text:
\section{Introduction}
Since the pioneering work of Randall and Sundrum \cite{RS1,RS2},
brane world models have been studied intensively.  In the simplest
setup, which provides a potential solution of the hierarchy
problem, two branes of tension $T_i$ ($i=\pm$) are embedded in a
5D bulk AdS spacetime with negative cosmological constant
$\Lambda$. The action for the system is
\begin{equation}
S_{{\rm RS}} = \frac{1}{2 \kappa_5^2}\int d^5x \sqrt{-g_5} [ - 2
\Lambda + {\mathcal R} ] + \sum_{i=\pm} \frac{1}{\kappa^2_5}
\int_i d^4x \sqrt{-\bar{g}^i} (-T_i + 2 K_i) \label{RSaction}
\end{equation}
where ${\mathcal R}$ is the Ricci scalar, $\kappa_5^2$ the
gravitational constant, and $\bar{g}^i_{\mu \nu}$ denotes the
induced metric on the $i$th brane. We have also included the
Gibbons-Hawking boundary term for outgoing normal vectors. The
AdS$_5$ warped solution with 4D Poincar\'e invariance and $Z_2$
symmetry about each brane, located at constant $z$, is
\begin{equation}
\label{RSmetric} ds^2 = e^{-2 k z} \eta_{\mu\nu} dx^{\mu} dx^{\nu}
+ dz^2,
\end{equation}
requiring the well known fine-tunings
\begin{eqnarray}
\Lambda &=& -6k^2 \qquad  \qquad \;(<0)
\nonumber \\
T_+ &=& - \, T_- \; \; = \; \; 6k \; \; \;  (>0) .
\end{eqnarray}

In general, when matter is added to the branes, the physics of the
RS model cannot be derived from a 4D action since the brane is not
decoupled from the bulk, and hence the system of brane equations
is not closed \cite{Shiromizu-MS}. At {\it low energies} $E \ll
|T_i|$, the situation is different and the 4D low energy effective
action corresponding to (\ref{RSaction}) has been thoroughly
studied. In this limit, the degrees of freedom are the two brane
positions and the 4D graviton zero mode \cite{Garriga,CGR}. In the
Einstein frame, one of the two moduli, the dilaton, decouples
leaving only one physical modulus, the radion. As stressed in
\cite{nonlinear}, the resulting effective action is
non-perturbative and hence can describe the physics of strong
gravity systems such as black-holes on the brane \cite{Toby}.

Our aim is to derive a similar 4D low energy effective action when
Gauss-Bonnet (GB) gravity rather than Einstein gravity acts in the
bulk. This particular higher derivative combination is the only
one which gives equations of motion depending on the metric and
its first two derivatives: \begin{eqnarray} S_{{\rm GB}} &=& \frac{1}{2
\kappa_5^2}\int d^5x \sqrt{-g_5} \left[- 2 \Lambda + {\mathcal R}
+ \alpha ( {\mathcal R}^2 -4 {\mathcal R}_{ab} {\mathcal
R}^{ab}+{\mathcal R}_{abcd} {\mathcal R}^{abcd}) \right]
 \nonumber \\
&& + \sum_{i=\pm} \frac{1}{\kappa^2_5} \int_i d^4x
\sqrt{-\bar{g}^i} (-T_i + 2{\mathcal L}_{\rm boundary}^i),
\label{GBaction} \end{eqnarray} where the boundary term are given in
\cite{scal6}. The coupling constant $\alpha$ has mass dimension
$-2$, and when interpreted as the string slope in a derivative
expansion, $\alpha > 0$.  Action (\ref{GBaction}) has a solution
of the same form as (\ref{RSmetric}), but now with
corrections\footnote{Note that due to an improper brane delta
function regularization, the corresponding relations given in
\cite{GB1,GB2} have an incorrect coefficient.} linear in $\alpha$
\cite{stat}
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{et la bete} \Lambda &=& -6k^2(1-2\alpha k^2)
\nonumber \\
T_+ &=& - \, T_- \; = \; 6k \left(1-\frac{4}{3}\alpha k^2 \right).
\end{eqnarray}

Static brane worlds with Gauss-Bonnet gravity have been
intensively studied \cite{stat} while time dependent solutions
have also been considered in \cite{GB1,cosm,cosm15}.  The addition
of a bulk scalar field has been  investigated in
\cite{scal6,scal9,scal}.  However, the effective brane gravity in
a system consisting of \emph{two} Minkowski branes and
Gauss-Bonnet gravity in the bulk has not yet been studied: it is
the aim of this paper.

As opposed to (\ref{RSaction}), the action (\ref{GBaction}) is not
a suitable starting point to derive a low energy effective action
when GB gravity acts in the bulk. One reason is that in contrast
with the RS model, the AdS solution (\ref{et la bete}) is
unstable: the spin 2 fluctuations contain a tachyonic mode which
is localised around the negative tension brane \cite{CD}. This
instability is a generic problem of any GB system containing a
negative tension brane. Clearly in order for the effective action
to make any sense, this mode must be `removed'. Here we follow the
procedure analysed in \cite{CD} and add induced gravity terms to
the brane so that the 5D action we consider is \begin{equation} S_{\rm total
GB} = S_{{\rm GB}} + S_{{\rm ind}} \label{totalmess}\end{equation} where
\begin{equation} S_{{\rm ind}} =
\sum_{i=\pm}\frac{\beta_i}{2\kappa_5^2} \int_i d^4x
\sqrt{-\bar{g}^i}
\bar{{\mathcal R}}_i
\end{equation}
where $\bar{{\mathcal R}}_i$ is the Ricci scalar constructed from
the 4D induced metric on each brane $\bar{g}_{\mu \nu}^{i}$. The
required constraints on $\beta_i$ have been discussed in \cite{CD}
(see also (\ref{halte-aux-tachyons})). Note that warped brane
worlds with brane curvature terms have been studied before, for
instance in \cite{DGP1,DGP2}.

The outline of the paper is the following. First we recall the
linear equations of motion for GB brane worlds with two branes and
induced gravity on each brane. We  analyse the high energy regime
from the point of view of an observer on the positive tension
brane. We find that the coupling to matter on the negative tension
brane is exponentially suppressed. Gravity becomes 4D with a
Brans--Dicke coupling to the brane bending mode. At intermediate
energy, gravity becomes 5D while the brane bending mode retains
its 4D character. Finally at low energy, we find that the
effective gravity and brane bending equations are equivalent to
the field equations obtained from an effective action involving
only one scalar field, i.e.~the radion. We then consider the same
brane world model from the point of view of the moduli
approximation and show that the resulting action obtained after
integration over the fifth dimension differs from the low energy
action derived from the linear equations of motion.

\section{Low energy action and linear equations of motion}

\subsection{Propagator}

Following \cite{Garriga,CGR}, we first give the equations of
motion for perturbations about the background solution given in
(\ref{RSmetric}) and (\ref{et la bete}). Starting from a general
gauge for the metric with the two branes located at constant
unperturbed positions $\xi_0^\pm$, we then impose the GN gauge
$h_{\mu 5}=h_{55}=0$, so that the perturbed metric takes the form
\begin{equation}
ds^2= (a^2(z)\eta_{\mu\nu} + h_{\mu\nu}) + dz^2 \label{RSgauge},
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
a(z) = e^{-k z}.
\end{equation}
In addition we furthermore impose the transverse-traceless gauge
condition
\begin{equation}
{h}\equiv \eta^{\mu\nu}h_{\mu\nu} = 0 = \partial_{\mu} {h}^{\mu
\nu}
\end{equation}
so that the branes are no longer straight but located at perturbed
positions
\begin{equation}
z^\pm(x) =\xi_0^\pm+\xi^\pm(x) .
\end{equation}
 Note that throughout the following,
4D indices are raised with the flat metric $\eta_{\mu \nu}$.
Furthermore it will be useful to introduce
\begin{equation}
\gamma_{\mu \nu} = a^{-2}(z) h_{\mu \nu}.
\end{equation}

The perturbed bulk Einstein equations now take the form \cite{scal9}
\begin{equation}
(1-4\alpha k^2)(\partial^2_z-4k\partial_z+a^{-2}\Box^{(4)})
\gamma_{\mu\nu}=0 \label{bulk-eqn}
\end{equation}
where the GB term acts as an overall multiplicative constant.
Thus, as long as $4\alpha k^2 \neq 1$, the solution of
(\ref{bulk-eqn}) is just as in the RS model: in momentum space,
where $\Box^{(4)}\gamma_{\mu\nu}=-p^2 \gamma_{\mu\nu}$, it is
given by
\begin{equation}
{\gamma}_{\mu\nu}(p,z)= - \frac{(k y)^{2}}{p^2} \Big(A_{\mu\nu}(p)
J_2(y) +B_{\mu\nu}(p) Y_2(y)\Big). \label{soln}
\end{equation}
Here
\begin{equation}
y = \frac{\sqrt{-p^2}}{ka(z)} \label{ydef}
\end{equation}
is the conformal variable rescaled by $\sqrt{-p^2}$ and $J_2$,
$Y_2$ are the Bessel functions of the first and second kind.  The
$p$-dependent functions $A_{\mu\nu}$ and $B_{\mu\nu}$ are
determined by the boundary conditions for the gravitational
perturbation which, in this gauge, are given by \cite{scal9}
\begin{equation}
\left. \partial_z \gamma_{\mu\nu}(p,z)\right|_{\pm} - p^2
\ell_{\pm} a_\pm^{-1} \left. \gamma_{\mu\nu}(p,z) \right|_\pm= \mp
\kappa_5^2 a_\pm^{-2}\Sigma_{\mu\nu}^\pm(p). \label{bd}
\end{equation}
Here
\begin{equation}
a_{\pm} = a(\xi^\pm_0)
\end{equation}
are the scale factors at the unperturbed brane positions, and the
length scales $\ell_{\pm}$ are given by
\begin{equation}
\ell_\pm = \frac{1}{k a_\pm} \left( \frac{\pm
\beta_{\pm} k+8\alpha k^2}{2 (1-4\alpha k^2) }
\right). \label{elldef}
\end{equation}
These scales, which will play an important r\^ole later, vanish in
the RS limit but more generally can be either positive or
negative. Note that in (\ref{bd}) we have added matter with
stress-energy tensor $T_{\mu \nu}^{\pm}$ to each brane so that the
source term is
\begin{equation}
\Sigma_{\mu\nu}^{\pm}= \frac{1}{(1-4\alpha k^2)} \left[
\left(T^\pm_{\mu\nu} -\frac{1}{3} T^\pm \eta_{\mu\nu}\right) \mp
2\kappa_5^{-2} w_{\pm}
\partial_\mu\partial_\nu \xi^\pm \right] \label{sigma}
\end{equation}
where we have defined
\begin{equation}
w_{\pm} = (1 \pm \beta_\pm k+4\alpha k^2).
\end{equation}
The stress-energy tensors are defined with respect to the induced
metrics:
\begin{equation}
T^\pm_{\mu\nu}\equiv -\frac{2}{\sqrt{-\bar{g}_{\pm}}}\frac{\delta
{\cal L}^\pm_{{\rm matter}}}{\delta \bar{g}^{\mu\nu}_{\pm}}.
\end{equation}
Finally, the relative signs in (\ref{bd}) arise from the change of
orientation on the second brane compared to the first brane, and
these equations generalise those of \cite{Garriga} to GB gravity.
From (\ref{bd}) and $\gamma=0$, it follows that $\Sigma^{\pm}=0$
and hence
\begin{equation}
\Box^{(4)} \xi^{\pm} =\mp \frac{\kappa_5^2}{6w_{\pm}} T^{\pm}
\label{identify scalar}.
\end{equation}
On substituting the solution (\ref{soln}) into (\ref{bd}), the
boundary conditions become
\begin{equation}
ky_\pm  \left\{ A_{\mu \nu}(p) \tilde{J}_\pm(p)+ B_{\mu
\nu}(p)\tilde{Y}_\pm(p) \right\} = \mp \kappa_5^2
\Sigma^{\pm}_{\mu \nu}(p) \label{bda}
\end{equation}
where from (\ref{ydef})
\begin{equation}
y_\pm = y_\pm(p) = \frac{\sqrt{-p^2}}{k a_\pm}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{J}_\pm(p) &\equiv&  J_1(y_\pm) + (k\ell_\pm) a_\pm  y_\pm
J_2(y_\pm), \label{tildeJdef}
\\
\tilde{Y}_\pm(p) &\equiv&  Y_1(y_\pm) + (k\ell_\pm) a_\pm y_\pm
Y_2(y_\pm). \label{tildeYdef}
\end{eqnarray}

When there is no matter on both branes, $\Sigma_{\mu
\nu}^{\pm}=0$, a first solution of (\ref{bda}) is when $y_\pm=0$
so that $ p^2=0$
--- the zero mode corresponding to the massless graviton. The
other solutions are obtained when the relevant determinant of
(\ref{bda}) vanishes:
\begin{equation}
{\rm Det}(p) \equiv \tilde{J}_-(p) \tilde{Y}_+(p) -
\tilde{J}_+(p)\tilde{Y}_-(p) = 0.
 \label{det}
\end{equation}
As discussed in \cite{CD}, for $\alpha \neq 0$ and $\beta_\pm=0$,
equation (\ref{det}) has solutions when $y$ is imaginary, and
these tachyonic modes with $p^2>0$ are non-perturbative in
$\alpha$. However, for non-zero induced gravity terms $\beta_\pm$
they can be prevented provided \cite{CD}
\begin{equation}
\ell_+ \ell_-< 0. \label{halte-aux-tachyons}
\end{equation}
For real $y_\pm$, equation (\ref{det}) yields the
Kaluza--Klein  tower.

We now assume that (\ref{halte-aux-tachyons}) holds and solve the
linear equation in the presence of matter on both branes. From the
boundary conditions (\ref{bda}) we find (away from the locus ${\rm
Det}(p)=0$ which corresponds to a discrete spectrum in $p^2$)
\begin{eqnarray}
A_{\mu\nu}(p) &=& \frac{\kappa_5^2}{k} \frac{1}{{\rm Det}(p)}
\left( \frac{\Sigma^+_{\mu \nu}(p) \tilde{Y}_-(p)}{y_+} +
\frac{\Sigma^-_{\mu \nu}(p) \tilde{Y}_+(p)}{y_-} \right),
\label{Aexact}
\\
B_{\mu\nu}(p) &=& - \frac{\kappa_5^2}{k} \frac{1}{{\rm Det}(p)}
\left( \frac{\Sigma^+_{\mu \nu}(p) \tilde{J}_-(p)}{y_+} +
\frac{\Sigma^-_{\mu \nu}(p) \tilde{J}_+(p)}{y_-} \right).
\label{Bexact}
\end{eqnarray}
Thus, from (\ref{soln}), the general solution for $\gamma_{\mu
\nu}$ is
\begin{equation}
h_{\mu\nu}(x,z)=a^2(z)\gamma_{\mu\nu}(x,z)=\int
d^4x'\Big(\Delta^+(x,x',z) \Sigma^+_{\mu\nu}(x')
+\Delta^-(x,x',z)\Sigma^-_{\mu\nu}(x')\Big)
\label{TT metric}
\end{equation}
where the propagators are given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\Delta^{\pm}(x,x',z) &\equiv& \int \frac{d^4p}{(2\pi)^4} e^{ip.(x'-x)}
\Delta^{\pm}(p,z)
\nonumber
\\
&=& \int \frac{d^4p}{(2\pi)^4} e^{ip.(x'-x)} \frac{\kappa_5^2
a_\pm}{\sqrt{-p^2}} \left( \frac{\tilde Y_\mp(p)J_2(y)-\tilde
J_\mp(p)Y_2(y)}{{\rm Det}(p)} \right) \label{propagator}\end{eqnarray} with
$y=y(p,z)$ given in (\ref{ydef}).

Finally, from (\ref{TT metric}), the perturbed metric on each
brane can be calculated.  For the positive (resp.~negative)
tension brane, we transform to a GN coordinate system $\tilde
x^a=x^a - \xi^a$ giving a straight brane located at $\tilde
z=\xi^\pm_0$ as well as $\tilde h_{\mu 5}=\tilde h_{55}=0$. After
a 4D gauge transformation \cite{Garriga,CGR}, the perturbed metric
on each brane is then $\tilde h_{\mu\nu}(x,\tilde z=\xi^\pm_0)$
with
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde h_{\mu\nu}(x,\xi^\pm_0)  &=& h_{\mu\nu}-2ka^2_\pm
\eta_{\mu\nu}\xi^\pm \nonumber
\\
&=&\frac{1}{1-4\alpha k^2} \left\{ \int d^4x' \left(
\Delta^+(x,x',\xi^\pm_0)(T^+_{\mu\nu}-\frac{1}{3}\eta_{\mu\nu}T^+)(x')
\right. \right.
\nonumber \\
&& \qquad  \qquad \qquad + \left. \left.
\Delta^-(x,x',\xi^\pm_0)(T^-_{\mu\nu}-\frac{1}{3}\eta_{\mu\nu}T^-)(x')
\right) \right\} \pm \frac{k\kappa_5^2 a_\pm^2}{3 w_\pm}
\frac{1}{\Box^{(4)}}T^\pm \eta_{\mu\nu}
\nonumber \\
& &\qquad \qquad
\end{eqnarray}
This expression together with (\ref{propagator}) and
(\ref{identify scalar}) captures the physics of the Gauss--Bonnet
brane world models with induced gravity on the branes. Notice that
the perturbation $\tilde{h}_{\mu\nu}(x,z)$ depends on the sources
on both branes. In particular the brane positions play an
important r\^ole in the dynamics of the system. At low energy, we
will show that there is only one  effective scalar degree of
freedom. Before considering the low energy action reproducing the
linear equations of motion, let us concentrate on the high energy
regime.

\subsection{High energy limit}

At high energy, the effect of the induced brane terms is highly
relevant. In particular, we find that at very high energy gravity
propagates in 4D while its behaviour is 5D in an intermediate
range.

Consider first the positive tension brane and set
$T_{\mu\nu}^-=\xi^-=0$. In order to evaluate the propagators on
the positive tension brane it is convenient to work in Euclidean
space and define $q=-i \sqrt{-p^2}$ with $q$ real. Notice that
this also corresponds to space-like momenta $p^2
> 0$ as relevant when computing the static potential between point
sources.  In the high energy limit
$|y_\pm|=|q|/(ka_\pm)\gg 1$, we obtain the propagator
\begin{equation}
\Delta^+(q,\xi_0^+) \approx \frac{\kappa_5^2 a_+}{ q} \left(
\frac{1}{q \ell_++1} \right),
\end{equation}
from which two different energy regimes appear.
\begin{itemize}
\item
At large momenta or small distances, $q^{-1} \ll \vert
\ell_+\vert$ the propagator $\propto q^{-2}$ leading to
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{a_+^2}\tilde h_{\mu\nu}(q,\xi^\pm_0)=\frac{1}{q^2}\frac{2k\kappa_5^2}{\beta_+k+8\alpha k^2} \left[T^+_{\mu\nu}-\frac{1}{2}\eta_{\mu\nu}T^++\frac{1-4\alpha k^2}{6w_+}\eta_{\mu\nu}T^+
 \right]
\nonumber \\
\equiv \frac{1}{q^2}\frac{2\kappa_4^2}{\Phi_0}\left[T^+_{\mu\nu}-\frac{1}{2}\eta_{\mu\nu}T^++\frac{1}{2(3+2\omega(\Phi_0))}\eta_{\mu\nu}T^+
 \right]
\end{eqnarray}
We consider $\frac{1}{a_+^2}\tilde h_{\mu\nu}$ as the gravitational perturbation associated to a minkowski background $\eta_{\mu\nu}$. In this limit, the interaction with matter mediated by gravity is
a \emph{four-dimensional} tensor-scalar theory which is given in a
Brans-Dicke parametrisation \cite{Will} by a background
Brans-Dicke parameter
\begin{equation}
\omega(\Phi_0)=\frac{3}{2}\frac{\beta_+ k+ 8\alpha k^2}{1-4\alpha k^2}
\end{equation}
where the background Brans-Dicke field is
\begin{equation}
\frac{\Phi_0}{\kappa_4^2} = \frac{\beta_+ k+ 8\alpha k^2}{k\kappa_5^2}
\end{equation}
and its fluctuation
\begin{equation}
\frac{\delta \Phi}{\Phi_0}= -2k \frac{1-4\alpha k^2}{\beta_+ k+8\alpha k^2}\xi^+
\end{equation}
It coincides with the results of \cite{scal9} and the Minkowski
limit in \cite{cosm15}. This should be contrasted to the RS model
in which $\ell_+=0$ and where gravity is always five-dimensional
at short distance.
\item If $k \vert \ell_+\vert  a_+ \ll 1$, there is an intermediate high-energy
regime in which $\frac{1}{ka_+}\gg q^{-1} \gg \vert \ell_+\vert $.
In this case the propagator $\propto q^{-1}$ leading to an
effective gravity given by
\begin{equation}
\tilde h_{\mu\nu}(q,\xi^+_0)=\frac{\kappa_5^2a_+}{q(1-4\alpha
k^2)}(T^+_{\mu\nu}-\frac{1}{3}\eta_{\mu\nu}T^+)-\frac{\kappa_5^2 k
a_+^2 }{3w_+ q^2 }T^+\eta_{\mu\nu}.
\end{equation}
The $1/q$ momentum dependence associated with the $1/3$ trace
factor instead of $1/2$ means that there is 5D propagation of a
combination of a 4D-tensor and a 4D-scalar mode. The term $1/q^2$
term corresponds to the 4D propagation of a 4D-scalar mode. Again
note that in the RS model one is always in this regime at high
energy.

\end{itemize}

So far we have not taken into account the presence of a second brane.
In fact one finds
\begin{equation}
\Delta^-(\xi_0^+) \approx 2 \kappa_5^2 \sqrt{a_+ a_-} e^{
\frac{q}{k}\left(\frac{1}{a_+}-\frac{1}{a_-}\right)} \left[
\frac{1}{q} \frac{1}{(1+ \ell_+ q)} \frac{1}{(1- \ell_- q)}
\right].
\end{equation}
Notice that the propagator from the negative tension brane to the
positive tension brane is exponentially suppressed, i.e. no
gravitational effect is transmitted from one brane to another at
high energy. Hence, at high energy, the two brane system behaves
like a single brane system with no influence from the second
brane.

In the following section we show that in the low energy limit, gravity
is always 4D.

\subsection{Low energy limit}
Here we are interested in determining the dynamics and the number of degrees of
freedom in the low energy limit, $y_\pm \ll 1$.  In that limit,
equations (\ref{Aexact}) and (\ref{Bexact}) reduce to
 \begin{eqnarray}
 A_{\mu\nu} &\approx & -\frac{2k\kappa_5^2}{p^2}a_-^2
 \frac{w_-\Sigma^+_{\mu\nu}
 +w_+\Sigma_{\mu\nu}^-}{w_+ -\frac{a_-^2}{a_+^2}w_-}
\\
 B_{\mu\nu} &\approx& (1-4\alpha k^2)\frac{\pi\kappa_5^2}{2k}
 \frac{\Sigma^+_{\mu\nu}
 +\frac{a_-^2}{a_+^2}\Sigma_{\mu\nu}^-}{w_+
 -\frac{a_-^2}{a_+^2}w_-}
 \end{eqnarray}
while we have
\begin{eqnarray} \Box^{(4)}
\gamma_{\mu\nu}& \approx &-\frac{4k^2}{\pi} B_{\mu\nu}
\\
& \approx  &-\frac{1}{a_+^2w_+ -a_-^2w_-} \Big [2 \kappa_4^2
(a_+^2 T^+_{\mu\nu}+ a_-^2 T_{\mu\nu}^-)
\nonumber \\
&& \; \; \; \; -4k a_+^2w_+
(\partial_{\mu}\partial_{\nu}-\eta_{\mu\nu}\Box^{(4)})\xi^+ +4k
a_-^2w_-
(\partial_{\mu}\partial_{\nu}-\eta_{\mu\nu}\Box^{(4)})\xi^-
\Big ]
 \label{identify tensor}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\kappa_4^2=k\kappa_5^2$ and we have used (\ref{identify
scalar}).

These equations have  the structure of the equations of motion
from a low energy effective action involving tensor gravity $
\gamma_{\mu\nu}(x)$ and two scalar fields $\xi^{\pm}(x)$. They can
be reproduced by a quadratic action, expanding
\begin{eqnarray}
&\frac{1}{2\kappa_4^2} \int d^4 x
\sqrt{-g}\Big([F_+(\xi^+)-F_-(\xi^-)] {\cal R}
-B_+(\xi^+)(\partial\xi^+)^2 -B_-(\xi^-) (\partial \xi^-)^2\Big)&
\nonumber \\
&+S^+_{matter}(A_+(\xi^+)g_{\mu\nu})+
S^-_{matter}(A_-(\xi^-)g_{\mu\nu})&
\end{eqnarray}
to second order around $g_{\mu\nu}=\eta_{\mu\nu}$ , $\xi^\pm=0$ .
Here matter on each brane is minimally coupled to the indicated
metric. We find that one can identify
\begin{equation}
F_\pm= \pm w_\pm a^2(\xi^\pm_0+\xi^\pm)
\end{equation}
and the sigma model coefficients
\begin{equation}
 B_\pm=\mp 6 k^2w_\pm a^2(\xi^\pm_0+\xi^\pm)
\end{equation}
The coupling functions to matter are given by
\begin{equation}
A_\pm= a^2(\xi^\pm_0+\xi^\pm)
\end{equation}
implying that matter couples to the induced metric on each brane.
Notice that in the $\alpha\to 0$ and $\beta_{\pm}\to 0$ limits,
one obtains the scalar-tensor theory corresponding to the
Randall-Sundrum case.

A quick glance at the action that we have just derived seems to
indicate that there are two scalar degrees of freedom while there
is only one effective scalar degree of freedom in the R--S case.
To determine  the structure of the effective action, it is
convenient to go to the Einstein frame where the Planck mass is
fixed. In the following we will assume that
\begin{equation}
w_+ a^2_+ > w_- a^2_-
\end{equation}
guaranteeing that the squared effective Planck mass is positive in
the brane frame (and thus in all frames so that the graviton is
not a ghost). The corresponding Einstein frame action is the quadratic
expansion, around $g_{\mu\nu}=(F_+^0-F_-^0)\eta_{\mu\nu}$ and $\xi^\pm=0$, of
\begin{equation}
S_{EF}=\frac{1}{2\kappa_4^2}\int d^4x \sqrt{-g}\Big({\cal
R}-\sigma_{ij}\partial \xi^i \partial \xi^j\Big) + S^+_{\rm
mat}(\frac{A_+}{F_+-F_-}g_{\mu\nu}) + S^-_{\rm
mat}(\frac{A_-}{F_+-F_-}g_{\mu\nu})
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{ij}=\left(
\begin{tabular}{cc}
$\frac{3}{2}(\frac{F'_+}{F_+-F_-})^2+\frac{B_+}{F_+-F_-}$& $-\frac{3}{2}\frac{F_+' F_-'}{(F_+-F_-)^2}$\\
$-\frac{3}{2}\frac{F_+' F_-'}{(F_+-F_-)^2}$&
$\frac{3}{2}(\frac{F_-'}{F_+-F_-})^2+\frac{B_-}{F_+-F_-}$
\end{tabular}
\right)
\end{equation}
and $i,j=1..2=+,-$. This sigma model matrix simplifies drastically
in our case and takes the form
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{ij} =\frac{6k^2 F_+F_-}{(F_+-F_-)^2} \left(
\begin{tabular}{cc}
1 & -1 \\
-1 & 1
\end{tabular}
\right)
\end{equation}
It is easy to see that this matrix has a zero eigenvalue leading
to the presence of
 only one physical scalar degree of freedom, the radion
$r=R+\xi^- -\xi^+$ where $R=\xi_0^--\xi_0^+$ is the unperturbed
 interbrane distance.
Therefore the action is the quadratic expansion of
\begin{eqnarray}
S_{EF}=\frac{1}{2\kappa_4^2}\int d^4x \sqrt{-g}\Big({\cal
R}-\frac{6k^2 w_- a^2(r)}{w_+(1 -\frac{w_-}{w_+}a^2(r))^2}(\partial
r )^2\Big)
+ S^+_{\rm mat}\Big(\frac{g_{\mu\nu}}{w_+-a^2(r)w_-}\Big)
\nonumber \\
+S^-_{\rm mat}\Big(\frac{g_{\mu\nu}}{a^{-2}(r)w_+ -w_-}\Big)
\end{eqnarray}
Requiring that the radion is not a ghost implies that
\begin{equation}
w_+ w_-> 0
\end{equation}
When the graviton and the radion are not ghosts, the low energy
effective action provides useful information on the Gauss--Bonnet
brane world at low energy.

Let us assume that $\vert w_-\vert \le \vert w_+\vert$ and define
\begin{equation}
\sqrt{\frac{w_-}{w_+}}e^{-kr}=\tanh \rho
\end{equation}
The effective action becomes now (the quadratic expansion of)
\begin{equation}
S_{EF}=\frac{1}{2\kappa_4^2}\int d^4x \sqrt{-g}\Big({\cal
R}-6(\partial
\rho)^2\Big)+ S^+_{\rm mat}\Big(\frac{\cosh^2\rho }{w_+}g_{\mu\nu}\Big)
+S^-_{\rm mat}\Big(\frac{\sinh^2 \rho}{w_-}g_{\mu\nu}\Big)
\end{equation}
Notice that the only difference with the RS effective action
resides in the prefactors $w_\pm$ in the coupling of the radion to
matter. When these prefactors are equal to unity, the effective
action is the RS one as derived within the moduli space
approximation. We will compare the effective action obtained from
the linear equations of motion and the moduli space approximation
in the following section.

The coupling to gravity has to be such that the presence of a
massless degree of freedom does not modify gravity. To carry out
this analysis, it is convenient to use another form of the action.
The action can be put in the Brans-Dicke form using the metric on
each brane as the gravitational field. For the positive tension
brane matter, the action becomes (the quadratic expansion of)
\begin{equation}
S^+_{BD}=\frac{w_+}{4 k\kappa_5^2}\int d^4 x \sqrt{-g}\Big(\Psi
{\cal R}-\frac{\omega_+(\Psi)}{\Psi}(\partial \Psi)^2\Big)+
S^+_{\rm mat}(g_{\mu\nu})+S^-_{\rm mat}(A_-^{BD}(\Psi)g_{\mu\nu})
\label{BD}
\end{equation}
where the Brans--Dicke field is
\begin{equation}
\Psi = 1-\frac{w_-}{w_+}e^{-2k r}
\end{equation}
with a Brans-Dicke parameter
\begin{equation}
\omega_+(\Psi)=\frac{3}{2}\frac{\Psi}{1-\Psi}
\end{equation}
and a coupling to matter of the second brane
\begin{equation}
A^{BD}_-(\Psi)=\frac{w_+}{w_-}(1-\Psi)
\end{equation}
 Notice that the Brans--Dicke parameter can be arbitrarily large
when the branes are far apart. Hence ordinary matter can be
located on the positive tension brane. This coincides with the
usual R--S result.

Similarly for the negative tension brane this is the second order expansion of
\begin{equation}
S^-_{BD}=\frac{w_-}{4k\kappa_5^2}\int d^4 x \sqrt{-g}\Big(\Phi
{\cal R}-\frac{\omega_-(\Phi)}{\Phi}(\partial \Phi)^2\Big)+
S^+_{\rm mat}(A^{BD}_+(\Phi)g_{\mu\nu})+S^-_{\rm mat}(g_{\mu\nu})
\end{equation}
with a Brans-Dicke parameter
\begin{equation}
\omega_-(\Phi)=-\frac{3}{2} \frac{\Phi}{1+ \Phi}
\end{equation}
and a coupling to matter
\begin{equation}
A^{BD}_+(\Phi)=\frac{w_-}{w_+}(1+\Phi)
\end{equation}
where the Brans--Dicke field is
\begin{equation}
\Phi =e^{2 k r}\frac{w_+}{w_-} - 1
\end{equation}
Notice that the Brans-Dicke parameter is here negative for large
brane distances, ruling out the possibility of having ordinary
matter on the second brane.

\subsection{The projective approach}

The previous action can be retrieved using the projective approach
\cite{Shiromizu-MS,nonlinear}, in which the Einstein equations on
both branes are written in terms of the matter energy--momentum
tensors and the projected Weyl tensor $E_{\mu\nu}$. Eliminating
the projected Weyl tensor between the two brane equations leads to
the effective Einstein equation on either brane. Here we will
concentrate on the case $\alpha=0$ for simplicity. The general
case is beyond the scope of the present paper. At low energy one
can neglect the quadratic terms in the matter content of the
branes. The Einstein equation on the first brane reads
\begin{equation}
w_+G_{\mu\nu}(\bar g_{\mu\nu}^+) =k\kappa_5^2 T^{ +}_{\mu\nu}
-E_{\mu\nu}
\end{equation}
where we have indicated the dependence on the induced metric
explicitly, and the contribution in $\beta_+$ comes from the brane
curvature term.  Similarly, on the second brane,
\begin{equation}
w_-G_{\mu\nu}(\bar g_{\mu\nu}^-) =k\kappa_5^2 T_{\mu \nu}^-
-\frac{E_{\mu\nu}}{\Omega^4}
\end{equation}
where $\Omega=\frac{a_-}{a_+}$ corresponds to the radion field.
Using $\bar g_{\mu\nu}^-= \Omega^2 \bar g_{\mu\nu}^+$ to lowest
order in a derivative expansion, one can eliminate $E_{\mu \nu}$
and obtain the Einstein equation
\begin{eqnarray}
G_{\mu\nu}(\bar g^+_{\mu\nu})= &
\frac{\kappa_4^2}{\Psi}(T^+_{\mu\nu}+
\frac{w_+}{w_-}(1-\Psi)T_{\mu\nu}^-) +
\frac{\omega(\Psi)}{\Psi^2}(D_\mu\Psi D_\nu\Psi -\frac{1}{2}
(D\Psi)^2 \bar g^+_{\mu\nu})&
\nonumber \\
&+ \frac{1}{\Psi} ( D_\mu D_\nu \Psi - D^2\Psi \bar g^+_{\mu\nu})&
\end{eqnarray}
which coincides with the Einstein equations deduced from the
effective action obtained in the previous section. Hence, the
projective approach leads to the same results as the linear
equations of motion. In the RS case, it has been shown that the
effective action can also be deduced using   the moduli space
approximation. In the following section, we examine the validity
of the moduli space approximation for Gauss--Bonnet brane worlds.

\section{The Moduli Space Approximation}

The previous action has been obtained from the linear equations of
motion (also the projective approach). In the RS case, it has also
been shown that the action can
 be obtained from the moduli approximation, a method more akin
to the ones used in string theory where one integrates over a
compact manifold in order to retrieve a
four dimensional action.

We will derive the 4D low-energy effective action in the moduli
space approximation, that is by keeping only the massless degrees
of freedom represented here by the 4D metric $g_{\mu\nu}$ plus two
real 4D scalar fields giving the brane positions in the fifth
dimension:
\begin{equation}
ds^2 = a^2(x^5) g_{\mu\nu}(x^{\lambda}) dx^{\mu} dx^{\nu} +
(dx^5)^2
\label{sub}.
\end{equation}
The low
energy approximation consists in integrating over the extra dimension and expanding the action
in derivatives of the moduli fields,
implying that we consider only slowly varying brane positions.

In this section we derive the low energy effective action for
$S_{GB}$ given in (\ref{GBaction}).  To do this, let $x^5_i =
\phi_i(x^{\mu})$ be the two brane positions. We
substitute the ansatz (\ref{sub}) into $S_{{\rm GB}}$ and
integrate over the range $\phi_+(x^{\mu}) \leq z \leq
\phi_-(x^{\mu})$. The full effective action for a general warp
factor, $S=S_{bulk}+S_{branes}$, reads
\begin{eqnarray}
S_{bulk} &=& \frac{1}{2\kappa_5^2}\int d^4x \sqrt{-g}[
\bar{{\mathcal R}} \left\{ \int
dx^5\Big(a^2-\alpha(4a'^2+8aa'')\Big)\right\}
\nonumber \\
&& \qquad \qquad  \qquad \; \; + \int dx^5\Big(-2\Lambda a^4 -8
a''a^3-12a'^2 a^2+24\alpha(a'^4+4a''a'^2a) \Big)]
\nonumber \\
\label{wow1} \\
S^+_{brane}&=&-\frac{1}{\kappa_5^2}\int d^4x \sqrt{-g}\Big[
(8\alpha a_+a_+' -\frac{\beta_+ a_+^2}{2})\bar{{\mathcal R}} +
(T_+ a_+^4 + 8 a_+'a_+^3-32\alpha a_+ a_+'^3 )
\nonumber \\
&&\qquad \qquad  \qquad \; \;  +
\left(2a_+a_+'+T_+\frac{a_+^2}{2}+8\alpha
\frac{a_+'^3}{a_+}\right)(\partial \phi_+)^2
  + (-2a_+^2+24\alpha a_+'^2)\Box
\phi_+ \Big] . \nonumber \\ \label{wow2}
\end{eqnarray}
Here $ \int dx^5 = 2\int_{\phi_+}^{\phi_-} dx^5 $ where the factor
of 2 is to take account of the $Z_2$ symmetry. In $S_{brane}^+$
the warp factor $a_+$ and its derivatives are evaluated at
$x^5=\phi_+$. A similar expression gives the brane action of the
negative tension brane.

In the case of the exponential background (\ref{RSmetric}) with
$a(x^5)=\exp(-kx^5)$, evaluation of the integrals in (\ref{wow1})
followed by the addition of (\ref{wow2}) for both branes gives
\begin{eqnarray}
S &=& \frac{1}{\kappa_5^2}\int d^4x \sqrt{-g} \left[ \frac{w_+
e^{-2k\phi_+}-w_-e^{-2k\phi_-}}{2 k}\bar{\mathcal R} \right.
\nonumber \\
&&\qquad \qquad  \qquad \; \; + \, \left(6k-\frac{1}{2}T_+ -
40\alpha k^3\right)e^{-2k\phi_+}(\partial \phi_+)^2
\nonumber \\
&& \qquad \qquad  \qquad \; \; - \, \left(6k+\frac{1}{2}T_- -
40\alpha k^3\right)e^{-2k\phi_-}(\partial \phi_-)^2
\nonumber \\
&& \qquad \qquad  \qquad \; \; - \,
\left(-3k+\frac{\Lambda}{2k}+\frac{T_+-T_-}{2}+2\alpha
k^3\right)\left(e^{-4k\phi_+}-e^{-4k\phi_-}\right)
\nonumber \\
&& \left. \qquad \qquad  \qquad \; \; - \,
\frac{T_++T_-}{2}(e^{-4k\phi_+}+e^{-4k\phi_-})\right] ..
\label{effective action}
\end{eqnarray}

It is very interesting to remark that, at first sight, the moduli
fields $\phi_i$ appear to have a non-vanishing potential in
(\ref{effective action}). However, once the relations (\ref{et la
bete}) have been used, the potential vanishes identically.  This
convenient check is in accordance with Birkhoff's theorem: any
brane position at constant $x^5$ must be solution of the effective
action for the fine-tuned tensions satisfying (\ref{et la bete}).

In order to compare this action with the effective action deduced from the linear equations of motion, it is convenient to go to the Einstein
frame.
We will assume that the two prefactors
$w_+ $ and $w_-$ are
positive. The field redefinition simplifying the Einstein-Hilbert
term  becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
e^{-k\phi_+} &=& \frac{1}{\sqrt{w_+}}e^{\sigma}\cosh(\rho)
\nonumber \\
e^{-k\phi_-} &=& \frac{1}{\sqrt{w_- }}e^{\sigma}\sinh(\rho)
\end{eqnarray}
Notice that $\rho$ is a decreasing function of the interbrane
distance whilst $\sigma$ is related to the "center of mass"
position of the two-brane system along the fifth dimension.
This yields the Einstein frame effective action
\begin{equation}
S =\frac{1}{2k\kappa_5^2}\int d^4x \sqrt{-g} \Big[ {\mathcal R} -
\gamma_{\sigma \sigma}(\partial \sigma)^2 - \gamma_{\rho\rho}
(\partial \rho)^2 -2\gamma_{\rho\sigma}(\partial \rho)(\partial
\sigma)\Big]
\end{equation}
with the normalization matrix
\begin{eqnarray}
\gamma_{\sigma \sigma}&=&\frac{96\alpha k^2+6 \beta_+ k}{1+4\alpha
k^2 +\beta_+ k}\cosh^2(\rho)  - \frac{96 \alpha k^2-6 \beta_-
k}{1+4\alpha k^2-\beta_- k}\sinh^2(\rho)
\nonumber \\
\gamma_{\rho\rho}&=& \frac{6-72\alpha k^2} {1+4\alpha k^2-\beta_-
k}\cosh^2(\rho)-\frac{6-72\alpha k^2 }{1+4\alpha k^2+\beta_+
k}\sinh^2(\rho)
\nonumber \\
\gamma_{\rho\sigma}&=&\frac{k(\beta_++\beta_-)(6-72\alpha
k^2)}{(1+4\alpha k^2+\beta_+ k)(1+4\alpha k^2-\beta_- k)}
\sinh(\rho)\cosh(\rho) .
\end{eqnarray}
This is the effective action of a Gauss--Bonnet brane  world in
the moduli approximation. As can be easily seen the sigma model
matrix is of rank two, leading to the existence of two massless
degrees of freedom in the scalar sector. This contradicts the
linear equations and therefore invalidates the moduli
approximation in the Gauss--Bonnet case. The failure of the moduli
space approximation here, and the non-equivalence with the
projective approach deserves further study. In particular, its
link with either the presence of higher derivative terms  or the
necessity of extending the moduli ansatz needs to be investigated.
This is left for future work.

\section{Conclusion}

We have analysed brane worlds with a bulk Gauss--Bonnet term and
induced brane gravity terms. We have studied the high energy and
low energy limits. In particular, we have shown that the low
energy effective action involves only one field, the radion, and
differs from the RS case. The difference with the RS case arises
in the coupling of the radion to matter and the value of the
effective Planck mass.

We have also noted that the moduli approximation fails for
Gauss--Bonnet brane worlds. Indeed it fails to reproduce the
linear equations of motion and involves a spurious scalar degree
of freedom. This means that dimensional reduction does not commute
with taking the equations of motions from the action; the correct
procedure consists in first taking the higher dimensional
equations of motion and then dimensionally reducing them. Similar
cases of non-commutativity have been described in \cite{roy} where
it is specifically due to the Gauss-Bonnet term, or in
\cite{non-comm} where it has been shown more generally that it can
arise from symmetries of the equations of motion which are not
symmetries of the action. In this context, a better understanding
of the link between the moduli approximation and the projective
approach  deserves to be further investigated and is left for
future work.

\section{Acknowledgments}
We would like to thank C.~van de Bruck, C.~Charmousis,
J.-F.~Dufaux and S.~Davis for useful discussions and comments.
Ph.~B.~and N.~C.~are partially supported by the E.U. Research
Training Network ``The Quest for Unification: Theory Confronts
Experiment", MRTN-CT-2004-503369.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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"Hey, Nimsi. Where've you been?" Kaki asked, as she closed the door for Nimsi.
"Oh, I just got this device from Buu that holds the Dragonballs," she lied solemnly.
Silence filled the air as Nimsi sat down on Kaki's couch. Kinichi and Kaki both stared at Nimsi, who seemed to be in a daze.
Finally Kaki spoke up. "How and why did you see Buu?"
Nimsi turned her eyes over to Kinichi. "He came to me in a vision to give me this device." She lifted the necklace up with her hand to show to Kinichi. "He says that I need to hold the Dragonballs so no one will steal them. Keeping them out in your room is not a good place to keep them." Nimsi gave a weird chuckle that made Kinichi and Kaki's eyes grow wide. This was the first time they had ever heard Nimsi laugh since about they met her, and it was so unlike her.
"Well, anyway," Nimsi stood up and looked at Kaki's closet. "Better get the Dragonballs and be on my way."
She walked to the closet and opened it up. There were four Dragonballs sparkling from the light that poured from behind her.
Her eyes sparkled with joy as she pulled the device off her neck and pointed it to the Dragonballs.
Instantly, a red lazer shot from the crescent moon and sucked up the Dragonballs in a snap.
"I hope this impresses you, Jin," she whispered.


text:
The Plum Line Opinion
Public opinion on abortion is turning away from Republicans
(Ted S. Warren/AP)
By Paul Waldman
Opinion writer covering politics
Opinion writer
Opinions on abortion tend to move slowly, if at all. While there are nuances in public sentiment involving policy and legal complexities related to the issue, for most people the overall topic is something about which they've pretty much decided how they feel — that is, until we enter a period of potential change, when it gets thrust to the forefront of the national debate.
That has been happening lately with the passage of laws in Republican-run states attempting to restrict or virtually ban it outright. Which may be why we're seeing poll results such as this:
Support for legal abortion stands at its highest level in more than two decades according to a Washington Post-ABC News poll, even as numerous states adopt restrictions that challenge the breadth of rights established by the Supreme Court's 1973 Roe v. Wade decision.
The Post-ABC poll finds a 60 percent majority who say abortion should be legal in most or all cases, up from 55 percent in a 2013 Post-ABC poll, and tying the record high level of support from 1995. The latest survey finds 36 percent say abortion should be illegal in all or most cases, also tying a record low.
This poll asked the question in a couple of ways, and I want to point to this result:
So 73 percent of the public either want to keep abortion access as it is now or make abortions easier to obtain. Only 24 percent say they should be harder to get, which is the position the Republican Party has not only held for a long time but is also ready to put into law.
As it is, at this point in many places around the country, the status quo is terrible. Right now there are six states with just a single clinic that provides abortions, and in many states women are required to navigate an obstacle course of restrictions and humiliations before being allowed to have an abortion. But it's safe to say that until they need one, most people probably aren't aware of what kinds of restrictions on abortion are written into the laws of their state. What they do know is that abortion is legal now, but it might not always be.
And while this broader movement in public opinion isn't huge, it does suggest that people are becoming aware of what's actually in the offing in this age of minority Republican rule. And it makes clear that Republican efforts to turn public opinion have failed.
That might surprise you if you've watched President Trump and other Republicans gleefully spread preposterous lies about abortion, such as the idea that women routinely decide on their way to the hospital to give birth that they'd rather have an abortion instead, and then some doctor delivers their baby and kills it. "The baby is born," Trump says, "They take care of the baby. They wrap the baby beautifully, and then the doctor and the mother determine whether or not they will execute the baby."
That despicable blood libel is so shocking that it's natural to assume it has affected people deeply. But in truth, the only ones he convinces are probably those who already want to eliminate abortion rights.
Yet even if those people are a decided minority of the public, they may get their way. Because a president elected by a minority of voters appointed Supreme Court justices who were confirmed by a Senate majority elected by a minority of voters, and those justices will either overturn Roe v. Wade outright or leave it nominally in place while eviscerating it to the point where it becomes meaningless.
It's possible that those justices — or at least one of them, Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. — will hesitate when one of the many abortion cases currently in the pipeline reaches the Supreme Court. They might realize that overturning Roe would be a political disaster for Republicans, no matter how much the party wants it to happen. They might conclude that the status quo, in which abortions are somewhere between difficult and impossible to get (especially for poor women) in red states but more widely available in blue states, is something they can live with, and not worth risking a backlash at the polls.
They might. Or they might conclude that this is the last chance they'll have for who knows how long to strike Roe dead, so they should take the opportunity no matter the cost.
We won't know for sure until they start deciding those cases. But Democrats are already becoming alarmed: In this poll, 71 percent of Democrats said abortion was a very important issue or one of the most important issues in deciding their vote for president; for Republicans, the number was 57 percent. Turns out there's nothing like a potential disaster to wake you up to the importance of the Supreme Court.
Paul Waldman: Abortion is set to be a huge issue in 2020
Jennifer Rubin: Trump Republicans help Democrats yet again — this time on abortion
Michael Gerson: Abortion supporters have made Trump's reelection more likely
Kathleen Parker: We should be talking about ways to end abortion
Paul Waldman: We're living in an age of minority rule
Paul Waldman Paul Waldman is an opinion writer for the Plum Line blog. Follow

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


An early morning in August 2016, the day before my 60th birthday, the phone rang. My beautiful son. "What, what – what are you saying?? "He is dead?" My son gone, in untenable circumstances. His life just another snowflake in the fentanyl poisoning avalanche, part of the aggregate in a BC Coroner Service Report Illicit Drug Overdose Deaths in BC January 1, 2007 – October 31, 2016 and so many, many more since.
This is the reality that is still unreal to me. My beautiful snowflake, unique from any other, is no longer here to laugh with me or argue or to give me parental angst. He is no longer here to hug his children, whom he loved so fiercely, with such joy and delight in their own unique personalities.
Yet I get up every day. I kiss his picture. I wear his clothes. His baby shoes and work boots sit side by side on a table next to his photo. People tell me I am doing so well – I don't know what that means. I expect him to return. I expect a sign, a visitation, a resurrection.
I am telling you this story. I can't help myself. I can't seem to contain it. Those close to me think that what is happening to me is "complicated grief" where you become stuck in the acute grief period. The literature says some factors that may contribute to this state are: death of a child; if the death has been violent or traumatic, sudden or unexpected; or the circumstances surrounding the death.
Yes – sudden, traumatic and tragically I believe following from the violence and trauma he experienced in his short life. This is the legacy of violence in our home against my children and me. Trauma that carried on after we got away, when social workers chose to believe a charming abuser and not the disclosure of a frightened little five year old. A system steeped in patriarchy that insisted I send him to stay alone on visitation week-ends or go to jail for withholding access and risk losing him myself. And for which I can never forgive myself for not just taking him and running away, but where and with what resources? This trauma that eventually led my son as he grew into a teenager into addiction to deal with his pain, and that due to a poisoned drug supply took his life.
It has been just over a year now since he died and in that time over 1,200 other mothers have lost their children. I feel their pain. The resulting community trauma from this loss is exponential. We know that addiction is often the result of childhood trauma, much of that trauma from either witnessing or being abused. We have not even begun to address the roots of this problem. That is where we need to begin.
In this so-called "season of peace", we would do well to reflect on what peace really means. We will never truly have peace on earth until there is peace in our homes, until they are places where violence has no place, until there is true equality between men and women. Whether male or female, we are so programmed into male dominance and female submission in all aspects of life by patriarchy we can't freely engage in any activity without its taint. Peace begins in our bedroom, kitchens, and living-rooms, in compassion, equality and loving respect toward each other, as partners, as parents, as people, as co-inhabitants of this beautiful blue marble of Earth. We must return to balance and reverence for all life. When we have achieved that state there will be peace on earth.
I am so, so sorry. Thank you for sharing your story.


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Home > Science > Lego X turns toy building blocks into a digital modelling kit for designers
Lego X turns toy building blocks into a digital modelling kit for designers
Lego bricks could be used to transfer design models into real-time digital files with this prototype system by London studio Gravity.
Gravity's Lego X system recognises forms created with toy building blocks, using location-mapping and gyroscopic sensors to plot the position and orientation of each of the components to create a digital 3D model.
"[Lego X] is a network of bricks that communicate through an app made in-house," Oluwaseyi Sosanya from the Gravity team told Dezeen. "You have your bricks and you start building with them; the system understands the shapes being built and lets you control certain parameters to modify the shape for use when finished building."
The app allows users to store the digital models and export the 3D files to use as they wish, for purposes including 3D printing.
The proof of concept demonstrated in the movie uses larger Duplo bricks, but Gravity hopes to develop the platform to work with Lego.
"The next iteration would be integrated into the standard Lego size bricks," said Sosanya. "This is why we call it Lego X."
Paired with the Lego Architecture Studio kit launched specifically for architects, this technology could provide a new tool for designing buildings.
Each block is modelled individually within the interface, so moving, turning, or connecting the physical objects by hand is mirrored in real time on screen.
Once larger clusters of blocks are formed, they act as single entities within the programme, making it easy to create complicated forms.
The digital models can be fixed to one orientation while the physical structure is built, and rotated to view from different angles either within the app or by handling the blocks.
The modelling software is also able to create more realistic architectural structures by calculating when the user is building an angled section, forming a flat sloping plane on the screen rather that a staggered portion.
Files can be smoothed to remove the joints between the bricks and rounded to make the edges and junctions between the shapes appear curved.
Formed by four Royal College of Art and Imperial College London students, the Gravity team developed the technology while working on augmented reality software for turning 2D drawings into 3D models.
The studio's Gravity Sketch tool involves drawing on a transparent acrylic panel with a stylus and using a joystick to add a third dimension to the digital model, visible through a headset such as Oculus Rift.
A similar system to Lego X has been developed by designers Unfold, Kirschner3D and Penny Webb, who created a set of instruments that measure physical objects and transfer the dimensions to a digital model.
Nimb ring doubles as a panic alarm that calls for help with one press
Swedish rail company swaps paper tickets for embedded microchips
Lego unveils Boost kit to help children learn coding
Sgnl watch strap lets you receive phone calls through your fingertips


In this lesson we go over the Phrygian mode – it's scale construction and related chords.
Too cool Papa Gates I love this one!
You should know my main tips by now so apply those if you have time lol!
Jack Uhl Can this mode be used to solo over an aeolian mode? For example D phrygian over a D minor power chord progression. Or is it just exclusive to a phrygian progression/any other progression that is in that specific key?
Can this mode be used to solo over an aeolian mode? For example D phrygian over a D minor power chord progression. Or is it just exclusive to a phrygian progression/any other progression that is in that specific key?
Brian Haner Sr. It depends on the progression. If your progression is Dm to Em - then probably not. If Your progression is Dm to Eb - then yes. And here's why: A "D Aeolian" scale puts you in F Major. A "D Phrygian" scale puts you in Bb Major. So the only difference between the two scales is that F major has and E in it (F-G-A-Bb-C-D-E) and Bb has an Eb in it (Bb-C-D-Eb-F-G-A). Other than that - all the other notes are the same. So whatever your progression is - if you like the sound of and Eb better than the E - go for it! The final arbiter should ALWAYS be your ear.
Brian Haner Sr. Hahaha! You funny boy, Syn!
Hahaha! You funny boy, Syn!
Brandon Williams Flying on the wings of a dragon. Perfect analogy.
Flying on the wings of a dragon. Perfect analogy.


text:
Q: FreeMarker creates a soap envelope variable I am new to FreeMarker language. What I am trying to do is to create a http request with soap envelope to grab the data back from the Third party server. I have a question about the "Escape sequence" in there.
For instance, I have a variable in my FreeMarker like
<#assign soap_env="<soapenv:Envelope xmlns:soapenv="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/">
    <soapenv:Header>
        <ns7:ClientInfoHeader soapenv:mustUnderstand="0" xmlns:ns7="urn:messages.ws.rightnow.com/v1.1">
            <ns7:AppID>Run report sample</ns7:AppID>
        </ns7:ClientInfoHeader>
            <wsse:Security mustUnderstand="1" xmlns:wsse="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-secext-1.0.xsd">
                <wsse:UsernameToken><wsse:Username>${login}</wsse:Username>
                    <wsse:Password Type="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-username-token-profile-1.0#PasswordText">${Liu@8275?}</wsse:Password>
                </wsse:UsernameToken>
            </wsse:Security>
    </soapenv:Header> <soapenv:Body>
    <ns7:RunAnalyticsReport xmlns:ns7="urn:messages.ws.rightnow.com/v1.1">
        <ns7:AnalyticsReport xsi:type="ns4:AnalyticsReport" xmlns:ns4="urn:objects.ws.rightnow.com/v1.1" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
            <ID id="146682" xmlns="urn:base.ws.rightnow.com/v1.1"/>
         </ns7:AnalyticsReport><ns7:Limit>1000</ns7:Limit><ns7:Start>0</ns7:Start>
    </ns7:RunAnalyticsReport> </soapenv:Body> </soapenv:Envelope> ">

Do I need to replace all the quotation to another format? if yes, can you please give me an example?

A:  Freemarker Escape sequence        Meaning

  \"                         Quotation mark (u0022)
  \'                         Apostrophe (a.k.a. apostrophe-quote) (u0027)
  \\                         Back slash (u005C)
  \n                         Line feed (u000A)
  \r                         Carriage return (u000D)
  \t                         Horizontal tabulation (a.k.a. tab) (u0009)
  \b                         Backspace (u0008)
  \f                         Form feed (u000C)
  \l                         Less-than sign: <
  \g                         Greater-than sign: >
 \a                          Ampersand: &
\xCode                       Character given with its hexadecimal Unicode code (UCS code)

http://freemarker.org/docs/dgui_template_exp.html
http://freemarker.org/docs/ref_directive_escape.html

A: If you meant the parts like <#assign soap_env='<someXml someAttributes="someValue" />'>, as you see right in this example, you should use two different quotation marks (' and "), so FreeMarker will not be confused about where the string literal ends. Or, you can use escaping too, like in <#assign soap_env="<someXml someAttributes=\"someValue\" />">, but that's uglier.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Web.Http;
using CRM.EntityFrameWorkLib;
using CRM.WebApi.Infrastructure;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using CRM.WebApi.Filters;
using CRM.WebApi.Models.Request;
using CRM.WebApi.Models.Response;

namespace CRM.WebApi.Controllers
{
    //[Authorize]
    [MylExceptionFilterAttribute]
    public class EmailListsController : ApiController
    {
        private ApplicationManager appManager;
        public EmailListsController()
        {
            appManager = new ApplicationManager();
        }
        public async Task<IHttpActionResult> GetAllEmailLists()
        {
            List<EmailList> alllists = await appManager.GetAllEmaillistsAsync();
            if (alllists == null) return NotFound();

            var data = new List<ViewEmailListSimple>();
            alllists.ForEach(p => data.Add(new ViewEmailListSimple(p)));
            return Ok(data);
        }

        public async Task<IHttpActionResult> GetEmailListById(int id)
        {
            EmailList emaillist = await appManager.GetEmailListByIdAsync(id);
            if (emaillist == null) return NotFound();
            return Ok(new ViewEmailList(emaillist));
        }

        [Route("api/EmailLists/update")]
        public async Task<IHttpActionResult> PutUpdateEmailListContacts([FromBody] List<Guid> guidlist, [FromUri] int id, [FromUri] bool flag)
        {
            EmailList emailListToUpdate = await appManager.GetEmailListByIdAsync(id);
            if (emailListToUpdate == null) return NotFound();

            EmailList updatedEmailList = await appManager.ModifyEmailListAsync(emailListToUpdate, guidlist, null, flag);
            if (updatedEmailList != null) return Ok(new ViewEmailList(updatedEmailList));
            return BadRequest();
        }

        public async Task<IHttpActionResult> PutUpdateEmailListFull([FromBody] RequestEmailList emailList)
        {
            if (!ModelState.IsValid) return BadRequest(ModelState);
            EmailList emailListToUpdate = await appManager.GetEmailListByIdAsync(emailList.EmailListID);
            if (emailListToUpdate == null) return NotFound();

            EmailList updatedEmailList = await appManager.ModifyEmailListAsync(emailListToUpdate, emailList.Contacts, emailList.EmailListName, true);
            if (updatedEmailList != null) return Ok(new ViewEmailList(updatedEmailList));
            return BadRequest();
        }

        public async Task<IHttpActionResult> PostCreateEmailList([FromBody] RequestEmailList emailList)
        {
            if (!ModelState.IsValid) return BadRequest(ModelState);

            EmailList newEmailList = await appManager.AddNewEmailListAsync(emailList);
            return Created($"Contacts?id = {newEmailList.EmailListID}", new ViewEmailList(newEmailList));
        }

        public async Task<IHttpActionResult> DeleteEmailList(int id)
        {
            if (!(await appManager.DeleteEmailListByIdAsync(id))) return BadRequest();
            return Ok();
        }

        protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
        {
            if (disposing)
            {
                appManager.Dispose();
            }
            base.Dispose(disposing);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
First-ever tool to measure appetite in malnourished children
An innovative way to measure appetite levels in children may further clarify linkages between food intake levels and stunted/wasted growth and thus provide a strong leverage to future nutrition research.
Appetite is a psychological desire to eat - different from 'hunger' - the physical urge. Photo: GMB Akash
A simple interview-based measuring tool named Early Childhood Appetite and Satiety Tool (ECAST) was developed by icddr,b researchers to investigate levels of appetite – the psychological desire to eat – in children under five years by interviewing mothers and/or caregivers using a carefully crafted questionnaire.
"Data on impaired growth and its links to different nutritional and environmental factors are widely reported across the world but very little is known as to how appetite may be connected to impaired growth," says Dr Tahmeed Ahmed, icddr,b senior director of nutrition and clinical services division and senior author of the study published in Appetite.
Researchers associated with University of Washington, CHAIN Network and Wheaton College co-authored the study with Dr Tahmeed, who was first to propose the idea of developing a tool to improve understanding of appetite levels and impaired growth.
Stunting is impaired growth, mainly due to poor nutrition, of children too short for their age. A similar impairment is wasting – those too thin in comparison to their healthy counterparts.
Bangladesh is a high-burden country for stunting or impaired growth. Photo: Sumon Yusuf / icddr,b
The ECAST scores of wasted children with good appetite were higher than those with poor appetite.
"This finding corresponds with children's blood hormone levels associated with appetite, indicating that the tool seems to work," says Dr Baitun Nahar, icddr,b associate scientist and principal investigator of the study.
She explains that appetite (psychological desire to eat) is distinguished from hunger – the physical urge to eat, and satiety – the point when hunger or appetite is substantiated with food, leading to a 'full' feeling. "We have initially validated the tool to find that it works reasonably well, and look forward to cross-cultural validation to determine its suitability in other contexts." she adds.
There are many tools to assess appetite in overweight or obese children in western country context.
This newly developed and validated tool is especially designed to measure the appetite status of malnourished children, particularly the toddlers from low and middle income countries like Bangladesh, mentions Dr Muttaquina Hossain, icddr,b assistant scientist and co-author of the paper.
Many mothers struggle with feeding while children suffer from malnutrition. Photo: Shehzad Noorani / icddr,b
Misperception of appetite is a barrier to appropriate nutritional intervention, particularly for stunting. Initially icddr,b researchers have been curious to assess mothers' perceptions of children's appetite to inform strategies to improve responsive feeding and tool development, according to findings in FASEB journal.
Findings published in Public Health Nutrition has also shown that community norms instead of nutritional programming or health systems guidance may influence caregivers in assuming how tall children are in comparison to their peers and siblings.
The tool emerging from these efforts is ECAST, which is expected to systematically approach investigation into feeding practices, levels of appetite and appropriate nutritional intervention. Researchers expect it to help evaluate appetite level in growth impaired children in the South Asian context, especially Bangladesh, also a high-burden country for stunting.


text:
Bugac est un village et une commune du comitat de Bács-Kiskun en Hongrie. Sa population s'élève à  habitants au .

Géographie

Histoire

Article connexe
 Grand Kurultáj

Ville et village dans le comitat de Bács-Kiskun

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


BlackEnterprise.com, caught up with the Money Coach Lynnette Khalfani-Cox, who shared three often-overlooked ways to boost your credit score.
1. If you are a renter (and about 55% of African Americans are), add your rental payment history to your credit reports: Numerous studies show that this can give you a nice bump, sometimes 20-points or more, in your credit score. There is, however, a catch: You can't add this data to your Equifax, Experian, or TransUnion credit reports yourself. You have to use a third-party company to do it because they have to independently verify it with your landlord or property owner. Fortunately, several companies do this, including RentTrack.com and RentReporter.com.
2. Try piggybacking: Piggybacking is a technique where you get added onto the credit accounts of someone with a positive credit history. For example, if your spouse or a parent has good credit, you can get added as an authorized user on one or two of their credit cards. This lets you add positive credit history to your own credit files and increases your credit scores.
3. Get a secured credit card: Some 20-something millennials have "thin" credit or no credit, or perhaps they and others in their 30s, 40s, or 50s have had credit mistakes in the past, such as late payments, charge-offs, collections, or even a bankruptcy.
A lack of a traditional credit history or previous credit blemishes can make it tough to establish or re-establish credit and obtain a good credit score. But one strategy to overcome those problems is to obtain a secured card.
With a secured card, you put a certain amount of money–like $500–on deposit with a bank, credit union, or other lender. The amount you put up to open a secured card becomes your credit limit. Then if you buy anything or charge on the card, you just pay it off on time each month, and that boosts your credit score. Just make sure that any secured card you open reports to all three credit bureaus so you get the most bang for your buck from a credit-scoring perspective.
For more of Khalfani-Cox's tips, check out her website, TheMoneyCoach.net.


It's the sort of association that can't be underestimated for fleets whose regular task is to cross the expanses of Australia. Having an 80-hour journey over the desolate Nullarbor Plain interrupted, halfway into it, can make for a major disruption to operations and a foreboding experience for the driver.
"Having a dealer you can rely on, and who will sort out an immediate solution for parts and services, and using the nearest available resources down the line has been one of the many benefits Kenworth has delivered to us in those rare times of need," Angelo says.
Allied Transport Services, Financial Controller, Leah Lociuro says having Kenworth DAF Melbourne provide a utility of services including dedicated financing solutions has allowed the business, especially in aftersales, to move with the demands of the market.
In 2009 after several years of transporting both machinery and cars, Allied Transport Services honed its operations exclusively for the transportation of machinery. The shift in focus coincided with a boom in construction around Melbourne. Once they broke away from towing and moved into hauling machinery, predominantly in a low loader and tilt tray application, the demands on their business soon changed and having a fleet that could service customers with a broad range of equipment became key to their success says Angelo.
Angelo confirms Kenworth DAF Melbourne offers his business a complete in-house solution. Allied Transport Services relies on Kenworth DAF Melbourne, in the most part, for financing and services in which they purchase products from the parts department in the aftersales and service area. Because they have their own workshop they don't always require servicing from the dealership. They supply, however, everything else such as parts, filters and finance. Angelo says the familiarity between the two companies has been conducive for helping influence key efficiencies in his business.
According to Leah, it helps to have had a long-standing relationship. The ongoing partnership has had a flow-on effect across her business, right down to Allied's own fleet colours. Their business motto, 'we will travel anywhere required', remains an enduring part of their legacy since they first found their niche, providing towing services in the machinery sector.
Trailer applications may require Allied Transport Services to transport anything from crawler cranes, dump trucks, dozers, harvesters, bridge beams and more recently, large engineered fabrications and pressure vessels for local and overseas projects. Late in 2017, the company purchased three new trucks, a pair of Kenworth K200s and a T610. The T610 underwent an intensive test period of seven weeks.
Leah says having access to new model trucks that can be test run is a crucial part of the purchasing process, whereby Allied's experienced drivers can assist them to make informed decisions on the required specifications.
Because the T610 is 130 tonne rated it makes for an ideal solution for carrying low loaders into some of the most isolated parts of Australia such as Western Queensland where temperatures often reach 47°c.
Kenworth DAF Melbourne even took the made-to-measure service it provides one step further. It helped build a custom truck for Allied Transport Services as a tribute to Leah and Angelo's son Nicholas, who was born with the severe heart defect, Hypoplastic Left Heart syndrome.
In 2013 they had a Kenworth T909 prime mover manufactured to spec as part of a dedication to the courage personified by Nicholas and others born with congenital heart defects (CHD).


Personalize came about because the company already did brand stamps and names for other partner companies, stores, institutions and farms. Seeing this we realized that we could also leave the retail products with the face of their future owners and so the personalization stamps appeared with the initials. Today You can leave your shoes with your face or the one of whom you give, and you can choose even where your initials should be and at no cost.
To request your customization, just contact us. Do not forget to enter the order number, your complete data and the desired customization.


Live life glasses free with LASIK eye surgery! Offering patients in the greater Madison area the most advanced laser vision correction technology and our caring team of eye surgeons and staff. The Madison LASIK doctors at Anderson & Shapiro Eye Care will help you regain your visual freedom.
Are you searching for a cataract surgeon in the Madison? Cataract surgery is one of the most common and successful medical procedures performed today. Cataract surgery is an outpatient procedure performed with minimal anesthesia or sedation. Let Madison's leading cataract surgery doctors guide you on the path the clear vision.
Regular eye examinations are the best way to catch glaucoma before significant vision loss occurs. If glaucoma is left untreated, it can cause severe vision loss and blindness. Learn more about glaucoma consultation and treatment options with Madison's top glaucoma specialists at Anderson & Shapiro Eye Care.
Also known as your eyes window to the world, the cornea can be vulnerable to a variety of eye infections and diseases such as pterygium, keratoconus, Fuch's dystrophy and more. Let the professional, caring staff Anderson & Shapiro Eye Care help you to see your best.
Do you want to refresh and rejuvenate the areas around your eyes? Anderson & Shapiro Eye Care offers patients in the Madison area with a variety of surgical and nonsurgical procedures including eyelid surgery, BOTOX®, dermal fillers, and LATISSE® eyelash enhancement.
The Madison, WI Retina specialist at Anderson & Shapiro Eye Care offer patients diagnostic testing and treatment for a variety of conditions including macular degeneration, diabetic eye disease, flashes & floaters, and more.
Dr. C. Joseph Anderson, Dr. Michael B. Shapiro (co-founders), and Dr. Nicole Anderson-Weiss, of Anderson & Shapiro Eye Care in Madison, Wisconsin, have created a venue like no other – Anderson & Shapiro Eye Care is dedicated to preserving and enhancing the precious sense of sight. Our mission is to provide comprehensive eye care of the highest quality and to serve each patient with compassion and understanding. Anderson & Shapiro Eye Care is committed to delivering exceptional patient care services by offering state-of-the-art technology, world-class clinical services, and a patient experience that is unrivaled in southern Wisconsin.
According to Dr. Anderson-Weiss, "In our private practice setting we are able to offer a more personalized approach to patient care. From our friendly staff to our skilled surgeons, we want to make each patient feel comfortable and know they are getting the best possible care." Dr. Shapiro firmly believes they have created an atmosphere which supports patients as individuals, not numbers. Their altruistic views encourage them to continually advance their educations and to consistently reside on the cutting edge of technology in order to provide the most effective and innovative services for their patients.
Tired of Glasses or Contacts? LASIK changes the shape of your cornea using a laser to correct your vision and create clearer, brighter sight.
Cataract surgery removes the clouded lens and replaces it with a synthetic Intraocular Lens (IOL) to restore your vision. Premium IOLs are available that can reduce or eliminate your dependence on glasses following the procedure.
The retina is a layer of light-sensing cells that line the back of the eye. As light rays enter your eye, the retina converts the rays into signals that are sent through the optic nerve to your brain, where they are recognized as images. Retinal conditions, such as Macular Degeneration, can lead to visual impairment.


Self Description: I am a patient, extroverted and sociable woman. I'm the type of person who fights to get ahead, who believes in true love and loyalty in a relationship. I'm very honest and I always try to give the best of myself to others.
Comments: I want a sincere and respectful man, who enjoys his work, who is tender and thoughtful, a man who is capable of resolving conflicts through dialogue and being loving.
My additional Photos My additional Photos Medellin Tour Photos Meet Claribel On The Medellin Tour Write Me Now! Send flowers Call me Now!


text:
Stocks rally in New York after welcome election result
Investors look forward to the certainty provided by gridlock in Washington
Major benchmarks on Wall Street all gained more than 2% on Wednesday, a post-election bounce helped by a predictable election result that handed the Democrats a majority in the House of Representatives.
Republicans gained three seats in the Senate, a victory that will provide some measure of comfort for President Donald Trump and give him leeway in confirming appointments.
The divided Congress means that pushing through any major agenda items will be a herculean task, if it is possible at all, portending little policy uncertainty.
Outside hope for an infrastructure spending package that could boost industrial stocks may have dimmed somewhat on Wednesday when the president struck a defiant, combative tone in a press conference following his party's success in outperforming polls in Senate races.
When asked whether he would be willing to compartmentalize congressional investigations and continue to pursue bipartisan legislation, the president answered, flatly: "No."
"If they do that, then it's just a warlike posture," he warned.
Democratic lawmakers have already indicated that they will launch investigations into White House ethics violations, among other alleged abuses, and few expect representatives to back down on those promises once they assume House leadership positions in January.
While the Republicans will not likely be passing another tax cut, and there is little reason to hold one's breath for a big infrastructure push, markets can rest assured that the chances of market-negative policy initiatives are also very slim.
StocksAT FinanceUS politicsmidterm elections


Cosmo Leap Σ is an optical projector for mid-size, municipal planetariums operated primarily for educational purposes. It is designed to benefit all planetarium users, including the children who learn and grow through astronomy. Combining both star and planet projection, it is the smallest projector in its class worldwide, offering 80 constellation images, reference marks and more to enable a full, all-inclusive analysis of the night sky in the limited space of a mid-size planetarium dome. Quiet operation on par with that of library noise levels enables novel show types, such as projection accompanied by musical concerts. The unit's pitch-black color, which blends into the dark, and elaborate, polyhedral light-emitting projection foster an elegant harmony as they recreate the starry sky.
Akiko Hiraga, Reona Kubota, Ryo Takimura, Human Experience Design Center, KONICA MINOLTA, INC.


text:
Home Internet Social media
Internet, Social media June 17, 2014
DPRK Music Channel gone for good?
One of the most popular YouTube channels carrying North Korean content appears to have closed. DPRK Music Channel posted music videos of North Korean patriotic songs and traditional ballads, usually…
Internet, Social media, Websites April 24, 2014
YouTube terminates most popular North Korean channel
The most popular North Korea-related YouTube channel was deleted by the video website on Wednesday for copyright infringement. [April 26 update: The channel is now back. Read on for details of…
Internet, Social media February 9, 2014
North Korea YouTube List updated
It's been almost a year since I published the second edition of The North Korea YouTube List, a survey of YouTube channels that carry material related to North Korea. The…
Internet, Media, Social media, Websites January 18, 2014
IJuche app banned in South Korea
A recently-launched iPhone app that delivers articles from the Korean Central News Agency to iPhones and iPads has been banned in South Korea. The app, iJuche, was developed and published…
App lets you keep up with KCNA on iPhone, iPad
If you use an Apple iPhone or iPad, there's a new app that lets you stay current with news from the Korean Central News Agency. IJuche is the product of…
Internet, Media, Social media December 19, 2013
AP's Guttenfelder named Time's top Instagram photographer
Time Magazine has named David Guttenfelder its top Instagram photographer of the year for his on-going series of photos that chronicle life in North Korea. Guttenfelder, chief Asia photographer for…
Internet, Media, Social media, Television, Websites June 14, 2013
KCTV Facebook page deleted, but streams live on
A Facebook page that claimed to be the official home of North's Korea's main national TV channel, Korean Central Television, has disappeared. The page appeared to have been around for…
Live from Pyongyang, it's KCTV on Facebook … or maybe not
On Thursday, South Korea's Yonhap reported on a new Facebook page in the name of the Korean Central Television, North Korea's national TV station. (Updated. See below.) Yonhap said, "North…
Internet, Social media, Websites March 21, 2013
North Korea: The Podcast
Uriminzokkiri, the Chinese-based website that carries most of North Korea's official propaganda output, has started a podcast and it's available through Apple's iTunes. The podcast is advertised on the front…


text:
Difficulties with Your Women Of Puerto Rico
Wilnelia Merced grew to become the primary Puerto Rican Miss World in 1975. On December 18, 2016, Stephanie Del Valle grew to become the second Puerto Rican to be crowned Miss World. Dr. Milagros J. Cordero is a licensed, registered occupational therapist with board certification in Pediatrics. Cordero is licensed in the usage of SAMONAS and Tomatis sound therapies. Colonel Maritza Sáenz Ryan (U.S. Army), is the pinnacle of the Department of Law on the United States Military Academy.
The seed of women's suffrage grew out of such boisterous ideological debates amongst working-class women, who were largely black and mixed-race. As descendants of enslaved Africans, indigenous Taínos, and white Spaniards, black and brown Puerto Rican ladies struggled within the racial and economic hierarchy established beneath 400 years of Spanish colonialism. Puerto Rican society was stratified by class, gender and skin color, with wealthy, light-skinned criollos, Spanish men born on the island, privileged over combined and dark-skinned black and brown Puerto Ricans. Working-class socialists, though not with out their very own colorist and sexist struggles, typically organized political platforms around issues of race and gender. Before you go browsing and sign up for a sort of international dating websites, it's a good idea to hit the pavement and attempt to meet some local Puerto Rican single girls of your personal.
Most men in Puerto Rican countries are alcoholics and usually are not interested in their households.
Dating consultants present recommendations on courting a Puerto Rican lady which helps every foreigner.
While pages are crammed with largely white males, who're called "heroes" and "founding fathers," girls are often ignored of the historical past lessons.
Under the leadership of the extra progressive Ricarda López de Ramos Casellas, the LSS changed its position and formally declared itself in help of universal suffrage.
She then grew to become politically energetic and assisted in the founding of various group organizations.
It also stipulated that the Board of Medical Examiners embrace two nurses.
They introduced a mix of Portuguese, Spanish, and the language spoken in the Congo in what is named "Bozal" Spanish. They additionally introduced what turned the everyday dances of Puerto Rico such because the Bomba and the Plena, that are likewise rooted in Africa. African girls additionally contributed to the development of Puerto Rican cuisine that has a robust African affect.
What Things To Expect From Puerto Rican Women?
These pioneering ladies are pouring their ardour for his or her beloved Island into products that will either encourage your next journey to Puerto Rico or remind you of your previous here adventures on the Island. Start to Discover Puerto Rico and its essence via the unique products that are locally-made by the Island's trailblazing female entrepreneurs.
Understandably, many citizens in Puerto Rico don't want to wait until Election Day to have a say in politics. The march additionally questioned the discourse that punishes women for strolling the streets at night time. A girl was killed each weekin Puerto Rico between 2014 and 2018, around when the protests began, based on a recent research carried out by two Puerto Rican public interest organizations. Today, Cacerola Girl continues to stand on the entrance traces confronting riot police and being pelted and gassed.
Despite these restrictions, women who may pass literacy checks participated in their first main election in 1932. About 50,000 cast their ballots, and promptly elected women to metropolis governments throughout the island, in addition to María Luisa Arcelay, the primary girl member of the Puerto Rican House of Representatives.
New Questions About Puerto Rico Women Responded And Why You Should Read Every Word with This Report
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The People's Republic of China is home to 1.35 billion people, making it the most populous country on the planet. It is also home to the largest and fastest-growing economy in the world (discounting the European Union, which of course contains numerous nation states).
Currently, China is a one-party state under the ruling Communist Party, which has remained in power since the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. The Party is well-known for the strict filtering of the internet through the so-called Great Firewall, whereby numerous websites have been blocked, including many of the most popular social utility sites, including Facebook, Twitter, Yahoo, WordPress, The Pirate Bay, DropBox, Vimeo, SoundCloud, Wikileaks, DuckDuckGo and Gmail, not to mention some of the best-known VPN providers. In this guide, we'll outline the current online restrictions in place as well as recommending the best providers specifically for use for unblocking Gmail in China.
Since the Firewall filters all online data within the country, the state authority is able to block access to any website believed to conflict with ideological and/or economic interests. Because of these restrictions, use of VPNs and Smart DNS has risen dramatically in the last few years, with providers having to evolve to overcome restrictions targeted against their use. While there are still many functioning providers in China, access to some has been restricted by the firewall, including HideIP VPN, Private Internet Access, HideMyAss, Kepard, Blacklogic, Strong VPN and SunVPN. For more information on blocked websites and other issues involving censorship in China, visit GreatFire.org. At present, 65425 URLs and 852 Google sites are blocked.
Since December 2014, IP addresses in China have been blocked from accessing Google's Gmail. The free-to-use ad-supported web-mail service boasts around 900 million active users worldwide (as of May 2015), making it arguably the best-known web-mail provider in the world. For many existing Gmail users in China, and for those wanting to use the service for the first time, VPNs and other proxy services are the only viable option for overcoming the block. The restricted access came into place after months of disruption to the service with many critics suggesting that it's part of an economic decision to limit the encroachment of Google and other mostly US-based web services in the country. In July 2015, access to Reddit was also blocked though only for a matter of hours.
Note, the Chinese government has not officially stated that a protocol blocking policy is in place nor has it defined the use of VPNs as illegal.
VPN.AC is based in Romania and is operated by the I.T specialists Netsec Interactive Solutions. Strong AES 256-bit encryption supports the OpenVPN, PPTP and L2TP/IPsec protocols. OpenVPN is available using the TCP port 443 (HTTPS) using obfuscation. Obfuscation makes it so server traffic appears as SSL traffic, which makes it difficult for external regulators to block activity through firewalls and identification using DPI capabilities.
Currently, there are specially-optimized servers for use in China, including the following locations: Hong Kong (1 Gbit and 1 SecureProxy server), Singapore (1 Gbit and 2 SecureProxy servers), Japan (5 Gbit and 6 SecureProxy servers) and several US West Coast locations (Seattle: 1 Gbit and 1 SecureProxy; California: 10 Gbit and 5 SecureProxy servers). VPN.AC also uses peering to connect through the two largest ISPs China Unicom and China Telecom.
VPN.AC do not log user traffic though basic connection logs are kept for 24 hours. There are several anonymous payment options for users in China, including Alipay, Unionpay, Paypal, BitCoin, CashU, Paysafecard and UKash.
VPN.AC also offers subscribers a TLS-encrypted browser proxy called SecureProxy, which can be used with Chrome, Firefox, Yandex and Opera. SecureProxy allows users to switch between geographic locations simply by choosing a region from the drop-down menu.
To unblock Gmail using VPN.AC's SecureProxy, first you'll need to sign up through VPN.AC's homepage.
Once you've signed up, download and add the SecureProxy extension to your specified browser. Next, open SecureProxy and enter your VPN.AC credentials, then connect to one of the optimized server locations (Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, US West Coast). You can check your new IP address is working by going here. You should now be able to access Gmail without any problems.
Note, it is possible to run a VPN connection simultaneously (only the browser's traffic will be re-routed via the proxy, while the rest of the programs will be running through the VPN). For optimal security, disable Flash and WebRTC. Chrome users might consider plugins such as the WebRTC Network Limiter, which configures WebRTC to avoid certain IP addresses/protocols.