text:
homesubmissionsabout dhqdhq peoplecontact
2019: 13.3
Preview Issue
2015: 9.4
DHQ: Digital Humanities Quarterly
2010 4.1 | XML | Discuss ( Comments )
Crafting the User-Centered Document Interface: The Hypertext Editing System (HES) and the File Retrieval and Editing System (FRESS)
Belinda Barnet <BBarnet_at_groupwise_dot_swin_dot_edu_dot_au>, Lecturer in Media at Swinburne University Melbourne, in association with Smart Services CRC.
This article traces the development of two important hypertext systems in the history of computing, and the new paradigms they created: the Hypertext Editing System (HES) and the File Retrieval and Editing System (FRESS). HES was the world's first word processor to run on commercial equipment. It was also the first hypertext system that beginners could use, and pioneered many modern hypertext concepts for personal use. Although the idea of hypertext predates HES and FRESS, this article argues that these two systems were successful because they demonstrated hypertext to a sceptical public; they were both working prototypes.
Introduction: Demo or Die
How does one tell the story of a computer system? As Larry Owens observes in his essay on U.S. engineer Vannevar Bush, "However the historian chooses to answer [this question], utility must certainly play a role" [Owens 1991, 23]. In computer science and engineering, there is an emphasis on prototypes, software, things that are concrete.[1] This applies to engineering discourse as well; one of the main criteria applied to engineered technological solutions is that they work [Childress 1998], or more precisely, that they are seen to work. A good working prototype can send shockwaves throughout a research community, and it can inspire a host of new machines in quick succession. This "witnessing" is fundamental to the evolution of technical artefacts; when people see a machine in use, they can visualise the future of the object, connect it with what they are doing in their own work, and connect it with other machines or families of machines. An inventor is always and also a "combinatory" genius, selecting the best technical forms from a number of possibilities, and combining these into a new artefact. What has been witnessed, evaluated and shown to work constitutes the material for transfer.
This emphasis on prototypes and demonstrations is not just historically specific to mid-twentieth century engineering discourse; it is also evident in contemporary new media.
Demonstrations have had an important, perhaps even central, place in new media innovation. In some centres of new media, the traditional knowledge-work dictum of "publish or perish" is replaced by "demo or die." [Wardrip-Fruin & Montfort 2003, 231]
To put it simply: there is a difference between technical vision and technical artefact. As I have argued elsewhere [Barnet 2008], we can dream of time machines and of warp speed — but the reason an engineering prototype has a rapid and often "brutal" productive effect on its milieu is that it displaces technical and financial limits and demonstrates what is possible. Sometimes, it creates new paradigms.
In this article I will be tracing the development of two important prototype systems in the history of hypertext, and the new paradigms they created: the Hypertext Editing System (HES) and the File Retrieval and Editing System (FRESS). HES was the world's first word processor to run on commercial equipment. It was also the first hypertext system that beginners could use, and pioneered many modern hypertext concepts for personal use. FRESS was Van Dam's second attempt at a hypertext system, and incorporated some ideas from another pioneering hypertext system from the 1960s, Douglas Engelbart's oN-Line System or NLS. HES and FRESS were developed at Brown University in the late 1960s under the leadership of Andries Van Dam, Professor of Computing Science at Brown. They were built at a time when computers, in large part, were still seen primarily as tools for mathematical calculations, and computer engineers had no business talking about text editing or interactivity. In an interview with the author, Van Dam recalls that in the 1960s "the whole idea of a user in an interactive computer loop was still foreign to most people" [Van Dam 1999]. The story of HES and FRESS is a remarkable one as much for its audacity as its historical influence, and the lack of detailed literature on its development is surprising given this influence. As working prototype systems, they had technical chutzpah.
The idea of hypertext predates HES and FRESS. The term was coined in 1962 by computer visionary Theodor Holm (Ted) Nelson to describe "nonlinear" text, although the concept of a technical system designed to facilitate nonlinear text can be traced back as far as 1910.[2] Nelson was a co-designer of HES, but was most famous for imagining a hypertext system in the mid-sixties called Xanadu. Xanadu, like its fictional namesake by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, was a vision in a dream, a computer filing system which would store and deliver the great body of human literature, in all its historical versions and with all its messy interconnections, acknowledging authorship, ownership, quotation and linkage. Nelson began writing about this idea in the sixties, and it has been "under development" for fifty years hence; he has not produced a working prototype or demo of Xanadu, although he did release some shells of code in 1999. To Nelson's dismay, and unfairly, it has consequently been hailed as "the longest-running vaporware project in the history of computing" [Wolf 1995]. Due in part to this lack of a real-world prototype, Nelson has had difficulty attracting funding or having his work taken seriously. This vision of hypertext did, however, inspire Van Dam.
Although Nelson was a co-designer of HES, there was a falling-out with the team during its design and implementation, and Nelson stated in an interview with the author that he was unhappy with the result [Nelson 1999]. As we will explore in this article, Van Dam and his team were concerned less with grand visions and more with getting the system built and funded in the real world. HES was effectively the first hypertext system available on commercial equipment that novices could use. It introduced interactive reading and authoring to the humanities and the text link to lay users; it established a technical precedent for systems to follow.
In this article I will argue that HES and FRESS, like Doug Engelbart's landmark system NLS, were influential on the history of hypertext and modern computing in large part because they demonstrated the concept of hypertext; they were both working systems. Where Ted Nelson, with his prescient ideas and presentations, had been campaigning for "nonlinear writing" housed on a computer for years without commercial success[3], Van Dam and his team of mostly undergraduate students actually built it. It was a difficult project precisely because the HES team had first to convince the world that manipulating text interactively on computers was not a crazy idea; convincing them that hypertext was useful was an even harder sell.
Computing in the 1960s
There was a lot going on in the computing industry in the late 1960s. Time-sharing had hit the industry[4], and the minicomputer had begun to establish its markets. Computing had begun to move into the wider arena of "data processing." Noting such changes, IBM began marketing to a full circle of customers instead of the traditional military and industrial customers. System/360, the mainframe on which HES was eventually built, was the first computer built by IBM aimed at businesses and corporations — a wider and more "domestic" market. There was a computing paradigm-shift going on.
But although businesses were adopting "data processing" for the first time, the world still saw computers as hardwired mathematics. "Text was not 'data'; it was something academics and journalists manipulated with pens or typewriters," Van Dam recalls [Van Dam 1999]. Processing power was limited, and universities meted it out like gold to the places it was needed most — in their opinion, physics and engineering departments. Computers were "for scientists and engineers to solve serious problems," Van Dam recalls his then-VP for Finance saying, and he was told "if you want to crank out papers you can damn well use a typewriter" [Van Dam 1999]. This vision of a human sitting at a computer screen and writing or navigating linked text was not obvious to the university. As Dr Douglas Engelbart, the inventor of the computer mouse, observed in an interview with the author, "The idea was wacky even in the seventies, when we had it working — real hypermedia, real groupware working" [Engelbart 1999].
There was, however, an existing technology used for editing text on a computer; it was called a "line" or "context" editor [Van Dam 1999]. This was designed for writing or editing computer programs, but it was often used covertly to create documents. Like Doug Engelbart, who unbeknownst to Van Dam was working on the NLS/Augment system at the same time[5], Van Dam saw the need to tailor computing technology to the humans that used it. In particular, he saw that an editing system which sufficed for computer programmers would not fulfil the needs of writers. Then he encountered Ted Nelson.
The Design of HES and FRESS
Van Dam bumped into Nelson at the 1967 Spring Joint Computer Conference.[6] Passionate and eloquent, Nelson started telling him about hypertext. Nelson had been thinking about hypertext for several years and had tried to design a system at Vassar College in 1965 [Nelson 1999], but unfortunately like most of Nelson's ideas, it had not eventuated in a product of any kind. When Van Dam met Nelson, "He had nothing to show for this idea, no prototypes or work in the sense that computer scientists talk about work — i.e., software, algorithms" [Van Dam 1999]. What Nelson did have was a vision of what hypertext might one day look like, and an infectious enthusiasm for the idea. Nelson envisioned a computer-based hypertext system where the user could take different trajectories through a network of information, reading and writing "non-sequentially" [Nelson 1999].
Nelson's vision seduced me. I really loved his way of thinking about writing, editing and annotating as a scholarly activity, and putting tools together to support that. I hadn't heard of Engelbart. I hadn't heard of Bush and Memex. So after meeting quite by accident at this computer conference, and talking about what we each were doing, we somehow got onto the topic. I had this wonderful graphics display...and I was working on various graphics applications at the time. He talked me into working on the world's first hypertext system and that sounded cool. [Van Dam 1999]
Van Dam didn't need much convincing. He had been thinking about computers and writing for some time now. So he gathered a team together at Brown and began work later that year, with the objective of trying out this hypertext concept.
Nelson went up there "at his own expense" [Van Dam 1988, 87] to consult in its development, but found the experience quite frustrating. Van Dam and his team set out to design a dual-purpose system for authoring, editing and printing text documents such as papers, proposals and course notes, which could also be used to browse and query written materials nonsequentially. From Nelson's perspective, this sidelined the concept of hypertext in favour of print text editing. In an interview with the author, Nelson claimed what the HES team built was essentially a word processor with linking facilities; it was directed at the printed page [Nelson 1999]. Nelson was not happy with this "trivialisation" of his hypertext vision[7], and spent much time arguing for the elaboration of HES's hypertext facilities. For Nelson, paper was the enemy.
But the HES team was trying to convince the world that the whole concept of handling text on computers was not a waste of time and processing power. And the world knew text handling as a paper-based thing. "So not only were we selling hypertext, but at the same time document processing, interaction. Many people were still computing with cards," recalls Van Dam [Van Dam 1999]. As stated previously, even Doug Engelbart was having trouble convincing the world that humans and machines might work together interactively. There was not a funding body in the country that would support the idea of a completely non-sequential, online "web." Perhaps more importantly, Van Dam already had a vision of what his writing system should do, a vision based on improving an existing human activity: creating and editing text for printed documents.
The HES team designed a system for the composition and manipulation of manuscripts, which could also be used as a reading machine to browse and query complex written materials online. They did not wish to inflict line numbers on the user, or to "make him program little changes in his data" [Carmody et al. 1967, 8] as line editors for computer programs did. Reading, writing and editing documents should be simple, and the tools should be suited to the task. Because they wished to emphasise the place of "ordinary" text editing as well as the more radical concept of non-sequential, online reading and writing, they called the project the Hypertext Editing System — a name meant to embrace this dual purpose.
It was a hard sell. Van Dam recalls his chairman at the time saying, "Why don't you stop with all this hypertext nonsense, and do something serious?" to which Van Dam replied, "Walter, I am doing something serious" [Van Dam 1999]. At his own university, Van Dam "had multiple reactions, from 'cute' to 'I don't get it' to my being in a pissing contest to be allowed to use the university's only mainframe computer for this research with the then-VP for Finance" [Van Dam 1999]. After being shown a first version of the system, IBM, however, thought the project serious enough to provide funding through a research contract. This, recalls Van Dam, put the project on much more legitimate ground and ensured that the undergraduates who had been programming HES as a bootleg graphics project were then paid for their efforts [Van Dam 1988, 889].
HES was set up on an IBM 360/50 with a 2250 display, and ran in a 128k partition of the operating system that controlled the 512k of main memory available (there was a complete timesharing system operating in another partition). The user sat facing a 12" by 12" screen, browsing through portions of arbitrarily sized texts. Original text was entered directly via a keyboard, and the system itself was controlled by pressing function keys, by pointing at the text with a light pen or via the keyboard [Carmody et al. 1967, 4]. The activities of the user were corresponded directly to the operations normally performed upon text by writers and editors. The user was able to manipulate pieces of text as though they were physical items: correcting, moving, cutting, pasting, filing previous drafts and copying.
Our philosophical position [was] essentially that the writer is engaged in very complicated pursuits, and that this work legitimately has a freewheeling character... therefore it became our intent to provide the user with unrestricted "spatial" options, and not to bother him with arbitrary concerns that have no meaning in terms of the work being performed. [Carmody et al. 1967, 8]
The HES team also did not wish to store text in numerical pages or divisions known to the user, except as she might deliberately divide her text, create links or number her headings. Rather than filing by page number or formal code name, HES stored text as arbitrary-length fragments or "strings" and allowed for edits with arbitrary-length scope (for example, insert, delete, move, copy). This is in contrast to NLS, which imposed a hierarchical tree structure of fixed-length lines or statements upon all content; Engelbart used 4,000 character limits on his statements to create a tighter, more controlled environment. These limitations meant that Engelbart could implement more efficiently [Van Dam 1999]. HES was deliberately made to embody a freewheeling character, as non-structured as possible.
The system itself was composed of text "areas" which were of any length, expanding and contracting automatically to accommodate material. These areas were connected in two ways: by links and by branches. A link went from a point of departure in one area (signified by an asterisk) to an entrance point in another, or the same, area. Although the HES team used Ted Nelson's conception of a text link, Doug Engelbart was incorporating the same idea into NLS independently, unbeknownst to Van Dam, who wishes he had known about this work. "I hadn't heard of Engelbart. I hadn't heard of Bush and Memex. That came quite a bit later," Van Dam recalls.[8] Links were intended to be optional paths within a body of text — from one place to another. A link was intended to express a relationship between two ideas or points: an intuitive concept.
The HES team employed "human factors" techniques to design a system which guided and explained the user's every move without loss of effectiveness [Carmody et al. 1967, 14]. The system was much easier to use than NLS, perhaps due to the fact that it was created as much for writers as it was for engineers. Speaking from the year 2009, the editing features of HES seem quite obvious, almost trivial. At the time, however, it was difficult to convince people in a commercial environment that it was not an excessively complicated typewriter. Nobody could conceive of writing or editing text on a screen. As Van Dam recalled in an interview with the author,
Remember, we were doing hypertext at a time when there were no word-processing systems either. The HES is one of the very first word processors… I believe HES was the first document editor, specifically designed for documents, to run on commercial equipment, and NLS was the first document editor to run on a proprietary system, predating HES. [Van Dam 1999]
One of Van Dam's tasks was to convince humanities scholars and writers that this was a more efficient way of writing than using a pen or a typewriter. HES used a standard 32-key IBM function keyboard, but when they gave demos to writers in the late 1960s whose business was words, not engineering, they would "freak out" over all the buttons [Van Dam 1999]. So Van Dam learned to use progressive disclosure, not frightening humanities people with too many buttons.
I made a plastic overlay which I essentially used to cover up all but five of the editing buttons: insert, delete, move, copy and jump. Then we would do an entire demo for half an hour or so with that … and then we would play peek-a-boo, strip off the first overlay, and lo and behold, there was another row of function keys. [Van Dam 1988, 890]
In early 1968 HES did the rounds of a number of large customers for IBM equipment, for example, Time/Life and the New York Times . All these customers based their business on the printed word. But HES was too far out for them. Writing was not something you did at a computer screen. They had seen programs that set type, and maybe some programs for managing advertisements, but the concept of sitting in front of a computer and writing or navigating text was foreign to them.
The best I ever got was from people like Time and Time-Life and the New York Times who said this is terrific technology, but we're not going to get journalists typing on computer keyboards for the foreseeable future. [Van Dam 1999]
As we now know, however, in less than a decade journalists (and executives) would be typing on computer keyboards.
In late 1968, Van Dam finally met Doug Engelbart and attended a demonstration of NLS at the Fall Joint Computer Conference. This was a landmark presentation in the history of computing, and the audience, comprised of several thousand engineers and scientists, witnessed such innovations as the use of hypertext, the computer "mouse" and screen, and and telecollaboration on shared files via video conferencing for the first time. The unveiling of NLS is now known affectionately and with great respect as the Mother of All Demos, and was celebrated in December of 2008 at its 40th anniversary with almost all of the original team led by Doug Engelbart on stage, and Andries Van Dam as the outsider commentator. For Van Dam, this system set another, and entirely different, technical precedent. The line- or context-editor was old technology — NLS was the prototype for creating, navigating and storing information behind a tube and for having a multi-user, multi-terminal cost-effective system. He went on to design the File Retrieval and Editing System (FRESS) at Brown with his team of hotshot undergraduates and one masters student. As Van Dam observed in the Hypertext 1987 conference keynote address,
...my design goal was to steal or improve on the best ideas from Doug's NLS and put in some things we really liked from the Hypertext Editing System - a more freeform editing style, no limits to statement size, for example. [Van Dam 1988]
The HES project was frozen as the team started work on the next-generation system. Meanwhile, IBM sold HES to the Apollo Mission Team at the Houston Manned Spacecraft Centre (unbeknownst to Nelson and Van Dam and others who had worked on it at the time). Van Dam now proudly recalls that it was used in NASA's Houston Manned Spacecraft Center for documentation on the Apollo space program [Van Dam 1988]. As with most computing projects in the late 60s, government (and the military) had a keener eye for innovation than business. For what it was designed to achieve, HES performed perfectly.
The Hypertext Editing System (HES) console at Brown University. Original photo by Greg Lloyd, 1969.
HES, as a first prototype, naturally had its shortcomings. Part of the goal behind FRESS was to improve on these shortcomings. Firstly, HES was programmed specifically for the IBM /360 and the /2250 display; there was no device-independence. Van Dam had seen the benefits of device-independence in Engelbart's demonstration; in NLS "the command line…worked on basically any device. So they had really engineered in good device independence from the beginning" [Van Dam 1999]. FRESS was the first hypertext system to run on readily-available commercial hardware and OS: it was built for the IBM VM/370, an off-the-shelf time-sharing system, and could even run on terminals incapable of multi-window views.
Secondly, HES wasn't multi-user; it was specifically targeted towards the 2250, a machine for individual use [Van Dam 1999]. The benefits of having a multi-user system were also obvious from Engelbart's demonstration of NLS [Ceruzzi 1998]. Primarily, a multi-user system allowed teams of people to work together more easily. In NLS, the tendency towards knowledge-exchange and collaborative work were more than just a system side-effect — they were a goal. Van Dam decided to make FRESS multi-user. Although FRESS "didn't have the kinds of chalk-passing protocols that NLS had" [Van Dam 1999] — in NLS, for instance, multiple users could work with a shared view of a single document-in-progress — it was designed from the outset to run on a timesharing system and to accommodate multiple displays of different types and capabilities from teletypewriters to glass teletypes (simple CRT screens) to multi-windowed powerful displays with pointing devices.
But the most popular new development for novice users in FRESS was not its capacity to accommodate multiple displays and users; it was the "undo" feature. FRESS pioneered undo for both word processing and hypertext, and arguably influenced the future design of word processing systems. Every edit to a file was saved in a shadow version of the data structure, and that allowed for both an "autosave" and an undo. Brown staff and students understood immediately the importance and usefulness of this feature [Van Dam 1999]. As Van Dam saw it, the ultimate system would have indefinite undo and redo.[9]
Importantly, FRESS supported arbitrary-length strings; it had no size limitations. According to Van Dam, an important philosophical distinction between NLS and FRESS was that "Doug had these 4,000-character limits on his statements, and that was an anathema to us. It was an anathema to Ted, when he started out, to have limits on anything" [Van Dam 1999]. The FRESS team believed that the system should not force you into an unnatural usage pattern, so software paging allowed for essentially unlimited document sizes while maintaining performance. Working in the FRESS environment, the user could not tell the difference between a two-page and a two-hundred page printed file, and could actually specify how all this would be viewed in the first place. FRESS borrowed many of the viewing specification ideas from NLS.
At the same time, hyperlinks in these files were addressable down to the character. The granularity was as fine as sand. As Van Dam put it in our interview, "I don't want to go to a book, I don't want to go to a chapter, I want to go to the actual quote!" One of the reasons why the web does not have the same functionality as earlier hypertext systems such as FRESS or NLS is that a URL points to a document: unless the author pre-specifies anchors in the target page, there is no finer granularity than that. In NLS, a link took you to a statement. In FRESS it could take you to a character. So in this sense, Van Dam points out, "I think we had a 'creamier' hypertext than NLS did," and they certainly had a creamier hypertext than the modern web.
Another aspect of FRESS which the web has not implemented is bidirectional linking. HES had unidirectional links, and the FRESS team decided that this needed to be changed. FRESS was the first hypertext system to provide bidirectional linking. It was also groundbreaking in that it provided different options to visualise this field of links and references, to see the global context for work: a map.
The outline functionality in FRESS was inspired by NLS (or as Van Dam puts it, "was a straight rip-off" [Van Dam 1999]). For readers who are not familiar with this terminology, an outline processor is a specialised word processing program for handling and displaying outlines. One of its most powerful features is the ability to suppress lower levels of detail and see the global context for work [Conklin 1987, 25]. The user can view just the top n levels of the structure — a map whose level of detail is defined by the user. This facilitates rapid movement between sections and makes editing and global navigation easier. But most importantly, this meant that in FRESS
[We] had an ability to see the structure space, a visualisation of all the structure in the text, the outline structure and the cross-referencing structure. You could do structural rearrangements in that structure space in a quick overview mode and you would thereby induce those same edits in the text itself. [Van Dam 1988, 891]
In sum, unlike in contemporary hypertext systems like the web, FRESS provided a variety of coordinated views and conditional structure and view-specification mechanisms. The user had final control over how and how much of the document was being displayed — unlike with embedded markup like HTML. It also afforded separation of structure from formatting and hypertext semantics — also unlike HTML. And all of these features were designed to be easy to learn for novice users, based as they were on a multi-window function key and lightpen interface in addition to a command-line interface (in contrast to NLS, which had a more complex, and correspondingly more powerful, command language). FRESS actually displayed and handled complex documents better than non-hypertext "word processing" systems of the time. It was so intuitive and efficient that it "was used as a publishing system as well as a collaborative hypertext environment for teaching, research and development" [DeRose & Van Dam 1999, 7]. It was also used at Nijmegen University and Philips Eindhoven in the Netherlands [DeRose & Van Dam 1999, 19].
But this is not to say that FRESS was a run-away success at Brown, or that the project received financial support. In fact, quite the reverse; "computer scientists didn't think it was computer science, and humanists weren't paying for technologies" [Van Dam 1999]. The most difficult group to deal with were the staff in charge of computing. In those days, computing time on the university mainframe was allocated via a virtual accounting system. You got n-thousands of dollars in your account (this was called virtual money or "funny money"), and when you ran out, your time was up. Van Dam and the FRESS team, of course, were always arguing for more. One year the VP for Finance told the FRESS team that there would be no more money for this FRESS hypertext nonsense, as the computer was for serious physics and engineering work. Van Dam had to use blackmail to keep the project alive.
Under the Brown system, the computer is just as much a public utility as the library, and you can no more cut off people based on their field from the computer than you can cut them off from the library... only by threatening to go public and let the campus know that the engineers and physicists were treating the computer as their private fiefdom [did I] get the money. [Van Dam 1999]
Luckily, the FRESS team kept going. Engelbart kept going. Ted Nelson kept writing and publishing and inspiring audiences of young hackers and bright-eyed alums. And slowly, very slowly, the computing community began to realise that text and hyperlinks on a computer might just work.
In 1976, the National Endowment for the Humanities supported a FRESS application for teaching English poetry. The FRESS team, and particularly Van Dam, had wanted to use the system explicitly for teaching since its inception. In the NEH-sponsored course, students did all of their critical course reading and writing in the online FRESS docuverse. A poetry textbook was created in FRESS, to go along with a large collection of poems by Spenser, Tennyson, Blake and others [DeRose & Van Dam 1999, 19]. Students' and teachers' comments were integrated into the web as the course proceeded, prompting further response and debate in the manner of contemporary teaching webs. And, incidentally, the term web was actually used in accordance with Vannevar Bush's understanding of the term as a cluster of trails [Bush 1945]. It was the first time hypertext had been used as a central teaching tool in the humanities, and arguably the first online scholarly community.
Intermedia, a distributed hypermedia system developed at Brown's Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship (IRIS) from 1985-1990, grew directly out of the work done by Van Dam's group. This was intended to be a networked, multiuser teaching tool.
Hypertext and the Early Internet
FRESS occurred on the cusp of the network era — 1969. HES had been neither networked nor multi-user. It was intended to be a personal device, for the use of writers and editors. But NLS and FRESS were pioneering networked multi-user hypertext systems. Although FRESS wasn't ideal in this sense, "You could still work together. It was multi-user" [Van Dam 1999]. NLS and FRESS were both shifting across to a different technical phylum — from the personal tool to the public network. From 1968 on, research into hypertext systems focussed not on the creation of personal webs, but on shared and distributed systems. In fact, Doug Engelbart's NLS was one of the first nodes in the fabled ARPANET, which eventually spread its wires around the globe to become the Internet. However, as Van Dam observed in an interview with the author,
I don't think...that any of us truly envisioned that you could have what we have today, because the issues of interoperability just seemed far more insurmountable in those days. We didn't have networks with the kind of bandwidth that you do today. So, I certainly never foresaw the world-wide web. It surprised me. The fact that I can reach out and touch stuff in Ethiopia, as it were, is still a surprise to me. [Van Dam 1999]
Van Dam claims he didn't foresee the web; neither he nor Doug Engelbart could have imagined where their technologies would lead. But it is undeniable HES became the first working example of hypertext on commercial equipment, and in that sense a vision of potentiality for all future hypertext technologies. According to Ted Nelson, HES was actually the precedent to today's web browser [Nelson 1999].
So although there was much resistance to Van Dam's original project, it spawned and legitimised a new field of research: hypertext. There is still much work to be done in this arena, work which Van Dam continued to do at Brown, and Engelbart at the Bootstrap Institute (now called The Doug Engelbart Institute) — the organisation he founded to continue evolving the relationship between humans and computers. Because "the things we decide now will continue to haunt us for decades. Decades" [Van Dam 1999].
My thanks to Professor Andries Van Dam, Dr Douglas Engelbart and Dr Ted Nelson for their time and interviews. Thanks also to Professor Van Dam and Rosemary Michelle Simpson for their corrections and comments on this article.
[1] To paraphrase Andries Van Dam, in an interview with the author, 1999.
[2] The concept can be traced back to at least to 1910, with William Ostwald and Paul Otlet, while the history of the paper-based hypertext dates back to Talmudic commentaries. Most extant computing histories trace the idea back to a machine called Memex, proposed by Vannevar Bush in a 1945 essay entitled "As We May Think." In this essay, Bush proposes a machine which utilises microfilm to store and deliver information structured in an associative network. Bush was well ahead of his time, writing in an era before the digital computer. For more information, see my article "The Evolution of Vannevar Bush's Memex" in Digital Humanities Quarterly .
[3] Van Dam said in an interview that this is "because Ted packages ideas in so much ... P.T. Barnum salesmanship that people distrust it" [Van Dam 1999].
[4] Time-sharing is sharing a computing resource among many users by means of allowing simultaneous access.
[5] For more information please see my article on Engelbart, [Barnet 2006].
[6] They had actually met before when they were both undergraduates at Swarthmore.
[7] For more information on Nelson's original vision of hypertext, see my paper "The Magical Place of Literary Memory: Xanadu" in Screening the Past , 2005.
[8] "In fact, one of the things I was always pissed about is that Ted never told me about Engelbart, even though he claimed he knew of his work" [Van Dam 1999].
[9] Nelson's Xanadu system was also to have infinite undo.
Barnet 2005
Barnet, Belinda. The Magical Place of Literary Memory: Xanadu. Screening the Past. http://tlweb.latrobe.edu.au/humanities/screeningthepast/firstrelease/fr_18/BBfr18a.html.
Barnet, Belinda. "Engelbart's Theory of Technical Evolution". Continuum: the Journal of Media and Cultural Studies 20: 4 (2006), pp. 509-521. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a767889432~db=all~order=page.
Barnet, Belinda. "The Technical Evolution of Vannevar Bush's Memex". Digital Humanities Quarterly 2: 1 (2008). http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/002/1/000015.html.
Bush, Vannevar. "As We May Think". Atlantic Monthly 176: 1 (1945), pp. 641-649.
Carmody et al. 1967
Carmody, Steven, Walter Gross, Theodor H. Nelson, David Rice and Andries Van Dam. "A Hypertext Editing System for the /360". In M. Faiman and J. Nievergelt, eds., Pertinent Concepts in Computer Graphics. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1967. pp. 291-330.
Ceruzzi 1998
Ceruzzi, Paul E. A History of Modern Computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998.
Childress 1998
Childress, Vincent. "Book Review: Engineering problem solving for mathematics, science, and technology education". Journal of Technology Education 10: 1 (1998). http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JTE/v10n1/childress.html.
Conklin 1987
Conklin, Jeff. "Hypertext: An Introduction and Survey". IEEE Computer September (1987), pp. 17-41.
DeRose & Van Dam 1999
DeRose, Steven, and Andries Van Dam. "Document Structure and Markup in the FRESS Hypertext System". Markup Languages: Theory and Practice 1: 1 (1999), pp. 7-32.
Engelbart 1999 Engelbart, Douglas 1999, Interview with the author.
Nelson 1999 Nelson, Ted. Interview with the author.
Nyce & Kahn 1991
Nyce, James, and Paul Kahn, eds. From Memex to Hypertext: Vannevar Bush and the Mind's Machine. London: Academic Press, 1991.
Owens, Larry. "Vannevar Bush and the Differential Analyzer: The Text and Context of an Early Computer". In James Nyce and Paul Kahn, eds., From Memex to Hypertext: Vannevar Bush and the Mind's Machine. London: Academic Press, 1991. pp. 3-38.
Van Dam 1988
Van Dam, Andries. "Hypertext '87 Keynote Address". Communications of the ACM 31: 7 (July 1988), pp. 887-895.
Van Dam 1999 Van Dam, Andries. Interview with the author.
Wardrip-Fruin & Montfort 2003
Wardrip-Fruin, Noah, and Nick Montfort, eds. The New Media Reader. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003.
Wolf, Gary. "The Curse of Xanadu". Wired 3: 6 (June 1995). http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/3.06/xanadu.html.
2010 4.1 | XML | Print Article
URL: http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/4/1/000081/000081.html
Comments: dhqinfo@digitalhumanities.org
Published by: The Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations
Affiliated with: Literary and Linguistic Computing


I thought that a Quizz module as on Mirc would be sympathetic to integrate on Amsn. With questions about the culture and that the names of the 5 better users is posted with the score. I am sorry if the translation of my English is not correct. But I did not practise English too much.


text:
Review: Rock Band Reloaded (iPhone)
By Paul Hutchinson
Updated: 06:23 EST, 13 December 2010
Rock Band Reloaded is trickier than earlier versions
Once upon a time I used to be an unbeliever; I used to mock from afar those silly people who sat in front of their PS3s with a big fake guitar and childishly bashed multicoloured buttons. But like most things I look down upon, I have of course been proven to be utterly wrong.
Rock Band Reloaded is the second instalment of the series to make it to the iPhone, and it brings with it a few improvements and developments, based, according to EA, on user feedback.
It is however a very similar experience to the first game, so lovers of Rock Band shouldn't really expect a paradigm shift.
The career mode of the game involves playing your way around the world travelling to 6 different cities, starting in seedy bars in Boston and culminating in Tokyo.
Unlocking the next city/gig is dependent of course on how well you do at exactly matching the falling notes/beats on a 4-string tablature.
As with Rock Band, you have 4 weapons of choice: guitar, bass, vocals or drums. One of the new aspects of the game, and the one that differentiates it most from Rock Band is the introduction of live vocals.
To me, this was a great move – in Rock Band the vocals were my least favourite mode, and I fancy myself a bit of a crooner so belting out "Hungry Like The Wolf" into the iPhone mic appeals hugely. CAVEAT: it does make people on public transport look at you oddly, but ignore them. What do they know about Rock?
Another of the major changes is the introduction of landscape mode as opposed to portrait. This seems to have split the gaming community, with some avidly opposed to the change, but others welcoming it enormously. I liked it; portrait mode meant the buttons were a little cramped, and I got 'iPhone finger' (a variant on 'playstation thumb') quite quickly.
With a wider screen, it's also a lot easier to ensure you're hitting the correct button.
However, I'm sure it would have been feasible to code it so that both options were available, and I'm not quite sure why this wasn't done. Perhaps EA will listen to the pleas for the next iteration.
I got pretty good quite quickly at the old Rock Band on iPhone, but Rock Band Reloaded is quite a bit tougher to master.
They've introduced a new 'expert' difficulty level (which is insane), and also ensured that you can't whizz through all the levels ridiculously quickly by forcing you to up the difficulty on the higher levels, and sometimes dictating which instrument you have to play. This game has a lot more legs than the last one.
One thing which makes the difficulty that bit higher is the obscurity of some of the songs. It's widening my musical boundaries alright, but it would be nice to have just a few more crowd pleasers in there.
I preferred the song choices for Rock Band, though to their credit there have been quite a few additions to the online music library with more being put up all the time.
It would be great to be able to import tracks from Rock Band onto the new game. If you have the original, I'm not entirely convinced that landscape mode and live vocals would be enough to tempt you to upgrade.
Another niggle is that shaking the iPhone to activate 'star power/overdrive' (a big point multiplier) seems to have become a lot more difficult this time around, meaning that you're more likely to lose accuracy with the buttons while you're shakin' it like a polaroid (no they don't have that song...).
Still, those minor quibbles aside it's a very accomplished game for a very reasonable price. If you get a few friends to download it you can hook up on wifi/bluetooth and each take an instrument to play through an entire song as a four piece.
Alternatively you can just drop your inhibitions about looking like one of the special people and rock out on the tube with your headphones in. Be warned though, it's dangerously addictive.
You wouldn't want to get so carried away trying to perfect the drum fill in Hella Good that you sail 3 stops passed the tube station you're meant to get off at. Because I hear that can happen.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Having lived in both Central Toronto and Vaughan, Joshua has an authentic expertise across the GTA. With a background in residential home construction and an approachable outgoing personality, real estate was a natural career choice.
Joshua works with a wide range of clientele in both the residential and commercial sectors, all with unique individual needs. From working with first time home buyers to luxury real estate offerings, and from new investors to large commercial corporations, Joshua and his team pride themselves on offering unique strategies for every client and scenario. Joshua is always successful in facilitating his clients real estate needs in a professional and diligent manner.
Having earned several awards and acknowledgments to date, Joshua attributes his success to being extremely service-oriented, strong negotiating and simplifying the buying and selling process for his clients. Joshua continues to exceed client's expectations with unparalleled success.


Fabio Tours is proud to partner with Teide Cycling to feature this 10-day tour which combines coaching from professional cycling coach Aldo Zini, relaxed cycling, gourmet food from Michelin-award winning Chef Fabio Flagiello, and exclusive wine tastings from some of California's best wineries. If 10 days is too big of a commitment, we're also offering two 4-day weekend options - one in Northern California and one in Southern California!
Start the week by exploring the best cycling routes, vineyards, the most beautiful spots in the Napa-Sonoma Valley region of Northern California. Continue the week in the heart of Silicon Valley, Santa Cruz, Monterey and Carmel by the Sea. Complete your week in Santa Barbara area and riding "Strade Bianche Andrea Tafi.
Do not miss this trip that combines the best of California cycling with advice on how to improve your cycling from our expert Italian cycling coach Aldo Zini and tempting food and wine!
Lunches along the cycling route might include a gourmet picnic, a favorite restaurant handpicked by Fabio, or a wine and cheese tasting at a local winery.
You'll stay at a mix of fairly good high level private villas and 3-4 stars hotels as you make your way from Sonoma-Napa Valley to Los Angeles. All lodging has been handpicked by Fabio and Aldo and will accommodate private cooking all the times that is possible.
This is fairly intense week of cycling, suitable for all riders. Be prepared for more than 50 miles a day on paved road, lots of climbing. However, both the 10 day long tour and the long week-end tour are assisted by a mini-bus and mechanic allowing the cyclists to manage their own length of cycling each day and allowing cyclists of all levels (also beginners) to participate.


Shhhhhh. Can you keep a secret? I know of a secret Seattle beach. Rumors are that many bowsprits of old wooden boats have been sacrificed here. At low tide, on the outside of the Shilshole Marina breakwater, this secret beach appears.
1. Paddle out of the marina. We like to head south first.
2. Paddle under this trimaran…even if your wife is screaming something about not doing it.
3. Hang a right at the big cranky that hangs out under one of the south docks.
…Ah great. I guess the secret's already out.


Tilbury and Chadwell: http://www.tilburyandchadwellmemories.org.uk/ This site was launched at the Tilbury Cruise Terminal on Sunday 1st April 2012 to coincide with the Centenary Celebration of Tilbury becoming a Town.
Canvey Island: http://www.canveyisland.org/ This is the Canvey Island community site and is the first in Essex to be hosted on Community Sites software.
The BBC site is a partial loading of all the data in the 1986 Domesday project which gathered words and pictures from across the UK to be put on Videodisc. School children were heavily involved at the time and there will be many who vividly remember making contributions. Their stories about the project would be worth retelling in the Community Archives.


text:
/**
 */
package org.afplib.afplib.impl;

import org.afplib.afplib.AfplibPackage;
import org.afplib.afplib.ObjectAreaSize;

import org.afplib.base.impl.TripletImpl;

import org.eclipse.emf.common.notify.Notification;

import org.eclipse.emf.ecore.EClass;

import org.eclipse.emf.ecore.impl.ENotificationImpl;

/**
 *
 * An implementation of the model object 'Object Area Size'.
 *
 *

 * The following features are implemented:
 *

 *

 *
{@link org.afplib.afplib.impl.ObjectAreaSizeImpl#getSizeType Size Type}

 *
{@link org.afplib.afplib.impl.ObjectAreaSizeImpl#getXoaSize Xoa Size}

 *
{@link org.afplib.afplib.impl.ObjectAreaSizeImpl#getYoaSize Yoa Size}

 *

 *
 * @generated
 */
public class ObjectAreaSizeImpl extends TripletImpl implements ObjectAreaSize {
	/**
	 * The default value of the '{@link #getSizeType() Size Type}' attribute.
	 *
	 *
	 * @see #getSizeType()
	 * @generated
	 * @ordered
	 */
	protected static final Integer SIZE_TYPE_EDEFAULT = null;

	/**
	 * The cached value of the '{@link #getSizeType() Size Type}' attribute.
	 *
	 *
	 * @see #getSizeType()
	 * @generated
	 * @ordered
	 */
	protected Integer sizeType = SIZE_TYPE_EDEFAULT;

	/**
	 * The default value of the '{@link #getXoaSize() Xoa Size}' attribute.
	 *
	 *
	 * @see #getXoaSize()
	 * @generated
	 * @ordered
	 */
	protected static final Integer XOA_SIZE_EDEFAULT = null;

	/**
	 * The cached value of the '{@link #getXoaSize() Xoa Size}' attribute.
	 *
	 *
	 * @see #getXoaSize()
	 * @generated
	 * @ordered
	 */
	protected Integer xoaSize = XOA_SIZE_EDEFAULT;

	/**
	 * The default value of the '{@link #getYoaSize() Yoa Size}' attribute.
	 *
	 *
	 * @see #getYoaSize()
	 * @generated
	 * @ordered
	 */
	protected static final Integer YOA_SIZE_EDEFAULT = null;

	/**
	 * The cached value of the '{@link #getYoaSize() Yoa Size}' attribute.
	 *
	 *
	 * @see #getYoaSize()
	 * @generated
	 * @ordered
	 */
	protected Integer yoaSize = YOA_SIZE_EDEFAULT;

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	protected ObjectAreaSizeImpl() {
		super();
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	@Override
	protected EClass eStaticClass() {
		return AfplibPackage.eINSTANCE.getObjectAreaSize();
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	public Integer getSizeType() {
		return sizeType;
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	public void setSizeType(Integer newSizeType) {
		Integer oldSizeType = sizeType;
		sizeType = newSizeType;
		if (eNotificationRequired())
			eNotify(new ENotificationImpl(this, Notification.SET, AfplibPackage.OBJECT_AREA_SIZE__SIZE_TYPE, oldSizeType, sizeType));
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	public Integer getXoaSize() {
		return xoaSize;
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	public void setXoaSize(Integer newXoaSize) {
		Integer oldXoaSize = xoaSize;
		xoaSize = newXoaSize;
		if (eNotificationRequired())
			eNotify(new ENotificationImpl(this, Notification.SET, AfplibPackage.OBJECT_AREA_SIZE__XOA_SIZE, oldXoaSize, xoaSize));
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	public Integer getYoaSize() {
		return yoaSize;
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	public void setYoaSize(Integer newYoaSize) {
		Integer oldYoaSize = yoaSize;
		yoaSize = newYoaSize;
		if (eNotificationRequired())
			eNotify(new ENotificationImpl(this, Notification.SET, AfplibPackage.OBJECT_AREA_SIZE__YOA_SIZE, oldYoaSize, yoaSize));
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	@Override
	public Object eGet(int featureID, boolean resolve, boolean coreType) {
		switch (featureID) {
			case AfplibPackage.OBJECT_AREA_SIZE__SIZE_TYPE:
				return getSizeType();
			case AfplibPackage.OBJECT_AREA_SIZE__XOA_SIZE:
				return getXoaSize();
			case AfplibPackage.OBJECT_AREA_SIZE__YOA_SIZE:
				return getYoaSize();
		}
		return super.eGet(featureID, resolve, coreType);
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	@Override
	public void eSet(int featureID, Object newValue) {
		switch (featureID) {
			case AfplibPackage.OBJECT_AREA_SIZE__SIZE_TYPE:
				setSizeType((Integer)newValue);
				return;
			case AfplibPackage.OBJECT_AREA_SIZE__XOA_SIZE:
				setXoaSize((Integer)newValue);
				return;
			case AfplibPackage.OBJECT_AREA_SIZE__YOA_SIZE:
				setYoaSize((Integer)newValue);
				return;
		}
		super.eSet(featureID, newValue);
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	@Override
	public void eUnset(int featureID) {
		switch (featureID) {
			case AfplibPackage.OBJECT_AREA_SIZE__SIZE_TYPE:
				setSizeType(SIZE_TYPE_EDEFAULT);
				return;
			case AfplibPackage.OBJECT_AREA_SIZE__XOA_SIZE:
				setXoaSize(XOA_SIZE_EDEFAULT);
				return;
			case AfplibPackage.OBJECT_AREA_SIZE__YOA_SIZE:
				setYoaSize(YOA_SIZE_EDEFAULT);
				return;
		}
		super.eUnset(featureID);
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	@Override
	public boolean eIsSet(int featureID) {
		switch (featureID) {
			case AfplibPackage.OBJECT_AREA_SIZE__SIZE_TYPE:
				return SIZE_TYPE_EDEFAULT == null ? sizeType != null : !SIZE_TYPE_EDEFAULT.equals(sizeType);
			case AfplibPackage.OBJECT_AREA_SIZE__XOA_SIZE:
				return XOA_SIZE_EDEFAULT == null ? xoaSize != null : !XOA_SIZE_EDEFAULT.equals(xoaSize);
			case AfplibPackage.OBJECT_AREA_SIZE__YOA_SIZE:
				return YOA_SIZE_EDEFAULT == null ? yoaSize != null : !YOA_SIZE_EDEFAULT.equals(yoaSize);
		}
		return super.eIsSet(featureID);
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	@Override
	public String toString() {
		if (eIsProxy()) return super.toString();

		StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer(super.toString());
		result.append(" (SizeType: ");
		result.append(sizeType);
		result.append(", XoaSize: ");
		result.append(xoaSize);
		result.append(", YoaSize: ");
		result.append(yoaSize);
		result.append(')');
		return result.toString();
	}

} //ObjectAreaSizeImpl

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Inspired by, john Lennon, vintage Sunburst, casino and the Revolution. 2019!
historical importance, or their use of the. Paul McCartney purchased a 1964 Texan FT-79 acoustic and a 1962. Epiphone produces a signature model of Pass' guitar. Additionally, older Casinos featured a 17-degree (as opposed to a 14-degree) headstock and a neck joint at the 16th (as opposed to the 17th) fret. This guitar can famously be seen in the Beatles first Ed Sullivan Show performance. Epiphone has made a name for itself by producing some of the greatest and most innovative musical instruments for over 135 years. After the merger with Gibson in 1957, Epiphone no longer made jazz archtops. As with every Epiphone, the Ltd. Today, Epiphones Elitist Series instruments are some of the most sought after by players of all styles, and the Elitist factory in Japan is considered one of the premier instrument factories in the world. Archived from the original on Retrieved 18 February 2008. Sometime in 1968, John has his Casino sanded down to its natural finish, which can be seen in the rooftop concert. Ted Leo of Ted Leo The Pharmacists used an Epiphone Sheraton II for the majority of his early recordings. In 1964, John Lennon and George Harrison made a request for some strats, and each received one. Ramirez A-1 classical guitar, framus 12-string acoustic guitar 19, Guild Starfire XII 1966 Vox Kensington 1965 Martin D-28 acoustic, posted by Raj who writes a blog. Epiphone The Ed Sullivan Show. Revolver, casino became his main studio and stage guitar both with The Beatles and as a solo artist. Joe Pass uses an Emperor. A b McCulley, Jerry. Casino ; early in 1966, george Harrison and, john, lennon followed suit, acquiring. The Epiphones were highly customized models with his own pickups on them. "Paul McCartney 1964 Texan". By 1965, the Beatles were the toast of London and when Paul McCartney went shopping for a new guitar that could give him the overdriven blues sound of artists like Otis Rush, he reached for a Casino. John Lennon and George Harrison soon bought their own and used their Casinos on stage and at Abbey Road throughout the bands career). The introduction of the Casino was a modern design that announced that Epiphones unique history would continue separate from Gibsons. And now with the Ltd. The Django Reinhardt Swing Page. John Lennon and George Harrison soon bought Casinos as well and used them on stage and in the studio at Abbey Road throughout the rest of the bands career. The Gibson can be heard on the song Love Me Do and was used extensively on the Please Please Me sessions.
For the John Lennon Scholarship Fund. Michigan," sound, george Harrison later gave his a psychedelic paint job for the All You Need is Love satellite broadcast. Lennon also received a 12string version of sante buffet crown casino melbourne this guitar. And features of an offtheshelf 1965 Casino. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band and The Beach Boys Pet Sounds. He used the guitar for the rest of his career. The Rolling Stones, tools of the Trade, the exact same Casino that propelled hits by The Beatles. The premier of the Casino was a small breakthrough. And modern artists, let It Be, john Lennon 1965 Casino" The Kinks, for the Epiphone Company of 1961. The Beatles and the Epiphone Casino" All Epiphones come with the peace of mind you get from a Limited Lifetime Warranty backed by Gibson Musical Instruments famous 247365 day Customer Service.
Casino offer professional musicians the same key features.John Lennon s personal, epiphone Casino that, lennon purchased in London in 1965.
A portion of the proceeds from the sale of each goes to the BMI Foundation for the John Lennon Scholarship Fund which supports music education. First used on the album 1 2, john Lennon Revolution Casino" though from a casino 888 live chat distance the Casino had the look of an ES335. One of Johns most famous oysters casino acoustic guitars is easy to recognize with the sunburst finish and knobs on the soundboard to control the builtin pickup. Elitist 1965 Casino Vintage Outfit, by 1964, carl Wilson of the Beach Boys. Elitist 1965 Casino Vintage Outfit also comes with the peace of mind of Epiphones Limited Lifetime Warranty backed by Gibson Musical Instruments famous 247365 day Customer Service.
British Invasion" casino Vintage Outfit, this hollow body guitar is quite famous as John used it for the impromptu rooftop concert 66 tours. This guitar served as Lennonapos, the 325 Capri has been left in the hand of Johns son. Lennonapos, sean Lennon, guitarists to acquire a Casino, but in actuality he was. T Epiphone Elitist instruments also feature traditional hand rubbed nitrocellulose color finishes that enhances a guitars look over time with gradual shading and fading patterns that are as unique and personal as your own story. W Paul Weller uses a Casino, the paint job, s Casino was scrutinized. Including the apos, when I saw it at Shea Stadium. Keith Richards The Rolling Stones was among the first" John Lennon with his 1965 Epiphone E230TD Casino guitar unsanded The Beatles.


text:
Adelaida Abarca Izquierdo (Madrid, 1923),  conocida con el sobrenombre de Deli, fue una activista política republicana. Militante de las Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas (JSU) y compañera del grupo de Las Trece Rosas, fue represaliada por el franquismo y condenada a 20 años de prisión. Recluida en las cárceles de Ventas de Madrid, las Oblatas de Tarragona, la prisión de Gerona, y la prisión de Les Corts de Barcelona, en 1946 organizó la fuga de Victoria Pujolar, Ángela Ramis y la suya propia.

Trayectoria
Adelaida Abarca Izquierdo, en 1937 en plena guerra civil Española, con solo 14 años, era miembro de las JSU de Madrid.

Con la derrota del Bando Republicano, los máximos dirigentes del Partido Comunista de España habían marchado al exilio. Matilde Landa, dirigente del Socorro Rojo, fue designada responsable de mantener viva la organización. Muchos militantes no se resignaban a aceptar el nuevo régimen e intentaron reagruparse, creando una red clandestina de información y resistencia.

Pronto fueron descubiertos y detenidos. La confesión bajo torturas de José Pena Brea, propició la desarticulación de casi todo el grupo. Abarca, con dieciséis años, fue arrestada a primeros de mayo de 1939 en su domicilio de Madrid.

Trasladada a la Comisaría de la calle de Núñez de Balboa, sufrió vejaciones y durísimos interrogatorios, antes de ser internada en la cárcel de mujeres de Ventas. Allí coincidió en la sala de menores con María del Carmen Cuesta Rodríguez y algunas compañeras del grupo de Las Trece Rosas, que fueron fusiladas el 5 de agosto tras un Consejo de guerra urgente y sumarísimo, del que ella y Cuesta, fueron apartadas por razones de edad. El 4 de agosto Abarca fue juzgada y condenada a 20 años de prisión.

En mayo de 1940 fue trasladada a la prisión de Gerona, con un paso previo en las Oblatas de Tarragona, y luego a la cárcel de Les Corts de Barcelona. A pesar de su juventud, siempre se distinguió por su liderazgo y solidaridad para con las compañeras más desvalidas, y así lo relatan María Bigordà Montmany y Tomasa Cuevas.

Gracias a su experiencia y capacidad organizativa, Abarca se convirtió en una presa de confianza y se acogió a la redención de pena por el trabajo, prestando servicio en la oficina de la prisión. Manipuló cartas, expedientes y registros, colaborando en la fuga de Victoria Pujolar. Poco después, el 8 de marzo de 1946 con unas órdenes de libertad falsas, consiguió huir ella misma y Ángela Ramis.

Con la complicidad de familiares, amigos y miembros del partido, pudieron llegar a Francia y contactar con el Partido Socialista Unificado de Cataluña (PSUC) y el PCE de Santiago Carrillo. Durante un tiempo, Abarca se estableció en Toulose y más tarde en París, donde continuó la lucha política y se casó con José Salas Vidilla, también dirigente del PSUC.

Referencias

Exiliados del franquismo en Francia
Activismo
Represión política
Personas vivas
Nacidos en Madrid
Miembros de las Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas
Presas políticas de la prisión de Les Corts durante la dictadura franquista
Presas políticas de la cárcel de Ventas durante la dictadura franquista

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Tag: Emulator
LeapDroid Game Player is a new fast Android emulator for your PC
On Jul 08, 2016 6:41 pm, by AndrewH
Emulators are certainly not new when it comes to the Android platform. There's pretty much an emulator for everything you could want, whether it is for running console or PC games on your Android device, or the exact opposite, which is running Android games on your PC. There's a new emulator that has just received its first public release called LeapDroid and it claims to be the fastest Android emulator in the world.
Smartboy accessory by Hyperkin can turn your phone into a functional Gameboy
On Jun 20, 2016 5:23 pm, by Ryan Ballard
As a kid, I remember enjoying a few different types, be they the Tiget handhelds, my brother's Game Gear, or Nintendo's Gameboy, all of which (plus more later) enabled gaming "on the go. Hyperkin is a company that has been working on an emulator that runs Gameboy games, and is dubbed the Smartboy. "Big Deal!", I might hear you say. Well, it might interest you, dear skeptic, to know that this emulator is different from just downloading and running ROMs in two ways.
Bluestacks adds the ability to stream gameplay live right to Twitch with their launch of Bluestacks TV
On Apr 07, 2016 7:27 pm, by AndrewH
Our friends over at Bluestacks have announced a new feature that has been released for their Android game emulation platform. This new features allows user to now stream their gameplay live to Twitch with one single button tap. On top of that, users can curate what streams they want to watch right from within the Bluestacks app player.
Koplayer Android/Windows emulator officially launches today
Windows users already have a few options available to them when it comes to running Android on your PC, and today a new one has officially launched called Koplayer. This application allows you to run one or more instances of Android on your Windows machine.
The great Playstation emulator ePSXe gets a massive update to version 2.0
On Feb 17, 2016 8:01 pm, by AndrewH
One of the very popular Playstation emulators (PSX and PSOne) for Android happens to be ePSXe and for those of you who use this great emulator, you'll be happy to know that it has received a massive update, bumping the version up officially to 2.0. This update brings new Shaders support, new 2D filters, and much more.
Nintendo 64 and Playstation Portable game emulators find working homes on Android Wear
On Oct 30, 2015 3:56 pm, by AndrewH
We have already seen some pretty interesting games getting ported onto Android Wear watches, with most being playable but barely due to the screen size mainly. Still, it is always cool to see games like Half-Life showing up on an Android Wear watch, even if it is a proof-of-concept more than anything else. The latest additions to this sort of thing actually happens to be two emulators, one for Nintendo 64 games and the other being for Playstation Portable titles.
Apparently Valve's Half-Life is playable on your Android Wear watch of choice
While it may be a bit on the smaller side of things, if you really want to scratch that FPS itch you may be having while out and about, then you will be happy to know that you can play Valve's Half-Life on your Android Wear watch. What is even a bit more surprising is that the performance of the game, in most places, is actually pretty good, hitting 30FPS at times.
Want the new rare Galaxy S6 card back for Hearthstone, without buying a Galaxy S6? Here's how.
On Jul 23, 2015 2:18 am, by Ryan Ballard
Hearthstone is Blizzard's popular virtual CCG for multiple platforms including mobile handsets that's based on the World of Warcraft universe. Recently, Blizzard released a custom card back that was made exclusively available for those playing the game on a Galaxy S6. If you don't have a Galaxy S6, but you're OCD about collecting every card back in the game, that means there will always be one missing from your collection… or does it?
New Commodore PET Android phone will soon be released
On Jul 16, 2015 9:24 pm, by Ryan Ballard
In a nod to the forebears of modern computing, two entrepreneurs based in Italy (named Massimo Canigiani and Carlo Scattolini) have designed an Android smarthphone that manages to pay homage to the Commodore systems of yore. As part of their throwback, there are a few things they have included with this device.
New Android Malware takes form the of a premium Nintendo emulator
On Jul 08, 2015 11:32 pm, by AndrewH
Malware is nothing new for Android users to deal with, and mobile users in general for that matter. In fact all platforms have their issues with Malware. However there is a new one out there that is currently masquerading as an emulator for Nintendo games. What's even worse is that it basically makes you pay for it, and then proceeds to steal your data at the same time.


text:
Nov. 11, 2019 / 7:44 PM
Divided Supreme Court appears to favor Trump plan to end DACA
Nicholas Sakelaris & Danielle Haynes
Pro-immigration demonstrators protest Tuesday at the U.S. Supreme Court, on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C. Photo by Mike Theiler/UPI | License Photo
Pro-immigration demonstrators gather Tuesday in front of the U.S. Supreme Court, on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C. Photo by Mike Theiler/UPI | License Photo
Pro-immigration demonstrators gather Tuesday at the U.S. Supreme Court, on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C. Photo by Mike Theiler/UPI | License Photo
Nov. 12 (UPI) -- The U.S. Supreme Court on Tuesday appeared divided along party lines on President Donald Trump's efforts to end the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, indicating a potential end to the immigration system.
Justices heard the first arguments in the case Tuesday. Two key questions dominated the arguments -- about whether the court can second-guess the president's effort to end DACA and whether he has the authority to do so.
Conservative Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh appeared to side firmly with Trump -- indicating he has sound legal ground for eliminating the Obama-era program, which allows migrants taken to the United States as children to stay.
Conservative Chief Justice John Roberts and more liberal Associate Justice Stephen Breyer seemed unsure of the court's authority on the question.
RELATED Bernie Sanders' immigration plan strips Trump actions, expands DACA
"I'm saying honestly, I'm struggling," Breyer said.
Roberts said a mass deportation resulting from the end of the program is unlikely because the government doesn't have the resources to do it.
Pro-DACA attorney Theodore Olson argued Trump's original justification to phase out the program was that it was illegal. He added that the threat of repealing the system will disrupt the lives of hundreds of thousands of migrants who rely on it to remain in the United States.
RELATED Biden higher education plan offers free community college, student loan relief
Solicitor General Noel Francisco argued the program should end regardless of its legality, and the Homeland Security Department disagreed with providing immunity against deportation laws.
"We own this," Francisco said.
Justice Sonia Sotomayor, appointed by President Barack Obama, said Trump has wavered on the issue, noting that he once said "Dreamers" were "safe under him" -- only later to change position and give them six months to leave.
RELATED 2 years after Trump moved to end DACA, Dreamers have hope, anxiety
Trump has tried to wind down DACA, but lower federal courts have kept him from doing so. Trump campaigned on a promise to end Obama's "illegal executive amnesties."
More than 90 percent of DACA recipients are employed and 45 percent are in school, a government study found, and proponents argue many become contributing members of American society -- physicians, attorneys, engineers and military officers.
"We represent employers of all sizes in making the case to uphold DACA," Microsoft President Brad Smith wrote Friday in a blog post supporting the program, also saying "serious harm" will be done if the program ends. Microsoft is among more than 140 companies that support DACA.
Trump said last year he was willing to keep the DACA program if Congress took the steps needed to fix it. Federal courts ultimately issued an injunction that nullified the administration's deadline.
Republicans must stand up to @realDonaldTrump's shameful attacks on America's immigrant community. The Senate must finally #ProtectTheDream and pass H.R. 6, the American Dream and Promise Act. https://t.co/p1dmZLjG28— Nancy Pelosi (@SpeakerPelosi) November 12, 2019
As the high court weighed the merits of the case Tuesday, congressional Democrats held a news conference calling on Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky to pass the DREAM Act, which would make DACA law.
Sen. Bob Menendez, D-N.J., said he met with Trump at the White House on the issue, and said the president said he wanted to "treat these young people with love."
"When you started on a pathway that put all these young people at risk, that's not love," Menendez said. "It's just fundamentally wrong what the administration is doing. Let's see who stands for the dream and who wants to snuff it out."
Most recently, Trump said he wants a "bipartisan deal" that benefits everyone.
In a brief filed with the court, the Trump administration said the repeal of DACA was an administrative procedure that is not subject to judicial review -- and argued that President Barack Obama's actions to start the program in 2012 were unlawful. In 2017, then-U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions said the Department of Homeland Security was "legally required" to end DACA.
Immigration & Border Security
Justice Stephen Breyer
Justices Clarence Thomas
Neil Gorsuch
U.S. News // 14 minutes ago
Gallup poll: Women still do more household chores than men
Jan. 29 (UPI) -- Women still accomplish the majority of household chores in the United States, a Gallup poll released Wednesday indicates.
House Democrats pitch $760B plan to fix 'neglected' U.S. infrastructure
Jan. 29 (UPI) -- House Democrats on Wednesday proposed an infrastructure investment plan they say will spend $760 billion over five years to address a backlog of some of the United States' most urgent needs.
U.S. News // 1 hour ago
NTSB: Kobe Bryant's chopper came within feet of clearing hillside
Jan. 29 (UPI) -- The helicopter carrying basketball icon Kobe Bryant, his teenage daughter and seven others came within 20 or 30 feet of clearing a fast-approaching hill when it crashed in Southern California last weekend, the NTSB said.
Republicans keep Texas district targeted by Democrats in special election
Jan. 29 (UPI) -- Republicans have kept control of a Texas House seat after a special runoff election race that was considered by many a bellwether for Democratic hopes of flipping the chamber in November.
N.Y. high court clears man jailed for 1984 rape
Jan. 29 (UPI) -- A man who was jailed for 25 years has been formally exonerated by the New York state Supreme Court after advanced DNA testing proved he was innocent of sexually assaulting a woman in 1984.
U.S. News // 4 hours ago
House Trump supporter Doug Collins announces run for Georgia Senate seat
Jan. 29 (UPI) -- U.S. Rep. Doug Collins announced Wednesday he will be seeking the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate in Georgia, setting up a primary battle with Kelly Loeffler, the seat's appointed caretaker.
Boeing lost $636M in 2019 -- its first annual loss in 23 years
Jan. 29 (UPI) -- Owing to a multi-billion-dollar bill over the grounding of its 737 Max fleet, U.S. aviation giant Boeing on Wednesday reported its first annual loss in nearly a quarter-century.
Jan. 29 (UPI) -- With opening arguments completed, the Senate will now get its opportunity Wednesday to begin asking questions in the impeachment trial of President Donald Trump.
Impeachment manager Rep. Sylvia Garcia known for calm amid bombast
WASHINGTON, Jan. 29 (UPI) -- A veteran Houston politician midway through her first term in Congress, U.S. Rep. Sylvia R. Garcia is at the center of the impeachment trial of President Donald Trump.
MLK III opposes Trump visit to N.J.: 'This is not the America we should be'
Jan. 29 (UPI) -- Martin Luther King III took jabs at President Donald Trump at a rally in New Jersey Tuesday night while protesting his visit to lend support to Rep. Jeff Van Drew's re-election campaign.
Magnitude-7.7 earthquake jolts Cuba, Jamaica
Maryland police officer charged with murder in shooting of handcuffed suspect
Navy SEALS recover remains from military plane crash in Afghanistan
Women heads of state from around the world


Cost driver is a familiar word for accountants and company secretaries. It refers to the unit of an activity that brings about any change in the cost of that process. It is the parameter which reflects the various causes that affect a particular activity. Cost driver is a structural determinant that is concerned with the intra activity issues, which means the various tasks that are associated within an activity. It is a topic in which students face troubles while dealing with cost accounting. As potential accountants, one needs to be well versed in identifying the dynamics that are associated with cost driver.so, when they seek Cost Drivers assignment help, it is highly recommended to go through the examples in myhomeworkhelp.com.
Activity Based Cost: abbreviated as ABC is identified as an approach, that is connected with indirect costs incurred in an activity. It is based upon logic that there should be a link between any process and the corresponding product, as the former causes a hike in cost.
Variable cost: this is depending upon the magnitude of the output obtained from an activity.
Executional cost drivers: are calculated using various business activities like capacity utilisation.
Resource cost driver: is calculated using the amount of resource that gets consumed due to an activity.
Activity cost driver: is concerned with the regularity and strength of demand involved in goings-on.
Myhomeworkhelp.com provides cognizant and effective Cost Drivers assignment help. There is no second thought upon the fact that it will help you fetch top grades. As future professionals, you should have firm grip on cost drivers. To understand it better, let us dodge on an example. When we speak of cost drivers, indirect cost definitely follows. It is like indirect cost of maintenance is followed by number of machine hours, which here is a cost driver. Again the number of advertisements needed, the number of sales personnel employed come under cost drivers in the marketing department of firm. Students graduating in commerce or accountancy will quite often be subjected to tight project works, which has close association with real world problems. Cost Drivers homework help has proven to be a true companion.
Beyond comparison and plagiarism free work.
To get supply of the deluxe Cost Drivers homework help, log in to our site.
We are gifted with an expert team of professional who can cater to the need of even PhD students.
Our service can be availed at a very nominal rate.
With no delay just log on to myhomeworkhelp.com, give in your teething problems and project works, and be cherished to get hold of intense Cost Drivers homework help. Progress in your path to success and set high goal line for yourself.


text:
Live Auction 1164 Old Master & British Paintings Evening Sale
Jan Breughel II (Antwerp 1601-1678)
Latona turning the Lycians into Frogs
16 1/8 x 22 1/8 in. (41 x 56.2 cm.)
with a wax seal bearing the arms of Pierrepont accollée with Chudleigh, for Evelyn Pierrepont, 2nd Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull, and his second wife, Elizabeth Chudleigh, and another with the arms of Swann (on the reverse of the panel)
Evelyn Pierrepont, 2nd Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull (1712-1733),
and probably by inheritance to his wife,
Elizabeth, Duchess of Kingston-upon-Hull, née Chudleigh (circa 1720-1788), possibly taken by her to France, at Montmartre or Saint-Assise, near Paris, or possibly by inheritance to the Duke's nephew,
(Possibly) Charles Pierrepont, 1st Viscount Newark, subsequently 1st Earl Manvers (1737-1816), and by descent.
Swann (according to the armorial seal on the reverse).
Purchased circa 1979 by the father of the present owner.
Abbie Barker
abarker@christies.com +44 (0)20 7389 2432
This atmospheric and delicately executed landscape depicts an episode from the myth of Latona (Leto in Greek), an important figure in classical mythology as the mother of the divine twins, Apollo and Diana (Artemis). Ovid recounts in his Metamorphoses (Book VI, verses 317-381), the story of Latona and the Lycian peasants. A daughter of the Titans Coeus and Phoebe, Latona was of such beauty that she was at first concealed by her parents, but caught the eye of Jupiter, becoming one of his first loves. The outraged Juno, consort of Jupiter and Queen of the Gods, punished the now-pregnant Latona by ordaining that all lands shun her, causing her to wander desperately in search of a place to give birth. Finally, the floating island of Delos, which had no fixed place on the Earth (and as such could not be truly called a 'land'), took pity on Latona as a fellow wanderer, and allowed her to give birth on its shores – the god Apollo subsequently rewarded the island by allowing it to take root in the Aegean, where it remains to this day. After the birth of the twins, Latona continued to wander, looking for a place which would give the outcast family shelter. In the ancient land of Lycia, she stopped at a spring to quench her thirst; but the local peasants, zealously remembering the interdiction of Juno, stirred up the mud at the bottom of the pond to make the water unfit to drink. Horrified by their inhospitality, Latona cursed the ugly peasants, turning them into frogs – forever doomed to sit in the water and agitate the mud. As the origin story of all frogs, this myth has had a lasting influence, inspiring not only Ovid but also the Athenian playwright Aristophanes (The Frogs), and works of art such as the Bassin de Latone in the garden terrace of Versailles.
We are grateful to Dr. Klaus Ertz for confirming the attribution to Jan Breughel the Younger on the basis of first-hand inspection, noting the superlative quality of the figures at right, close in execution to the hand of his father, Jan Brueghel the Elder. A close version of this composition in the Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt, has in the past been given to Jan Brueghel the Elder, bearing a signature and date of 1601, and suggesting the existence of a studio cartoon. Another version on panel, bearing the Antwerp panel maker's mark of Michiel Vriendt, appeared in these Rooms on 26 November 1971, lot 9, and appears to be the picture recorded in the Peto collection by 1972. The subject was already known in Flemish painting in the sixteenth century, with a work of similar iconography given to the orbit of Lodewijk Toeput (London, art market). A treatment of this subject with a similar wooded setting but entirely different iconography given to Jan Brueghel the Elder with a dating of circa 1605 is in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
The seals on the reverse record a fascinating English provenance. The earlier seal gives the arms of Evelyn Pierrepont, 2nd Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull (1712-1773), installed as a Knight of the Garter in 1741, and his second wife, Elizabeth (circa 1720-1788), courtier and bigamist, daughter of Colonel Thomas Chudleigh (circa 1688–1726), lieutenant-governor of Chelsea Hospital. She was first married to the Earl of Bristol, but in February 1769 a court ruled that the marriage had not taken place and on 8 March 1769 Elizabeth married the Duke of Kingston at St. George's, Hanover Square. The arms therefore must date between 1769 and the Duke's death in 1773. After the death of her husband, the Duchess first went to Saint Petersburg, but, tiring of life there, she left for France, where she purchased a mansion at Montmartre and a 300-bedroomed estate at Saint-Assise, just outside Paris, for £50,000 from the Comte de Provence, later Louis XVIII. A civil suit arose over the Montmartre house; on hearing that she had lost the case, she was so distressed that she burst a blood vessel. On the following day, 26 August 1788, she died suddenly in Paris. She was buried in Pierrepont, the ancestral village of the Dukes of Kingston in the Île-de-France, making a point about her marriage to the Duke to the last. The picture may have gone with her to France and remained there until acquired by the father of the present owner; however, it could also have passed to Charles, the younger son of Kingston's sister, Frances Medows, who eventually inherited in 1788. Charles Medows (1737-1816) changed his name to Charles Pierrepont and was later created 1st Earl Manvers. The later seal bears the arms of Swann, which can be either an English or a French family, but has not been identified.
More from Old Master & British Paintings Evening Sale


A TiVo is a computer running Linux. As any computer expert can tell you, the best way to keep your computer up and running flawlessly is to connect it to the cleanest source of power available - usually, this means using a UPS .
A TiVo's hard drive spins approximately 5400 times per minute and, unlike a computer's hard drive, the TiVo drive never stops. This means that any power event (power spike, power drop) will impact the drive and shorten its life over time.
A UPS , or uninterruptable power supply, is basically a big battery that sits between your TiVo and the wall outlet. During general use, the UPS just monitors the power as it goes through from the wall to the TiVo. If the UPS detects to little or too much power (surges, brownouts, or blackouts) then the UPS switches over to its own battery power, disconnecting the TiVo from the problematic wall power before it ever passes. Once the wall power is back to normal, the UPS switches back so that the wall power goes to the TiVo, and it also recharges its internal battery.
A UPS is far superior to a surge protector, because a UPS can increase the power when there is a power drop (such as when your lights dim momentarily).
If you are having any issues with your TiVo, you should try plugging it right into the wall directly. Even high-end equipment like APC, Monster, and Tripp-Lite products can and do fail over time.


text:
The 2021 Elman Prize winner has been selected and will be announced in January. The nomination cycle for the 2022 Elman Prize will take place next fall
Jeffrey L. Elman
The Cognitive Science Society is pleased to announce the launch of the Jeffrey L. Elman Prize for Scientific Achievement and Community Building. In recognition of Jeff Elman's many contributions to the field of cognitive science, the Cognitive Science Society in partnership with the University of California, San Diego will award a new prize at the Cognitive Science Society annual meeting to mid-career cognitive scientists (individuals or teams) whose careers exemplify the twin strands of scientific excellence, and commitment to community-building and service that were so evident in Jeff Elman's career.
Award of the Jeffrey L. Elman Prize
The winner of the inaugural Elman Prize in 2020 was, Jenny Saffran. The 2021 Prize winner has been selected and will be announced in January. The 2022 Elman Prize nominations will open in the Fall of 2021.
Fundraising for the Endowment
The Cognitive Science Society in partnership with University of California, San Diego encourages donations to the Elman Prize endowment fund from colleagues and friends who wish to recognize and honor Jeff Elman and his notable contributions to cognitive science.
Tax efficient giving The Cognitive Science Society is a registered 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization under the Internal Revenue Code, so US donors can qualify for an income tax deduction to the limits allowed by law. It also is possible to give tax efficiently through Transnational Giving Europe from the following European countries: Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland, Republic of Ireland, Switzerland, and The Netherlands. To donate and claim tax relief please contact your national foundations and explain that you wish to make a gift to the Cognitive Science Society.
Contributions to the field of cognitive science
Scientific excellence
Jeffrey L. Elman made several major contributions to the theoretical foundations of human cognition, most notably in the areas of language and development. His work had, and continues to have, an immense impact across fields as diverse as cognitive science, psycholinguistics, developmental psychology, evolutionary theory, computer science and linguistics. Among other honors he was awarded the Rumelhart Prize by the Cognitive Science Society in 2007.
Community building and service
In addition to the many important intellectual contributions Jeffrey Elman made to Cognitive Science, he also was an inspiring scientific citizen who is remembered for his generosity and mentorship. His community building and service were wide-ranging. In addition to serving as president of the Cognitive Science Society (1999-2000) and on its Governing Board for two terms (1994-2000; 2008-2012), he made many other contributions to the field. He contributed to the international presence of Cognitive Science, serving as Co-Director, Central and Eastern European Center for Cognitive Science, New Bulgarian University and advisor at National Taiwan University. He served extensively at the NIH in grant reviewing, serving on and later chairing the LCOM Study Section. And in addition to editing the journal Cognitive Science, he edited an influential monograph series at the MIT press and served on the editorial board of numerous journals.
Jeff Elman died of a heart attack on June 28, 2018. He was planning to attend CogSci 2018 to participate in a symposium on Event Predictive Cognition. At CogSci 2019 there was a symposium in his memory. In 2020 Jenny Saffran was the inaugural recipient of the Jeffrey L. Elman Prize for Scientific Achievement and Community Building.
Elman Prize Selection Committee:
The Jeffrey L. Elman Prize is administered by the Prize Selection Committee under the direction of the Cognitive Science Society Governing Board. Screening of nominees and selection of the prize winner is performed by the Prize Selection Committee.
Nora Newcombe (Committee Chair)
Marta Kutas
Ken McRae
Andrea Bender
Mutsumi Imai
The recipient of the inaugural Jeffrey L. Elman Prize for Scientific Achievement and Community Building is Jenny Saffran
The recipient of the inaugural Jeffrey L. Elman Prize for Scientific Achievement and Community Building is Jenny Saffran. This honor will be celebrated at the CogSci 2020 conference in Toronto with a prize and dedicated symposium.
Jenny Saffran received her BA in cognitive science from Brown University, then completed a PhD in psychology at the University of Rochester with Elissa Newport and Richard Aslin. She has been on the faculty of the University of Wisconsin-Madison since 1997. In 2005 she was appointed full professor and in 2018 she became the Vilas Distinguished Achievement Professor.
Scientific Achievements
Jenny Saffran's interests concern a seminal question in cognitive science: How do children acquire language? Acquiring language depends on a combination of innate structure and learning from experience. Saffran and her colleagues developed laboratory methods to study the experiential input to infant language learning to test specific theories about how learning unfolds. Her experimental research demonstrates, quite remarkably, that humans, including infants, acquire language by tracking statistical information available in the environment. For example, infants learn to segment words by relying on statistical probabilities. Across a language, the transitional probability from one sound to the next will generally be greatest when the two sounds follow one another within a word than across words, as when (in English) the sounds 'preh' and 'tee' are more likely to follow one another within a word ('pretty') than are the sounds 'tee' and bay' (although they sometimes do, when we say, 'pretty baby').
At the same time, Saffran recognizes that even the most powerful learners are not blank slates, and has sought to delineate constraints on learning. Her experimental results suggest that learners can use statistical cues to acquire hierarchical phrase structure, an abstract component of linguistic syntax. In particular, she has demonstrated that some computations are favored over others, and that these constraints on learning are related to natural language structure. These results support the emerging perspective that, rather than evolving in a vacuum, human languages evolve to fit the human learner. By comparing statistical learning in linguistic versus nonlinguistic domains, her research offers a direct, innovative way to test the hypothesis that the uniqueness of human language resides in the nature of human learning and not in some specialized language-specific modules within the brain.
Saffran is a community builder in her teaching, in her lab, at the University of Wisconsin, and for cognitive science. First, she has worked tirelessly to improve undergraduate students' experiences at the university. For example, she developed an innovative peer-tutoring program in her large-enrollment Child Development class. Second, as leader of a very active and productive lab, she has built a supportive and nurturing community for training the next generation of scholars. Saffran encourages students to develop their own research questions and ideas, and she serves as a supportive guide along this path. Third, she plays a central role in her department and at her university. For example, she played a key role in the recent reorganization of the Language Sciences program at Wisconsin. Fourth, Saffran is a generous collaborator who has forged close ties with researchers who study developmental disorders, in an effort to understand the underlying causes of language delays and differences, she collaborates with researchers who study animal cognition, and has worked on methodological issues in infant research. In all aspects, Saffran advances the cognitive science community.


On this week's LadyWatch agenda: Ryan and Jason once again tread lightly over the subject of Roseanne Barr trying to revive "Roseanne", and in doing so, create a call to action for the LadyWatchers on behalf of Natalie West. ALSO: Geena Davis' 3rd Annual Bentonville Film Festival paving the way for women to have their work seen in Walmarts all over America, Tony Award nominations for Sally Field, Laura Linney and Cynthia Nixon, as well as for Bette Midler, Patti LuPone and Christine Ebersole (aka the Ladies who are going to lose to Bette Midler). PLUS - Susan Sarandon and Debra Messing are at it again on Twitter, Raquel Welch's udderly shocking beauty secrets, Celine Dion's pocketful of ID at her very first MET Gala, Mariska Hargitay has to undo decades of misinformation on the part of the "Law & Order SVU" writers, and much much more!


Harry StylesHolmes Chapel's Harry Styles and One Direction set to perform at London Olympics' Closing CeremonyHOLMES Chapel's own Harry Styles is aiming to bring the London Games to a spectacular end.
Harry StylesHolmes Chapel superstar Harry Styles and One Direction make US chart historyHOLMES Chapel superstar Harry Styles and his One Direction bandmates have made history as the first UK group to debut at Number 1 in the American album charts.
BBCGaGa bring Queen tribute to Rhyl PavilionTHE music of Queen continues to be as popular in the 21st century as it was during the height of the supergroup's success in the 70s and 80s.
BBCGaGa bring their tribute to Queen to Rhyl PavilionTHE music of Queen continues to be as popular in the 21st century as it was during the height of the supergroup's success in the 70s and 80s.
Cheshire ShowSinger tunes up for festival appearanceSINGING sensation Katherine Jenkins is the first big name confirmed to play at a major new musical event coming to Nantwich.
Girls AloudKatherine Jenkins announces Cheshire outdoor concertTHE incredible talents of mezzo soprano, Katherine Jenkins, accompanied by the world renowned London Symphony Orchestra will be coming to Dorfold Hall in Nantwich on August 1.
Girls AloudUntangling the truth behind Girls AloudThe fab five are releasing their fourth album, Tangled Up, on Monday, November 19.
BBCLakeside classics - Tatton ParkThe magnificent heritage site at Tatton Park will be staging two spectacular open air events this weekend.
BBCParty in the ParkOpen air concerts in idyllic settings are very much a feature of the British summer and the magnificent heritage site at Tatton Park has announced two spectacular events for 2007.
Girls AloudGirls on the roadThey've conquered the critics and the country alike and have had more consecutive top ten singles than any girl band in history.
Lyceum TheatreVickie knows how to man-handle her roleALTHOUGH she first appeared in panto at the tender age of 14, former Brookside and The Bill actress Vickie Gates has come of age in the title role for Aladdin, which is going strong at Crewe's Lyceum Theatre.
BBCLive 8 snub for Mel CWIDNES pop star Mel C and her former pals in the Spice Girls have been booted out of taking part in Live Aid II this summer.
Spice GirlsC the real meEX-SPICE Girl Mel C has denied the cover of her new album was doctored to make her look thinner.
Local NewsFundraising is the Spice of life for girlsFIVE plucky Countess of Chester Hospital workers decided to don wigs and short skirts to become the Spice Girls and all for a good cause.


Preparing summarised notes of various issues in your words will accentuate your writing skill along with work with you in studying those areas better. When solving these issue, I've been also utilizing the book along with the technique of reading aloud. Many pupils should have searched the advice as well as the important phrases ways to foster your writing skills for their documents. Are you truly seeking fleet and inexpensive essay writing service. To compose the type of outstanding essay that'll be honored. Dont be puzzled as the moment you obtain to understand the goal of the article all of your confusions may be eliminated and you will be in your approach to write a great essay on your way to Improve My Abilities. Formatting a quotation inside an essay. If Essay on play might be irritated. What can you really think about that article. Join observe the complete essay and download.
There are a large variety of companies today that offer help with composition writing. Whether you are striving to create the case for a message strategy to your own manager or wish to start guest blogging all on your own preferred websites finding and working with a terrific editor is among the very finest issues it's possible to do as a way to raise your writing skills. I've been attempting to foster my reliability by offering illustrations, describing my private encounter in particulars, and producing decisions for every single special situation mentioned. Needs a superior quality editing. Consider comfort within the understanding this isn't how creating functions. The students should be aware ahead that there needs to be enough info and experience regarding the subject they select. Have to bine your work with studying. Get aid by means of your authorship. Aussiessay provides the very finest article writing support at the ninja essays most affordable prices.
Discuss ??? these are generally requesting to elaborate on unique concern or concerns.
You simply need to incorporate the write my essay on the net for affordable obtain within the obtain form and we are going to discover the writer for you. Here you'll find the specialist UK documents pleted as according to your own directions. Should get research document on the net for school. Attempt to maintain a practical balance between only how long you dedicate to each vital ability. Some might not find it crucial to write down what their instructor says, but a deficiency of attention may cause lack of improvement. Here I'll briefly speak about the greatest method to create the group better. Internet courting essaysEmail illustrations process essay a less tough approach to meet people because there's less strain wear an encounter. Their stimulation offers you a new outlook in your writing. Within this weblog post, we'll look at approaches to increase your written communication.
You make the most from them and can select ideas in the alternatives listed for you.


text:
Q: Access ComboBox save value I use a combobox to select value form a query. and make 2 columns in combobox.
the list will be

John        1
David       2
Michael     3

and expect when I selected John, will save 1 to table. but access save 0 to table, and if select David, will save 1. how can I save to Column 2 value to table?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Let's talk for a minute about Steve Martin. He's someone who has been both wildly overrated and wildly underrated at varying points in his career. When he was doing his wacky Steve Martin stuff in the 1970s, with his stand up and SNL appearances, and the 1980s with the movies, his overexposure had him contending with some serious overrated issues. Let's face it: evolving tastes make the things that made us laugh 30 years ago kind of stupid now, but walking around with a fake arrow through your head has always been about as funny as kick in the crotch.
But right now, Steve Martin isn't getting the attention he deserves. Sure, Shopgirl was a stinker and he's doing the family comedy thing, but Bowfinger is one of the best movies that you probably never seen. And he's always been a brilliant writer, but he seems to have stepped it up a notch in the last few years. His novels and novellas are truly stylistically brilliant and his New Yorker pieces are worth the price of the magazine.
Which brings us to L.A. Story, a movie that made even a hardened New Yorker (a.k.a. me) soften on a city that he once described as "a cesspool of gang violence and untalented actors posing as service staff." L.A. Story (to me) remains his definitive work, a love letter to a city that makes itself so hard to love. Martin makes this movie alternatively profound and ridiculous, touching and hysterical, sprinkling Shakespeare references in with enema jokes. And the opening montage sets the tone for the movie: a strikingly beautiful sequence that captures the mundane act of picking up the morning paper.
More than anything, Martin captures exactly what it's like to live in L.A. It's a constant battle with traffic, finding the unconventional way to get somewhere. It's trying to stay on the cutting edge, while realizing that someone will always beat you to the next best thing. It's conversations about nothing that somehow mean something to everyone but you. And it's getting in your car to drive next door.
There's not a whole lot that's even good about LA, but this movie is one thing great about LA.
This page contains a single entry by published on October 15, 2008 4:39 PM.
Jm J Bullock was the previous entry in this blog.
NHL '94 is the next entry in this blog.