text:
\section{Introduction}
Relativistic hydrodynamics has become nowadays the basic theoretical tool for modeling relativistic heavy-ion collisions \cite{Romatschke:2017ejr,Florkowski:2010zz}. It forms the main ingredient of the so-called standard model of such processes, which essentially includes three segments: modeling of the early stage, hydrodynamic description of the space-time evolution of matter, and freeze-out of hadrons \cite{Gale:2013da,Jeon:2015dfa, Jaiswal:2016hex,Busza:2018rrf}. Detailed comparisons of theoretical predictions based on the hydrodynamic approach with the experimental data allow for the determination of various properties of strongly interacting matter such as its equation of state~\cite{Broniowski:2008vp} and kinetic coefficients~\cite{Bozek:2009dw,Noronha-Hostler:2013gga,Bernhard:2019bmu}. The latter include the shear and bulk viscosities. The presence of the shear viscosity affects the response of the hydrodynamic flow to the initial space-time anisotropies of colliding matter~\cite{Romatschke:2007mq,Gale:2012rq}.

The development of hydrodynamic models for the description of heavy-ion collisions triggered broad studies of formal aspects of hydrodynamics treated as an effective theory describing systems approaching local thermodynamic equilibrium, for a recent review see \cite{Florkowski:2017olj}. Already in the 1970's, it was realized that the relativistic dissipative hydrodynamical formulations derived by Landau and Eckart were not causal~\cite{Israel:1976tn,Hiscock:1983zz,Hiscock:1985zz} and they were replaced by the so-called second order hydrodynamic formalism of Israel and Stewart (IS)~\cite{Israel:1979wp}. The IS theory has been extensively used to describe heavy-ion collisions studied at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at BNL and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. At the same time, more advanced hydrodynamic approaches have been developed, which removed some of the disadvantages of the IS formulation (for example, see \cite{Florkowski:2010cf,Martinez:2010sc,Attems:2018gou,Montenegro:2018bcf,Calzetta:2019dfr}). Formal studies of hydrodynamics have led to very interesting observations such as the asymptotic character of the hydrodynamic gradient expansion~\cite{Heller:2013fn,Denicol:2016bjh,Heller:2016rtz,Grozdanov:2019kge} or the existence of hydrodynamic attractors~\cite{Heller:2015dha,Romatschke:2017vte,Strickland:2017kux,Strickland:2018ayk,Jaiswal:2019cju,Giacalone:2019ldn}.

IS theory treats the shear stress tensor $\pi^{\mu\nu}$  and the bulk pressure $\Pi$ as independent hydrodynamic variables, in a way similar to the treatment of the local temperature $T(x)$ and the hydrodynamic flow vector $u^\mu(x)$. Only during the space-time evolution of the system $\pi^{\mu\nu}$  and  $\Pi$ may approach their Navier-Stokes values $\pi^{\mu\nu} = 2\eta \sigma^{\mu\nu}$ and $\Pi = -\zeta \partial_\mu u^\mu$ (where $\eta$ and $\zeta$ are the shear and bulk viscosity coefficients, respectively, and $\sigma^{\mu\nu}$ is the shear flow tensor constructed from the derivatives of $u^\mu$).

Only very recently, a new causal and stable hydrodynamic approach based on a first-order expansion in gradients has been proposed in the works of F.~S.~Bemfica, M.~M.~Disconzi, J.~Noronha, and P.~Kovtun~\cite{Bemfica:2017wps,Bemfica:2019knx,Kovtun:2019hdm}. This approach is based on a more general choice of the hydrodynamic frame and the introduction of a new set of kinetic coefficients that play the role of UV regulators of the theory, which make the theory causal (even in the full nonlinear regime) and linearly stable around equilibrium.

A natural question that can be asked is how the new formulation (dubbed below shortly as FOCS, for first-order cau-sal and stable) compares to the traditional IS framework. It was shown in Ref.~\cite{Bemfica:2017wps} that the two approaches lead to very similar equations, if applied to boost-invariant conformal systems. In this work we extend this study. We assume that the system's equation of state is conformal but we allow for a non-conformal behavior of the coefficients in the regulating sector of the theory. We show that if the kinetic coefficients are expressed in terms of a constant relaxation time there is an exact match between the dynamics described by FOCS and IS formulations. This allows us to derive the first general analytical solution of the FOCS equations for an expanding system.

Throughout the paper we use natural units.

\section{Israel-Stewart and first-order stable hydrodynamics}

The implementation of Israel-Stewart theory undergoing Bjorken flow \cite{Bjorken:1982qr} considered here is reduced to the two equations:
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{d\varepsilon}{d\tau} &=& -\frac{\varepsilon+p}{\tau} + \frac{\pi}{\tau}, \label{eq:IS1} \\
 \tau_R\frac{d\pi}{d\tau}+\pi &=& \frac{4}{3}\frac{\eta}{\tau} -\left(\frac{4}{3}+\lambda\right)\tau_R\frac{\pi}{\tau},
 \label{eq:IS2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\varepsilon$ and $p$ are the energy density and pressure, $\pi$ is the rapidity-rapidity component of the shear stress tensor (which should not be mistaken with the bulk pressure, $\Pi$, that is zero in our case), $\eta$ is the shear viscosity coefficient, $\tau_R$ is the relaxation time, and the parameter $\lambda$  \cite{Denicol:2017lxn} is related to the $\tau_{\pi\pi}$ coefficient in the DNMR approach \cite{Denicol:2012cn}. The evolution parameter $\tau = \sqrt{t^2-z^2}$ is the longitudinal proper time. We note that the form of hydrodynamic flow for boost-invariant systems is dictated by symmetry, $u^\mu = (t/\tau,0,0,z/\tau)$, hence it is independent of the choice of the hydrodynamic frame. We also note that all scalar functions depend only on~$\tau$.

For the FOCS approach \cite{Bemfica:2017wps,Kovtun:2019hdm,Bemfica:2019knx}, the evolution equations are reduced to the formula
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{d\mathcal{E}}{d\tau}+\frac{\mathcal{E}
+\mathcal{P}}{\tau}-\frac{4}{3}\frac{\eta}{\tau^2}=0,
\label{eq:Kovtun}
\end{eqnarray}
where the following constitutive relations are assumed,
\begin{eqnarray}
 \mathcal{E} &=& \epsilon+\varepsilon_1  \frac{dT}{T d\tau}+ \frac{\varepsilon_2}{\tau},\nonumber\\
 \mathcal{P} &=& p +\pi_1 \frac{dT}{T d\tau}+ \frac{\pi_2}{\tau}.
 \label{eq:Kovtuncoef}
 \end{eqnarray}
Here we have used the properties $ \partial_\mu u^\mu = 1/\tau$ and $u^\mu \partial_\mu f(\tau) = df/d\tau$, where $f$ is an arbitrary function of the proper time $\tau$.

Assuming the conformal equation of state
\begin{eqnarray}
p=\frac{1}{3}\varepsilon=\frac{aT^4}{3},
\end{eqnarray}
where $a$ is a constant (usually proportional to the number of internal degrees of freedom of the particles forming a fluid) and $T$ is the temperature, we rewrite Eq.~(\ref{eq:IS1}) as
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{dT}{d\tau}=\frac{\pi}{4aT^3\tau}-\frac{T}{3\tau}.
\label{eq:IS1T}
\end{eqnarray}
Introducing the variable
\begin{eqnarray}
 y= \frac{dT}{d\tau}
 \label{eq:y}
\end{eqnarray}
and taking the derivative of Eq.~(\ref{eq:IS1T}) with respect to $\tau$,  we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
  \frac{d\pi}{d\tau} = 4aT^3y+4aT^3\tau \frac{dy}{d\tau}+12 aT^2\tau y^2+\frac{16}{3}a T^3 y.
 \end{eqnarray}
This allows us to rewrite Eq.~(\ref{eq:IS2}) as
\begin{eqnarray}
&&   4a \tau_R T^3\frac{dy}{d\tau} + 12\tau_R aT^2 y^2 \nonumber \\
&& + aT^3 y\bigg[4 +\bigg(\frac{28}{3}+4\bigg(\frac{4}{3}+\lambda\bigg)\bigg)\frac{\tau_R}{\tau}\bigg] \nonumber \\
&& +\frac{4 aT^4}{3 \tau} + \frac{4}{3}aT^4 \bigg(\frac{4}{3}
+\lambda\bigg)\frac{\tau_R}{\tau^2}-\frac{4}{3}\frac{\eta}{\tau^2}=0.
\label{eq:dydt}
 \end{eqnarray}
 %
 Equations (\ref{eq:y}) and (\ref{eq:dydt}) are coupled differential equations for the functions $T$ and $y$, which are completely equivalent to the original IS equations. We note that Eq.~(\ref{eq:dydt}) has the form of a Ricatti equation ($a y'+ b y^2 + c y + d = 0$, with $b/a \ne 0$ and $c/a \ne 0$), which was analyzed recently in more detail in \cite{Denicol:2017lxn}.

\section{Regulating sector in FOCS}

Let us discuss in more detail the regulating sector of the FOCS approach. In natural units, the coefficient functions $\varepsilon_1$, $\varepsilon_2$, $\pi_1$, and $\pi_2$ have dimension of energy cubed, so for conformal systems they should scale as $T^3$. Similarly, in this case the IS relaxation time $\tau_R$ should be inversely proportional to $T$, while $\eta$ should scale with $T^3$, yielding a dimensionless ratio of the shear viscosity $\eta$ to the entropy density $s$. For strictly conformal systems one requires also that  $\mathcal{E} = 3 \mathcal{P}$, which implies that the $\pi_i$ coefficients are one third of the $\varepsilon_i$ coefficients. This choice has been made in \cite{Bemfica:2017wps}, with an additional constraint that $\varepsilon_1 = 3 \varepsilon_2$ to ensure invariance under Weyl transformations \cite{Bemfica:2017wps}.

In this work we want to discuss yet another case, where the coefficients $\varepsilon_1$, $\varepsilon_2$, $\pi_1$, and $\pi_2$ are expressed in terms of a constant relaxation time. This leads to parametrizations of the type $x_i = x_i^0 T^4$, where $x_i$ stands for any of the FOCS coefficients mentioned above and $x^0_i$ has dimension of time (fm). We think that this assumption is interesting from the point of view where the terms containing  $\varepsilon_1$, $\varepsilon_2$, $\pi_1$, and $\pi_2$ are interpreted as ultraviolet regulators. In general, the regularization or renormalization procedure of a classically scale-invariant theory introduces an energy scale, as it happens in the case of pure Yang-Mills theory (known exceptions of this rule include, for instance, $\mathcal{N}=4$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory).

To include and discuss different cases together we rewrite Eq.~(\ref{eq:Kovtuncoef}) as
\begin{eqnarray}
 \mathcal{E} &=& a T^4 + \varepsilon^0_1 \,T^{n} \, \frac{dT}{T d\tau}+ \frac{\varepsilon^0_2}{\tau} \,T^n,
 \nonumber\\
 \mathcal{P} &=& \frac{aT^4}{3} +\pi^0_1 \,T^{n} \, \frac{dT}{T d\tau}+
 \frac{\pi^0_2}{\tau} \,T^n,
 \label{eq:Kovtuncoef1}
 \end{eqnarray}
where $\varepsilon^0_1$, $\varepsilon^0_2$, $\pi^0_1$, and $\pi^0_2$ are dimensionless ($n=3$) or dimensionful ($n \neq 3$) constants. The power $n$ can take different values depending on the case we want to discuss. Substituting (\ref{eq:Kovtuncoef1}) into Eq.~(\ref{eq:Kovtun}), and using Eq.~(\ref{eq:y}), we find
\begin{eqnarray}
&& \varepsilon^0_1 T^{n-1}\frac{dy}{d\tau} + (n-1) \, \varepsilon^0_1 \,T^{n-2}\,
y^2
\nonumber \\
&&
+\bigg(4aT^3 + (\varepsilon^0_1+\pi^0_1 + n\, \varepsilon^0_2)
\frac{T^{n-1} }{\tau} \,
\bigg)y \nonumber \\
&& +\frac{4}{3\tau}aT^4 +\frac{\pi_2\,T^n}{\tau^2}
-\frac{4}{3}\frac{\eta}{\tau^2}=0.
\label{eq:Kovt2nd1}
\end{eqnarray}
Equations (\ref{eq:y}) and (\ref{eq:Kovt2nd1}) are coupled first-order differential equations that can be treated as the basis of the FOCS formulation in our setup.

\section{Comparison between the two frameworks}

Using the parametrizations defined above we can formulate the IS and FOCS frameworks in terms of the two differential equations for the temperature $T$ and its derivative $y=dT/d\tau$. A natural question is if these two formulations, when written in this form, are actually identical describing thus the same dynamics. Since Eq.~(\ref{eq:y}) is common for the two approaches, one simply has to check if Eqs.~(\ref{eq:dydt}) and (\ref{eq:Kovt2nd1}) are equivalent. After equating the terms with the same derivatives of the function $y$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:dydt}) and (\ref{eq:Kovt2nd1}) we find:
\begin{eqnarray}
 \varepsilon^0_1 &=& 4a\tau_R T^{4-n},\label{eq:w2} \\
 \varepsilon^0_1 &=&\frac{12}{n-1} a\tau_R T^{4-n},\label{eq:w12}\\
 \pi^0_1 &=& \frac{4}{3} a \tau_R (11 + 3 \lambda) T^{4-n} - \varepsilon^0_1 - n \varepsilon_2^0,\label{eq:w11} \\
 \pi^0_2 &=& \frac{4}{9} a \tau_R
 \bigg(4 +3 \lambda\bigg) T^{4-n}.
 \label{eq:w0}
\end{eqnarray}

One can easily notice that in the strictly conformal case,  $n=3$, it is impossible to exactly match the FOCS and IS equations, even though the evolution equation for $y$ in both formulations can be written as a Ricatti equation. The param-etrization of the Ricatti equation found in the conformal case in \cite{Bemfica:2017wps} uses a function $\chi$ that is related to our parametrization through the formula
\begin{eqnarray}
\chi = \frac{1}{3} \varepsilon_1^0 T^3 = \varepsilon_2^0 T^3.
\end{eqnarray}
Moreover, in \cite{Bemfica:2017wps} one uses the relation $\pi_1^0 = (1/3) \varepsilon_1^0 = \varepsilon_2^0$.

A very interesting situation takes place when $n=4$. In this case Eqs.~(\ref{eq:w2}) and (\ref{eq:w12}) are fully consistent and the kinetic coefficient $\varepsilon_1^0$ has dimension of fm and, thus, it can be treated as a fixed relaxation time related to $\tau_R$ (which is also constant). Equations~(\ref{eq:w11}) and (\ref{eq:w0}) determine the values of $\pi_1^0$ and $\pi_2^0$ in terms of the IS relaxation time,  $\varepsilon_1^0$ and $\varepsilon_2^0$. Although for $n=4$ the system of equations (\ref{eq:w2})--(\ref{eq:w0}) can be adjusted to exactly match the IS equations, at first it seems that the matching is underdetermined as only the sum $\pi_1^0 + 4 \varepsilon_2^0$ is constrained by Eq.~(\ref{eq:w11}). We discuss this apparent issue in more detail below.

\subsection{Bulk viscosity constraint}
\label{sec:bulk}

Further insights about the identification of the FOCS and IS approaches can be gained from the analysis of the bulk viscosity coefficient $\zeta$, which should vanish for systems with a conformal equation of state. In the FOCS approach, the bulk viscosity appears as a linear combination of the regulators and one can show that \cite{Kovtun:2019hdm,Bemfica:2019knx}
\begin{eqnarray}
\zeta = \chi_3 - \chi_4 + c_s^2 (\chi_2-\chi_1).
\label{eq:zeta1}
\end{eqnarray}
Above, $c_s^2 = 1/3$ is the speed of sound squared. The coefficients $\chi_i$ appearing in (\ref{eq:zeta1}) can be directly related to our parametrizations through the following relations ($n=4$):
\begin{eqnarray}
3 \chi_1 = \varepsilon_1^0 T^4,~
\chi_2 = \varepsilon_2^0 T^4,~
3 \chi_3 = \pi_1^0 T^4,~
\chi_4 = \pi_2^0 T^4.
\label{eq:chiepspi}
\end{eqnarray}
Hence, the requirement that the bulk viscosity vanishes implies that
\begin{eqnarray}
\pi_1^0 - 3 \pi_2^0 + \varepsilon_2^0 - \frac{\varepsilon_1^0}{3}  = 0.
\label{eq:zeta0}
\end{eqnarray}
The constraint (\ref{eq:zeta0}) leads to the following expressions:
\begin{eqnarray}
 \varepsilon^0_1 &=& 4a\tau_R,\label{eq:1} \\
 \varepsilon^0_2 &=&\frac{4}{3} a\tau_R,\label{eq:2}\\
 \pi^0_1 &=& \frac{4}{3} a \tau_R (4 + 3\lambda),\label{eq:3} \\
 \pi^0_2 &=& \frac{4}{9} a \tau_R
 \bigg(4 +3 \lambda\bigg).
 \label{eq:4}
\end{eqnarray}
In terms of the coefficients used in \cite{Bemfica:2019knx}, the relations above imply that $\chi_1=\chi_2$ and $\chi_3 = \chi_4$. Therefore, one can see that the condition of vanishing bulk viscosity removes the apparent ambiguity in the mapping present in Eq.~(\ref{eq:w11}).

\subsection{Constraints from causality and linear stability in the FOCS formulation}

For the type of Israel-Stewart theory considered here, causality and stability around equilibrium hold when $\eta/(s\tau_R T)$ $\leq 1/2$ (where $s=4\varepsilon/3T$) \cite{Pu:2009fj}. We note that this is a statement obtained after linearizing the equations  around equilibrium and, thus, no constraint is known for the $\lambda$ coefficient, as it does not contribute in a linearized analysis. However, this coefficient is known in the 14-moment approximation to be equal to 10/21 \cite{Denicol:2012cn}, while the shear viscosity is given by $\eta = 4 \varepsilon \tau_R/15$.

Ref.\ \cite{Bemfica:2019knx} derived conditions for the transport coefficients in the FOCS approach that ensure causality in the full nonlinear regime. Also, linear stability conditions around equilibrium were discussed in both \cite{Bemfica:2019knx} and \cite{Kovtun:2019hdm}. We refer the reader to Section III A and B of Ref.\ \cite{Bemfica:2019knx} for the set of inequalities that must be fulfilled for causality and stability to hold in the FOCS approach.

Since the causality conditions in the full nonlinear regime are known for the first-order approach, it is interesting to consider if the identifications made in \eqref{eq:1}-\eqref{eq:4} can fulfill these conditions when the 14-moment values for $\eta$, $\tau_R$, and $\lambda$ are used. In this case, from \eqref{eq:1}-\eqref{eq:4} one finds that $\chi_1 =\chi_2=5 \eta$ and $\chi_3=\chi_4 = 5\eta (4+3\lambda)/3$, which can then be plugged in the conditions stated in \cite{Bemfica:2019knx}. One can show that causality in the FOCS theory is violated if one uses the 14-moment value $\lambda=10/21$. Causality in the FOCS approach with coefficients given by \eqref{eq:1}-\eqref{eq:4} can be fulfilled, however, if $\lambda$ is negative. For instance, all the conditions for causality and stability are satisfied if $\lambda = -2\eta/\lambda_{BDN}-7/15$, where $\lambda_{BDN}\geq \eta$ stands for the heat flow-like transport coefficient present in the FOCS approach (using the conventions in \cite{Bemfica:2019knx}).

 In any case, it is not currently known if the 14-moment value for $\lambda$ in IS theory leads to causality violations once the full nonlinear dynamics of the equations is taken into account. The results presented herein may suggest that the IS parameter $\lambda=10/21$ can be at odds with causality when one goes beyond the linearized regime. However, such a conjecture can only be checked once a full nonlinear analysis of causality in Israel-Stewart theory, performed under general conditions, is available. So far, such general statements about causality in the nonlinear regime of Israel-Stewart theory have  been obtained in \cite{Bemfica:2019cop} in the case where only bulk viscosity (i.e., no shear or particle diffusion effects) is taken into account (a nonlinear study involving shear and bulk viscosities in IS theory under strong symmetry conditions can be found in \cite{Floerchinger:2017cii}).

\subsection{General analytical solution for the FOCS approach matched to IS theory}

Ref.\ \cite{Denicol:2017lxn} found the general solution of the IS equations in \eqref{eq:IS1} and \eqref{eq:IS2} in Bjorken flow. The analytical expressions for $\varepsilon(\tau)$ and $\pi(\tau)$ can be obtained from Eqs.\ (15) and (16) of \cite{Denicol:2017lxn}. The matching to IS theory worked out in this paper (see \eqref{eq:1}-\eqref{eq:4}) implies that the general solution for the energy density in IS found in Eq.\ (15) of \cite{Denicol:2017lxn} also holds for the FOCS theory (for appropriate values of $\lambda$). Therefore, under these conditions, the general solution for the energy density in the FOCS approach with a constant relaxation time as defined here is
\begin{align}
  & \varepsilon(\hat\tau) = \varepsilon _{0}\left( \frac{\hat{\tau}_{0}}{\hat{\tau}}\right) ^{\frac{4%
}{3}+\frac{\lambda +1}{2}}\,\exp \left( -\frac{\hat{\tau}-\hat{\tau}_{0}}{2}%
\right) \nonumber \\
&~~\times\left[ \frac{M_{-\frac{\lambda +1}{2},\frac{\sqrt{\lambda ^{2}+4a}}{2%
}}(\hat{\tau})+\alpha \,W_{-\frac{\lambda +1}{2},\frac{\sqrt{\lambda ^{2}+4a}%
}{2}}(\hat{\tau})}{M_{-\frac{\lambda +1}{2},\frac{\sqrt{\lambda ^{2}+4a}}{2}%
}(\hat{\tau}_{0})+\alpha \,W_{-\frac{\lambda +1}{2},\frac{\sqrt{\lambda
^{2}+4a}}{2}}(\hat{\tau}_{0})}\right]
    \end{align}
    where $\hat\tau = \tau/\tau_R$, $\hat\tau_0$ is the initial time, $\varepsilon_0$ and $\alpha$ are constants that define the initial value problem, and $M_{k,\mu}(x)$ and $W_{k,\mu}(x)$ are Whittaker functions. This is the first analytical solution of the viscous relativistic hydrodynamics equations derived from the new first-order approach put forward in Refs.\ \cite{Bemfica:2017wps,Bemfica:2019knx,Kovtun:2019hdm}. It should be clear also that the mapping between these approaches found here immediately establishes the properties of the hydrodynamic attractor in the FOCS approach in this case, as they can be extracted from the analysis already performed in IS theory in \cite{Denicol:2017lxn}.

\section{Conclusions}

In this work we have compared the recent first-order causal and stable formulation of relativistic hydrodynamics with conventional Israel-Stewart theory. To make such a comparison feasible, we have restricted our study to boost-invariant, baryon-free  systems with a conformal equation of state. In the strictly conformal case, where the regulator sectors of the theories are also determined from conformal invariance, the two approaches cannot be exactly matched, although they are based on the same system of differential equations (see Ref.\ \cite{Bemfica:2017wps}). If the regulator sectors of the theories are determined by a constant relaxation time, there exists a mapping between the FOCS and IS approaches that makes their dynamics exactly the same. This implies that one can use the results in \cite{Denicol:2017lxn} to determine the first general analytical solution of the FOCS equations of motion, as we showed in this paper. The causality conditions for the FOCS approach found in \cite{Bemfica:2019knx} proved to be relevant when determining the range of acceptable values of the transport coefficients in the FOCS approach, after the matching to IS theory. In fact, we showed that this matching to IS theory is only well defined if the IS parameter $\lambda$ takes values that are distinct from the standard 14-moment result.

Our results help to clarify mutual relations between FOCS and more traditional formulations of relativistic dissipative hydrodynamics. Further investigations of more general systems are of course mandatory in this respect. Although for more complex system simple relations connecting FOCS with second order hydrodynamic frameworks may not exist (since FOCS yields four second-order equations which are in general equivalent to eight first-order equations, while IS is based on ten equations describing the time evolution of ten independent components of the symmetric energy-momentum tensor), it is in our opinion very interesting to identify the cases where such constructions are possible. This helps to better understand the physics behind this new first-order formulation, which may eventually become an attractive alternative to more traditional hydrodynamic frameworks.

\medskip
{\it Acknowledgements.} WF, RR, and JN would like to thank the participants of the Banff Workshop on Theoretical Foundations of Relativistic Hydrodynamics (19w5048) for inspiring discussions during the meeting, which triggered these investigations. The work of WF, RR, and AD was supported in part by the Polish National Science Center Grants No.~2016\\/23/B/ST2/00717 and No.~2018/30/E/ST2/00432.

\printcredits

\bibliographystyle{utphys}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
EV chargers will be required in new UK homes by 2022
Robert Besser
Beginning in 2022, electric vehicle charging stations will be required in all new homes and businesses in the UK, the British government announced today
The new measure aims to encourage EV adoption around the country, adding up to 145,000 extra charging points per year
The government has already backed the installation of over 250,000 charging points, so the new rules would increase that number by over 50 percent in the first year alone
LONDON, England: Beginning in 2022, electric vehicle (EV) charging stations will be required in all new homes and businesses in the UK, the British government announced today.
The new measure aims to encourage EV adoption around the country, adding up to 145,000 extra charging points per year.
"This will mean people can buy new properties already ready for an electric vehicle future, while ensuring charge points are readily available at new shops and workplaces across the UK, making it as easy as refueling a petrol or diesel car today," the UK government said in a press release.
The government has already backed the installation of over 250,000 charging points, so the new rules would increase that number by over 50 percent in the first year alone.
The law includes requiring charging stations be installed in buildings, such as supermarkets and workplaces, along with large scale renovations with more than 10 parking spaces. However, details of the rules, such as specifications and power outputs, have yet to be confirmed.
London and the southeast section of the country have more charging stations than the rest of England and Wales combined, yet the new law will not help, the opposition Labour Party claimed, noting that it does not include any provisions that will make EVs more affordable for lower and middle-class families, reported the BBC.
The UK government aims to completely ban the sale of fossil fuel cars ten years earlier than planned, by 2030, and previously stated it would spend some $660 million to build the country's EV charging infrastructure.
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CHICAGO, Illinois: According to U.S. airline officials, the introduction of a new 5G service could cause U.S. air traffic to ...
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LONDON, England: The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) faces a major financial setback following a recent announcement by the government to ...
US Supreme Court to rule on religious rights of football coach
WASHINGTON D.C.: The U.S. Supreme Court said it would hear an appeal from a former high school football coach who ...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It was all about the minor places as John continued his good form this Series to take the title in this the final event of our Saturday Series.
Ten skippers turned out for our new start time of 1pm, and with a light unpredictable shifting wind, A rig was the sail of choice. A figure eight course was set and twelve races were had in the time.
Garry sailed well and took three bullets finishing in second place, but it was John who out performed us all by taking seven firsts and five seconds.
Only one breakdown of note this week, Bob Jones a servo replacement caused him to miss the first three races.
Thanks to Peter for RO.
We now move on to our Winter Series which starts on Saturday October 20th at 1pm.


progress had been made since MASKHADOV could not meet Russian demands for turning over radical warlords and releasing hostages. However, holding these talks is a step forward from early in the campaign, when PUTIN declared he would not negotiate with rebels, let alone MASKHADOV, whom he labeled as the illegitimate leader of Chechnya. Russia's softening is a clear indication that International pressure is working.
· Just one day after Russian President Boris YELTSIN, while in China, reminded US President Bill CLINTON that, "Russia is a great power that possesses a full nuclear arsenal," the Russian military deployed 10 new Topol-M nuclear missiles on Friday. This is only the second time in two years that it has put the missiles on full combat readiness. The Topol-M, which carries a single nuclear warhead, was developed to be the backbone of Russia's strategic forces, The missiles were deployed in the Saratov region, about 450 miles southwest of Moscow. Russia's strategic Missile Forces chief Colonel-General Vladimir YAKOVLEV, said YELTSIN had been aware of the Topol-M deployment when he made his remarks. He also pointed out that the US move to amend the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missiles Treaty will virtually mean, "a return to the arms race."
resistance to the treaty. However, the Communists led the movement to prevent a debate and vote. Communists Party chief Gennady ZYUGANOV said, "The issue hasn't been prepared yet." Russia and the US signed the agreement in 1993. The US Senate ratified it in 1996. The treaty would halve US and Russian nuclear arsenals to between 3,000 and 3,500 warheads each. Prime Minister Vladimir PUTIN said that government would continue to pressure lawmakers to ratify START II.
· Central Bank First Deputy Chairman Tatyana PARAMONOVA announced that the bank will maintain its gold and foreign currency reserves in the year 2000 at $12 billion. Reserves totaled $11.5 billion on December 3rd. She said that the reserves will remain roughly equal to three months worth of imports. PARAMONOVA added that the Central Bank's decision to maintain a floating exchange rate has helped prevent a further depletion of reserves. Russia's inflation rate is expected to be between 38 percent and 40 percent in 1999. That rate is predicted to fall to around 18 percent in 2000. The First Deputy Chairman pointed out that although Russia's industrial production is rising and the economy has outperformed recovery predictions, the nation is still struggling with immense debts. PARAMONOVA said, "We're still in the grip of a heavy foreign debt burden, and we also have large debts owed to internal investors. There are large payment arrears among enterprises, and this interferes with the dynamic of economic development."
nomic requirements. Many IMF members states have expressed concern over issuing new loan installments while Russia is pounding Chechnya with heavy artillery and bombs. The IMF has delayed the latest installment of $640 million claiming that Russia has not met a string of economic promises centered on restructuring the banking sector, strengthening the economy, and ensuring institutional reforms. IMF First Managing Director Stanley FISCHER stressed, "We will keep political factors to a minimum. I've been struck by the very rapid change in rhetoric about Chechnya over the last day or two. But we made our decision when the emphasis was very strictly on economic conditions."
Ruble Unsteady Without IMF Loan?
· Finance Minister Mikhail KASYANOV said that the ruble's rate could slip to the rate of 27.5 rubles to the dollar in the first quarter of 2000, if the International Monetary Fund (IMF) continues to delay the next installment of a $4.5 billion loan. He said that Russia is prepared to pay $900 million on its foreign debt in the first quarter. KASYANOV said, "there cannot be any devaluation of the ruble," due to the issue of 1,000 ruble banknotes into circulation planned before year's end. "The ruble's rate will be kept within parameters determined by the economic program of the government." He mentioned that the ruble will not go above the rate predicted in the 2000 budget, 32 rubles to the dollar.
· LUKoil, Russia's largest oil company, during the first three quarters of 1999, recorded profits of $830 million, a 207 percent increase over the same period last year. The company's net profits increased four times. Rising crude prices, the devaluation of the ruble last year and lower operating costs are credited with boosting profits. Last week, the government slapped higher duties on crude exports in what some analysts are characterizing as the government's attempt to get its share of rising revenues.
Ukraine. Speaking in Rostov-on-Don, KALYUZHNY said energy supplies will be cut because Ukraine had taken "unsanctioned" volumes of gas from the main export pipeline crossing Ukraine to Western Europe. The illegal draw is estimated to be 150 million to 200 million cubic meters of gas per day. Board member of Neftegaz Ukrainy national power company Bogdan KRUPSKY argued that, "Ukraine was not stealing Russian gas." He referred to a contract with Gazprom, that states during the winter months Ukraine can draw as much Russian gas from the pipeline as it needs to consume, but no more than that amount. Ukraine produces just 75,000 barrels per day of crude, but consumes 500,000 barrels per day, with most of the supplies coming from Russia. Ukraine imports annually from Russia approximately 7 million tons of petroleum and 5 billion to 6 billion kilowatt hours of electricity. Ukraine's Energy Minister Ivan PLACHKOV confirmed that, "all the deliveries of gas and Russian electricity to Ukraine were stopped." Prime Minister Valery PUSTOVOITENKO said, "We must pay Russia for the gas." He believes that, "The energy industry will work stably." He pointed out that Ukraine plans to set in motion the third unit of the Rovno Nuclear power plant on December 22nd to 24th, after the planned repairs.
· The International Monetary Fund (IMF) on Friday approved a $45 million standby loan for Latvia, to support the government's economic plan for 2000. The IMF said Latvia has pledged to draw on the loan only as a last resort should it run into liquidity problems. IMF deputy managing director Shigemitsu SUGISAKI said the Latvian government is committed to pursuing a tight monetary and fiscal policy in 2000, while it implements a series of structural reforms. IMF officers have encouraged Latvia to continue privatizing the remaining state enterprises by the end of next year.
due to criticisms that the Defense Ministry had misused funds from the budget. Defense Ministry spokesman Koba LIKLIKADZE said there is no truth to rumors circulating in Tbilisi that Defense Minister David TEVZADZE intends to step down. Today, Georgian President Eduard SHEVARDNADZE that he learned about TEVZADZE's alleged resignation from Georgian media services. According to President, he met with the Georgian Defense Minister last weekend, but the meeting focused on Georgia's national security issues, not the resignation of TEVZADZE. SHEVARDNADZE described David TEVZADZE's work as Defense Minister as "active and fruitful."
In addition, the Georgian Foreign Ministry issued a statement declaring information that military formations are fleeing Chechnya and finding safety in Georgia as "absolutely unfounded." It said, "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia categorically denies such notices, considering them to be completely groundless and declares that Georgia as a sovereign state has never allowed anybody to use its territory for military operations in connection with the ongoing conflict in the neighboring country and will not allow it in future." The US State Department deputy spokesman James FOLEY said, "We strongly support the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Georgia. The recent comments by Russian Prime Minister Vladimir PUTIN pledging respect for those principles are crucial to avoiding any spill over of the conflict beyond the borders of Russia." The European Council also issued a statement following their summit stating that it is, "deeply concerned at the threat the continuing conflict poses to the stability of the Caucasus region and possible spill-over from the fighting in Chechnya to Georgia and the effects on her territorial integrity."
· World Bank vice-president Johannes LINN arrived in Tbilisi on Sunday to review Georgia's economy. A meeting today with Georgian President Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, State Minister Vazha LORDKIPANIDZE, and Finance Minister David ONOPRISHVILI will focus on general parameters of aid programs to Georgia.
president Natik ALIYEV, Azerbaijan International Operation Company (AIOC) president Rif DIGGINS, and Georgian International Oil Corporation (GIOC) president Giorgi CHANTURIA will participate today in negotiations for the final details of the agreement for the building of the main pipeline Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan, initialed in Istanbul November 18th. Representatives of coinciding committees of parliament and of ministries and departments of Georgia also participate in the Tbilisi round of negotiations. Georgia will express its concern regarding its sole responsibility for possible pipeline damages on its territory caused by natural calamities, CHANTURIA said. According to GIOC president, payment for transit of Caspian oil by Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline will also be discussed. At the November 18th signing ceremony, President Eduard SHEVARDNADZE said that Georgia would be interested in receiving part of the oil transported through its territory, instead of payments for transit. The talks, lasting until December 15th, will focus on generating an accord between potential investors and the Georgian government.
paign. Opposition parties have already issued a laundry list of election violations, including ballots which were already completed and filed before people came to the polling station. International observes have noted violations in previous Azeri elections, including the presidential election last year, which re-elected Geidar ALIYEV with 76 percent of the vote.
· Turkmen officials have announced that approximately 99 percent of Turkmenistan's registered voters cast their ballots in the parliamentary elections on Sunday. A total of 104 candidates, almost all of them members of the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, which is the only legally functioning party in the country, contested the 50 seats in the new legislature. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) declined to send any monitors on the grounds that, "the legislative framework is inadequate for even a minimally democratic election." President Saparmurat NIYAZOV on Thursday termed the poll, "an important step in the history of Turkmenistan," according to Reuters. Free watches were distributed to first-time voters.
· Uzbek President Islam KARIMOV and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir PUTIN signed an accord of military technical cooperation on Saturday in Tashkent. PUTIN stressed that the objective of the treaty is to maintain, "order and stability in this region and a friendly Uzbekistan." The agreement will include joint military exercises, military personnel training and cooperation in the military-technical sphere. PUTIN described Uzbekistan as, "Russia's strategic partner for many, many years." The two sides also signed several agreements to step up weapon trade, a long-term deal to swap Uzbek cotton fiber for some Russians goods, and two protocols on contacts between the two states' customs services. PUTIN and KARIMOV also worked on preparations for a meeting between the Uzbek leader and Russian President Boris YELTSIN in Moscow in 2000.


text:
Q: How Install odbc on mac? Hi i would like ask you how to install properly ODBC (for postgresql) on mac.
I need odbc for report to excel file.
Unfortunately  DB tools are useless for this case.
I tried many times with few guides including official postgres guide.
I used homebrew casks, but doesn't work well.
I looking for easiest possible solution.
Do you have some, tips for me?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In the lower regions of Lincolnshire is a group of small airfields that are historically speaking, extremely important, but yet some are barely even known about. One of these is a major airfield with roots that go way back to the very founding of the Royal Air Force itself, being the primary Officer Training College pretty much ever since. It remains performing this role today, with its ornate buildings forming the backdrop to the pomp and ceremony of passing out parades of new RAF Officers.
The second of these airfields is a small Relief Landing Ground (RLG), built with very few buildings and little infrastructure, it is one that is relatively unknown and in many cases even overlooked. Yet it was none the less, a thriving airfield during the hostile times of the Second World War. Whilst flying continues here today, still as a RLG, it has more than earned its place in the annuals of world history by being one of a small group of airfields that launched not one, but several of the biggest air operations the world has ever seen.
In this part of Trail 2, we take a new look at both RAF Cranwell and its smaller but just as important satellite, RAF Barkston Heath. We then travel a little further to the former RAF Winthorpe now the Newark Aviation Museum. Our first port of call though is that little known about airfield RAF Barkston Heath.
Barkston Heath sits on an area of Middle Jurassic Limestone, and is located about six miles south of RAF Cranwell, the parent airfield of the site siting on the edge of the Lincolnshire Cliff. It was identified as a possible location as early as 1936, and the year it opened, it used grass runways with very little infrastructure to support those using its grounds. As a satellite airfield it would have little based here, but would regularly see a number of biplanes use its grassed surfaces over a good number of years.
As a result of the focused development of Britain's airfields during the pre-war expansion period and the early part of the war, it was then decided to upgrade Barkston Heath to the Class A standard; this earmarked it for three runways of concrete and wood chip of the standard lengths 2,000 yds and 1,400 yds by 50 yds wide. The idea behind this upgrade was to allow it to be used as a bomber station, a satellite of RAF Swinderby. Ready to house the four engined heavy bombers of the RAF, it was a perfect location as it was found in the southern regions of Lincolnshire and within reach of Germany.
However, the development of Barkston Heath wasn't completed for another two years, during which time it continued to be used as a satellite for RAF Cranwell. It was during this period that Cranwell was also developed, it being closed whilst runway improvement works were carried out. In order to keep the training programmes going, the aircraft from Cranwell were transferred over to Barkston Heath thus bringing a renewed flurry of activity to this airfield.
Then, during 1943, after Cranwell had re-opened, work then began which closed Barkston Heath. This work included the construction of its own hard runways along with 48 spectacle hardstands and 2 frying pan, most of which survive intact today. Aircraft repair hangars, of which there were originally four, soon totalled seven, of which six were the T2 variety and one a B1. These were located to the north-east of the site next to a public road with four of them across the road on a separate site. Unusually, the technical area was to the south of the airfield away from the hangars, the very buildings you would expect to see in the technical area of any airfield. The bombs store was located to the north-western side of the airfield and accommodation areas dispersed to the south.
Predominant in this area of the country were the RAF's No. 5 Group, who were tasked with the training of bomber crews for the Royal Air Force. A number of airfields including Bardney, Bottesford and Swinderby were all found around here, and Barkston Heath would soon become another name added to that list. However, a decision in January 1944, when the airfield's upgrading was complete, was made to transfer the airfield over to the USAAF in answer to their call to accumulate airfields in the region for Troop Carrying purposes. This meant that Barkston Heath was handed over to the US Ninth Air Force early that year, renamed Station 483 whereupon it became home to the 61st Troop Carrier Group (TCG) of the Ninth Air Force.
The TCGs were units set up to train and provide Troop Carriers for the forthcoming invasion of the continent on the Normandy beaches. An operation that would see one of the largest invasion plans of the war put into place. It would require the dropping of thousands of elite paratroops on and behind enemy lines to capture, eliminate and disrupt their positions before and during the invasion on the morning of June 6th 1944.
The 61st TCG, were one of five groups making up the "Northern Troop Carrier Bases" of the 52nd Troop Carrier Wing (TCW). This wing consisted at this time, of four Troop Carrier Squadrons (TCS) the 14th, 15th, 53rd and the 59th TCS who would arrive during February 1944. Their stay would last long after the famed Normandy invasion had taken place, in fact until March 1945, almost to the war's end. Whilst they were stationed here, the 61st would take part in a large number of major operations across the European territories.
The 61st's journey to Barkston Heath took them from Olmsted Field in Pennsylvania, through Augusta (Georgia), Pope Field (North Carolina) and on to North Africa. By the time they left North Africa they were a an experienced Troop Carrier Group having taken part in paratroop activities whilst here. These drops had earned the 61st a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) and by the time they arrived at Barkston Heath, they had already two major invasion strikes on their books, Sicily and Italy.
On arrival at Barkston Heath, they were transferred to the Ninth Air Force, and due to their experiences required little training for the work ahead. In the days during the build-up to the invasion, paratroops of the 101st Airborne began to arrive. Their presence only added to the excitement and curiosity of the ground crews who busied themselves painting invasion stripes across the wings and round the fuselages of the C-47s, that were parked along the runways of Barkston Heath. During the invasion on June 6th 1944, and on D+1 on June 7th 1944, they dropped paratroops and supplies near to Cherbourg on the Cotentin peninsula in Normandy. A major port, Cherbourg was also visited by the Titanic on its fateful voyage in April 1912, hopefully this would not be a prophecy as the area was an important place to both take and hold during the invasion.
Because of the nature of the drop and the dedication shown by the group, the 61st would receive their second DUC for this action. The awards for this brave and dedicated group of men were beginning to mount up.
Losses over Normandy were heavy however, and new recruits were brought in to replace those lost. A short period of training for the 44th TCS based at Cottesmore at the end of June, saw a six ship formation with gliders, mount a practice invasion at Barkston Heath. A smoke screen was laid down by an A-20 during which time four of the six aircraft landed safely.
After the breakout from the Normandy arena and the push north toward Holland and the Rhine, C-47s of 61st would then go on to drop British paratroops at Arnhem in Operation "Market Garden"; resupplying them by glider in the days that followed in September 1944. These troops consisted of the 1st Parachute Squadron Royal Engineers (550 men), 16th Parachute Field Ambulance (135 men), the Brigade Headquarters and the Paratroop section of the Defence Platoon consisting of 82 men. Amongst their parachutes they carried enormous quantities of kit, so much so that they had to be helped onto the aircraft by ground crew. Being 'overweight' parts of the kit had to be released before the paratroops hit the ground, as the extra weight forced them down faster than they should have been going. Many of these men suffered injuries from hitting the ground too hard, unable to release the harnesses in time to slow them selves down.
There were 157 paratroop filled aircraft in the sky that day, of which over 70 were from Barkston Heath – a considerable amount considering the relatively small size of the airfield. A further 358 aircraft followed all towing gliders, and so the sky that day was filled with silhouettes of aircraft as far as the eye could see. Even after this wave had passed, there were still two further waves to follow*1. In all, during operation 'Market Garden', the 61st would carry out just short of 160 sorties dropping troops and supplies to the besieged ground forces around Nijmegen.
For the next few months the 61st would continue to supply the troops fighting in the lowlands of northern Europe, taking fuel, food and ammunition to the allied forces as they pushed forward toward Germany.
Then in mid March 1945, after many of the airfields in France had become secured, the 61st departed Barkston Heath, never to return. Whilst this curtailed their flying activities from this airfield, they would go on to cover other major operations including both the Rhine crossing that same month, and following the war's end, the Berlin airlift in 1948/49. But before they departed, the Luftwaffe would have one small surprise for them. In a series of night attacks on the cluster of airfields in the area, including both RAF Cottesmore and RAF Barkston Heath, Night Fighters roamed the skies dropping anti-personnel bombs across the airfields. In the attack at Barkston Heath, the airfield was strafed and bombs were dropped, but thankfully little damage was done.
With the posting of the 61st to France, Barkston Heath would see a new group arrive, still under the ownership of the US Ninth Air Force. The new group, the 349th TCG, operated C-46 aircraft to transport essential supplies into western Europe and then bringing home both injured allied troops and German prisoners of war. The four squadrons based at Barkston, the 23rd, 312th, 313th and 314th, were only here for around 3 weeks before also moving off to France where they would continue their operations.
In April 1945, the withdrawal of the US forces from Barkston Heath meant that it was no longer required for their purposes, and so in June, the airfield was finally handed back to RAF control.
For a period after the war the airfield was used as a storage and disposal site before returning to the role of RLG for RAF Cranwell. Then, for the majority of the 1980s, Barkston Heath had an area within the former bomb dump developed for the siting of Bloodhound Missiles, Britain's principle Surface-to-Air guided missile, and the first guided weapon to enter British operational service.
These missiles were manned by 'D' Flight from the RAF's No. 25 Sqn on March 1st 1983, and remained here until October 1st 1989 when they were absorbed into No. 85 Sqn RAF. A year later they would be disbanded, the Bloodhound no longer being the mainstay of Britain's last line of defence.
With the 1980s turning into the 1990s, Barkston Heath once more became a RLG for Cranwell. Since then it has continued to operate as a Training airfield for pilots of the three forces of the British Isles, recently replacing the Slingsby T67M260 Firefly with the Grob G 115 Tutor T.1.
As no large heavy aircraft had ever been assigned to Barkston Heath, it never needed developing beyond the Class A specification of its wartime role. The watch office has been updated though with the inclusion of the anti-glare glass house, but the wartime huts and technical buildings to the south of the airfield site have long gone. Fortunately the main concrete areas and hangars have survived much in thanks to their continued use by the Royal Air Force.
Since then Barkston Heath has remained as a satellite for Cranwell, operating as both a training facility and a Relief Landing Ground, a role that takes it back to it origins in 1936.
Today, little flying activity can be seen, but the airfield does have some reasonable viewing points. The hangers and (active) guard-house, are adjacent to the main road, and passing the airfield here parked aircraft can often be seen on the apron.
The remains of a Canberra B(1)8 'WT339', an ex RAF Cranwell aircraft, rest in the dump, visible from a path leading off from the main road on the northern side of the airfield. Here also are the remains of the Bloodhound site, the launchers and missiles obviously all having been removed long ago. All the remaining hangars are visible behind the trees but those across the road are no longer used by the airfield operators. Other than this, little buildings wise, remains.
Whilst Barkston Heath has had a long life and one that looks to continue well into the future, its wartime life was relatively short. However, this doesn't detract from the fact that it was, none the less, a highly important airfield playing a major part in the Allied invasion plans, and not just Normandy itself, but beyond to the ill-fated operations around the Dutch town of Arnhem.
RAF Barkston Heath is a name that should be more widely known, seared into every tale of the Normandy Invasion plan, a name that should live for many, many years to come.
After departing Brakston Heath, we continue westward where we find the former RAF Winthorpe now the home of the Newark Aviation Museum. On the way, you could take in the delights of the RAF Cranwell Aeroflight Museum a small museum illustrating the history of the still active, and nearby, RAF Cranwell.
Arriving at Newark, the museum is hidden behind trees on a small part of the old airfield (RAF Winthorpe), parts of which still exist. Arriving there, you are greeted by the tall aircraft tails and buildings of the old airfield. With an extensive range of cold war jets, piston aircraft and others, you are sure to be in for a great day.
With pride of place in the centre of the external display, is of course the mighty Vulcan XM594. Walking below that huge triangular wing, you appreciate its 'vastness', stunning capability and surprisingly, how low it actually is to the ground.
Sitting beside it, is its payload, the 'Bluesteel' and other selected ordnance. Here you get a feeling of security thinking, this could actually 'do the job'. Surrounding you are other examples from that same era, Canberra, Phantom and E.E. Lightning. Being outside, some of these models have seen better days but the long painstaking process of repainting is an ever daunting task the museum volunteers continue on with. A Meteor sits proudly next to the Vulcan, like the many in my father's photo album they are still relatively 'common' but nonetheless help to remind us of our once 'leading the field' heritage.
Many static cockpits adorn the area, some of which are opened at certain times of the year, an event attended by many enthusiasts and ex-military alike. Along the row of air frames is the Shackleton. An aircraft that amazed me for many years, because like the Gannet and others, had a contra-rotating prop, something as a child, I could never quite understand. How do you get two engines in that one space? Before being replaced by the beautiful Nimrod, for me, this aircraft was one of the remaining reminders of prop driven aircraft with gun turrets and the last links of second world war air frames.
Across from the Shackleton stands the Jaguar, and if I'm honest, one of my favourites. These would scream across the sky often in formation and at low-level. Now, bar the odd taxi run, we have to resort to 'You tube' for those memorable images like the motorway take off, a stunt that made the Jaguar famous.
On entering the internal exhibition, I was delighted to see two aircraft I thought I would never be able to see, the Beautiful Saab Viggen and Draken. With it's smiling 'dopey dog' style face, the Draken is tucked away in a darkened corner. It's odd configuration and actual small size, giving it a cuteness lacking in other machines of war; it's under-wing pylons, bristling with rockets, remind us that it was designed to kill.
As a youngster making my Airfix models, I took pride in my European collection and the Viggen taking pride of place amongst them. Here was a real life Viggen, in all its glory right in front of me.
As I stand looking, I can't help think that, like many modern aircraft now, it has a passing resemblance to the Typhoon. With it's small canards and large delta wing, the shape still amazes me.
The multicoloured camouflage patterns that adorn these aircraft give them a strange appeal to the onlooker. As an enthusiast, I have never seen one before, never seen one fly and will probably never will.
One story my father used to tell me was, how, once on a bus, he saw a new aircraft, guarded by armed guards and how he took a photo of it through the bus window. The immediate reaction was of course, to have a gun pointed at him, and as a serving RAF member, you would have thought it better of him to do such a thing. But thinking back, how many of us would have done the same thing! The aircraft was a Swift and here next to the Viggen, stood one fine example. How old and almost insignificant it now looks, it make you wonder why all the fuss? But, at the time, cutting edge technology I suppose!
Amongst the examples at the museum are more from the era: Gannets, Gnats, Meteors with experimental engines, Canberras and of course the Javelin and Harrier. Like many Harriers these days, its heart purposely taken out and displayed like a trophy. The engine, an amazing story of British technology which led the world in VTOL. The Harrier, once proud and fearsome despite it low-speed, now destined to be museum pieces or scrapyard fodder. No longer shall we see a jet bow to the crowds, fly backwards or spin around its centre. An engineering masterpiece and a showman guaranteed to pull and wow the crowds at any air display.
Outside the hanger, standing like proud gate guards are the reminders that the cold war was two-sided and that the Russians had incredible aircraft too. Another first for me, the Mig 23 and Mig 27. Two formidable aircraft that when the iron curtain came down, and better quality pictures were released from behind those closed doors, became a huge interest to many. To see the aircraft designs and acrobatic skills of Soviet pilots in fast jets made us all realise that maybe, just maybe, we were not as invincible as we thought.
Again, like the Viggen, models of such aircraft, were I thought, the only way I was ever going to be close, but here I am in between two amazing aircraft in peace time.
Around the corner from the two Migs were, two more fine examples of this era, the Buccaneer and the Sea Vixen. There are a few examples of these types scattered around the world, some flying, but most are static air frames.
The Vixen, with its offset canopy, always fascinated me since my first model of the Ark Royal and its collection of these odd, twin boomed aircraft. Both these fine examples stand together as proudly today as they did all those years ago.
As with many museums, a hot drink and cake in the small, friendly shop, completes an amazing day viewing some of the worlds major cold war aircraft, not available else where. A superb day!
Update. Following the Waddington airshow 2013, a 'dream' was realised when the Swedish Memorial group flew in a Viggen to perform an incredible display including short landing and reversing. Something to be seen!
Sources and Further Reading (Barkston Heath).
*1 Hicks, N., "Captured at Arnhem: From Railwayman to Paratrooper", (2013) Pen and Sword.
*2 Cotter, J., "The Battle of Britain Memorial Flight: 50 Years of Flying", (2007) Pen and Sword.


Throw it all in a bowl. Yessss.
Note: add whatever other spices or flavourings you want! This would probably be outta this world with the addition of an avocado. Then again, when is that statement ever false?
Oooooh! What a lovely thing to wake up to (6.15 am over here)! Especially for an adopted-Irish person who loves potatoes.
Something incredible is happening: I believe someone's pulled my sweet tooth! I simply crave tons of fresh veg these days instead of my usual sweet treats. Even if those are healthy.
Looks so simple but just as delicious!
Hi Emily! My name is Yoshie. I'm Japanese. My friend recommended your recipes!! I love it!!
I tried fudge raw brownies, but I didn't cook it. Because my food processor was not strong. What maker do you use???
@Yoshie - thanks so much :) I have a KitchenAid food processor, and apparently CuisinArt has a really good one too.
Emily!! Thank you so much!!!
This looks amazing!! I'm sure you've answered this many times before, but how do you prepare your rice?
I've made this for dinner a couple of times now, and it is definetly my new favorite!
I've just had this for my tea. I cannot get over how filling it is! I probably only had about a third of the rice stated in the recipe (I supplemented it with MOAR TOMATOES!) and I had to have a break halfway through! It was so beautiful and delicious though, I wouldn't let it defeat me. I ate every. last. scrap. Divine! Thank you!
Thanks. I have read many of your post, it really good and interesting.


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Noah Cyrus Releases New Single 'We Are...,' Feat. MØ
Noah Cyrus is back with a new single: the anthemic "We Are...," featuring MØ.
"These days we only follow/ These days we're feeling hollow," Cyrus croons over the Max Martin-produced beat. The new track builds on the success of Cyrus' debut single, 2017's "Make Me (Cry)" featuring Labrinth.
"We Are..." is the newest single from Cyrus' forthcoming debut album, NC-17.


CIMB Niaga was earlier known as Bank Niaga which was established in 1955 as a private national bank in Indonesia. It was not until 2008 that Bank Niaga carried on its business with the brand name PT Bank Niaga Tbk. With the acquisition of Bank Niaga by CIMB Group Holdings Berhad in 2008, it was re-branded to PT Bank CIMB Niaga Tbk. During the same year, Lippo Bank also merged into CIMB Niaga and thus launched its new logo on November 1, 2008. Bank Niaga was the first local bank to introduce ATM services and e banking system in the whole of the country.
Having its corporate head office in Jakarta, Indonesia, CIMB Niaga is now the fifth largest bank in the country in terms of assets, deposits, lending, and branch distribution network. The majority of its equity is held by CIMB Group. It is regarded as one of the most innovative banks in the country. Through the extensive network of branch offices and ATM centers, and modern banking tools and services including Online Banking, Mobile or SMS Banking, CIMB Niaga offers a comprehensive range of banking products and services to its potential customers.
CIMB Niaga Bank is a full banking subsidiary of CIMB Group and the majority of equity share of the bank is held by the Group. The CIMB Niaga Bank's swift code is BNIAIDJA. The bank offers a wide array of banking products and services including consumer banking, corporate and investment banking, business banking, Islamic banking, Syariah banking, and private banking etc. It has an extensive branch network of more than 659 offices all over Indonesia. CIMB Niaga Bank also offers a variety of consumer and corporate Credit Card with a wide range of rewarding features and benefits. Furthermore, the bank also provides auto finance and various financing programs to diverse individuals and businesses in the country.
Customers will find CIMB Niaga Bank offering a comprehensive banking products and services through its extensive branch network operation. They can find several banking branch offices and preferred service centers largely in parts of Jakarta location like Bintaro, Kelapa Gading, Metro Pondok Indah, Gajah Mada, Kalimang, etc. The bank also has operating branch office in locations such as Syariah, Bandung, Bogor, Makassar, Medan, Semarang, Sudirman, Kuningan, Karawaci, Perampokan, Lowongan, Reksadana, Yogyakarta, Kantor Pusat, Tangerang and more. For detailed branch location in Indonesia and to find the branch office nearest to your area, please log on to the official website of the company.
Through CIMB Clicks Internet Banking and Online Financial Services portal, CIMB Niaga Bank provides potential customers in Indonesia the convenience of performing any banking transaction without any difficulty. Customers not yet a member can freely register at cimbclicks.co.id by providing their Debit/ATM Card Number and the 6 digits Debit/ATM Card PIN Number and by entering the code as it is instructed and given online. Once successfully enrolled and got assigned with a valid User ID and password, customers will be ready to log in to start banking online and enjoy the ease and convenience of online banking. For any question regarding CIMB Niaga Internet Banking Services, customers may contact the Bank Call Center number at 14041. Customers calling from overseas may reach through the number +62-21 14041.
CIMB Niaga offers exciting benefit program to its new opening account customers. Individuals can open a CIMB Niaga AirAsia Savers account and can get 50 E-voucher at IDR 1.000.000 and can exchange with any AirAsia flight of their preferred choice. Exciting promo offer also offered to new customers of Tabungan Junior CIMB Niaga and Tabungan iB Junior CIMB Niaga Syariah account with amazing rewards and benefits. Credit Cardholders such as Platinum and others that are offered with rewards program can earn exciting poin cinta and can top up their balance at Tabungan X-TRA and iB X-TRA program and can exchange the point cinta with exciting rewards from various merchants.
CIMB Group is a leading financial service provider having its headquarters in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia with regional offices in Singapore, Indonesia and Thailand. The CIMB Niaga Annual Report is available as the request from the customers. To know the annual report of the bank, customers may contact the Investor Relations at investor.relations@bniaga.co.id. For detailed information about CIMB Niaga and to learn the related information such as Moneygram, ATM Bersama, Weekend Banking, Securities, Stock Price, Career and more, please visit the official website of the company. Individuals also can obtain related info such as CIMB Niaga Share Price and Bank Robbery etc.


However, if you want something unique and more stylish, then you can try wavy layered bob. Do not worry because we got you covered as we have brought many photos so you can rest assured that layered wavy bob will suit your face shape. Anytime you need any style for your hair, we are there for you. All you need to do is rely on us and it will be very easy for us to give you the styles ahead of time. Check the photos below and choose one for your round face.
Short bob with long side, also layered bangs, look totally adorable for glasses ladies. With the highlights that you can add to your hair, you can create a very stylish and different look.
When you check our list, you can select any of the given styles, as they will definitely fit you and your round face shape! The Asymmetrical short hairstyle is the first in our list. It is mainly a nice idea for women with a round face as the elongated side will give your face a slim look. Trying it would be the best thing you can ever do for yourself.
As the title implies, we have the Layered Short Hairstyle that suits any kind of round face. If you've got a good blonde hair as well as round face shape, this style might be a wonderful inspiration.
If you are not yet satisfied with this style, then you can go for Pixie haircut. This will definitely suit your round face. Even if your face is too round to hide, pixie cut will definitely give it a chic and fine shape that will suit you.
The post Best Pics of Layered Short Hair for Round Face appeared first on Short-Haircut.com.


Black metal wall sconce is composed of metal fixture, E27 screw base and glass shade. Dimensions of fixture could be 18*6 inch. E27 screw base is suitable for various lamps. Glass shade has high transmittance of light. Metal fixture has painting finish, that keeps fixture exquisite and vivid.
Wooden and wrought iron fixture wall sconces, glass shade good at lighting transmission. Unique anchors nautical design idea vintage wall lights.
Wall mount light is composed of wrought iron fixture, glass shade and E27 screw base. Dimensions of fixture could be 10.2" * 7.8". E27 screw base is suitable for various lamps. Wrought iron fixture has painting finish, vivid and texture.
Wall mount lighting is composed of shell shade, alloy base and E27 screw base. Dimensions of fixture could be 5.1" * 22". E27 screw base is suitable for various lamps. Shell shade is made according to manual workmanship. Alloy base has painting finish, modern look.
Bathroom wall sconce is composed of shell shade, resin fixture and E27 screw base. Dimensions of fixture could be 3.9" * 6.2". E27 screw base is suitable for various lamps. Mermaid shaped fixture has painting finish, decorates fixture vintage and unique temperament. Shell shade decorates fixture vivid and texture.
Mirror sconces wall decor has three glass shades for covering the bulbs which has superior quality. The fixture could be wrought iron material which is firm and durable. And the fixture base is solid enough to hold the fixture.
Brass wall sconce is composed of brass fixture, glass shade and E27 lamp holder. Dimensions of fixture could be 11.8*7.8 inch. E27 lamp holder is convenient for various lamps. Glass shade has high transmittance of light. Brass fixture has electroplated finish, vivid and texture.
Decorative wall sconce is composed of shell shade, resin fixture and E27 screw base. Dimensions of fixture could be 5.1" * 15.7". Resin fixture has painting finish, high density of material. Pure manual wokmanship of shell shade decorates fixture unique.
Ceramic wall sconce is composed of brass lamp holder, E27 screw base and ceramic shade. Dimension of fixture could be 8*10 inch. E27 screw base is suitable for various lamps. Ceramic shade has Asian pattern that decorates fixture vintage look, wave shaped shade is made by professional master, quality ensure and exquisite pattern.
Sconces wall has glass shade for protecting the bulbswhich could make the light soft and mild. And the fixture base could be wrought iron material which is firm and solid. There is single light for E27 screw base. It very suits for bathroom lighting.
Wall sconce bathroom has double shades for protecting the bulbs which could resistance to high pressure and high temperature. It also has black painting finish which is shiny and lasting as new.
Lighting wall sconce is composed of shell fixture and E27 screw base. Dimensions of fixture could be 6.2" * 12.9". E27 screw base is suitable for various lamps. Pure manual shade decorates fixture vivid and texture.
Ceramic wall sconce is composed of ceramic and resin fixture, E27 screw base and black design. Dimensions of fixture could be 18.1*3.9 inch. E27 screw base is suitable for various lamps, durable and good quality. Ceramic fixture has paintintg finish, vivid and texture.
Wall sconce brass has antique brass finish, made of brass fixture, glass shade and E14 lamp holder. Dimensions of fixture could be 10.2*15.7 inch. Glass shade has high transmittance of light.
Modern wall sconce lighting has double lights for lighting, the lighting space could be 3-8㎡. Zinc alloy material fixture is anti-aging and anti-rust. Glass shade could make the light mild and soft.
Antique brass wall sconce is composed of brass fixture, glass shade and E14 lamp holder. Dimensions of fixture could be 10.2*6.2 inch. Brass fixture has antique brass finish, good quality and durable. Daffodil shaped glass shade has high transmittance of light.
Industrial wall light has one light for lighting, and the lighting space could be 2-5㎡. It very suits for bathroom, entryway or hallway etc. And the shade could be glass material which has good transmission of light. It used wrought iron material as its fixture which is durable and solid.
Modern bathroom wall sconces used wrought iron as its fixture which is hard and firm. And the chrome finish is resistance to rust and corrosion. Glass shade could protect the bulb well. The screw base could be E14.
Candle wall sconce is composed of wrought iron fixture, glass shade and E27 screw base. Dimensions of fixture could be 7.8" * 14.1". Wrought iron fixture has painting finish, decorates fixture vintage and texture. E27 screw base is suitable for various lamps. Suitable for bathroom mirror front.
Wall sconces bathroom is composed of glass shade, resin fixture and E27 screw base. Dimensions of fixture could be 18.1" * 11.8". Resin ceiling plate has electroplated finish, decorates fixture vintage and rustic temperament. E27 screw base is suitable for various lamps.
Wall sconce glass thickening shade which has a good ability of light transmission could protect the bulb totally. The fixture used aluminum material which has chrome finish. Superior quality of aluminum material base is solid and firm to hold the fixture. And it has two lights for lighting.
Wall sconce glass thickening shade which has a good ability of light transmission could protect the bulb totally. The fixture used aluminum material which has chrome finish. Superior quality of aluminum material base is solid and firm to hold the fixture.
Change the look of the room in traditional vintage look with this nautical wall sconces. Painting and polished techniques protest wrought iron fixture, transparent glass shade and E27 bulb base.
Wall sconce lighting is composed of shell shade, alloy base and E27 screw base. Dimensions of fixture could be 5.1" * 6.2". Selection of shell material decoratres shade unique and mediterranean temperament. Alloy ceiling plate is installed into wall mount, has painting finish.
There is no breakage with this light,especially the glass.Thanks.
Pretty good when the lights turn on.
really nice shell shade fixture!
Wrought iron fixture is solidly but one had one glass shade damage when it arrived at my home. They replaced and shipped a another new immediately. Thanks so much and good after-sale service.
Better look than the picture using day white bulb.Fantastic deal!
Seems simple yet can go with any furniture. I can't wait to put it up.
The light fixtures were packed professionally. two orders arrived fast.
Perfect fit our bar. four arrived fast and good packed. thanks.
Bathroom Lighting best feature is protect light bulbs from humidity making them completely water proof.Protect you safely when taking shower.The soft lighting can help you reduce any stress in your body and mentally relaxed when taking shower.


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What is the book of Nehemiah in the Bible about?
Told largely in the form of a first-person memoir, it concerns the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem by Nehemiah, a Jew who is a high official at the Persian court, and the dedication of the city and its people to God's laws (Torah).
People also ask, what is the purpose of the book of Nehemiah?
The book of Nehemiah was written to remind the people of God of how God had worked to bring them back to their land and rebuild the city of Jerusalem. Throughout both Ezra and Nehemiah, readers are reminded that it was God who or- chestrated the historical events to bring the people of Israel back to their home.
Likewise, what is the book of the law in the Bible? Hebrew Bible The law attributed to Moses, specifically the laws set out in the books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy, as a consequence came to be considered supreme over all other sources of authority (any king and/or his officials), and the Levites were the guardians and interpreters of the law.
Hereof, why did Nehemiah build the wall?
God instructed Nehemiah to build a wall around Jerusalem to protect its citizens from enemy attack. You see, God is NOT against building walls! And the Old Testament book of Nehemiah records how Nehemiah completed that massive project in record time — just 52 days.
What is the meaning of Nehemiah?
???? (nacham) meaning "to comfort" and ??? (yah) referring to the Hebrew God. According to the Book of Nehemiah in the Old Testament he was a leader of the Jews who was responsible for the rebuilding of Jerusalem after the return from the Babylonian captivity.
Who is sanballat in the book of Nehemiah?
Sanballat the Horonite. Sanballat the Horonite (Hebrew: ?????) – or Sanballat I (Hebrew: ????? ??) – was a Samaritan leader and official of the Achaemenid Empire of Greater Iran who lived in the mid to late 5th century BC and was a contemporary of Nehemiah.
Who is the author of the Book of Esther in the Bible?
Tradition has it that the core of the book was written by Mordechai, its main character and the cousin of Esther, and that the text was later redacted by the Great Assembly (a Jewish council of sages in antiquity).
How many gates are there in the book of Nehemiah?
eighteen gates
Who destroyed Jerusalem walls in Nehemiah?
Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon
How do you pronounce Nehemiah?
Here are 4 tips that should help you perfect your pronunciation of 'nehemiah': Break 'nehemiah' down into sounds: [NEE] + [UH] + [MY] + [UH] – say it out loud and exaggerate the sounds until you can consistently produce them. Record yourself saying 'nehemiah' in full sentences, then watch yourself and listen.
Who wrote the book of Ezra and Nehemiah?
Jerome himself rejected the duplication in his Vulgate translation of the Bible into Latin from the Hebrew; and consequently all early Vulgate manuscripts present Ezra–Nehemiah as a single book, as too does the 8th century commentary of Bede, and in the 9th century bibles of Alcuin and Theodulf of Orleans.
Who wrote Psalms?
The Psalms were the hymnbook of the Old Testament Jews. Most of them were written by King David of Israel. Other people who wrote Psalms were Moses, Solomon, etc. The Psalms are very poetic.
What is the background of Nehemiah?
Nehemiah, also spelled Nehemias, (flourished 5th century bc), Jewish leader who supervised the rebuilding of Jerusalem in the mid-5th century bc after his release from captivity by the Persian king Artaxerxes I. He also instituted extensive moral and liturgical reforms in rededicating the Jews to Yahweh.
How many times were the walls of Jerusalem destroyed?
Jerusalem is among the world's oldest cities dating back to about 4500 BCE. Throughout its history, the city has been destroyed at least two times, attacked 52 times, besieged 23 times, and recaptured 44 times.
How much of the wall has Trump built?
On December 17, 2019, acting Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection Mark Morgan stated that 93 miles of new wall has been built during the Trump administration; according to CBP figures, at least 90 miles of that replaced existing structures.
Who built the walls of Jerusalem?
Suleiman the Magnificent
Where is Jericho today?
Modern-day Jericho is a popular tourist destination due to its pleasant climate, historical sites, and religious significance. Located in the disputed West Bank region of Israel, it has been ceded to Palestinian control as part of recent treaty agreements.
How long was the Wall Nehemiah built?
Why was Jerusalem destroyed?
The Jewish Amoraim attributed the destruction of the Temple and Jerusalem as punishment from God for the "baseless hatred" that pervaded Jewish society at the time. Many Jews in despair are thought to have abandoned Judaism for some version of paganism, many others sided with the growing Christian sect within Judaism.
Where in the Bible does it talk about building a wall?
"And the first step of rebuilding the nation was the building of a great wall. God instructed Nehemiah to build a wall around Jerusalem to protect its citizens from enemy attack. You see, God is NOT against building walls!"
Who rebuilt the temple?
Cyrus II
What is Jesus new law?
In the commandment Jesus told the disciples: "Love one another; as I have loved you". John 15:12: This is my commandment, that ye love one another, even as I have loved you. John 15:17: These things I command you, that ye may love one another.
How do you make a book cover for a book?
Can the Bible be used in a research paper?
What is one cubit in the Bible?
What Bible verse talks about success?
Is there a thanksgiving story in the Bible?
What are the top 10 Bible verses?
What are the side effects of wheatgrass?
Does chlorine clean concrete?
Can u refreeze cooked prawns?
How do I make my knockout roses bushier?


What is it like to live in the Gaza Strip, an area of about 140 square miles that is home to one and a half million Palestinians? Unemployment is high and almost half the population is under fourteen year. In 'To Shoot an Elephant' director Alberto Arce zooms in on life in Gaza, which is occupied by Israel. As a member of the International Solidarity Movement, one of the few aid organisations that is still active in the Gaza Strip, Arce was filming there late 2008 and early 2009, when fighting between Israel and Hamas intensified. Approximately 1,300 civilians were killed in the hostilities and air attacks that took place during that period. Arce was one of the few foreign journalists that witnessed the shelling from within the Gaza Strip. The filmmaker turns his camera on the ambulance personnel. They take the dead and wounded off the street, putting their own lives on the line. When they try to shelter a corpse, they get fired at.
The International Solidarity Movement is also featured in the film 'Rachel', which can be seen at the Movies that Matter Festival, too. Alberto Arce will be present at the festival.


Marriage is one of life's deepest and richest commitments. As your officiant, I will work with you to create a meaningful personalized ceremony that is exactly as you have envisioned. Whether you are looking for an elopement, a short and sweet ceremony, a destination wedding, or a wedding of grand extravagance, I can accommodate your needs. Let's start your experience with your day, your way.
Congratulations! First and most importantly, I love what I do! I serve couples as a nondenominational wedding officiant in order to respect and value various faiths and beliefs. I have a willingness to do whatever it takes for your ceremony to reflect your secular, spiritual and religious needs. I am known as a professional officiant with 18 years of experience, and the skills to handle any "crisis" that can occur on your wedding day. Rest assured- your wedding day is as important to me as it is to you. Having the honor of uniting couples on such an important occasion of their lives is truly an honor and a joy to me. It is my pleasure to work with you to create a wedding ceremony that best reflects your love for each other and touches your heart.


Parcels 5863-003-005, 5863-005-011, and 5863-019-019 are included in sale, for approximate total of 153,000 sf (+/-), equal to 3.5 acres (+/-).Sloping hill-side land with OUTSTANDING views of city, hills, canyons, and possibly Pacific Ocean. Sale includes a Water Share from Lincoln Avenue Water Company with with the purchase of additional water shares land could possibly be divided into several smaller parcels (must be verified by Buyer). Land is near ANGELES NATIONAL FOREST, yet close to 210, 2, 134, and other freeways.EXCELLENT opportunity for possible development of multiple homes, or building a dream mansion in a premium area. Price reduced as Seller is living out-of-state.


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Q: How can I use my language variables before foreach loop? I would like to sort mysql results alphabetically. My mysql database storing the english variable, and I use this variable for translating to user language. (Language files are in flat php file). I would like to sort by the country names ( I already do this after the query, but it sorted by the english variables). How can I use the translated language variables before my foreach loop started? This is a codeigniter engine. I tried to use js to sorting, but it changed the structure of my result, and this is not good for me. I need some tutorial, or idea how can I use my language variables (because I would like to use variables before the foreach loop starting).

A: You should check out gettext, it's not too difficult to implement and really easy to work with once it's set up.
http://php.net/manual/en/book.gettext.php


The trademark gifts of Valentine's Day are cards, flowers, chocolate, and unnecessarily huge teddy bears. While those are all nice, they get old really fast. Why settle for the dull and boring traditions when you're a gamer geek? There are a lot of options, however, if you want to spice things up. Don't worry, though, we've got your geeky relationship covered on the suggestions with our Gamer's Guide to Valentine's Day.
StudioKitsu does a phenomenal job at recreating the signature Papou Fruit from the Kingdom Hearts series. It's said that if two people share one, their destines become intertwined and they remain a part of each other's lives forever. This little plush is the perfect thing to get for your sweetheart or even your best friend. It's small, cute, and soft to touch. Who wouldn't love to receive one of these as a surprise?
At the PendantLab you'll find all sorts of neat treasures. What really stands out to us gamers, though, is the heart piece from The Legend of Zelda series. It doesn't come with the chain, so it's versatile for the receiver. Make it into a necklace, key chain, or bracelet. It's perfect for showing your special someone that they really do have a piece of your heart rather than just stating it on a piece of three dollar card stock.
Why not head over to Chompworks and get your princess her very own crown? This 3D-printed piece will delight any fan of the Super Mario series, especially on Valentine's Day. It's a gesture that not only shows how much you respect your highness, but it's a silly and cute idea that will bring smiles. Accompany this with a homemade cake (Princess Peach needs to be pampered too, you know), and you'll be sure to get a kiss on the cheek from her that day.
Okay, okay, you got me. I said cards would be dull, but you've gotta admit this can be the exception. Why not skip Hallmark and give Memeskins a couple of bucks instead for this cool Pokemon Valentine's Day card? You can choice from an array of envelopes in different colors (though I personally think the yellow matches nicely), and it's more thoughtful than the generic "I love you" cards you see in the stores. This card that caters to the gamer nerd in your relationship is the better choice.
If you're a poster junkie like me, this gift idea might be the deal breaker. You Can Be My Player 2 poster by Noodlehug hits home for those of us who share the love of gaming with our other half. This would look perfect by the entertainment system (or wherever the consoles are scattered in the house), and it would be a constant reminder of just how wonderful of a team you two make. It's a special thing to have a player two in your life, so why not display that in the form of a large print on paper?
If you have any additional gift suggestions you'd like to share, send them over to AdamWatsonAG@gmail.com!
Adam Watson was addicted to video games way back when he was a wee kid, pretending to be sick just to stay at home from school and play on the SNES. Now at the age of 24, he's found a way to study for his Physics degree and play video games in the same day. He's acquired enough Lifetime Happiness Points to get the Meditative Trance Sleep reward so that he has more time in the day to do all of this.
What Happens When Zelda Goes Western?
Cheating in Video Games: Is it that bad?


The bus is powered by a 220-kW (299-hp) Mercedes-Benz OM 936 in-line six-cylinder engine.
The Future Bus is based on Mercedes-Benz's 12-m (39-ft) long Citaro.
CityPilot gives the bus automated lane-keeping, longitudinal guidance, acceleration and braking functionalities.
The driver does not need to accelerate, brake or steer the bus, but can take control if required.
CityPilot employs ten cameras to scan the road and the vehicle's surroundings.
Four short-range radar sensors monitor distances from 50 cm (20 in) to 10 m (33 ft) ahead of the bus.
Two stereo cameras with a range of up to 50 m (164 ft) provide 3D vision and obstacle recognition.
Two cameras look downwards so as to "read" the road surface.
The interior design of the bus is open-plan and is said to have been inspired by city squares and parks.
Passengers can make use of wireless device charging.
There are three different zones from which for passengers to choose based on how long they will be on the bus.
An electronic ticket system is employed to speed up passenger flow.
There are upward-branching grab rails and ceiling lights that resemble a leaf canopy.
A newly designed and simplified cockpit is part of the main compartment.
Information is presented to the driver on a large display.
The driver can relay information and entertainment to passengers via monitors.


The AI agent Sophie is based on cognitive computing and artificial intelligence, with a focus in self-adaptation, interactive and contextual automation that enables self-learning, human-like interactions and self-healing automation capabilities; she can assist with tasks such as triggering workflow, auto escalation, presenting knowledge to users and many more.
According to Fabio Caversan, P&D Director at Stefanini , there are two main approaches to AI. The first, called "connectionist," emulates the brain, identifying signals, patterns and symbols. In the AI community, such an approach is replicated through the deep neural networks algorithm. The second approach, called "symbolic," tries to emulate the mind, with symbols and significance, not necessarily connected to patterns but to meaning. "What makes Sophie so strong is that it combines both approaches into one powerful mind," said Mr. Caversan.
Using this hybrid approach, Sophie can understand concepts and relationships. Stefanini's AI platform has the ability to understand the meaning of words and phrases and relate them to the real world. "Sophie learns at a faster pace and can be implemented in a shorter period of time than any other tool in the market, and she was designed for complex, high-demand environments. Sophie thinks using the symbolic process, which leads to a faster learning process, as well as better conversational skills and user comprehension," Mr. Caversan affirmed.
Artificial intelligence systems can be used in various applications to automate repetitive tasks that are currently being performed by humans. One of the services that has experienced benefits from this technology for some time now is the call center, with the substitution of virtual stations for physical agents. "Contact centers and customer service centers will gain huge advantages in efficiency with automation and augmentation of human labor. Today, the majority of in-person and online customer service interactions are carried out through self-service applications," said Mr. Caversan.
Sophie uses common knowledge networks—three million related words, as an initial installation without any training effort, and a global collaborative archive that relates human concepts—to enable Sophie to get to the bottom of a question. Easily extensible, integration is part of Sophie's DNA. "Our AI platform was also designed to connect legacy systems, ITSM tools, CRM, ERP and more, offering an end-to-end, single-screen experience that will amaze the end user. The ability to load data more quickly into the AI platform is one aspect that makes us unique," said Mr. Caversan.