Russians as being a populace are very eager within sports and also have excelled in a number of sports activities. The country has been a typical feature at the Olympics games procuring high ratings in a very vast number of games. Although as USSR the nation had been at its peak during the Olympics, even after the actual split Russia has been able to preserve its position that the Soviets had created.
The Russians have been around in all the sports news for their participation in a number of games such as soccer, basketball, tennis, ice hockey, weightlifting, boxing, gymnastics, skiing, figure skating and volleyball along with a host of various other sports.
Basketball developed in the country through the Soviet era. The Russian squad started to win several Olympic medals because of their capabilities in this activity. They are also the current winners of the Eurobasket World Championships having defeated Spain in the final game. They are also champions of many other European championships such as the Euroleague as well as the ULEB Cup. They also have a player in the Utah Jazz that is a NBA team.
Ice hockey is certainly another very prosperous sport for the Russians. They have got around 30 players who are presently a part of the NHL. The players nowadays are still maintaining the particular tradition developed during the Soviet era.
The Russians have taken forth their winning streak by being in the news for their success in the field of ice skating. Having been part of the actual winner team of the Winter Olympics, they also have excelled in ice dancing and pair skating.
Football was one of the most flourishing sports activities during the Soviet era. With the split of USSR arrived the division of the national football teams and clubs. The most important amongst those had been the actual crumbling of the Russian Premier League since it forfeited many of its players. However, the game restored its lost glory as well as currently features six Premier League teams apart from it right now strong national team.
Ever since the end of the Soviet regime, Russia continues to grow as a powerhouse in the sport of tennis. A lot of the most powerful ladies tennis players hail from this nation together with some formidable men tennis players too. All these strong Russians have been around in the news for their success in the Olympics, Wimbledon, Fed Cup, Davis Cup and several such leading matches.
Chess is actually another sport that Russians currently have taken over for many years having created a number of world champions as well as Grand Masters. Another of Russia's popular sports activities would be the Rugby League. The Russians rank 13th among all the teams according to the Rugby League International Federation sports news. Rugby Union is another sport that is fast gathering popularity amongst the Russian masses, with the nation standing Seventeenth based on the International Rugby Board.
Among the sports which Russia has won a number of awards for is Rhythmic Gymnastics. Along with being one of the most popular sports forms in the nation, it has highlighted Russia in the world of sports news for having the earth's greatest rhythmic gymnasts.


Description: "Undercover Notes & Bilingual Crónicas" is a new project based on my work as a bilingual and multicultural creative writer, literary translator, and a scholar of Latin American & Comparative literatures. The project consists of gathering and taking a series of notes (in writing as well as in images and short audio-videos, at times as short interviews and conversations with participating subjects) related to a series of "underground realities" (in various cross-cultural situations) that are found and co-exist (sometimes in parallel, sometimes intersecting) mostly in the greater Washington, DC area. Major underlining themes include immigrant experiences and a wide range of North-South linguistic, literary, and cultural exchanges.
The project consists of gathering and recording written and audio-visual material, keeping careful track of the material, and then editing the material in preparation for various anticipated forms of publication and dissemination. "Undercover Notes & Bilingual Crónicas" is a new inter-disciplinary, bilingual, cross-cultural project that involves a combination of research and creative methodologies and technologies, such as interviewing, recording and transcribing conversations, some translation work, undertaking digital research and communications (mostly in English; some in Spanish), as well as photography and other audio-visual recording techniques. Although the project is at a very early stage, possible final products include publication in print and/or electronic journals, a book at the end of the project, as well as podcast or other newer digital humanities outlets along the way. The final product and dissemination are still to be determined. At this early stage, I am in the creative phase, gathering all sorts of material related to the project, and actively writing and starting to produce the work. Working with a research assistant from this early stage would be of tremendous help.
Duties: The research assistant would assist with note-taking (and/or recording) relevant interviews and conversations, photographing (and/or video recording) interviews and conversations, undertaking digital research, transcribing recorded material (mostly in English, some in Spanish), some editing, and helping to keep all of the material well organized for publication and other digital and print dissemination. Ideally, the research assistant would have strong writing and/or artistic abilities, as well as strong audio-visual and relevant high-tech skills. The work will include audio-video recording, some photography, writing, and transcribing and editing of the material. The work will also require a research assistant with strong cultural sensitivities, especially able to work with different immigrant groups, and peoples from a wide range of backgrounds. Bilingual skills (Spanish/English) is a definite plus.


text:
Q: npm start and other scripts do nothing Until starting up my computer this morning the following worked:
npm run start

which would run my custom script in package.json and essentially boot up electron with react.
However now running the same command does absolutely nothing. The terminal just returns.
~/myapp > npm run start
~/myapp >

I have tried the following with and without step 3 and it didn't work.

*

*Delete node_modules

*Delete package-lock.json

*Run npm cache clean -f

*Run npm i

*Try again.

I have uninstalled and reinstalled node.
My setup is:
~/myapp > node -v
v13.5.0
~/myapp > npm -v
6.13.4

and my package.json is as follows:
{
    "name": "...",
    "version": "...",
    "description": "...",
    "author": "...",
    "build": {
        "appId": "appname.app",
        "mac": {
            "icon": "build/icon.png"
        },
        "extraResources": [
            "./public/**"
        ]
    },
    "homepage": "./",
    "main": "public/electron.js",
    "dependencies": {
        "@babel/runtime": "^7.7.7",
        "@material-ui/core": "^4.8.2",
        "@material-ui/icons": "^4.5.1",
        "@testing-library/jest-dom": "^4.2.4",
        "@testing-library/react": "^9.3.2",
        "@testing-library/user-event": "^7.1.2",
        "array-move": "^2.2.1",
        "cross-env": "^6.0.3",
        "electron-context-menu": "^0.15.2",
        "electron-is-dev": "^1.1.0",
        "electron-window-state": "^5.0.3",
        "react": "^16.12.0",
        "react-dom": "^16.12.0",
        "react-dropzone": "^10.2.1",
        "react-pdf": "^4.1.0",
        "react-scripts": "3.3.0",
        "react-smooth-dnd": "^0.11.1",
        "typeface-roboto": "0.0.75"
    },
    "scripts": {
        "react-start": "GENERATE_SOURCEMAP=false react-scripts start ",
        "react-build": "GENERATE_SOURCEMAP=false react-scripts build",
        "react-test": "GENERATE_SOURCEMAP=false react-scripts test",
        "react-eject": "GENERATE_SOURCEMAP=false react-scripts eject",
        "electron-build": "electron-builder",
        "build": "npm run react-build && npm run electron-build",
        "start": "concurrently \"cross-env BROWSER=none npm run react-start\" \"wait-on http://localhost:3000 && electron .\""
    },
    "eslintConfig": {
        "extends": "react-app"
    },
    "browserslist": {
        "production": [
            ">0.2%",
            "not dead",
            "not op_mini all"
        ],
        "development": [
            "last 1 chrome version",
            "last 1 firefox version",
            "last 1 safari version"
        ]
    },
    "devDependencies": {
        "concurrently": "^5.0.2",
        "electron": "^7.1.7",
        "electron-builder": "^21.2.0",
        "wait-on": "^3.3.0"
    }
}

Note: I had to add GENERATE_SOURCEMAP=false to the scripts to fix a bug in a dependency.
Can anyone please help?
EDIT:
I just created a completely new project to test the problem as follows:
npm init react-app testapp
cd testapp
npm start

and the problem persists.

A: Probably ignore-scripts=true was set in .npmrc
Run: npm config set ignore-scripts false

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


GTA has a new Team Member – Welcome Justin! – GTA Architecture Ltd.
Justin Kennedy, BBA, BEDS, M.Arch., is the newest addition to the GTA Architecture Ltd. team. A graduate from Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia, Justin's education and work experience along with his tenacious, disciplined and invested work ethic complements GTA's already dynamic team, and we are excited to welcome him not only our beautiful City, but to the GTA Family as well!


text:
Carriera

Cincinnati Bengals
Al college Taylor-Britt giocò a football a Nebraska. Fu scelto nel corso del secondo giro (60º assoluto) del Draft NFL 2022 dai Cincinnati Bengals. Il 30 agosto 2022 fu inserito in lista infortunati per un problema a un addominale. Tornò nel roster attivo l'8 ottobre 2022. La sua prima stagione regolare si chiuse con 55 tackle, un fumble forzato e 6 passaggi deviati in 10 presenze, 9 delle quali come titolare. Nel divisional round dei playoff mise a segno il primo intercetto in carriera ai danni di Josh Allen nella vittoria sui Buffalo Bills.

Note

Collegamenti esterni
Statistiche su NFL.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
HomeNewsCity unveils Canada 150 Mural
City unveils Canada 150 Mural
By Ezzah Bashir
Wednesday, Oct. 10th, 2018
Canada 150 Mural unveiling at City Hall. (Photo: Ezzah Bashir/106.1 The Goat)
Lloydminster has officially unveiled its Canada 150 Mural at City Hall. Over 100 communities across the country participated in creating a train reflecting their own community as a fabric of Canada.
Education Programmer at the Lloydminster Cultural and Science Centre Kyra Stefanuk has been involved in the project from the start including planning and the workshops.
"I think once the community finally got involved with that whole week of workshops it was really cool to see the excitement grow. Up until that point, I don't know if everyone understood exactly what we were doing and for them to share in this was super exciting."
The city held workshops in September for people to create their own tiles for the mosaic. Mayor Gerald Aalbers says this project showcases that art is a beautiful thing no matter who puts it together.
"We have very gifted and talented people in the arts community in the city and that reinforced year after year and this is just another one of the opportunities to being that community together."
Aalbers adds that the mural will stay on the exterior wall of City Hall for many years to come.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
La  du Tour de Luxembourg a eu lieu du 12 au . L'épreuve fait partie de l'UCI Europe Tour, dans la catégorie 2.HC.

Présentation

Parcours

Équipes
Classé en catégorie 2.HC de l'UCI Europe Tour, le Tour de Luxembourg est par conséquent ouvert aux UCI ProTeams dans la limite de 70 % des équipes participantes, aux équipes continentales professionnelles, aux équipes continentales allemandes et à une équipe nationale luxembourgeoise.

UCI ProTeams

Équipe continentale

Équipes continentales professionnelles

Équipe nationale

Favoris

Étapes

Déroulement de la course

Prologue

Classements finals

Classement général

Classements annexes

Classement par points

Classement du meilleur grimpeur

Classement du meilleur jeune

Classement par équipes

Évolution des classements

Liste des participants

Notes et références

Liens externes

  Site officiel

2013
Cyclisme sur route en 2013
Cyclisme en juin 2013
Sport au Luxembourg en 2013


The did! Before the 1980's "potatoe starch" was used. Now, they use cheap, horrid, killer chemicals. I shall never lick bill envelopes again! The bitter. I received this as an e-mail today. Don't know if it's true or not, but it will make you wonder.. Subject: Envelopes & Stamps I work in a.
Raise your hand if the thought of licking an envelope closed sounds repulsive. Me too! I don't know what they put in that stuff, but it seems to get nastier and nastier. Do you remember the Seinfield episode where George's fiance died from licking too many envelopes? I do not want that to happen to any of you. I don't know about it being actually "dangerous", but I was always told by my parents when I was younger never to lick the envelopes to seal them.
Read Don't Lick Envelopes from the story Horror Story Compilation by PandasWithShotguns with 49 reads. scary, horrorstories, scarystories. A lady name Tracy. However, I can't stand the taste of the part of the envelope meant to be licked. How to seal envelopes without licking. up vote 19 down vote favorite. 2. I'm sending out Christmas cards and I have to seal about 100 envelopes.
Hi All, just a quick reminder to everyone -- moisten envelopes w/a sponge, do not lick them. I totally forgot and licked a whole bunch of them while I was d. This urban legend is one that I think just about anyone who has ever worked in an office or still uses "snail mail" can give a cringe- worthy sigh.
12 Apr 2001 DON'T LICK THOSE ENVELOPES!! > > >Subject: Never lick envelopes > >If you lick your envelopes You won't anymore!!!! > >A woman was working in a. 21 Dec 2013 One of the most sensational news stories emanating from Japan over the past year never actually happened. This was the great "epidemic" of eye infections that had supposedly broke out among primary school students due to gankyū name, the expression of budding adolescent affection by engaging in.
I'm going to completely slobber over every piece of mail I will ever send from now on. Hell, I'm gonna hawk a loogie on the envelope for my next rent. Molly Licking Envelopes Elizsha Monique. Loading Don't like this video? Sign in to make your opinion count. Sign in. 2. Loading The stuff on an envelope you lick - Duration: 0:27. jessesphotos 3,297 views. 0:27.
20 Feb 2015 We may not send handwritten letters as a primary form of communication anymore, but we still need stuff mailed. Financial documents, legal forms, regrettable wine-drunk Etsy purchases, you catch my drift. No, I'm here to investigate a very specific part of mail: envelopes that you have to lick to seal. 7 Aug 2017 The urban legend of a woman finding cockroach larvae inside her tongue after licking an envelope infested with cockroach eggs. A couple of days later, her tongue started to swell more, and it began to get really sore, so sore, that she could not eat. She went back to the hospital, and demanded.


text:
Torat HaRav Aviner
Inspiring Torah from Rav Shlomo Aviner, Yeshivat Ateret Yerushalayim
Yeshiva
Why are Women Obligated in all of the Mitzvot of the Seder
פורסם על ידי Mordechai Tzion ב- 12:07
[From Rav Aviner's Commentary on the Haggadah]
Question: Why are women obligated in all of the Mitzvot of the Seder, when these Mitzvot are time-bound and women are exempt from time-bound Mitzvot?
Answer: They also experienced this miracle (Pesachim 108a-b). Here are two explanations for this answer. According to Tosafot, women are obligated because they were also in Egyptian Exile and were redeemed. According to Rashi, women are obligated because the Jewish People were redeemed on account of the righteous women of that generation. The first soldier in the struggle against Egypt was Miriam. "And I sent before You Moshe, Aharon and Miriam" (Michah 6:4). "You have three great leaders" (Ta'anit 9a). Miriam taught Torah to the women (Aramaic translation to Michah ibid.). She was born during the most difficult time for the Nation of Israel. She was therefore named "Miriam" based on the Hebrew word "Merirut" meaning "bitterness." The Egyptians decreed that every baby boy was to be thrown into the river. Amram, the leader of Israel, despaired and separated from his wife, Yocheved. He said: "Why should we bring more children into the world to be killed by the Egyptians?" The entire Jewish People followed his lead and separated from their wives. This would have certainly destroyed the seed of Israel and we would have been defeated without a fight. Everyone yielded except for one six year old girl – Miriam. She said to her father: "Your decree is worse than Pharaoh's. He only made a decree against the boys, but you made a decree against the boys and the girls!" She succeeded in convincing her father; he remarried his wife, and all Israel followed his lead and did the same. At the remarriage of her parents, Miriam danced with her little brother, Aharon, who was two years old. When Moshe was born, Amram was again concerned and wondered if perhaps he acted imprudently. Miriam, however, was confident that there would be a solution and, indeed, Moshe's salvation came in an unexpected way. Even before this event, Miriam showed herself to be a warrior. The Jewish midwives, Shifrah and Pu'ah, who saved the Jewish People, were Yocheved and Miriam. Even though Miriam was young, she helped her mother. Yocheved was called "Shifrah" because she made the child beautiful ("meshaperet" which is similar to "Shifrah") and cared for him. Miriam was called "Pu'ah" because she spoke ("Po'ah" which is similar to "Pu'ah), sang songs, and hugged him. When Pharaoh asked Yocheved why his decree to kill the baby boys was not followed, Yocheved evaded the question and said that the Jewish women are skilled at giving birth without a midwife. Miriam, however, spoke brazenly to Pharaoh, "She stuck out her nose at him and said: Woe to the man from whom G-d comes to take retribution. He was filled with anger against her and wanted to kill her. Yocheved attempted to pacify Pharaoh: "Do not pay any attention to her. She is a baby and does not know anything" (Shemot Rabbah 1:13). Miriam obviously understood everything, and she began to organize a rebellion ("Meri" which is similar to "Miriam") among the Nation of Israel. Our Sages relate how the women established a powerful underground in Egypt. They would encourage their husbands, give birth in the fields under apple trees, "I roused your love under the apple tree" (Shir Ha-Shirim 8:5), and raise their children in secret. They stubbornly continued to become pregnant and give birth, until they reached six hundred thousand. Including the elderly, woman and children, they reached a few million.
At a much later time, during the donations to the Mishkan (desert sanctuary), the women brought copper mirrors as a donation. At first, Moshe Rabbenu refused to accept them, since they were used to focus on the external beauty of women. "Grace is false and beauty is vain, a woman who fears Hashem, she should be praised" (Mishlei 31:30). Moshe was repulsed by the mirrors because they were used by the evil inclination. The Holy One, Blessed Be He, said to him: "Accept them, because these are the most precious to me." Through these, the women created legions of Jewish children in Egypt. These mirrors were not objects of the evil inclination, but of the awe of Hashem. The daughters of Israel beautified themselves with them in order to entice their husbands who were exhausted from the back-breaking work. When Pharaoh decreed that the men would sleep in the field and the women in the city, the women heated up food and brought food and drink to their husbands. They would comfort them and say: We will not be enslaved eternally. Hashem will redeem us in the end. They took the mirrors, and each one would look in the mirrors with her husband and entice him with words…as it says, 'I roused your love under the apple tree,'" and this is how they had children. These mirrors are therefore called "legions of mirrors" ("Marot Ha-Tzovot"), because in their merit, legions ("Tzeva'ot") of Israel were born (see Rashi to Shemot 38:8).
Therefore, do not be surprised that after the splitting of the Red Sea, after the Song at the Sea of Moshe Rabbenu, "Miriam the prophetess, the sister of Aharon, took the drum in her hand, and all of the women followed her with drums and dances" (Shemot 15:20). They knew that the redemption was on account of their merit, the merit of the righteous women. They danced, they overcame the laws of gravity, they floated in the air, and they were freed from the physical reality of the land. When they left Egypt, they did not even bother to prepare leavened bread, yet they packed drums among their belongings out of the faith that a great salvation would occur and the chance would come to play music to the Master of the Universe, Redeemer of Israel.
תוויות: Pesach
How to do your Pesach Cleaning Cheerfully in Less than One Day
Going away for Pesach
If you are going away for Pesach and will not be at home during the entire holiday, you can be lenient and not clean for Pesach. You should sell all of the Chametz (leaven) in the house, including all of the crumbs -- but not just the crumbs on their own, because that would have no halachic value. It is possible, however, to sell the food in the cabinets and closets including the "Chametz dirt." If someone is staying in your house, you need to clean the rooms which will be used. The remaining unused rooms must be closed off with tape, and you must sell any Chametz that is in them.
There is still the question of how to fulfill the Mitzvah of Bedikat Chametz (the search for leaven). If you arrive at your Pesach destination by the fourteenth of Nisan, perform the search there. If you arrive on the morning of the fourteenth, you should clean well and check a small room, i.e. the entrance way and not sell the Chametz in that room. You must also perform the search for Chametz, with a blessing, in the rooms in which you will live during Pesach - if no one else has done so.
Chametz smaller than a "Kezayit" (the volume of an olive)
Chametz which is less than a "Kezayit" may obviously not be eaten, but it is not included in the Torah prohibition of "Bal Yeira'eh" and "Bal Yimatzeh" (Chametz may not be seen or found on Pesach – Shemot 12:19, 13:7) (Responsa Igrot Moshe, Orach Chaim 1:145). Regarding the Mishnah Berurah's statement (Sha'ar Ha-Tziun 451:6) that Chametz which can be seen is included in the prohibition of "Chametz She-Avar Alav Ha-Pesach" (using Chametz that has spent Pesach in a Jew's possession) -- the fact is that if it was included in the sale of Chametz, there is no problem (see Mishnah Berurah 142:33 and Chazon Ish, Orach Chaim 117:15). A "Kezayit" is 27 cubic centimeters - 3 centimeter square or a little over a square inch. Usually, only rooms in which children are allowed to bring sandwiches or cookies are likely to contain such big pieces of Chametz. A room in which people do not walk around with food does not need to be cleaned at all. Incidentally, you must take care not to hide pieces of Chametz which are larger than a "Kezayit" before "Bedikat Chametz," in case one of the pieces should get lost. That way, you do not find them, you will not need to bother much to hunt for them, and you can rely on the "Bittul Chametz" (declaring Chametz ownerless) that you do after the search (Responsa Yechaveh Da'at 5:149).
Start "Bedikat Chametz" in a place where Chametz was used, so the blessing will apply to it. Only search for Chametz in places in which there is a reasonable chance of finding it. It is nearly impossible for Chametz which is a square inch to be hidden inside a book! If there is a chance that the book has Chametz in it, then it must be thoroughly checked. Most books, however, do not need to be cleaned or checked. Cleaning and checking a sample is sufficient. It is customary not to place books that have not been checked for Chametz on the table during Pesach. Everybody knows their kids' habits. Peek, and open here and there. Regarding crumbs in the corners of the house: 1. They are not a "Kezayit." 2. They are inedible to a dog. If there is bread behind a cabinet in an unreachable place, nobody will get to it on Pesach and it is as if it is buried -- just as you do not have to search under stones or under the house's foundations, since nobody will take Chametz from there.
If you want to do a spring cleaning, this is certainly possible, but not before Pesach – this is not the appropriate time. Pesach vacation is for taking trips, playing with the kids, being happy, dancing and preparing stories for the Seder. A woman works hard all year long: "They enslaved the Jewish women with back-breaking work" (play on Shemot 1:13). If the husband is on vacation too, this may be a good time to leave him with the kids, and give the wife a vacation! That is what vacation is for – not for working like a donkey and scraping floors. You can take trips, enjoy yourself, and arrive at the Seder rested in order to make a beautiful Seder and inspire the children. If a woman wants to work like a donkey, and be a kind of slave, she is permitted to do so, but it is not good educationally. She should be free in order to play with the kids. We left the slavery of Egypt, and it was not to enter into our own slavery! We do not have anything against house cleaning, but you should spread it out over the course of the year – each few months clean another room. This is not the time for projects of cleaning and arranging. In any event, when the Seder arrives there will still be disorder and cleaning that has not been completed.
If a woman is happy with suffering, she is allowed and it subtracts from the suffering of "Gehinom": Any suffering in this world is deducted from the suffering of "Gehinom." If someone desires, this it is legitimate, but not before Pesach. The month of Nissan is a happy month.
Husband's Help
Question: Does a husband have to help his wife?
Answer: A husband does not have to help his wife nor does a wife have to help her husband. Rather, the two of them have to clean together since this is a shared home, and theirs is a shared life as well.
There may be cookies in your kids' pockets. Even the crumbs must be removed, since a child may put his hand into his pocket and then into his mouth. You only have to check the clothes you will be wearing that season. It is unnecessary to check any clothes that are put away and will not be worn now, such as winter clothes.
Question: Is it possible to simply wash them in a washing machine?
Answer: Running the clothes through a washing machine will not necessarily get rid of all of the crumbs. The clothes must be checked.
Toys must also be checked. However, you may put some or all of the toys away, and buy new toys as a present for the holiday! This serves a double purpose of saving work and making the children happy.
These may contain Chametz, such as wheat germ oil and alcohol derived from wheat. What a waste to clean it. Close and tape the cabinets and include it in the sale of Chametz.
You have to check between the pillows. It is an interesting experience to find lost objects.
There is no need to clean them, just do not put them on the table on which you eat. The custom is not to check books for the crumbs that remain in them, but to rely of the nullification (Haggadah Chazon Ovadiah of Ha-Rav Ovadiah Yosef, p. 21). Clean the books which you will want to read at the table on Pesach, or clean a few books for Pesach.
You do not have to clean everything, just the place where people eat, i.e. the chairs and the table.
Chairs: If the chairs are clean, there is no need to clean them. If the kids throw cereal or other things on them and they do not look clean, clean them with a wet rag.
Table: There are two options: 1. Kashering with boiling water. 2. Covering with several layers of plastic and cloth tablecloths.
If it is plastic, it may be immersed in a tub with boiling water and cleaning agents. Clean the cracks with a stiff brush. It is unnecessary to take the chair apart, because whatever is in the cracks and holes is inedible to a dog.
This room must be thoroughly cleaned and not one crumb of Chametz left. A crumb is not nullified even in a thousand times its volume.
It is preferable not to Kasher a dishwasher. You can do the dishes by hand as in previous generations. It is also possible to use disposable dishes.
Question: Is it at all possible to clean a dishwasher?
Answer: It is possible, but it is a lot of work; there are a lot of rubber parts and connections.
If you do not have a self-cleaning oven, it is best not to Kasher it. Seal the oven and buy baked goods or buy a "wonder-pot" which allows you to bake on a stove.
Grates: Clean and cover the grates with as much aluminum foil as possible. Use aluminum foil that is thick enough not to tear, but thin enough to bend and shape. What a waste of time and effort! The best thing is to use special Pesach burners.
Burners: There is no need to clean them; they get burned up in the course of use. Bottom Pan (where everything falls): In general, if some food falls into it, we do not pick it up, and it is considered "treif;" nevertheless, put aluminum foil on it.
Knobs: Wipe them clean.
Clean it, but it does not have to be a lot of work. Of course, defrost the freezer (if you have an older model which does not defrost automatically) and clean it. It is best to eat up all Chametz before Pesach, but if expensive Chametz food products are left over, i.e. frozen foods, they may be wrapped up well, labeled "Chametz," stored in the back of the freezer/refrigerator and included in the list of Chametz sold before Pesach.
If you have an old refrigerator with cracks or crevices in the door which is difficult to clean, do not use its inner shelves, but cover them with plastic. Similarly, you must clean the door's rubber part well. If it is old, sometimes it is easier to replace it.
Do not clean. It is a waste of time. Seal, put sign or sticker not to use and include it in sale of Chametz.
Cabinets of dishes, utensils, pots and pans
Dishes, shelves, and drawers that will not be used on Pesach may be sealed, and need not be cleaned. There are those who are strict to clean even the things which are used for Chametz, but one can be lenient on account of three reasons, each of which would be enough:
1. We sell all the crumbs together with the sale of Chametz.
2. The dishes are clean -- nobody puts a dirty dish away in the cabinet.
3. Even if there is "Chametz dirt," it is definitely less than a "Kezayit."
By the way, sometimes it is easier to paint than to clean. You can paint the corner of the kitchen where food flies using a water-based paint and the gas grates using aluminum paint.
It can be Kashered by not using it for twenty-four hours, cleaning it for five minutes and boiling water in it for half an hour. All food cooked or baked in it on Pesach should be placed in a covered utensil.
It is possible to cover them with thick aluminum foil, and then there is no need to Kasher them at all; just wipe them with a rag. Sometimes it is complicated to cover, and then one can Kasher it. Where there are holes, pour floor bleach in them and then pour water from an electric kettle which is still boiling. It is good for two people to do this: One to pour and the other to unplug.
Regarding the kitchen sink, there are a few solutions:
1. Do not put anything into the sink on Pesach, and wash the dishes in the air. This, however, is unrealistic.
2. Put a plastic bin inside. Just make sure there is still a direct flow down the drain.
3. Thoroughly clean and Kasher the sink like the counters.
It is impossible to clean a toaster, but there is no need. Put it in the cabinet of sold Chametz.
You have to do "Hagalah" (Kashering by dropping into boiling water) for the bowl and blades. As for the body of the mixer, wrap it in plastic -- making sure not to block the air holes. The best thing is to buy a cheap hand-mixer for Pesach.
Kashering dishes
This is a tremendous amount of work. It is preferable to buy new dishes. True, it is expensive, so buy a few things each year. As for pots, it is possible to buy cheap aluminum ones which are okay for just seven days. There are cheap plastic plates as well as cheap cutlery.
You have to clean it. Take out the mats and gather the "Chametz dirt" – there is no need for a vacuum cleaner -- and clean the compartments and containers. There is no need to pour water or dismantle the seats. In general, there is no need to dismantle anything with screws. Any way you look at it -- if the Chametz is accessible, you can take it out without a screwdriver, and if it is not accessible, it will not come out on Pesach either.
Chumrot - Being Strict
If you know that you are being stricter than Halachah requires, and you choose to be strict, you deserve a blessing. And if you accepted a stricture on yourself and now you want to stop, the way to do that is to do "Hatarah" (getting the vow annulled). But if you thought that a particular act was the actual Halachah, and now you realize it is a stricture, you do not need a "Hatarah." If you have a strong desire to clean a lot, you deserve a blessing, especially for Pesach, "whoever is strict deserves a blessing." You should not, however, force a stricture on yourself, but accept it with love.
In light of what is written above, it should take about an hour for the dining room, two-three hours to Kasher the kitchen, and another hour to clean the rest of the house. In short, about one day!
All the rest of the cleaning jobs are either strictures or just made up. When we work hard, we use up our energy and get mad at the kids. You have to educate the kids -- but not to educate them to be aggravated: "I told you not to go into this room anymore! Why did you go in?! Eat on the porch! Eat standing up! Don't touch!" The whole kitchen looks like it was overturned by vandals; the husband and kids are trembling in fear in some corner and eating; the mother looks at them like a drill sergeant; there's anger between husband and wife. This is preparation for Pesach?! This is educating the kids? This is definitely not setting a positive example! Our memories of Pesach should not be of a reign of terror.
If you clean together with the kids, that is great, but it must be a happy adventure. First of all, you have to clean what you must – taking half a day – and after that if you want to do other things, you can clean with happiness and joy. Clean, sing, pour water and "you will clean with joy from the wellsprings of salvation" (based on Yeshayahu 12:3).
The Rama rules in the Shulchan Aruch: "Every person should sweep his room before Bedikat Chametz, and check his pockets for Chametz, and the pockets or cuffs where you sometimes put Chametz also need to be checked" (Orach Chaim 433:11) The Mishnah Berurah (#46) adds: "It is the custom to sweep the whole house on thirteenth of Nisan, so that it will be ready to check immediately after nightfall on the fourteenth." This custom is enough. Beyond that, "whoever is strict deserves a blessing" -- as far as Pesach goes, but not as far as the kids go.
It is understood that I am not forcing my opinion on anyone. I am simply stating my humble opinion with explanations. Whoever accepts the explanations will listen and whoever does not accept them will not. I heard most of the practical suggestions about how to shorten the cleaning from women themselves. It is possible that a woman has a strong desire not to shorten this work, and just the opposite, she finds joy in it. That is okay. Even she will benefit from all of the above, because she will not feel pressured that she might violate the Halachah, but rather she will clean with satisfaction and tranquility.
The essential point is the distinction between Chametz, which there is an obligation to clean with all the severity of the Halachah, and dirt – which should obviously be removed, but not necessarily before Pesach. You can spread out the work of removing dirt over the whole year, so that we and our families do not suffer before Pesach. I am not advocating poor housekeeping. We should stand before Chametz with awe and fear, but not all dirt is Chametz. Do not treat Chametz cavalierly, G-d forbid, but at the same time, not everything that is accepted as Pesach cleaning is directed at Chametz.
Have a kosher and happy Pesach. We should ensure that we have a HAPPY Pesach and a KOSHER Purim (!). We should arrive at the Seder night neither tired nor aching but happy, so that this night will be a powerful experience for the kids, and a great source of faith in Hashem, the Redeemer of Israel.
"Dirt is not Chametz and children are not the Pesach sacrifice!"
Ha-Rav Ha-Gaon Meir Soloveitchik ztz"l: The Loyal Gaon of Beit Brisk
פורסם על ידי Mordechai Tzion ב- 8:08
[Eulogy delivered in the Yeshiva]
Ha-Rav Ha-Gaon Meir Soloveitchik ztz"l, Rosh Yeshiva of Brisk in Yerushalayim, has ascended on high. Ha-Rav Meir ben Ha-Griz – the "Brisker Rav" ben Reb Chaim Mi-Brisk ben Beit Ha-Levi.
In Brisk, they learn quietly, without publicity and noise. Furthermore, their Rabbis fear publishing their Chiddushim and Piskei Halachah on account of their perfectionism. Rav Meir was therefore not famous and was certainly not known by the media. But in Torah he brought incredible blessing.
Rav Meir was born in the year 5689 in the city of Brisk. He was the youngest son of the Brisker Rav. When he was 12 years old, he succeeded in escaping the Holocaust with his father and five brothers and sisters. His mother and other siblings perished.
In his youth, he was already extremely close to his father. After learning in Talmud Torah Eitz Chaim in Yerushalayim, he learned for long hours with his father. The Brisker Rav referred to him as "My Prodigy".
He then learned in his father's Yeshiva and learned the Brisker Method of learning Torah in depth and with great toil.
The Brisker Method already began with his great grandfather, the Beit Ha-Levi. His grandfather, Reb Chaim, improved upon it. Some say that at that time of the Enlightenment, Reb Chaim saved thousands and even tens of thousands from leaving the Yeshivot through his analytic method of learning Gemara.
This method is based on understanding the underpinnings of a Sugya, its foundations and precise definitions, thus allowing one to understand the different opinions, not just in the Sugya being discussed, but in many different Gemaras. There are various ways to arrive at the root of a Sugya. For example: "Tzvei Dinim" (two laws) – whereby a law can be shown to consist of two or more parts, only one of which might apply in a particular case. Or, alternatively: "Cheftza Ve-Gavra" – wherein a particular law applies to a person or to the object which the person is using.
Ha-Rav Herschel Schachter, one of the Roshei Yeshiva of Yeshiva University, related that when he learned Issur Ve-Heter with Ha-Rav Yosef Soloveitchik, "Suddenly, the pots and pans, the eggs and onions, disappeared from the laws of meat and milk, the salt, blood and spit disappeared from the laws of salting. The laws of Kashrut were taken out of the kitchen and removed to an ideal halachic world… constructed out of the complexes of abstract concepts".
There were great Rabbis, however, who did not fully agree with this method. For example Ha-Rav Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg wrote in a letter that when he was in Berlin, he once asked Ha-Rav Yosef Soloveitchik, who was greater the Vilna Gaon or Reb Chaim Mi-Brisk? He answered that regarding understanding, Reb Chaim is greater than the Vilna Gaon. Rav Weinberg disagrees. He says that the Gra searched for the Peshat, while Reb Chaim's logic and reasoning did not always mesh with the wording of the Gemara and Rambam. Reb Chaim was in and of himself a new Rambam and not a commentator of the Rambam. Rav Weinberg said the same to Ha-Rav Moshe, Rav Soloveitchik's father (see also Shut Seridei Aish 2:144).
Ha-Rav Weinberg's words, however, are not necessarily correct. As is known, in our Yeshiva, Ha-Rav Yosef Solovetichik, son of Ha-Rav Aharon of Chicago, son of Ha-Rav Moshe, taught for many years. He would deliver a lengthy daily Gemara Shiur which lasted three to four hours, in which he explained the Gemara, Rishonim and finally the words of Reb Chaim. It then became clear to the listener that Reb Chaim's words were not an addition here or even a change, but rather were found within the words of the Sugya itself. When Lamdanim in the Yeshiva raised difficulties, Rav Yosef would answer patiently and explain things properly. This is like what people say in the name of Reb Chaim: I do not interrupt the Gemara, I learn the Gemara.
This method of learning in fact conquered the Yeshiva world. And when Ha-Rav Yosef Soloveitchik arrived in Israel as a candidate to be the Chief Rabbi of Tel Aviv, Maran Ha-Rav Kook directed Rabbenu Ha-Rav Tzvi Yehudah to attend all of his Shiurim in order to taste the Brisker Method.
Ha-Rav Herschel Schachter writes that when he was married, Ha-Rav Moshe Feinstein attended the wedding and sent him three of his books as a gift (Shut Igrot Moshe, Orach Chaim Volume 1, Yoreh Deah Volume 1 and Dibrot Moshe on Baba Metzia Volume 1). Reb Moshe wrote the inscription in the Dibrot Moshe – his commentary on the Gemara, and not in Shut Igrot Moshe – his Teshuvot. The books were brought to Rav Schachter by Ha-Rav Michal Shurkin, who learned in Reb Moshe's Metivta Tiferet Yerushalayim, and attended Rav Yosef Soloveitchik's Shiurim as well. Rav Shurkin explained to him that Reb Moshe was particular to inscribe the Dibrot, because he held that Shiurim in the Dibrot were of much greater importance than the more famous and popular Teshuvot in the Igrot. Reb Moshe exerted great effort and toil on the Shiurim and spent many hours preparing them, in contrast to the Teshuvot, which came easily to him (Divrei Ha-Rav p. 207). The Dibrot Moshe however are not generally learned in Yeshivot. Some explain that there are two reasons for this: 1. The explanations are extremely long. 2. Reb Moshe did not learn according to the Brisker Method, which is the accepted Method in Yeshivot.
There is a saying "Before the Giving of the Torah and after the Giving of the Torah", i.e. Reb Chaim of Brisk is a sort of Giving of the Torah. This is obviously an exaggeration, but the method expounded by Reb Chaim is the one used in Yeshivot today. The same is true in many Zionist Yeshivot, since Ha-Rav Aharon Lichtenstein, who served as Rosh Yeshiva of Har Etzion, and who was the leading student of his father-in-law, Ha-Rav Yosef Soloveitchik, planted the Brisker Method here.
This was the method of Ha-Rav Meir ztz"l. After years of learning in Kollel, he began to serve as Rosh Yeshiva of Brisk in the neighborhood Zichron Moshe in Yerushalayim, where he taught Torah to hundreds of students with pure Yirat Shamayim.
The Mishnah in Kiddushin (41a) says that it is possible to perform certain Mitzvot through an agent. But the Gemara there adds that it is greater for one to perform a Mitzvah on his own. The Magen Avraham (251:2) brought in the Mishnah Berurah (250:3) says that this applies to all Mitzvot. This was a fundamental principle of Ha-Rav Meir Soloveitchik. He would strive to perform every Mitzvah on his own without relying on others. Even when he was elderly, he would walk each year to a spring in Yerushalayim to take "Mayim Shelanu" to bake Matzot. And the same was true for every Mitzvah and for teaching Torah.
Ha-Rav Yisachar Shlomo Teichtel writes that one needs greatness to serve as a sort of bridge which connects there and yet leads to here. For example, Yaakov Avinu transferred everything he had from one side of the river to the other (See Eim Ha-Banim Semeichah 3, 48). Only unique individuals were able to serve as a bridge to reestablish the Yeshivot from Europe in Israel. And these Yeshivot are blossoming here to an even greater extent than they did there. As a continuation of the Brisker dynasty, Ha-Rav Meir succeeded in receiving the Torah from his father, Ha-Griz, and bringing it here.
May the soul of Ha-Rav Meir ztz"l be bound up with the bonds of the living with all of the Tzadikim and Geonim.
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Author J.M. Dabney requested stylized cartoony cover for his novel Peace and Chaos. One of J.M.'s inspirations were graphic novel covers and a fondness of animator Robert Valley. J.M. wanted something similar and also with happy, bright colors. This project required four character designs from a Blue Sky consulting method.
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Fantasy Premier League midfielders Erik Lamela and Danny Ward both registered hat-tricks in the latest round of pre-season friendlies.
The former scored his in a behind closed doors match between Tottenham and Southend United while Cardiff's Ward was part of the side that thrashed Cornish side Bodmin 11-1.
Elsewhere, Arsenal played a private match against Crawley with just the goalscorers known to us, while Huddersfield saw the return of captain Christopher Schindler and Oumar Niasse continued to threaten for Everton.
We've got all the goals, assists and Fantasy talking points from another set of friendly matches.
Mid-price midfielder Erik Lamela (£6.5m) scored a hat-trick in a behind closed doors friendly for Spurs against Southend United on Wednesday afternoon.
With Dele Alli (£9.0m) and Christian Eriksen (£9.5m) expected to miss large portions of pre-season after their involvement in the World Cup, and Son Heung-min (£8.5m) competing in the Asian games with South Korea, Lamela could easily earn an extended run in the Spurs team and prove good value.
The Argentinian midfielder opened the scoring in the seventh minute after good link-up with Lucas Moura (£7.0m). He released the winger down the right and directed the cross that came back to him into the net.
Fernando Llorente (£6.0m) doubled Spurs' lead four minutes later after Serge Aurier's (£6.0m) cross took a slight deflection off a defender and fell to the Spanish striker to stroke home.
Lamela profited from a good interchange between Aurier and Moura in the 27th minute, turning in from close range for 3-0. As the match was played behind closed doors, we were unable to confirm which player should be credited with the assist for this goal.
Ben Davies (£6.0m) was the next to supply an assist from wide areas, playing a one-two with Lamela, his ball into the middle converted by Moura.
Lamela completed his hat-trick before half-time after more good link-up on the right flank again. This was another goal for which the assist is unclear.
The Argentinian midfielder continued to show threat in the second-half, his 78th minute pass across goal stabbed home by youngster Tashan Oakley-Boothe.
Tottenham did not reveal the full line-up for this particular match, either on their website or social media. We do know that Michel Vorm (£5.0m) started in goal with Hugo Lloris (£5.5m) still on leave having recently won the World Cup with France.
Arsenal also played a pre-season match behind closed doors with the information even less clear than was the case with Spurs.
Lucas Perez (not yet on FPL) found the net twice, as did Alexandre Lacazette (£9.5m), in a 9-0 win over League Two Crawley Town.
Pierre-Emerick Aubmameyang (£11.0m), Henrikh Mkhitaryan (£7.0m), Reiss Nelson and Eddie Nketiah also scored in the game.
Huddersfield went a second pre-season match in a row without finding the net, although they dominated possession in Germany.
On a more positive note, captain Christopher Schindler (£4.5m) returned to action after being withdrawn with a suspected dead leg against Bury. He featured as a second-half substitute.
Forward Elias Kachunga (£5.0m) made his first start since returning from a long-term injury, deployed as the central attacking midfielder in a 4-2-3-1 system.
Chris Lowë (£4.5m) was impressive from left-back once again, overlapping nicely with Rajiv van La Parra (£5.0m) in the first-half.
Second-half replacement Laurent Depoitre (£5.5m) had the ball in the net late-on after Alex Pritchard (£5.0m) had played him through, but it was ruled out for offside.
New signings Ramadan Sobhi (£5.0m) and Erik Durm (£4.5m) were declared in need of fitness before featuring in pre-season matches.
HUDDERSFIELD TOWN XI (4-2-3-1): Hamer; Lowë (O'Brien 55'), Hefele (Schindler 45'), Kongolo (Stankovic 75'), Smith (Edmonds-Green 81'); Billing (Sabiri 45'), Hogg (Hadergjonaj 75'); Quaner (Malone 45'), Kachunga (Pritchard 45'), Van La Parra (Williams 81'); Mounié (Depoitre 75').
Assists: Sol Bamba (£4.5m), Joe Bennett (£4.5m), Jazz Richards (£4.0m), Mendez-Laing, Reid, Harris, Ward.
It is now four goals in two pre-season matches for Cardiff City midfielder Danny Ward (£4.5m), who netted a hat-trick against Cornish side Bodmin Town and registered an assist too, playing in advanced position.
Forward Bobby Reid (£5.5m) was deployed in midfield once again but still made it two pre-season goals in as many games since joining the Bluebirds from Bristol City, while Kadeem Harris also recorded a hat-trick and Josh Murphy (£5.0m) got a brace.
Reid opened the scoring by getting the final touch on Sol Bamba's (£4.5m) header from a Murphy corner.
Nathaniel Mendez-Laing (£5.0m) netted the second following a decent overlapping run from left-back Joe Bennett (£4.5m).
Harris got his first goal from the penalty spot after he was fouled in the box.
Murphy scored his first goal since joining Cardiff from Norwich a few minutes later. Bamba's interception released right-back Jazz Richards (£4.0m) who crossed for Murphy to cut inside and find the net.
Harris got his second of the night after a cross from Mendez-Laing. He took the ball into his stride and fired a right-footed strike into the net.
In the 29th minute, Bodmin managed to get themselves a goal agains the run of play. Max Gilbert beat the offside trap following a long-ball and he was able to smuggle the ball underneath an onrushing Alex Smithies (£4.5m).
Midfielder Ward then scored quick fire brace to make it 7-1, heading home a Reid cross and then adding another two minutes later.
Harris completed his hat-trick in the second-half after he was fouled in the area again. He converted the penalty for 8-1. Minutes later, he was brought down in the box for a third time although it was Ward who took the spot-kick, completing his hat-trick too.
Murphy scored the tenth before substitute Gary Madine (£4.5m) added his third pre-season goal by heading in Ward's cross for 11-1.
CARDIFF CITY XI (4-4-2): Smithies; Bennett (Cunningham 60'), Bamba, Connolly (Peltier 60'), Richards; Harris, Reid (Manga 60'), Damour, Mendez-Laing; D Ward, J Murphy (Madine 60').
Oumar Niasse (£5.5m) scored for the second pre-season match in a row, although once again, Cenk Tosun (£7.0m) started the match ahead of him, alongside Sandro Ramirez.
Niasse could have netted more than his one goal but hit the post three-times in the second-half.
There were starts on the wings for Kevin Mirallas, scorer of five goals against ATV Irdning, and youngster Kieran Dowell.
Maarten Stekelenburg (£4.0m) was the man in goal again with Jordan Pickford (£5.0m) still on extended leave after the World Cup, while Phil Jagielka was the £4.5m centre-back who partnered Michael Keane (£5.0m).
Leighton Baines (£5.5m) was a threat down the left-flank while Keane came close to scoring from an early corner. Mirallas and Tom Davies (£5.5m) also had decent chances too with Tosun linking up attacking play.
Against the run of play, Bury took the lead just before half-time. Jagielka's clearance only went as far as Adam Thompson, who crossed in for Neil Danns to find space and score.
It was after nine changes at the interval that Everton struck the woodwork four times in total. Niasse found the post on three occasions before finally converting Matty Pennington's long-ball.
Cuco Martina (£4.5m) hit it again, this time with a header 13 minutes from time, before Niasse nearly found a winner, forcing a low save from the goalkeeper.
EVERTON XI (4-4-2): Stekelenburg; Baines (Robinson 45'), Keane (Pennington 45'), Jagielka (Williams 45'), Coleman (Kenny 45'); Dowell (Connolly 45'), Davies (Besic 45'), Schneiderlin (Klaassen 45'), Mirallas (Vlasic 45'); Sandro (Martina 75'), Tosun (Niasse 45'.
Fenerbahce ran out 3-0 winners over a youthful Fulham side, with more first-team players joining the match in the 65th minute.
One of those substitutes was Ryan Sessegnon (£6.5m) who has captured the attention of Fantasy managers already; he came on to play on the left-flank of a front-three for the second time in pre-season.
His younger brother Steven had the first chance after bombing forward from full-back but could only find the side-netting.
Brazilian midfielder Guiliano opened the scoring in the 28th minute connecting with Mauricio Isla's cross and directing over Marek Rodak in the Fulham net.
Hassan Ali made it 2-0 just before half-time latching onto Aatif Chahechouhe's cross.
The Turkish side scored their third after manager Slavisa Jokanovic had introduced more senior players to the match, when Ozan Tufan's cross crept under the crossbar.
Fulham struggled to threaten the Fenerbahce goal in the second-half with shot stopper Carlos Kameni putting in a strong performance.
FULHAM XI (4-3-3): Rodak (Bettinelli 65'); S Sessegnon (Christie 65'), Jenz (Le Marchand 76'), Djalo (Odoi 65'), Fossey; de la Torre (Johansen 76'), O'Riley (Francois 76'), Cisse (Cairney 65'); Thorsteinsson (R Sessegnon 65'), Kait (Fonte 65'), Kebano (Kamara 65').
Hi again fellow fantasy football companions. This is my first draft of the season and I would appreciate it a lot if you give it a comment from your point of view. Thanks in advance.
Lot of non-starters. Kaku an De Bruyne to Aub and Mahrez.
Yeah I'd keep in mind that a few players may be home late after the world cup (Otamendi, Pope, Jones, Kdb, Lukaku, Aguero, Firmino spring to mind - to a lesser extent Milivojevic). Otherwise you have picked all good players.
Fairly sure I've just made my team worse. How's she looking?
Fixtures seem good for all...any good?


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The Blick Mead Question
A question from a concerned friend of Blick Mead. What evidence or expert opinion is there that the proposed A303 scheme will damage or poses a credible serious risk to the archaeology of Blick Mead?
Anyone who knows me or reads this blog will know I'm happy to wade head first into the fray if I feel the evidence backs me up. But to be frank if I, who am instinctively on the side of the Blick Mead campaigners, am finding it hard to understand their campaign then if they are to convince others they need to produce some clear evidence and publicise it..
Fact one - the mesolithic site continues under the road. Yes, but it was trashed 50 years ago by the construction of the present A303, though a watching brief would be sensible. The new construction is all within the existing road footprint, no untouched areas will be touched.
Fact two - Blick Mead depends on groundwater fed springs. The ground water levels vary hugely through out the year and from year to year already. Highways England have put out comprehensive reports (links below) which say that with care and mitigation measures that "No likely significant effects are anticipated." Are there any expert opinions that say otherwise?
What else am I missing that is relevant to the very narrow question I am asking?
Please note I am asking a very precise question and I am not asking about anything else to do with the plan.
Press release: University of Buckingham archaeologist fears plans for a tunnel at Stonehenge will destroy unique archaeological site
The Government decided in September to go ahead with a tunnel at Stonehenge but did not assess the environmental impact of the archaeological site Blick Mead – a mile and a half away – the only place in Great Britain that can trace people living there since the end of the Ice Age, claims a University of Buckingham archaeologist.
On documents the Government has incorrectly sited the Blick Mead excavation, in a place where the construction of the tunnel, and also a flyover, would be less damaging, he has pointed out.
The building of the flyover and the tunnel is likely to drop the water table and result in the loss of the current peat and silty conditions which preserve foot prints and other crucial evidence which dates the site. There are just 10 more weeks before the government's consultation closes so time is running out for those who want to challenge the plans.
At the most recent excavation, the latest in a decade of digging at Blick Mead led by University of Buckingham archaeologist David Jacques, perfectly preserved wild cows (aurochs) footprints have been found. They have been preserved under a stone surface, a sign that they were deliberately intended to be preserved for ritualistic reasons because aurochs were believed to be sacred. Carbon dating revealed they are more than 6,000 years old which is the oldest signs of real life yet uncovered at Stonehenge. Previous digs have unearthed a home, plentiful signs of feasting and human settlement in this area including having cooked frogs' legs but the site of all these finds would be damaged irrevocably if the flyover and tunnel go ahead.
The Blick Mead site has built up a timeline revealing that hunter / gatherers came to Blick Mead between 8,000-4,000 BC, making the site the most long-used in British history in the whole of the country. Unlike anywhere else in Britain, nomads, the previous occupants, were there at the time the first farmers settled in the Stonehenge area, having come across from the continent. The contact between the two groups may be the key to unlock why Stonehenge was built where it was as the nomads had made monuments there and seen it as sacred thousands of years before could have passed these beliefs on to the new settlers. However, the crucial place of evidence, which is the only place in the country where British history can be traced back to the end of the Ice Age, will be destroyed by the flyover and the tunnel.
Professor David Jacques said: "If Highways England and the government can't even locate Blick Mead in the right place how can we trust anything in this process. The Stonehenge world heritage site landscape is unutterably precious and you tamper with it at your peril – you cannot make it come back. The UK government, the National Trust and English Heritage either value that or they don't. The tunnel scheme will clearly compromise the archaeology. Whose interest would that be in?"
Highways England reports:."
A303 Stonehenge PEIR non-technical summary (NTS)
A303 Stonehenge Preliminary environmental information report (PEIR)
A303 Stonehenge PEIR figures and appendices part 1
A303 Stonehenge Environmental Impact Assessment Scoping Report October 2017
Posted by Tim Daw at Thursday, February 08, 2018
Two New Stonehenge Landscape Reports
Neolithic Farmers Migration
The Missing Mound of Durrington
A303 Tunnel Waste Plans
Supply and Demand in Prehistory? Economics of Neol...
A303 Stonehenge Tunnel Public Consultation Open
Blick Mead - The Video
A303 Blick Mead Junction Proposal Footprint
Larkhill Causewayed Enclosure Posthole Alignment


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Pakistan Journal of Zoology
Conformational Changes in Wild Type KRAS Induced by Two Novel Variants p.E31K and p.G138V
Docking analysis report: A, Wild-type KRAS-GTP complex; B, E31K-KRAS-GTP complex; C, G138V-KRAS-GTP complex. Colour coded as KRAS protein (paleblue cartoon), GTP (palegreen sticks), Magnesium ions (yellow spheres) and E31K and G138V mutations (red sticks)
Morphology of Immature Stages of Schistocerca gregaria with Special References to its Size Variations
Morphology of 1st to 5th immature instars (Aa, Ab, Ba, Bb, Ca, Cb, Da, Db, Ea, Eb) of S. gregaria.
Analysis of the Correlation between Stress Granule Assembly and Nucleus/Cytoplasm Localization of hnRNP A1, HuR and TIA1 During Arsenite-Induced Oxidative Stress
Image data for SG formation and nucleus/cytoplasm localization of hnRNP A1, HuR and TIA1 upon oxidative stress.
Number of eye strips in the eyes of various adults of S. gregaria collected from fields as well as laboratory.
A New Genus Schizocomicus (Schizodactyloidea: Ensifera) from Sindh, Pakistan
Schizocomicus genus nov - dorsal view
Creep Feeding Supplemented with Roughages Improve Rumen Morphology in Pre-Weaning Goat Kids
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Online First Articles
PJZ_50_2_703-709
Nay Naing Htoo1, Basit Zeshan1,2,*, Aung Tun Khaing1, Than Kyaw1, Erkihun Aklilu Woldegiorgis1 and Mohd Azam Khan1
1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia
2Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Boer crossbred goats (n=48) single born kids, seven-day-old (live weight 4.4±0.09kg) were divided into 3 treatment groups, each having 8 females and 8 males. The kids from first treatment group had free access to creep feed with roughage (CFR), second group had free access to creep feed without roughage (CF) while last group (control) had access to their does' milk (DM) only. All kids had access to their dam's milk. The kids were weaned at day 84 and two kids from each treatment group were sacrificed. The results showed that the rumen morphological characteristics, papillary surface area and keratinized layer of CFR (4.15mm2, 50.54µm), were not significantly different from CF (3.81mm2, 49.26µm) (P>0.05) but it was significantly different from kids in DM group (1.17mm2, 26.36µm) (P<0.05). The rumen papillary surface area and keratinized layer were also significantly different between CF and DM (P<0.05). The rumen of kids from CFR group had higher sub-mucosa layer thickness (619.8µm), muscle layer thickness (1155.7µm) and rumen wall thickness (1775.4µm) than the rumen of kid in CFR and DM groups (P<0.05). The total surface area of rumen of kids from CFR and CF groups was not significantly different (P>0.05), while total surface area of rumen of both creep fed groups was significantly greater than DM group. The rumen tissue weight of creep-fed kids was 17% greater than those of milk fed kids. Overall, the present study showed that the creep feed supplementation to nursing goat kids improve rumen morphology.
Revised 30 September 2017
Accepted 13 November 2017
Available online 21 March 2018
NNH did experimental work. BZ and ATK helped in data analysis. TK and EAW helped in writing the manuscript. MAK supervised the experiments.
Rumen, Creep feeding, Goat kids, Roughages.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2018.50.2.703.709
* Corresponding author: dr.basit@ucp.edu.pk
0030-9923/2018/0002-0703 $ 9.00/0
Copyright 2018 Zoological Society of Pakistan
Creep feeding is the supplementation of goat kids with concentrate supplement or creep grazing with high quality forage. Usually, creep allow kids to feed on or graze supplementation at will access while restrict access of larger mature goats. Creep feedings provide the potential to improve performance through suckling goat kids under limited forage mass and quality conditions. The conditions of forage and the time of year can influence the effectiveness of creep supplementation (Cabrera et al., 2013; Lardy and Maddock, 2007; Reis et al., 2015). Development of Rumen is characterized by incredible increase in volume, mass and surface area. Tissue growth is accompanied by a differentiation, the outcomes of which is physical changes such as papillary development and increased keratinization (Tamate et al., 1962). Variations in the form and the type of nutrients which are delivered to the gastrointestinal tract might change cellular proliferation, total nutrient usage by the gut and eventually, the availability of nutrient to support growth in young ruminants (Bhatt et al., 2009; Coverdale et al., 2004; Norouzian et al., 2011).
Although growth of the rumen generally is related to age or body weight, the best predicator of rumen weight may be intake of solid food. It has been known that the fore-stomach of the calf fed milk only develops very slowly while feeding hay and/or grain caused rapid development (Foley et al., 2009). However, forage digestion by microorganisms does not offer enough concentration of rumen volatile fatty acid, especially butyrate required for optimal papillae development (Norouzian et al., 2011). Fermentation of concentrate provides the necessary butyrate to stimulate papillae development, but these feeds may cause keratinization of the papillae in calves and lambs (Beiranvand et al., 2014; Raghuvansi et al., 2007; Wang et al., 201; Khan et al., 2016).
The rumen is of utmost important as the fermentation and absorptive organ and for synthesis of microbial protein. The development of the rumen is essential for successful weaning and good growth rate after weaning (Beiranvand et al., 2014; Connor et al., 2013). After weaning, the kids totally rely on the dry feed for their nutrient needs and therefore, the kids should consume adequate amount of solid food to develop their rumens before they are weaned. Supplementation of creep feed to the nursing kids can enhance rumen development so that at weaning their rumens developed already. It is hypothesized that the supplementation of creep feed (with or without roughage) can improve rumen morphology as compared to the milk fed kids. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of supplementation of creep feed on the development of rumen.
Experimental animals and design
The experimental goat kids were kept at commercial farm (KLAS Farm) located at Melaka State, Peninsular Malaysia. Single born, seven-day-old (n=48) Boer crossbred kids were randomly allotted into treatment groups of three by using Research Randomizer software. Each group was comprised of eight males and eight female kids containing an average weight of 4.4±0.09 kg. The kids in all 3 groups were allowed to suckle their mother's milk until they were weaned at day 84. During the experimental period, kids were allowed to stay with their does from 6pm to 8am and from 12 pm to 2 pm. The treatment groups were: (a) Treatment: Kids present in this group were fed dam's milk + creep feed having roughage (alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa), chopped to a length of between 1 and 2cm) (CFR), (b) Treatment 2: Kids present in this group were fed dam's milk + creep feed without roughage (CF) and (c) Treatment 3: Kids in this group had access only to dam's milk (DM). DM was the fundamental feed for all three groups. Therefore, treatment 3 (DM) was the control group in this study.
Feeding the kids
The only born kids were placed together with their doe in individual pens (4 × 5 feet) and had free access to their mother's milk, except during feeding time. At the feeding time, the kids from the three groups were kept separated from their mothers in their feeding pens (12 × 12 feet). The treatment groups CFR and CF were fed according to allotted feedings (Table I) i.e. twice a day (0800 – 1200 h and 1400 – 1800 h while the control group, DM was provided by water only. Does were fed twice a day; from 0800 to 1200 h and from 1400 h to 1800 h. The left over feed from the does' feeding troughs were removed at the end of their feeding time before the kids were allowed to their doe's pen. The kids from CFR and CF were fed creep feed (5% of body weight) on the basis of dry matter. Feed were renewed on the daily basis. Clean water was given to all the groups during this study.
Table I.- The feeding program of the experimental groups; CFR, CF and DM.
Time (h) CFR CF DM
0800 – 1200 Creep feeding Creep feeding Water only
1200 – 1400 With mother With mother With mother
1800 – 0800 With mother With mother
With mother
CFR, kids fed creep feed containing roughage; CF, kids fed creep feed without roughage; DM, kids fed dam's milk only.
Table II.- Ration composition and chemical analysis of creep feeds fed to T1 (CFR) and T2 (CF).
Creep feed components
T1 (CFR)
T2 (CF)
Ration composition (%)
Soya hull
Palm kernal cake
Alfalfa hay
Crude protein (g/100g)
Crude fat (g/100g)
Carbohydrate (g/100g)
Ash (g/100g)
Moisture (g/100g)
Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg)*
Crude fiber (g/100g)
% Total carbohydrate = 100 – (%Ash + %Moisture + % Protein + %Fat). *, calculation by Factor.
For abbreviations, see Table I.
Creep feed
Creep feeds (mash form) were formulated on the basis of the nutritional requirements of goats by using locally available raw ingredients. For the chemical analysis of crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber, carbohydrate, moisture, ash, metabolizable energy, the samples of creep feed were sent to the reference laboratory (Unipeq, Sdn. Bhd. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia). The compositions of feed and the chemical analysis of formulated creep feeds are shown in Table II.
Anatomical techniques and measurements
During slaughter, the rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum were separated and weighed individually. Each compartment was cleaned, emptied, washed, drained and weighed. The volume of different stomach compartments (reticulum, rumen, abomasum and omasum) was measured by using the water filling method. One opening of the compartment was clamped with a forceps, and water was filled though the other opening following the method described by Ward (2008).
Histological techniques and measurements
Three rumen tissue samples from each slaughtered kid (1 cm2) were obtained from identical sites of the anterium ruminis, ventral ruminal sac and dorsal sac, caudo-dorsal sac, caudo-ventral sac and left pillar (n=18) within 30 min of death as described by Norouzian et al. (2011).
Rumen tissue measurements
Five papillae were selected from each slide. The length, width and thickness of the layers; keratin, sub-mucosa, muscularis and rumen wall were determined. Morphometric measurements were performed using an Olympus Microscope (BX 53). For measuring the parameters, the microscopic image was taken in a Olympus DP 72 digital camera while image measurements.
Surface area of papillae
The surface area of each papillae was determined using the following formula (Zitnan et al., 2005):
Surface area of papillae (mm2) = Length × Width × 2
Papillary length was defined as the distance from the tip to the base of the papilla and the papillary width was the average width of the base, middle and tip of the papillae (Norouzian et al., 2011). All these measurements were carried out under the same magnification (× 4) (Olympus BX 53 Microscope).
The density of papillae for each 1 cm2 of the rumen samples was determined by calculating the total number of papillae in the field of a Stereo microscope (Olympus SZ61) at a magnification of (0.67×) as described by Klein et al. (1987). The average width of the papillae was average width of the base, middle and tip of the papillae. The inner papillary (the area covered by papillae per cm2) was computed by multiplying the average width of papillae with the density of the papillae (number of papillae per cm2).
Total papillary surface area per cm2 was computed by multiplying the average surface area of papillae with density of papillae per cm2 of that rumen as follows:
The total absorption surface area per 1cm2 of each rumen tissue was calculated by summation of total inner papillary area and total papillary surface area.
Data collected from individual characteristics of rumen development were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA, SPSS (version 19). Difference between means was tested for significance according to Tukey Test with the significant level of P<0.05. Descriptive statistics was used for the reticulum, omasum and abomasum measurements.
Table III.- Papillae length, papillae width, and surface area of papillae, keratinized layer, sub-mucosa layer, muscle layer and rumen wall thickness of Boer goat kids at 12 weeks of age. The values are Mean±SEM.
Papillae length (µm)
3121.4 ± 148.9 a
3690.7 ±124.7 b
1330.5 ± 109.8 c
Papillae width (µm)
634.0± 31.7 a
496.3 ± 21.5 b
418.0 ± 16.9 c
Papillae surface area (mm2)
4.15 ± 0.38 a
3.81 ± 0.21 ab
1.17 ± 0.12 c
Keratinized thickness (µm)
50.94± 2.38 a
49.26.3 ±2.59 ab
26.36 ± 1.22 c
Mucosa thickness (µm)
439.4 ± 27.1 bc
Muscularis thickness (µm)
1155.7 ± 35.0 a
1009.9 ± 45.8 b
Rumen wall thickness (µm)
1262.3 ± 60.5 c
n, number of samples from each group (Number of animal used in each group =2; not identified sex). *a,b,c, values with different superscripts in the same row differ significantly (P<0.05).
Rumen morphometrical characteristics
The rumen papillae of CF group were significantly longer (P<0.05) than the papillae of other groups (CFR and DM) whereas the papillae of DM group were the shortest (P<0.05) (Table III). It was found that rumen papillae of CFR group were broader and had tongue like appearance with rough surface. In the CF group, the papillae were round, tall and had smooth surface whereas papillae in the DM group were small, short and smooth surface. However, the significantly broader papillae width was noted in kids from CFR group (P<0.05) than the other treatment groups. The kids of DM groups had the narrowest papillae width (Table III, Fig. 1). The papillae surface area and keratin layer thickness between CFR and CF groups were not significantly different (P>0.05) while the creep fed groups had significantly increased papillae surface area and thicker keratin layer than milk fed kids (P<0.05). The kids from CFR groups appeared to have the thickest rumen mucosa layer (P<0.05) but there was no significant difference on the thickness of rumen mucosa in kids from CF group and DM group (P>0.05) (Fig. 2).
The keratin layer of DM group is very thin, CF group was thick and compact and CFR group was thick and had vacuolated cells (× 20; bar = 500 µm).
Table IV.- Papillae density per cm2, total papillae area, total inner papillary area, and total surface area per cm2 of CFR, CF and DM kids at 12 week of age.
Papillae density (per cm2)
109.39 ± 3.49 a
109.64 ± 2.60 ab
180.17 ± 5.67 c
Total papillae surface area (mm2/cm2)
516.16 ± 30.06 a
472.16 ± 27.24 ab
243.51 ± 22.98 c
Total inner papillary area (mm)
73.67 ± 2.93 a
60.14± 3.37 b
81.07 ± 3.42 ac
Total surface area (mm2/cm2)
Rumen development
The kids fed dam's milk had significantly highest density of papillae per cm2 (P<0.05) as compared to creep fed kids. However, no significant difference on the papillae density between kids of CFR group and CF group was noted. Total papillary surface area per cm2 of rumen was greatest in kids of CFR group but it was not significantly different from kids of CF group (P>0.05). But the kids fed dam's milk had significantly smallest total papillary surface area per cm2 (P<0.05) as compared to kids from creep fed groups (Fig. 2). The total rumen surface area of kids in the CFR group and CF group was similar (P>0.05) but they both had significantly larger total rumen surface area of kids than in DM group (Table IV).
Anatomical development of rumen
The fresh tissue weight of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum of CFR group fresh tissue of the whole stomach were 67%, 8%, 6%, 19% and for CF group were 67%, 10%, 6%, 17% and for DM group were 50%, 14%, 8%, 28%, respectively (Table IV). The creep fed kids had the highest percentage of rumen weight whereas the milk fed kids had the lowest. However, no difference was observed in rumen tissue weight between CFR group and CF group. The milk fed kids had higher percentage of reticulum, omasum and abomasum as compared to the creep fed kids. The volume capacity of rumen, reticulum, omasun and abomasum of CFR group were 81%, 5%, 1%, 13% and for the CF group were 75%, 16%, 1%, 8% and for the DM group were 79%, 8%, 1%, 12%, respectively. The volume capacity of the rumen of kids of CFR group was the highest as compared to the CF group and DM group (Table V).
Table V.- Mean of the fresh rumen weight, rumen volume capacity, fresh reticulum weight, reticulum volume capacity, fresh omasum weight, omasum volume capacity, fresh abomasum weight and abomasum volume capacity of the three experimental groups (CFR, CF and DM).
Fresh rumen weight (g)
Rumen volume capacity (cc)
Fresh reticulum weight (g)
Reticulum volume capacity (cc)
Fresh omasum weight (g)
Omasum volume capacity (cc)
Fresh Abomasum weight (g)
Abomasum volume capacity (cc)
The rumen papillae of kids fed milk only were the least developed in length, width, surface area and total surface area per cm2 as compared to those fed creep feed containing roughage and creep feed without roughage. This is most likely attributed to the nature of its feed, i.e. milk. When kids suckle milk, it passes through the rumino-reticular groove to abomasum, thus little or no fermentation can occur in the rumen. Dry feed consumption has been reported to be the primary factor of dairy calf's rumen development i.e. papillae length, papillae width, total surface area of the papillae per cm2 (Laborde, 2008). When the lambs were given dietary supplementation with essential oils, it would go to the rumen first and consequently microbial digestion consequently increases the volatile fatty acids production (Vasta et al., 2013). Similar findings has also been observed in pigs supplemented with cereal and enzyme (Pauly et al., 2011). The VFAs, especially propionate and butyrate are main stimulators for rumen papillae development. The lambs fed with pellets had significantly wider and longer papillae than those fed milk replacer alone at 12 weeks of age (Lane et al., 2000).
VFA infusion could increase papillary length but the increase in length was not as great as that during normal rumen development of lambs indicating that VFA appear to stimulate some aspects of rumen development and might not be responsible for all morphological and metabolic changes between birth and maturity in the rumen of animals consuming solid feed (Lane et al., 2000). The width of the rumen papillae of CFR group was broader than CF group. This finding agrees with Suarez et al. (2007) who found that the width of the rumen papillae of the calves fed total mixed ration (90% starter + 10% alfalfa hay) had broader papillae as compared to calved fed (100% starter) and to calves fed (starter + free choice alfalfa hay). Surface area of papillae and total surface area per cm2 were not significantly different (P>0.05) between CFR and CF. This finding agrees with Norouzian et al. (2011) who found that there was no effect of including forage in the starter diet on height and width of rumen papillae for lambs fed a starter diet containing alfalfa (7 and 15%) or the starter diet only.
In the present study, the keratin layer of rumen papillae, of kid in the CFR and CF groups were significantly thicker than kids fed does' milk only. The keratin layer thickness depends on the VFA production of the feed. In this experiment, keratin layer of DM group was thinner than other groups because kids from DM group relied only on the milk as VFA production of the milk was lesser than VFA production of kids receiving creep feed plus milk. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) of keratin layer thickness between CFR and CF groups. Norouzian et al. (2011) found that the thickness of keratin layer in lambs fed with starter supplemented with 15% alfalfa hay was significantly better (P<0.05) as compared to those getting starter only while no significant difference was found in other group fed with 7.5% alfalfa hay. In our study, 11% of the roughage content in creep feed also did not influence the keratin layer thickness (Table III).
In the present study, kids fed does' milk only had the highest papillae density per cm2 compared to the two creep-fed groups. This is most likely due to their smaller size of papillae. The rumen of DM group comprised of small and thin (418.0 µm) papillae compared to the other treatments (CFR and CF) which had broader (634 µm, 496.3µm) papillae respectively. Our results agrees with Norouzian et al. (2011) which showed that there was no effect of forage inclusion in the starter diet (7.5% or 15%) on papillae density. The similarity of the density of rumen papillae in CFR and CF groups indicate that creep feeding (with or without roughage) stimulate the papillae development. Similar results in calves were reported by Suarez et al. (2007) in which the calves fed calf starter 90% and 10% ground alfalfa had the thickest sub-mucosal layers than the calves fed free choice alfalfa hay and calf starter alone. Castillejos et al. (2006) have stated that the high sub-mucosal thickness of the calves getting total mixed diet might be attributed to high acidity of rumen which lead to high blood flow to tissues.
In this study, muscle layer thickness and ruminal wall thickness of the three treatment groups were significantly differ from each other, CFR group being the thickest muscle layer. This might be due to the physical structure of the feed, stimulating physically the rumen wall. The feed of CFR group contained roughage which stimulates the rumen more than CF and DM groups. This finding is in accordance with Norouzian et al. (2011), where lambs fed feed containing alfalfa hay had the thickest rumen muscle layer. Huge particle size of roughage, high content of effective fiber and increased bulk of forages or high fiber sources increase rumen wall by physical stimulation, and subsequently increase rumen motility, muscularization and rumen volume. The fresh rumen tissue weight of CF and CFR groups was greater than that of DM group while the volume capacity of the rumen of kids in CFR group was the highest as compared to CF group and DM group which may be due to the feed containing roughages that increased the bulk of the rumen. The results of the present study demonstrated that creep feed supplementation with roughages to nursing kids improve rumen morphology.
This study was financially supported by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan. Malaysia.
Statement of animal rights
The use of the all the animals in this study was approved by the Animal Ethic Committee, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia.
Statement of conflict of interest
Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Pakistan J. Zool., Vol. 50, Iss. 2, pp 703-709
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