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Macular telangiectasia vs macular degeneration
I have learned that I have Mac Tel (or macular telangiectasia, a disease affecting the back of the eye). Does this disease cause the same type of vision loss as macular degeneration (a breakdown of t Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and macular telangiectasia may be caused by dysfunctional energy metabolism. Both eye diseases develop from abnormal growth of blood vessels in the eye, which.. Macular telangiectasia (MacTel) is a disease affecting the macula, causing loss of central vision. MacTel develops when there are problems with the tiny blood vessels around the fovea. The fovea, in the center of the macula, gives us our sharpest central vision for activities like reading. There are two types of MacTel, and each affects the. Macular telangiectasia (MacTel) type 2 is an eye disease affecting the macula that causes loss of central vision. MacTel develops when there are problems with the tiny blood vessels (capillaries) around the fovea, an area in the center of the macula where eyesight is the sharpest.In MacTel type 2, the capillaries around the fovea widen (become dilated) and leak Macular telangiectasia, sometimes referred to as idiopathic juxtafoveal macular telangiectasia, is a disease that affects the part of the eye called the macula, causing degradation or loss of central vision. The macula is part of the retina, the light-sensitive layer that lines the back of the eye. The macula allows us to have fine, detailed.
Disease Entity. Macular telangiectasia ICD 9 code: 362.15 Disease. Macular telangiectasia (Mac Tel) leads to abnormalities of capillaries of the fovea or perifoveal region associated with loss outer nuclear layers and ellipsoid zone that can progress to cystic cavitation-like changes in all retinal layers, or development of full-thickness macular hole or subretinal neovascularization in. Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia. Retinal capillary telangiectasia can develop in the macula without a known cause or can be secondary to retinal vasculitis, retinal vein occlusion or underlying systemic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension and infectious/inflammatory diseases.1 Idiopathic macular telangiectasia (MacTel) type 2 is a bilateral, slowly progressive, degenerative condition of the macula, resulting in marked decreases in visual function that affect the activities of daily living, more commonly occurring in middle-aged individuals. 1 The course of disease is usually very gradual, but the affected individuals.
Idiopathic Juxtafoveal Telangiectasia Type II (Macular Telangiectasia type 2) John J Chen, MD, PhD; Angela R McAllister, MD; Elliott H Sohn, MD. February 17, 2014. Chief complaint: Decreased vision and a central scotoma in both eyes (OU). History of Present Illness: The patient is a 43-year-old male who presented with decreased vision and a central scotoma OU for the past 10 years, which has. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease in which the macula (the central part of the retina) begins to degenerate, resulting in distortion or loss of central vision. It typically occurs in older populations, hence the name. According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, there are two types of AMD—dry AMD and wet AMD
Areds2 Macular Degeneration - 80 mg Zinkoxid
Macular telangiectasia (MacTel) type 2 is a bilateral disease of unknown cause with characteristic alterations of the macular capillary network and neurosensory atrophy. The disease manifests initially temporal to the foveal center, but may later encompass an oval area with a radius of about 6° horizontally and 5° vertically centered on the.
Juxtafoveal Telangiectasia. A condition that is characterized by exudation or diffusion abnormalities from ectatic (dilated and tortuous blood vessels) and incompetent retinal capillaries in the juxtafoveolar region. Can be found as a developmental or congenital vascular anomaly or an acquired condition
Purpose: To evaluate if off-label Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) supplementation prevents visual and anatomical deterioration in non-proliferative Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia Type 2 (IMT2). Patients and methods: This is a single-center retrospective, comparative study of 82 IMT2 eyes treated with AREDS2 from January 1st, 2013 to January 1st, 2018
Retinal crystals in type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia. Ophthalmology. 2011 Dec;118(12):2461-7. 13. Gamulescu MA, Walter A, Sachs H, Helbig H. Bevacizumab in the treatment of idiopathic macular telangiectasia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008 Aug;246(8):1189-93..
Type 2 macular telangiectasia. Type 2 is the most common form of macular telangiectasia. In Type 2, the blood vessels dilate (enlarge) and leak, causing swelling of the macula. Sometimes new blood vessels can form under the retina and also break or leak. Eventually, scarring over the macula can occur, severely affecting vision
There are two basic types of Macular Degeneration: dry and wet. Approximately 85% to 90% of the cases of Macular Degeneration are the dry (atrophic) type, while 10-15% are the wet (exudative) type. Stargardt disease is a form of macular degeneration found in young people, caused by a recessive gene
Macular telangiectasia type 2 (Mac Tel 2) also known as idiopathic perifoveal telangiectasia and juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis type 2A is an enigmatic disease of unknown etiology. It manifests both neurodegenerative and vasculopathic characteristics. It manifests itself during the fifth or sixth decades of life
Both macular telangiectasia and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) lead to photoreceptor atrophy and loss of central vision. The two diseases may be distinguished by symptoms, clinical features, and pathogenesis. The natural history of macular telangiectasia suggests a slowly progressive disorder The Spectrum of Age-related Macular Degeneration Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has an incredibly varied appearance on OCT depending on what stage of the disease is present. Many of these typical phenotypes can co-exist, and clearly there is more than just the Dry and Wet forms. This gallery displays the spectrum of OCT images of AMD Many Continue reading AMD - Overview �
Eye's vulnerability to macular degeneration revealed The differences in serine production from the two regions of the eye are consistent with the idea that macular telangiectasia is a disease. The panel spoke about macular degeneration and what it is, including the differences between wet vs. dry macular degeneration. For dry, there is no FDA-approved treatment. Patients are told to. Myopic macular degeneration (MMD) is a degeneration of the center of the retina seen in some people who are myopic (near-sighted). MMD is not the same as age-related macular degeneration . The macula is the area of the retina in the back of the eye that is responsible for seeing details in the central vision
Macular degeneration is found among people with Rheumatoid arthritis, especially for people who are female, 60+ old. The study analyzes which people have Macular degeneration with Rheumatoid arthritis. It is created by eHealthMe based on reports of 668 people who have Rheumatoid arthritis from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and is. •Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia Type 2 (IMT2) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a defect in serine metabolism resulting in loss of macular luteal pigments, cystic macular atrophy, and retinal telangiectasia •The Macular Telangiectasia Project provided natural history outcome
Any pathologic process that disturbs the RPE and choroid, leading to the disruption of the Bruch's membrane, can be associated with CNV ( 17 ). There are different causes of CNV; some of those more frequently found are age-related macular degeneration, ocular histoplasmosis, multifocal choroiditis, myopia, and trauma Blindness. Blindness. The word alone evokes fear. Few people are aware that macular degeneration, which leads to central vision loss, is the main cause of blindness for those 55 and older in the United States. It affects more than 10 million Americans. That number is expected to increase significantly as the population ages
A macular epiretinal membrane, or epimacular membrane, is caused by a remnant of vitreous that remains attached to the central part of the retina that is responsible for sharp vision (called the macula; includes the fovea). The terms cellophane maculopathy and macular pucker have also been used to describe. A macular pucker is an extra layer of tissue that has formed on the eye's macula. The macula is located in the center of the retina, an area of light-sensitive cells at the back of the eye. The macula is responsible for central vision, which is the sharp, straight-ahead vision we need for reading, driving, and seeing fine detail Introduction. Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia Type 2 (IMT2) is a neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects the central retina. The non-proliferative stage of IMT2 has undergone multiple investigations for effective treatment, including analysis of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections, argon laser photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy, intravitreal.
Macular Telangiectasia and Macular Degeneration - American
Idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis (IJFT), also known as parafoveal telangiectasis or idiopathic macular telangiectasia, refers to a heterogeneous group of well-recognized clinical entities characterized by telangiectatic alterations of the juxtafoveolar capillary network of one or both eyes, but which differ in appearance, presumed pathogenesis, and management strategies
For Healthcare Providers. Macular telangiectasia type 2 is a rare disease of the retina that leads to a gradual loss of central vision. MacTel is estimated to affect about 0.1% of the population, and its onset is age-related. Affected individuals are typically diagnosed in their 40s and 50s. MacTel is sometimes mistaken for age-related macular.
Macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel) is a rare degenerative disorder of the central retina. The disease causes progressive central vision loss and is typically diagnosed in patients between the ages 50 and 60, who describe problems with reading vision often for years before measurable visual acuity changes. 1-3 The exact cause of the disease remains unclear
(pronounced tell an gee ACT te sis) (JFT), also known as perifoveal telangiectasis or mac-tel for macular telangiectasia, is a condition in which abnormalities develop in blood vessels at the center of the retina. This central part of the retina, called the fovea, is responsible for the sharp vision needed for reading and recognizing faces (see retina diagram)
The National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire in the Macular Telangiectasia (MacTel) Project. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008; 49(10):4340-4346. 10.1167/iovs.08-1749. Google Scholar; 19. Sallo FB, Leung I, Zeimer M, et al. Abnormal retinal reflectivity to short-wavelength light in type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia. Retina.
ed if an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agent offers a.
Idiopathic macular telangiectasia Type 2 (MacTel) is a rare bilateral neurodegenerative disease, characterized by alterations of the retinal capillary network in the juxtafoveal region that usually manifests with a slowly progressive decrease in visual acuity with an onset in the fifth to sixth decades of life. 1-3 The prevalence of the disease has been estimated to be as high as 0.1% among.
Age-related macular degeneration and macular
To evaluate the retinal and choroidal vascular changes through optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel 2). Our study included 20 patients (40 eyes) with MacTel 2, and age-matched and sex-matched 18 subjects (36 eyes) in the control group. Fundus color photographs, fundus autofluorescence, fundus fluorescein angiography, spectral.
The Tajimi Study in Japan showed that myopic macular degeneration (MMD) is the leading cause of legal blindness [ 1 ], and it was the second most common cause of visual impairment and blindness in.
Exudative Macular degeneration c. Chronic CSCR d. Nonexudative Macular degeneration CASE #1 • Brief case history: 60 yo male with c/o moderate central blur in OD x 6 weeks • BCVA 20/40 OD, 20/20 OS Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia Type 2; Retina (2016) 36, 2150-2157
What Is Macular Telangiectasia? - American Academy of
M acular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel) is a usually bilateral retinal condition characterized by progressive neurosensory atrophy with concomitant changes of the macular retinal vasculature. 1 Retinal alterations and dysfunction usually remain limited to an oval area centered on the fovea, with a horizontal diameter not exceeding the distance between the temporal optic disc margin and foveal. Macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel-2) is a bilateral macular disease characterized by a predilection for elderly women, parafoveal gray-colored reduced retinal transparency (retinal graying), retinal telangiectasia with late leakage on fluorescein angiography (FA), and neurosensory atrophy [1,2,3,4].Progression of subretinal neovascularization and/or macular atrophy during follow-up results. Macular telangiectasia type 2 is a bilateral disease of unknown cause with characteristic alterations of the macular capillary network and neurosensory atrophy. Its prevalence may be.
Macular telangiectasia type 2 Genetic and Rare Diseases
Macular Telangiectasia (MacTel) Macular Telangiectasia, commonly known as MacTel, is a curious and poorly understood disorder of the blood vessels which supply the central part of the retina that lines the back of the eye (the macula). The fovea is the centre of the macula, and ha
Increased amounts of zinc can be helpful in people with macular degeneration, as often this disease lowers natural levels of zinc. The best foods to eat for zinc include: • oysters and lobster. • lean beef and turkey, or skinless chicken. • clams and mussels. • beans and lentils. • peanuts and peanut butter. • sunflower butter and.
about macular pigment and possibly photoreceptor loss. Fluorescence lifetime pro-longation correlates with disease severity and may therefore be a useful addition to other imaging modalities for assessing disease progression in MacTel Type 2. RETINA 00:1-10, 2019 I diopathic macular telangiectasia Type 2 (MacTel) i
Secondary FTMH is related to other pathologic features such as high myopia, macular schisis, macular telangiectasia, wet age-related macular degeneration, surgical or ocular trauma without any preexisting or concurrent vitreomacular traction [1, 3]. Primary FTMH is diagnosed in 86 to 92 % of cases
Macular Telangiectasia. Mactel NHO R- A natural history, observation, Pfizer: B0451001 (MONET)- Phase II Open Label Multicenter Study For Age Related Macular Degeneration Comparing An Investigational Drug PF-04523655 Versus Lucentis In The Treatment Of Subjects With Choroidal Neovascularization Macular telangiectasia abbreviated MacTel, sometimes referred to as idiopathic juxtafoveal macular telangiectasia. There's Type 1 and Type 2. What these types of macular degeneration have in common Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a common cause of vision loss in later life, should be diagnosed, treated, and monitored early to prevent severe vision loss. Your risk of AMD can be reduced with a few simple lifestyle modifications, including changes in diet, routine exercise, and quitting cigarettes. 2:32
NEI. 19-EI-0045. A Sub-Study to the Extension Study of NT-501 Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) Implant for Macular Telangiectasia (MacTel) (NTMT-01/02E) to Provide the Renexus Implant to Participants who Contributed a Single Eye Randomized to the Sham Procedure in the. Completed Study; data analyses ongoing. 21-80 Years Periocular Triamcinolone vs. Intravitreal Triamcinolone vs. Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant for the Treatment of Uveitic Macular Edema: The PeriOcular vs. INTravitreal corticosteroids for uveitic macular edema (POINT) Trial. Ophthalmology. 2019 Feb;126(2):283-295. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.08.021. Epub 2018 Sep 27 Retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) (a subform of neovascular age-related macular degeneration [AMD]) and macular telangiectasia (MacTel) are both characterized by abnormal retinal. Results 23 eyes of 19 patients with CNV due to high myopia (9), macular telangiectasia (4), central serous chorioretinopathy (3), choroidal osteoma (2), choroiditis (2), Best's disease (2) and idiopathic (1) were treated. The mean follow-up period was 4±1.9 months. The median number of IVZ injections was 1 (range, 1-3) and the median treatment-free interval at the time of the final visit. Various other ocular pathologies with inflammatory etiopathogeneses associated with macular edema have been treated by DEX implant, including neovascular age-related macular degeneration, Irvine-Gass syndrome, vasoproliferative retinal tumors, retinal telangiectasia, Coats' disease, radiation maculopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and macular.
Macular Telangiectasia: Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatmen
Title: A Natural History Observation and Registry Study of Macular Telangiectasia Type 2: The MacTel Study. Protocol Number: MacTel NHOR. Condition: Macular Telangiectasia Type 2. The study will develop a registry of patients with macular telangiectasia type 2 who may agree to be contacted for inclusion in future clinical trials
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Automated detection of macular diseases from OCT images might be feasible using the CNN model. Image augmentation might be effective to compensate for a small image number for training. 1. Introduction. The major causes of legal blindness in developed countries are age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and glaucoma
Another type of wet macular degeneration surgery used to close off leaky blood vessels is a laser procedure called photodynamic therapy, or PDT. It involves a cold or infrared laser that doctors.
Macular Telangiectasia - EyeWik
Vitelliform macular dystrophy is an inherited eye disorder that can cause progressive vision loss. It causes build-up of fatty yellow pigment (lipofuscin) in the macular area. This, in turn, can damage the light sensitive cells responsible for clear central vision. Sight loss can be variable and can affect central vision in one or both eyes Retina, Oct 2020. PURPOSE To analyze the principal cause for poor vision in eyes with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≤20/200 two years after a record of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NV-AMD) Macular telangiectasia; Retinal angiomatous proliferation; Age-related macular degeneration or variants such as retinal angiomatous proliferation; Ocular contusion or retinal trauma; Management. The treatment for BRVO is aimed at the complications that cause vision loss including macular edema, macular ischemia and neovascularization. The. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common condition that affects the middle part of your vision. It usually first affects people in their 50s and 60s. It does not cause total blindness. But it can make everyday activities like reading and recognising faces difficult. Without treatment, your vision may get worse Brain Health Assessment iPad survey for patients 65+ with dry or wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) NHOR. A natural history observation and registry study of patients with macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel)
The most common and effective treatment for wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD) is called anti-VEGF therapy. Your doctor gives you this therapy through an injection directly into your eye I s a noninvasive method to document ischemic macular changes, which precisely demonstrates the level of capillary drop out and size of macular ischemia [16].. OCT angiography can show early foveal avascular zone (FAZ) changes, which may present earlier than other retinal findings [17] and maybe recommend to advice patients with NPDR cases for shorter follow up An ocular (ophthalmic, retinal) migraine involves just this visual aura without the following headache. A posterior vitreous detachment, retinal break or retinal detachment can cause flashing lights as well. However, unlike the visual symptoms found with ocular migraines, they appear more as isolated white lights like a flash bulb, occur only.
How to Spot Diseases that Mimic Wet AM
Extension Study of NT-501 Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) Implant for Macular Telangiectasia (MacTel)-sub-investigator; Assessment of the anti-inflammatory effects of Norflo Oro in acute relapses of HLA-B27 associated autoimmune uveitis-sub-investigator ; Adalimumab vs. Conventional Immunosuppression for Uveitis Trial (ADVISE)-sub-investigato A choroidal nevus is a benign collection of pigmented cells (melanocytes) in the choroid, the vascular layer that nourishes the outer retina. Choroidal nevi are extremely common, occurring in about 5% of the general population. They usually develop after puberty and are rarely found in African Americans. Choroidal nevi virtually never cause any. MicroPulse Laser Therapy as an Effective, First-Line Treatment for Juxtafoveal Telangiectasia. Dr. Mansour describes the effectiveness of MicroPulse Laser Therapy in eliminating JXT-associated macular edema, especially in comparison to conventional laser photocoagulation. Sam Mansour, MSc, MD, FRCS, FACS. Download Now Macular edema; Other names: Macular oedema, familial macular edema A 61-year-old man with medical history of type 2 diabetes that presents a macular edema, evidenced by an OCT (the edema marked with arrows). The central image is a 3D reconstruction of the retinal thickness (the edema is coloured in red)
Update on Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia Type
Macular telangiectasia is a condition of the retina, It is used to treat various eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, and infections inside the eye such as endophthalmitis. As compared to topical administration, this method is beneficial for a more localized delivery of medications to the. Methods: The ATM cDNA from lymphoblastoid cell lines established from 16 patients with idiopathic retinal or choroidal telangiectasia and 14 patients with radiation-induced telangiectasia after radiotherapy for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) was screened using the restriction endonuclease fingerprinting technique. The frequency of each. Macular telangiectasia (MacTel) type 2 is a slowly progressive, bilateral disorder of the pericentral maculae characterized by vascular and neuroglial retinal degeneration. Symptoms often start around the fifth decade of life and frequently include difficulty with reading due to missing. letters within a word along with variable degrees of. Macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel 2) is an idiopathic condition without available treatment options which results in slowly progressive bilateral vision loss. In this randomized sham-controlled multicenter clinical trial, patients with MacTel 2 were randomized to surgical placement of an implant which eluted ciliary neurotrophic factor.
Idiopathic Juxtafoveal Telangiectasia Type II (Macular
Sorsby's Macular Dystrophy. Macular telangiectasia abbreviated MacTel, sometimes referred to as idiopathic juxtafoveal macular telangiectasia. There's Type 1 and Type 2. What these types of macular degeneration have in common: CNV (Choroidal NeoVascularizatin). That's the growth of blood vessels into the macula which leak and can cause. Assessment of the EZ reflectivity has been used to investigate photoreceptor structure in different disorders, including macular telangiectasia (MacTel) type 2 52, macular hole 53,54, and AMD 16.
Type 2 Macular Telangiectasia Ophthalmic Res DOI: 10.1159/000479932 3 giectatic vessels, or hyperfluorescence on fluorescein an-giography were not statistically significant. Patients treated with estrogens showed EZ breaks less frequently compared with either other group (7 eyes, 29.1%, vs. tamoxifen: 14 eyes, 53.8%, and vs. controls: 1 The frequencies of specific macular telangiectasia type 2 lesions in those without macular telangiectasia type 2 were low, varying from 0.06% for retinal telangiectatic vessels to 1.2% for lamellar holes ( Table 2 ).When present, lamellar holes and yellowish spots were more likely to be bilateral ( Table 2 ).Of the 160 eyes with a lesion characterizing macular telangiectasia type 2, 131 (81.9%. Although HRF have been described in several diseases including diabetic macular edema, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusions and type 2 macular telangiectasia, the precise nature of these foci and their molecular constituents remain unclear. Three main theories have been put forward in publications concerning these foci Renexus® has been FDA approved for retinitis pigmentosa and macular telangiectasia and is in fast track for dry AMD. Gene therapy A vector containing the gene which encodes for a VEGF monoclonal antibody fragment can be injected as a one-time subretinal treatment to provide a lifelong continuous supply to the choroid and retina and reduce. If you are a patient with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), or you know someone who . Accessibility & Technology. Raising Accessibility Awareness 2021. Global Accessibility Awareness Day (GAAD), started in 2012 and is celebrated on the third Thursday . STAY POSTED
INTRODUCTION. Idiopathic macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel) is a bilateral degenerative condition of unknown etiology with characteristic neurosensory atrophy and perifoveal telangiectatic vessels which leak on fluorescein angiography. 1 Other characteristic lesions include loss of retinal transparency, crystalline deposits, a decrease or absence of macular pigment and hyperplasia of the. Macular telangiectasia — A condition that causes blood vessels around the fovea to dilate and leak. Importance of routine eye exams The best way to protect your sight and keep your eyes healthy is to undergo routine comprehensive eye exams — it may be possible for an eye doctor to detect early signs of a fovea-related condition before you. Neurotech CEO Rich Small noted that CNTF has been shown to promote neuron survival in the ellipsoid zone of the retina for macular telangiectasia (MacTel) and in retinal ganglion cells for glaucoma. Twenty-four-month Phase 2 trial results in MacTel showed Renexus was well tolerated and achieved statistically significant reduction in the rate of. Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Data and Statistics. AMD defined AMD is a leading cause of vision loss in the U.S. It destroys the macula, the part of the eye that provides sharp, central vision needed for seeing objects clearly. Prevalence estimates are on late AMD, involving neovascular AMD and geographic atrophy
•Aka Cystoid Macular Edema (CME) 1. Where is the fluid 2. Common entities 3. Masqueraders 4. Going below and beyond 5. Take a second look Topics 2. Common entities •Retina -Choroidal nevus -Retinal detachment •Macula -Age related macular degeneration -Macular edema -Vitreoretinal interface -Epiretinal membrane -Macular hol Older patients benefit from macular hole surgery without face-down positioning - Surgery with broad ILM peeling, 20 percent sulfur hexafluoride gas and no face-down positioning may be effective in the treatment of idiopathic macular holes. The method eliminates the morbidity associated with postoperative face-down positioning Ophthalmology 43%. Key Factor Analysis. Journal Impact IF Ranking. · In the Ophthalmology research field, the Quartile of Ophthalmology Retina is Q3. Ophthalmology Retina has been ranked #66 over 116 related journals in the Ophthalmology research category. The ranking percentile of Ophthalmology Retina is around 43% in the field of Ophthalmology Macular edema secondary to RVO documented clinically and by using OCT. Macular pigmentary changes are due to long standing edema. Signs of ischemia such as neovascularization, severe hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, collateral vessels, and venous beadings documented. Neovascularization on the optic disc or/and elsewhere is ruled out Adult-onset vitelliform macular dystrophy (AVMD) is an eye disorder that can cause progressive vision loss. AVMD affects an area of the retina called the macula, which is responsible for sharp central vision.The condition causes a fatty yellow pigment to accumulate in cells underlying the macula, eventually damaging the cells. AVMD usually begins after age 40
Patients diagnosed with Macular Telangiectasia, or MacTel, are eligible for a Natural History and Registry Study of MacTel (specifically studying the Group 2 MacTel). The objective of this study is to create The Natural History Observation Registry (NHOR) of persons affected by MacTel Type 2 and their families Agreement among graders (absent vs present) for specific macular telangiectasia type 2 lesions varied from 100% (for yellowish spots) to 77% (for lamellar holes). Macular telangiectasia type 2 was present at baseline in 0.1% of the population (95% CI 0.09, 0.1). It was present in one woman and four men (Table 1). The mean age at baseline of. After a definitive diagnosis of macular degeneration, how often you visit your eye care expert depends on your doctor's advice, the type of macular degeneration that you have, and your symptoms. Although there is not much that can be done to stop the disease from getting worse, the use of antioxidant vitamins may help retard its progression Menopause is associated with the development of idiopathic macular hole and macular telangiectasia (MacTel) type 2. 1,5,6 Reports of sex hormone-associated retinal diseases have mostly concentrated on female patients, and few reports are published that involve men. Paradigmatic for such a disease course is macular telangiectasia type 2 Although the findings offer the potential to train the model using other more common diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, our proof-of-principle study has limitations. This study was based on 1 disease and the findings might not.
Telangiectasia 9. Macular dystrophies and telangiectasia are among the less common causes. (wikipedia.org)Type 2 (referred to as MacTel) is the most common macular telangiectasia. (wikipedia.org)It is categorized as macular perifoveal telangiectasia, a neurodegenerative metabolic disorder, correlated with diabetes and coronary artery disease Comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials: Lucentis-Avastin trial (CATT) Co-investigator, 2008-2012 . Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) 2 . Co-investigator, 2006-2012 . Standard Care vs. COrticosteroid for REtinal Vein Occlusion (SCORE) Study . Co-investigator, 2004-200 Macular Degeneration (F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., CR29521 Stairway) Sub-Investigator: A Phase II, Multicenter, Randomized, Active-Treatment-Controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of the Ranibizumab Port Delivery System for Sustained Delivery of Ranibizumab in Patients with Subfoveal Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration (F
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Home ESSENTIAL INFOCOMMUNITIES AND COUNCILS The council of San Martin del Rey Aurelio and Sotrondio
The council of San Martin del Rey Aurelio and Sotrondio
In this area you have two main protected landscapes; the first one is the wonderful natural landscapes of the Redes Natural Park which is a Biosphere Reserve in Sobrescobio and Caso. The second one is the Protected Landscapes of the Mining Basins in Langreo, San Martin del Rey Aurelio and Laviana.
The area of San Martin del Rey Aurelio is very valuable for its industrial legacy. In the middle of XVIII and XIX century the Nalon Valley was immersed in an authentic industrial Revolution that transformed the face of the valley and its way of life. Coal mining, iron and steel production together with the development of the railways, were the basic pillars for this industrialisation process.
San Martin del Rey Aurelio is based in the banks of the Nalon River and surrounded by mountains. It preserves civil and industrial architecture related to the coal extraction. Some examples are La Maquinilla Bridge or Los Gallegos Bridge in Sotrondio, The Villar Colliery of San Mames, The San Vicente Colliery in El Entrego, the Miramar Bridge in El Entrego, Les Chapes Bridge or La Oscura Bridge or The Entrego Colliery in El Entrego or the Cerezal Colliery in La Cruz, among others. They offer different Routes around the industrial areas such as The Pithead Route or Carrocera-La Gueria Carrocera Route.
Regarding to artistic patrimony in the council of San Martin del Rey Aurelio you can find the Dolmen of La Campa L'Españal, the Estela of Los Cuetos, the Church of San Martin or the Casona del Bravial in Blimea.
In the council of San Martin del Rey Aurelio you can also find a large representation of ethnographic patrimony through traditional housing, stables and barns, horreos and paneras, grinding mills, public springs, washing places and animal troughs.
The council of San Martin del Rey Aurelio enjoys the mountains of the Protected Area of the Cuenca Minera made up of the headwaters of the rivers Samuño, Santa Barbara and the Villoria, tributaries rivers of the River Nalon. There are many Walking Routes in the council such as Blimea-La Casilla Route, El Entrego-La Camperona Route, Carrocera-La Gueria de Carrocera Route, El Entrego-Valley of Santa Barbara Route or The Green Belt of La Bobia- La Colladiella Route.
In this area you can practice a wide range of activities according to the season, fishing and hunting are two of the most deeply rooted in the Valley. In autumn you can listen the sounds of braying deer. Also the reservoirs of Tanes and Rioseco are a unique situation for bird watching, especially at Rioseco where there are two purpose-built observation posts.
This is also a fantastic area for the practice of different sports such as walking, trekking, mountaineering, mountan biking, rock and ice climbing, horse riding, cycling and Nordic Skiing.
More info: San Martín del Rey Aurelio Tourist Office
Images supplied by the Council of San Martin del Rey Aurelio, Turismo Asturias and Camilo Alonso
ASTURIASCHEESECOSTA VERDEGREEN COASTHIKINGINCUNAINDUSTRIALINDUSTRIAL HERITAGEMININGNALON RIVERNALON VALLEYNORTH OF SPAINPATRIMONIO INDUSTRIALREDES NATURAL PARKROCK CLIMBINGSAN MARTIN DEL REY AURELIO
The council of Yernes y Tameza and Villabre
The council and town of Muros del Nalón
The asturian cheese and cheese recipes
Asturias the paradise of mountain biking
The route of the Cares in Asturias

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Archive for October 26th, 2017|Daily archive page
Little Dot gears up for SVoD
Posted 26 October, 2017
Filed under: media, My Commissions, My Projects, tv | Tags: facebook, instagram, little dot, little dot studios, online video, youtube
The latest news about the commissioning of original documentaries I've been doing at Little Dot Studios over the last few months – from today's Broadcast
by Alex Farber | 26 October 2017
Absent from our Own Wedding
All3Media-backed firm steps up commissioning and acquisitions in run-up to launch of service
Little Dot Studios has kicked off a commissioning and acquisitions drive as it prepares to launch an SVoD service later this year.
The All3Media-backed business has appointed former Channel 4 multiplatform commissioner Adam Gee and Beyond Distribution head of acquisitions Caitlin Meek-O'Connor to spearhead the push.
Commissioning editor Gee has ordered his first slate of originals, including Underworld TV's Sorry I Shot You, Big Buddha Films and Medialab UK's Absent From Our Own Wedding and Showem Entertainment's In Your Face as part of a £200,000 investment.
The factual films, all of which run to around 15-20 minutes, will feature as part of the Shoreditch-based firm's Real Stories online channel, which is distributed via YouTube, Facebook and Instagram.
The shows, due to launch in mid-November, will also be used as the bedrock for a forthcoming direct-to-consumer app alongside a host of third-party programming.
Shared profits
Meek-O'Connor has begun striking deals with distributors, with around 2,000 hours of programming licensed to date. Many of these shows are picked up from suppliers for free, with the profits generated shared equally – Little Dot is set to return around £1.5m to distributors this year.
Co-founder Andy Taylor said he is looking to exponentially grow the firm he established in 2013. The business, founded by Taylor and Selma Turajlic, has doubled in size year-on-year. In 2016, it posted a turnover of £9.8m, up from £5.2m the previous year. Operating profits jumped from £300,000 to £1.2m in this period.
"Someone needs to put a stake in the ground and build a premium mid-form destination because the quality of content currently is poor," said Taylor. "There has been a massive explosion in mobile video but none of the resource or investment from TV has leaked over. In the next three to five years, I need to build channels with massive scale, which house only premium content."
Taylor added that he is eyeing a direct-to- consumer launch by the end of the year, with platforms under consideration including Amazon Channels, Apple TV and Roku.
"We need to be on those platforms because the monetisation opportunities are so much better. It's harder to get reach, but they offer much higher advertising rates and we can experiment with SVoD too," he explained.
Real Stories is being touted as a subscription forerunner, with launches for science and history themed sister channels Spark and Timeline also being weighed up.
In September, Barcroft Media's YouTube channel Barcroft TV launched an ad-funded TV app. However, Taylor is not turning his back on the digital giants and is putting particular focus on Facebook. Changes to the Mark Zuckerburg-run platform have meant that Little Dot video viewing has soared, from virtually zero to 150 million monthly views in just three months.
"The new Facebook"
From his 120- strong staff, Taylor has appointed eight Facebook-dedicated editors who are tasked with closely tracking the changes to its algorithm and reactively clipping and posting videos for maximum exposure.
"We are trying to grow the digital brands of the future," said Taylor. "Our bet is that over time, the platforms have to favour premium content – because that is what advertisers demand."
While people visit YouTube less frequently than they do Facebook, they tend to stay for longer and are happy to watch 15 to 20-minute videos. Facebook visitors prefer shorter clips. Taylor said that Instagram, which has three Little Dot editors assigned, is fast becoming "the new Facebook".
Sport is another area of focus, with Sky Sports commercial manager Rory Rigney hired as senior partnerships manager to forge ties with rights holders to manage their channels. With talks under way with major football and cricketing governing bodies, the sports-themed channels will join Little Dot's network of broadcaster and producer- owned channels, including ITV, Warner Bros, Discovery and Turner, as well as All3Media.
{text courtesy of Broadcast}


The Gaels and McAnespies played out a very exciting game, at the end of which a draw was a fair result. McAnespies will be the happier team with the outcome given that they played almost all 60 minutes a man down thanks to an early red card to Eric Finn for a high challenge on Ryan Caffrey. Coming into the final 10 minutes the Gaels looked to have the momentum and would make the extra man pay off, however, a late push from the Macs, combined with a fine late save from Anthony Kidney, saw the points split evenly between the teams.
for in his McAnespies debut.
The first half ended with the Gaels holding a 2 point lead. McAnespies lost Eric Finn to a red card within the first 5 minutes of the game for a high challenge on Ryan Caffrey, one in which Caffrey lost a tooth which was later retrieved from the field. The Gaels played some nice football with the extra man and there were some well worked scores. Tyler Flaherty at corner forward proved to be a productive outlet for the Gaels. The man from the Aran Islands pointed 4 times in the opening half, while his fellow Islander, Colm Brennan picked up from where he left off last week with a solid display in the middle. It was Kerryman, Matt Sullivan, who found the mark from midfield for the Gaels with 2, while Coleman Mulkerrins also got in on the act with 3 from play. McAnespies made the most of their possession to stay well in the game, despite having to make up for the loss in personnel. Corner forward Eamonn Fyffe was busy and when in possession usually took not just one, but two Gaels defenders out of the game. A Fyffe goal kept McAnespies in the game, and the Ballymena man chipped in with 3 additional points. Anthony Kidney pointed two from frees, and Nathan O'Brien added another before the break, it was a 0-11 to 1-6 Gaels lead when the whistle sounded with McAnespies making the extra effort to stay in the game.
Rory O'Connor entered and took over the frees for the Gaels.
The second half saw McAnespies draw level as a combination of effort and smartness on the line and on the field saw McAnespies playing their cards well. McAnespies were patient on the ball and did not waste precious possession, while Kidney came out of his goal to create an outfield player when the situation suited. A Croft free was followed by a well worked Che O'Donnell point from play, and a Kidney free leveled the scores. With Kidney roaming far out his goal at times to try and aid the efforts going forward, and the subs came in off the line early to try and keep things fresh on the field. The Gaels, however, started to make their numerical advantage pay off. Fyffe was double marked to neutralize the danger and going forward the Gaels started to support the man in possession to better effect. Two Rory O'Conner frees were followed by a Pat O'Donnell point, and things looked to be headed in favour of the westerners. McAnespies had a late rally in them however. Jimmy Rigney pointed after entering from the line, and was the score followed by another O'Donnell point, and a Jake Foster free (another who joined play in the second half) made it all square. The last chances to win the game fell to the Gaels. On the attack with a three on one advantage, Colm Brennan's shot was well saved by Kidney, and the rebound was sent wide of the posts – a point would have been all that was required to claim both points. No last minute win for the Gaels this week, and a point that McAnespies will be well satisfied with given the circumstances.
Macs: Anthony Kidney, Eoin Delmer, Caolan Harvey, Lorcan Mallon, Robert Piggott, Paul Clifford, Robbie Croft, Declan Hughes, Nathan O'Brien, Che O'Donnell, Eric Finn, Philip McCusker, Eamon Fyfe.
Gaels: Eoin Connolly, Joe O'Shea, David Black, Kieran Killeen, Ryan Caffrey, Christy Cunningham, Matt Sullivan, Colm Brennan, Pat O'Donnell, Kenny Gavigan, Dave Lynch, Tyler Flaherty, Coleman Mulkerrin.


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Jul 11, 2019 in Analysis
Forensic characterization of crimes as a scientific category in its development has undergone periods of the almost universal acceptance and use. Nevertheless, there was also a proposition to exclude it from the number of concepts used in science. Nowadays, numerous scientists, including Wikström and Treiber as well as Albert, Chein, and Steinberg believe that the concept of criminological characteristics has a great practical significance and is crucial in theoretical terms. In particular, forensic characterization methods are applicable to the cases of murder, which is a serious crime against the individual, which presupposes deliberate causing death to another person. Prevention, detection, and investigation of homicide are some of the most important tasks of law enforcement. Considering the foregoing criminal cases, they always require a large number of investigative actions and search measures, which should be prepared and carried out in a limited statutory period. Therefore, the investigation of murders should be proficient in forensic investigation techniques of this category of crime. Meanwhile, the issue of disclosure of the crimes committed is one of the most complex and fundamental in criminology. Remaining unsolved murders create conditions for growth of the social danger of criminal activity. The murder is a crime that always leaves marks and evidence. Therefore, it is vital to analyze how the key elements of the exact incident, namely the victim, the place of the murder, the killer, and the murder weapon, interact and affect one another. This case study also explains whether the law enforcement legally obtained the physical evidence because there is a need to provide legal constraints of the investigation process. In addition, the paper presents and highlights both strengths and weaknesses associated with various aspects of the investigation of the Ashly Smith's murder case.
Reflections on the Case
The study of the violent crime incident report calls into question whether an investigation procedure was effective or not. A set of conditions that establish an investigation process may help to carry out problematic issues of such a criminal case. The analyzed report contains a description of different aspects of the criminal case, such as the information about crime scene and interviewees (family, friends, suspects, and witnesses), narrative information, investigator's response, evidence diagnostics, and so forth. All these details are informative and give hints to investigation discovery and discussion.
The current report describes the homicide incident. The victim was a 14-year-old girl named Ashly Smith. Two truck drivers found body accidentally. Furthermore, the investigation process found two suspects, but there some issues that stayed unclear. Further discussion will follow the analysis of the evidence and investigation support to explain debatable issues of this case.
Various circumstances of the commission of the homicide determine the quantity and quality of the material that is available for the police to collect during subsequent investigations.
Crime Scene Investigation and Analysis of Evidence
Place of murder and place the body was discovered are an important source of information about the manner, the mechanism, and the environment of the crime commission. Furthermore, it provides data about the identity of the perpetrator and the victim. According to the case report, an appropriate discovery of the place of murder and a clear description of the observed scene give a vivid picture of a crime place. Crime scene and place of discovery of the body are often the same place, which increases the chances for a quick establishment of the facts. The observation helped to declare that the murderer attacked the victim in the parking and then dragged her into the woods. The examination of the victim's body revealed several stab wounds on her neck, abdominal area, and the back.
During the conduction of examination of the corpse, forensic medical experts should be particularly careful to describe all the objects that are in close proximity to the corpse. In addition, they should note the state of the surface on which the dead body lies. Then, experts should proceed to the examination and the description of clothing available on the corpse. In particular, they should take into account all components of the clothes, the season, weather conditions, the availability of the upper and lower clothing, dirt on garments, and clothes damage. In the case of Ashly Smith, the forensic medical experts conducted the examination during the observation of the crime place. They found clothes damage and dirt on the garment; however, these details were not as clarifying as compared with body damage. Furthermore, experts should pay particular attention to the identification and description of injuries on the body and clothing. Moreover, they should establish criminal or other traces of killer actions. Thus, it is necessary to take notice of the number, location, relative positioning of damage, shape, size, and character edges and corners of such damages.
During the examination of the corpse, the attention should also be paid to the circumstances indicating the possibility of staging or moving corpse. From this case, one can assume that the murderer may have committed a crime at the nearby place and then transferred the corpse to the place of its discovery. In particular, the experts found some evidence, which was further examined in the laboratory. It was necessary to develop the case procedure, which was valuable for possible future comparative identification. This recommendation transformed into a mandatory requirement in case the person killed is not installed or was suspected of committing any crime.
Since this inspection is associated with the detection and removal of traces of biological origin, it is advisable for the specialists in forensic evidence to participate in it. It is necessary to consider that traces of blood at the scene have not only the forensic value, as they could assist in clarifying circumstances such as a crime scene. Due to the analysis of the report, there was a Medical Examiner, who concluded that Ashly Smith suffered 34 stab wounds. In addition, the medical expert stated that the murderer did not inflict abdominal wounds post-mortem. Later microscopic examinations of the swabbing showed the presence of sperm in the victim's vagina and the anus. Blood analysis indicated no illegal drugs, but the alcohol content was positive. Therefore, the expert concluded that Ashley Smith's death was homicide due to strangulation and multiple stab wounds.
One can further outline an appropriate observation of the crime place and the victim's body. It helped to gather the evidence of the scene and to conclude the cause of Ashley Smith's death. Every detail was documented in accordance with the law policy and has a great influence on further investigation procedure.
DNA is a powerful tool for law enforcement in the identification of possible suspects. DNA and other forensic evidence may be able to identify who was at a crime scene or with the victim, but it may not necessarily identify the guilty party. Investigators still should rigorously investigate cases and evaluate forensic and another evidence to understand exactly what happened. Law enforcement agencies rely on various arrangements to ensure the analysis of DNA, knife, confession, and another forensic evidence. Concerning this case, DNA test was obtained in a legal way. Both suspects were matched to the male DNA from the victim. In the question of confession legacy, because of the procedure, there no any illegal issues relevant to victim or witness interviews. As for the knife, this evidence was not found not near the victim's body, but was matched to the personalities of suspects. Thus, there is no reason to believe that all these evidences were obtained in an illegal way. Unfortunately, some special circumstances can prove it wrong. Anyway, in this case, suspects did not make any type of defense with regard to these questions.
Investigative Steps and Strategies
In accordance with the criminal law procedure, the investigator decides on the beginning of the investigation and investigative actions. At the time of the adoption of this decision, an investigating inspector assesses the current situation of the investigation. Such actions should be careful and planned systematically. Moreover, the investigative strategy comprises such elements as the crime scene, forensic, pathology, witness, family liaison, suspects, media, passive data analysis (telephone calls and lifestyle information), and search. In this case, there is an absence of the reconstruction investigation strategy, which would be possibly informative with regard to the scenario of the crime. Besides, two principal aims, mainly the satisfaction of legitimate requirements for information about the murder and victim's family contact, supported the investigation strategy of the current case.
The effectiveness of the investigation depends on several basic principles, including the preservation of the scenes, the security of the evidence, victim's identification, and identification of suspects.
Preservation of the scenes. At the initial stage of the investigation, there is a need to appoint a forensic examination of the corpse to address some issues. As mentioned earlier, a crime report declared the establishment of prescription of death, availability of external injuries on the body of the subject, and the nature of the damage. Anyhow, there was no information about the possibility of a victim to make actively targeted actions with the damage caused.
Based on data derived from the crime scene, there was a conduction of a forensic medical examination to study of physical evidence (blood, sperm, DNA). In the early stages of an investigation, witnesses are an important source of the material. Focused questioning at the crime scene afforded an opportunity to secure material by identifying witnesses and other scenes.
Security of the evidence. It is crucial to note that the security of the information related to the homicide supported the whole procedure of investigation. It made it possible to receive tips during the collecting interviews and filter information from anonymous callers. Such details influenced the overall procedure of further investigation. Particularly, the interview with one of the suspects, Scott Jones, gave a more detailed picture of his familiarity with the crime scene.
Victim's identification. The identification of victims enables investigators to instigate actions, which may lead to the early identification of suspects. First, the investigators questioned witnesses and those who had reported the incident to establish the victim's identity as soon as possible. However, the information obtained failed to help identify the murderer directly at the crime scene. In attempts to identify the victim, the investigators checked attendance rolls of a local school. School Resource Officers, who provided yearbooks, had recalled a runaway of Ashly Smith. The photo of the girl was not comparable to a victim's face because of an amount of blood present. Further follow-up questions to victim's mother gave a description of a large mole in the middle of her neck. In this way, the victim was identified as Ashly Smith. Thereafter, her mother gave a detailed interview, which also helped to identify the victim's clothes and provide the case with other specific information about Ansley's behavior.
Identification of suspects. As mentioned in the case report, the interview with relatives and friends did not assist in identifying the suspects. On the contrary, anonymous calls gave the major tip, which led to two suspects Scott Jones and Frederick Johnson. Lately, investigators found out that both suspects were close friends. They defined the connection between the victim and these two suspects due to useful information about the car and the appearance of males.
In most cases, the detection of signs of concealing the murder points out understanding of the value of a killer and is an important element of proving the subjective side of the offense. Therefore, the murderers may utilize such methods of concealment as the concealment of the corpse, the destruction of instruments and other traces of the crime, a false alibi, and non-criminal offense. For this reason during the first interview, Scott Jones was not provided with information about the homicide and was misinformed about the main aim of the interrogation. It was a right choice to collect the first data from the suspect. His stories during other meetings were changing every time and he tried to give a new meaning for them. During the last interview, he said: "Regardless of what I haven't told the truth about, I didn't kill her". Jones denied the fact of the murder until the end. Anyway, his way of behavior was interpreted against him, which ended up with a charge of the 1-degree murder. Nevertheless, the charge on the 1-degree murder should have been proven with much more evidence because the evidence and the crime data presented did not confirm it.
On the other hand, deformation of moral and legal consciousness characterizes juvenile offenders. This awareness of duty and conscience rests on personal desires or group solidarity, orientation for a momentary pleasure, indifference to the feelings and sufferings of other people, or even the desire to assert oneself by hurting the weak. Such offenders see criminal prohibitions as formalities and ignore the social role of the law, which distorts the understanding of permissible and impermissible behavior. The characteristic features of emotional and volitional young offenders include attenuation of feelings of shame, lack of restraint, mendacity and no self. Jonhson's behavior during the interview is similar to the one outlined above.
It is worth noting that not every murder committed characterized by a large number of victim injuries might be recognized as committed with special cruelty. However, the 34 stab wounds indicate that it was a case of such cruelty. The main thing is not a certain number of injuries, but the objective pursued when causing many wounds. Unfortunately, the interviews did not help to differentiate whether this kind of a crime was situationally committed without prior training, resulting quarrels, anger, and hostile relations or prepared.
Interviews and Interrogations
To get the most complete and accurate picture of the events under investigation during the interrogation of witnesses, it is necessary to ask additional, clarifying, and control questions.
Important sources of evidence are the testimony of the suspect. Interrogation tactics should take into account the evidence collected in the case and the characteristics of the personality. If there are gaps in the evidence, it is necessary to use different tactics of interrogation of the suspect. They may include a demonstration of awareness of the investigator, the implementation of the element of surprise, and "the assumption of a legend". However, the most useful technique is the careful use of the data, which may serve as a source of new evidence. The investigator used all the strategies outlined in this homicide investigation.
Thus, one can conclude that at the initial stage of the investigation of the murder, investigative actions should aim at strengthening the procedural traces of the crime. Furthermore, other goals include the establishment of the mechanism of the crime, the causes of death, the possible establishment of the perpetrators, their search, and arrest. These steps were effective in this case.
The objectives of this investigation were a conviction of the killer and proving his guilt. Interviews with Jones serve as an important source of evidence. Furthermore, it is also vital to obtain detailed evidence during the interrogation. In addition, quite often, it is necessary to disprove false alibi.
Determination of motifs and forms of guilt is another crucial part of the investigation at any stage of crime investigation. It is necessary to prove the existence of a certain shape and guilt motive in the killing. Unfortunately, it is still unclear what the motive of this homicide was. Moreover, it is almost impossible to evaluate objectively the actual data about the peculiarities of the environment of the commission of the murder. Especially, it is hard to assess the manner of the murder weapon use, status and position of the victim, and the behavior of the accused before and after the murder. Therefore, there is a need to identify the character of mutual relations of the accused and the victim, the presence or absence of personal accounts in the past, quarrels, threats, and mercenary or other personal interest in the death of the victim. The suspect, who committed a crime, often does everything possible to avoid punishment or at least to mitigate guilt. Therefore, it is important to ensure the effectiveness of the interrogation before carrying it out. The investigators should collect enough complete and accurate information about the acts of the criminal activities and the individual characteristics of the person questioned.
The selection of the tactics of interrogation of the accused depends on whether they admitted their guilt in full, in part, or deny it. The interrogation should contain the following circumstances: admission of guilt, familiarity with the victim, alibi, people who can provide testimony, the motive, and intent to kill the victim. However, in the case of the second suspect, Frederick Jonson, those who conducted the interview did not clarify these circumstances. The interview with him was short and excluded any questions with regard to the crime.
It is advisable during the interrogation to clarify everything concerning a person accused of murder. Despite the exceptional severity of the crime, the court should take into account all the extenuating circumstances, including sincere repentance and truthful testimony. The investigator should explain to the defendant that the fair testimony is of the interests of the accused. Only suspects can explain all the circumstances and motives of the murder, which contributes to the just resolution of the case. Nevertheless, the interviews with accused did not include these details.
As in the case of Scott Jones, it is usually easy to confuse the accused with the help of additional questions. It is worth admitting that it is easier to check the detailed testimony. However, most often, the accused fail to fill the gaps with the fictional details, inventing new arguments and plot and, therefore, exposing himself.
In the case of eyewitnesses' absence, the special role played by the presentation material and another evidence for the interviewer has a critical effect on the suspect. For example, the investigator can successfully use the testimony of an accomplice, not truthfully telling about the murder while truthfully describing other obstacles of the case. This method allows inducing another accomplice to give full and truthful testimony about the circumstances of the case. Regrettably, the investigators also did not use this method in the interview with suspects.
Issues to Counter Defense
There are two fundamental arguments, which the counter defense may use. First, 1st-degree murder defendants have a right to argue that the examination does not prove all elements of a 1st-degree murder charge. In particular, the case should present the facts, which confirm that the defendant killed willfully, deliberately, and with premeditation. Second, defenders can argue that the killing was committed accidentally, as there are no proofs of the murder planning. There is only one interviewer who gave to investigators such a hint; however, there was no confirmation of it.
Class Experience
Class experience guided me in the current case reflections and proved to be a useful tool for encouraging self-reflection on learning and practice. Additionally, some class discussions helped and forced me to think about the factors that cause the crime. Finally, the topics we discussed with regard to the assumption of human nature assisted me in driving some of my reflections.
In conclusion, the forensic characterization of murder is quite extensive, which suggests that the process of investigation should be approached very seriously. It is necessary to take into account all the details. Consequently, the process of investigation of the murder is quite tense and requires a large amount of investigation.
The murder investigation is a rather complex process associated with the conduction of virtually the entire spectrum of investigative actions under the law policy. It requires highly skilled investigators and deep knowledge of criminology.
In view of the above, it can be clearly concluded that during the investigation of murders there can take place quite a number of investigative situations. Nevertheless, these situations can serve as a basis for the consideration of specific investigative situations considered in the investigation of any particular crime.
In this investigation, I found hints and clarifications useful in the procedure of developing the crime investigation. However, I noticed the lack of attention to interweaving the suspects with clarification of the motivation of this homicide. The evidence can prove that these accused are related to the case, but the testimony of the first suspect, Scott Jones, does not prove the exactness of the scenario of the murder. In addition, other interviewers were not able to give clear information about the case. Emotional reactions should be taken into consideration as well. It can be concluded that the unsolved murders in most cases are the result of poor-quality investigative and search activities at early steps.
An Application of Kant's Duty Ethics to the Abortion Debate


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"Chicken" John Joseph James Rinaldi (born 1967 or 1968) is a musician, showman, activist, and author living in San Francisco, California.  He is involved with the San Francisco arts community as well as the Burning Man community. In what he referred to as "an experiment", he was a candidate in the 2007 San Francisco mayoral election, during which he wore fake mustaches, debated a puppet, and arranged costumed flash mobs to occur at campaign events, in an effort to be as flippant a candidate as possible.

Musician
After playing with the New York punk rock band Letch Patrol, Rinaldi was briefly the guitarist in The Murder Junkies, fronted by GG Allin; he was replaced by Dee Dee Ramone and William Weber. He expressed negative opinions about the experience in Todd Phillips's documentary Hated: GG Allin And The Murder Junkies.

Showman
In 1994 Rinaldi conceived, organized, and became the ringmaster of Circus Redickuless, a nationally touring "punk rock circus". The circus was the subject of a 1997 documentary of the same name by Phillip Glau, which won Best Documentary at the 1998 New York Underground Film Festival.

Boating
In the summer of 2006, Rinaldi was recruited by noted street artist Swoon to build the propulsion system for a raft made of salvaged scrap that was to travel down the Mississippi River for Swoon's project Miss Rockaway Armada.

Rinaldi was the engineer and builder for the central communal floating platform for the Seasteading Institute's 2009 Ephemerisle event.

San Francisco mayor joke candidacy
As an elaborate joke, Rinaldi ran as one of several colorfully-nicknamed candidates in the 2007 San Francisco mayoral election, ostensibly challenging incumbent Gavin Newsom. Rinaldi referred to himself an "experimental candidate". He made an effort to be as flippant a candidate as possible, wearing seven different fake mustaches over the course of the campaign, publicly debating a puppet, and organizing a zombie flash mob to occur outside one of the Mayoral debates. He finished with 2,508 votes, or 1.75 percent of the official vote tally, coming in 6th place.

Activism

Campaign financing
After submitting the required official declaration of candidacy on August 8, 2007, Rinaldi claimed to have raised $25,000 in campaign donations from San Francisco residents by August 28, thus qualifying him for public matching funds. On September 13 he was denied public financing by the San Francisco Ethics Commission on the basis that around $20,000 was donated through e-commerce site PayPal. As it was PayPal's official policy to keep billing information confidential and provide only a shipping address, the commission ruled such donations were insufficient proof of donor residency as required by law.

Rinaldi's campaign contacted PayPal and obtained special internal verification that the addresses did indeed match, which was submitted September 19. By October 2 the Ethics Commission had approved many more contributions, but those qualified for matching funds still fell several hundred dollars short. The following day the campaign's lawyer submitted a request asking the commission to clarify which donations were ineligible, and for which reason, and a date by which to appeal them. Executive Director John St. Croix responded that by requesting an appeal, the campaign had lost its right to do so. On October 15, a meeting of the full commission unanimously overturned St. Croix's decision. The Ethics Commission invited Rinaldi's campaign to resubmit documents. The application was subsequently denied on review and Rinaldi's campaign did not receive the requested public funds.

Renaming a sewage plant after George W. Bush

He was part of the Presidential Memorial Commission of San Francisco that placed Proposition R on the November 4, 2008 ballot to name San Francisco's Oceanside Treatment Plant after George W. Bush. The ballot measure failed with only 30% of voters approving the idea.

American Apparel
In 2009, Rinaldi organized against an American Apparel outlet being permitted to open on Valencia Street in the Mission District. Several years before, the city approved a voter initiative requiring a public hearing for such "formula retail" stores to open in certain commercial corridors. Prior to any approval, American Apparel's website listed the address of their Mission location as early as November 2008. The San Francisco Planning Department unanimously rejected the permit.

Author
Rinaldi self-published The Book of the IS: Fail... To WIN!, Essays in engineered disperfection.

He collaborated with Jason Webley for the hardcover book that accompanied Webley's album Margaret.

Ritual Coffee controversies
In 2020, employees launched an email campaign to raise concerns about diversity and workplace culture at Ritual Coffee, a chain of four coffee shops owned by Rinaldi's wife, Eileen Rinaldi. Among their concerns were two confrontations involving customers of color, including one where Rinaldi called the police on a Black customer in 2019. Rinaldi admitted to using a racial slur during an argument over a parking spot with a Black man outside a Ritual Coffee warehouse in late May 2021. Eileen Rinaldi confirmed in June 2021 that she had terminated her husband's employment.

References

External links
Chicken John's Mayoral Campaign Blog
Chicken John's Mayoral Campaign Site
Ephemerisle

1960s births
20th-century American bass guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
Activists from the San Francisco Bay Area
American male bass guitarists
American punk rock bass guitarists
Burning Man
Living people
The Murder Junkies members

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This book is available online for free and offers tips on starting out, from finding your market niche all the way to product packaging. It provides case studies of livestock and poultry farmers successfully engaged in direct marketing their products. The resource includes a section at the end on factors that affect your bottom line, including your production costs, processing costs, market requirements, carcass yields, and storage and obsolescence risk, and management skills.
This guide and decision-making tool is divided into four sections based on the four P's of marketing: product, price, place, and promotion. Each section begins with a questionnaire to gauge your knowledge on the subject area. Completing the guide will help you evaluate your individual operation on six factors that are barriers to entering a market: finding a niche, product development and pricing, regulatory constraints, promotion and distribution, selling products, and managing risks.
This marketing and business guide, published by ATTRA, covers a range of direct marketing options and tips for pork producers as well as a list of further resources.
This publication focuses on direct marketing of niche, value-added, and specialty crops. It includes a case study (page 9) about a farm in Arkansas that built a relationship with a health food store that was able to ship their frozen meat to buying clubs in 11 states. This partnership allowed the Reeves to ship out-of-state at a very low cost compared to using UPS or FedEx, which require insulated packaging.


I've had the good fortune of hearing David speak twice this past winter. He is an informative speaker with an interesting perspective on life, civilization, and soil. If you're free this Friday, I'd highly recommend checking him out. He won't disappoint.


text:
Q: Is there any way to reduce execution time of this code? I am trying to find the sum of all the divisors of a given number
But I am exceeding the time limit,help me to reduce the time limit of this code.
int a,count=0;
cin>>a;
for(int i=2;i<=a/2;i++) {
    if(a%i==0) {
        count=count+i;
    }
}
count++;
cout<<count;

A: You can make loop run to sqrt(a), not a / 2 if you would sum two divisors at time: count += i + a / i

A: I would say go up to sqrt(a). Each time you have a remainder 0, add both the i and a/i. You will need to take care of the corner cases, but this should bring down the time complexity. Depending on how large a is this should be faster. For small values this may actually be slower.

A: This problem can be optimized by prime factorization .
Let's assume any number's prime factor is = a ^n*b^m*c^k
Then, Total number of devisors will be = (n+1)(m+1)(k+1)
And sum of divisors = (a^(n+1) -1 )/(a-1)  *  (b^(m+1)-1)/(b-1) *(c^(k+1)-1)/(c-1)
X = 10 = 2^1 * 5^1
Total number of devisors = (1+1)(1+1) =2*2= 4
Sum of divisors  = (2^2 – 1 ) /1 * (5^2 -1 )/4 =  3 * 24/4  =  18
1+2+5+10 = 18

A: Thanks everyone for the help..I got the answer
     bool  is_perfect_square(int n)
     {
     if (n < 0)
     return false;
     int root(round(sqrt(n)));
     return n == root * root;
     }
     main()
     {
     int t;
     cin>>t;
     while(t--)
    {
    int a,count=0;
    cin>>a;
    bool c=is_perfect_square(a);

    for(int i=2;i<=sqrt(a);i++)
    {
        if(a%i==0)
        {
            count=count+i+a/i;

        }

    }
    if(c==true)
    {
                count = count - sqrt(a);
    }
    count++;
    cout<<count<<endl;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Biografia
Dal 1978 al 1988 collabora in qualità di talk show host, speaker pubblicitaria e cantante con le maggiori emittenti radiofoniche e con diversi studi di registrazione del Triveneto.

Dal 1987 al 2019 presta la sua voce come doppiatrice presso le maggiori case di produzione di Milano.

Nel 2015 ha conseguito il Diploma in "Acting For Film" alla New York Film Academy di New York.

Giornalista internazionale iscritta all'Ordine dei Giornalisti Inglesi (MCIJ) e Americani (SPJ), Jasmine collabora con BetaPress.it.

È inoltre autrice e conduttrice di Il giardino incantato degli eroi e Soul Talk sul suo canale YouTube; Dillo a zia Jas sul suo canale Twitch "JasmineLaurenti".

Doppiaggio

Cinema
Karisma Kapoor in Hero No.1, Coolie No. 1, Raja Hindustani, Fiza, Baaz
Shannen Doherty in Ossessione d'amore
Fernanda Torres in Un uomo in guerra
Felicity Huffman in Golden Years
Tracy Pollan in Annunci personali
Natasha Gregson Wagner in Two Girls and a Guy
Patricia Richardson in Norma Jean
Nana Kiknadze in Mars, dove nascono i sogni
Alyssa Sutherland in Day on Fire
Cecilia Cheung in The Promise
Julia Ormond in Il nome del mio assassino
Rebecca Ritz in Maddalena: ciò che i suoi occhi hanno visto
Rose Byrne in Adam
Renée Zellweger in My One and Only
Brooke Shields in Il ragazzo che gridava al lupo... Mannaro
Abby Brammell in Playdate - I nuovi vicini
Johanna Bantzer in Recycling Lily
Hattie Morahan in Summer in February
Samantha Morton in Decoding Annie Parker
Julianne Moore in Un marito ideale (doppiaggio 2014)
Mary-Louise Parker in Christmas in Conway
Emilie Caen in Non sposate le mie figlie!, Non sposate le mie figlie! 2
Vilma Laudelino De Souza in Il Vincisangue
Laura Harris in Il luogo delle ombre
Anne Marie DeLuise in Mostly Ghostly 3 - One Night In Doom House
Alexandra Lamy in Torno da mia madre

Televisione
Paige Turco, Wendy Moniz e Gina Tognoni in Sentieri
Justine Girard in Primi baci
Alison Brie in Community
Fran Drescher in Happily Divorced
Victoria Nolan in Rizzoli & Isles
Tina Benko in Brotherhood - Legami di sangue (ridopp.)
Kate Phillips in The Crown
Thuy Trang in Power Rangers
Abby Elliott in How I Met Your Mother
Mo Collins in Ned - Scuola di sopravvivenza

Film d'animazione
 Kaori Makimura in City Hunter: Amore, destino e una .357 Magnum, City Hunter: Private Eyes
Aida in Aida degli alberi
 Mai Shiranui in Fatal Fury 2 - La sfida di Wolfgang Krauser, Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture
 Kagero in Ninja Scroll
 Oyuki in La spada dei Kamui
 Jane Royal in Space Adventure Cobra
 Simon Seville in Alvin e i Chipmunks incontrano Frankenstein, Alvin e i Chipmunks incontrano l'Uomo Lupo
 Harley Quinn in Batman of the Future: Il ritorno del Joker
 Sailor Venus in Sailor Moon R The Movie - La promessa della rosa, Sailor Moon S The Movie - Il cristallo del cuore, Sailor Moon SS The Movie - Il mistero dei sogni
 Lamù in Lamù - Only You, Lamù - Beautiful Dreamer, Lamù - Remember My Love, Lamù - Forever: La principessa nel ciliegio, Lamù - Boy Meets Girl: Un ragazzo, una ragazza, Lamù - Sei sempre il mio tesoruccio
 Fujiko Mine in Lupin III - La pietra della saggezza (terzo doppiaggio), Lupin III - Il castello di Cagliostro (secondo doppiaggio)
Tricky in Alla ricerca della Valle Incantata 7 - La pietra di fuoco freddo, Alla ricerca della Valle Incantata 8 - Avventura tra i ghiacci, Alla ricerca della Valle Incantata 9 - Le meraviglie del mare, Alla ricerca della Valle Incantata 10 - La grande migrazione, Alla ricerca della Valle Incantata 11 - L'invasione dei minisauri, Alla ricerca della Valle Incantata 12 - Il giorno dei rettili volanti.

Serie animate
 Astral in Jem
 Susie in Zip Zip
 Courtly Jester in Ever After High
 Kreta/Kaori in City Hunter
 Montana Max in Tiny Toons
 Maria in Cantiamo insieme
 Tisifone in I Cavalieri dello zodiaco
 Sailor Venus in Sailor Moon
 Lamù in Lamù (solo ep. 10 e 16)
 Yuri Tanima/Angel Lily in Wedding Peach - I tanti segreti di un cuore innamorato e Wedding Peach DX
 Cesira la talpa in Lupo Alberto
 Emily in Beethoven
 Candy Kong in Donkey Kong Country
 Mecca in Downtown
 Tricky in Alla ricerca della Valle Incantata
 Ilona in Renaissance
 Callahan in Scuola di polizia
 Lidie e Bizouille in Max & Co.
 Marsha in Roary the Racing Car
 Penny in La Grande B!
 Daphne in Scooby-Doo
 Chloe in Sabrina
 Ernestina in Il mio amico coniglio
 Simona in È quasi magia Johnny
 Hamilton in Maggie e l'incredibile Birba
 Dee Dee in Il laboratorio di Dexter
 Irma in Tartarughe Ninja alla riscossa
 Anna in Un passo dopo l'altro sulle strade di Gesù
 Celine Dion e Jennifer Aniston in Celebrity Deathmatch
 Mica Minazuki in Hyper Doll
 Luna in Harmagedon - La guerra contro Genma
 Pearlie in Pearlie
 Griselda in Robin Hood
 Personaggi vari in Le fiabe son fantasia
 Yuka Kiritake in Nazca
 Mai in Dragon Ball e Dragon Ball GT
 Ilaria in Un fiocco per sognare, un fiocco per cambiare
 Satsuki Toreishi in Humming Bird - Ragazze con le ali
 Rebound in Pound Puppies
 Cheerilee, Cherry Jubilee in My Little Pony - L'amicizia è magica
 Bea in Lalaloopsy
 Maestra Harriet in Daniel Tiger
 Anais Watterson (canto) ne Lo straordinario mondo di Gumball
 Lala (canto) in Fancy Lala
 Presea e Sierra in Magic Knight Rayearth (doppiaggio Yamato Video)
 Charlotte Hammond in Sorridi, piccola Anna
 Akemi Miyano e Sonoko Suzuki (epp. dal 33 al 107) in Detective Conan
 Yum Yum in Benvenuta Gigì
 Ultime edizioni della sigla de La Pimpa
 Dazzler in Insuperabili X-Men
 L'albero della vita

Videogiochi
 Fuzzy in Fuzzy e Floppy - Il mistero dell'ape d'oro, Fuzzy e Floppy - Il furto della rotonda, Fuzzy e Floppy - Il raggio magico
 Catherine in Riven: Il seguito di Myst
 Shinatama in Oni
 Rouge the Bat in Sonic Generations, Mario & Sonic ai Giochi Olimpici Invernali di Sochi 2014, Mario & Sonic ai Giochi Olimpici di Rio 2016, Sonic Forces, Mario & Sonic ai Giochi Olimpici di Tokyo 2020
 Koudelka Iasant, Elaine e Charlotte in Koudelka
 Sayaka in Ape Escape 3
 Ariel in Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver, Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver 2
 Ayame in Tenchu: Stealth Assassins
 Sophia Leigh in Tomb Raider III: Adventures of Lara Croft
 Segretaria, Voce alla TV in Ace Ventura
 Androide Traci in Detroit: Become Human
 Spirito degli alberi, Sorella grande uccello e conchiglia fatata in Le avventure di Pongo: Gli animali
 Spirito degli alberi, lucciola, loto e libellula in Le avventure di Pongo - Gli insetti e le piante
 Spirito degli alberi, Statua della Libertà in Le avventure di Pongo - Il mondo perduto
 Spirito degli alberi, Coco Junior, Mamma in Le avventure di Pongo - Ritorno al futuro
 Ninfa in Black & White 2
 Fattorino, Infermiera Adams, Alice Casey, Signora Underhill e Elizabeth Short in Black Dahlia
 Cameriera in Broken Sword: Il segreto dei Templari
 Madame "La Presidenta" Grasiento, Frost Ketch, Emily Ketch e Sharon Kowalski in Broken Sword II: La profezia dei Maya
 Christina Wayborn in Chase the Express
 Natasha in Commandos 2: Men of Courage
 Atma in Diablo II
 Jetta e Vecchia infetta in Druuna: Morbus Gravis
 Sarah Hopkins e Jessica James in Evidence
 Danzatrice e Musicista in Faraon
 Delores e Interrogatore n. 2 in The Feeble Files
 Grace Nakimura in Gabriel Knight 3: Il mistero di Rennes-le-Château
 Arcanista Valtrois in World of Warcraft: Legion
 Wonder Woman in Injustice 2
 Foe Hammer in Halo: Combat Evolved
 Flounder in Alla ricerca di Flounder
 Melonie Crouton, Donna Crouton e  Florence Crouton in Dementia: è uno stato mentale
 Calico Pescegatto, Stella Acquamarina e Pesce Palla in Freddi Pesce - Il caso dei maialini con le pinne
 Balba in Galline in fuga - Chicken Run
 Signora Airbag in Gas-Gas entra in gara
 APC di comando, Templari e Hoverdyne Contraereo in Ground Control
 APC di comando in Ground Control: Dark Conspiracy
 Amanda, Taffy Davenport e Vanessa in Hollywood Monsters
 Michelle Visard, Ambasciatrice Jhessela, Chira venditrice d'olio e Aceul figlio di Acul in The Journeyman Project 3 - Il retaggio del tempo

Spot

Spot radio
Kinder Merendero, Facile.it, Despar, IKEA, Einaudi Tascabili e altri.

Spot TV
 Collistar, Mantovani, Heinz Tomato Ketchup, Thermacare, Lip Woolite e altri.

Note

Collegamenti esterni


I agree! Know your worth and don't except less.
@suzi.malik Same. Someone please explain.
Negotiate cause they want peace.
I disagree!! We could be worth millions but "negotiate" with anyone we want to! Never judge a person by who they "negotiate" with!!!


Address: 9 De Castro Avenue De Castro Subdivision Pasig Metro Manila, Pasig, Metro Manila. See full address and map.
Address: Ermita Manila Metro Manila, Manila, Metro Manila. See full address and map.
Address: Shoppesville, Greenhills San Juan Metro Manila, San Juan, Metro Manila. See full address and map.
Address: 1214 Ermita Manila Metro Manila, Manila, Metro Manila. See full address and map.
Find every business listed for Antiques - Reproductions in The Philippines.


2016-03-20. It's not really possible. I could get the adjustment close, but then when you take everything apart, and put it back together something has shifted and you have to start over. I'll have to come up with a Plan B.
2016-11-06: FINALLY caved in and bought an ADM Mini-Max Guider that allows me to mount the Sky-Watcher to the left side of the side-by-side, and then mount the Lunt 60 to the other side, but on top of the Mini-Max. This makes it possible to independently point the Lunt in azimuth and elevation once the Sky-Watcher is on target. Tried it a week or so ago. Works really well. It's only rated for 10lbs, but it seems to work fine with 13-14lbs.


Expressions of the Season Art Show - Final Weeks!
If you haven't stopped by Maya Burrito this winter, stop in soon! This is your last chance to view great artwork by students from the After the Middle Art Club through Project SAFE. Participants made a variety of abstract and realistic works expressing their joy for the Holiday Season. Club Advisor, Suzanne Oldham, remarked, "I am so impressed with the creativity of this group of students! The show really sparkles!". The Expressions of the Season art show runs through February 23 and hours are Monday through Saturday 11:00 a.m. - 8:00 p.m. The next exhibit will be coming in March.
Show participants from left to right - Loreli Corbell, Zachary Nameth, Avery Moore, Avery Cook-Porter, Gabe Ogg, David James, and Riley McDaniel. Not pictured - Tommy Keavney, Madi Ellinger. Cadin Bapst, Alandria Lewis, Naia Salas, Angelina Trinh, and Madison Smith.


Historically, migraines have been treated based on the limited medical understanding of the time, or with procedures rooted in superstition or witchcraft. Skulls from 9,000 years ago show evidence of trepanation—the deliberate and (usually!) nonfatal drilling of holes into a skull to allow the evil spirits to escape. It is thought that this drastic step was taken in response to headaches, based on cave paintings and on the fact that trepanation was a migraine treatment much more recently, in seventeenth-century Europe.
Headache with neuralgia was recorded in the medical documents of the ancient Egyptians as early as 1200 B.C.E. Noting descriptions of the clinical and medical symptoms in earliest writings, it appears that migraines are among the oldest diseases known to mankind (Migraine history, 2011, news-medical.net).
Hippocrates described, in 400 B.C.E., the visual aura that can precede the migraine headache and the relief that can occur after vomiting "to release the bad vapors." Aretaeus of Cappadocia is credited as the discoverer of migraines because in the second century he described symptoms of a unilateral headache associated with vomiting and the headache-free intervals between attacks.
Hua T'o was a Chinese surgeon during the late Han Dynasty (second century A.D.) and was the first in China to use anesthetics during surgery. He may also have been the first to use acupuncture needles successfully to cure the recurrent migraines of the tyrannical founder of the kingdom.
Galenus of Pergamon used the term "hemicrania" (half-head), from which the word "migraine" was derived. He thought there was a connection between the stomach and the brain because of the nausea and vomiting that often accompanied an attack.
Work of art by George Cruikshank (1792–1878). Source: Wikimedia Commons.
In the Middle Ages, migraine was recognized as a discrete medical disorder with treatment ranging from hot irons, to blood letting, to insertion of garlic into an incision made into the temple—and even to witchcraft. Others would apply opium and vinegar solutions to the skull for "directed" pain relief.
In Bibliotheca Anatomica, Medic, Chirurgica, published in London in 1712, five major types of headaches are described, including the "megrim," recognized today as classic migraine with preceding aura (Migraine history, 2011, news-medical.net).
In the modern era, Graham and Wolff (1938) published a paper advocating ergotamine tart to relieve migraines. This was perhaps the first true medication, as it actually gave relief by causing vasoconstriction in the brain's blood vessels, which had been dilated in migraine. Side effects included nausea, vomiting, and sometimes drug dependence. Later, Wolff developed the experimental approach to the study of headache and elaborated the vascular theory of migraine, which is only now being superseded by a genetic, neurogenic model of migraine.
The newer ergot drug in the 1950s, dihydroergotamine (DHE), also acts nonspecifically on all serotonin receptor subtypes leading to vasoconstriction, though with gastrointestinal and other migraine side effects unaddressed.
The 1990s saw development of the triptans such as Imitrex (sumatriptan) for acute treatment of migraine attacks. It is a selective agonist specifically targeted for the serotonin 5-HT1 receptor, constricting the dilated blood vessels and relaxing the pain and associated symptoms with fewer off-target side effects.
Tanacetum parthenium—common name, feverfew. Source: Wikimedia Commons.
Through the centuries, many herbal remedies have been used to treat migraine headaches. The butterbur family of plants and the feverfew plant (right) have been used historically for headache relief (see Module 8 on alternative medicines). Study results have indicated that feverfew and butterbur may help reduce migraine frequency, though side effects can be serious, so quality of the herbal source is important.
Some of notable migraine sufferers include Thomas Jefferson, John F. Kennedy, Julius Caesar, Napoleon Bonaparte, Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein, Cervantes, Sigmund Freud, Elvis Presley, Elizabeth Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, Lewis Carroll, and Vincent Van Gogh, who painted aura-like forms in some of his works.