)}(r)$ and $\delta\rho_n^{(\lambda=1)}(r)$
tend to cancel each other,
while $\delta\rho^{(E1)}(r)\,(\approx(-Z/A)\,\delta\rho_n^{(\lambda=1)}(r))$
at large $r$ mainly contributes to the $E1$ strength.

In Fig.~\ref{fig:trdns-Sn132}(b)
$r^2\delta\rho_{\tau_z}^{(\lambda=1)}(r;\alpha)$
is depicted for several excited states $\alpha$ in $^{132}$Sn
(also see Fig.~\ref{fig:Sn132E1-decomp} for the strength function).
For reference, we show the proton and neutron density distributions
in the HF ground state $\rho_{\tau_z}(r)$ in Fig.~\ref{fig:trdns-Sn132}(a),
along with the proton and neutron rms radii.
The excitation to the $\omega_\alpha=8.4\,\mathrm{MeV}$ state
has typical transition densities of the skin mode,
while the excitation to $\omega_\alpha=12.7\,\mathrm{MeV}$
is dominated by the $pn$ mode,
although we may view skin-mode-like behavior
in $r\lesssim 5\,\mathrm{fm}$ and in the displacement of the peaks
between $r^2\delta\rho_p^{(\lambda=1)}(r)$ and $r^2\delta\rho_n^{(\lambda=1)}(r)$.
However, at energies in-between it is difficult
to classify the excitations into either of the $pn$ or the skin mode.
As the two modes seem to mix at these intermediate energies,
the transition densities gradually change as $\omega$ increases.
In this respect character change of the $E1$ strengths is not like
a phase transition from the skin mode to the $pn$ mode,
should rather be regarded as \textit{crossover} between the two modes.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{transition.density.132Sn.SkI2.PDRtoGDR.eps}
\caption{(Color online)
(a) Density distribution $\rho_p(r)$ (red line) and $\rho_n(r)$ (blue line)
 of the ground state in $^{132}$Sn by the HF calculation with SkI2.
 The thick gray bar is bounded by the proton and neutron rms radii
 ($r_p$ and $r_n$), presenting their difference.
(b) Transition densities $r^2\delta\rho_p^{(\lambda=1)}(r;\alpha)$ (red line)
 and $r^2\delta\rho_n^{(\lambda=1)}(r;\alpha)$ (blue line)
 to several $1^-$ states in $^{132}$Sn by the HF+RPA calculation with SkI2.
 The overall phases are taken so as for the highest peak
 of $r^2\delta\rho_n^{(\lambda=1)}(r;\alpha)$ to be positive, for each $\alpha$.
 \label{fig:trdns-Sn132}}
\end{figure}

\textit{Decomposition of $E1$ strengths.}
It is reasonable to assume that $E1$ strengths are dominated
by the two components,
one corresponds to the skin mode while the other to the $pn$ mode,
up to around the GDR peak,
though they can mix in individual excitations.
In order to view the gradual change of the $E1$ character closely,
we separate the $E1$ transition density to each $|\alpha\rangle$
into the $pn$- and the skin-mode components.
Although it is not obvious how the $E1$ strengths can be decomposed
into these two ingredients,
we here introduce a method which works practically well,
particularly in handling their mixing.
As argued above,
while the $pn$-mode transitions hold IV character
with $\delta\rho_p^{(\lambda=1)}(r)$
and $\delta\rho_n^{(\lambda=1)}(r)$ having opposite phases,
in the skin mode the transition densities have IS character
in a certain spatial region,
basically the interior of the nucleus,
and are dominated by neutrons in the remaining region.
We therefore separate the excitation to each $|\alpha\rangle$
into the $pn$- and the skin-mode components in a position-dependent manner
by the following criterion:
\begin{eqnarray} &&\left.\begin{array}{l}
 \delta\rho_{pn}^{(E1)}(r;\alpha) = 0 \\
 \delta\rho_\mathrm{skin}^{(E1)}(r;\alpha) = \delta\rho^{(E1)}(r;\alpha)
 \end{array}\right\}\nonumber\\
 &&\qquad\mbox{for $r$ satisfying }
 {\displaystyle\frac{\delta\rho_p^{(\lambda=1)}(r;\alpha)}
 {\delta\rho_n^{(\lambda=1)}(r;\alpha)} > -\lambda_s}\,,\nonumber\\
&&\left.\begin{array}{l}
 \delta\rho_{pn}^{(E1)}(r;\alpha) = \delta\rho^{(E1)}(r;\alpha) \\
 \delta\rho_\mathrm{skin}^{(E1)}(r;\alpha) = 0 \end{array}\right\}\nonumber\\
 &&\qquad\mbox{otherwise}\,. \label{eq:criterion}\end{eqnarray}
Obviously $\delta\rho^{(E1)}(r;\alpha)
= \delta\rho_{pn}^{(E1)}(r;\alpha)+\delta\rho_\mathrm{skin}^{(E1)}(r;\alpha)$.
To pick up components with $\delta\rho_p^{(\lambda=1)}(r)\approx 0$
as the skin mode,
it is appropriate to take $0<\lambda_s\ll 1$.
For the $12.7\,\mathrm{MeV}$ excitation of Fig.~\ref{fig:trdns-Sn132},
the transition density at $r\lesssim 5\,\mathrm{fm}$
and $9\lesssim r\lesssim 13\,\mathrm{fm}$ is classified as
$\delta\rho_\mathrm{skin}^{(E1)}(r;\alpha)$,
while the dominant part of $5\lesssim r\lesssim 9\,\mathrm{fm}$
as $\delta\rho_{pn}^{(E1)}(r;\alpha)$.
Whereas it may be questioned
whether the criterion of Eq.~(\ref{eq:criterion}) is appropriate
for very weak $E1$ excitations or $E1$ excitations at high energy,
it will be useful in investigating energy-dependent character
of the $E1$ strengths below the GDR peak.
Since the IS-like transition density does not significantly contribute
to the $E1$ strength,
the condition of Eq.~(\ref{eq:criterion}) indicates
dominance of the neutron excitation for $\delta\rho_\mathrm{skin}^{(E1)}(r)$,
as long as transitions at relatively low energy are concerned.
This separation of the spatial region according to the transition densities
provides the way to decompose the $E1$ transition matrix element,
\begin{eqnarray}
&& \langle\alpha|\mathcal{O}^{(E1)}|0\rangle
 =\langle\alpha|\mathcal{O}^{(E1)}|0\rangle_{pn}
 +\langle\alpha|\mathcal{O}^{(E1)}|0\rangle_\mathrm{skin}\,; \nonumber\\
&&\quad \left\{\begin{array}{ll}
  {\displaystyle \langle\alpha|\mathcal{O}^{(E1)}|0\rangle_{pn}
   =\int r^2dr\,\delta\rho_{pn}^{(E1)}(r;\alpha)}\\
  {\displaystyle \langle\alpha|\mathcal{O}^{(E1)}|0\rangle_\mathrm{skin}
   =\int r^2dr\,\delta\rho_\mathrm{skin}^{(E1)}(r;\alpha)}\end{array}\right.\,,
\end{eqnarray}
and further to the decomposition of the strength function,
\begin{eqnarray}
&& S^{(E1)}(\omega)=S^{(E1)}_{pn}(\omega)+S^{(E1)}_\mathrm{skin}(\omega)
 +S^{(E1)}_\mathrm{intf}(\omega)\,; \nonumber\\
&&\quad \left\{\begin{array}{ll} S^{(E1)}_{pn}(\omega)
   &={\displaystyle \frac{\gamma}{\pi}\sum_\alpha
  \bigg[\frac{1}{(\omega-\omega_\alpha)^2+\gamma^2}}\\
  &\qquad{\displaystyle - \frac{1}{(\omega+\omega_\alpha)^2+\gamma^2}\bigg]}\,
  \Big|\langle\alpha|\mathcal{O}^{(E1)}|0\rangle_{pn}\Big|^2\\
  S^{(E1)}_\mathrm{skin}(\omega)
   &={\displaystyle \frac{\gamma}{\pi}\sum_\alpha
  \bigg[\frac{1}{(\omega-\omega_\alpha)^2+\gamma^2}}\\
  &\qquad{\displaystyle - \frac{1}{(\omega+\omega_\alpha)^2+\gamma^2}\bigg]}\,
  \Big|\langle\alpha|\mathcal{O}^{(E1)}|0\rangle_\mathrm{skin}\Big|^2\\
  S^{(E1)}_\mathrm{intf}(\omega)
   &={\displaystyle \frac{\gamma}{\pi}\sum_\alpha
  \bigg[\frac{1}{(\omega-\omega_\alpha)^2+\gamma^2}}\\
  &\qquad{\displaystyle - \frac{1}{(\omega+\omega_\alpha)^2+\gamma^2}\bigg]}\\
  &\hfill \times 2\,\mathrm{Re}\Big[
    \langle\alpha|\mathcal{O}^{(E1)}|0\rangle_{pn}^\ast\,
    \langle\alpha|\mathcal{O}^{(E1)}|0\rangle_\mathrm{skin}\Big]
 \end{array}\right.\,.
\end{eqnarray}

The results of decomposing the $E1$ strength functions with $\lambda_s=0.05$
are displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:Sn132E1-decomp}(a),
along with $B(E1)$ to an individual state $|\alpha\rangle$,
for $^{132}$Sn.
By this decomposition,
we view more clearly the crossover from the skin mode to the $pn$ mode
in the $E1$ transition strengths.
We have confirmed that the results do not change much
with $\lambda_s=0.1$ and $\lambda_s=0.2$~\cite{Sawai}.
Moreover, although the decomposition may reflect
character of individual states $|\alpha\rangle$,
the decomposed strength functions do not have strong irregularity,
after smoothing with respect to $\omega$.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{rpa.132Sn.SkI2.1500.ISIVdecomp.ratio.eps}
\caption{(Color online)
(a) Decomposed $E1$ strength functions
 and $B(E1;\alpha)$ in $^{132}$Sn.
 Solid line shows
 $S^{(E1)}(\omega)\,\big(=S^{(E1)}_{pn}(\omega)+S^{(E1)}_\mathrm{skin}(\omega)
 +S^{(E1)}_\mathrm{intf}(\omega)\big)$,
 while blue-shaded and hatched areas present
 $S^{(E1)}_\mathrm{skin}(\omega)$ and $S^{(E1)}_\mathrm{intf}(\omega)$, respectively.
 Red vertical bars display $B(E1;\alpha)$ without smoothing.
 Black arrow attached to the horizontal axis indicates
 the neutron threshold in the HF calculation.
(b) $R_\mathrm{skin}(\omega)$ and $R_\mathrm{intf}(\omega)$.
 Conventions correspond to those of the strength functions in (a).
 The SkI2 interaction is employed.
 \label{fig:Sn132E1-decomp}}
\end{figure}

We further define the ratios
\begin{equation}
 R_\mathrm{mode}(\omega) = \frac{S^{(E1)}_\mathrm{mode}(\omega)}
  {S^{(E1)}(\omega)}\,;\quad(\mbox{`$\mathrm{mode}$'\,$=$\,`$pn$',
  `$\mathrm{skin}$' or `$\mathrm{intf}$'})\,, \label{eq:def-R}
\end{equation}
which are exemplified for $^{132}$Sn
in Fig.~\ref{fig:Sn132E1-decomp}(b).
Note that $R_{pn}(\omega)=1-R_\mathrm{skin}(\omega)-R_\mathrm{intf}(\omega)$.
These ratios are not sufficiently meaningful
for $\omega$ at which $S^{(E1)}(\omega)$ is quite small,
namely at very low $\omega$ (in absence of sizable $E1$ strengths)
as well as at high $\omega$ beyond GDR.
However, above the energy
at which $R_\mathrm{skin}(\omega)$ starts decreasing
($\omega\gtrsim 8\,\mathrm{MeV}$ in Fig.~\ref{fig:Sn132E1-decomp}),
$R_\mathrm{skin}(\omega)$ keeps decreasing almost monotonically
up to the GDR peak energy, apart from small fluctuations.
This illustrates that the position-dependent decomposition
of the $E1$ strengths of Eq.~(\ref{eq:criterion}) works practically well
at $\omega\lesssim 20\,\mathrm{MeV}$.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{rpa.O.Ca.Ni.SkI2.ISIVdecomp.eps}
\caption{(Color online)
 Decomposed $E1$ strength functions and $B(E1;\alpha)$ with SkI2.
 See Fig.~\protect\ref{fig:Sn132E1-decomp} for conventions.
 \label{fig:E1-decomp}}
\end{figure}

The decomposed strength functions and the ratios
are depicted for many doubly magic (or nearly doubly magic) nuclei
in Figs.~\ref{fig:E1-decomp} and \ref{fig:E1-ratio}.
We confirm that the essential points found in $^{132}$Sn
hold for other nuclei.
In neutron-rich nuclei there is a certain energy region
where $R_\mathrm{skin}(\omega)$ exceeds $0.5$,
although $R_\mathrm{skin}(\omega)$ values are not always quite meaningful
at very low $\omega$ as in $^{132}$Sn.
Let us give special attention to the energy
at which $R_\mathrm{skin}(\omega)$ comes down to $0.5$
(after exceeding $0.5$) in these neutron-rich nuclei.
It is relatively high in the lighter nuclei $^{22,24}$O.
However, the energy at which $R_\mathrm{skin}(\omega)$ decreases down to $0.5$
is $\omega\approx 10\,\mathrm{MeV}$
for all nuclei from $^{52}$Ca to $^{132}$Sn,
with strikingly weak nucleus-dependence beyond the Ca region.
This consequence hardly depends on the effective interactions,
since $R_\mathrm{skin}(\omega)$ in the crossover energy region
is not quite sensitive to the effective interaction,
as illustrated for $^{86}$Ni in Fig.~\ref{fig:E1-ratio_Ni86}.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{rpa.O.Ca.Ni.SkI2.ISIVratio.eps}
\caption{(Color online)
 $R_\mathrm{skin}(\omega)$ and $R_\mathrm{intf}(\omega)$ with SkI2.
 See Fig.~\protect\ref{fig:Sn132E1-decomp} for conventions.
 \label{fig:E1-ratio}}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{ISIVratio.86Ni.interaction.eps}
\caption{(Color online)
 Comparison of $R_\mathrm{skin}(\omega)$ and $R_\mathrm{intf}(\omega)$
 in $^{86}$Ni among various effective interactions.
 See Fig.~\protect\ref{fig:Sn132E1-decomp} for conventions.
 \label{fig:E1-ratio_Ni86}}
\end{figure}

\textit{PDR in $^{90}$Zr.}
Because of the mixing of the $pn$ mode and the skin mode,
it is not guaranteed that all the observed low-energy $E1$ strengths
should be attributed to the skin mode.
Therefore careful study is needed in interpreting observed PDRs.
We here argue character of the $E1$ strengths in $^{90}$Zr as an example.

The strength function and transition densities with SkI2
are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:Zr90},
in which a shoulder structure is found at $\omega\approx 13\,\mathrm{MeV}$.
This shoulder state is a good $pn$ mode but with two bumps
in the transition densities.
The other currently used interactions give similar results.

Recent experiments have established a peak at $\omega\approx 9\,\mathrm{MeV}$
in the $E1$ strength distribution of $^{90}$Zr~\cite{Schwengner,Iwamoto}.
Suppose that the calculated strength at $\omega\approx 13\,\mathrm{MeV}$
corresponds to this observed PDR,
the PDR in $^{90}$Zr is not associated with the skin mode,
rather being a result of fragmentation of the $pn$ mode.
Despite the displacement in energy,
it is still suggested that the observed PDR is not highly
dominated by the skin mode,
since mixing of the two modes is expected at $\omega\approx 9\,\mathrm{MeV}$,
according to nucleus-insensitive behavior of $R_\mathrm{skin}(\omega)$
in Fig.~\ref{fig:E1-ratio}.
Experimental information on the transition density will be desired.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{rpa.90Zr.SkI2.1500.eps}
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{transition.density.90Zr.SkI2.PDRandGDR.eps}
\caption{(Color online)
(a) $S^{(E1)}(\omega)$, $B(E1;\alpha)$
and (b) $r^2\delta\rho^{(\lambda=1)}(r;\alpha)$ in $^{90}$Zr, with SkI2.
 See Figs.~\ref{fig:trdns-Sn132} and \ref{fig:Sn132E1-decomp}
 for conventions.
 \label{fig:Zr90}}
\end{figure}

\textit{Summary.}
By analyzing the transition densities
obtained from the HF+RPA calculations in the doubly-magic nuclei,
we have investigated character of the low-energy $E1$ excitations.
In a certain energy region
the $pn$ mode (\textit{i.e.} oscillation between protons and neutrons)
and the skin mode (\textit{i.e.} oscillation
of the neutron skin against the inner core)
mix with each other.
We propose a method to decompose the $E1$ excitations
into the $pn$ mode and the skin mode via the transition densities,
which practically works well
and enables us to handle their mixing explicitly.
It has been shown that the $E1$ excitations gradually change their character
as the energy increases.
This behavior may be regarded as crossover transition
from the skin mode at low energy to the $pn$ mode at higher energy.
The skin-mode strength comes down to a half of the full $E1$ strength
at $\omega\approx 10\,\mathrm{MeV}$ from $^{52}$Ca to $^{132}$Sn,
generic for all nuclide and effective interactions
under investigation
as far as sizable $E1$ strengths are present at low energy.

Because of the energy-dependence of the character of the $E1$ excitations,
it is not obvious whether observed PDR in an individual nucleus
is dominated by the skin mode.
We argue the case of $^{90}$Zr as an example,
via the calculated strength function
as well as via the generic energy-dependence of the skin-mode fractions.
We emphasize importance of experimental information
of the transition densities.

This work is financially supported
as Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research No.~24105008 by MEXT,
and No.~22540266 by JSPS.
Numerical calculations have been performed
on HITAC SR16000s at IMIT in Chiba University,
at IIC in Hokkaido University, at RIIT in Kyushu University,
at YITP in Kyoto University and at ITC in University of Tokyo.

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"The Liberal & Nationals Government is delighted to provide this grant to support Silver Salties – a widely-accessible, low-impact program that offers social and active participation opportunities to senior Australians of all abilities, regardless of their mobility, swimming capability or fitness levels," Minister McKenzie said
"Surf Life Saving Australia will develop a framework to increase the number of older Australians in our coastal communities who participate in recreational activities on our beaches.
"The organisation will also complete a web-based program, accessible by all Surf Live Saving clubs across the country, to encourage the implementation of fitness programs for senior Australians at the grassroots level."
Minister McKenzie said Australians were living longer and the Move It Aus Better Ageing program was an important step in helping older Australians to get the most out of their senior years.
"As outlined in the Government's National Sport Plan – Sport 2030 – no matter what your age and no matter what your stage, we're encouraging all Australians to embrace the philosophy of "Movement for Life". This is a really important step in that process," Minister McKenzie said.
"On current trends, the number of Australians aged 65-plus is expected to double in the next 40 years.
"This shift presents a challenge in broader health terms but provides a chance for sport and physical activity to make a positive difference to the lives of older Australians."
Currently only 25 per cent of Australians over 65 meet the Department of Health physical activity guidelines of 30 minutes activity per day.


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Home Research > Members > 1715-1754 > WINDSOR, Hon. Dixie (?1673-1743)
WINDSOR, Hon. Dixie (?1673-1743), of Gamlingay, Cambs.
b. ?1673, 2nd s. of Thomas Windsor, 1st Earl of Plymouth, by his 2nd w.; bro. of Hon. Andrews Windsor. educ. Westminster; Trinity, Camb. 26 June 1691, aged 17, fellow 1697. m. Dorothy, da. and eventually coh. of Sir Richard Stote of Jesmond Hall, Northumb., s.p.
Capt.-lt. Lord Windsor's regt. of Horse 1706; storekeeper of the Ordnance 1712-17.
Dixie Windsor, the brother-in-law of William Shippen, represented Cambridge for 22 years. A moderate Tory, he was allowed to retain his place in the Ordnance for some time after George I's accession. A member of the secret committee on the South Sea affair, he made his only recorded speech in favour of Sir John Blunt on the question of the allowances to be made to the South Sea directors out of their forfeited estates.
Windsor lost his seat in 1727 when, according to Cole, the Cambridge antiquary, a number of his supporters, headed by Dr. Gooch, the master of Caius, afterwards bishop of Ely, decided to go over to the Government. At the general election that year, Cole writes,
a prebend of Canterbury being vacant, which Dr. Gooch afterwards was promoted to, at which time Mr. Windsor and Dr. Gooch coming down from London together in the same coach, and seemingly as great friends as ever, after Mr. Windsor had been in the university and found there was a strong party formed against him, he came to Dr. Gooch's lodge in Caius college, whom he found shaving himself, and complaining to the Doctor, whom he supposed to be most hearty in his cause, that he found the university much altered, and that if the court party would set up a broomstick he believed they would vote for him, to Mr. Windsor's no small surprise, the Doctor turned about, and very gravely told him, 'and so must I'.1
Windsor made an unsuccessful attempt to recover his seat in 1734, when he was also defeated at Bramber. He died 20 Oct. 1743.
Author: Romney R. Sedgwick
1. Add. 5833, f. 233.


Our Toyota fleet and business specialists offer a tailored service to company car drivers, Fleet Managers and anyone else involved with company vehicles. We have a state-of-the-art Business Centre and a team of fleet experts ready to meet the needs of businesses across the North-East.
At RMB Toyota you can choose from a wide range of the latest Toyota models. From city cars to pickup trucks, Toyota is one of the leading manufacturers in the world. In particular, the Toyota range includes many high-performance, highly economical hybrid models.
Our fleet & business team is on hand to help you find the best car for your business and motoring requirements. There are flexible finance options available which enable you to spread the costs and budget more easily. We also offer bespoke leasing packages to help you get the most from your business.
Visit us in Teesside, Darlington or Northallerton to discuss your business and leasing requirements. You can enquire online to find out more or call your nearest dealership to speak to a staff member directly.


The rustic furnished apartment in the house "Erlenbach" is located on the ground floor and can accommodate 2-6 persons (70m ²). It has a bedroom, a bathroom with shower and WC, a kitchenette with a cozy dining area and a living room with pull-out sofa. Thanks to a lockable connecting door, a second bedroom (with separate bathroom) can be used additionally.
The apartment is equipped with SAT / TV, WLAN, bed linen, towels and kitchen towels.
A terrace with a garden invites you to sunbathe and linger.
This incredibly beautiful holiday rental is located opposite the house of Michelangelo.


The Southeast Texas Regional Planning Commission will host a free household hazardous waste collection event from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. June 13 in the Bridge City Intermediate School parking lot, 1029 W. Roundbunch Road.
Co-sponsor is the city of Bridge City, which requested the event.
Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) is defined as home-generated materials that includes products such as paints, paint thinners, solvents, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, fertilizers, automotive waste, cleaning agents, swimming pool chemicals, photographic materials, batteries, mercury containing items, and fluorescent bulbs.
Americans generate 1.6 millin tons of HHW per year. The average home can accumulate as much as 100 pounds in garages, attics, and in storage closets.
Improper disposal of household products harms the environment and may endanger human health. Several times a year, the South East Texas Regional Planning Commission hosts free HHW Collection Events where Southeast Texans can properly dispose of hazardous materials.
The SETRPC accepts household hazardous items including paints, cleaners, antifreeze, batteries, oil, automotive waste, insecticides, swimming pool chemicals, mercury, fluorescent bulbs and much more.
Materials not accepted during these events include general trash, electronic waste, appliances, pesticides or herbicides containing 2,4,5-T Silvex (exception: quantities less than 5 gallons will be accepted), explosives, compressed gas cylinders, fertilizers or nutrient materials that are neither hazardous nor contain pesticides, admixtures, and pesticides or wood preservatives containing pentachlorophenol.
During HHW Collection Events, the SETRPC also collects scrap tires at no charge for the first eight tires. A cash disposal fee of $1 is required for each additional tire (cash only, no businesses).
For more information, call 899-8444 ext. 6603, or go to www.setrpc.org/.


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Jobs safe at Devon radio station
Ofcom has announced its decision
Tina CrowsonSenior Reporter
Staff at Breeze radio South Devon are today celebrating after being told their jobs are safe.
Ofcom has announced it is re-awarding the licence for South Devon to Celador Radio. Radio Exe had been bidding to take over the FM airwaves.
Following the announcement a spokesman for The Breeze South Devon, based in Torquay , said: "We are delighted to announce that we have been re-awarded the licence by regulator Ofcom to broadcast across South Devon for a period of another twelve years, after a challenge to our licence earlier this year.
Torquay's famous 'Blues Brothers' restaurant has been sold for £365,000
"We are proud and honoured to continue to serve South Devon's amazing community from our studios in Torquay, broadcasting a mix of quality local programming, national and local news and information, entertainment and the best relaxing, feel good music.
The Breeze radio (Image: Andy Styles)
"We wish our challenger the very best as they continue to serve their audience in Exeter."
Paul Nero, managing director, of Radio Exe said: "We're disappointed, but not surprised, not to have won the licence. "Ofcom has never booted out one company and chosen a challenger, no matter how much audience they lose or how little local news they provide.
Tree ripped from ground by high winds and lands on car in Torquay
"This is a missed opportunity, which does nothing for local audiences, advertisers or jobs. It's hard to see what you have to do to lose your licence and it almost certainly signals a slow end for local radio from Torbay. Nonetheless we congratulate Celador on retaining its only Devon licence. For our part, we'll continue to serve the South Devon audience on digital radio."
Fore more details on jobs available see http://www.devonlive.com/news/jobs/you-looking-new-job-thousands-400788
PaigntonBest pictures and memories of Paignton Zoo's Jungle Express after 80 years of serviceThe train has been running since 1940 and yesterday departed on its final journey
Strikers Ben Seymour and Sonny Cox leave Exeter City on loan
Exeter City FCSeymour has joined Bath City, while Cox has joined Weston-super-Mare


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Mr. Willard D. Oberton is Chairman of the Board of Fastenal Company. He also served as the company's chief executive officer from December 2002 through December 2014, when he retired from that position, and again on an interim basis from July 2015 through December 2015. He began his business career with Fastenal in January 1980, and was promoted to branch manager, then district manager, and later to general operations manager. He served as our vice president from March 1997 through June 2000, as our executive vice president from June 2000 through July 2001, as our chief operating officer from March 1997 through December 2002, and as our president from July 2001 through July 2012 and again on an interim basis from July 2015 through December 2015. Mr. Oberton's professional career grew from within Fastenal as he successfully worked, managed, and provided leadership to most of the departments and disciplines integral to the company's growth and financial success. Mr. Oberton's varied experience with the company, including his long tenure as chief executive officer, gives the board unique insight into the company's 'success drivers' and provides continuity to Mr. Florness in the development and execution of the company's strategy. In addition, Mr. Oberton serves on the board of directors of publicly-held Donaldson Company, which gives him useful insight into another organization's corporate governance, compensation planning, and strategic development. Also, he serves on the board of WinCraft, Inc., a privately-held company involved in manufacturing and distributing promotional marketing merchandise, which are important disciplines helpful to Fastenal. Additionally, he has served on the boards of various community and educational organizations, including the board of trustees of St. Benedict's College, St. Joseph, Minnesota.
Mr. Daniel L. Florness is President, Chief Executive Officer, Director of the Company. He began his career at Fastenal in 1996, and served as the company's chief financial officer from June 1996 to December 2002, and as an executive vice president and the chief financial officer of the company from December 2002 to December 2015. During his time as chief financial officer, Mr. Florness' experience with the company expanded beyond finance, including leadership of product development and procurement, a portion of our manufacturing division, and, in later years, our national accounts business. In his role as president and chief executive officer, Mr. Florness provides the board with critical input on the development and implementation of high level strategies for the company and on the overall operations and resources of the company. In addition, his long prior tenure as chief financial officer makes Mr. Florness uniquely situated to provide the board with in-depth insight into the company's financial planning, internal controls, and regulatory compliance. Mr. Florness also serves on the board of directors of H.B. Fuller, a publicly-held company in the global adhesives market, and is on the board of trustees of Gundersen Health System, an integrated health care system primarily located in Wisconsin, as well as Iowa and Minnesota. Additionally, he has served on the boards of various community organizations.
Mr. Holden Lewis is Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice President of the Company. From April 2016 to July 2016, Mr. Lewis was a senior vice president/equity research-industrial technology with FBR Capital Markets & Co. (a full-service investment bank). From September 2014 to January 2016, Mr. Lewis was a managing director/equity research-industrial technology with Oppenheimer & Co Inc. (a full-service investment bank). From August 2002 to August 2014, Mr. Lewis was a managing director/equity research-industrial manufacturing & distribution with BB&T Capital Markets, a division of BB&T Securities LLC (a full-service investment bank). Prior to August 2002, Mr. Lewis held similar roles with various other organizations since 1994. In each of Mr. Lewis' positions prior to joining Fastenal, he was responsible for studying the strategic and financial direction of companies for the purpose of making investment recommendations to institutional clients.
Ms. Reyne K. Wisecup is Senior Executive Officer - Human Resources and Director of the Company. Ms. Reyne K. Wisecup serves as the company's senior executive vice president – human resources. She began her career at Fastenal in 1988, and served in various operational and administrative areas until being named human resources director in April 1997. In April 2002, she was promoted to vice president of employee development, a position she held until November 2007 when she was named executive vice president – human resources. In December 2016, Ms. Wisecup was promoted to senior executive vice president - human resources. In her capacity as senior executive vice president – human resources, Ms. Wisecup manages the company's human resources department which includes human relations, payroll, benefits, diversity and compliance, general insurance, legal, and the Fastenal School of Business. Because we credit much of our success to our 'people centered' decentralized structure, relying upon the entrepreneurial motivation and creative energy of our employees, Ms. Wisecup provides a very helpful direct link between the employees and the board which aids the board in shaping employee relations. Her career path also epitomizes the 'promote from within' philosophy which is a cornerstone of Fastenal's culture.
Mr. William J. Drazkowski is a Executive Vice President – National Accounts Sales of the Company. From October 2014 to December 2016, Mr. Drazkowski was our vice president – national accounts sales. From September 2013 to September 2014, he served as regional vice president of our Minnesota based region, and from November 2007 to August 2013, he served as one of our district managers. Prior to November 2007, Mr. Drazkowski served in various sales leadership roles at our company.
Mr. Leland J. Hein, Jr., is Senior Executive Vice President - Sales of the Company. Mr. Hein's responsibilities include sales and operational oversight of our Western United States business, which spans from Ohio to the West Coast. From July 2015 to December 2015, Mr. Hein was our chief operating officer. Mr. Hein was our president and chief executive officer from January 2015 to July 2015, and our president from July 2012 to December 2014. From November 2007 to July 2012, Mr. Hein was one of our executive vice presidents – sales. Prior to November 2007, Mr. Hein served in various sales leadership roles at our company.
Mr. Nicholas J. Lundquist is Senior Executive Vice President – Operations of the Company. Mr. Lundquist's responsibilities include distribution development, product development, supplier development, and supply chain. From July 2012 to December 2016, Mr. Lundquist was our executive vice president – operations. From November 2007 to July 2012, he was one of our executive vice presidents – sales, and from December 2002 to November 2007, he was our executive vice president and chief operating officer.
Mr. Charles S. Miller is Executive Vice President - Sales of the Company. Mr. Miller's responsibilities include sales and operational oversight of our business which spans the East Coast of, and Southern and Southwestern areas of, the United States. From January 2009 to October 2015, Mr. Miller served as regional vice president of our southeast central region based primarily in Tennessee and Kentucky. Prior to January 2009, Mr. Miller served in various sales leadership roles at our company.
Mr. Terry M. Owen is a Senior Executive Vice President - Sales Operations of the Company. Mr. Owen's responsibilities include oversight of our information technology, sales operations and support, international sales, national accounts, FAST Solutions®, and manufacturing operations. From July 2015 to December 2015, Mr. Owen was one of our executive vice president – sales. From May 2014 to June 2015, Mr. Owen served as our executive vice president – e-business, and from December 2007 to May 2014, Mr. Owen was regional vice president of our Texas based and Mexico regions. Prior to December 2007, Mr. Owen served in various distribution center leadership roles at our company.
Mr. John L. Soderberg is Executive Vice President – Information Technology of the Company. From May 2014 to May 2016, Mr. Soderberg served as our executive vice president – sales operations and support. From April 2010 to May 2014, Mr. Soderberg was one of our vice presidents – sales. From April 2005 to April 2010, Mr. Soderberg served as regional vice president of our Seattle, Washington based region. Prior to April 2005, Mr. Soderberg served in various sales leadership roles in the mid-Atlantic area of our company.
Mr. Jeffery M. Watts is Executive Vice President – International Sales of the Company. From March 2015 to December 2016, Mr. Watts was our vice president – international sales. From June 2005 to February 2015, he served as regional vice president of our Canadian region. Prior to June 2005, Mr. Watts served in various sales leadership roles at our company.
Ms. Sheryl A. Lisowski is a Chief Accounting Officer, Controller, Treasurer of the Company. Ms. Lisowski was our controller and chief accounting officer from October 2013 to August 2016, and also served as our interim chief financial officer from January 2016 to August 2016. From March 2007 to October 2013, Ms. Lisowski served as our controller – accounting operations. Ms. Lisowski joined Fastenal in 1994 and, prior to March 2007, served in various roles of increasing responsibility within our finance and accounting team.
Mr. Michael J. Ancius is Independent Director of Fastenal Company. Mr. Ancius serves as the vice president and chief financial officer of A.L.M. Holding Company, and he began working for the company in June 2017. A.L.M. Holding Company is a privately-held construction and energy company headquartered in Onalaska, Wisconsin. From 1997 to June 2017, Mr. Ancius was the director of strategic planning, financing, and taxation of Kwik Trip, Inc., a privately-held multi-location convenience store chain headquartered in La Crosse, Wisconsin. Prior to 1997, Mr. Ancius was a senior manager with the certified public accounting firm of RSM US LLP for ten years, where he specialized in taxation. His background in strategic planning, board operations, capital markets, capital structures and valuations, insurance risk management, taxation, and financial and accounting matters contributes a unique set of skills to the board.
Mr. Michael J. Dolan is an Independent Director of the Company. Mr. Dolan has worked as a business consultant since March 2001. From October 1995 through February 2001, he served as executive vice president and chief operating officer of The Smead Manufacturing Company, participating in the management and leadership of that privately-owned manufacturer of office filing products. Prior to 1995, Mr. Dolan was a partner in the international audit and accounting firm of KPMG LLP, which assisted in taking Fastenal public in 1987. He was associated with KPMG LLP for a total of twenty-five years during which time he specialized in advising distribution, transportation, and manufacturing companies, several of which were publicly-held. His operations background in manufacturing, multi-location distribution, transportation, and marketing serves the board and company in these areas integral to Fastenal's business, and provides experience in evaluating business risk as well as opportunity. His financial background and experience in accounting and reporting matters and in advising publicly-held companies provides the experience needed to chair the company's audit and compensation committees. He has also served on various community and educational boards, including the board of trustees of St. Mary's University, Winona, Minnesota.
Mr. Stephen L. Eastman is Independent Director of Fastenal Company. He has served as president of the parts, garments, and accessories division of Polaris Industries Inc., a manufacturer and marketer of recreational vehicles with $5.4 billion in annual revenues, since August 2015. In his capacity as president, he is responsible for leading the strategic direction, product development, supply chain operations, sales, marketing, and e-commerce, of the parts, garments, and accessories division. From February 2012 to August 2015, he served as vice president of that same division. He has also led the integration of several after market businesses including the 2016 acquisition of Transamerican Auto Parts, a vertically integrated manufacturer, distributor, retailer, and installer of off-road Jeep and truck accessories. From October 2011 to February 2012, Mr. Eastman worked as an independent business consultant. Prior to October 2011, Mr. Eastman held various managerial positions during a tenure of almost 30 years with Target Corporation, a multi-location and online retailer of consumer products, including president of Target.com from 2008 to October 2011.
Ms. Rita J. Heise is Independent Director of Fastenal Company. She has worked as a business consultant since January 2012. From 2002 through her retirement in December 2011, she served as a corporate vice president and chief information officer of Cargill, Incorporated, an international producer and marketer of food, agricultural, financial and industrial products and services, and one of the largest privately-owned companies in the world. In her capacity as the chief information officer, she was responsible for Cargill's information technology worldwide. While at Cargill, she also served as a platform leader providing executive leadership for the agriculture horizon, animal nutrition, and salt/de-icing businesses and was a member of the business transformation and process improvement leadership teams. Prior to joining Cargill, Ms. Heise was the chief information officer for the aerospace business of Honeywell International Inc. and for Honeywell's Europe, Middle East, and Africa operations. During her 25 years at Honeywell, she worked on business integrations, process improvement teams, and mergers and acquisitions; led various information technology assignments; and held various positions in supply chain, operations, customer service, and distribution. Ms. Heise has participated in information technology industry committees and currently serves as chair of the board of Blue Cross Blue Shield of Minnesota, a non-profit health services company.
Mr. Darren R. Jackson is an Independent Director of Fastenal Company. Mr. Jackson retired in January 2016 as chief executive officer and a director of Advance Auto Parts, Inc., a publicly-held auto parts sourcing, distribution, and retail company, positions he held since January 2008 and July 2004, respectively. From 2000 through 2007, he was employed at Best Buy Co., Inc., a publicly-held specialty retailer of consumer electronics, and was appointed its executive vice president-finance and chief financial officer in February 2001. Prior to 2000, he served as vice president and chief financial officer of Nordstrom Full Line Department Stores, Inc., a publicly-held organization, and also held various senior positions, including chief financial officer, with Carson Pirie Scott & Company, previously a publicly-held organization. He began his career at KPMG LLP. His background in executive leadership in multi-location consumer products companies contributes valuable insight to enhance Fastenal's basic distribution model, and offers guidance into expansion opportunities. Additionally, his financial and accounting background deepens that expertise on our audit committee. Mr. Jackson serves on the board of directors of Cree, Inc., a publicly-held company in the LED lighting market, where he serves as the chairman of the audit committee and as a member of the governance committee. Mr. Jackson also serves on the non-profit boards of directors of the national Cristo Rey Network Schools and the Drexel Fund.
Mr. Daniel L. Johnson is Independent Director of the Company. Mr. Daniel L. Johnson is president and chief executive officer of M. A. Mortenson Company, a family-owned commercial, energy, and infrastructure construction company that provides construction-related contracting, development, and program management services throughout North America. Mortenson employs more than 4,500 team members and generates in excess of $4.5 billion of annual revenues. Before assuming his current role as president and chief executive officer in January 2017, Mr. Johnson served as president of Mortenson from January 2015 to December 2016 and as chief operating officer of Mortenson from 2008 to December 2014. Prior to that, he held various leadership and managerial positions with Mortenson since joining that company in 1986. Non-residential construction customers have historically represented a meaningful portion of Fastenal's sales, and Mr. Johnson's background in executive and managerial leadership of a major construction company provides the board with valuable insight into and guidance regarding this important sector of Fastenal's business. Mr. Johnson also serves on several non-profit and industry boards including the Greater MSP, the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, the ACE Mentor Program, and the North Dakota State University College of Engineering.
Mr. Scott A. Satterlee is Independent Director of Fastenal Company. He retired in January 2016 as president of the North America Surface Transportation Division of C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc., a position he held since December 2014. He served as a senior vice president of transportation of that company from December 2007 through December 2014, and a vice president of transportation of that company from early 2002 through December 2007. C.H. Robinson is a publicly-held global provider of transportation and logistics services headquartered in Eden Prairie, Minnesota. As an executive officer of C.H. Robinson, Mr. Satterlee was responsible for a portion of its worldwide operations with duties that included oversight of a decentralized network of offices, each with local and global account relationships. Additionally, Mr. Satterlee helped develop and oversee implementation of network compensation plans for C.H. Robinson, and was accountable for expanding operations into portions of South America, Europe, and Asia. He brings multi-location operational, compensation, and international business development experience to the board, all consistent with our company's strategic focus.


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PHOTO GALLERY: Games We Played at Pinball Pete's in the 1970's
What are some of YOUR favorite, classic arcade games?
The 1970's have been dubbed "The Golden Age of Arcade Games" and rightly so...so many of our favorites were created over 40 years ago...and they're STILL loved by many, young and old alike.
I used to hang out at Pinball Pete's til the wee hours back in the 70's & 80's, just like many others…playing the games of the day: Pac-Man, Asteroids, Phoenix, Berzerk, Galaga, Space Invaders, Breakout, Gunfight, Pong, Frogger, Dig Dug, Centipede, Donkey Kong and others (SEE THE PHOTO GALLERY BELOW).
After perusing the photo gallery, can you think of any other favorites from 1970-1980? Be careful...there were plenty in the 80's that became classic favorites as well!
This year, Pinball Pete's will celebrate their 42nd anniversary! The first Pinball Pete's was opened in East Lansing (and created) by Tim Arnold in September 1976 and has been a favorite hangout and entertainment center ever since.
And Pete's is still going strong, one of the few arcade gaming establishments left in the country.
Pinballmuseum.org did a wonderful article on Pinball Pete's with much more historical info for you…CLICK HERE to read the article!
Wait a minute…if it was created by "Tim" then why is the moniker "Pete" in the business logo? It's not named after anyone in particular…and maybe you already know the answer: it's the name they gave the pink elephant that is proudly displayed in the Pinball Pete sign.
Now.....get off yer duffs and go play some games at Pete's….TONIGHT!
Get extra details on these games...and more...on these videos:


Golfing in Cabo is a first rate treat for all level of golfers. Cabo golf courses offer spectacular ocean views and beautiful ocean holes, mixed with desert vistas.
These beautiful Cabo golf courses have been designed by some of the most recognized names in golf, including Nicklaus, Weiskopf, Fazio, and Norman. Most of the courses are located along the scenic coastline corridor between Cabo San Lucas and San José del Cabo, offering a wonderful collection of ocean views and ocean holes. Golf Digest has ranked Cabo as one of the world's top 15 golf destinations.
Golf while looking at blue seas and green grass, under the yellow sun. Enjoy year round great weather and well manicured championship golf courses. Golf does not get any better than this!
At Cabo Del Sol you will find two 18 hole world class championship golf courses, open to the public.
The Cabo Del Sol Desert Course is an 18 hole par 72 Tom Weiskopf design, with desert vistas and ocean views.
Cabo Del Sol has by far the nicest club house facilities in Cabo, including a beautiful veranda to enjoy a post golf drink.
Cabo del Sol is pricey but worth it.
Cabo Del Sol is located along the coast corridor between Cabo San Lucas and San Jose del Cabo, nearest to Cabo San Lucas.
The Cabo Real Golf Club has an 18 hole par 71 public course, designed by Robert Trent Jones II. The course first plays in a mountain setting, then dropping down to sea level. Cabo Real Golf Club has hosted 2 Senior Slams.
Cabo Real features seaside and mountain holes within desert vistas and arroyos.
Cabo Real is located midway along the coast corridor between Cabo San Lucas and San Jose del Cabo.
This 18 hole par 72 course public course, also known as the Raven, has several lakes and offers a view of the famous "Land's End" rock formation. The par 5 seventh hole is reputed to be the longest golf hole in Mexico at 620 yards, with a double dogleg around a lake.
Cabo San Lucas Country Club is the closest course to Cabo San Lucas, located just on the edge of town.
This course was designed by Dye Corporation.
Two 18 hole Tom Fazio, championship caliber golf courses. Open Soon.
Club Campestre San Jose is a Jack Nicklaus Signature design 18 hole championship course.
Located in San Jose del Cabo on the edge of Hwy one, it offers a number ocean view holes. Bring your A putting game, because you will need it on these complex greens.
El Dorado Is a private 18 hole par 72 championship course is designed by Jack Nicklaus. The course winds itself past the ocean twice, offering a total of six ocean side holes.
This par 35, 9 hole course, is located in the town of San Jose Del Cabo. This public course is a good experience for beginning and intermediate golfers, or for working on your short game.
This par 72 hole public course is designed by Jack Nicklaus.
The Arroyo Nine reaches from the tips to 3,337 yards, with ocean views.
The Mountain Nine reaches from the tips to3,602 yards, and features desert vistas.
Each of the Courses has five sets of tee boxes, offering a range of difficulties.
Puerto Los Cabos is located in San Jose del Cabo at the site of the new marina. The long term design is for two 18 hole courses, one by Jack Nicklaus and the other by the "Shark" Greg Norman. Presently, the single 18 hole course is a par 73 composite design, nine holes of the Nicklaus design and nine holes of the Norman design. Puerto Los Cabos boasts a 40,000 well appointed square foot clubhouse.
Tom Fazio designed this 18 hole par 72 championship golf course.
Pack your clubs or rent them at the course, bring your best golf swing, and enjoy the Cabo golf experience.
Planning can make your Cabo Golf trip more enjoyable. Reservations for golf should be made in advance of your trip to Cabo.
At Cabo rental villa Vista Casa Hermosa, we have done the advance planning and research for your Cabo Golfing. You may be on your own when it comes to your golf score, but you don't have to be on your own for the quality of the service, course, and equipment.
Let Casa Vista Hermosa tee you up to your complete Cabo travel golf package. Life should always be this easy.


Volunteers meet to beautify highway 901 by picking up trash twice a year as scheduled. This is part of the Pennsylvania Highway beautification program.
Christ's United supports Bear Creek Camp, a Lutheran outdoor retreat center for both youth and adults. LCM provides a scholarship each year for young campers to attend a program.
Bible study for adults occurs throughout the church year on Wednesday nights at 7:00 p.m. Various topics are discussed, each lasting approximately 6 weeks.
The day of Michael and All Angels is celebrated each year at the end of September. This yearly service is held to honor and bless first responders, including fire, police, and ambulance, when they are recognized and presented with a medallion of St. Michael in appreciation for the protection they provide.
Buck – A – Chick is an emphasis of the ELCA World Hunger appeal. A dollar is all it takes to provide a family living in poverty with a little chick. Soon enough, the chick begins producing eggs. Its eggs make nutritious, protein-rich meals, and can be sold at the marketplace for income – helping a family escape hunger for good.
Caroling is done at local nursing homes and extended care facilities during the holidays. Church members, particularly the choir, go to the homes of shut-ins and those who need to be lifted in prayer and spirit. Moods are lightened and cheered with the singing of favorite, requested hymns. Confirmation students have also helped spread Christmas cheer with their time and voices in visiting the homebound. A time of fellowship and hospitality give joy to those who cannot join us in church for worship.
Each season of Advent a tree is placed in the narthex. People may choose a "ornament" with a specific gift request and place it onto the tree. Then they purchase the gift and place it under the tree. Items for needy families, ELCA good gifts, and the food pantry "Christ's Cupboard" are causes that have been purchased for in the past. We watch, in anticipation of Christmas, as the tree becomes decorated as all the gifts are purchased.
What started as an idea to help families not receiving enough food at their local pantry has blossomed into a fully stocked pantry that distributes food on a monthly basis. This ministry helps many families struggling to put food on the table. Encompassing the Ashland, Girardville, Gordon, and Tri-Valley areas many have come to us for assistance. Distribution is on the second Thursday of each month from 10:00—Noon, and people may choose the items that they will use. Volunteers gather the Tuesday before distribution to unload a truck of food from Berks food bank and then the senior youth gathers the day before to organize and set up the pantry. Each month we collect different items to stock the pantry. There is a shopping cart in the Narthex for donations.
All are invited to lift their voices in song with the choir. The choir provides musical leadership to the congregation during worship. Practices are held on Tuesday evenings at 6:30 p.m., September—May.
People deposit coupons clipped from local papers for food and household supplies in a box located in the narthex. Coupons are sorted and available for use by anyone.
Confirmation is an opportunity for 7th and 8th graders to understand the meaning of their Baptism and daily living in faith. Participants meet each week for Journey and at scheduled times for a retreat and service projects.
Our understanding of God's love for us is strengthened by daily prayer and reading of the Bible. To help each of us grow in our relationship with God, daily devotional booklets are available on the information rack in the entrance hall. Seasonal devotionals authored by members of Christ's United are available by the guest book.
Led by WELCA, members of Christ's United gather several times a week during Lent to make chocolate candy. WELCA uses proceeds from the candy sale for various needs of the church and greater community.
Enjoy working with children but don't have much time to give? Our annual Egg Hunt may be for you! You can help shop for treats, dye eggs, pack bags, fill plastic eggs or organize this event. Any way you can help will be appreciated by approximately 100 children from the surrounding communities.
Members of Christ's United who feel called to share the gift of Christ's Body and Blood with those who are sick or shut-in participate in Eucharistic Minister training. Eucharistic Ministers then share a schedule by which all members of the congregation are able to participate in Holy Communion regardless of their ability to attend services.
Following worship each Sunday all are invited to join in coffee, tea, juice and baked goods over conversation in the fellowship hall. The coffee and snacks are provided by the committees and ministry teams of the congregation, as scheduled by the Christian Education Ministry Team.
Christ's United supports the Ashland Area Food Pantry by volunteering time at their distribution site. The pantry is at Good Shepherd Lutheran Church and distributes food on the 4th Thursday of each month (3rd in November) with set-up at 10 am and distribution from 12:00-2:00 p.m. Emergency distribution is on an as needed basis.
Funded by donations, this fund is used to assist those in crisis by providing pastoral and financial support. All requests are confidential.Special offerings throughout the year help to fund this ministry.
"A place to go and talk about it because we can't talk anywhere: people just don't understand." Bound in their grief, members of this ministry are those who have lost a loved one, most often a child. The presence and comforting words shared have powerful results. Meetings begin with a scripture verse and discussion, and then conversation focuses on personal sharing. The Grief Group meets the last Monday of each month at the church, and often members gather at other times to offer additional support. If you know of anyone who is suffering the loss of a loved one, please encourage them to participate.
Harvest Home is held each year in the fall. Tables are set up in the Narthex & Sanctuary displaying a plentiful harvest. A collection of food products and funds, donated by members of the congregation, is received. Monetary donations are used to purchase more food through the Berks Food Bank, and the food is shared with our entire community through distribution at "Christ's Cupboard" each month.
St. Luke, the Evangelist, traditional author of the Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles, is identified with the Church's ministry of healing. St. Luke's feast day is celebrated each October with a special service of healing. In His ministry Jesus performed many different acts of healing. At His command, His disciples continued a ministry of healing which included the laying on of hands and the anointing with oil. During this annual service any member of the congregation who wishes may be anointed and have healing hands laid on them with a special prayer for their healing request.
The Social Ministry Committee collects monetary donations to purchase items to make Jared Boxes, which are a shoebox size plastic storage box filled with small gifts, toys, cards and games. These boxes are given to chronically ill children. Each year, approximately 20 boxes are distributed to the Pediatric Department of Schuylkill Medical Center in Pottsville.
Hanging on the rack in the Narthex, "Kid's" or "Busy" bags are available for children. Grab a bag to keep young ones busy during worship. Filled with games, books, and crayons there are many activities to keep children occupied. After worship place the bag in the large basket next to the stand and it will be refilled for the next time.
The Knaughty Knotters took the challenge of Lutheran World Relief (LWR) to Lutherans across the US to donate 500,000 quilts. The quilts serve as a cozy bed cover, a baby back carrier, a market products carrier/display spread, or shelter from sun or wind. Donations of usable sheets, blankets, quilts, mattress protectors, fabric, and thread/yarn are appreciated. Join with us to "Tie in faith, sent in hope, wrapped in love". Check out LWR Quilts for more information.
Christ's United supports this international effort to assist those in poverty through donations and the Coffee Project. Coffee, teas, almonds and chocolates are available. All products are produced by and benefit third world farmers so they may have a sustainable income and community.
What began as a way for some of the women to get out and support each other has blossomed into a novel kind of support ministry filled with food and fellowship. Sponsored by WELCA, women – both members and friends of Christ's United – gather on the first Sunday of every other month at the church and then carpool to a restaurant either near or far. Conversations are both serious and light, but the time together is always treasured. Our next trip will be soon, so ladies sign up on the bulletin board and come on out!
Malaria kills one child every 60 seconds and upwards of 1 million people a year. Together, we can make a life-saving difference. Half of the world's population is at risk for malaria. It takes just one mosquito to destroy livelihoods, health and hope of entire families and communities. By helping to provide treatment and resources for education and prevention, Lutherans can make a monumental difference in the global fight against malaria. Mini fly swatters are available in the Narthex for a $2.00 donation to help end Malaria.
Names of those in need of prayer are listed each week and distributed to members of the Prayer Circles, a group of members who have committed themselves to praying for the needs of others. Persons may be added to the Prayer list by contacting the church office.
Each year during Lent the social ministry team hosts a soup supper before our weekly Lenten services. Held on a Wednesday evening at 6:00 p.m., members of the congregation volunteer to provide a homemade soup or bread for the meal. Then before we have soup, members of the social ministry team lead us in a short presentation on world hunger, each week focusing on a different part of the world.
Christian education occurs each Sunday at 10:45 a.m. Age appropriate classes are held for all the children of God. Won't you join us on the Journey?
In an effort to help Schuylkill Women in Crisis (SWiC), we collect 'undergarments' for women, infants and children. Miss Minnie Pearl helped explain how important it was that we donated new, still in the package 'britches'. Through this ministry we are able to help many women, infants and children with new undergarments.
Each Summer the church building is transformed into a place where children actually become a part of the Bible lesson through costumed leaders, creative crafts, and scenery.
Donated items fill a table in the narthex at set months during the year and are available to anyone who wants them. Cash donations are placed in a world globe. All donations are forwarded to World Hunger to assist people suffering from poverty.


Currently, diabetics need to perform a finger prick and use a blood glucose meter multiple times a day to make sure their insulin levels are under control. But based on the limited information we have so far, Google's new smartwatch-like device looks poised to replace that system with something less painful and more automatic.
"We hold patents on a variety of ideas – some of those ideas later mature into real products or services, some don't. Prospective product announcements should not necessarily be inferred from our patents."


text:
Q: Profinite free modules and intersections This is the part (c) in Exercise 5.2.4 of Luis Ribes' and Pavel Zalesskii's book Profinite Groups.

Let $\Lambda$ be a profinite ring, $(X, *)$ be a pointed profinite
  space and $(Y_i,*)$ be a family indexed by $i \in I$ of pointed closed
  subsets of $(X,*)$. Set $Y = \bigcap_{i \in I} Y_i$. Prove that, after
  identifying the free profinite $\Lambda$-modules below with their respective
  images in $[[\Lambda(X,*)]]$, we have the identity: $$[[\Lambda(Y,*)]]
 = \bigcap_{i \in I} [[\Lambda(Y_i,*)]]\,.$$

I've managed to prove this result assuming that the family $Y_i$ is filtered from below, i.e., for any pair $Y_i$ and $Y_k$ there exists a $Y_j$ satisfyng $Y_j \subseteq Y_i\cap Y_k$. This condition implies that the intersection commutes with continuous functions by a compactness argument. Is this exercise still true without the filtration hypothesis? I fail to see how I may go around proving this, but I haven't been able to provide a counter-example either.
EDIT My proof for the filtered case is also wrong. So far, all I know is that the free profinite $\Lambda$-module functor is exact in the category of pointed topological spaces.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Why Are Plastic Cups a Threat to Environment?
blog / By agnesalmonte
Over recent years, we have seen the environmental impact of plastic cups around the world. Through decades of producing plastic that is cheap and convenient, we have failed, as a planet, to recognize the devastating impact it has had upon wildlife and natural habitats. From the highest mountains to the deepest oceans across the globe, plastic pollution has left its mark upon the world.
If you don't have a complete understanding of why plastic cups are such a threat for the environment, we're prepared to break it all down in this article. And provide some ways that you can make a difference, even if it's just by making small changes.
Why Are Plastic Cups a Problem?
Coffee cups are a huge source of plastic pollution, as they contain a plastic paste known as polyethylene which helps the cup keep your coffee warm, but also prevents it from being recycled.
16 billion paper cups are used every year, leading to 6.5 million trees being cut down, 4 billion gallons of water going to waste, and enough energy to power 54,000 homes for a year also goes to waste.
You can help the environment by using reusable cups, rather than plastic or paper. This reuse and refill model is starting to be employed in supermarkets and cafes.
Environmental Impact of Plastic Cups
Non-Recyclable Plastic
Contrary to the notion that most plastic can be recycled; this is in fact false. A large amount of plastic cannot be recycled due to the type it is; this is because of the chemical compound used to form the plastic. Most plastics, for example, originate from crude oil and are thermoset plastic. This means that you cannot remold and recycle it in any way. Therefore, simply throwing your plastic cups into the recycle bin after use will not guarantee it a sustainable outcome.
Plastic in Paper Cups
People are becoming increasingly aware that your takeaway cup of coffee or cup of water is not as recyclable as previously believed. This is due to the plastic wax that sits on the inside of the cups. Unfortunately, people are still putting their paper coffee cups and plastic drinking cups into the recycle bin after use. The misconception of how recyclable these items are is partly due to the disconnect from both the claimed recyclability from the manufacture and the rate at which they are recycled. The complication in the design of these products has blurred the lines and confused as to what is recyclable and what is not.
This is a serious issue around the globe. Discarded plastic cups can be found everywhere and are causing more harm than good. The inability to biodegrade plastic poses an alarming threat to the environment. Since most cups cannot be recycled, they remain in our landfills and pollute the environment, both on land and in the sea.
On land, the plastic buried in the landfills releases toxic chemicals which seep into the groundwater. Contaminated groundwater and plastic debris make their way into the ocean, which has many devastating effects to the marine wildlife. It disturbs the ecosystem, leading to the deaths of thousands of whales, seals, turtles, and birds every year from plastic inhalation.
Despite how worrying these facts can be, all is not without hope. There is a lot that we can do to fix this issue and protect future generations and the world as a whole.
The environmental impact of plastic is alarming. There is plenty of evidence showing how it is disrupting wildlife from habitats to their food supply. Not only is it impacting wildlife but it is also affecting many parts of the world through global warming and pollution.
The common belief that simply discarding your plastic waste in a recycling bin is enough, has simply proved not to be the case. Therefore, it is the responsibility of governments, businesses, and individuals to take action and look to a more sustainable solution to the issue surrounding plastic. Our collective responsibility to take necessary measures will inevitably benefit our future generations and the planet as a whole.
Copyright © 2023 Better Me


text:
New 40 Acres Sign
Post December 21, 2020
It's been a long year! Merriam-Webster and Dictionary.com recently announced that the word of the year for 2020 is "Pandemic," but here at St. HOPE, the "P" word that has floated around much more often has been "Pivot". In basketball, pivoting is defined as "the action of stepping with one foot while keeping the other foot at its point of contact with the floor" and that's exactly what we've done by continuing our mission of revitalizing Oak Park through public education and economic development while adjusting how we do it.
Our new barbershop, World-Class Faders, moved to outdoor operations when barbershops were required to stop indoor operations.
After the closure of indoor performance venues, we moved our Guild Theater events to our outdoor venue, Esther's Park, where we held socially distanced events and performances.
The financial implications of the stay-at-home orders have been huge, thus we proactively checked in on our residential and commercial tenants to see how they had been impacted and worked out plans to make sure they were OK.
When retailers were required to temporarily close their doors we optimized Underground Book's online store, completed a total store remodel, and opened the 40 Acres Market.
Fixins hadn't been open for a year when the pandemic hit. The initial goal after opening had been to focus on dine-in service before opening up to delivery and pick-up options. They immediately added a pick-up and delivery option when dine-in seating was restricted.
The newest member of the St. HOPE Family, Slim & Husky's, moved forward with their plans to open. Adding another restaurant to Oak Park and creating jobs at a time when we've seen record-setting unemployment numbers.
Most importantly and probably our proudest pivot has been our St. HOPE Public School's unwillingness to accept less than the best from our scholars. Staff worked tirelessly to host an online prom and graduation, create an effective distance learning program, and finally welcome scholars back to campus through a hybrid model approved by the Sacramento County Health Department.
But we're not done yet! In the coming weeks, we're working on getting approvals to move forward with our "40 Acres" sign atop the 40 Acres Complex located at 35th Street and Broadway. While the 40 Acres Complex isn't a full 40 acres, it represents the commitment made over 155 years ago of 40 acres and a mule to recently freed slaves after the civil war. Reverend Garrison Frazier, one of the key contributors to the 40 acres and a mule commitment, felt that education and land ownership were key for true freedom. While that promise of land went unfulfilled, St. HOPE continues to strive for true freedom through education and economic development. Our new 40 Acres sign will be a constant reminder of that age-old commitment.


You take the role of a Hijacker who only has one goal: Abducting the Princess! It's a Game about human desires, about fame and fortune, about love and hate and ultimately about life and death itself. I made this game for MAGS September 2010. It's what I would call an Arcade Adventure. It controls like an arcade platformer, it plays like an adventure game. Features: - Keyboard or Gamepad (recommended) controlled! - Upbeat retro sountrack! - Animations galore! - Parallax backgrounds! - No bothersome dialogs! - And one extra life! UPDATE: There is a 1.10 bugfix release. If you got an earlier version you might want to get this. UPDATE (11.10) This should (hopefully) be the final bugfix release. If you had problems seeing the end your issue is now fixed.
"Though a cumbersome interface almost scuppers things, the infectious nature of the graphics and audio, along with some enjoyable gameplay, adds to this game's likeability."
Very nice idea and excellent presentation, but many of the puzzles were pretty illogical, or required you to go trying a certain inventory item with everything in the background.


IncuBus Future of Work is a 12 week incubator programme hosted by PwC that will be focussing on startups in AI, Cyber Security and Smart Office solutions.
The work place is continuing to evolve at a frightening pace. We have already seen a growth in co working in the past few years and the ever evolving dynamics of the workplace are set to see even more changes in the way we interact with our place of work.
With more and more corporates and governments subject to cyber hacks it's no surprise to see more and more people lured to the challenge of solving this problem. In fact, the UK government recently announced the launch of a game to attract children and adults alike to careers in Cyber Security.
Includes everything from efficient power usage to environmental factors and IoT solutions. As offices and our way of working develops so will the technology around us. Ways to stay efficient and maintain a healthy working environment, reduce costs of running offices and look at ways to automate are all being worked on.
If your startup is looking to make the working environment smarter than the Future of Work incubator could be a good test bed for your startup to start gaining some traction and feedback as you look to create a better environment for us to all work in!
A highly engaging and often controversial subject, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is already here and not going away anytime soon. Next up it's time to figure out if AI can be put to good work whilst still being cautious in regards of future impact of the technology. Tech giants are leading the way with advances in AI but more and more startups are popping up in the space. AngelList shows some 496 companies since last count, up from 310 just 6 months earlier.
The IncuBus Future of Work programme hosted by PwC starts on January 11th 2016 and looks to develop early stage startups with an MVP ready for the world's best accelerators and further funding.
This is done through 9 hours of programme content (mentor sessions, skills based workshops and office hours) a week, plus additional services and activities to help develop a strong foundation for the startups to continue growth beyond the programme.
Applications are open and are set in 3 stages. Phase 1 sees 10 applications chosen. Phase 2 sees 5 applicants chosen and phase 3 sees just 3 programme spots left for applicants.
So apply earlier to have a better chance of getting on!
The programme fee charged by IncuBus Ventures is £3,000 and gives access to the whole programme, desk space, access to market and use of the bus for marketing purposes.


text:
Le lac Tapani est un plan d'eau douce de la municipalité de Sainte-Anne-du-Lac, dans la municipalité régionale de comté (MRC) de Antoine-Labelle, dans la région administrative des Laurentides, au Québec, au Canada.

Dès la seconde moitié du , la foresterie a été l'activité économique prédominante de ce secteur. Au , les activités récréo-touristiques ont été mises en valeur. La villégiature s'est développée surtout autour du village de Sainte-Anne-du-Lac, autour de la baie du nord-ouest, autour de la baie du nord-est et à quelques endroits sur la rive est du lac.

La surface du lac est généralement gelée de la mi-novembre à la fin avril ; néanmoins, la période de circulation sécuritaire sur la glace est de la mi-décembre à la fin mars.

Géographie

Le lac Tapani est situé à  au nord du lac Gravel, à  au nord du village de Mont-Saint-Michel, à  au nord du village de Ferme-Neuve, à  à l'est du Réservoir Baskatong et à  au nord du centre-ville de Mont-Laurier. La "baie Tapani" laquelle est située au sud du lac des Polonais, constitue un appendice avancé vers le sud-est sur le parcours de la rivière d'Argent. La pointe sud de cette baie est distante de seulement  de la baie au nord-ouest du lac Tapani.

Le lac Tapani couvre une superficie de . Le lac a la forme d'un T dont la barre est de  et la hauteur de . Située au centre du lac Tapani, la Réserve écologique Tapani protège une frênaie noire mature, communauté végétale peu commune dans la région. Cette frênaie est située sur l'Île des Indiens (longue de  et large de ), désignée aussi Île Tapani ou l'Île du Héron Bleu.

La partie nord du lac comporte une bande déboisée. Les côtés est et ouest du lac sont montagneux. Les principaux ruisseaux se déversant dans le lac Tapani sont :
 au nord : cours d'eau Picher, ruisseau Kennedy, ruisseau Busby (traversant des zones de marais) ;
 à l'ouest : décharge du lac à Fritz.

Le village de la municipalité de Sainte-Anne-du-Lac s'est constituée du côté sud, autour de l'embouchure. L'émissaire du lac est la rivière Tapani. En descendant vers le sud sur une dizaine de kilomètres, ce cours d'eau forme par segment plusieurs serpentins. La rivière traverse des zones agricoles, forestières et plusieurs marais avant de se déverser dans la rivière du Lièvre.

Toponymie

Le terme "Tapani" désigne plusieurs toponymes de la région : baie, lac, rivière, ferme, réserve écologique, chemin... Le lieu-dit de "Ferme-Tapani" est situé à une vingtaine de kilomètres en amont de l'embouchure de la rivière Tapani. Cette appellation évoque une ancienne ferme de chantier établie à la fin du  sur les bords de la rivière du Lièvre.

Selon la Commission de toponymie du Québec, ce toponyme serait d'origine algonquine se rapporte à des éléments de la vie quotidienne. Plusieurs thèses expliquent l'origine du terme "Tapani" qui serait un dérivé des mots :
 "tapini" (ou tapanee), désignant une variété de cresson, dont la racine est comestible et qui pousse près des sources. Il s'agit sans doute du cresson de fontaine (Nasturtium officinale), lequel pousse dans la partie ouest du Québec. Les Amérindiens le consommaient pour ses propriétés diurétiques et antiscorbutiques ;
 "otaban", signifiant "traîne sauvage" ou toboggan.

Par ailleurs, la graphie de "Tapani" se rapproche de "Trapani" qui est une province d'Italie, qui s'étend sur la partie la plus occidentale de la région de la Sicile. Le territoire de cette province se prolonge entre la Mer tyrrhénienne et le Canal de Sicile.

La graphie actuelle du toponyme a été approuvée en 1963. Les graphies répertoriées sont : Tapanee, Tapany et Tepanee. La référence cartographique la plus ancienne de ce nom remonte à 1875.

Le toponyme "Lac Tapani" a été officialisé le  à la Banque des noms de lieux de la Commission de toponymie du Québec.

Voir aussi

 Sainte-Anne-du-Lac, une municipalité
 Antoine-Labelle, municipalité régionale de comté (MRC)
 Rivière du Lièvre, un cours d'eau
 Réserve écologique Tapani

Lien externe
 Site officiel de la municipalité de Sainte-Anne-des-Lacs

Notes et références

Lac dans les Laurentides (région administrative)
Antoine-Labelle

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


One of the most common points of conflict for many couples is when the man wants to watch sports and the woman is not into sports. It seems odd that many men who are sports fans attract women that are not. There are many women who are die-hard sports fans and some who even play sports themselves. For some couples the differences in interest is not a problem because the woman just lets her guy watch sports while she does other things. Yet, there are some men who really want their girlfriends to share their interest in sports. Here are a few things you can do to get your girlfriend to watch sports.
Some men thing that their girlfriends just do not like to watch sports in general. While this may be true for some women, the fact is that your girlfriend just may not have been introduced to a sport that she actually likes. Sports have always been overwhelmingly considered a 'guy thing' and when some women watch sports they just cannot identity with these masculine activities. Try helping your girlfriend feel more comfortable and welcome when watching sports by either finding a type of sport that she is actually interested in and watch that with her or introduce her to the women's professional teams that play the kind of sport you like to watch.
Speaking of comfort and welcome, do not forget the fact that women love attention and they loved to be pampered. If you want her to watch your favorite team play, try making it a romantic occasion. Get the foods that she likes, dim the lights, snuggle up with her on the couch, and give her a back massage. While nothing else may convince her to sit for hours watching sports with you, the appeal of being treated like queen for a day just might help peak her interest.
Many men have girlfriends who are extremely busy at home and at work. She might be a single mom who feels that she does not have time to sit and watch sports; she could be a student or a professional and not watch sports for the same reason. To get her to watch sports with you make the sports event a time for her to take some layers stress off. Get tickets to a live game and take her to it. Hire a babysitter, if needed. Appeal to her to take an off day or choose an event at a time when you know for a fact that she is available. If the event is out of town, that is even better. Make the event more than a sports event to her.
In the end, the method that works in convincing your girlfriend to watch sports with you all depends on her individual likes, dislikes, and personality. You just need to learn to use these factors to your advantage. Try one or all of these methods until something proves successful. You just might be creating a brand new sports fan.
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The 2014 FIFA World Cup is expected to slow the pace of Macau's gaming revenue growth in June as gamblers are diverted from casinos to watch and bet on the football tournament according to a recent article in the Macau Business Daily that cited Credit Suisse.
The World Cup could turn an already weak June softer with gross gaming revenues set to increase between 1% and 6% year-on-year during the current month. If confirmed, this will be the worst gaming revenue performance of the year as so far, January has been the slowest month when revenues rose 7% while May saw 9.3% growth – well below the 14% consensus expectations.
Nevertheless and according to Credit Suisse analysis, Macau gaming revenues recorded the biggest drop in two years during the last World Cup in South Africa back in 2010 – despite favorable comparisons with the same months in 2009. Specifically and following record growth in May 2010 when revenues grew 94% year-on-year, casino gains plummeted to a 65% increase and a 70% increase in July during the World Cup.
To read the whole article, go to the website of the Macau Business Daily.