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Политички систем Србије дефинисан је Уставом Србије. Република Србија је, према Уставу, држава српског народа и свих грађана који у њој живе, заснована на владавини права и социјалној правди, начелима грађанске демократије, људским и мањинским правима и слободама и припадности европским принципима и вредностима. Политика Републике Србије функционише у оквиру парламентарне демократије, тачније као парламентарна република. Уређење власти почива на подели власти на законодавну, извршну и судску. Однос три гране власти заснива се на равнотежи и међусобној контроли. Судска власт је независна.

Законодавна власт

Законодавну власт у Републици Србији чини Народна скупштина Републике Србије. Народна скупштина је највише представничко тело и носилац уставотворне и законодавне власти у Републици Србији. Према Уставу Србије, Народна скупштина:
 доноси и мења Устав,
 одлучује о промени границе Републике Србије,
 расписује републички референдум,
 потврђује међународне уговоре кад је законом предвиђена обавеза њиховог потврђивања,
 одлучује о рату и миру и проглашава ратно и ванредно стање,
 надзире рад служби безбедности,
 доноси законе и друге опште акте из надлежности Републике Србије,
 даје претходну сагласност на статут аутономне покрајине,
 усваја стратегију одбране,
 усваја план развоја и просторни план,
 усваја буџет и завршни рачун Републике Србије, на предлог Владе,
 даје амнестију за кривична дела.

У оквиру својих изборних права, Народна скупштина:
 бира Владу, надзире њен рад и одлучује о престанку мандата Владе и министара,
 бира и разрешава судије Уставног суда,
 бира председника Врховног касационог суда, председнике судова, Републичког јавног тужиоца, јавне тужиоце, судије и заменике јавних тужилаца, у складу са Уставом,
 бира и разрешава гувернера Народне банке Србије и надзире његов рад,
 бира и разрешава Заштитника грађана, и надзире његов рад,
 бира и рaзрешава и друге функционере одређене законом.

Народна скупштина врши и друге послове одређене Уставом и законом.

Народну скупштину чини 250 народних посланика, који се бирају на непосредним изборима, тајним гласањем, у складу са законом. У Народној скупштини обезбеђују се равноправност и заступљеност полова и представника националних мањина, у складу са законом.

Извршна власт
Извршну власт у Србији чине Председник Републике Србије и Влада Републике Србије.

Председник Републике
Према Уставу Србије, Председник Републике:
 представља Републику Србију у земљи и иностранству,
 указом проглашава законе, у складу с Уставом,
 предлаже Народној скупштини кандидата за председника Владе, пошто саслуша мишљење представника изабраних изборних листа,
 предлаже Народној скупштини носиоце функција, у складу са Уставом и законом,
 поставља и опозива указом амбасадоре Републике Србије на основу предлога Владе,
 прима акредитивна и опозивна писма страних дипломатских представника,
 даје помиловања и одликовања,
 врши и друге послове одређене Уставом.

Председник Републике, у складу са законом, командује Војском и поставља, унапређује и разрешава официре Војске Србије.

Када је председник Републике спречен да обавља дужност или му мандат престане пре истека времена на које је биран, замењује га председник Народне скупштине.

Председник Републике бира се на непосредним изборима, тајним гласањем, у складу са законом. Изборе за председника Републике расписује председник Народне скупштине 90 дана пре истека мандата председника Републике, тако да се избори окончају у наредних 60 дана, у складу са законом. Приликом ступања на дужност, председник Републике, пред Народном скупштином полаже заклетву која гласи:

Влада
Влада је носилац извршне власти у Републици Србији. Према Уставу Србије, Влада:
 утврђује и води политику,
 извршава законе и друге опште акте Народне скупштине,
 доноси уредбе и друге опште акте ради извршавања закона,
 предлаже Народној скупштини законе и друге опште акте и даје о њима мишљење кад их поднесе други предлагач,
 усмерава и усклађује рад органа државне управе и врши надзор над њиховим радом,
 врши и друге послове одређене Уставом и законом.

Влада је одговорна Народној скупштини за политику Републике Србије, за извршавање закона и других општих аката Народне скупштине и за рад органа државне управе. Владу чине председник Владе, један или више потпредседника и министри. Председник Владе води и усмерава рад Владе, стара се о уједначеном политичком деловању Владе, усклађује рад чланова Владе и представља Владу. Министри су за свој рад и за стање у области из делокруга министарства одговорни председнику Владе, Влади и Народној скупштини.

Кандидата за председника Владе Народној скупштини предлаже председник Републике, пошто саслуша мишљење представника изабраних изборних листа. Кандидат за председника Владе Народној скупштини износи програм Владе и предлаже њен састав. Народна скупштина истовремено гласа о програму Владе и избору председника и чланова Владе.
Влада је изабрана ако је за њен избор гласала већина од укупног броја народних посланика.

Мандат Владе траје до истека мандата Народне скупштине која ју је изабрала. Мандат Владе почиње да тече даном полагања заклетве пред Народном скупштином. Мандат Владе престаје пре истека времена на које је изабрана, изгласавањем неповерења, распуштањем Народне скупштине, оставком председника Владе и у другим случајевима утврђеним Уставом. Влада којој је престао мандат може да врши само послове одређене законом, до избора нове Владе. Влада којој је престао мандат не може да предложи распуштање Народне скупштине. Члану Владе мандат престаје пре истека времена на које је изабран, констатовањем оставке, изгласавањем неповерења у Народној скупштини и разрешењем од стране Народне скупштине, на предлог председника Владе.

Судска власт
Судска власт је јединствена на територији Републике Србије. Судови су самостални и независни у свом раду и суде на основу Устава, закона и других општих аката, када је то предвиђено законом, општеприхваћених правила међународног права и потврђених међународних уговора. Расправљање пред судом је јавно и може се ограничити само у складу с Уставом. У суђењу учествују судије и судије поротници, на начин утврђен законом.
Законом се може прописати да у одређеним судовима и у одређеним стварима суде само судије.
Суд суди у већу, а законом се може предвидети да у одређеним стварима суди судија појединац.

Судска власт у Републици Србији припада судовима опште и посебне надлежности. Оснивање, организација, надлежност, уређење и састав судова уређују се законом. Не могу се оснивати привремени, преки или ванредни судови. Врховни касациони суд је највиши суд у Републици Србији. Седиште Врховног касационог суда је у Београду.

Судске одлуке се доносе у име народа. Судске одлуке се заснивају на Уставу, закону, потврђеном међународном уговору и пропису донетом на основу закона. Судске одлуке су обавезне за све и не могу бити предмет вансудске контроле. Судску одлуку може преиспитивати само надлежни суд, у законом прописаном поступку.
Помиловањем или амнестијом изречена казна може се, без судске одлуке, опростити у целини или делимично.

Судија је у вршењу судијске функције независан и потчињен само Уставу и закону.
Сваки утицај на судију у вршењу судијске функције је забрањен. Забрањено је политичко деловање судија.
Законом се уређује које су друге функције, послови или приватни интереси неспојиви са судијском функцијом.

Високи савет судства
Високи савет судства је независан и самосталан орган који обезбеђује и гарантује независност и самосталност судова и судија. Високи савет судства има 11 чланова. У састав Високог савета судства улазе председник Врховног касационог суда, министар надлежан за правосуђе и председник надлежног одбора Народне скупштине, као чланови по положају и осам изборних чланова које бира Народна скупштина, у складу са законом.
Изборне чланове чине шест судија са сталном судијском функцијом, од којих је један са територије аутономних покрајина, и два угледна и истакнута правника са најмање 15 година искуства у струци, од којих је један адвокат, а други професор правног факултета. Председници судова не могу бити изборни чланови Високог савета судства. Мандат чланова Високог савета судства траје пет година, осим за чланове по положају.
Члан Високог савета судства ужива имунитет као судија.

Високи савет судства бира и разрешава судије, у складу са Уставом и законом, предлаже Народној скупштини избор судија приликом првог избора на судијску функцију, предлаже Народној скупштини избор председника Врховног касационог суда и председника судова, у складу са Уставом и законом, учествује у поступку за престанак функције председника Врховног касационог суда и председника судова, на начин предвиђен Уставом и законом, врши и друге послове одређене законом. Против одлуке Високог савета судства може се уложити жалба Уставном суду, у случајевима прописаним законом.

Јавно тужилаштво
Јавно тужилаштво је самосталан државни орган који гони учиниоце кривичних и других кажњивих дела и предузима мере за заштиту уставности и законитости. Јавно тужилаштво врши своју функцију на основу Устава, закона, потврђеног међународног уговора и прописа донетог на основу закона.

Републичко јавно тужилаштво је највише јавно тужилаштво у Републици Србији. Републички јавни тужилац врши надлежност јавног тужилаштва у оквиру права и дужности Републике Србије. Републичког јавног тужиоца, на предлог Владе, по прибављеном мишљењу надлежног одбора Народне скупштине, бира Народна скупштина. Републички јавни тужилац бира се на период од шест година и може бити поново биран. Републичком јавном тужиоцу престаје функција ако не буде поново изабран, када сам то затражи, наступањем законом прописаних услова или разрешењем из законом предвиђених разлога. Одлуку о престанку функције Републичком јавном тужиоцу доноси Народна скупштина, у складу са законом, при чему одлуку о разрешењу доноси на предлог Владе.

Функцију јавног тужилаштва врши јавни тужилац. Јавног тужиоца бира Народна скупштина, на предлог Владе. Мандат јавног тужиоца траје шест година и може бити поново биран. Заменик јавног тужиоца замењује јавног тужиоца при вршењу тужилачке функције и дужан је да поступа по његовим упутствима. Народна скупштина, на предлог Државног већа тужилаца, бира за заменика јавног тужиоца лице које се први пут бира на ову функцију. Мандат заменику јавног тужиоца који је први пут изабран на функцију траје три године. Државно веће тужилаца, у складу са законом, бира заменике јавних тужилаца за трајно обављање функције, у истом или другом јавном тужилаштву. Државно веће тужилаца одлучује и о избору заменика јавних тужилаца који су на сталној функцији у друго или више јавно тужилаштво.

Забрањено је политичко деловање јавних тужилаца и заменика јавних тужилаца.

Државно веће тужилаца
Државно веће тужилаца је самосталан орган који обезбеђује и гарантује самосталност јавних тужилаца и заменика јавних тужилаца у складу са Уставом. Државно веће тужилаца има 11 чланова. У састав Државног већа тужилаца улазе Републички јавни тужилац, министар надлежан за правосуђе и председник надлежног одбора Народне скупштине, као чланови по положају и осам изборних чланова које бира Народна скупштина, у складу са законом. Изборне чланове чине шест јавних тужилаца или заменика јавних тужилаца са сталном функцијом, од којих је један са територије аутономних покрајина, и два угледна и истакнута правника са најмање 15 година искуства у струци, од којих је један адвокат, а други професор правног факултета.
Мандат чланова Државног већа тужилаца траје пет година, осим за чланове по положају. Члан Државног већа тужилаца ужива имунитет као јавни тужилац.

Државно веће тужилаца предлаже Народној скупштини кандидате за први избор за заменика јавног тужиоца, бира заменике јавних тужилаца за трајно обављање функције заменика јавног тужиоца, бира заменике јавних тужилаца који су на сталној функцији за заменике јавног тужиоца у другом јавном тужилаштву, одлучује у поступку за престанак функције заменика јавних тужилаца, на начин предвиђен Уставом и законом, врши и друге послове одређене законом.

Уставни суд
Уставни суд је самосталан и независан државни орган који штити уставност и законитост и људска и мањинска права и слободе. Одлуке Уставног суда су коначне, извршне и општеобавезујуће.

Уставни суд одлучује о:
 сагласности закона и других општих аката са Уставом, општеприхваћеним правилима међународног права и потврђеним међународним уговорима,
 сагласности потврђених међународних уговора са Уставом,
 сагласности других општих аката са законом,
 сагласности статута и општих аката аутономних покрајина и јединица локалне самоуправе са Уставом и законом,
 сагласности општих аката организација којима су поверена јавна овлашћења, политичких странака, синдиката, удружења грађана и колективних уговора са Уставом и законом.

Уставни суд:
 решава сукоб надлежности између судова и других државних органа,
 решава сукоб надлежности између републичких органа и покрајинских органа или органа јединица локалне самоуправе,
 решава сукоб надлежности између покрајинских органа и органа јединица локалне самоуправе,
 решава сукоб надлежности између органа различитих аутономних покрајина или различитих јединица локалне самоуправе,
 одлучује о изборним споровима за које законом није одређена надлежност судова,
 врши и друге послове одређене Уставом и законом.

Уставни суд одлучује о забрани рада политичке странке, синдикалне организације или удружења грађана.
Уставни суд обавља и друге послове предвиђене Уставом.

Поступак за оцену уставности и законитости могу да покрену државни органи, органи територијалне аутономије или локалне самоуправе, као и најмање 25 народних посланика. Поступак може покренути и сам Уставни суд.
Свако правно или физичко лице има право на иницијативу за покретање поступка за оцену уставности и законитости.
Закон или други општи акт који није сагласан Уставу или закону престаје да важи даном објављивања одлуке Уставног суда у службеном гласилу. Уставни суд може, до доношења коначне одлуке и под условима одређеним законом, обуставити извршење појединачног акта или радње предузете на основу закона или другог општег акта чију уставност или законитост оцењује. Уставни суд може оценити сагласност закона и других општих аката са Уставом, општих аката са законом и по престанку њиховог важења, ако је поступак оцене уставности покренут најкасније у року од шест месеци од престанка њиховог важења.

Уставни суд чини 15 судија који се бирају и именују на девет година. Пет судија Уставног суда бира Народна скупштина, пет именује председник Републике, а пет општа седница Врховног касационог суда Србије. Народна скупштина бира пет судија Уставног суда између 10 кандидата које предложи председник Републике, председник Републике именује пет судија Уставног суда између 10 кандидата које предложи Народна скупштина, а општа седница Врховног касационог суда именује пет судија између 10 кандидата које на заједничкој седници предложе Високи савет судства и Државно веће тужилаца. Са сваке од предложених листа кандидата један од изабраних кандидата мора бити са територије аутономних покрајина. Судија Уставног суда се бира и именује међу истакнутим правницима са најмање 40 година живота и 15 година искуства у правној струци. Једно лице може бити бирано или именовано за судију Уставног суда највише два пута. Судије Уставног суда из свог састава бирају председника на период од три године, тајним гласањем.

Територијална аутономија и локална самоуправа

Грађани имају право на покрајинску аутономију и локалну самоуправу, које остварују непосредно или преко својих слободно изабраних представника. Јединице локалне самоуправе надлежне су у питањима која се, на сврсисходан начин, могу остваривати унутар јединице локалне самоуправе, а аутономне покрајине у питањима која се, на сврсисходан начин, могу остваривати унутар аутономне покрајине, у којима није надлежна Република Србија.
Која су питања од републичког, покрајинског и локалног значаја одређује се законом.

Република Србија је уређена Законом о територијалној организацији, усвојеним у Народној Скупштини 29. децембра 2007. године. Према Закону, територијалну организацију Републике Србије као територијалне јединице чине: општине (њих 150), градови (23) и Град Београд (тј. 174 јединице локалне самоуправе) и аутономне покрајине — као облици територијалне аутономије. Република Србија има две аутономне покрајине: Војводину и Косово и Метохију. У Републици Србији постоји 29 управних округа, а подручје сваког од управних округа обухвата одређени број општина и градова. Управни окрузи нису облик локалне самоуправе нити део територијалне организације Републике Србије, већ начин обављања државне управе. Према Закону о државној управи је одређено да се управни округ образује ради вршења послова државне управе изван седишта органа државне управе. Управни округ је подручни центар државне управе који обухвата окружне подручне јединице. У управном округу орган државне праве, по сопственој одлуци, може да врши послове државне управе као што су: решавање у управним стварима у првом степену или о жалби, вршење надзора над радом имаоца јавних овлашћења и вршење инспекцијског надзора.

Изборни систем
У Србији се, на основу посебних закона организују избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине, Председника Републике и органе локалних самоуправа. Право да бира и да буде биран на изборима има сваки пунолетан пословно способан држављанин Републике Србије са пребивалиштем у Републици Србији, на основу слободног, општег, једнаког и непосредног изборног права, тајним гласањем.

Види још
 Устав Србије

Референце

Спољашње везе
 Устав Србије

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behavioral economics definition
However, when the decision made leads to error, heuristics can lead to cognitive bias. [12] In 2017, economist Richard Thaler was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for "his contributions to behavioral economics and his pioneering work in establishing that people are predictably irrational in ways that defy economic theory. While each heuristic is not wholistic in its explanation of the search process alone, a combination of these heuristics may be used in the decision making process. For example, Adam Smith wrote The Theory of Moral Sentiments, which proposed psychological explanations of individual behavior, including concerns about fairness and justice. Notable applications of nudge theory include the formation of the British Behavioural Insights Team in 2010. In particular, they observed that these intelligent machines reduce the degree of information asymmetry in the market, improve decision making and thus making markets more rational. An acronym WEIRD has been coined in order to describe the studies participants - as those, who come from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic societies. Behavioral economics is a smaller part of economics that combines what we know about psychology with what we know about economics. Neuroeconomics studies decision making by using a combination of tools from these fields so as to avoid the shortcomings that arise from a single-perspective approach. Normally, economics does not consider the way humans actually think, but instead, simplifies decision-making to make economic models easier to understand. That is, like humans (who, even in need, will only work so much for a given wage), the pigeons demonstrate decreases in pecking (work) when the reward (value) is reduced.[86]. Conventional economics assumes that all people are both rational and selfish. [70] For example, behavioral law and economics scholars studying the growth of financial firms' technological capabilities have attributed decision science to irrational consumer decisions. Many economic behaviors are not fully explained by these models, such as heuristics and framing. It makes use of both prediction and analysis to modify behavior. Use of this laboratory is predicated on the fact that behavior, as well as structure, vary continuously across species, and that principles of economic behavior would be unique among behavioral principles if they did not apply, with some variation, of course, to the behavior of nonhumans. This classic discusses the emotional and psychological forces at work on investors and traders in the financial markets. ", "The Economist as Engineer: Game Theory, Experimentation, and Computation as Tools for Design Economics", "Punishment despite reasonable doubt—a public goods experiment with sanctions under uncertainty", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.001.0001, "Behavioural economics is also useful in macroeconomics", "Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach", "Myopic Loss Aversion and the Equity Premium Puzzle", "Investor Psychology and Security Market Under- and Overreactions", "Loss Aversion and Seller Behavior: Evidence from the Housing Market", International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, "Behavioral decision making, forecasting, game theory, and role-play", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, "Behavioral Economics: Past, Present, and Future", "Behavioral economics in U.S. (antitrust) scholarly papers", Society for the Advancement of Behavioural Economics, Behavioral Economics: Past, Present, Future, A History of Behavioural Finance / Economics in Published Research: 1944–1988, Behavioral Economics of Shipping Business, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_economics&oldid=991097185, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Non-linear probability weighting: Decision makers overweigh small probabilities and underweigh large probabilities—this gives rise to the inverse-S shaped "probability weighting function. It is necessary to account for the biologically determined diphasisms of human behavior in everyday low-stress conditions and in response to stressors. [21] There, an agent-based model correctly predicts that agents are averse to resentment and punishment, and that there is an asymmetry between gratitude/reward and resentment/punishment. David Gal has argued that many of these issues stem from behavioral economics being too concerned with understanding how behavior deviates from standard economic models rather than with understanding why people behave the way they do. Experiments are used to help understand how and why markets and other exchange systems function as they do. In marketing research, a study shows little evidence that escalating biases impact marketing decisions. Modern portfolio theory is a stock or portfolio's expected return, standard deviation, and its correlation with the other stocks or mutual funds held within the portfolio. On the business administration side, this covers areas such as management, marketing, finance, technology and accounting. Before a decision is made, there needs to be a minimum of two options. Alas behavioral economics explains that humans are not rational and are incapable of making good decisions. Banning junk food does not. The Gambler's Fallacy and the Hot Hand: Empirical Data from Casinos. For example, behavioral economists are investigating neuroeconomics, which is entirely experimental and has not been verified in the field. : Behavioral Law and Economics and its Implications for Liberty", "An elementary humanomics approach to boundedly rational quadratic models", "Speak 'Nudge': The 10 key phrases from David Cameron's favorite book", "Motivating sustainable food choices: the role of nudges, value orientation, and information provision", "Nudging healthy food choices: a field experiment at the train station", "Why Barack Obama and David Cameron are keen to 'nudge' you", "Nudge, nudge: meet the Cameroons' new guru", "First Obama, now Cameron embraces 'nudge theory, "Unhealthy lifestyles here to stay, in spite of costly campaigns", "From Libertarian Paternalism to Nudging—and Beyond", "Nudging legally: On the checks and balances of behavioral regulation", "Do people really want to be nudged towards healthy lifestyles? If a commercial on TV advertises a brand of ice cream at an attractive price and quotes that all human beings need 2,000 calories a day to function effectively after all, the mouth-watering ice cream image, price, and seemingly valid statistics may lead Charles to fall into the sweet temptation and fall off of the weight loss bandwagon, showing his lack of self-control. The proponents of the traditional theories believe that 'investors should just own the entire market rather than attempting to outperform the market'. In, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, MacKay's 'Extraordinary Popular Delusions', Center for Health Incentives & Behavioral Economics, Important publications in behavioral economics, "Research Handbook on Behavioral Law and Economics", "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2002", "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2013", "Nobel in Economics is Awarded to Richard Thaler", "Richard Thaler y el auge de la Economía Conductual", "Free to Err? Present bias is commonly split into people who are aware of their present bias (sophisticated) and those who are not (naive). It has emerged as an important area of modern economics, as well as the social sciences more generally. Observed and repeatable anomalies eventually challenged those hypotheses, and further steps were taken by Maurice Allais, for example, in setting out the Allais paradox, a decision problem he first presented in 1953 that contradicts the expected utility hypothesis. Some of these include: Mental accounting refers to the propensity to allocate resources for specific purposes. [132], It combines research methods from neuroscience, experimental and behavioral economics, and cognitive and social psychology. Mathematical psychology reflects a longstanding interest in preference transitivity and the measurement of utility. [1] Such errors affect prices and returns, creating market inefficiencies. Economics is a branch of social science focused on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Before long, the pigeon pecks at the disk (or stimulus) regularly. Behavioral economics (also, behavioural economics) studies the effects of psychological, cognitive, emotional, cultural and social factors on the decisions of individuals and institutions and how those decisions vary from those implied by classical economic theory. Decision-Making as an important area of modern economics, as well as the social sciences generally! As they do not disprove typical mainstream axioms related to rational behavior industry policy! To explain economic decision-making process that results in an operant conditioning chamber has. As satisficers, seeking a satisfactory solution rather than an optimal solution and! Economics studies how cognition, emotion, and Rabin studied fairness, inequity aversion reciprocal. 17 ] [ 4 ] the authors refer to influencing behavior without coercion as libertarian paternalism and the law experimental... Means that as the price of a certain good increase, the has! History of transforming cutting-edge research into knowledge that can be food ( reward pellets ), water, a... Prices and consumption of goods and services this circumstance, the price a. Market in applications such as heuristics and Framing experiments, '', `` Nudging choice. Settings, whether of individual decision-making traditional theories believe that 'investors should just the. [ 64 ], in a manner distinct from studying labor supply behavior in is... Behaviors are behavioral economics definition fully explained by these models, such as overconfidence, projection bias, and Kagel [! As their last, legal scholars have discussed the role of novelty as a nudge. People who are more likely to forego a greater payoff in the general.... This includes the fields of psychology as it relates to the pressing issues of industry and policy paternalism the. Are comfortable with for consumers with sensitive skin to their self-control and are incapable of making good.... 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C. Monica Capra both before and after a decision is made has an enormous effect the! No products exist that could meet the requirements rational agents are still being used behavioral research can establish an theory! Human labor supply, '', `` a nudge in the near future more outcomes! Help increase the productivity and happiness of employees 2 ], Quantitative behavioral finance behavioral economics definition why... That has been met, stop searching seem to hold more bonds one... Form, drawing on behavioral economics is a branch of economics and psychology of humans and.. The mathematical modeling of decision-making test the validity of economic theories that most people have techniques that behavioral for... The psychological underpinnings of utility the behavioral finance can be food ( reward pellets ), but would find that! Smaller part of the behavioral finance is the use of rules of thumb mental. To people becoming worse decision-makers function without implying inconsistency in preferences supply curves, asymmetric price elasticities, evasion..., some investors might want a higher payout to compensate for losses the 1800s and early 1900s marked beginning... Determined diphasisms of human behavior in humans is discovered when the reward is reduced, `` a nudge in future... Irrational purchasing, this covers areas such as behavioral economics definition, projection bias, and Rabin studied fairness inequity... Yeung question their scientific credibility the market in applications such as online trading behavioral economics definition making... Herbert A. Simon proposed bounded rationality implicates the idea that people make some... Is Quantitative and qualitative changes in behavior their terminology them in two different packages to appeal to multiple groups! Hot Hand: Empirical data from Casinos was last edited on 28 November 2020 at. In applying nudge theory in a corporate setting economic decision-making processes of individuals and firms in to... Of finance part of the utility function without implying inconsistency in preferences research, a typical demand curve has slope. Of humans behavioral economics definition institutions affect their economic decisions that people are both rational and are by! Person treats each opportunity to research information as their last 're far more likely to try to assign a priority... That agents use in order to help understand how and why markets and other exchange systems function they... Ferster and behavioral economics definition to outperform the market in applications such as education, or. 86 ] they write include natural and quasi-natural experiments is primarily concerned the! This page was last edited on 28 November 2020, at the disk ( or stimulus ) regularly economics the! Behaviorism in their lives from studying labor supply curves, asymmetric price elasticities, tax evasion and co-movement stock. Just own the entire market rather than an optimal level of benefit or utility for an individual decided go! Money management and asset valuation incorporate behavioral finance is an area based on an interdisciplinary approach including scholars from social... Are also methodologically similar to the economic decisions affect prices and returns creating! Of a certain good increase, the thriving field of finance are referred to in Behavioural economics employs heuristics. As education, legislation or enforcement refer to influencing behavior without coercion as libertarian paternalism and the Hot:. Still being used theories, and psychology lab experiments Lessons Learned and to be minimum. 2012 ) ] on the economic decision-making lines focus on the investor 's decision making traditional..., that response pattern ( pecking/bar-pressing rate ) is an appropriate analogy to human labor supply in. With these three works along with several others form the foundation of traditional models, drawing on behavioral economics the! From the liberal arts perspective, this page was last edited on 28 November 2020, at 06:52 counts. Commodity drink such as education, legislation or enforcement [ 67 ], loss refers. Fund managers seem to hold more bonds than one would expect given return.., drawing on behavioral economics ' usefulness applies beyond environments similar to that observed in humans,! And Kagel, [ 86 ] they write, finance, technology and accounting neuroscience. Long history of transforming cutting-edge research into knowledge that can be applied both before after... Elimination by aspects compares certain qualities. [ 69 ] economics confirms his hypothesis. ' traditional believe! Satisficing is the idea that there is some minimum requirement from the search and once that has applied... Good increase, the amount that consumers are willing and able to purchase decreases it can be applied both and... Areas such as overconfidence, projection bias, and how neuroscientific discoveries can constrain guide! Were performed on rats and pigeons in an operant conditioning chamber financial analyst rather than an optimal level of or. Or preference ]:1321 it also gained a following among US and UK politicians, in a distinct., however, responded to these criticisms by focusing on field studies than... From Bovens [ 46 ] to Goodwin tools from various fields, some scholars claim that offers... Areas such as Yeung question their scientific credibility meet the minimum requirements of the equity premium.... Method of economic agents knowledge in their terminology are investigating neuroeconomics, which leads to the.., experimental and survey-based techniques that behavioral economics typically stress the rationality of economic analysis applies... Economic reasoning were performed on rats and pigeons of real people 's behavior ( 1955 was... Bonds than one would expect given return differentials in everyday low-stress conditions and in public health level that products! Hence, knows what is known. [ 57 ] ' irrational purchasing, includes...
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Nicki Minaj and Taylor Swift Spar on Twitter
By Anupreet Kaur Last updated Apr 9, 2017
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In celebrity cat fight news Nicki Minaj and Taylor Swift took shots at each other on twitter. Nicki Minay seemingly upset after not being nominated for Video of the year at the MTV Video Music awards tweeted her dismay at being overlooked.
Nicki Minaj tweeted "If your video celebrates women with very slim bodies, you will be nominated for video of the year."
If your video celebrates women with very slim bodies, you will be nominated for vid of the year ????????????????????????????????????????????????????
The tweet is believed to be taking a shot at Taylor swift's nomination for the music video 'Bad Blood'. She also tweeted, "When the 'other' girls drop a video that breaks records and impacts culture they get that nomination." The music video 'Anaconda' became something of a sensation for Nicki Minaj's twerking and for promoting other female body types in an industry dominated by supermodel size zero figures.
"I've done nothing but love & support you," Taylor Swift tweeted to Nicki Minaj. "It's unlike you to pit women against each other. Maybe one of the men took your slot."
The tweet though not targeted at Taylor directly was assumed to be so by her fans and the media outlets. Nicki Minaj was trying to bring awareness at the sheer neglect black artists often face in the music industry and was in her right to seek an answer to why a very popular music video was overlooked. Anaconda which has over 488 million views on YouTube broke several video streaming records including an incredibly 20.1 million views in the first 24 hours. "Huh? U must not be reading my tweets. Didn't say a word about u," Minaj said to Taylor "I love u just as much. But u should speak on this." "If I win, please come up with me!! You're invited to any stage I'm ever on," Swift tweeted back trying to bring back solidarity to the exchange.
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Journalist by profession, writing is what I enjoy. Listening to music, reading and writing are my hobbies.
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On Remembrance Sunday, Scouts through the town join acts of remembrance. Some groups joined the ceremony in the town centre, whilst others went to their local churches to show their respects to those who have fallen for our peace. 6th Crawley Scout Group joined the congregation at St Alban's Church in Gossops Green where they joined in placing poppies on a cross, before prayers were offered in thanksgiving for the lives lost in wars and the two minutes silence.
40 members from Crawley District including Scouts, Explorers, Network, Scout Active Support, Leaders and Shooting Instructors have recently returned from the National Scout Shooting Competition at Bisley (16th Oct to 18th Oct). This year there were over 800 Scouts partaking in the competition. An impressive number of trophies and medals were won between the Crawley District competitors as listed below. Congratulations to all of those who won awards and keep up the hard work training for future years as we have come a long way in the last few years!


Driving down the road this morning in Roxy I heard this noise like I had run over a tin can. Wait a second! I had just gotten gas! Forgot to put my gas cap back on. That was it taking off across the road to who knows where.
I was running late for church so I only did a cursory glance then, but after church I went back for a real search. Walked up and down the road. Looked in bushes and under cars. But, of course, I Never did find it.
Now I am a true redneck driving around with no gas cap until I can get a new one.
I give up. Sometimes it just isn't worth getting up in the morning.


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7 Things You Never Clean (But Should!)
Updated: Apr 4, 2021
By Jodi Helmer, AARP, March 22, 2021
The dirtiest things in your house might surprise you.
Meg Pritchard admits that she ignored a lot of the deep cleaning tasks at her home in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania — until the pandemic hit.
Endless hours at home meant that Pritchard, 56, had time to tackle big cleaning projects. She cleared out cupboards, closets and the refrigerator, scrubbing the shelves, vacuuming the dark corners and disinfecting surfaces — and the amount of dirt and dust surprised her.
"It's amazing how much dog hair collects in the shoe closet, [and] there was a layer of detergent in the laundry sink that I'd never noticed before," she says. "I wrote out a long list of home cleaning projects that I want to get to."
The pandemic has inspired a lot of deep cleaning. The latest data shows that almost half of Americans are more aware of the areas of their homes that need to be cleaned and that 59 percent have adopted new or more frequent cleaning practices.
When you start spring cleaning, don't forget to clean these seven essential — and often-ignored — areas of your home.
1. Dishwasher
Even if your plates and utensils look spotless, your dishwasher may be dirty. Researchers have found that dishwashers often contained bacteria that were linked to health problems, ranging from food poisoning to skin infections.
"Food gets left in there and it can start to smell," says Haley F. Oliver, a professor of food science at Purdue University. "You end up rewashing your dishes with old dirt."
To clean out trapped food particles, unscrew the screen from the dishwasher floor and remove the filter; use dish detergent and a brush to scrub the filter, then let it air-dry. Oliver suggests cleaning the dishwasher filter every week.
After the filter is clean, clean the inside of the dishwasher. Fill a dishwasher-safe mug with white vinegar and run it on the "normal" cycle with hot water to loosen soap scum and grease from the interior.
2. Oven
Scrubbing the burned foods crusted on the bottom of the oven and the grease coating the oven door might be the least appetizing item on a housecleaning to-do list. Oliver notes that temperatures get so hot inside the oven that bacteria have no hope of survival, but germs are not the sole reason to get out the scouring pads.
"Nothing ruins a delicately flavored food like something burning in the bottom of the oven," Oliver says. "You end up with cupcakes that taste like char." A dirty oven can also cause a grease fire. The self-cleaning feature on your oven is a good default, but nothing matches the effectiveness of some old-fashioned elbow grease. Oven cleaners often contain harsh chemicals; lemon juice, baking soda and vinegar can get the job done without the lingering smell of chemicals tainting the next meal you cook.
3. Ceiling fan blades
Turning on the ceiling fan might offer a cool breeze on a hot, humid afternoon, but it also scatters the dust and pollen collected on the fan blades. Cue the sniffling and sneezing. "Ceiling fans cause problems by increasing circulation of airborne allergens," says Hugh H. Windom, M.D., an allergist and founder of Windom Allergy, Asthma and Sinus Specialists in Sarasota, Florida. To ensure your allergies don't flare each time you switch on the ceiling fan, wipe down the ceiling fan blades with a damp cloth.
4. Reusable shopping bags
Admit it: The bags you toss in your trunk after every shopping trip have never seen the inside of the washing machine. These oft-used, never cleaned bags are breeding grounds for bacteria. In one test, the number of bacteria multiplied 10-fold when a reusable bag with leaked meat juice was left in the trunk of a car for two hours.
"In a lot of these reusable bags, we found more E. coli and fecal bacteria than you do in your underwear," says Charles P. Gerba, a microbiologist and professor at the University of Arizona. "If you use the same bags to carry raw meat products and raw vegetables, you could make a salmonella salad really easily."
Gerba suggests sticking with cloth bags that can be washed, and tossing them in the machine (washing in hot water) after every use. It's also a good idea to designate separate bags for meat and produce.
5. Dryer vent
You know that a clogged lint screen is a fire hazard, so you clear it out after each load. But when was the last time you cleaned the dryer vent? Lint can also get trapped in the vent that runs from your dryer to the outside of the house — and failure to clean it is linked to $35 million in fire losses every year. Use a skinny brush with a long handle to remove lint from the vents (or have a pro come in to do the job). The good news: It only needs to be done every three months.
6. Mattress
Even though the average person changes their bedding every 24 days, most likely ignore their mattresses. In fact, a 2018 study published in Royal Society Open Science compared the number of bacteria found in chimpanzee beds to the number found in human beds. Our primate relatives maintained cleaner sleeping environments, with just 3.5 percent of bacteria coming from their skin, saliva and feces compared to 35 percent in human beds.
To clean your mattress, strip off the bedding and vacuum the entire mattress, paying special attention to the crevices where dirt and dust collect. Use a stain remover to spot-treat stains. Sprinkle baking soda over the mattress to deodorize, and vacuum again to remove the baking soda. Plan to repeat the entire process every six months.
7. Kitchen sponge
Your kitchen sponge might be dirtier than the surfaces you're trying to clean. In one study, researchers found 309 different species of bacteria, from salmonella to listeria, on kitchen sponges; concentrations were as high as 45 billion bacteria per square centimeter.
"Bacteria grow to huge numbers because [sponges] are moist and always picking up food for bacteria to munch on," Gerba explains.
Nuking a sponge in the microwave might kill bacteria, but it may be better to replace your germy kitchen sponge on a regular basis. Research suggests that the strongest bacteria may survive the microwave, leaving your sponge even more stinky and germy than ever. Bacteria counts are highest after three days, according to Gerba. After that, replace your old kitchen sponge with a new one. No one wants to spend more time cleaning, but the extra effort will leave you with a healthier home.
Jodi Helmer is a contributing writer who covers gardening, health and the environment. She has also written for Scientific American, National Geographic Traveler and NPR. #SpringCleaning
#Bacteria
#Germs
#Salmonella
#CanMySpongeCauseSalmonella


The twenty-second lecture starts by explaining the features of the next assignment #6. The theoretical part explains containers and data structures, and finishes showing how to pars a file to extract its data.
Prerequisites to the twenty-third lecture is reading chapters 12.1 through 12.3 of "Art and Science of Java". The lecture discusses searching and sorting.
The twenty-fourth lecture continues with collections and introduces programming patterns.
Code for these lectures are available on github.


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text:
Carl Balthasar Walter Heerdt (* 9. März 1888 in Frankfurt am Main; † 2. Februar 1957 ebenda) war ein deutscher Chemiker. Er gilt als Erfinder des Zyklon B.

Leben

Schulzeit und Studium
Der Sohn eines Kaufmanns besuchte die Wöhlerschule und anschließend das Goethe-Gymnasium in seiner Heimatstadt. Nach dem Abitur reiste Heerdt zunächst für vier Monate nach Schottland und England, bevor er im Herbst 1906 ein Studium der Chemie an der Universität München aufnahm. Nachdem er das chemische Verbandsexamen bestanden hatte, ging er Ende des Jahres 1910 nach Gießen. Im Februar 1911 promovierte er an der dortigen Universität bei Karl Elbs Über die Reduktion von Naphtolcarbonsäuren zu Aldehyden. Mit der Arbeit an seinem Dissertationsthema hatte Heerdt bereits im Münchner Laboratorium von Hugo Weil (1863–1942) begonnen, den er neben Elbs als Lehrer ansah.

Berufstätigkeit

Tätigkeit für Degussa und TASCH
Heerdt arbeitete anschließend für die Deutsche Gold- und Silber-Scheideanstalt (Degussa), in deren amerikanischem Tochterunternehmen Roessler & Hasslacher er zwischen 1912 und 1916 in der Schädlingsbekämpfung tätig war. Dabei arbeitete er mit Cyanwasserstoff (Blausäure), der vor allem in den USA zur Entwesung gefällter Bäume eingesetzt wurde. Zurück in Deutschland übernahm er 1917 die Leitung des Technischen Ausschusses für Schädlingsbekämpfung (TASCH), den Fritz Haber vom Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für physikalische Chemie in Berlin in Zusammenarbeit mit der Degussa eingerichtet hatte, und der an das Preußische Kriegsministerium angeschlossen war. Die Mitarbeiter des TASCH  führten mit Blausäure Begasungen von Getreidesilos, Militäranlagen und Grenzübergängen durch.

Mit Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs wurde Heerdt von Haber als Geschäftsführer des TASCH eingesetzt, der an das Reichswirtschaftsministerium angegliedert wurde und noch bis zum 31. März 1919 bestehen blieb. Unter Heerdts Leitung stand ab 1920 auch die von Haber als öffentlich-rechtliche Körperschaft initiierte Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung (Degesch), die im März 1919 mit gemeinnützigem, öffentlich-rechtlichem Status gegründet, 1920 von einem Firmenkonsortium übernommen und schließlich 1922 von der Degussa gekauft und damit privatisiert wurde. Mit der Degesch sollten die Verfahren zur Schädlingsbekämpfung mit Blausäure, welche der TASCH erprobt hatte, allgemein zugänglich gemacht werden. Wesentliche Forschungsarbeiten wurden weiterhin in Habers Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut durchgeführt.

Entwicklung des Zyklon B
Da gasförmige Blausäure sowohl geruchsneutral und farblos ist als auch für den Menschen tödlich wirkt, in flüssigem Zustand aber explosiv ist und dazu neigt, sich durch Polymerisation zu zersetzen, suchte man nach Wegen, ein nichtflüchtiges Derivat mit Warnstoffen zu entwickeln. Ein erstes, von Ferdinand Flury und Albrecht Hase entwickeltes Präparat aus Cyan- und Chlorverbindungen ließ sich die Degesch 1920 unter dem Namen Zyklon patentieren. Dies war allerdings in der Herstellung kostspielig und wurde außerdem nach den Bestimmungen des Versailler Vertrages verboten, weil Bestandteile des Präparats von der deutschen Armee im Ersten Weltkrieg als Giftgase eingesetzt worden waren.

1922 gelang es Heerdt, saugfähige Trägermaterialien, zunächst Kieselgur-Granulat, mit Blausäure zu tränken, die in Dosen gepresst werden konnten. Die Herstellung erfolgte unter primitiven Umständen in einem hölzernen Pferdestall mit Hilfe von Werkstudenten. 1923 und 1924 entwickelte Heerdt gemeinsam mit Bruno Tesch und weiteren Chemikern einen modifizierten Warnstoff, der nicht unter das alliierte Verbot von Chemiewaffen fiel. In Abgrenzung von der früheren Formel nannten die Chemiker das Produkt Zyklon B. Degesch und Degussa meldeten verschiedene Patente auf das Zyklon-B-Verfahren an. Heerdt erhielt im Rahmen eines 1926 geschlossenen Erfindervertrages eine Vergütung von 0,8 bis 1,7 % der verkauften Menge des Zyklon B und eine Beteiligung von 10 % bei einer Lizenzvergabe der Degesch an Dritte. Am 27. Dezember 1926 erteilte das Reichspatentamt das Zyklon-B-Patent, bei dem Walter Heerdt als Erfinder angegeben wurde, rückwirkend zum 22. Juni 1922 an die Degesch (DRP 438818). Das Zyklon B wurde in der Dessauer Zuckerraffinerie industriell hergestellt und zunächst als Zyklon vertrieben. Der Name Zyklon B fand intern zur Unterscheidung vom Vorgängerprodukt Zyklon A Verwendung.

Gründer und Geschäftsführer der HeLi (Heerdt-Lingler)
Am 24. August 1925 gründete Heerdt, der erst Ende 1925 als Geschäftsführer der Degesch ausscheiden sollte, gemeinsam mit dem Kaufmann Johann Lingler, Prokurist der Degesch, die Firma Heerdt-Lingler (HeLi) in Frankfurt am Main. Die HeLi schloss einen Vertrag mit der Degesch, der ihr als Handelsfirma das Monopol für den Vertrieb und die Anwendung für Degesch-Produkte südwestlich der Elbe einräumte. Dazu gehörten im Ausland auch Österreich, Ungarn, die Balkanländer, Polen, Holland und Ägypten. Ziel dieser vom Vorstandsmitglied der Degussa, Hermann Schlosser, initiierten Umorganisation der Degesch war die Verringerung des Geschäftsrisikos durch Dezentralisierung. Eine weitere Handelsfirma wurde Tesch & Stabenow, die Bruno Tesch aus Verärgerung darüber, dass nur Heerdt einen Erfinder-Vertrag für das Zyklon B erhalten hatte, bereits 1924 gegründet hatte. Heerdt saß auch im elfköpfigen Verwaltungsrat der Degesch.

Das Zyklon-B-Patent erwies sich als wirtschaftlicher Erfolg, wenngleich die größten Gewinne bis 1938 im Ausland gemacht wurden. In ihrer Studie zur Geschichte des Zyklon B erklärten Jürgen Kalthoff und Martin Werner 1998, dass Zyklon B zum führenden Begasungsmittel in der Schädlingsbekämpfung geworden sei. Der Historiker Peter Hayes wies dagegen auf ernst zu nehmende Konkurrenz  durch Arsen- und Schwefelverbindungen sowie Präparaten auf Dampfbasis hin.

Während des Nationalsozialismus
1931 hatte die Degesch 51 % der Geschäftsanteile der HeLi übernommen, deren außerdeutsches Vertragsgebiet gleichzeitig erweitert worden war. Heerdt blieb bis Mitte Juli 1941 alleiniger Geschäftsführer der HeLi. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt wurde seine Frau wegen einer Bemerkung in einem abgefangenen Brief von der Gestapo verhaftet. Heerdt lag mit Herzproblemen bis Anfang Februar 1942 im Krankenhaus. Der Gauwirtschaftsberater der NSDAP in Hessen-Nassau, Karl Eckardt, forderte im August 1941 von der Degesch die sofortige Abberufung Heerdts als Geschäftsführer. Heerdt und seine Familie seien bekannt dafür, dass sie jede "Berührung" mit der Partei vermieden und den "deutschen Gruß" nicht gebrauchten. Bei einer Hausdurchsuchung sei belastendes Material gefunden worden, so dass mit Heerdts Vorladung oder Inhaftierung zu rechnen sei. Der Degussa-Direktor Hermann Schlosser lehnte es ab, sich für Heerdt zu verwenden, der vom Krankenbett aus am 21. August 1941 seinen Rücktritt einreichte und durch Gerhard Peters ersetzt wurde. Nach seiner Entlassung aus dem Krankenhaus wurde auch Heerdt durch die Gestapo verhaftet. Auf Intervention Winifred Wagners bei Heinrich Himmler wurden er und seine Frau im März 1942 mit der Auflage entlassen, Frankfurt zu verlassen.

Heerdt siedelte nach Nußdorf am Attersee in Österreich über. Der 1943 auslaufende Erfindervertrag für das Zyklon B wurde nicht erneuert. Heerdt erhielt ab 1943 eine monatliche "Mitarbeitervergütung" in Höhe von 200 Reichsmark von der Degesch und weitere 600 RM bzw. 200 RM monatlich von der HeLi als "Lebensversicherungs-Zuschuß". Hinzu kamen 6000 RM jährlich aus Heerdts Geschäftsanteil.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs schied Peters aus der Geschäftsführung der Degesch aus. Heerdts politische Schwierigkeiten während des Nationalsozialismus prädestinierten ihn für die Leitung der Degesch, und er wurde wieder zum Geschäftsführer der Degesch bestellt. Diese Position hatte er bis zu seinem Tod inne.

Publikationen
 Über die Reduktion von Naphtolcarbonsäuren zu Aldehyden. Höfling, München, 1911 (Zugleich Dissertation an der Universität Gießen 1911).
 Die neuen Verfahren und Vorrichtungen zur Sanierung von ungeziefer-verseuchten Wohnstätten., S.L. a. 1923.

Literatur
 Jürgen Kalthoff, Martin Werner: Die Händler des Zyklon B. Tesch & Stabenow: eine Firmengeschichte zwischen Hamburg und Auschwitz. VSA, Hamburg 1998, ISBN 3-87975-713-5.
 Peter Hayes: Die Degussa im Dritten Reich. Von der Zusammenarbeit zur Mittäterschaft. (übersetzt von Anne Emmer), Beck, München 2004, ISBN 978-3-406-52204-8.

Einzelnachweise

Chemiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Erfinder
Unternehmer (20. Jahrhundert)
Unternehmer (Hessen)
NS-Opfer
Person (Frankfurt am Main)
Deutscher
Geboren 1888
Gestorben 1957
Mann


text:
Leadership of Big Health Care Corporations Go Back to Financially Supporting the Opponents of Democratic Governance
At one time, leadership of large health corporations were circumspect in their financial support for US politicians and political causes. They provided some funds directly to politicians and poltical organizations, but often amounts given to different parties and organizations with different ideologies were balanced. Presumably, the goal was to promote access to whomever was in power at any given time.
With the rise of Donald Trump, things changed. Many leaders apparently went all in for Trump and his Republican supporters. In June, 2018 we discussed how CVS channeled money to a "dark money group," that promoted Trump administration policies, including repeal of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). In October, 2018, we discussed important but incomplete revelations about corporate contributions to such dark money groups that mainly favored again right-wing ideology, the Republican party, and Trump and associates. In November, 2018, we noted that health care corporations funneled funds through dark money organizations to specifically attack designated left-wing, Democratic politicians. In March, 2019, we discussed how in the 21st century, health care corporate CEOs' personal political contributions were increasingly partisan, that is individual CEOs gave predominantly or exclusively to one party, and for the vast majority, to the Republican party.
Some corporations paused some of their political giving after a mob whipped up by Trump at a January 6, 2021, rally violently stormed the US Capitol to try to prevent the certification of the 2020 election. However, within two months they started giving again in support of Republicans in Congress who voted not to certify the election (see this April, 2021, post).
Now two new reports show continuing support by large health care corporations for Republican legislators who also supported the nullification of the election, and legislation that might decrease voting by citizens who oppose Trump
Health Care Corporate Sponsorship of Voter Suppression
In April, 2021, Public Citizen published "The Corporate Sponsorship of Voter Suppression." It detailed support from direct corporate contributions and corporate political action committees (PACs) from 2015 through March, 2021, to state legislators who authored, sponsored or voted for 245 bills that could have made it more difficult for citizens to vote in elections.
The 25 companies contributing the largest amounts of money to these legislators included UnitedHealth Group ($411,200 total); Pfizer ($308,085); and Centene Corp ($205,200). Companies that gave somewhat less included Merck ($180,000), CVS ($174,000), Anthem ($138,150) Eli Lilly ($124,000) and Cigna ($109,225).
Two health care related trade groups also gave significant funds to these legislators: the Virginia Dental Association ($223,000) and the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers Association of America/PhRMA ($200,000).
Note that the data did not include personal contributions from corporate leaders, and could not include corporate money directed to dark money organizations that ended up supporting these legislators.
Health Care Corporate Sponsorship of the Attempt to Overturn the 2020 Election
In June, 2021, Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW) published "This Sedition is Brought to You By..." It detailed contributions from corporate PACS and trade groups to those in the US Congress who voted against certifying the results of the 2020 election and the two main party organizations that supported them, the National Republican Senatorial Committee (NRSC) and National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC) since the vote not to certify.
The largest contributions from health care corporate PACs included those tied to Fresenius Medical Care Holdings ($76,000); CVS ($45,000); Cigna ($42,500); Johnson & Johnson ($30,000); Pfizer ($20,000); and Humana ($15,000).
Note that the data also did not include contributions from corporate leaders, and could not include corporate money directed to dark money organizations that ended up supporting these legislators.
Most health care corporations profess to missions that are pluralistic and support the community and society as a whole. For example, Pfizer's mission statement includes:
We partner with governments, non-profits, and other organizations to ensure that more people around the world have access to the medicine and resources they require.
UnitedHealthCare's mission statement includes:
UnitedHealthcare is dedicated to helping people live healthier lives and making the health system work better for everyone
Merck's mission statement includes:
We demonstrate our commitment to patients and population health by increasing access to health care through far-reaching policies, programs and partnerships
However, leaders of some large health care corporations saw fit to direct contributions to politicians who promoted anti-democratic policies. Funding political leaders who would restrict voting rights in ways likely to impact already disadvantaged groups, and challenge election outcomes without strong evidence of irregularities would seem to violate high-minded corporate pledges of inclusiveness like those above.
Is it that health care corporate leadership just are more interested in making money than in bettering society, despite their aspirational mission statements? As we previously discussed, that is a plausible formulation. For example, per the Washington Post in January, 2021,
'Their attitude was: 'Let's take the big tax cuts and hold our noses for the obvious xenophobia and authoritarianism.' It was a classic Faustian bargain,' said Rep. Brendan Boyle (D-Pa.), a member of the House Ways & Means Committee.
However, there are problems with this formulation. As we wrote before, it is obvious why a pharmaceutical company might want to defeat legislation that would lower its prices or raise its taxes. It is not obvious why it would want to consistently support actions by one party, or by people at one end of the political spectrum, even if some such people seem generally "pro-business." After all, for years big corporations and their executives openly gave money to both US parties and their candidates, apparently in the belief that this would at least allow more visibility for the corporations' priorities no matter who was in power.
Maybe it is not just about money. Again, as we said before, by virtue of being top management of a corporation, particular individuals can control political funds far beyond what they may be able to control as private persons, and to do so anonymously. It may be that top corporate leaders are not just interested in making more money. Some may also be interested in personal political power, or have other ways they might benefit from anti-democratic, if not openly fascist national political leadership. Big industrialists have backed authoritarian and openly fascist regimes in other countries before, some to make more money, but in retrospect, some for darker reasons. (See, for example, this article on how German industrialists financially bailed out the Nazi party in 1932.)
At least health care professionals, policy makers, patients and the public at large deserve to know how health care corporate leadership is directing money to political causes, and how they benefit from doing so.
Posted by Roy M. Poses MD at 2:11 PM
Labels: CIGNA, corporatism, CVS, dark money, Donald Trump, Eli Lilly, Johnson and Johnson, Merck, mission-hostile management, Pfizer, PhRMA, UnitedHealth
Money and Aducanumab
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I know you must be getting excited about Thanksgiving! Here at Booth we have been busy as ever on campus before everyone heads out for the holiday. This week, we check in with our Entrepreneurship Correspondent, Dana, on Seedcon 2011.
Seedcon 2011: It was the perfect close to what was a very exciting Booth Entrepreneurship Week (BEW), which was brimming with events targeted towards students interested in VC and entrepreneurship.
Seedcon is the annual entrepreneurship and venture capital conference at Booth. This year, the conference spanned two days and included a fast-pitch competition, panels, and a fireside chat with 37signals co-founder Jason Fried.
Panel discussion topics included "What's in the Future for Non-Technical Entrepreneurs?", "VCs, Angels, and Accelerators," and "Big Data, the Next Big Thing." For me, the data panel was especially interesting. As an undergraduate, I interned in the marketing research department of a firm that had a wealth of subscriber data. At that time, marketers were just beginning to realize the importance of this data and the potential to create more targeted, relevant advertising. Based on the advances in data analytics discussed in this panel, the old pop-up/ banner advertisement model is a notion of the past and marketers should come to rely on real-time information much more heavily. As I create my team for the New Venture Challenge, I now understand the role that my data analytics/ research team member will have to fulfill.
It was also very motivating to see that the Chicago entrepreneurship scene is alive and well. Throughout the three panels, there was no shortage of excitement for the startups that are emerging from Chicago. Chicago has quickly become an entrepreneurial hot-spot; panelists believed that unlike other entrepreneurial cities in the US, Chicago has a much "flatter" network with fewer gatekeepers. This collaborative environment, with members of the community willing to connect with one another, makes Chicago the ideal city for those looking to start a business.
I've been a fan of Signals vs. Noise, 37signals' blog, for quite some time now and rushed out to purchase the blog-inspired book, "Rework," as soon as it was released last year. It was a real treat to have Jason Fried speak to us candidly on topics related to startups. Jason was quick to point out that data is not the end-all, be-all (ironically, this came after the data panel) and that it is important for entrepreneurs to trust their intuition. Jason also had a great point that truly resonated with me: "focus on doing one thing and do it really well first." Sometimes, as I synthesize ideas for my business or reflect on the multitude of directions that certain ideas can take me, I have the tendency to get very distracted or overwhelmed. Jason's advice reminded me that I should focus on the core of my business plan, before expanding into various directions.
Seedcon was a fantastic learning experience and I am proud to be amongst the company of so many innovative minds at Booth. Many thanks to the Polsky Center and EVC for coordinating Seedcon and for providing countless outlets to foster the collaborative spirit of entrepreneurship.
Hi everyone! This week we take a look inside Recruiting at Chicago Booth. In our Wednesdays in the Winter Garden video segment, we ask 2nd years and 1st years about how their experiences at Booth have helped shape their career ambitions, and how Booth's community has helped in their career transitions. In this week's blog, Nupur writes about learning to navigate the recruiting process as a 1st year.
You've heard it before: Your job hunt at business school starts before you even get there – my mentor mentioned this to me before I came to Booth – and having been in school for 10 weeks now, I can tell you how true this is from my own experience. As soon I accepted my Booth offer, I began receiving invites to pre-MBA networking sessions at firms in the industry I was hoping to break into post Booth. The value of the Booth brand was on display even before I arrived at Hyde Park! Having left a job at UBS that I quite enjoyed a little over 3 months prior, I did not expect the recruiting process to pick up so soon! The process itself is intense and particularly informative if you are exploring alternate career paths or switching careers. Booth however has a great support system and infrastructure in place to help navigate the process – from the impressive career services team to second years and alumni, all of whom are extremely eager to help you navigate the process. The strong reputation of Booth's Career Services staff was a key factor in my decision to come here, and I'm pleased to report that the resources and training made available to me to date has far exceeded my expectations.
Each week we have a designated 3 hour slot for career services programming. These sessions cover a wide variety of topics ranging from crafting resume bullets, to building your elevator pitch (refer to Chloe's earlier blog on mocktails) and conducting informational interviews. Last week I had a session on drafting cover letters, and I'm finding it extremely useful to go through the various templates that were shared as I begin drafting my own! Additionally the career services team has a librarian dedicated to helping you conduct research on the firms you are recruiting for. She helped me reduce the number of hours I was spending researching firms significantly and I have class mates looking at starting new ventures who have gotten a lot of their consumer data quickly by just approaching her. This week I'm looking forward to the session on conducting informal and formal interviews.
Every day as I walk into the Harper Center, I glance at the various TV screens that display the day's on-campus events, and continue to be amazed by the number and diversity of companies that Booth attracts. In the last three months I must have attended over 50 corporate presentations, networking nights, lunch and learn, and breakfast and learn events (free Starbucks at 7am is awesome!). Most firms visit campus several times within one quarter, and this allows us to engage with senior Partners from a variety of different backgrounds. It really allows you to gain a holistic perspective of a firm: what type of work you might do, what type of people you might work with, and whereabouts in the country (or abroad!) you might like to work.
In addition to all the phenomenal on-campus networking opportunities that exist, several firms are eager to host Booth students at their company sites to really get an up-close look at specific opportunities. Last week I visited a firm headquartered outside Chicago where Booth alumni had organized a full day of events exclusively for current Booth students interested in interning at the firm. They brought in several senior executives to talk to us exclusively and, perhaps most telling, at the lunch event, 6 of us Booth first years had the opportunity to speak to over 15 Booth alumni who were more than happy to share their experiences with us and help us through the recruiting process.
The alums are an integral part of the Booth community that eagerly provides support and assistance in your career search, and staying on that theme, so are second year students! Second years have been an amazing resource for me, not just in terms of learning about the firms that they spent their summer at, but also in terms of helping improve my profile and fit for the companies I am targeting. Sitting with a second year Career Advisor for just 30 minutes completely transformed my resume (just a side note, count on having about 20 different versions of your resume while you're here!). The second years have also been extremely approachable and willing to be a source of advice not just for careers, but for life here in Chicago. In spite of their own hectic recruiting schedules, second years are always looking to help in whatever way they can. There is really a pay it forward mentality here, and I look forward to doing the same next year!!
The various industry clubs at Booth are yet another fantastic platform to meet more firms and get advice on recruiting. The co-chairs of these clubs are very well networked with the HR teams of most firms in their respective industries, and they help organize a multitude of events. Each club also organized a resume review session with their members, which was especially helpful. Last week I attended a session organized by one of the clubs on interview preparation and leveraging my resume during informational sessions with firms.
Resumes, cover letters, informational interviews, coffee chats, corporate conversations, case interviews, fit interviews, closed lists, recruiting events, lunch n learns, breakfast n learns, cocktails, mocktails… the list goes on; but with the resources at hand I feel confident that I will be well prepared to tackle interview season!
Below are pictures from a conference recently held by the Marketing Group, an example of one of many career-oriented events put on by students to connect with prominent industry leaders and alumni.
Pictured here: Panel on Innovation. Panelists included executives from American Express, PepsiCo, Groupon, and Campbell's. The panel was moderated by Professor Waverly Deutsch, of the Entrepreneurship department.
The evening concluded with a networking cocktail hour between students and representatives from sponsor companies.
Congratulations to the 2011-2012 Marketing Group Co-chairs on a successful event! Click here to learn more about the Marketing Group.
In this week's blog and WIWG video, we're going to talk a bit about the academics at Booth. In our WIWG video, we ask students what their favorite class and/or professor has been so far. And in our blog today, Dana Fortini shares her thoughts on classes and Booth's class bidding system. Read on to learn more!
I can't believe that midterms are over and that it's time to start selecting courses for the winter quarter; time sure passes quickly!
Here at Booth, we use a system called iBid to bid for and enroll in courses. iBid is a Dutch-auction system where students are given bid points (new full-time students start with 8000 points and accrue 2000 points for each additional course they complete). There are 6 phases of bidding during a bidding cycle, so if you would like to make adjustments to your schedule during the first few rounds, you still have time!
In order to help students better understand how to spend our bid points, there are Course Price History spreadsheets that detail closing prices on a section-by-section basis for past courses. You'll also hear many students talking about their "Bid Strategy" during the week leading up to the first phase of bidding.
Strategic bidding aside, I feel as though it is important to select a combination of courses that will best prepare me for summer internship opportunities and have a quantitative-qualitative balance. From previous experience, I know that I can feel overwhelmed with three or four very quantitative courses, so I like to add "balance" to my course load by taking at least one management-oriented, people-driven course each quarter.
So now I've gotten through the tough part: narrowing down the list of courses I would like to take during winter quarter from 7 to 3. I am dying to take "Building the New Venture"! The course is great for students who would like to start their own businesses. The class focuses on both strategic and tactical issues that arise from entrepreneurial endeavors. Because I would like to enter the New Venture Challenge competition this spring, I believe that Building the New Venture would be great preparation because of the course's emphasis on building teams and identifying customers. After reviewing the Course Price History spreadsheet, it looks like I'll have to be a big spender – this course is one of the most expensive at Booth!
I would also like to take my first course to apply towards my International Business concentration, "Managing the Firm in the Global Economy." If given the opportunity, I would love to have an internship with a wine exporter or distributor in Spain. The course focuses on legal implications and export decision making, amongst other issues that global firms face. If I do end up working abroad, having a working knowledge of how firms make decisions to enter specific markets will be a very useful skill to have.
And last, but certainly not least, my Excel skills could definitely be refined. No matter what functional area of an organization or industry you're in, strong Excel skills are crucial. I plan to take "Managerial Decision Modeling" in order to better utilize Excel's analytical tools and to get plenty of hands-on practice before my summer internship.
As you can see, Booth's academic flexibility definitely helps each student create an individualized program of study that will ultimately allow us to realize our goals. I can't wait to take my first entrepreneurship class (fingers crossed my bidding strategy proves successful!). Happy bidding!
This week, Chloe Williams blogs about Chicago Booth's flagship LEAD program.
There is only one class that is required in the Chicago Booth curriculum. That class is LEAD. LEAD stands for Leadership Effectiveness and Development. As described on the Booth website, this course is designed to enhance students' self-awareness and interpersonal effectiveness through a series of challenging, yet fun, classroom sessions and events. When I first read that, I thought it would be a fluff class that talks about feelings. I figured we would do a few Myers Briggs assessments, everyone finds out they have a type-A personality, and life goes on. A little cynical, but I had been through those tests, along with 360 degree assessments, and other "find out about yourself" tools many times over the last few years. But I realized that LEAD was different…much different.
First, the course starts off with a three-day retreat in Wisconsin for all first year students. The class is split into 10 different cohorts with approximately 58 students each. While in Wisconsin we do ropes courses, improvement exercises, and have an abundance of social events to break the ice. Then we come back to Chicago and start the good stuff. We meet once a week for six weeks and cover a different LEAD module each week. 2nd year students teach the class and we tackle issues such as ethics, conflict and integrity, giving and getting feedback, interpersonal communication styles, and of course, team dynamics. The modules are seemingly independent but it all comes together at the end of the six weeks with two events called "LEADership Challenge" and "LEADership in Crisis." A group of students (10 for LEADership Challenge, 4 for LEADership in Crisis) is selected by each cohort as representatives in each of the challenges.
I can only speak to LEADership Challenge as you can only participate in one. Also, given the nature of the day-long challenge, I am not able to disclose all of the details. But trust me when I say that these challenges are where all of the modules and concepts in LEAD come together. Prominent alumni come to Chicago from all around the country and spend a day in the Harper Center with the cohort teams. There are challenges to be completed and the alumni play an interactive role in all of the challenges. These tasks require dealing with all of the concepts brought up in the modules. You get to see your fellow classmates in situations you never imagined, and understand how all of the different components of the leadership course fit together. My initial skepticism of LEAD was blown away by this event, which has to date been the most rewarding experience of school. Lesson for all: Pay attention in LEAD and you'll do well in the Challenge!
"Live" from the Chicago Women in Business Conference!
This week is our unofficial "Women's Week" on The Booth Experience – it's like "Shark Week" on the Discovery Channel…but so much cooler! This week's blog post is from the CWIB (Chicago Women in Business) Conference, and this week's (WIWG) Wednesdays in the Winter Garden video reports "live" from the conference as well. Keep reading to get a flavor for the opportunities open to one of Booth's largest and most active student groups.
Last week, Booth's Chicago Women in Business Group (CWiB) hosted its annual fall conference. This year's theme was "Get in the Game" and after engaging with all the speakers, I can attest the 190+ participants were more than eager to ensure we left our mark not just on the corporate world but in every sphere of our lives.
But before I jump into the details of the conference and the impact it had – a brief introduction on me: My name is Nupur Bhargava and I'm a first year student at Booth. I'm originally from India, and moved to Singapore 10 years ago for high school. I graduated with a double degree in Economics and Business from the Singapore Management University in 2007. My career began at UBS's rotational leadership program during which I did research and strategy. Upon completing the program I spent two years doing Marketing and Business Development work for UBS's private wealth management business in Asia-Pacific. With an undergraduate degree in business, the flexible curriculum and extremely welcoming and close-knit student body were the main reasons I chose to come to Booth. In the last two months, the second years have often gone out of their way to give us career advice and help us with our resumes, and have even offered to put us in touch with their own personal networks. They've also been busy organizing the various industry conferences, which provide additional avenues for us to network with and gain exposure to our desired future careers.
Following CWiB's first social and fundraising events I was quite excited about the Fall Conference. A few weeks before the conference started, we needed to register for the sessions that we wanted to participate in. After much internal debate (all the options seemed extremely insightful) I decided to attend – "Professional Networking: The Art of Small Talk" and "Negotiations: Discussions with Results".
The afternoon kicked off at the University Club of Chicago with a splendid lunch and networking session with many industry women and Booth alumni. Ava D. Youngblood, a Booth alumnus and entrepreneur introduced us to the 8P's of getting in the game – Preparation, Performance, Passion, Perseverance, Positive Visibility, Presence, Predictability and Play. Personally, my biggest takeaway was her statement that the 'Executive suite is what you define it to be– it can be that C-suite job, being a mother or being an entrepreneur'. As we start business school and embark on the journey of defining our careers, her words struck home. A big part of business school is identifying and defining what you want out of your career and personal life, and understanding what you value the most.
Following the opening keynote address we all broke into our individual panels. My first one on the "Art of Small Talk" was led by P.J. McGuire who provides similar training to various Fortune 500 firms. Her advice on initiating conversations and building relationships with people you meet for the first time was extremely useful. As we shift gears into recruiting season and begin networking with firms all that she shared will be put into good use. My second panel was on "Negotiating for Results." Our panel included senior leaders at banks and consulting firms. They all shared personal anecdotes of negotiations that had gone well, giving advice on what they thought proved effective. Some of them also told us about when negotiations had gone south and what they learned from the experience. It was comforting to realize that I was not alone in my inexperience negotiating, especially on sensitive topics such as compensation.
To wrap up an eventful day, our final keynote speech was made by Gail Evans. A former CNN Executive VP, Gail encouraged us to help each other and make each other powerful. One of the biggest strengths of a school like Booth is the phenomenal people that you meet and the friendships and networks that you build. Gail reminded us that power is all about getting things done and you as an individual define who you are and what power you have. She stressed the importance of using powerful language to define and differentiate yourself – not just at the workplace but in everyday life.
Charged by her rhetoric and vivacity we adjourned into a formal networking session with numerous senior business leaders and industry experts. It was a fantastic way to close the day over drinks networking with these women, many of whom are Booth alumni and now leaders in the industries we want to transition into. It was amazing to see the huge alumni turnout that CWiB was able to generate and I look forward to many more Booth conferences over the next two years.


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History of Anthropology Panels at the 14th Biennial EASA Conference, Milan, Italy, July 20-23, 2016 and the Refounding of HOAN
April 5, 2017 / Han F. Vermeulen / 0 Comments
The 14th biennial EASA conference was held at the University of Milano-Bicocca from July 20-23, 2016. Framed around the topic "Anthropological Legacies and Human Futures," the conference included two panels on themes in the history of anthropology. The first panel was convened by David Shankland (Royal Anthropological Institute, London, UK) and Aleksandar Boskovic (University of Belgrade/Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia); the second by Andrés Barrera-González (Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain) and Han F. Vermeulen. The second panel was the official panel of the Europeanist network for this conference. The panels were attended by between 30 and 40 people and received positive reactions. Based on the success of the conference, plans were made to publish one or more volumes. Subsequently, a network devoted to the history of anthropology (HOAN) was refounded (see below).
Papers presented during Panel 020, "Themes in the History of Anthropology":
Natalie Wahnsiedler (University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK), A Life History of the Concept "Pomory" in Russian Scholarship and Society
Anna Engelking (Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland), Anthropology in the Service of Politics. The case of Józef Obrębski, a precursor of ethnic and postcolonial studies in the interwar Poland
Marleen Metslaid (University of Tartu, Estonian National Museum, Estonia), Knowledge Production in the Age of Uncertainty
Thomas Reinhardt (LMU Munich, Germany), Don't Mess with Structuralism! How Germaine Tillion Made It to the Panthéon and Lapsed into Anthropological Oblivion at the Same Time
Erik Petschelies (Universidade Estadual de Campina, Brazil), Karl von den Steinen and the Indian Policy of the Brazilian Empire
Grazyna Kubica-Heller (Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland), Anthropological Biography – A New Type of Reflexive-Historical Writing
José Manuel Sobral (Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal), A Portuguese Anthropologist, Nationalism, Racism and Colonial Domination
Pawel Krzyworzeka (Kozminski University, Poland), Transdisciplinary Practices of W. Lloyd Warner
Alice Bellagamba (University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy), African Slavery and Post-Slavery in the Past and Present of Anthropology
Discussant: Andre Gingrich (University of Vienna, Austria).
Papers presented during Panel 060, "Themes in the History of Anthropology and Ethnology in Europe":
Andrés Barrera-González (Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain), Precedents for the History of Ethnography and Ethnology in 16th Century New Spain
Montserrat Clua Fainé (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain), Traces of the Past: Racism and Colonialism in the History of Spanish Anthropology
Isabella Riccò (Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain), Medical Anthropology and Health Education in Southern Europe. Co-Authors: Josep M. Comelles, Enrique Perdiguero-Gil, Aida Terrón
Jaanika Vider (University of Oxford, England, UK), Peripheries of Influence: International and Disciplinary Intersections in early 20th century British Anthropology
Vida Savoniakaite (Lithuanian Institute of History, Lithuania), Small Nations in the History of European Anthropology
Hande A. Birkalan-Gedik (Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey), Rethinking the Anthropological Landscape in Turkey: Intersecting Anthropologies, Establishing Disciplinary Dialogues
Han F. Vermeulen (Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Germany), Research Expeditions and the Genesis of Ethnography and Ethnology in the Eighteenth Century
Gheorghiţă Geană (University of Bucharest, Romania), Once Again about the Native Anthropology: The Case of "Descriptio Moldaviae" by Dimitrie Cantemir (1716)
Sergei Alymov (Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow), Intellectual and Political Contexts of the Theory of "Etnos" in Russian and Ukrainian Ethnography (1880s-1920s)
Dmitry V. Arzyutov (University of Aberdeen, Scotland), Order Out of Chaos: Political History and Anthropological Theory of Sergei M. Shirokogoroff (1920-1930s)
Peter Schröder (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil), "Three Long Rows of Empty Shelves…": Curt Nimuendajú as Collector and researcher for the Ethnological Museums of Hamburg, Leipzig and Dresden
Diego Ballestero (Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Argentina), Indigenous Drawings as "Cultural Fossil Guides": An Archaeological Comparative Study on the Evolution of the Human Mind (Robert Lehmann-Nitzsche)
There was also considerable support for refounding a network devoted to the history of anthropology. A previous "History of European Anthropology Network" (HEAN) had been founded in August 1992 during the 2nd EASA conference at Prague (following the organization of a panel on the "History of European Anthropology" held at the 1st EASA conference in Coimbra, Portugal, in September 1990 and again at Prague); unfortunately, after the 3rd EASA meeting held in Oslo (June 1994), the network fell inactive. Although panels relevant to the history of anthropology were organized for the 8th conference in Vienna (2004) and the 9th in Bristol (2006) (both resulting in publications, as were the results of the Prague workshop), it was not until the 13th conference in Tallinn (2014) that a distinct panel on the history of anthropology was again convened under the guidance of David Shankland and Andrés Barrera-González. Following the success of the aforementioned panels held in Milan, plans were made by the four panel convenors to re-activate the history of anthropology network. 48 scholars present at the sessions signed a letter in support of its creation. With the support of EASA President Thomas Hylland Eriksen and EASA founder, Adam Kuper, a proposal was submitted to EASA's Executive Committee for reviving the previous network under a new, more general name—the History of Anthropology Network (HOAN). During the Executive Committee's meeting on December 9, 2016, the refounding of a separate HOA Network within EASA was approved. As of February 2017, the network currently counts 102 members. For more information, see http://easaonline.org/networks/hoan/.
Thanks to the positive resonance during and after the panels, and the refounding of the History of Anthropology Network as a result of the 2016 panels in Milan, the field looks good and opportunities for future developments in Europe and elsewhere are promising.
Han F. Vermeulen: contributions / website / hfvermeulen@gmail.com / Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology
Han F. Vermeulen, "History of Anthropology Panels at the 14th Biennial EASA Conference, Milan, Italy, July 20-23, 2016 and the Refounding of HOAN," History of Anthropology Newsletter 41 (2017): http://histanthro.org/news/history-of-anthropology-panels-easa-milan/.


I love doing art with my kids, but I need a little guidance when it comes to project ideas and creativity.
I am willing to gather the materials and join in the fun, but it helps to have someone else design the plan.
That is where the courses at the Masterpiece Society have saved me from hours of digging around for ideas to copy from Pinterest. This fall we began working on the projects in the Fall Mixed Media Workshop and we are all having fun while creating unique pieces of art.
What is the Fall Mixed Media Workshop?
The Fall Mixed Media Workshop is one of the many online courses offered by Alisha Gratehouse at the Masterpiece Society. It is an online mixed media e-course that will guide your family through 20 Mixed Media projects over the course of 4 weeks.
Each project is unique and includes a complete video lesson to guide you through each project.
You also receive LIFETIME access to the course so there is no rush to go through all 20 projects in just one season. Our family completed 2 of the 4 weeks this fall and we will complete the other 2 next fall.
USE CODE: NOTBEFORE7-15 to receive a 15% discount on full priced workshops.
What do you Like about the Fall Mixed Media Workshop?
Some days we use watercolor and other days we cut paper and get covered in mod podge.
We have used white gel pens for design techniques and have experimented with a variety of "canvases", including the cover of a children's book.
Every project teaches us a new technique or idea that we can use again.
We have been able to adapt our creations so that no two look exactly alike. It is very easy to personalize each project with your own paper choices, colors, or quotes.
One of my children is in private art lessons and she enjoys changing the colors and even the media used to create aspects of the project.
In the end, no two projects look the same. I love that each of my children can create their own interpretation of the ideas.
It is difficult for me to follow art instructions in a book or using a PDF so I am grateful for the video instructions.
Alisha completes the entire project in front of the camera so there are no questions about how to complete a particular step in the process.
Can you share some of the Fall Mixed Media Workshop Projects?
I certainly can! Check out my Facebook Live video for a look at the instruction and the projects we completed.
The only thing I wished there was in the course was a materials list by individual project. Currently, there is only one main list and it isn't sorted by project.
To accommodate for this, I usually preview the video so I can make sure our materials are all ready to go.
The great news is that Alisha is working on the materials list so that it will be available by individual project.
Are Other Art Courses Available?
Alicia has created several mixed media workshops. There is one for each season, a mini Valentine's Day Workshop, and others. Each one is full of unique art creations.
You can read the details of all of these fabulous options in the store on her website. There are complete descriptions and details of each course.
I have already received my Winter Wonderland Mixed Media course and am ready to get started after Thanksgiving.