One of the irritating tasks I am required by law to perform for the government is fill in a bunch of detailed information about my business for the US Census Bureau. This is one of a number of reports the government sends me each year to fill in. The first thing I look at on these forms is whether they are required by law. If they are not, they immediately go in the trash can. In particular, I could spend 110% of my free time filling in Department of Labor surveys that seem to come for each state we operate in. The only entertainment value I get associated with these many surveys is the calls I sometimes get from government workers asking me if I would please fill in the survey. Generally I explain to them that 1. My time is too valuable to waste on this stuff and 2. There is no way in hell I am going to give them a bunch of data they will likely only use to justify new regulations that make my business life even harder.
Perhaps I am a failure as a business person, but my company does not track expenses in this detail, or at least in these specific categories. The exercise was not only absurdly time-consuming, it was impossible. Depending on my mood, I might have just filled it all in with random guesses. However, even though it is not supposed to be used this way, I couldn't shake the sense that someone someday might try to use it to compare against my tax returns (which are prepared quite carefully and accurately) and try to raise red flags. So I left it all blank. I will be interested to see how they respond.
A Global Economy in Health Care Services? Good!
I am confused by your using the word "flee". If I buy a Toyota, no one says I am "fleeing" the US manufacturing system. It is a global economy, and I don't know why the globalization of health care services is anything but a good thing. We have put so many barriers in the way of expanding capacity (licensing, certificates of need, FDA approvals, etc) and legislated so many artificial monopolies in health care, it seems perfectly reasonable, even good news, that competition for medical services is emerging from other countries.
Last night, the accumulated years of being called an evil-Koch-funded-anti-science-tobacco-lawyer-Holocaust-Denier finally caught up with me. I wrote something like 3000 words of indignation about climate alarmists corrupting the very definition of science by declaring their work "settled", answering difficult scientific questions with the equivalent of voting, and telling everyone the way to be pro-science is to listen to self-designated authorities and shut up. I looked at the draft this morning and while I agreed with everything written, I decided not to publish a whiny ode of victimization. There are plenty of those floating around already.
And then, out of the blue, I received an email from a stranger. Last year I had helped to sponsor a proposal to legalize gay marriage in Arizona. I was doing some outreach to folks in the libertarian community who had no problem with gay marriage (after all, they are libertarians) but were concerned that marriage licensing should not be a government activity at all and were therefore lukewarm about our proposition. I suppose I could have called them bigots, or homophobic, or in the pay of Big Hetero — but instead I gathered and presented data on the number of different laws, such as inheritance, where rights and privileges were tied to marriage. I argued that the government was already deeply involved with marriage, and fairness therefore demanded that more people have access to these rights and privileges. Just yesterday I had a reader send me an email that said, simply, "you changed my mind on gay marriage." It made my day. If only climate discussion could work this way.
So I decided the right way to drive change in the climate debate is not to rant about it but instead to continue to model what I consider good behavior — fact-based discussion and a recognition that reasonable people can disagree without that disagreement implying one or the other has evil intentions or is mean-spirited.
This analysis was originally published about 8 years ago, and there is no longer an online version. So for fun, I thought I would reproduce my original thought experiment on climate models that led me to the climate dark side.
I have been flattered over time that folks like Matt Ridley have picked up on bits and pieces of this analysis. See it all here.
Is Occupational Licensing Meant to Block Competition from Ethnic Minorities?
Looking at this map of state licensing regimes (darker is more onerous, with AZ being the worst), it is hard to correlate with states being Republican or Democrat. That doesn't surprise me, because I have always thought the urge to restrict competition and protect incumbents has always been a bipartisan enterprise.
So I sat and thought for a minute about my home state of AZ. Why is it the worst? We have a pretty good libertarian history here, from Goldwater onwards. We have at least one fairly libertarian Senator (Jeff Flake). So what is the deal?
My hypothesis is that it is related to immigration. The same majority Republican legislators who are generally open to free markets simultaneously have an incredible fear and loathing of immigration. Perhaps our onerous business licensing regime is driven by nativists wanting to protect themselves from competition by new immigrants, immigrants who would struggle to compete onerous licensing requirements?
Hmm, we might be getting somewhere, but its not a perfect fit. So instead, let's hypothesize that business licensing is aimed at non-white, non-hispanic groups in general (similar to early justifications for the minimum wage as a way to keep black workers migrating from the south out of traditionally "white" jobs). I cannot get it by state, but the map below by county looks pretty dang similar to the licensing map. Areas in blue have above average percent of non-whites, red is below average.
Not a perfect fit certainly (one would expect Texas to be more onerous), but perhaps close enough to treat the hypothesis seriously. I had always thought that I would be the last one to play the race card in a policy analysis, but business licensing tends to have an inherently base motive (protect one group from competition from another group) that is pretty easy to square with racial and ethnic fear.
Faulting the IRS for attempting to "unilaterally expand its authority," the D.C. Circuit today affirmed a district court decision tossing out the agency's tax-preparer licensing program. Under the program, all paid tax-return preparers, hitherto unregulated, were required to pass a certification exam, pay annual fees to the agency, and complete 15 hours of continuing education each year.
The licensing program was not only a classic example of corporate cronyism, but also of agency overreach. IRS relied on an 1884 statute empowering it to "regulate the practice of representatives or persons before [it]." Prior to 2011, IRS had never claimed that the statute gave it authority to regulate preparers. Indeed, in 2005, an IRS official testified that preparers fell outside of the law's reach.
Perhaps a first indication that the Obama Administration strategy to pack the DC Circuit with Obama appointees may not necessarily protect his executive overreach.
PS - you gotta love the IJ.
PPS - The IRS justified its actions under "an obscure 1884 statute governing the representatives of Civil War soldiers seeking compensation for dead horses"
@kdrum Missing the Point. Doctors May Control the Cartel, but Government Gives it Power.
The other day, Kevin Drum wrote a post wondering why we had so few doctors per capital in the United States and observing, reasonably, that this might be one reason to explain why physician compensation rates were higher here than in other countries.
He and Matt Yglesisus argued that this smaller number of doctors and higher compensation rates were due to a physician-operated cartel. This is a proposition I and most libertarians would agree with. In fact I, and many others apparently, wrote to him saying yes there is a cartel, but ironically it owed its existence to government interventionism in the economy and health care. In a true free market, such a cartel would only have value so long as it added value to consumers.
Drum seems to have missed the point. In this post, he reacts to themany commenters who said that government power was at the heart of the cartel by saying no, it's not the government because doctors control the nuts and bolts decisions of the cartel. Look! Doctors are in all the key positions in the key organizations that control the cartel!
Well, no sh*t. Of course they are. Just as lawyers occupy all the key slots in the ABA. But neither the ABA nor these doctors cartels would have nearly the power that they have if it were not for government laws that give them that power (e.g. giving the ABA and AMA monopoly power over licensing and school credentialing). I had never heard of the RUC before, which apparently controls internship slots, but its ability to exercise this control seems pretty tied to the billions in government money of which it controls the distribution.
Let's get out of medicine for a second. I am sure Best Buy wishes it had some mechanism to control new entrants into its business. Theoretically (and it may have even done this) it could form the Association of Bricks and Mortar Electronics Retailers (ABMER). It could even stake a position that it did not think consumers should shop at upstarts who are not ABMER members. Take that Amazon! Of course, without any particular value proposition to do so, consumers are likely to ignore the ABMER and go buy at Amazon.com anyway.
Such cartel schemes are tried all the time, and generally fail (the one exception I wonder about is the Visa/Mastercard consortium, but that is for another post). Anyway, the only way the ABMER would really work is if some sort of government licensing law were passed that required anyone selling consumer electronics to be ABMER members. And my guess is that the ABMER might not invite Amazon.com to join. All of a sudden, Amazon is out of the electronics business. Or maybe it just gets forced to deliver all its product through Best Buy stores, for a fee of course.
Crazy stupid, huh? The government would never write licensing laws to protect a small group of incumbent retailers, right? Well, tell that to Elon Musk. Tesla has been trying for years to bring its cars to consumers in innovative ways, but have time and again run up against state auto dealership laws that effectively force all cars to be sold through the state dealer cartel. Or you can talk to California wine growers, who have tried for years to sell directly to consumers in other states but get forced into selling through the state liquor wholesaler cartels.
All these cartels are controlled and manned by the industry, but they are enforced -- they are given their teeth -- by the government.
Certificate of need laws prevent hospitals from expanding or adding new equipment without government permission. The boards in this process are usually stacked with the most powerful local hospitals, who use the law to prevent competition and keep prices high. This is a great example where Drum could say that the decisions are essentially being made by hospitals. Yes they are, but they only have the power to do so because the government that grants them this licensing power over competitive capacity. Without this government backing, new hospitals would just laugh at them.
Government licensing laws let the AMA effectively write the criteria for licencing doctors, which are kept really stringent to keep the supply low. Even if I wanted to only put in stitches all day to busted up kids, I would still have to go through 8 years of medical school and residency. Drum and Yglesias focus on the the number of medical schools and residencies. I do not know if these are an issue or not. But what clearly is an issue is the fact that one has to endure 8 expensive years or more just to be able to hand out birth control or stitch up a skinned knee.
Government licensing laws help doctors fight a constant rearguard action against nurse practitioners and other less expensively trained folks who could easily do half or more of what doctors do today.
The FDA and prescription drug law not only helps pharma companies keep profits up, but also increases business to doctors as people have to have a prescription for certain drugs they could easily buy on their own (e.g birth control pills, antibiotics).
The government limits immigration and thus labor mobility, reducing the ability of doctors from other countries to move here.
There is no denying that in the middle of every industry cartel are insiders who are maneuvering to increase the rents of the incumbent players. In fact, I am sure that every industry has participants who dream about getting off the competitive treadmill and creating a nice industry cartel, and would be the first to sign up. But none of these dreams are ever going to happen unless they are enabled by the coercive power of government.
Of course, the consistent answer is, well, we just have the wrong guys running things. If we had the right guys, it would work great. But this kind of co-option always happens. Look at taxis and liquor license holders and the entire banking sector. Five years ago I would bet that progressives thought they finally had that right guy in the administration. And look what has happened. Banking cronyism is as strong as ever. Obama's signature health legislation is full of crony giveaways. In 6 months the health insurers are going to be running the entire PPACA infrastructure to their own benefit.
update: This post is verging on the "is cronyism capitalism's fault" argument. Rather than go into that again, it is here.
Arkansas orthodontist Ben Burris was hauled in front of the state dental board in September after dentists in northeast Arkansas complained that he was offering dental cleanings to the general public in his Braces by Burris orthodontics clinics. The price for dental cleanings was $98 for an adult and $68 for a child, which Burris has said is about half of what dentists in northeast Arkansas typically charge.
Burris said most of the patients who need cleanings don't have a dentist, but are checked by one of the three orthodontists in his clinic. Also, Burris said he offered the service because it was good for his business and good for the public. Some of his competitors "have gone absolutely ballistic" over the price and complained to the board, Burris said.


A vegetarian multiple vitamin/mineral supplement containing 58 nutrients for pregnant and nursing mothers.
A vegetarian multiple vitamin/mineral supplement containing 58 nutrients for pregnant and nursing mothers.* One of the highest quality prenatal multiples available. Ultimate Prenatal™ places special emphasis to the form, balance, and potency of each nutrient especially required during the prenatal period including calcium, folic acid, B6, B12, biotin, iron and copper. It also contains many additional nutrients and beneficial herbs such as red raspberry, nettle, clove, alfalfa, mint, parsley, rose and chamomile to support digestion and a feeling of wellness in the morning. Vitamin A in Ultimate Prenatal™ is 100%beta carotene, not preformed Vitamin A.


text:
The best chili recipes are loaded with flavor and require nothing more than a slice of crusty bread as a side to sop up the hearty soup. Perfect for tailgating, easy Sunday suppers, and quick weeknight meals, these top-rated chili recipes are delicious and, as a bonus, make plenty so that you can portion out lunches for the week. Nothing warms the body and soul like a hearty bowl of chili. Read the recipe reviews and you'll see why these delicious chili recipes are must-make meals. Grab a spoon and enjoy a bowl tonight.
Types of fat include vegetable oils, animal products such as butter and lard, as well as fats from grains, including maize and flax oils. Fats are used in a number of ways in cooking and baking. To prepare stir fries, grilled cheese or pancakes, the pan or griddle is often coated with fat or oil. Fats are also used as an ingredient in baked goods such as cookies, cakes and pies. Fats can reach temperatures higher than the boiling point of water, and are often used to conduct high heat to other ingredients, such as in frying, deep frying or sautéing. Fats are used to add flavor to food (e.g., butter or bacon fat), prevent food from sticking to pans and create a desirable texture.
Foodborne illness, commonly called "food poisoning", is caused by bacteria, toxins, viruses, parasites, and prions. Roughly 7 million people die of food poisoning each year, with about 10 times as many suffering from a non-fatal version.[134] The two most common factors leading to cases of bacterial foodborne illness are cross-contamination of ready-to-eat food from other uncooked foods and improper temperature control. Less commonly, acute adverse reactions can also occur if chemical contamination of food occurs, for example from improper storage, or use of non-food grade soaps and disinfectants. Food can also be adulterated by a very wide range of articles (known as "foreign bodies") during farming, manufacture, cooking, packaging, distribution, or sale. These foreign bodies can include pests or their droppings, hairs, cigarette butts, wood chips, and all manner of other contaminants. It is possible for certain types of food to become contaminated if stored or presented in an unsafe container, such as a ceramic pot with lead-based glaze.[134]
Some experts have said that speculation has merely aggravated other factors, such as climate change, competition with bio-fuels and overall rising demand.[122] However, some such as Jayati Ghosh, professor of economics at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, have pointed out that prices have increased irrespective of supply and demand issues: Ghosh points to world wheat prices, which doubled in the period from June to December 2010, despite there being no fall in global supply.[122]
Wines from other fruits, such as apples and berries, are usually named after the fruit from which they are produced combined with the word "wine" (for example, apple wine and elderberry wine) and are generically called fruit wine or country wine (not to be confused with the French term vin de pays). Other than the grape varieties traditionally used for wine-making, most fruits naturally lack either sufficient fermentable sugars, relatively low acidity, yeast nutrients needed to promote or maintain fermentation, or a combination of these three characteristics. This is probably one of the main reasons why wine derived from grapes has historically been more prevalent by far than other types, and why specific types of fruit wine have generally been confined to regions in which the fruits were native or introduced for other reasons.
Some wines are packaged in thick plastic bags within corrugated fiberboard boxes, and are called "box wines", or "cask wine". Tucked inside the package is a tap affixed to the bag in box, or bladder, that is later extended by the consumer for serving the contents. Box wine can stay acceptably fresh for up to a month after opening because the bladder collapses as wine is dispensed, limiting contact with air and, thus, slowing the rate of oxidation. In contrast, bottled wine oxidizes more rapidly after opening because of the increasing ratio of air to wine as the contents are dispensed; it can degrade considerably in a few days. Cans are one of the fastest-growing forms of alternative wine packaging on the market.[138]
The earliest use of the term in the post-industrial age appears to be in 1946 in The Farmer, a quarterly magazine published and edited from his farm by F. Newman Turner, a writer and pioneering organic farmer. The magazine sponsored the establishment of the Producer Consumer Whole Food Society Ltd, with Newman Turner as president and Derek Randal as vice-president.[66] Whole food was defined as "mature produce of field, orchard, or garden without subtraction, addition, or alteration grown from seed without chemical dressing, in fertile soil manured solely with animal and vegetable wastes, and composts therefrom, and ground, raw rock and without chemical manures, sprays, or insecticides," having intent to connect suppliers and the growing public demand for such food.[66] Such diets are rich in whole and unrefined foods, like whole grains, dark green and yellow/orange-fleshed vegetables and fruits, legumes, nuts and seeds.[63]
^ Smithers, Rebecca (February 10, 2012). "Sainsbury's changes food freezing advice in bid to cut food waste". The Guardian. Retrieved February 10, 2012. Long-standing advice to consumers to freeze food on the day of purchase is to be changed by a leading supermarket chain, as part of a national initiative to further reduce food waste. [...] instead advise customers to freeze food as soon as possible up to the product's 'use by' date. The initiative is backed by the government's waste advisory body, the Waste and Resources Action Programme (Wrap) [...] Bob Martin, food safety expert at the Food Standards Agency, said: "Freezing after the day of purchase shouldn't pose a food safety risk as long as food has been stored in accordance with any instructions provided. [...]"
From slow-cooked pull-apart pork for tacos to perfectly seasoned stews, clean eating slow cooker recipes are the perfect solution for a busy weeknight dinner. Many slow cooker ingredients rely on heavily processed ingredients, like cream of mushroom soup to create silky sauces, but those convenience products are loaded with sodium, fat, and mystery ingredients. However, these clean eating slow cooker recipes are loaded with fresh ingredients, lean proteins, and whole grains. Just choose a recipe, add it to your slow cooker, and press start. Dinner will be ready with just a touch of a button. Skip high-calorie slow cooker dinners with this list of clean eating recipes that transform real ingredients to ready-to-eat dinners.
According to Canadian Food and Drug Regulations, wine in Canada is an alcoholic drink that is produced by the complete or partial alcoholic fermentation of fresh grapes, grape must, products derived solely from fresh grapes, or any combination of them. There are many materials added during the course of the manufacture, such as yeast, concentrated grape juice, dextrose, fructose, glucose or glucose solids, invert sugar, sugar, or aqueous solutions. Calcium sulphate in such quantity that the content of soluble sulphates in the finished wine shall not exceed 0.2 per cent weight by volume calculated as potassium sulphate. Calcium carbonate in such quantity that the content of tartaric acid in the finished wine shall not be less than 0.15 per cent weight by volume. Also, sulphurous acid, including salts thereof, in such quantity that its content in the finished wine shall not exceed 70 parts per million in the free state, or 350 parts per million in the combined state, calculated as sulphur dioxide. Caramel, amylase and pectinase at a maximum level of use consistent with good manufacturing practice. Brandy, fruit spirit or alcohol derived from the alcoholic fermentation of a food source distilled to not less than 94 per cent alcohol by volume.[clarification needed] Prior to final filtration may be treated with a strongly acid cation exchange resin in the sodium ion form, or a weakly basic anion exchange resin in the hydroxyl ion form.[83]
Seeds of plants are a good source of food for animals, including humans, because they contain the nutrients necessary for the plant's initial growth, including many healthful fats, such as omega fats. In fact, the majority of food consumed by human beings are seed-based foods. Edible seeds include cereals (corn, wheat, rice, et cetera), legumes (beans, peas, lentils, et cetera), and nuts. Oilseeds are often pressed to produce rich oils - sunflower, flaxseed, rapeseed (including canola oil), sesame, et cetera.[8]
Contact us at webmaster@mecookbook.com | Sitemap xml | Sitemap txt | Sitemap

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Built in 1926 for the J. S. Brown & Bro. Mercantile Company of Denver, Colorado, the building was constructed as a warehouse for the distribution of goods. The building was connected to the world via a rail spur — the rail network was the driving force of Albuquerque commerce in the mid 1920s.
Today, it's known as the Verge Building, and is connected to the world via state-of-the-art fiber optics. Now, the Internet is the new driving force of Albuquerque's economy.
Renovated to meet the unique needs of those early stage tech companies — flexible, constantly changing — the Verge Building is New Mexico's hub for innovative companies and entrepreneurs. The building is headquarters for the Verge Fund and a number of great startups.
In East Downtown ("EDo") at the heart of Innovation Central, the Verge Building has all the benefits of being downtown with none of the challenges. Quick on and off from I-25 is combined with on-site parking. Downtown is one block away, and some of Albuquerque's best local restaurants are a short lunch walk away.
The Verge Building is next door to Innovate ABQ and the Lobo Rainforest Building, across the street from FatPipe, and in different directions, just two blocks from WESST and The STEMulus Center.
If you want to be surrounded by people building the future of New Mexico, this is the place to be.
A fusion of raw materials and contemporary architectural detailing to deconstruct the traditional workspace and create something more pleasing and efficient in its place. Exposed beams, raw brickwork, pine planks, and oak finishes are the building's original structural elements and form the core of the new design.
While the historical elements are prominent, the building shows off its high tech future with energy efficient lighting, naturally lit work spaces, translucent interior walls, flat screen equipped conference rooms and lightning fast internet connectivity.
The finished product is a modern, sophisticated environment that redefines the concept of office. The redesigned spaces and infrastructure were created with entrepreneurs in mind. Offices and work stations may be added or deleted on a monthly basis. There are no long term contracts. Shared audio/video enabled conference rooms and meeting spaces are included.
We have the rare opportunity of 3,500 s.f. available on the first floor – come join us in the heart of Innovation Central! If you're looking for a unique office setting where you will love coming to work everyday, you need to schedule a tour at the Verge Building.


MARC Adult Sandwich Cap Is Designed To Fit Almost Any Head, This Hat Also Has An Adjustable Strap Closure In The Rear, In Case You Need A Some Extra Room, And Perhaps To Give A More Snug Appearance. The Front Panel Is Customizable To Any Additional Printing Designs For Your Desired Look.Cotton (single),Size Adjustable,Great Cap For Both Men And Women.
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All residents of Pennsylvania know how important having a vehicle is and with that comes auto insurance. Due to the unstable economic times we are experiencing, the auto insurance rates keep changing from time to time. This coupled with the other increasing expenses revolving around one's life has resorted to people looking for any possible means of reducing expenditure since incomes are not increasing in the same rate. When it comes to transportation, cheaper modes are available but are often rare or an inconvenience. For this reason, most people are looking for ways of accessing Pennsylvania cheap car insurance. The ever-increasing laws governing transportation are hard to adhere to but necessary. These laws extend to the auto insurance sector, which includes them as prerequisites to their cover that in most cases result in increased rates.
There are numerous firms offering auto insurance cover in Pennsylvania. This means that the competition for clients is tight and this is an advantage to residents of Pennsylvania. As we all know, when it comes to business, the stiffer the competition between companies the more the options the public has to contend with. Provided you take time to sift through the many insurance firms, you are bound to land upon one offering Pennsylvania cheap car insurance. Due to the stiffness of the competition, the rates offered by the insurance firms are not just low but comes with a number of benefits to beguile you into picking them as your auto insurer. When it comes to teenage drivers however, things are never easy for them.
It may be hard for them to access Pennsylvania cheap car insurance since insurance firms tend to inflate their rates when it comes to insuring teenagers. This however is not without good reason. Statistics show that teens are fast, careless, and accident-prone drivers. On the other hand, seniors or persons above the age of 50 do not have to pay as much for auto insurance. This is especially due to their many years driving experience and most of all their maturity as compared to teenagers. However, cheap car insurance in Pennsylvania is available to teenagers who maintain some form of road etiquette plus many other aspects. A teen who maintains a stainless driving record can be liable to reducing their auto insurance premiums. One may wonder why someone who does not pay taxes or bills wants to save so much, but they do.
Searching for Pennsylvania cheap car insurance is a financially sound idea for everyone. As long as you search without ceasing until you find an auto insurance policy that covers all your needs and has low rates while comparing the quotes against each other. Keeping this up will ensure that you do not overpay for auto insurance but get the best value services for your investment. For those with existing auto insurance policies, our advice is that you enter your Zip at the top of this page to compare it against the other providers in your area. On the other hand, for those new to auto insurance, doing the same will ensure that you get the best low rate auto insurance available in your area.


The Series I was such a success that it spawned the Series II and Series III, an example of which became the millionth Land Rover sold just 28 years after the very first prototype.
That millionth car also appeared in the parade, as part of a group of 25 early Series I, II and III vehicles including fire engines, SAS vehicles, aircraft crash rescue and African expedition heroes – demonstrating the breadth of the versatility of Land Rover over the years. All four generations of Range Rover featured in the convoy, including a Trans-Americas Expedition example which crossed the all-but-impassable Darien Gap in 1971 and a 2004 example used by Cheshire Police.
Also present was Land Rover's Discovery nameplate showcased with an example of each of the five generations, including a round-the-world expedition car, the first Discovery ever built and the millionth Discovery to roll off the line. Representing Land Rover's very latest crop of off-road vehicles was an example of each of the latest line-up; Range Rover, Range Rover Sport, Velar, Discovery, Discovery Sport, Evoque and Evoque Convertible.


OrangeCD Player is a compact freeware program that allows you to listen audio CDs through your computer CD-ROM and audio card. The player supports FreeDB Internet database and integrates with music database software. Other features include various playback modes, play lists, direct track access and disc position memory. Now, if you restart your computer frequently, you don't have to listen to the first song of the CD again and again.
...... Now, if you restart your computer frequently, you don't have to listen to the first song of the CD again and again.
It is compact and does not occupy your screen space.
It allows the context menu customizations. You can hide menu commands that you don't need (such as About) and put those that you use frequently on top.
It allows the tooltip display customizations.
It has integrated volume controls.
It fully supports FreeDB protocol. Each time you insert a new CD, it automatically downloads track titles and other information from Internet, so you never have to type the titles manually.
It integrates well with our music catalog software.
It supports multiple CD-ROMs or CD changers.
Qweas is providing links to OrangeCD Player 6.4.7.16830 as a courtesy, and makes no representations regarding OrangeCD Player or any other applications or any information related thereto.
Any questions, complaints or claims regarding this application OrangeCD Player 6.4.7.16830 must be directed to the appropriate software vendor.
You may click the publisher link of OrangeCD Player on the top of this page to get more details about the vendor.


Here is a photo of my wire sculpture before painting. This exercise was part of our build up to our topic "Make It Work!"
Us back at school with our drinks.
Today Tamaki and I used our voucher to take one friend out for lunch. We chose Hannah and we had McDonalds.Tamaki had a Son of Mac combo, Hannah had a Medium Cheeseburger combo and I had a McChicken 'n' Cheese combo. We recommend them all. Thankyou to Miss Sullivan for taking us.
Here are some videos of the four boys using Hemi's table tennis voucher. There are some fantastic shots and some crack-ups.
Also - click here to see Harakeke's maths post.
You will need to click the YouTube symbol on the bottom right hand side to play the video.
Today we had our third challenge for our topic called "Make It Work!" The challenge was called "A Bit Dicey!" For this challenge we had to balance six dice on a Popsicle stick in a vertical tower and make them balance for three seconds without them falling off. We had one minute to complete the challenge.
Holding the stick to the side of your mouth.
Biting down hard on the stick to keep it in place.
Closing your lips around the stick for extra security/support.
Sitting down on a chair instead of standing up.
Something that I would change for next time would be to try different strategies in the competition each time one idea failed.


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Q: Different values in app and on real database I am not able to explain the following issue.
I am working on an Android app. MainActivity has a method that calls a webservice to retrieve data.
I am checking the data and there is something very strange.
This is how am I getting the data:
private void getData() {

        // SqLite database handler
        db = new SQLiteHandler(this.getApplicationContext());

        // session manager
        session = new SessionManager(this.getApplicationContext());

        if (!session.isLoggedIn()) {
            logoutUser();
        }

        // Fetching user details from sqlite
        HashMap<String, String> user = db.getUserDetails();

        String name = user.get("name");
        String email = user.get("email");
        String imagen = user.get("imagen");
        String user_id = user.get("uid");
        String nivel_usuario = user.get("nivel_usuario");

        Log.d("HOLA PERFIL", "UID LOGEADO en sqlite: " + nivel_usuario);
        String id = user_id;

        loading = ProgressDialog.show(this,"Please wait...","Loading data...",false,false);

        String url = ConfigPerfil.DATA_URL+id;

        StringRequest stringRequest = new StringRequest(url, new Response.Listener<String>() {
            @Override
            public void onResponse(String response) {
                loading.dismiss();
                showJSON(response);
            }
        },
                new Response.ErrorListener() {
                    @Override
                    public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {
                       // Toast.makeText(this,error.getMessage().toString(),Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
                    }
                });

        RequestQueue requestQueue = Volley.newRequestQueue(this);
        requestQueue.add(stringRequest);

    }

    private void showJSON(String response){
        Log.d("HOLA PERFIL", "RESPONSE: " + response);
        String name="";
        String email="";
        String imagen = "";
        String nivel_usuario = "";
        String cel_verificado = "";

        try {
            JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject(response);
            JSONArray result = jsonObject.getJSONArray(ConfigPerfil.JSON_ARRAY);
            JSONObject collegeData = result.getJSONObject(0);
            name = collegeData.getString(ConfigPerfil.KEY_NAME);
            email = collegeData.getString(ConfigPerfil.KEY_EMAIL);
            imagen = collegeData.getString(ConfigPerfil.KEY_IMAGEN);
            nivel_usuario = collegeData.getString(ConfigPerfil.KEY_NIVEL_USUARIO );
            cel_verificado = collegeData.getString(ConfigPerfil.KEY_CEL_VERIFICADO );

            if (cel_verificado.equals("0")){
                Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),
                        "CEL NUMBER NOT VERIFIED", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();

                //Get_Cel();
                Intent intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this,
                        VerificarCelActivity.class);
                startActivity(intent);
            }
            else
            {
                Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),
                        "CEL NUMBER VERIFIED", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
            }

        } catch (JSONException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        Log.d("HOLA PERFIL", "NIVEL USUARIO EN MAIN: " + nivel_usuario);
        Log.d("HOLA PERFIL", "NIVEL USUARIO EN MAIN CEL VERIFICADO: " + cel_verificado);

        txtNameU.setText(name);
        txtWebsite.setText(email);

        String cliente = "CLIENT";
        String  driver = "DRIVER";

        if (nivel_usuario.equals("1")) {
            txtTipo.setText(cliente);
        }
        if (nivel_usuario.equals("2")) {
            txtTipo.setText(driver);
        }
        Glide.with(this).load(urlProfileImg+imagen)
                .crossFade()
                .thumbnail(0.5f)
                .bitmapTransform(new CircleTransform(this))
                .diskCacheStrategy(DiskCacheStrategy.ALL)
                .into(imgProfile);

    }

This log shows me following:
JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject(response);
10-25 23:29:43.639 7117-7117/com.juarezserver.sdocks D/HOLA PERFIL: RESPONSE: {"result":[{"name":"yo","id":"141","email":"modestovasco@gmail.com","imagen":"blue-user-icon.png","nombre":"FName","apellidos":"LName","nivel_usuario":"1","cel_verificado":"0","celular":"+526566742909"}]}

Please take a look at the value at cel_verificado = 0
If I execute the PHP directly from the browser, the echoed result is:
{"result":[{"name":"yo","id":"141","email":"modestovasco@gmail.com","imagen":"blue-user-icon.png","nombre":"FName","apellidos":"LName","nivel_usuario":"1","cel_verificado":"1","celular":"+526566742909"}]}

And the real value in the database is:

I am working to find the source for the issue for over 3 hours, and no success.
Any clue to how to detect the problem is very welcome
EDITED
I guess it has to do with some kind of cache...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
ANGEO, 40, 1–10, 2022
Ann. Geophys., 40, 1–10, 2022
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-1-2022
Regular paper 04 Jan 2022
Regular paper | 04 Jan 2022
Types of pulsating aurora: comparison of model and EISCAT electron density observations
Types of pulsating aurora: comparison of model and EISCAT electron density observations Types of pulsating aurora: comparison of model and EISCAT electron density observations Fasil Tesema et al.
Fasil Tesema1,2, Noora Partamies1,2, Daniel K. Whiter3, and Yasunobu Ogawa4 Fasil Tesema et al. Fasil Tesema1,2, Noora Partamies1,2, Daniel K. Whiter3, and Yasunobu Ogawa4
1Arctic Geophysics department, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen 9170, Norway
2Birkeland Centre for Space Science, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
3School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
4National Institute of Polar Research, 90-8518 Tokyo, Japan
Correspondence: Fasil Tesema (fasil.tesema@unis.no)
Received: 16 Mar 2021 – Discussion started: 29 Mar 2021 – Revised: 15 Nov 2021 – Accepted: 22 Nov 2021 – Published: 04 Jan 2022
Energetic particle precipitation associated with pulsating aurora (PsA) can reach down to lower mesospheric altitudes and deplete ozone. It is well documented that pulsating aurora is a common phenomenon during substorm recovery phases. This indicates that using magnetic indices to model the chemistry induced by PsA electrons could underestimate the energy deposition in the atmosphere. Integrating satellite measurements of precipitating electrons in models is considered to be an alternative way to account for such an underestimation. One way to do this is to test and validate the existing ion chemistry models using integrated measurements from satellite and ground-based observations. By using satellite measurements, an average or typical spectrum of PsA electrons can be constructed and used as an input in models to study the effects of the energetic electrons in the atmosphere. In this study, we compare electron densities from the EISCAT (European Incoherent Scatter scientific radar system) radars with auroral ion chemistry and the energetics model by using pulsating aurora spectra derived from the Polar Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) as an energy input for the model. We found a good agreement between the model and EISCAT electron densities in the region dominated by patchy pulsating aurora. However, the magnitude of the observed electron densities suggests a significant difference in the flux of precipitating electrons for different pulsating aurora types (structures) observed.
Tesema, F., Partamies, N., Whiter, D. K., and Ogawa, Y.: Types of pulsating aurora: comparison of model and EISCAT electron density observations, Ann. Geophys., 40, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-1-2022, 2022.
Pulsating aurora (PsA) is a diffuse type of aurora with distinctive structures as arcs, bands, arc segments, and patches that are blinking on and off independently within a period of few seconds (Royrvik and Davis, 1977; Yamamoto, 1988). The sizes of pulsating aurora range from 10 to 200 km horizontally and 10 to 40 km vertically and usually occur at around 100 km altitude (McEwen et al., 1981; Jones et al., 2009; Hosokawa and Ogawa, 2015; Nishimura et al., 2020; Tesema et al., 2020b). Pulsating aurora is often observed after midnight, during the recovery phase of a substorm, and at the equatorward part of the auroral oval (Lessard, 2012; Nishimura et al., 2020), and it can persist for more than 2 h (Jones et al., 2011; Partamies et al., 2017; Bland et al., 2019; Tesema et al., 2020a). However, substorm growth- and expansion-phase PsA (McKay et al., 2018), as well as afternoon PsA (Berkey, 1978), have also been reported.
The latitude of pulsating aurora can span a wide range, which depends on the geomagnetic activity and local time. In general, PsA is often observed between 56 and 77∘ of magnetic latitude (Grono and Donovan, 2020; Oguti et al., 1981). During the post-midnight period, it is restricted to between 60 and 70∘ magnetic latitude, and in the morning sector, it moves to higher latitudes between 65 and 75∘. The source location of these regions maps to the magnetosphere between 4 and 15 RE (Grono and Donovan, 2020). PsA is very common, with an occurrence rate of about 30 % around magnetic midnight (Oguti et al., 1981) and above 60 % in the morning sector (Oguti et al., 1981; Bland et al., 2019).
The energy of the precipitating electrons during pulsating aurora spans a wide range of magnitudes, which are predominantly between 10 and 200 keV (Miyoshi et al., 2015; Tesema et al., 2020a). However, electron energies as low as 1 keV have also been reported (McEwen et al., 1981). PsA can consist of microbursts of relativistic electrons in the high-energy tail of the precipitation, which makes PsA an important magnetosphere–ionosphere (MI) coupling process in studying radiation belt dynamics (Miyoshi et al., 2020). A significant number of studies have shown that the precipitation of PsA electrons is driven by wave–particle interactions (Miyoshi et al., 2010; Nishimura et al., 2010, 2020; Kasahara et al., 2018). Recent studies further show that chorus waves play an important role in the pitch angle scattering of electrons over a wide range of energy during pulsating aurora (Nishimura et al., 2010; Miyoshi et al., 2020). Electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves are also a possible candidate in causing pulsating aurora, especially at the lower end of the PsA energy spectrum (Fukizawa et al., 2018; Nishimura et al., 2020).
A recent study by Grono and Donovan (2018) categorized pulsating aurora into three different types in relation to their structural stability and motion along the ionospheric convection. Salient and persistent structures moving along the ionospheric convection belong to patchy pulsating aurora (PPA), and transient structures with no definite motion characterize amorphous pulsating aurora (APA), which are the dominant PsA types. In addition, the third category, patchy aurora (PA), consists of very persistent structure with limited pulsation at the patch edges. The energy of the electrons associated with the pulsating aurora types are different (Yang et al., 2019; Tesema et al., 2020b). From a total of 92 PsA events, Tesema et al. (2020b) compared the D-region ionization level obtained by the EISCAT (European Incoherent Scatter scientific radar system) radars for different types of PsA and suggested that PPA is the dominant type of aurora affecting the D-region atmosphere. The different categories of PsA reported in Grono and Donovan (2018) originated from different source regions of the magnetosphere, where PPA and PA mapped entirely to the inner magnetosphere, while the APA source region spanned both the inner and outer magnetosphere (Grono and Donovan, 2020). This indicates that PsA can contribute to our understanding of the radiation belt dynamics as well, despite the challenges imposed by the large spatiotemporal variation in the PsA structures.
Energetic PsA electrons can affect the chemistry of the mesosphere by the strong production of odd hydrogen, which depletes ozone in catalytic reactions (Turunen et al., 2016; Tesema et al., 2020a). As demonstrated by Tesema et al. (2020a), the softest PsA precipitation does not have chemical consequences. It was further suggested in their study that it is mainly PA and PPA that can most effectively ionize the atmosphere below 100 km.
In this study, we test an ion chemistry and energetics model, using measurements of precipitating electrons from a low-altitude satellite as an energy input. We compared the EISCAT electron density measurements with the model output electron density to investigate the ionization level during different types of pulsating aurora. This will enable us to understand the ionization rates and energy spectra, as they are measured at very different spatial and temporal resolutions, as well as the ionization changes in the transitions between different PsA types.
2 Data and methods
The optical data used in this study are from an all-sky camera (ASC) located in Tromsø (69.58∘ N, 19.21∘ E) in Norway (shown in Fig. 1), which is at the same site as the EISCAT radars. It belongs to the network of Watec monochromatic imagers (WMIs), which is owned and operated by the National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR). The WMI consists of a highly sensitive Watec camera, a fish eye lens, and a bandpass filter at 428, 558, and 630 nm, with a bandwidth of 10 nm. The imaging system is capable of taking images with a 1 s time resolution. In this study, we used images from the 558 nm filter. Technical details of the ASC can be found in Ogawa et al. (2020).
Figure 1Geographic locations of the ground-based ASC station and EISCAT radars in Tromsø (TRO; red dot), Norway. The red circle marks the ASC field of view (FOV) at about 110 km altitude. Polar Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) overpasses were selected so that their footpoints could be mapped to the ASC FOV.
Measurements of precipitating electrons from an overpassing satellite, the Polar Operational Environmental Satellite (POES), are used to construct the spectrum of PsA electrons. We used corrected and calibrated POES measurements, as described in Nesse Tyssøy et al. (2016). The spectrum is used as an input to the model discussed below. We adopted the same procedure as explained in Tesema et al. (2020a) to construct the spectrum and extrapolate the softer precipitation end using a power law function. This includes the energy range from 50 eV to 1 MeV.
Field-aligned and vertical electron density measurements are obtained from very high frequency or ultra-high frequency (VHF; UHF) EISCAT radars located in Tromsø. Instead of the standard 1 min resolution data available to the public in the EISCAT database, we use a 5 s resolution electron density processed using the GUISDAP (Grand Unified Incoherent Scatter Design and Analysis Package) software to match with the high-resolution auroral imaging. The electron density measurements of the EISCAT radars are used to compare the ionization level during the pulsating aurora, with the electron density from the model described below.
The auroral model used in this study is the combination of an electron transport code (Lummerzheim and Lilensten, 1994) and a time-dependent ion chemistry and energetics model (Palmer, 1995; Lanchester et al., 2001), which solves the coupled continuity equations for positive ions and minor neutrals above 80 km altitude.
In this study, we used the directly measured energy of precipitating electrons by POES to construct the spectrum for the input. We start the model run with an empty ionosphere since prompt precipitation below 120 km does not respond to the softer precipitation that is usually used to warm up the ionosphere for upper atmospheric studies. The runtime and time step for the model was about 3.5 and 0.2 s, respectively. The minimum and maximum altitude of the model run is 80 and 500 km, respectively. Thus, the model does not reproduce ionization below 80 km, which corresponds to 100 keV (Turunen et al., 2009).
The electron density output from the model is compared with the EISCAT-measured electron density. This will enable us to answer the question of whether the overpass-averaged spectrum is a good representative as model input or if the patchiness of the aurora should be considered in atmospheric models. Requiring the availability of EISCAT data, POES overpasses, and PsA from ASC images resulted in three events. Keograms (north–south overview) and ewograms (east–west overview) of ASC images are constructed to further classify and study the pulsating aurora structures and the associated precipitation.
Pulsating aurora can easily be identified from ASC keograms (e.g., Partamies et al., 2017), and be categorized into different types using ewograms (Grono and Donovan, 2018). A keogram is created by extracting north–south pixel columns of consecutive individual all-sky images and stacking them in time, and an ewogram is an east–west counterpart of a keogram. The energy and flux of the precipitating electrons can be inferred indirectly from the altitude and magnitude of the maximum electron density measured by ground-based incoherent scatter radars. Combining ASC data, EISCAT electron density measurements, electron density output from auroral model, and PsA energy spectra from POES measurements, we investigate the characteristics of precipitating PsA electrons and their ionization effects during three PsA events, as follows.
3.1 Event 1: 17 November 2012
Figure 2 shows a keogram, ewogram, and the EISCAT electron density measurements on 17 November 2012 between 04:00 and 05:00 UT. The keogram and ewogram are generated from 1 s time resolution ASC images taken at the Tromsø EISCAT site. Before 04:27 UT, there was no electron density enhancement in the D and E regions, as there is no electron density enhancement or auroral activity during this period. After 04:27 UT, a significant electron density enhancement (more than 1 order of magnitude) is seen below 110 km. Correspondingly, the ASC data showed PsA drifting into the EISCAT field of view (FOV), where it stayed until 04:43 UT. The PsA seen during this period is dominantly the APA type. There is PPA type in the poleward region of the ASC FOV. After 04:43 UT, this PPA drifted from north to east and became visible in the EISCAT radar FOV. The APA coverage started to diminish, and the PPA took over most of the camera FOV. A clear transition in the EISCAT electron density is apparent at 04:43 UT. The electron density showed a thicker layer, and the precipitation reached deeper, below 90 km, especially after 04:49 UT. The thicker layer and more energetic precipitation corresponds to the PPA seen over the EISCAT radar.
Figure 3 shows the ASC images at 16 s intervals (Fig. 3g–k), the PsA spectrum constructed from POES measurements at the blue dots on the ASC images (Fig. 3g–l), the electron density measured by EISCAT and modeled using the POES spectra, and green line emission intensity at the EISCAT (red) and POES (blue) measurement locations. From the ASC images, it is clearly seen that the PsA structures are slowly drifting to the east, with decreasing intensity in the south (see also video 1 in the Supplement). This drift can be seen as patch lines (path lines appear with or without striations for patchy pulsating or patchy aurora, respectively; Grono et al., 2017) in the ewogram in Fig. 2. The median intensity of 10 pixels around the location of EISCAT (red) and the POES measurements (blue) are plotted in Fig. 3l. The intensity at the location of EISCAT over the entire duration was high, while at the location of the POES measurements in the last three ASC images the intensity is extremely low. Looking at the electron density comparison between the model and EISCAT radar measurements, there is a good agreement between the two (Fig. 3g–j), except for the last two panels (Fig. 3k–l), where the POES and EISCAT observations are looking into an entirely different region of auroral intensity. The first four points of the POES observation spectra show similar magnitudes; the curves (a–e) plotted in Fig. 3f correspond to the ASC observations in Fig. 3a–e. During this period, the altitude of maximum electron density in the EISCAT measurements was 95 km, and from the model output, it was 105 km. There is no significant differences in the electron density profiles as the FOV of EISCAT is mostly looking into a patch. The POES data points were also measurements within the patch's on period, except in Fig. 3d, where there was very low emission (Fig. 3l). Even though the emission intensity was low right after the whole FOV of the camera was filled with patches (as seen in the keogram plot in Fig. 2), the electron density agreement between the model and EISCAT stayed the same in Fig. 3k. From Fig. 3d, POES is looking into a low-emission region, which has correspondingly low fluxes in the spectra, which is similar to the spectra as in Fig. 3e–f. It is also clearly evident that, above 10 keV, the flux of electrons in Fig. 3d stayed similar to the previous three ASC observations. However, for the last two ASC observations (Fig. 3e–f), the POES observations were probably outside the precipitation region as the precipitating electron energies in the spectrum plot showed a large decrease above 10 keV in Fig. 3g. This causes a huge discrepancy between the model and EISCAT electron densities, accordingly.
Figure 2Keogram (a), ewogram (b), and EISCAT electron density as a function of height (c) from UHF radar in Tromsø on 17 November 2012 between 04:00 and 05:00 UT. The EISCAT beam points to the center of the keogram at 235 pixels and in the ewogram at 245 pixels. The electron density is displayed in a logarithmic color scale. The blue dashed vertical line is the separation between APA and PPA, based on the FOV of EISCAT.
Figure 3ASC images (a–e), with spectra constructed from POES and power law extrapolation (f). The curves labeled as a–e in panel (f) are corresponding spectra to the blue point on the ASC images, with the model (blue) and EISCAT (field aligned from UHF radar in red; zenith measurements from VHF radar in black) electron densities. Panels (g–k) correspond to the ASC images in panels (a–e), with relative auroral intensities at the location of the satellite measurements as a function of time, blue dots at POES data points corresponding to (a)–(e), and red dots at EISCAT.
The spectra from POES (Fig. 3g) does not show significant variations, except for the last two spectra in time. Above 10 keV, there is a significant drop in electron flux for the last two observations (Fig. 3e–f). This corresponds to the low emission observed at those two points in the ASC images. The electron density comparison shows a good agreement between altitudes of 90 and 120 km in the first four panels. However, the last two panels show a big difference in the electron fluxes. The shape of the curves in these two panels are similar, and the gap between the curves below 80 km becomes narrower in these two panels.
The altitude of the maximum electron density showed a significant difference between the model run and the EISCAT observations. However, the magnitude of the electron density showed a good agreement between 85 and 120 km. The height of the maximum electron density for the model output is about 105 km (corresponding to 10 keV electrons), and model output of the EISCAT measurements is 95 km (corresponding to 25 keV electrons; Turunen et al., 2009). Note that the model can only reproduce the electron density above 80 km, and thus, below 90 km the discrepancy between the two densities becomes larger. The electron densities above 120 km are due to the softer precipitation and were approximated by a power law function, which may not reproduce realistic ionization in this region. In addition, we did not perform a warming up of the ionosphere (the model run started from an empty ionosphere) since we are interested in the prompt energetic electron precipitation effects below 120 km. However, comparing the region between 85 and 120 km, the model and EISCAT electron densities showed an average difference of half an order of magnitude.
The last two panels in the electron density (Fig. 3k–l) comparison showed a kink-like structure at around 90 km, corresponding to 40 keV electrons. From the spectrum, it is apparent that, above 40 keV, the spectra for these two cases (magenta and cyan colors) showed almost the same fluxes. The median intensity around the EISCAT and satellite observations showed a large difference in these two panels (Fig. 3k–l). From the EISCAT electron density plots shown in Fig. 3h–l, the zenith (black curve) and field-aligned measurements (red curve) are similar. This event was studied by Miyoshi et al. (2015), using the same EISCAT data; however, we used different ASC data and additional satellite data and model outputs in this study.
Figure 4Keogram (a), ewogram (b), and EISCAT electron density (c) from UHF radar at Tromsø on 9 November 2015 between 02:00 and 03:00 UT. The EISCAT beam points to the center of the keogram at 235 pixels and in the ewogram at 230 pixels. The electron density is displayed in a logarithmic color scale. The blue dashed vertical line shows the separation between APA and PPA.
3.2 Event 2: 9 November 2015
Figure 4 shows the keogram, ewogram, and EISCAT electron density measurements on 9 November 2015 between 02:00 and 03:00 UT. The keogram and ewogram are generated from 1 s time resolution ASC images in Tromsø. For this event, a mixture of PsA types is clearly seen. Before 02:24 UT, the PsA type was APA, which was followed by both APA and PPA (see also video 2 in the Supplement). During this 1 h period, the PsA structure and the magnitude of the electron density over the ASC and EISCAT FOV change significantly. After 02:24 UT, the PPA starts to emerge from the south and move northward to fill the FOV after 02:42 UT. The electron density significantly dropped between 02:04 and 02:28 UT (Fig. 4c), when the EISCAT FOV was predominantly observing the APA type. After 02:44 UT, the dominant PPA type corresponds to the increase in electron density and also deeper precipitation. It is also clearly seen that the width of the ionization layer starts to become thicker after 02:20 UT when a mix of PsA types and, later, PPA is observed over the FOV of EISCAT.
Figure 5ASC images (a–d), spectra constructed from POES and the power law extrapolation (e), where the curves labeled as a–d are the corresponding spectra to the blue points on the ASC images, the model and EISCAT electron densities (f–i; colors as in Fig. 3), and the relative auroral intensities (j) at the location of the satellite measurements (blue dots) and at the EISCAT beam points (red dots), which can be found in panels (a)–(d).
Figure 5 shows the ASC observation, the POES spectra for the overpass data points (blue dots), the electron density measurements at EISCAT (red dots in the ASC images), and the electron density from the model output (blue curve), using the spectra obtained from POES (blue dots in the ASC images). The ASC images were dominated by two different auroral structures. The poleward portion of the ASC is filled with a diffuse arc and the equatorward portion with patches. It is not clearly seen if the diffuse arc is pulsating or not. But, when displaying all images as a video (see the video Supplement), the structure over the EISCAT FOV is seen to be pulsating and can be categorized as APA. However, the POES measurements encounter a different type of PsA, namely PPA.
The spectra measured by POES are shown in Fig. 5e. The peak flux of the electrons was observed below 10 keV. Above 100 keV, data point 4 showed significantly higher fluxes compared to the others. The height difference of the maximum electron density between the model output and EISCAT observations is small. However, the fluxes show more than 1 order of magnitude difference. The emission intensity at data point 4 and at the EISCAT observation point showed a large difference. The POES data point 4 is entirely within the PPA precipitation region, while EISCAT is looking into the APA type. Note that this data point 4 showed higher fluxes in the energy range above 100 keV.
Figure 6As in Fig. 4 but for event 3.
3.3 Event 3: 13 January 2016
Figure 6 shows the keogram, ewogram, and electron densities on 13 January 2016 between 05:00 and 06:00 UT. From the ASC, a very slowly drifting and persistently stable structure of pulsating aurora is seen over the whole ASC FOV, including the EISCAT FOV after 05:10 UT. A clear increase in electron density is observed when the pulsating patch is on and drifting in and out of the EISCAT FOV. The pulsating aurora over the entire FOV of the ASC is predominantly PPA during the 1 h period; however, there are also some APA components seen in the keogram and ewogram plots. For example, before 05:15 UT, the APA type is seen in most of the ASC FOV. The ionization layer thickness also varies when the patch is visible in the EISCAT FOV (see video 3 in the Supplement). The thickness of the ionization layer around 05:25 UT is different from the thickness of the ionized layer seen just before 05:20 UT.
Figure 7As in Figs. 3 and 5 but for event 3.
As shown in Fig. 7a–e, the POES measurement is not co-located with the EISCAT location; however, the structure of the PsA is the same over the ASC FOV. As is shown in Fig. 7f, the POES energy spectra is very similar in magnitude and shape in all the overpassing data points. From the ASC images (Fig. 7a–e), the EISCAT is looking in to the edge of a pulsating patch, while the POES is looking in to a patch and at the edge of a patch as it overpasses the pulsating aurora.
This event occurred very late in the morning, around 08:00 MLT (magnetic local time). A persistent structure was observed over the whole FOV of the camera for the time period where the satellite is overpassing the region. The EISCAT electron density showed constant values at 95–115 km but agrees well with the model electron density around 90 km. In Fig. 7h–k, the electron densities showed a good agreement below 105 km. However, the discrepancy between the electron densities started at an altitude of 90 km (Fig. 7g), and the electron densities below 87 km showed a significant difference (Fig. 7j–k). There is no significant increase in the fluxes at any specific energy during this whole observation period, but the spectra rather showed a steep decrease at all the energy levels. The median auroral emission intensity showed a similar decreasing trend at both the EISCAT location and at the satellite observation point.
In this study, three PsA events were analyzed for their ionization characteristics. Each event analysis included high-resolution electron density measurements from the EISCAT Tromsø radar, high-resolution ASC images from the same site, and in situ particle precipitation measurements from an overpassing POES. The in situ particle spectra were used as an input to an ionospheric model, and the model results were compared to the measured electron densities. Despite the differences between the space-borne and ground-based measurements, the conjugate measurements reveal some valuable details about the different PsA types.
Event 1 on 17 November occurred very late in the morning sector, at around 07:30 MLT, where harder precipitation is often reported to be present (Hosokawa and Ogawa, 2015). This is clearly seen in the EISCAT electron density measurements as a significant ionization below 80 km. A similar local time evolution of hardening precipitation was recently investigated by Tesema et al. (2020b) in a more statistical approach, which included EISCAT and optical data from the same geographical area. However, the cut-off altitude of the model is 80 km, which causes a large discrepancy between the model and the EISCAT electron density below 80 km. The 13 January event (event 3), which occurred about 30 min later than event 1 in local time, showed a very good agreement between the measured and modeled electron densities in the altitude range below 95 km during a softer type of precipitation. This indicates that the model is capable of reproducing measured electron densities with half an order of magnitude difference within the height region of the prompt ionization at 80–120 km and during precipitation that primarily includes particle energies which impact this height range (∼ 1–100 keV). Our conclusions are, thus, focused on interpreting the height range of 80–120 km.
In two of the three cases (both November events 1 and 2) presented in this work, the PsA category changed within the observed 1 h time period. During both events, the APA that was observed first changed into more persistent PPA. An enhancement in the measured electron density was observed at the same time, with the optical transition between the two categories as shown by vertical dashed lines in Figs. 2 and 4. Furthermore, in the November 2015 event (event 2), the POES passed over the ASC station at the time of the transition between APA and PPA types. This resulted in a big difference, of more than 1 order of magnitude, between the electron densities and in the altitude of the modeled and measured maximum electron density. In event 2, the satellite primarily measured the PPA-type precipitation, while the EISCAT radar was looking mainly into the APA-type precipitation. This suggests that a mixture of PsA types is the likely cause of the observed discrepancy.
As previously shown by a statistical analysis of the PsA type (Grono and Donovan, 2020), APA has a tendency to occur at earlier local times than PPA and PA, i.e., around and even prior to midnight. A similar order of the PsA types was found in two of our three case studies which included the transition between the different PsA types. This further suggests that the APA type may dominate the PsA events which occur during (or in between) substorm activity and predominantly undergo an increase in patch sizes during the event evolution (Partamies et al., 2019). Because these PsA events are embedded into substorm aurora, and thus would typically cover limited spatial regions compared to PA and PPA, an overpassing spacecraft is likely to measure a mixture of different precipitation types and, thus, provide a false estimate for electron spectra at a near-conjugate ground location. However, deeper into the morning sector, where the PsA is more often PA or PPA (Grono and Donovan, 2020), the regions covered by PsA are large. In this kind of case, our findings (clearest for event 1) suggest that the overpass average of the in situ particle spectra agrees well with the ground-based measurements of electron densities. As the overpass-averaged spacecraft spectrum would necessarily include precipitation information for patches in both their on and off phases, this finding indicates that the patchiness of PsA is not a key factor in the energy deposition to the atmosphere. More detailed analysis is needed for a large number of different PsA types to confirm this result, but nonetheless, this finding may have important implications for PsA modeling studies for atmospheric chemistry impact.
5 Conclusions
By combining EISCAT electron density, electron precipitation measurements from POES, and model electron density outputs, we study three PsA events identified using Tromsø high-resolution ASC data. We observed different types of PsA in the three cases. We showed that the near-midnight PsA event (event 2), which includes a mix of PsA types (APA and PPA), showed a significant electron density magnitude difference between EISCAT and model outputs. The model and EISCAT electron density magnitude in the morning sector events (events 1 and 3), which consisted of measurements when the POES overpassed entirely over PPA types, showed a very good agreement in which the difference lies within half an order of magnitude. This suggests that the PsA spectra from POES used in modeling during a mix of PsA types could give an incorrect estimate if averaged spectra are used to model the energy deposition. However, the agreement during both the morning sector events indicated that overpass-averaged spectra are a very good estimate to model the PsA energy deposition without considering the patchiness of the PsA. This also indicates that the MLT dependence of PsA types might play an important role in future studies of atmospheric effects of PsA.
The quick-look all-sky camera (ASC) images and keograms for the event selection are available at the Auroral Quicklook Viewer of the National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) ground-based network (http://pc115.seg20.nipr.ac.jp/www/AQVN/index.html, last access: 23 Dcember 2021). All-sky camera data are obtained upon request to the principal investigator of the auroral observation (uapdata@nipr.ac.jp) at the NIPR. Raw EISCAT data used in this analysis are available at http://portal.eiscat.se/schedule/schedule.cgi (last access: 23 Dcember 2021), and the GUISDAP (Grand Unified Incoherent Scatter Design and Analysis Package) software used to analyze the EISCAT raw data in a high time resolution is available at https://eiscat.se/scientist/user-documentation/guisdap/ (last access: 19 Dcember 2021).
NP helped in event selection and analysis, DKW provided the ionospheric model run, and OY helped with the analysis and provided the high-resolution all-sky camera data. All authors contributed by providing the necessary data and discussions and writing the paper.
The contact author has declared that neither they nor their co-authors have any competing interests.
Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The funding support for Fasil Tesema has been provided by the Norwegian Research Council (NRC; CoE grant no. 223252). In addition, the work of Noora Partamies has been supported by NRC (project no. 287427).
This research has been supported by the Norges Forskningsråd (grant nos. 223252 and 287427).
This paper was edited by Dalia Buresova and reviewed by Michael Kosch and Allison Jaynes.
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In this study, we present the comparison between an auroral model and EISCAT radar electron densities during pulsating aurorae. We test whether an overpassing satellite measurement of the average energy spectrum is a reasonable estimate for pulsating aurora electron precipitation. When patchy pulsating aurora is dominant in the morning sector, the overpass-averaged spectrum is found to be a reasonable estimate – but not when there is a mix of pulsating aurora types in the post-midnight sector.
In this study, we present the comparison between an auroral model and EISCAT radar electron...
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El cantón de Pithiviers es una división administrativa francesa, situada en el departamento de Loiret y la región de Centro.
Desde 1800 ha pertenecido al distrito de Pithiviers, pero en la reorganización de 1926 desapareció y fue adscrita al distrito de Orleans. En 1942 se vuelve a crear el distrito.

Composición
El cantón de Pithiviers agrupa 20 comunas:
 Ascoux: 787 habitantes
 Bondaroy: 361 habitantes
 Bouilly-en-Gâtinais: 302 habitantes (antes se llamaba Bouilly),
 Bouzonville-aux-Bois: 344 habitantes
 Boynes: 1 014 habitantes
 Chilleurs-aux-Bois: 1 703 habitantes
 Courcy-aux-Loges: 350 habitantes (antes se llamaba Courcy),
 Dadonville: 1 873 habitantes
 Escrennes: 650 habitantes
 Estouy: 496 habitantes
 Givraines: 306 habitantes
 Guigneville: 488 habitantes, incluyendo:
 Sébouville, comuna asociada desde 1973 con 229 habitantes,
 Laas: 165 habitantes
 Mareau-aux-Bois: 468 habitantes
 Marsainvilliers: 307 habitantes
 Pithiviers: 9 242 habitantes
 Pithiviers-le-Vieil: 1 823 habitantes, incluyendo:
 Bouzonville-en-Beauce, comuna asociada desde 1973 con 307 habitantes
 Santeau: 286 habitantes
 Vrigny: 597 habitantes, incluyendo:
 Limiers, comuna suprimida en 1819,
 Yèvre-la-Ville: 703 habitantes, incluyendo:
 Yèvre-le-Châtel, comuna asociada desde 1973 con 237 habitantes.

Pithiviers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Introducing our first brand ambassador: Rui Mota
Smartwhip is proud to introduce its first brand ambassador, Rui Mota. A true connoisseur of molecular gastronomy, Mota's passion and dedication to the culinary art has taken him on an exciting journey. Handling his first siphon at Heston Blumenthal's kitchen at The Fat Duck in London, Mota learned the ropes bouncing from one Michelin star restaurant to the next: from shadowing Jordi Cruz in Barcelona's acclaimed restaurant ABaC, Mota expanded his skill set at L'Air du Temps in Belgium alongside chef Sang-Hoon Degeimbre, and perfected his craft at one of the world's most esteemed restaurants, El Celler de Can Roca, run by the Roca brothers, Joan, Josep and Jordi. Alongside this, Mota regularly hosts workshops, teaches classes on molecular gastronomy, collaborates with some of the most renowned brands in the industry and was invited to open a restaurant as Executive Chef – and all this before turning 26.
Born and raised in Portugal, Rui Mota's journey towards becoming a chef began at the Escola Profissional de Tomar (EPT) as a Kitchen Technician at the tender age of 14. Having always had a taste for seasoning and food aesthetic, Mota's zeal for culinary practices led him to pursue a Bachelor's degree in Management and Food Production, followed by a Master's degree in Gastronomic Sciences. We caught up with our newest brand ambassador to give you a taste of who Rui is and why he is the perfect match for representing the Smartwhip brand.
3 questions with Smartwhip ambassador Rui Mota
How did you first get into molecular gastronomy?
When I did my diploma as Kitchen Technician at the EPT, the approach was not molecular at all because it was quite a new concept and the school was in a town two hours away from Lisbon. The term molecular gastronomy had probably never been heard in that town! When I began my bachelor's degree, I started taking classes in chemistry, food technology, organic chemistry, microbiology and learning about fermentation processes and the like. When I began my internship in the second year at The Fat Duck with Heston Blumenthal – who was amongst the forerunners of molecular gastronomy – I also learned about the application of all this scientific knowledge I was gaining. All of Blumenthal's recipes take a 100% molecular approach to cuisine.
For me, molecular cuisine is about applying scientific knowledge to food and understanding how the food's reaction and all the processes that enable it work together, and about how we can take advantage of them to perfect certain dishes. It's not only about making bubbles, spherification or even foams – it's about understanding how you can make a perfect foam, a perfect steak or even a perfect whipped cream. Heston Blumenthal gave me an entry into this world and shared these insights, so he was partly the one that influenced me to pursue this path.
What drew you to the Smartwhip brand, and how do you identify with the brand's values as a brand ambassador?
What got my attention in particular was the quality of the Smartwhip ad on Instagram and the image associated with Smartwhip. When I saw the picture of a siphon and cocktail, which was professionally made and with a very interesting and contemporary visual composition, I connected with the brand even before opening the profile. I knew right away that the product was related to my practice, and when I opened the profile, it confirmed my assumptions. I could tell that Smartwhip was new to the market, and the images showed me that the brand would be open to gaining knowledge on molecular cuisine, which is something I could offer as a brand ambassador.
Foams are something that I regularly work with when I'm teaching classes, and all my menus have a foam somehow. I'd say about 80-90% of the time I'm in the kitchen, I use a siphon, not only to make foams but to make infusions, marinades, cocktails and CO2 carbonations.
What does an average day in the life of Rui Mota look like?
Because of the pandemic, my day-to-day routine is a little bit more irregular at the moment. But when I was working as an Executive Chef at Ó Conde, I would get up and go straight to the restaurant. I was in charge of the lunch and dinner service and was supervisor of the mise-en-place for the day, so I would prepare all of that. In the afternoon, during my break, I would prepare for courses, develop recipes for the menu, test new recipes – both for the bar and kitchen – and meet new suppliers to find lower prices with top quality.
At the moment, I am preparing for classes that I will be teaching at the Estoril Higher Institute for Tourism and Hotel Studies starting in September. I have been working on the manuals and brochures that students will receive, and I'm busy preparing the classes and teams, the schedule, the content, the final test and the criteria of evaluation in advance.
Don't miss out on the endless possibilities provided by the Smartwhip system, and get yours here. In need of some inspiration? Discover our range of recipes created by chefs, for chefs. Check out Rui Mota's instagram @ruimotaa and stay tuned for many exciting collaborations!


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.. automodule:: quantecon.models.lucastree
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Companies which sell largely through part-time agents vary widely in their attitudes to selection. The "granting of an agency", the empowering of an individual to sell a company's policies, is not legally restricted and a company may select whom it likes.
Some companies are far less demanding about qualifications and experience than others, and, while some will generally restrict themselves to people with professional qualifications, others will allow the local garage owner to have an agency if he reckons he can sell policies.
Clearly the composite companies (those which transact general as well as life insurance business) are more likely to grant agencies including life insurance to those who specialise in certain types of general insurance (such as motor insurance) and who are not necessarily at all qualified to sell life insurance.
One reason for this, in some respects unsatisfactory, situation is that a company is in law not liable for the actions of its agents. Though the company grants the agency, the agent, when acting as an agent, is held to be acting for the proposer and not the company.
Thus if an agent, in filling out a proposal form, makes an error that results in loss to the policyholder, he makes that error as the policyholder's and not the company's representative, and the policyholder would have no legal claim against the company.
In practice, if this happened, most reputable companies would ensure that the policyholder did not suffer, but they are under no legal obligation to do so. Recent proposals concerning insurance intermediaries put forward by the Department of Trade include an alteration in the law to make companies legally liable for their agents' actions, which would have the effect of encouraging companies to be more selective.
Life insurance companies have two basic methods of selling policies, either direct to the public by advertising or via their own salesmen, or through brokers and other agents (what the latest EEC jargon styles "insurance intermediaries"). Many companies use both methods but many also concentrate on one only. For example, there are a handful of companies which pay no introductory commission on their policies and since they cannot therefore sell through agents are restricted to direct public advertising.


Horizontal Autoclaves are widely used for day to day mass scale sterilization procedures and in various bulk laboratory applications, where dryness of the sterilized medium is of paramount importance, given the fact that semi dry sterilized media is prone to various micro-bacterial and viral infections. We specialize in both standard and customized models.
The unit has outer chamber, Boiler, Lid and Jacket - all made of 304-grade stainless Steel. The jacket is made of SS-304 grade stainless steel sheets. For controlling sterilization cycle, a three-way valve or a multiport valve/three way valve - made of S.S./Brass is provided. It is supplied complete with vacuum breaker, water level indicator, steam trap and automatic pressure control switch. The whole unit is mounted on a robust tubular stand made of mild steel pipes, duly painted with attractive stoving enamel, air drying paint.
Pressure Control: The pressure inside our vertical autoclave is controlled through a semi automatic electro mechanical device called piezostat, which controls the pressure inside the chamber and cuts of the current from the heater whenever the pressure exceeds the set pressure value of the autoclave, thus making it very safe and energy efficient.


I love this!! It's really cool to see URealms in another format!! I hope the guys see this and make a video where they play in it!
So proud of everyone you are all doing so well!!
I really love Bei's design!
Super cool!! I love the faded Lyn in the background!
She's so beautiful!! I love this!!
Congrats Six I'm so happy you went full time!!
@Sixelona That would be so awesome!!


text:
Q: Is possible to make function from code and make it shorter? I have this lines of code
let value = productDetails.recentPurchaseDate;
if (!productDetails.salesPrice && !productDetails.recentPurchaseDate) {
  value = false;
}
if (!productDetails.presentEstimatedValue) {
  value = true;
}

Is it possible to refactor, I need to make it function and this two IF? Thanks in advance

A: Generally I don't think it is well designed if-conditions, but I don't know your business requirements. Let's try with something like this
let value = productHasRecentPurchaseDate(productDetails); //name should math your business goal

function productHasRecentPurchaseDate(productDetails) {
    if (!productDetails.salesPrice && !productDetails.recentPurchaseDate) {
       return false;
    }
    else if (!productDetails.presentEstimatedValue) {
       return true;
    }
    else {
        return /*you need all if statement path to return some value, this is last one, please provide what those statements should return if both previous conditions fail*/;
    }
}

A: You can do it like this
function getValue({
    salesPrice,
    recentPurchaseDate,
    presentEstimatedValue
}) {
    if (!salesPrice && !recentPurchaseDate) return false;
    if (!presentEstimatedValue) return true
    return recentPurchaseDate
}

and then
let value = getValue(productDetails);

A: Something like that?
const value = yourNewFn();
function yourNewFn() {
    if (!productDetails.salesPrice && !productDetails.recentPurchaseDate) {
    value = false;
  }
  if (!productDetails.presentEstimatedValue) {
    value = true;
  }
  return value;
}

A: Then use this
if (!productDetails.salesPrice && !productDetails.recentPurchaseDate && !productDetails.presentEstimatedValue ) : value = false ? value = true;


The master of Dutch general cargo vessel Abis Bergen is in serious trouble after his ship veered off course, ran aground and blocked the entrance of the German port of Rostock.
The master was taken in by police having been found to be drunk, his breathalyzer test revealing a reading of 1.48, well above the legal limit. The 85 m long ship was damaged in the accident.
The ship was eventually refloated and towed away from the port entrance, allowing other vessels to enter the port.
The ship's captain is now facing charges for 'endangering naval traffic' and piloting the ship despite being 'absolutely unfit for duty'.