text:
Bahamas Bowl Weekly Preview – 2017 Week 11 (November 9-15)
Bahamas Bowl Communications | November 9, 2017 November 12, 2017
Click here to read the 2017 Bahamas Bowl Weekly Release – Week 11 – November 9-15 (PDF)
PASSPORT STAMPED (BOWL-ELIGIBLE TEAMS): C-USA (5): FIU (6-2), Florida Atlantic (6-3), Marshall (6-3), North Texas (6-3), UAB (6-3); MAC (5): Central Michigan (6-4), Northern Illinois (6-3), Ohio (8-2), Toledo (8-2), Western Michigan (6-4). AT CUSTOMS (ONE VICTORY SHY): C-USA (3): Southern Miss (5-4), UTSA (5-3), WKU (5-4); MAC (1): Akron (5-5).
There are a combined 14 teams either bowl eligible or one victory away from eligibility from Conference USA and the MAC. If all 14 reached eligibility, it would mark the largest pool of bowl candidates in the four years of the Bahamas Bowl. Three other C-USA teams and two additional MAC schools remain in contention for bowl-eligible status.
THIS WEEK: #MACtion begins Thursday in the West as Northern Illinois (6-1, 4-1) will try to keep pace with division leader Toledo as the Huskies host Ball State (2-7, 0-5). Next Tuesday, there is a big game in the East Division as current division leader Ohio (8-2, 5-1) vists Akron (5-5, 4-2), which trails the Bobcats by one game and needs a victory for bowl eligibility. Also on Tuesday, Central Michigan (6-4, 4-2) heads to Kent State (2-8, 1-5). Wednesday, Nov. 15, there are three games on the schedule. West leader Toledo (8-2, 5-1) is at Bowling Green (2-8, 2-4). Eastern Michigan (3-7, 1-5) goes to Miami (4-6, 3-3), and Western Michigan (6-4, 4-2) visits Northern Illinois (6-3, 4-1).
The entire Conference USA schedule will take place Saturday. East Division leader Florida Atlantic (6-3, 5-1) goes to Louisiana Tech (4-5, 2-3). West leader North Texas (6-3, 5-1) hosts UTEP (0-9, 0-5). WKU (5-4, 3-2) needs a victory at Marshall (6-3, 3-2) to be bowl eligible. Southern Miss (5-4, 3-2) also needs a victory at Rice (1-8, 1-4) for bowl eligibility. UTSA (5-3, 2-3) is one victory shy of bowl eligibility as they host UAB (6-3, 4-2). Middle Tennesse (4-5, 2-3) is at Charlotte (1-8, 1-4) and Old Dominion (3-6, 1-4) goes to FIU (6-2, 4-1).
POLLING PLACE: Toledo is receiving votes in both the Associated Press and USA Amway Coaches polls.
WEEK 11 SCHEDULE
Saturday, Nov. 11
* Middle Tennessee at Charlotte (ESPN3)
* Florida Atlantic at Louisiana Tech (STAD)
* Southern Miss at Rice (STAD FB)
* UTEP at North Texas (ESPN3)
* WKU at Marshall (beIN)
* Old Dominion at FIU (CUSA TV)
* UAB at UTSA (CUSA TV)
* Ball State at Northern Illinois (CBSSN)
Tuesday, Nov. 14
* Ohio at Akron (ESPN2)
* Central Michigan at Kent State (ESPNU)
* Toledo at Bowling Green (ESPNU)
* Eastern Michigan at Miami (CBSSN)
* Western Michigan at Northern Illinois (ESPN2)
* Florida Atlantic 30, Marshall 25
* North Texas 24, Louisiana Tech 23
* FIU 14, UTSA 7
* UAB 52, Rice 21
* Old Dominion 6, Charlotte 0
* Middle Tennessee 30, UTEP 3
Tennessee 24, Southern Miss 10
Vanderbilt 31, WKU 17
* Eastern Michigan 56, Ball State 14
* Toledo 27, Northern Illinois 17
Tuesday, Nov. 7
* Buffalo 38, Bowling Green 28
* Miami 24, Akron 14
* Central Michigan 42, Eastern Michigan 30
* Ohio 38, Toledo 10
* Western Michigan 48, Kent State 20
WEEK 10 INDIVIDUAL HONORS
Florida Atlantic RB Devin Singletary: The sophomore rushed for 203 yards and a TD and had 72 receiving yards and another TD in a 30-25 victory over Marshall.
Florida Atlantic S Jalen Young: The junior picked off three passes in a 30-25 victory over Marshall.
UAB K Nick Vogel: The sophomore had a field goal and 7 PATs in a 52-21 victory over Rice.
Ohio QB Nathan Rourke: The sophomore three for three touchdowns and rushed for three more in a 45-28 victory over Miami.
Bowling Green LB Nate Locke: The senior had eight tackles, four for loss and a sack in a 44-16 victory over Kent State.
Bowling Green KR Matthew Wilcox: The freshman averaged 40.0 yards per kickoff return in a 44-16 victory over Bowling Green.
Central Michigan RB Jonathan Ward: The sophomore had 213 all-purpose yards, including 132 rush yards in a 35-28 victory over Western Michigan.
Toledo DB Trevon Mathis: The senior intercepted two passes and had six tackles in a 27-17 victory over Northern Illinois.
Central Michigan P Jack Sheldon: The junior averaged 44.2 yards on nine punts in a 35-28 victory over Western Michigan.
• In Conference USA, Florida Atlantic (5-0) controls its destiny to win the East Division. The Owls can clinch the East crown with victories over Louisiana Tech on Saturday and FIU on Nov. 18. They can also clinch the division title with victories over FIU and Charlotte on Nov. 25. In the West, North Texas (5-1) controls its destiny and can win the division with one victory over either UTEP on Saturday or Rice on Nov. 25.
• Central Michigan scored 21 points in the fourth quarter to turn a 28-14 deficit into a 35-28 win at Western Michigan on Nov. 1 to win the "Battle of the Cannon Trophy". Central Michigan QB Shane Morris found WR Corey Willis for a 77-yard TD pass with 2:37 left in regulation for the victory.
• After not playing football for two seasons, UAB became bowl eligible with a 52-21 victory over Rice to go to 6-3 overall. The Blazers, who reached bowl eligibility in the program's last season in 2014 are eligible for the fifth time in school history.
• Ohio posted a 45-28 win over Miami to win the 94th meeting for the "Battle of the Bricks". Bobcats QB Nathan Rourke accounted for six touchdowns (three passing and three rushing). He threw for 294 yards and rushed for 54 yards in the victory.
The 2017 Bahamas Bowl will be contested between Conference USA and the Mid-American Conference. C-USA won the 2017 season series vs. the MAC 4-3. Conference USA is 2-1 vs. the MAC all time in the Bahamas Bowl.
Eight players who played in the Bahamas Bowl have seen action for NFL clubs in 2017.
WILLIE ROAF (LOUISIANA TECH)
Willie Roaf (Photo Credit: Louisiana Tech Athletics)
Former NFL offensive lineman and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Willie Roaf was a consensus All-American during his college career at Louisiana Tech from 1989-92.
A four-year letterman, Roaf became the program's first consensus All-American in his 1992 senior season.
During his college career, Roaf was selected All-South Independent and All-Louisiana in 1991 and 1992. Louisiana Tech had a record of 25-16-3 during his four seasons, and the Bulldogs did not lose at home during that time.
During his time in Ruston, he blocked for two of the top five career rushers in Louisiana Tech history (Jason Cooper, Jason Davis). His No. 71 jersey is one of two retired by the school.
Roaf was drafted No. 8 overall in the first round of the 1993 NFL Draft by the New Orleans Saints, and he was an All-Rookie selection at right tackle. He moved to left tackle the following season, and he became of the most dominant players at his position.
An 11-time Pro Bowler and a seven-time All-Pro, Roaf played nine seasons with the Saints. Traded to Kansas City prior to the 2002 seasons, Roaf played four years with the Chiefs and retired after the 2005 season.
He was voted to both the 1990s and the 2000s NFL All-Decade Team by the Pro Football Hall of Fame's Selection Committee.
Roaf was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2012, and he was named to the 75th Anniversary All-America Third Team by the Football Writers Association of America in 2015.
Orlando Sentinel (Brant Parsons) – Nov. 9: Marshall vs. Northern Illinois
10thYearSeniors.com (John Marc Nutt) – Nov. 8: FIU vs. Ohio
Nassau Tribune (Renaldo Dorsett) – Nov. 8: FIU vs. Akron
Athlon Sports (Steven Lassan) – Nov. 7: FIU vs. Ohio
The Score (Brett McMurphy) – Nov. 7: FIU vs. Ohio
USA Today (Erick Smith) – Nov. 7: Florida Atlantic vs. Northern Illinois
The Sporting News (Bill Bender) – Nov. 7: Florida Atlantic vs. Toledo
SB Nation (Jason Kirk) – Nov. 7: UAB vs. Ohio
Bleacher Report (Kerry Miller) – Nov. 6: UAB vs. Western Michigan
CollegeFootballNews.com (Pete Fiutak) – Nov. 5: WKU vs. Northern Illinois
ESPN.com (Kyle Bonagura) – Nov. 5: UAB vs. Central Michigan
ESPN.com (David M. Hale) – Nov. 5: FIU vs. Akron
CBSSports.com (Jerry Palm) – Nov. 5: WKU vs. Central Michigan
SI.com (Eric Single) – Nov. 5: Florida Atlantic vs. Central Michigan
College Sports Madness (CSM Staff) – Nov. 5: Florida Atlantic vs. Toledo
Sports on Earth (Matt Brown) – Oct. 18: Ohio vs. Marshall
The Athletic (Stewart Mandel) – Oct. 17: FIU vs. Ohio
Phil Steele Magazine (Phil Steele) – Magazine: Louisiana Tech vs. Miami
AdvoCare Texas Kickoff (Houston); Bad Boy Mowers Gasparilla Bowl (St. Petersburg, Fla.); Bahamas Bowl (Nassau); Birmingham Bowl (Alabama); Boca Raton Bowl (Florida); Camping World Kickoff (Orlando, Fla.); Celebration Bowl (Atlanta); DXL Frisco Bowl (Frisco, Texas); Famous Idaho Potato Bowl (Boise); Gildan New Mexico Bowl (Albuquerque); Guardian Credit Union FCS Kickoff (Montgomery, Ala.); Hawai'i Bowl (Honolulu); Las Vegas Bowl (Nevada); Lockheed Martin Armed Forces Bowl (Dallas-Fort Worth); MEAC/SWAC Challenge (Baton Rouge, La.); Raycom Media Camellia Bowl (Montgomery, Ala.); Texas Bowl (Houston); The Home Depot College Football Awards (Atlanta) and Zaxby's Heart of Dallas Bowl (Dallas-Fort Worth)


text:
Tuheljske Toplice är ett samhälle i norra Kroatien. Samhället har 304 invånare (2011) och ligger i Tuheljs kommun i Krapina-Zagorjes län i norra Kroatien. Samhället är en kurort.

Näringsliv
Turismen är en viktig näringsgren i samhället. I orten finns termalbadet Terme Tuhelj, ett komplex uppfört i närheten av termalkällor som varit kända sedan romartiden.

Referenser

Fotnoter

Externa länkar

Orter i Krapina-Zagorjes län
Termalbad i Kroatien
Kurorter i Kroatien

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Data Recovery Digest
Data Backup Digest
Do-It-Yourself Windows File Recovery Software: A Comparison
Data Backup Tips
Data Backup Services
Data Backup Software Review
Data Storage Landmarks That Shaped Today's World
Data storage has come a long way over the decades. As has the way that data is read, written and transferred. Let's take a look at some of the big data storage landmarks that influenced innovation and shaped where we are today.
Punch cards: The humble punch card was in use since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and was originally used to control looms. They were then adapted for computer use and could simply input and output data. A row on a punch card represented a character, which was then stamped to signify selection, and each card could take around 80 characters.
Magnetic tape: The UNIVAC I was the first general purpose electronic digital computer for business use that the United States produced. Magnetic tape helped this become a reality in the 1950s, as it was the main input and output device for the system. Tape would go on to feed compact cassettes and have lots of applications. In fact, tape is still used by some to this day.
Floppy disk: The invention of the floppy disk was one of the biggest drives for the growth in the personal computer industry. The technology was developed by IBM in the 1970s and stuck around for over twenty years. They reduced in size and increased in capacity over the years. It's so synonymous with data that lots of software uses a floppy disk icon to represent saving – even though the younger generation may never have seen a real one.
Fibre channel: Fibre channels are a high-speed data transfer protocol, often used to connect computer data storage to servers, and offers lossless delivery of raw block data. It's used in storage area networks and commercial data centres and was the foundation for things to come.
SSD: Unlike the hard disk drive, a solid-state drive (SSD) has no moving parts. It offers greater storage capacity, faster performance, and energy efficiency. By the mid-2000s, technology companies were able to bring SSDs to consumer markets. Portable devices like laptops use SSDs to great benefits. They're commonplace now and continue to drop in price.
Cloud storage: All of the aforementioned data storage landmarks are for local storage. That is, storage which is physically in front of you. Cloud storage is different. While it obviously has a physical presence somewhere, that could be halfway across the world. It allows people to access their data wherever they are, from any device. Compuserve developed an early version back in the 1980s, but it really hit markets properly with providers like Dropbox and Box offering up cloud storage for the consumer.
The future: Who knows where data storage will go next? Huge volumes of research and testing is being undertaken globally to find the next, best solution. Even things like storing data within DNA and quartz are being investigated. Whatever it ends up being, you can bet it will be compact, quick, and offer vast amounts of storage space. Considering the incredible volumes of data now being created in our Internet of Things, we need an innovation soon.
Chris Connor 09/24/2019
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Most days mom are just trying to get through homework packets, laundry, packing lunches, keeping schedule's straight, making dinner, etc. Do we really have time to be competitive with other moms? I would like to think we aren't competitive with other moms but I have been to class parties and witnessed what I like to call, "one uping".
1. You line up early to get front row seats to the school play.
2. You try to beat the other parents at family events like three-legged races.
3. You make sure your kids have the latest gadgets.
4. You go overboard on presents for your kids' teachers.
5. You constantly brag about your kids on Facebook.
6. You always drive the newest car.
7. You call your kids' teachers by their first names, to show how well you know them.
8. You make fancy desserts for your kid to pass out on their birthday.
9. You make ridiculous stuff for bake sales.
10. You spend weeks making handmade costumes for school plays.


text:
/*
 * TreeWalker
 * 比NodeIterator更多方向遍历DOM
 * parentNode(): 遍历到当前节点的父节点
 * firstChild(): 遍历到当前节点的第一个子节点
 * lastChild(): 遍历到当前节点的最后一个子节点
 * nextSilbling(): 遍历到当前节点的下一个同辈节点
 * previousSibling(): 遍历到当前节点的上一个同辈节点
 * currentNode: 遍历方法在上一次遍历中返回的节点
 * document.createTreeWalker()接受4个参数创建(同document.createNodeIterator())
 * 刚创建的TreeWalker指向根节点,第一次调用nextNode()指向第一个参数的位置
 */
var div = document.getElementById("div1");
var filter = function(node) {
    return (node.tagName.toLowerCase() == "li") ? NodeFilter.FILTER_ACCEPT: NodeFilter.FILTER_SKIP;
};

var iterator = document.createTreeWalker(div, NodeFilter.SHOW_ELEMENT, filter, false);

var node = iterator.nextNode();
while (node != null) {
    alert(node.tagName);
    node = iterator.nextNode();
}

//直接移动不用filter取得
元素
var walker = document.createTreeWalker(div, NodeFilter_SHOW_ELEMENT, null, false);

walker.firstChild();    //转到

walker.nextSibling();   //转到

node = walker.firstChild();    //转到第一个
,此处只返回元素,由传入到createTreeWalker()第二个参数决定
while (node != null) {
    alert(node.tagName);
    node = walker.nextSibling();
}

//修改遍历继续进行的起点
var node = walker.nextNode();
alert(node === walker.currentNode);    //true
walker.currentNode = document.body;    //修改起点

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


For as long as I can remember, travel has been a passion of mine. From childhood road trips in the back of a packed 2 door car across the country to adventures all over the world with my husband and children to beaches, mountains, parks and big cities. It's all a grand adventure.
Nothing makes me happier than sharing my enthusiasm for travel with you and helping you create exciting and memorable travel experiences.
Contact me today to start planning your next travel experience.


text:
using System.Linq;
using Umbraco.Core.Migrations.Expressions.Execute.Expressions;
using Umbraco.Core.Persistence.DatabaseModelDefinitions;
using Umbraco.Core.Persistence.Dtos;

namespace Umbraco.Core.Migrations.Upgrade.V_8_15_0
{
    public class UpgradedIncludeIndexes : MigrationBase
    {
        public UpgradedIncludeIndexes(IMigrationContext context)
            : base(context)
        {

        }

        public override void Migrate()
        {
            // Need to drop the FK for the redirect table before modifying the unique id index
            Delete.ForeignKey()
                .FromTable(Constants.DatabaseSchema.Tables.RedirectUrl)
                .ForeignColumn("contentKey")
                .ToTable(NodeDto.TableName)
                .PrimaryColumn("uniqueID")
                .Do();
            var nodeDtoIndexes = new[] { $"IX_{NodeDto.TableName}_UniqueId", $"IX_{NodeDto.TableName}_ObjectType", $"IX_{NodeDto.TableName}_Level" };
            DeleteIndexes<NodeDto>(nodeDtoIndexes);                       // delete existing ones
            CreateIndexes<NodeDto>(nodeDtoIndexes);                       // update/add
            // Now re-create the FK for the redirect table
            Create.ForeignKey()
                .FromTable(Constants.DatabaseSchema.Tables.RedirectUrl)
                .ForeignColumn("contentKey")
                .ToTable(NodeDto.TableName)
                .PrimaryColumn("uniqueID")
                .Do();

            var contentVersionIndexes = new[] { $"IX_{ContentVersionDto.TableName}_NodeId", $"IX_{ContentVersionDto.TableName}_Current" };
            DeleteIndexes<ContentVersionDto>(contentVersionIndexes);        // delete existing ones
            CreateIndexes<ContentVersionDto>(contentVersionIndexes);        // update/add
        }

        private void DeleteIndexes<T>(params string[] toDelete)
        {
            var tableDef = DefinitionFactory.GetTableDefinition(typeof(T), Context.SqlContext.SqlSyntax);

            foreach (var i in toDelete)
                if (IndexExists(i))
                    Delete.Index(i).OnTable(tableDef.Name).Do();

        }

        private void CreateIndexes<T>(params string[] toCreate)
        {
            var tableDef = DefinitionFactory.GetTableDefinition(typeof(T), Context.SqlContext.SqlSyntax);

            foreach (var c in toCreate)
            {
                // get the definition by name
                var index = tableDef.Indexes.First(x => x.Name == c);
                new ExecuteSqlStatementExpression(Context) { SqlStatement = Context.SqlContext.SqlSyntax.Format(index) }.Execute();
            }

        }
    }
}


Commemorating 60 Years of Building Pan African Unity!
Finally, a personal "victory" to share. As some of you know, WE were forced into homelessness over a year and a half ago by the Trump-supporting gentrificators Jessica Sawczuk, Eugene Gorelik, who refers to himself as "Mean Gene," and their "Oakland Redevelopment Group LLC." These gangsters purchased the building that our family resided in for over 20 years – and which had been my only residence in California since moving from Chicago in 1995 – and then proceeded to violate our rights and City and State laws.


text:
package org.efaps.db.search.compare;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringBuilder;
import org.efaps.db.AbstractTypeQuery;
import org.efaps.db.search.AbstractQPart;
import org.efaps.db.search.QAttribute;
import org.efaps.db.search.value.AbstractQValue;
import org.efaps.db.search.value.QBitValue;
import org.efaps.db.wrapper.SQLPart;
import org.efaps.db.wrapper.SQLSelect;
import org.efaps.util.EFapsException;

/**
 * TODO comment!
 *
 * @author The eFaps Team
 *
 */
public class QEqual
    extends AbstractQAttrCompare
{

   /**
    * The values the given attribute must be equal to.
    */
    private final List<AbstractQValue> values = new ArrayList<>();

    /**
     * Constructor setting attribute and value.
     * @param _attribute Attribute to be checked for equal
     * @param _values    values as criteria
     */
    public QEqual(final QAttribute _attribute,
                  final AbstractQValue... _values)
    {
        super(_attribute, null);
        for (final AbstractQValue value : _values) {
            values.add(value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get the first value from the value list.
     *
     * @return null if list is empty else first value
     */
    @Override
    public AbstractQValue getValue()
    {
        return values.isEmpty() ? null : values.get(0);
    }

    /**
     * Getter method for the instance variable {@link #values}.
     *
     * @return value of instance variable {@link #values}
     */
    public List<AbstractQValue> getValues()
    {
        return values;
    }

    /**
     * Add a value to be included in the equal.
     * @param _value value to be include
     * @return this
     */
    public AbstractQPart addValue(final AbstractQValue _value)
    {
        values.add(_value);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public QEqual appendSQL(final SQLSelect _sql)
        throws EFapsException
    {
        getAttribute().appendSQL(_sql);
        if (values.size() > 1
                        || values.size() > 0 && values.get(0) instanceof QBitValue) {
            _sql.addPart(SQLPart.IN).addPart(SQLPart.PARENTHESIS_OPEN);
            boolean first = true;
            for (final AbstractQValue value : values) {
                if (first) {
                    first = false;
                } else {
                    _sql.addPart(SQLPart.COMMA);
                }
                value.appendSQL(_sql);
            }
            _sql.addPart(SQLPart.PARENTHESIS_CLOSE);
        } else if (getValue() != null){
            _sql.addPart(SQLPart.EQUAL);
            getValue().appendSQL(_sql);
        }
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public QEqual prepare(final AbstractTypeQuery _query,
                          final AbstractQPart _part)
        throws EFapsException
    {
        getAttribute().prepare(_query, this);
        for (final AbstractQValue value : values) {
            value.prepare(_query, this);
        }
        return this;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString()
    {
        return new ToStringBuilder(this).append("values", values).toString();
    }
}


text:
package kokeroulis.gr.uiforms.validators;

public class ValidatorDelegate<T extends Comparable> {

    private T mValue;
    private Validator mValidatorInterface;

    private ValidatorDelegate(Validator validatorInterface) {
        mValidatorInterface = validatorInterface;
    }

    public static <T extends Comparable> ValidatorDelegate create(Validator<T> validatorInterface) {
        return new ValidatorDelegate(validatorInterface);
    }

    public T getValue() {
        return mValue;
    }

    public void setValue(T value) {
        mValue = value;
    }
}


text:
A Time Code
Ruth Ozeki
A revelatory short memoir from the bestselling author of A Tale for the Time Being and Zen Buddhist priest Ruth Ozeki about how her face has shaped and been shaped by her life.
What did your face look like before your parents were born? In The Face: A Time Code, bestselling author and Zen Buddhist priest Ruth Ozeki recounts, in moment-to-moment detail, a profound encounter with memory and the mirror. According to ancient Zen tradition, "your face before your parents were born" is your original face. Who are you? What is your true self? What is your identity before or beyond the dualistic distinctions, like father/mother and good/evil, that come to define us?
With these questions in mind, Ozeki challenges herself to spend three hours gazing into her own reflection, recording her thoughts, and noticing every possible detail. Those solitary hours open up a lifetime's worth of meditations on race, aging, family, death, the body, self doubt, and, finally, acceptance. In this lyrical short memoir, Ozeki calls on her experience of growing up in the wake of World War II as a half-Japanese, half-Caucasian American; of having a public face as an author; of studying the intricate art of the Japanese Noh mask; of being ordained as a Zen Buddhist priest; and of her own and her parents' aging, to paint a rich, intimate and utterly unique portrait of a life as told through a face.
Praise for Ruth Ozeki
"Ozeki is one of my favorite novelists….bewitching, intelligent, hilarious, and heartbreaking, often on the same page."
—Junot Díaz, Pulitzer Prize winner and author of This Is How You Lose Her
"Ozeki joins the constellation of such environmentally aware writers as Barbara Kingsolver, Annie Proulx, and Margaret Atwood."
"A careful, considerate writer."
Ruth Ozeki is a novelist, filmmaker, and Zen Buddhist priest. Her first two novels, My Year of Meats (1998) and All Over Creation (2003), have been translated into eleven languages and published in fourteen countries. Her most recent work, A Tale for the Time-Being (2013), won the LA Times book prize, was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize and the National Book Critic's Circle Award, and has been published in over thirty countries. Ruth's documentary and dramatic independent films, including Halving the Bones, have been shown on PBS, at the Sundance Film Festival, and at colleges and universities across the country.
A longtime Buddhist practitioner, Ruth was ordained in 2010 and is affiliated with the Brooklyn Zen Center and the Everyday Zen Foundation. She lives in British Columbia and New York City, and is currently the Elizabeth Drew Professor of Creative Writing at Smith College.
Restless Books, Inc.
More Books by Ruth Ozeki
A Tale for the Time Being
My Year of Meats
The Book of Form and Emptiness
All Over Creation
KATHA YA KSHANACHI
Scrolling Forward, Second Edition


text:
Abuse of Pharmaceutical Drugs-antibiotics in Dairy Cattle in Kosovo and Detection of their Residues in Milk | OMICS International
Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography
Abuse of Pharmaceutical Drugs-antibiotics in Dairy Cattle in Kosovo and Detection of their Residues in Milk
Zana Sulejmani1*, Agim Shehi2, Zehra Hajrulai3 and Elida Mata2
1University of Prishtina, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy - Kosovo
2University of Tirana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Public Health - Albania
3University of Skopje, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Institute - Macedonia
Zana Sulejmani
University of Prishtina, Faculty of Medicine
Department of Pharmacy – Kosovo
Received date: March 08, 2012; Accepted date: July 12, 2012; Published date: July 15, 2012
Citation: Sulejmani Z, Shehi A, Hajrulai Z, Mata E (2012) Abuse of Pharmaceutical Drugs-antibiotics in Dairy Cattle in Kosovo and Detection of their Residues in Milk. J Ecosyst Ecogr 2:114. doi:10.4172/2157-7625.1000114
Copyright: © 2012 Sulejmani Z, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Visit for more related articles at Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography
Introduction: Pharmaceutical drugs-antibiotics are given to livestock by veterinarians for the prevention and treatment of disease, but also as a stimulant for animal growth and conversion. Regardless of the way the drugs are inserted into the body of the animal, there will always be residual risk in milk which exceed the maximum level allowed. Thus, it can lead to health disorders in humans and in some cases even death.
Aim of study: The main aim of this study is to discover the use of pharmaceutical drugs – antibiotics in dairy cows and to detect betalactam and sulfonamide residues in milk.
Methods and materials used: During the period January to August 2011, were collected 127 milk samples from cows treated with pharmaceutical drugs – antibiotics. Samples were analysed in the Veterinary Institute in Skopje using "Elissa" screening method and "HPLC" confirmatory method.
Results: The study shows that of 127 samples of milk analysed, over 70% of them (64 were contaminated with betalactam residues and 24 with sulphonamide residues) contains residues of drugs, while over 20% of them (15 being beta-lactams and 4 sulphonamides) have passed the maximum residue limit allowed.
Conclusion: 70% of the drugs given to dairy cattle in Kosovo are pharmaceutical – antibiotics and their residues are present in milk. We conclude that pharmaceutical drugs – antibiotics that are used in humans should not be used in animals too and their provision should be limited to a reasonable and lawful level.
Pharmaceutical drugs; Antibiotics; Beta-lactams; Sulphonamides; Milk residues
Milk is a food substance and nutritious liquid that is essential for normal growth and development of an organism.
Milk offered for sale is a specific food item that requires strict control and enforcement by all legal regulations and relevant state authorities, that must allow its marketing at home and abroad only through special and official permission [1].
Use of antibiotics in dairy farms, and the use of antimicrobial agents at sub-therapeutic levels in dairy animals have always been considered for application [2]. Even Kosovo, as a new and less developed state, is exposed to uncontrolled use of antibiotics in dairy cattle. So even in this country there is a need to monitor the presence of antibiotic residues in food products such as milk.
However, the visible absence of veterinary structures has caused the spread of uncontrolled use of medications to prevent and treat infections in dairy cattle, and, unfortunately, now its use has become so unprofessional that it interferes in the farmer's way of giving antibiotics. This, not only, is damaging to the health and well-being of the animal but it affects greatly the health and wellbeing of human consumers too through consumption of animal products such as milk and meat, thus affecting general public health.
We've learned from many scientific studies that human diseases caused by food consumption can have serious negative implication on economies of countries leading to many other social consequences. Today, in our globalization age, geography is no longer a factor which can prevent serious disease spreading across borders. Liberalization of market, food systems and free movement of people and animals across borders have greatly reduced geographical barriers [3,4].
Antibiotics are vital drugs in the treatment of infectious diseases in humans and animals. They are used to treat and control diseases caused by bacteria, destroying them or stopping their reproduction, and thus overcoming the infection and allowing the infected body to heal. However, their efficiency can decrease from its broad, continuous, and inadequate use. This can happen not just in medicine but also in agriculture [5].
Beta-lactam antibiotics are most commonly used for the treatment of gram positive and gram negative bacterial infections. They have a broad spectrum of bactericidal action hampering the synthesis of bacterial cell-wall [6].
This group includes all antibiotics, which, in their core ring contain β-lactams, such as: penicillin, b) cephalosporin, c) carbapenems and d) monobactams [7].
Sulphonamides are among the oldest groups of antibiotic/ antimicrobial agents. They are widely used in the treatment of bacterial diseases of dairy cattle. They have a wide spectrum of bacteriostatic action, affecting gram positive and gram negative organisms [8,9].
Best-known sulphonamides are: sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulphadimidine, sulphadoxine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamerazine, sulphasalazine, silversulfadiazine and sulfisoxazole, which have the sulfonamide structure as their base [10,11].
Both these types of antibiotics dissolve quickly, easily distribute in all tissues and body fluids, by including the cerebrospinal fluid and fetal circulation. About 90% of these antibiotics bind to plasmatic proteins, and their maximum concentration seen after 3-6 hours. They metabolize in the liver and eliminate by glomerular filtration [12].
The use of antibiotics ignoring any criteria in all cases of disease is that from cold, viral infection, inflammation or wounding can have a wide negative effect with the drugs left behind in milk and edible tissues. These residues in milk and other food products of animal origin can cause many functional disorders in the human body, such as, for example: a) transfer of bacterial resistance to antibiotics in humans, b) effects of immunopathology, c) carcinogenic effects, d) permanent gene mutation, e) nephropathies or kidney disease, f) liver poisoning, g) reproductive disorders, h) bone marrow poisoning and i) allergic reactions [13].
The main purpose of this study is to discover the use of pharmaceutical drugs – antibiotics in dairy cattle. Other goal is to detect beta-lactam and sulphonamide residues in the milk manufactured in the Republic of Kosovo.
In order to carry out this research over 80% of dairy farms in the Republic of Kosovo were visited during period January to August of 2011.
In this time 127 samples of raw milk were collected, 39 of them during the winter period and 86 of them during the summer.
Samples were taken only from cows treated with pharmaceutical drugs – antibiotics that were last given to them no longer than 2 weeks before the sample collection.
Search and collection of milk samples was conducted in two seasons of the year: during the winter and the summer. This was done to identify the time period during which these drugs are mostly used.
It is observed that the greatest number of cows fell sick during the summer, apparently due to high temperatures that cause proliferation of bacteria and other parasites in water, food, soil and air, in turn, increasing the number of infections and various diseases in dairy cattle.
The assessment was made through a specific questionnaire, which identified problems in the treatment of cattle with drugs.
Analyses of the samples were done in the laboratories of the Veterinary Institute in Skopje using Elissa screening method and HPLC confirmatory method.
To examine the presence of beta-lactam and sulphonamide residues in the samples of raw milk the method used was 'Elissa' for beta-lactams manufactured by Randox-England and for sulphonamides produced by Europroxima in the Netherlands.
Elissa screening method is one of the fastest and most reliable analytical methods for detecting the presence of antibiotics. The testing is easy and shows high sensitivity and fast response.
For the preparation of raw milk samples and in order to detect possible beta-lactams these reagents are used: a) wash buffer (concentrated) of 1 × 32 ml, Randox-England, b) the standards of 6 species, Randox-England, c) conjugate (concentrated) of 3 vials, Randoks-England, d) one shot substrate of 1 × 15 ml, Randoks-England, e) a bottle of stop solution, Randoks-England and f) re-distilled water.
Whereas, in order to detect sulfonamides these reagents were used: a) ethylacetaat, Merck-Germany, b) iso-octane, Merck-Germany, c) chloroform, Merck-Germany, d) mixture of iso-octane and chloroform in a 2:3 ratio V/V, e) hydrochloric acid 0.1 mol/dm3, Merck-Germany, f) PBS has been prepared by digesting the mixture of 0.77 g Na2HPO4 + 1.88 g KH2PO4 + 8.94 g NaCl in one litre of distilled water and adjusted to pH of 7.4 ± 0.2 and g) sulfamerazine standard, Sigma-Aldrich.
In this paper all standards and samples are applied microtitre plate replication. For detection of beta-lactams six standards applied on the microtitre plate have the following concentration: a) 0 ng/ml, b) 0.46 ng/ml, c) 1.0 ng/ml, d) 5.6 ng/ml, d) 10.1 ng/ml and f) 58.9 ng/ml. However, for detection of sulfonamides these standards have concentrations, such as: a) 0 ng/ml, b) 0.125 ng/ml, c) 0.5 ng/ml, d) 0.8 ng/ml, d) 2.5 ng/ml and f) 5.0 ng/ml.
To evaluate the screening method "ELISA" for the analysis of beta-lactams and sulphonamides in milk it is necessary to set some parameters on the basis of set criteria and conforming to the requirements and recommendations by the Rules of the Directive no. 96/23/EC [14]. Parameters to be determined are: a) selectivity, b) precision (accuracy), c) reproducibility, d) limit of detection and e) detection capability (CCβ) [15].
All these parameters are determined by various formulas and their final results are presented in Table 1.
Total of beta-lactams
Total of sulphonamides
Calibration curve Y = -0125 + 0.7744 lnX Y = -21.758 ln (x) + 40.88
Regression coefficient 0.879 0.9926
Range of concentrations 0.00-58.9 ng / ml 0.125 to 5.0 ng / mL
IC50 (concentration at 50 % bounding) 0.65 ng / ml 0.75 ng / mL
Limit of detection (LOD) 1.5 µg / ml 13.3 µg / kg
Detection capability (CCß) 48.5 µg / kg 54.8 µg / kg
Repeatability 5.05% 7.39%
Reproducibility (precision) 6.28% 8.82%
Recovery (accuracy) 96.18% 97.51%
Table1: Validation of parameters of the screening method for the analysis of betalactams & sulphonamides.
Results were calculated by Excel program. The absorbance read becomes a percentage (%) of optical density relative to zero standards B0 and it is based on the calibration line assigned to each series of standard solutions and has the following formula:
y = a + b*lnX
Y-read signal expressed in% of optical density, X-concentration of the substance and a and b-coefficients.
In every batch of samples analyzed for values of R2 beta-lactams must be at least 0.8278, while the sulphonamides R2 ˃ 0.98.
Limit of detection is determined by the formula: LOD = Xaverage + 3SD.
The limit of detection (LOD) determined by ELISA method for beta-lactam residues in milk is 1.5 μg / ml, while for sulphonamide residues is 13.3 μg / kg.
Meanwhile, through the confirmatory analysis the presence of antibiotic residues continues to be noted in those samples in which the screening method has shown a detection limit higher than normal.
In our case we used the method of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection, HPLC/FD in order to detect sulphonamide residues only, since it has not been possible to specifically adjust the HPLC/FD device for beta-lactam detection.
In order to carry out the confirmatory method for sulphonamide residues these reagents were used: a) methanol, Sigma-USA, b) acetonitrile, Sigma-USA, c) water, Sigma-USA, d) acetic acid 98-100%, Merck-Germany, e) hydrochloric acid 36-37%, Merck-Germany, f) formic acid 90%, Merck-Germany, g) ammonia 25%, Merck- Germany, h) acetone, Merck-Germany, i) sodium acetate dissolved 0.01 M with pH = 3.5, j) fluorescamine for synthesis, Sigma-USA, k) sulfadimidine analytical standard, SDM 99.8%, Fluke-Switzerland, l) sulfadiazine analytical standard, 99.0% SDZ, Fluke-Switzerland, m) sulfamethoxazole analytical standard, SMX 99%, Sigma-USA and n) sulfisoxazole analytical standard, SXZ 99.95%, Farmabase-Italy.
Sulphonamide concentrations in the analyzed samples were calculated, through the calibration lines for specific sulphonamides, according to these two formula equations:
Y = AX + B
Y-signal read by the instrument with the appropriate concentration, X-concentration of the respective substance, A-avoiding the calibration curve and B – circuit that separates the (cuts off) curve from the axis, and:
w = {(ws ▪ V) / m} ▪ 1000
ws-the numerical value of the sulphonamide content in μg/ml in absorption test, V-the final volume, from which is transferred the test for analysis in ml and m-the numerical value of the mass in g.
Limits of detection and quantification can be determined through the ratio signal/noise, respectively, through these two equations:
LOD = 3 ▪ SD and LOQ = 10 ▪ SD
LOD-Limit of Detection, LOQ-Limit of Quantification and SDStandard Deviation.
The method precision for confirmatory analysis of sulphonamide residues is controlled by the values of repeatability and reproducibility of the method. They are calculated on the level of concentration of 100 μg/kg as is the value of the maximum residue limit (MRL) in conformity with the recommendations of the regulation no. 657/2002 [16].
During this research study we have observed that for the treatment of sick cattle in Kosovo beta-lactam and sulphonamide antibiotics are used most commonly. However, not that often, other types of antibiotics are used too such as tetracyclines, aminoglycosides and macrolides.
Figure 1 presents the percentage of cows treated with beta-lactams. It can be seen that penicillin 200mg is one of the beta-lactams mostly used. 93 cows were treated with pencillin being 72.1% of the total, a statistically significant difference from the number of cows not treated with this antibiotic (p<0.01).
Figure 1: The percentage of cows treated with beta-lactams1.
Figure 2 presents the number and percentage of cows treated with sulphonamide. It can be seen that "trimetosul 48%" is mostly used here. 12 cows or 9.3% of the total were treated with this drug, which shows a statistically significant difference when compared to other sulphonamides used (χ2 = 5.10; p = 0.01).
Figure 2: The percentage of cows treated with sulpfonamidesi.
Figure 3 present the comparison of beta-lactams residue levels, according to time and delivery of these drugs. It can be seen that in the first days of their delivery beta-lactam residue level is high and it continues to be so over the following days. By mid-time of their receipt their level significantly lowers, while in last days since their first use the residue level becomes incalculable.
Figure 3: The comparison of beta-lactam residue levels, according to time and delivery of these drugs.
Figure 4 present the comparison of sulphonamide residue level according to time and delivery of these drugs. It can be clearly seen that sulphonamide residue level remains high in the first days of their delivery and this high level continues during the following days. By mid-time the drug's residue level significantly lowers, while in last days since their first use their residue level is incalculable.
The following charts 1, 2, 3 and 4 show chromatograms of sulphonamide residues in 4 samples of raw milk being above the limit of detection (LOD). This limit for the method HPLC/FD is 100 μg/kg.
Figure 4: The comparison of sulphonamide residue levels, according to time and delivery of these drugs.
Chart 1: The chromatogram of sample no 62: sulphadiazina (sdz) is detected.
Chart 4: The chromatogram of sample no 13: sulphadimidina (sdm) is detected.
During result calculation using the above-mentioned formulas we note that:
a) In the sample no.62 sulfadiazine SDZ is detected having a value of 1114.5 μg/kg, which is passes the limit,
b) In sample no.63 sulfadiazina SDZ is also detected with a value of 627 μg/kg,
c) In sample no.52 sulfadiazina SDZ has a value of 227.6 μg/kg and
d) In sample no.13 sulfadimidina SDM is detected with a value of 109.9 μg/kg.
Of the whole drugs given to dairy cattle in Kosovo by veterinarians and farmers 70% were pharmaceutical-antibiotics. Their residues were present in milk at high levels, enough to cause severe damage to the entire public health.
Out of 127 samples of milk, 64 were contaminated with beta-lactam residues, and 24 with sulphonamide residues. Where as 19 samples already passed the limit of detection, the majority 15, being beta-lactam residues, the rest, 4, sulphonamide residues.
In other words, the study confirms that over 70% of the total of milk samples analysed contains drug residues, with 20% of them already passing the maximum residue limit allowed.
According to a survey conducted in Macedonia in 2000 by Velev 79% of drugs - antibiotics used in veterinary medicine are pharmaceutical drugs [17].
Khaskheli et al. argue that in Pakistan, during 2006, 36.5% of the total of their raw milk samples were contaminated with beta-lactam residues [18].
Adesiyun and several co-authors have studied the spread of antibiotic residues in raw milk of cattle in Trinidad, in 1997, indicating that 10.8% of all their analyzed samples were contaminated [19].
Other study carried out in Turkey in 2010 by Kaya and Filazi, confirms the presence of beta-lactam residues in 44% of samples among 200 of them analyzed [20].
In their work in Iran in 2010 Mohammad Hossein Movasag and several co-authors have shown beta-lactam residues in raw milk to be 5% [21].
Moreover, a study conducted by Shitandi in 2001 in Kenya, confirms that out of the total of 1109 raw milk samples analyzed in Kenya, 21% showed contamination with antibiotic residues [22].
In 1991 in Germany, Sanders and several co-authors analyzed around 3000 samples of milk and thereby proved the presence of sulphonamide in 1.1% of samples [23].
Also, in Germany in 2007, on another survey conducted by Kress and several co-authors during a program for identification of positive samples of milk, 1.6% of their cases showed a presence of sulphonamide residues [24].
One other survey made in the Netherlands, in 2000, by Abjean applying the examination method in 1100 milk samples of cattle, proves that 9 of the samples or 0.81% of the total were contaminated with sulphonamide residues. However, the survey, failed to show any presence of antibiotic residues when it came to applying the confirmatory HPLC method [25].
A study conducted by Tolentino and several co-authors in 2005 in Mexico using the screening method shows the number of samples detected with sulphonamide residues amounted to 51.3% of the total of analysed samples [26].
Smedley in 1994 when analysing samples using confirmatory method showed that 8 out of the total number were contaminated with sulphonamide residues [27].
Whereas, a study conducted in Turkey in 2007 by Alkan analysed 46 samples using HPLC confirmatory method, and confirmed the presence of sulphonamide residues only in a single sample being above the maximum limit [28].
In a survey by Hyun-Hee Chung in the Republic of Korea in 2008, out of 269 analysed samples using HPLC confirmatory method the presence of sulphonamides was verified only in 4 [10].
70% of the drugs given to dairy cattle in Kosovo are pharmaceuticalantibiotics. Their residues are present in milk at levels high enough to cause severe damage to the entire public health.
From the above article we can conclude that pharmaceutical drugsantibiotics manufactured for human use should not be used in animals too, and the provision of antibiotics should be limited to a reasonable and lawful way
Veterinarians who treat animals in farms are obliged to follow the conditions and regulations for keeping and raising animals, and they should use antibiotics as well as other drugs which are approved for animal use only
Measures must be taken to monitor the presence of drug residues in live animals and animal products, which have pharmacological effects and are harmful to human health.
Veterinarian during his treatment of farm animals, as an evidence of a safe conduct must mark the date, time and mode of application of drugs, the matriculation of the treated animal and the drug warranty. The owner or supervisor of the treated animal must administer veterinary medicine only under veterinary control always following the instructions for use given by the manufacturers and checking the expiry date. In this case the owner of the animal is obliged to keep records of medical prescriptions too.
We would like to express our thankfulness to all of those farmers, veterinarians, owners and their families that helped us without laziness in collecting milk samples.
Donna LS (1998) Pasteurize Why? The dangers Of Consuming Raw Milk. Cornell University, Dairy Science Facts. NY, USA.
Angulo FJ, Griffin PM (2000) Changes in antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Emerg Infect Dis 6: 436.
Boor KJ (2001) Fluid Dairy product quality and safety: looking to the future. J Dairy Sci 84: 1-11.
Brown P, Will RG, Bradley R, Asher DM, Detwiler L (2001) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: background, evolution, and current concerns. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 6-14.
Prescott LM, Harley JP, Klein DA (1993) Microbiology. Brown Publishers, 2nd Ed.
Droumev DR (1983) Review of antimicrobial agents promoting available. Vet Growth. ResRes Commum 7: 85-99.
Ghidini SM, Zanardi E, Varisco G, Chizzolini R (2002) Prevalence of Molecules of ß-lactam Antibiotics in Bovine Milk, in Emily Romagna and Lombardy. ANN Fac Medi Vet di Parma, Italy 22: 245-252.
Carol A, Gonzalez M, Usher KM (2009) Determination of sulfonamides in Milk Using Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Department of Chemistry West Chester University, USA.
Martindale (2008) The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed.
Chung HH, Lee JB, Chung YH, Lee KG (2009) Analysis of sulfonamide and quinolone antibiotic residues in Korean milk using microbial assays and high performance liquid chromatography. Food Chemistry 113: 297-301.
There Drug Bull (1995) Co-trimoxazole use restricted. 33: 92-93.
Richelle RG (2007) Investigation of Safe-Level Testing for Beta-lactam, Sulfonamide, and Tetracycline Residues in Commingled Bovine Milk. Doctoral thesis, Salve Regina University, USA.
Nisha AR Antibiotic residues - A Global Health Hazard. Department of pharmacology and Toxicology College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Veterinary World 1: 375-377.
(1996) Council Directive 96/23/EC of 29 April 1996 on Certain Measures to monitor substances and residues thereof in live animals and animal Products Directive 85/358/EEC and repealing Decisions 89/187/EEC and 86/469/EEC and and 91 / 664/EEC. Off J Eur Comm 10-32.
Reybroeck W (2010) Screening for residues of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics in milk and honey. Doctoral thesis. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University.
Commission Decision 2002/657/EC of 12 August 2002 implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical Methods and the interpretation of results OJ L 221.
Velev R (2000) Palette of registrated drugs and Supporting Medical Supplies for the use in the veterinary medicine in the Republic of Macedonia. Macedonian Veterinary Review 29: 55-64.
Khaskheli M, Malik RS, Arain MA, Soomro AH, Arain HH (2008) Detection of beta-lactam antibiotic residues in market milk. J Nutrition 7: 682-685.
Adesiyun AA, Webb LA (1997) Prevalence of antimicrobial residues in preprocessed and processed Cow's milk in Trinidad. J Food Safety 16: 301-310.
Kaya ES, Filazi A (2010) Determination of antibiotics residues in milk samples. Kafkas Univ Vet Factors Derg 16:31-35.
Movassagh HM, Karami AR (2010) Determination of Antibiotic residues in Bovine Milk in Tabriz, Iran. Global Veterinary Studies 5: 195-197.
Shitandi A, Sternesjo A (2001) Detection of antimicrobial drug residues in Kenyan milk. J Food Safety 21: 205-214.
Sanders P, Guillot P, Dagorn M, Delmas JM (1991) Liquid chromatographic Calf determination of chloramphenicol in tissues: Studies of Stability in muscle. Kidney and Liver. J Assoc off Anal Chem 74: 483-486.
Kress C, Seidler C, Kerp B, Schneider E, Usleber E (2007) Experience with an identification and quantification program for inhibitor-positive milk sample. Anal Chim Acta 586: 275-279.
Abjean JP, Delepine B, Hurtaud-Pessel D (2000) Qualitative or quantitative Methods for residue analysis? A Strategy for drug residue monitoring. Proceedings of the Conference EuroResidue IV. Veldhoven, The Netherlands 8-10 May.
Tolentino RG, Perez MA, Gonzales GD, León SV, López MG, et al. (2005) Determination of the presence of 10 antimicrobial residues in mexican pasteurized milk. Intercsiencia 30.
Smedley MD (1994) Liquid chromatographic determination of multiple sulfonamide residues in Bovine Milk: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 77: 1112-1122.
Alkan A (2007) The confirmation of used commercial kits in the detection of antibiotics in milk with HPLC (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography). Master thesis. Graduate School of Engineering and Sciences of Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
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text:
Q: function is not being called Im trying to create a ghost like in pacman (which is an image) which will appear at random positions. Here is my code
function ghost(){
        while (true){

        e1.style.top = Math.round(Math.random() * document.body.scrollHeight) + 'px';
        document.body.appendChild(e1);

        }

        }
<body  onload="gameLoop();" onkeydown="" onkeyup="moveSelection(event)"  onload="ghost();">

I want it to run infintely side by side.

A: You cannot code an infinite loop like this in Javascript because it will just run forever, blocking the browser from doing anything else and thus effectively "hanging" the browser until the browser will eventually abort the script.  The main Javascript execution in a browser is single threaded and thus if you loop forever like this, then nothing else can ever run.
Instead, you can use a setInterval() timer to update the position over time.  If you can describe in words exactly what you're trying to accomplish, we could likely help more specifically with recommended code.
In addition, you can only have one onload attribute on the body tag so you can either call both functions from one attribute or create a new function that calls multiple things and refer to that new function in the onload attribute.
Here's a plain use of setInterval():
// something must set the e1 variable first
document.body.appendChild(e1);
setInterval(function() {
    e1.style.top = Math.round(Math.random() * document.body.scrollHeight) + 'px';
}, 5000);

Note, per your code, this will cause the image to just jump around on the screen into random up/down positions every so often.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Park City tourism industry leaders concerned about state's proposed transient room tax increase
Business Business |
Carolyn Webber Alder
calder@parkrecord.com
A new bill being proposed at the Utah state legislative session would increase the state's transient room taxes visitors would pay. The funds raised would go toward transportation infrastructure, which tourism industry leaders say would be unreasonable.
Park Record File Photo |
When a city's economy is based heavily off of visitors coming to empty their pockets, several factors play into making it an ideal destination. Taxes is one of them, and tourism industry leaders are worried that a bill at the Utah State Legislature could drastically affect the appeal of Park City.
Bill Malone, president and CEO of the Park City Chamber/Bureau, said that S.B. 136, introduced by the Transportation Governance and Funding Task Force, would increase the state's transient room tax (TRT) from 0.32 to 3 percent. It would also add a 5 percent increase to rental car taxes.
The transient room tax is a tax that cities, counties and states impose on those renting temporary lodging. Funds are typically used for recreation infrastructure, but the money from S.B. 136 would go toward transportation infrastructure.
The boost would bring Park City's total sales tax for lodging to 15.45 percent within the city limits and 12.85 percent in the rest of Summit County.
"I believe that this would bring our taxes on overnight stays to one of the highest tax rates of any mountain resort community in the U.S.," Malone said.
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Resort towns such as Colorado's Vail and Steamboat Springs and Jackson Hole, Wyoming, all have lodging sales tax rates that sit between 8 and 11 percent, Malone said. Park City already has a relatively high lodging sales tax of 12.77 percent in city limits, which increased this year with the introduction of the state's current 0.32 percent transient room tax.
Malone said that the prospect of creating an even bigger difference is a major concern to the Chamber/Bureau and the area's lodging industry.
"It just separates us so far from our competition," he said. "It's something that is a sticker shock."
Malone said that an increase of that size could make Park City seem less attractive to visitors of all kinds, but the main problem is with those booking hundreds of rooms for conferences or business retreats. For those customers, a 10 percent tax versus a 15-plus percent tax becomes noticeable.
"We're talking potentially thousands of dollars of difference in what the final bill is to the company," he said. "It definitely is alarming to us."
Chris Eggleton, managing director of Destination Hotels Utah, said that corporate travel is a large source of revenue for Park City and Utah overall. Such a large tax increase for visitors would make the whole state less competitive when conventions are exploring different destinations.
He said that individual and family visitors would likely be affected, too. Although they might not notice the difference when they are booking their trips, they would likely realize it after.
"When they walk away, they are going to pay attention to how much they paid and how much cash is left in their wallet," he said. "That might influence whether or not they decide to come back to Utah."
Rhonda Sideris, president of Park City Lodging Co., said that one group already canceled because of the introduction of the state's 0.32 percent TRT, on top of other sales tax increases in the state and county. Her business had to contribute funds to pay for some groups' taxes in order to convince them to stay since they had booked one or two years in advance. She is concerned about how the tax increase proposed in S.B. 136 could affect future business.
"I don't know that our legislators understand the importance of tourism and what an easy dollar it is and how many people it employs," she said. "They keep attacking us."
Another major concern about the bill for Eggleton, Malone and Sideris is that the money raised would not be going directly back into recreation or tourism. Although TRT funds have typically been reserved for recreation and tourism infrastructure, the money raised from S.B. 136 would go toward the public transportation capital investment fund to improve transportation in the state.
"Without a strong correlation of the tax source to the problem's solution, I feel like it is totally unreasonable," Eggleton said.
Eggleton said that it is not fair to put the burden of fixing Utah's roads and public transportation on visitors who come and do not use the roads nearly as much as permanent residents. He said that residents should be shouldering that burden rather than guests. Instead, funds raised from the TRT should go toward tourism, he said.
"There is very little, if any, correlation of someone saying, 'I'm not going to go on vacation here again because I hit a pothole,'" he said. "It's just not there. But if people do find new and exciting ways to recreate in a state that is renowned for its outdoor recreation, then it continues to grow the tourism fund."
Sen. Wayne Harper (R-Taylorsville) and Rep. Mike Schultz (R-Hooper), the bill's sponsors in the Senate and House, respectively, did not return multiple calls seeking comment.
The bill, which earned a favorable recommendation from the Senate Transportation, Public Utilities, Energy and Technology Committee on Monday, has already dropped the proposed TRT increase to 2.68 percent from the 4.68 percent initially proposed, but Eggleton and Malone said that any increase could have a negative impact on tourism.
"It's frustrating," Eggleton said. "We are constantly trying to defend the people who love coming here."
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Tooth decay can be painful and lead to fillings, crowns or inlays. If tooth decay is not treated, the nerve of the tooth can become infected and die, causing an abscess. This may then need root canal treatment or even for the tooth to be removed.
It is very important that you keep up a good routine at home to keep your teeth and gums healthy. Gum disease is common and, if left untreated, may lead to bone loss around the teeth. In some cases it may lead to loose teeth and teeth being lost. Gum disease is preventable. It can be treated and kept under control with regular cleaning sessions and check-ups, preventing further problems. If teeth are lost, it may be necessary to fill the gaps with bridges, dentures or implants.
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My hair is naturally straight and it takes extra effort to make it hold the curl. What I figured works great is washing my hair twice. First with a clarifying shampoo (don't overdo it though as it might cause dandruff) and then with volumizing paste. After two washes I apply a hair mask or just a conditioner and blow dry my hair.
For a hair dryer, I'm currently using Conair 3QMS Blow Dryer as it's the quickest hair dryer I've ever tried. I rarely use heat protectant which is the worst advice you could receive from a beauty blogger, but that's the reality. When my hair is completely dry, I spray it with a texturizing spray. I know that it sounds excessive, but if your hair is thin and too silky that's what you have to do in order for curls to hold.
On the first day of washing, I try creating curls as tight as these could possibly go. I know that for us, straight hair girls, this effect will last for a few hours at most, but it's totally fine. Loose curls are so much better than no curls, right? Also, I don't go boujie on my hairspray as I use affordable hairspray from a local pharmacy.
At night, I use a spiral hair tie to hold my hair on the crown. I keep the hair tie loose in order to avoid ruining my curls while sleeping. The best part about spiral ties is that these stay put throughout the night so you don't have to worry that they will slide away.
I used to be the biggest dry shampoo proponent until I figured that it might cause dandruff. These days I'm very careful about putting hair styling products directly onto my scalp. I also avoid brushing my hair the day after a blow dry. I know it sounds weird, but that's what really works for me. Usually, I put my hair in a lined shower cap while taking a shower (it's important that the cup is plastic on the outside and fabric on the inside as it protects your hair from humidity).
After a shower, I use a small comb to brush my hair only close to the roots. I use fingertips to direct my curls in a way they should face. Finally, I pick a few inches of hair around my face, twist them around, and clip on the sides of my face. I figured that hair around my face is getting oily quicker than the rest of the head so by clipping it away I preserve my hairstyle.
At night I follow the exact same technique with securing my hair up with a spiral hair tie.
Day three is about the time when I can't go it without a dry shampoo so I use it sparingly. I use the same shower cup technique as I described in the day 2 directions, with the only difference that I brush my hair through and apply dry shampoo all over my hair before putting the cup on. That way, I allow the product to "marinade" while taking a shower.
After a shower, I separate the middle section of my hair and spray it with texturizing spray. I style my hair in a typical "man bun" style and apply a texturizing spray to the rest of the hair to add volume.
Since at this point my hair is somewhat oily I make sure to have on me a small dry shampoo — just in case I'm too overwhelmed with how my hair feels throughout the day.
I go to bed with putting my hair up so it doesn't tangle.
Don't be scared, I don't go out in public with the fourth-day dirty hair. But to be honest, oftentimes I go to the gym with a hairstyle like that. I put my hair in a high pony and apply argan oil so my hair is getting added nourishment while I do my cardio. After a workout, I'll use the exact washing technique and repeat the styling cycle. Sometimes I'll style my hair straight so I can avoid using heating devices.
The strategy I described in this post is the best case scenario. While I do aim to follow it every single time, sometimes life is getting on the way. I forget my umbrella when it's raining, sweat through my workout or overuse texturizing products so my hair feels crunchy and I just can't make it work. On such occasions, I usually stick to a straight hairstyle. It takes just a few minutes to quickly dry my hair and then direct it inwards with a curling wand. But generally speaking, I'm trying to wash my hair less often. It's eco-friendly, it's better for the health of my hair, and it gives me a style diversity.
I wonder what is your go-to hairstyle routine? How often do you wash your hair and how do you style it?


Why Choose an Architect ?
This valentines day, don't forget your other significant other.
So… how would you describe your relationship with your home ?
Traditional thatched cottages are few and far between these days. However, up to the Victorian era, thatching was the common form of roof covering, even in town. Many of the houses around Inverness were thatched.
When I was invited to inspect an authentic thatched cottage, on Skye, owned by the National Trust for Scotland, it was an opportunity to reflect on highland vernacular buildings and culture.
We are enjoying our new surroundings, after months of planning we have now opened our Edinburgh office. So can you Guess what this building is, located only a stones throw from our new studio? There is no denying the gravitas of this beautifully crafted building.


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Home entertainment Jurassic World: Dominion Poster Teases First Look in IMAX
entertainmentNew
Jurassic World: Dominion Poster Teases First Look in IMAX
written by Michael Lee June 9, 2021
Universal Pictures has released a new poster for the upcoming "Jurassic World: Dominion." Of course, fans who are familiar with the franchise will immediately recognize the mosquito who has nuzzled itself on top of some dinosaur flesh only to take a bite out of it. The rest is history. And tagline teases, "It All Started Here."
While the poster is a nice throwback, it isn't want we should be paying attention to. If you look towards the bottom of it, you will see an invitation to see an early preview of the film that will be available on F9 IMAX showings.
Basically, it's a nice teaser for the latest installment of the blockbuster franchise. Although it is still unclear what the film will be about. But "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom" left behind a small tease that the dinosaurs were brought into the world of man after a natural disaster destroyed Isla Nubar. However, they escaped their captivity and are now roaming the world amongst man.
While we've seen a T-Rex stomp around the city of San Diego, CA, in " The Lost World: Jurassic Park," never before have we seen an entire species of dinos let loose. So it will be interesting to see where director Colin Trevorrow takes the franchise to its presumable finale.
And just to make sure that things do come full circle, the film brings "Jurassic Park" alumnis Laura Dern, Sam Neill, Jeff Goldblum back into the fold. The three joins "Jurassic World" stars Chris Pratt, Bryce Dallas HowardDaniella Pineda, Isabella Sermon, Justice Smith, Omar Sy, Jake Johnson, and BD Wong. Also joining them will be Mamoudou Athie, Scott Haze, Dichen Lachman, Campbell Scott, and DeWanda Wise.
The original "Jurassic Park" trilogy was one of the few film trilogies I remember seeing in its original theatrical run. They were all so much fun in their different ways – and yes, I recognize that the latter two doesn't hold a candle to the original. However, I've found it hard to get into the same mindset about "Jurassic World." Though the films were successful in their own right, they are subpar when compared to the previous films. However, with Trevorrow bringing back Dern, Goldblum, and Neill, I hope that "Jurassic World: Dominion" can recapture some of that magic that made the first three films great while still retaining that intense action we experienced in the newer films.
"Jurassic World: Dominion" hits theaters on June 10, 2022.
Jurassic World: Dominion Poster Teases First Look in IMAX was last modified: June 9th, 2021 by Michael Lee
Michael Lee enjoys being in a movie theater than staying at home watching TV. As a full-time geek, he collects a variety of toys and pop culture art and has a special place in his heart for things like TsumTsums and Mondo posters. He also writes for GeeksOfDoom.com
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You are here: Home1 / Articles2 / Demographics3 / The Coronavirus Means Millennials Are More Screwed Than Ever
The Coronavirus Means Millennials Are More Screwed Than Ever
May 20, 2020 /in Demographics, The Economy /by Joel Kotkin
In the nearly eight years since I first described millennials as "the screwed generation," things have only worsened for those born between 1982 and 2000—and the coronavirus is now accelerating that slide.
In the midst of a pandemic, millennials are twice as likely to be uninsured as Boomers (PDF). Despite their superior educational credentials, millennials on average earn wages that are 20 percent less than what Baby Boomers made at the same age. Millennials are far less likely to own homes than Boomers were, and those millennials with homes are far more likely to have rich parents.
Seniors may suffer a much higher risk from the virus, but, from an economic point of view, it's the millennials getting screwed the most. In a new report, Data for Progress found that a staggering 52 percent of people under the age of 45 have lost a job, been put on leave, or had their hours reduced due to the pandemic, compared with 26 percent of people over the age of 45.
Some recent research suggests that the pandemic may impact this generation in terms of such things as mental and physical health, leading to shortened lifespans. Before the pandemic, about 8 percent of American teens (members of Generation Z) reported trying to kill themselves each year and about 70 percent suffered from loneliness. In 2020, these numbers will likely be higher, suggests an excellent analysis in The Atlantic. The young generations are already more likely to report poor mental health, per the American Psychological Association, and suicides among people ages 10-24 soared 56 percent from 2007 to 2017.
This reflects the pessimism felt by millennials, both here and globally, about their futures, with most not expecting to do better than their parents. Their dismal prospects are reflected in the lowest marriage rates in history and loathness to start families. Battered now by pestilence and its aftermath, they could well become what one conservative writer referred to as a "resentful generation."
Particularly vulnerable are the two-thirds of Americans between 25 and 32 who lack a four-year college degree. In the past, these workers would have been employed in factories or worked in a small businesses, or even started one. You do not need a PhD to operate a donut shop, a gym or a hair salon.
But now factory work has declined as companies have shifted their production to China and other parts of the developing world. The Main Street option was fading even before the COVID lockdown, as evidenced in falling rates of business formation, particularly among the young. The share of GDP represented by small firms has dropped from 50 to 45 percent since the 1990s. The share of young firms in all industries has fallen in the last 40 years. Increasingly more industries have become dominated by large, superstar firms with access to Wall Street capital.
But even educated youth now suffer consistently lower wages, notes Pew, than their counterparts from previous generations. Many young people, including some college graduates, are employed in low-wage industries such as hospitality, retail and restaurants, fields now suffering the largest share of the job losses. Even those still working often have little ability to control working conditions, terms of employment, or gain guarantees for health coverage.
Joel Kotkin is the author of the just-released book The Coming of Neo-Feudalism: A Warning to the Global Middle Class. He is the Presidential Fellow in Urban Futures at Chapman University and Executive Director for Urban Reform Institute — formerly the Center for Opportunity Urbanism. Learn more at joelkotkin.com and follow him on Twitter @joelkotkin
http://joelkotkin.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/generation-turns-socialist.jpg 499 800 Joel Kotkin /wp-content/uploads/2017/01/jkotkin_logo.png Joel Kotkin2020-05-20 07:30:132020-09-23 08:42:14The Coronavirus Means Millennials Are More Screwed Than Ever
Towards a Better Urbanism Sean Pollock, via Unsplash Joel Kotkin talks with Andy Caldwell


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Hilton Grand Vacations and Blackstone Form Joint Venture to Purchase Elara, One of the World's Largest Timeshare Resorts
Acquisition expected to be accretive in 2017 to Total Adjusted EBITDA and EPS
ORLANDO, Fla. (July 19, 2017) – Hilton Grand Vacations Inc. (NYSE:HGV) ("HGV" or "the Company") announces the formation of a joint venture with affiliates of Blackstone Real Estate Partners VIII L.P., which purchased Elara, a Hilton Grand Vacations Club. With 1,201 units, Elara is one of the world's largest timeshare resorts. HGV will assume a 25 percent stake in the joint venture for approximately $40 million, which is expected to be accretive to HGV's total adjusted EBITDA and EPS. "Today's acquisition advances one of our key strategic priorities that is growth through opportunistic business ventures, which allows us to continue to maximize shareholder value," says Mark Wang, president and CEO, Hilton Grand Vacations. "By taking an ownership stake in Elara, which has more than 500 units of sellable inventory remaining, we are receiving a strong-performing consumer loan portfolio and unfinished penthouse floors." In addition to its ownership stake, HGV will continue to market, sell and manage Elara under existing fee-for-service agreements.
The joint-venture structure allows HGV to generate strong returns while maintaining flexibility for additional growth opportunities. The transaction is expected to be funded by existing cash on HGV's balance sheet. Elara is located on East Harmon Avenue in Las Vegas and opened as the largest, single timeshare resort in the world in 2009. The property offers adjoining access to the Miracle Mile Shops, offering more than 200 stores and restaurants. The upscale, 15,000-square-foot, grand lobby overlooks a 40,000-square-foot elevated tropical pool with two hot tubs, pool bar and grill and 33 private cabanas.
In addition to the 1,201 units, there are four penthouse floors with more than 82,000 square feet, among other undeveloped areas including 2,300 square feet of retail space fronting East Harmon Avenue and more than 17,000 square feet of ballroom space.
This document contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These statements include, but are not limited to, statements related to our expectations regarding the performance of our business, our financial results, our liquidity and capital resources and other non-historical statements. You can identify these forward-looking statements by the use of words such as "outlook," "believes," "expects," "potential," "continues," "may," "will," "should," "could," "seeks," "approximately," "projects," "predicts," "intends," "plans," "estimates," "anticipates" or the negative version of these words or other comparable words.
Such forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including, among others, risks inherent to the timeshare industry, macroeconomic factors beyond our control, competition for timeshare sales, risks related to doing business with third-party developers, performance of our information technology systems, risks of doing business outside of the U.S. and our indebtedness. Additional factors that could cause our results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements can be found under the sections entitled "Risk Factors" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 and our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2017, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), as such disclosures may be updated from time to time in our periodic filings with the SEC. These documents are accessible on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Accordingly, there are or will be important factors that could cause actual outcomes or results to differ materially from those indicated in these statements. These disclosures should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this release and in our filings with the SEC. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as required by law.
About Hilton Grand Vacations Inc.
Hilton Grand Vacations Inc. (NYSE:HGV) is recognized as a leading global timeshare company. With headquarters in Orlando, Fla., Hilton Grand Vacations develops, markets and operates a system of brand-name, high-quality vacation ownership resorts in select vacation destinations. The company also manages and operates two innovative club membership programs: Hilton Grand Vacations Club® and The Hilton Club®, providing exclusive exchange, leisure travel and reservation services for more than 270,000 Club Members. For more information, visit www.hgv.com and www.hiltongrandvacations.com.
About Blackstone Blackstone is one of the world's leading investment firms. We seek to create positive economic impact and long-term value for our investors, the companies in which we invest, and the communities in which we work. We do this by using extraordinary people and flexible capital to help companies solve problems. Our asset management businesses, with over $360 billion in assets under management, include investment vehicles focused on private equity, real estate, public debt and equity, non-investment grade credit, real assets and secondary funds, all on a global basis. Further information is available at www.blackstone.com. Follow Blackstone on Twitter @Blackstone. SOURCE Hilton Grand Vacations Inc.
Robert LaFleur, 407-613-3327
RLafleur@hgvc.com
Media Contact: Erin Pagán, 407-613-3771
EPagan@hgvc.com
Hilton Grand Vacations to Report Second-Quarter 2017 Results
Hilton Grand Vacations Reports Second-Quarter 2017 Results