text:
\section{Introduction}

A possible existence of leptonic photons coupled to leptonic charge $e_l$
analogously to the coupling of the ordinary photons to the electric charge
$e$ has been discussed a long time ago \cite{1} following a paper of Lee and
Yang \cite{1a} on hypothetical baryonic photons. It was shown (see also
\cite{2}), that the coupling $\alpha_l = e^2_l/4\pi$ must be very small
($\alpha_l < 10^{-49}$ as compared to $\alpha = 1/137$) in order to comply
with the results of the experiments  \cite{3} - \cite{5} testing the
independence of gravitational acceleration on atomic number of the material
of which a pendulum is made of.  This  upper limit was derived in \cite{1}
assuming that the neutralization of leptonic charge of the Earth and the Sun
by the electronic antineutrinos is negligible.

A few years later $\alpha_l$  of the order of $10^{-8} - 10^{-9}$ was
postulated by arguing that the neutralization of the Earth's  leptonic
charge by $\bar{\nu}_e$'s is almost complete \cite{6},\cite{7}.
This claim was critically analyzed in ref. \cite{8}.

First, it was noted that $\alpha_l \leq 10^{-11}$ from the experiments on
$\nu_e e$-scattering. (This had been pointed out to the author of
ref. \cite{8} by  V.B.Geshkenbein and  B.L.Ioffe. At present this
experimental limit must be at least an order of magnitude better).

Second, it was argued that due to leptonic repulsion between atoms (because
of leptonic charge of the latter) the ordinary matter would be unstable
and a process of granulation would take place. Each granule would present a
kind of an ``atom", the nucleus of which would consist of a grain of
ordinary matter and the  ``atomic shell" -- of electronic
antineutrinos. The maximal, critical radius $r_c$ of a grain
would be determined by equilibrium between the leptonic repulsion,
proportional to $r^3$, and ordinary chemical short range attraction,
proportional to $r^2$.

Let us denote $N_c$ the number of ordinary atoms in a grain of a
critical size. Then
\begin{equation}
 \frac{(ZN_c)^2 \alpha_l}{(aN_c^{1/3})^2} \sim \frac{\alpha^2 \cdot
 N_c^{2/3}} {a^2}
 \label{1}
 \end{equation}
 where $a$ is the size of an ordinary atom, $Z$ is the
 number of electrons in it,  $r_c \sim aN_c^{1/3}$, and
 $\alpha^2/a^2$ stands for a crude estimate of the Van-der-Waals
 force; as an upper limit for a chemical force one can use
 $\alpha/a^2$. (In order to derive Eq. (\ref{1}) consider two halves
 of a grain of radius $r_c$. The l.h.s of Eq. (\ref{1}) is the force
 of Coulomb-like leptonic repulsion of the two halves, while the
 r.h.s is the chemical force of their surface attraction.)
 From Eq. (\ref{1}) it follows that a grain is stable if   $N
 < N_c$, where
 \begin{equation}
 N_c\sim \left(\frac{\alpha^2}{Z^2
 \alpha_l}\right)^{3/2}\;\;,
 \label{2}
 \end{equation}
 With $Z \sim 10$, $\alpha_l \sim 10^{-12}$, one gets $N_c\sim 10^9$
 and $r_c \sim 10^{-5}$ cm.  For $m_{\bar\nu_e} = 1$ eV the
 radius of the inner ``atomic" shell would then be $1/(ZN \alpha_l
 m_{\bar{\nu}_e}) \sim 10^{-3}$ cm while that of the outer shell
 $1/(\alpha_l m_{\bar{\nu}_e}) \sim 10^7$ cm.  Note that even the
 inner shell is much larger than the ``nucleus" and inside the
 nucleus there is practically no neutralization of the leptonic
 charge of atoms by antineutrinos.

 Third, ref. \cite{8} contained a simple argument due to Ya.B.Zeldovich,
 that an $\bar{\nu}_e$ cloud neutralizing electrons in the Earth
 cannot be  in equilibrium. Due to the Pauli principle, the momentum
 $p$ of $\bar{\nu}_e$  must be tens of keV
  (if their average density is equal to the electron density),
 $(p \sim Z/a$, where $a \sim 10^{-8}$ cm is the diameter of
 an atom and $Z$ - the number of electrons in it (for the Earth $Z
 \sim 20$)).  For a light $\bar{\nu}_e$ with $m_{\bar{\nu}_e} <
 100$ eV the kinetic energy is $E_{\rm kin} = p$. At the same time the
 average potential energy $U$ of attraction to an atom is $
 Z\alpha_l/a = Z(\alpha_l/\alpha) {\rm Ry} \sim 10^{-8}$ eV. Thus,
 $T >> |U|$ and the macroscopic condensed bodies are explosive.
In fact it is better to say
that in normal conditions they do not form because the
binding energy, $\sim 10^{-8}$ eV, is much smaller than the
characteristic energy of neutrinos.  The
 system is more like an electromagnetic plasma at temperatures higher
than the hydrogen recombination temperature. We
consider the mechanism of instability in some detail in Sec.2.

The final remark of ref. \cite{8} referred to a hypothetical situation when
the leptonic charge of atoms is neutralized by a special kind of
leptonically charged bosons. In this case the leptonic charge of the earth
could be compensated. ``It is interesting to find out at what values of
$\alpha_l$ and of the lepton boson mass, the existence of the condensate of
such bosons does not contradict the established physical, chemical and
mechanical properties of the matter" \cite{8}.  The bosonic case which was
recently considered in ref. \cite{9} is discussed in  Sec. 3.

\section{Condensed matter cannot be
neutralized by antineutrinos}

Let us consider neutralization by $\bar\nu_e$
of the leptonic charge of
electrons in a macroscopic body with the density of electrons
$n_e(\vec{x})$. We start with assuming that the system is in
a state of equilibrium and will prove that this assumption is wrong.

The profile of the antineutrino density
$n_{\bar{\nu}}(\vec{x})$ can be found by means of the Thomas-Fermi
equation, which in this case is derived as follows. Let
$\phi(\vec{x})$ be the potential energy of one antineutrino in the
potential of the field associated with the leptonic charge. The
behavior of $\phi(\vec{x})$ is determined by the Poisson equation
\begin{equation}
\Delta\phi = 4\pi\alpha_l(n_e -n_{\bar{\nu}})
\label{poisson}
\end{equation}
For a degenerate
antineutrino gas the density $n_{\bar{\nu}}$ is given by the
Fermi momentum $p_F$ of the $\bar{\nu}_e$ as \footnote{We assume that
$\bar{\nu}_e$ is two-component. The assumption of the degeneracy will
be discussed below.}
\begin{equation}
n_{\bar{\nu}}=\frac{1}{6\pi^2}
p_F^3 \;\; .  \label{fermi}
\end{equation}
The condition of equilibrium for the
antineutrino gas is that the sum of the kinetic and the
potential energy should be a constant, independent of $\vec{x}$. For
a relativistic antineutrino, $p_F\gg m_{\bar{\nu}}$, the latter
has the form
\begin{equation} p_F +\phi =c \;\; .
\label{energy}
\end{equation}

The constant $c$ is fixed by the boundary condition at infinity:
$c=0$. Thus the Poisson equation (\ref{poisson}) can be rewritten in
a closed form in terms of the position-dependent Fermi momentum
$p_F$:
\begin{equation}
\Delta p_F = -4\pi\alpha_l\left(n_e -\frac{1}{6\pi^2} p_F^3\right)
\label{thomas}
\end{equation}

If the profile $n_e(\vec{x})$ of the electron density is parametrized in
terms of a characteristic value $n_0$ as $n_e(x)=n_0 f(\vec{x})$ with
dimensionless function $f(\vec{x})$, the equation (\ref{thomas}) can be
rendered in the form
\begin{equation}
\Delta u(\vec{x}) =
\mu^2
(f(\vec{x})-u^3(\vec x)) \;\; ,
\label{thomas-u}
\end{equation}
where $u(\vec{x})=p_F(\vec{x})/(6\pi^2 n_0)^{1/3}$ is the
dimensionless ratio of the momentum $p_F$ for neutrinos to an
effective Fermi momentum, characterizing the electron density $n_0$,
and
\begin{equation}
\mu = \biggl(\frac{4\pi\alpha_l}{(6\pi^2)^{1/3}}\biggr)^{1/2} n_0^{1/3}
\label{parameter}
\end{equation}
is the corresponding ``mass parameter".

In order to estimate the magnitude of the quantities involved and
also to justify the assumptions about the degenerate gas of
relativistic antineutrinos, let us consider a solid body of
characteristic size $L$, with a uniform density $n_e =n_0\approx
10^{25} {\rm cm}^{-3}$, which corresponds to
an effective Fermi momentum $p_0
=(6\pi^2 n_0)^{1/3}\sim 1.7\cdot 10^4$ eV, which is much larger than
both the possible neutrino mass and a possible temperature in
terrestrial conditions. The mass parameter $\mu$ then has the
characteristic value $\mu\simeq 8\cdot
10^{-3}\sqrt{\alpha_l/10^{-12}} {\rm eV} \simeq \sqrt{\alpha_l/
 10^{-12}} (3\cdot 10^{-3} {\rm cm})^{-1}$. In this model example the
function $f(\vec{x})$ is $f(\vec{x}) =1$ inside the body and
$f(\vec{x}) =0$ outside the body. If the size of the body $L$ is
large, $L\gg 1/\mu$, the solution of the equation
exponentially approaches $u=1$ from the surface inwards, the scale in
the exponent being set by the skin depth $1/\mu$. Therefore, the
leptonic charge of the bulk of the body is completely neutralized
($u=1$), except for the skin layer. Outside the body the solution for
$u(\vec{x})$ dies down as a power of distance, if vacuum is assumed at
infinity.
(More precisely, one should
expect an  exponential Debye screening by the sea of
cosmic antineutrinos, even if they are massless.
The screening length is
$D \sim (E_{\bar{\nu}} / \alpha_l n_{\bar{\nu}})^{1/2}$ where
$E_{\bar{\nu}}$ is
the characteristic antineutrino energy and $n_{\bar{\nu}}$ is their
number density.  For the average cosmological values $n \simeq 100\;
{\rm cm}^{-3}$ and $E\simeq 2$ K the screening length is $D\simeq
10^5$ cm.  By the way, this means that the outer shell of an ``atom"
considered in Introduction should be much smaller due to the Debye
screening.
For massive nonrelativistic neutrinos the galactic number density may
be larger and kinetic energy $E$ smaller, so correspondingly the
screening length $D$ would be considerably smaller.
The result depends
upon velocity distribution and the neutrino mass
(for more details see Sec. 3).
For the neutrino gas with the parameters
considered in this Section the results qualitatively
do not change due to large Debye
length $D \sim 1 / e_l E_{\bar{\nu}}$.)

Thus,
one is tempted to conclude that the bulk leptonic charge of
macroscopic objects could be neutralized, unless the dimension $L$ is
small in comparison with the skin depth, $L\ll 1/\mu$. (One can
readily see that for objects whose all three dimensions are of the
same order, the latter condition is equivalent to an upper bound on
the total number of electrons $N_e$ in the object: $N_e \ll
\alpha_l^{-3/2}$. For such objects the
antineutrino density inside them
is small: $n_{\bar{\nu}}\ll n_e$, so that local neutralization of the
leptonic charge does not take place as was already discussed in the
Introduction).

Let us now consider large objects with  $L \gg 1/\mu$.
In the previous discussion it was assumed that the electron density
$n_e(\vec{x})$ was fixed by the electron binding in atoms and the
overall stability of the body was ensured by the elastic forces,
i.e.  the back reaction of the pressure of the antineutrino gas on
the stability of matter was ignored. We will show now that for
ordinary substances this assumption is in fact violated by many
orders of magnitude independently of $\alpha_l$, provided that the
condition $L\gg 1/\mu$ is satisfied. Indeed, in the
bulk of the body $n_{\bar{\nu}}=n_e$, while exactly on the surface
$(n_e -n_{\bar{\nu}})/n_e = O(1)$.  For  the pressure of the
antineutrino gas inside the body we have
\begin{equation}
P \simeq
 n^{4/3}_{\bar{\nu}} \simeq  n^{4/3}_e \; ,
\label{pressureprime}
\end{equation}
Therefore, the skin layer experiences the
pressure difference of the order of $n_0^{4/3}\approx 7\cdot 10^{15}$
Pa. The highest pressure sustained by known materials is about
$1.5\cdot 10^9$ Pa, while for most solids it is typically $10^7 -
10^8$ Pa, not even to mention liquids. Thus it is impossible to
stabilize the neutrino pressure by elasticity of materials.

There is another, more simple way to derive the same results. Let us
consider the ``capacitor" formed by atoms and $\bar{\nu}_e$ in the
skin layer. The pressure $P$ of the degenerate antineutrino gas
is balanced by the leptonic attraction between oppositely charged
layers with the surface leptonic charge density $\sigma =e_l
n_{\bar{\nu}}b$, where $b$ is the thickness of the skin. Then the
attraction force per unit area is \begin{equation}
\frac{F}{S}=4\pi\sigma^2 =4\pi\alpha_l n_{\bar{\nu}}^2 b^2
\label{capacitor}
\end{equation}
On the other hand, $F/S=P$ with $P = p_F^4/24\pi^2$ and
$n_{\bar{\nu}}= p_F^3/6\pi^2$.  From this we get
\begin{equation}
p_F^4/24\pi^2 =4\pi\alpha_l\left(\frac{p_F^3}{6\pi^2}\right)^2 b^2
\label{capacitor energy}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
 b={1 \over p_F} \sqrt{{{3\pi} \over 8\alpha_l }}   =
{1 \over 4} \left ( {6 \over \pi} \right )^{1/6}\, n_e^{-1/3}\,
\alpha_l^{-1/2}~,
\label{be}
\end{equation}
which is very close to the previous estimate of skin thickness
$1/\mu$ with $\mu$ from  Eq.(\ref{parameter}) (differs by factor 2).

 Note that if we rewrite $n_e$ in terms of the Bohr radius
$a_0 \simeq 0.5
 \cdot 10^{-8}$ cm,
 \begin{equation}
 n_e \simeq \frac{3Z}{4\pi a^3_0}\;\;,
 \label{Bohr}
 \end{equation}
 then
 \begin{equation}
 b \sim \frac{a_0}{\sqrt{\alpha_l}} Z^{-1/3}
 \label{again}
 \end{equation}
 For $Z=10$ and $\alpha_l = 10^{-12}$ we find $ b \simeq 10^{-3}$ cm.

Therefore  the source of nonequilibrium is the thin skin layer. The
electrons in the skin leptonically repel each other, so that parts of the
skin are explosively peeled off.  This process would continue till the whole
body would blow up producing small pieces of dust with the size evaluated
in the Introduction. For more compact bodies gravitational attraction might
dominate like that in white  dwarfs, where gravity compensates Coulomb
repulsion of ions.

By decreasing $\alpha_l$ we  get an increased thickness of the skin. But
the peeling pressure
 \begin{equation}
 P \simeq \left(\frac{a_0}{\sqrt{\alpha_l}}\right)^2
\cdot \frac{\alpha_l}{Z^{2/3}}
 n^2_e \sim \frac{Z^{4/3}}{a^4_0}
 \label{pressure}
 \end{equation}
remains constant as long as $L\mu\gg 1$.

The atomic forces are thus insufficient to compensate the repulsion of
electrons.  Therefore one has to seek for some outer force to keep the
system bound.  The only force conceivable in terrestrial conditions is the
gravity, it gives the binding energy around $\alpha_N N_\oplus/R_\oplus$ per
electron where $\alpha_N = G_N m_b^2 \sim 10^{-38}$, and $N_\oplus\sim
10^{51}$ is the number  of baryons in the Earth (which is approximately
twice the number of electrons), $R_\oplus \simeq 10^9$ cm  being the Earth
radius.  (We substitute the baryon mass $m_b$ in this estimate and not
$m_e$, since actually the gravity binds baryons whereas electrons are
coupled to them by ordinary electric field - cf. below for the case of
bosons).  We find that the gravitational binding energy is four orders of
magnitude lower than  required.  Thus antineutrinos with density
$n_{\bar{\nu}}=n_e$  would not stay inside the Earth even if by some miracle
they had been pumped in.

As the electrons in the Earth and in the Sun cannot be neutralized by
antineutrinos the upper limit on $\alpha_l$ is valid, derived in ref.
\cite{1} on the basis of the E\"{o}tv\"{o}s-type experiments.

\section{Sneutrinos in the atmosphere and in condensed matter}

Let us consider now the case of bosonic leptons, e.g.
$\tilde{\bar{\nu}}$: antisneutrinos
\footnote {$\tilde{\bar{\nu}}$ --
superpartner of the left-handed ``sterile" antineutrino, which does
not participate in the electroweak interactions; otherwise it would
manifest itself in the decays $Z \to \tilde{\bar{\nu}}\tilde{\nu}$
and hence in the invisible width of the $Z$ boson.},
assuming that their mass is very
small:  of the order of 1 eV.
This
possibility was raised in the paper \cite{9}.

The authors of \cite{9} suggest to estimate the effect of the
compensation by using the same Poisson equation  (\ref{poisson}),
\begin{equation}
   \Delta\phi(\vec x) = 4\pi \alpha_l
        \bigl(n_e(\vec x)-n_l(\vec x)\bigr)  \; ,
  \label{eq:poiss}
\end{equation}
where $n_l$ denotes the number density
of the sneutrinos $\tilde{\bar\nu}$ the
distribution of which
was assumed to obey the Boltzmann law
\begin{equation}
        n_l(\vec x) = n_0\exp(-\phi(\vec x)/T) \; .
  \label{eq:boltz}
\end{equation}
The equations (\ref{eq:poiss}) and (\ref{eq:boltz})  are
written in analogy with electrodynamics of gases obeying Boltzmann
statistics \cite{10,LL}. If we pursue this analogy for the gas of
scalar particles with temperature $T$ then we can estimate a
characteristic  length of screening
\begin{equation}
        D \sim  (T/\alpha_l n_l )^{1/2} \; ,
  \label{eq:deb}
\end{equation}
This is  the  well-known Debye radius,
defining the range of the screened potential of
an electron (see the discussion after  Eq. (\ref{parameter}) above,
cf.  e.g.  \cite{10,LL} for the case of classical plasma)
\begin{equation}
\phi(r) \sim \exp(-r/D)/r \; .
\label{eq:yukpot}
\end{equation}
The typical distance of interaction of leptons
colliding with an atom with $Z$ electrons can be estimated as
\begin{equation} r_0 \sim \alpha_l Z/T \; .  \label{eq:dist}
\end{equation} This gives the cross-section
\begin{equation}
\sigma \sim r_0^2 \Lambda \sim \alpha_l^2 Z^2\Lambda /T^2 \; ,
       \label{eq:sigm}
       \end{equation}
with $\Lambda$ being the
Coulomb logarithm, $\Lambda \sim \ln(D/r_0)$.  Now the time of energy
relaxation (or rather of temperature equilibration for
$\tilde{\bar\nu}$ and ordinary gas) is easily found:
\begin{equation}
   t_T = {m_a \over m_l n_l \sigma v_l }
   \simeq  {m_a T^{3/2} \over \alpha_l^2 Z^2 m_l^{1/2} n_l \Lambda}
   \; ,
   \label{eq:trel}
   \end{equation}
   where $m_a$ is the mass of an  atom.
   The relaxation time
$t_T$ is the order of years for $\alpha_l \simeq 10^{-12}$, $m_l
\simeq 1$ eV, \quad $n_l \sim 10^{20}$ cm$^{-3}$ and $T\simeq 300$ K.

If we assume that the lepton charge is compensated on scales larger
than $D$ in the thermally relaxed Boltzmann gases of $\tilde{\bar\nu}$'s
and of the air in the
terrestrial atmosphere then we can show that inevitably a large field $E_l$
appears. This field is necessary to support an approximate equality of
concentrations of $\tilde{\bar\nu}$'s and of electrons.
Everything is quite analogous to
the charge neutrality of plasma in stellar atmospheres which is always
slightly violated in the presence of non-electric forces \cite{pikl}.
Let us use the equations of equilibrium
\begin{equation}
   \nabla P_a = - n_a m_a g + n_a Z e_l E_l  \; ,
  \label{eq:grpa}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\nabla P_l = - n_lm_l g - n_l e_l E_l \;.
  \label{eq:grpl}
\end{equation}
where $P_a$ and $P_l$ denote  pressures of atoms and
leptons respectively
and $g$ is the acceleration
produced by gravity. We will show now that one cannot satisfy
both equations (\ref{eq:grpa}) and  (\ref{eq:grpl}) if $E_l=0$,
i.e.  assuming ideal compensation of charges $Zn_a = n_l$, since the
gravitational force on atoms is much larger. Yet remembering that the
equality $Zn_a \simeq n_l$ is only approximate (though it may be very
accurate in fact), one sees that this slight disbalance of charge
densities produces non-negligible field $E_l$. Assuming equal
temperatures of atoms and of $\tilde{\bar\nu}$'s we then find
\begin{equation} m_a g - Z e_l E_l \simeq m_l g + e_l E_l  ,
   \label{eq:forc} \end{equation} since the pressure of Boltzmann
atoms is $P_a=n_a T$, and the pressure of Boltzmann
$\tilde{\bar\nu}$'s   is $P_l =n_l  T$.  Hence, \begin{equation} e_l
   E_l  \simeq  m_a g / (Z+1).  \label{eq:field} \end{equation}

Thus the new force acting on atoms
would be comparable to the force of
gravity (irrespective of the value of $\alpha_l$ if it is large enough to
provide for the
dynamic equilibrium).
This strong effect could be detected on the bodies with
differing ratio $AZ/(Z+1)$, i.e. already in the Newton experiments
to say nothing on E\"otv\"os-Dicke
experiments. This means that something is wrong in our basic
assumptions: either the thermal equilibrium does not hold (due to the low
value of $\alpha_l$), or the
Boltzmann approximation to the distribution function is not valid.
One should also consider the
neutralization of leptonic charge produced by
$\tilde{\bar\nu}$'s
concentrating in the condensed bodies, since the estimate
(\ref{eq:field}) is directly applicable only to the atoms in the air.

First of all, we have to take into account
that the sneutrinos are bosons. Let us
estimate the conditions under which the gas consisting
of these particles becomes degenerate,
that is when the Bose condensate forms.
We can find the temperature of condensation in the following way.

The number density of bosons
\begin{equation}
n = \int f d^3 p / ( 2\pi )^3
 \label{nint}
\end{equation}
where $f$ is the occupation number
\begin{equation}
f =  1/[\exp ((E-\mu)/T ) - 1 ]
 \label{fnorm}
\end{equation}
for the thermal equilibrium with temperature $T$ and chemical potential
$\mu$. In the presence of the condensate the expression for $f$ is modified:
\begin{equation}
f = (2\pi)^3 C \delta^3 (p) + 1/[\exp ((E-m)/T ) - 1 ] \; .
 \label{fcond}
\end{equation}
The first term corresponds to the particles in the condensate and the
second is the normal Bose term with chemical potential equal to the mass.
The coefficient $C$ is found from the condition that the particle number
density is
\begin{equation}
n = n_l \; .
 \label{nact}
\end{equation}
If the first term in the expression for $f$ is the dominant one,
then we can conclude that $C=n_l$. In the case of the Earth's atmosphere
$n = n_l = n_e$, where $n_e$ is the number density of electrons.
To find the total number of particles
we have to calculate the integral
\begin{equation}
 n = \int {d^3 p \over (2\pi)^3} \left[ \exp \left( {E-\mu\over T}
\right) - 1 \right]^{-1}  \; .
 \label{n}
\end{equation}
The number density of the particles outside the condensate, $ n_{\rm out}$,
is given by Eq.(\ref{n}) with $\mu=m$.

Introducing
\begin{equation}
  u = {E - m \over T}\;, \qquad \beta={m \over T}
 \label{newvar}
\end{equation}
we rewrite (\ref{n}) as
\begin{equation}
n={m^3 \over 2\pi^2\beta^{3/2}} \int_0^\infty\!
{(1+u/\beta)(2+u/\beta)^{1/2}
 u^{1/2} \over \exp [u-\beta(\mu/m-1)] - 1}\, du\;.
\label{iripa}
\end{equation}
Now, for $T\ll m$, i.e. $\beta\gg 1$, we find the number density
of bosons outside the condensate putting $\mu=m$ in (\ref{iripa}):
\begin{equation}
n_{\rm out}={m^3 \over 2^{1/2}\pi^2\beta^{3/2}} \int_0^\infty\!
 {u^{1/2} du \over \exp u - 1}\; =
 \left({mT\over 2\pi}\right)^{3/2}\zeta(3/2)  \; ,
\label{nonrel}
\end{equation}
(see e.g. [16]).

For high temperature, $T\gg m$, i.e. $\beta\ll 1$,  we find from
(\ref{iripa})
\begin{equation}
n={m^3 \over 2\pi^2\beta^3} \int_0^\infty\!
{ u^2 du \over \exp [u-\beta(\mu/m-1)] - 1}\;.
\label{prel}
\end{equation}
and for $\mu=m$
\begin{equation}
  n = T_c^3\zeta(3)/\pi^2 \; .
\label{corncond}
\end{equation}
Thus, keeping in mind that in the Earth's atmosphere at
the sea level there are $2.7\times 10^{19}$ molecules/cm$^3$, i.e.
the electron concentration is $n_e \simeq 4\times 10^{20}$, we get
for the temperature of condensation
\begin{equation}
  T_c=(\pi^2 n_l/\zeta(3))^{1/3} \approx 30 \,{\rm eV} \; .
\label{cortcond}
\end{equation}
This can be compared to $T = 300 \,{\rm K} = 0.03$ eV.

In deriving (\ref{cortcond}) we have neglected processes of pair production
and annihilation.
In general, at high temperature one has to take into account the
presence of antiparticles. If the coupling of pairs to the leptonic photons
is strong enough and the dimensions of the system are large enough
(so that the antiparticles are trapped) then
the concentration of antiparticles $\bar n$ is found from (\ref{prel})
by substituting $-\mu$ instead of $\mu$, since the pairs are in
equilibrium with blackbody radiation, having zero chemical potential.
In this case the condensate is formed when the excess of particles over
antiparticles
is so big that the maximum possible value of $\mu = m$ is reached.
The excess of particles
over antiparticles in the limit of small $\beta$ and small $\mu/T$ is

\begin{equation}
\delta n= n-\bar n =
 {m^3 \over 2\pi^2\beta^3} \int_0^\infty\!
  u^2 \left({-2\mu \over T} \right) {d\over du}{1\over
  \exp u - 1} du
  = { \mu T^2 \over 3} \;.
 \label{excn}
\end{equation}

The lowest value of the temperature before the formation of condensate
can be determined from the equation
$\delta n = m\, T^2_c/3$. At low temperatures, $T\ll m$, the
number density of particles $n$ which survived the annihilation is equal
to $\delta n$, defined by Eq. (\ref{excn}).
Hence, for the Earth's atmosphere
\begin{equation}
T_c = \sqrt {3 n_l /m_l } \approx 3 \,{\rm keV}
\label{eq:tcond}
\end{equation}
for $n_l \simeq n_e$ and $m_l\simeq 1$ eV.

However, we cannot apply the expression (\ref{eq:tcond}), which is good
for cosmology, to terrestrial
conditions, or to conditions in the protoplanetary nebula.
For small values of $\alpha_l$
and for temperatures lower than few keV we cannot expect trapping of
antiparticles and the equilibrium of pairs with radiation. Here the
Eq.(\ref{cortcond}) is more relevant.

In any case for the small mass of
$\tilde{\bar\nu}$'s almost all of them enter the condensate. The
fraction of the rest is
$ ( mT / 2\pi )^{3/2} \zeta (3/2) / n_l \approx 10^{-9}$.
Their pressure depends only on $T$, and one cannot prove
the appearance of nonvanishing field $E_l$ using the same
arguments which have led to the result (\ref{eq:field}).

If the bosons were neutral, the condensate  would be collected just in
the center of the gravitational potential well \cite{tkach}, i.e. in the
Earth's center.
In our case one cannot claim this: it is clear that the mutual repulsion
of $\tilde{\bar\nu}$'s
prohibits their high spatial concentration.

What is the structure of the condensate? In a very rarefied gas the
$\tilde{\bar\nu}$'s should form `atoms' with electrons. The radii of these
atoms are by a factor of $(\alpha/\alpha_l)(m_e/m_l)$ larger than the Bohr
radius (see above), i.e. they are in the range from meters through thousand
kilometers for $\alpha/\alpha_l \geq 10^{10}$ and for  $m_l$ in the range
from $m_e$ down to 1 eV. In any case this is much larger than the mean
distance between electrons in the terrestrial conditions.  Using the
arguments of Feynman \cite{feynstat} one can convince oneself that the
condensate, i.e. the ground collective state of the scalar particles, must
be a quasi-uniform distribution in  a self-consistent field $ E_l$, created
by the charge density $n_e-n_l$ (where $n_l$ is the total density of
$\tilde{\bar\nu}$'s accounting also for the particles outside the
condensate.

Let us compare now the problem of the skin layer for bosons with the fermion
case, considered in Sec.2.  In the boson  case, the thickness of the skin is
of the order of the Compton wave length of the boson:
$b=1/m_{\tilde{\bar{\nu}}}$, so that the force of the leptostatic attraction
between electrons and antisneutrinos per unit area (which is to be balanced
by the pressure due to elastic forces) at the
surface is $\alpha_l n_e^2 m^{-2}_{\tilde{\bar{\nu}}}$.  It is easy to see
that in this case the force is weaker than in the case of fermionic
antineutrinos and decreases with decreasing $\alpha_l$. The body itself is
filled with bosonic condensate of $\tilde{\bar{\nu}}$'s (at rest). Thus an
equilibrium can be reached and the allowed values of $\alpha_l$ depend on
$m_{\tilde{\bar{\nu}}}$.

Let us now estimate the field $E_l$, accounting for the
condensate, using equations (\ref{eq:grpa}) and (\ref{eq:grpl}).
In an isothermal atmosphere one finds a rather weak force
\begin{equation}
   e_l E_l = - m_l g \;,
  \label{eq:weakf}
\end{equation}
which is $m_a/m_l$ times smaller than the gravity for atoms. Given the
results of the E\"otv\"os type experiments one may derive a bound on
$m_l$ from this.

Consider another, more realistic case: let the atmosphere be
non-isother\-mal and the gravity in (\ref{eq:grpl}) can be neglected
(if the mass $m_l$ is sufficiently small). Then, since
$ \nabla P_a \simeq - n_a m_a g $ (the force produced by the field $E_l$
on atoms is negligible) and
$P_l \sim (T/T_c)^{3/2}(m_l/T_c)^{1/2} P_a$,
we find a crude estimate
\begin{equation}
   Ze_l  E_l \sim  (T/T_c)^{3/2}(m_l/T_c)^{1/2} m_a g \; .
  \label{eq:weakondf}
\end{equation}
For the Earth atmosphere we find the force of the same order (but of the
opposite sign) as for the isothermal case. In both cases one may not
assume the equality of the temperatures of atoms and scalars. The
estimate (\ref{eq:weakondf}) varies according to the temperature $T$
of the gas of
$\tilde{\bar\nu}$'s.

We find that the presence of the condensate strengthens the chances for
perfect compensation of charges. One should remember, however, that
in a real (non-ideal) Bose-gas, like superfluid helium, an
appreciable fraction of bosons remains outside the condensate even at
zero temperature.
Thus the actual estimate of the force must be somewhere
in between the Boltzmann and the ideal Bose estimates considered here.
The weakly excited condensate behaves like a superfluid classical
liquid and the flow of this liquid must be potential
\cite{feynstat,11}. So, even if one imagines that all macroscopic
bodies on the Earth surface are filled with a condensate which
screens the electron field $E_l$ inside them (one can imagine an
adiabatic process of formation of those bodies embedded in the
uniform cloud of ordinary matter filled with uniform condensate),
then one should encounter manifestations of the leptonic charge when
the motion of the bodies is not potential and non-adiabatic (like in
collisions, etc.).

Perhaps, it is best of all to consider the constraints on $\alpha_l$ on
small bodies, like dust grains, in the absence of the condensate in
the interstellar (or circumstellar) space, where the gas density is
almost vacuum (20 orders lower than in our atmosphere). Let us assume
that the constants are such as to give for the simplest electron-scalar
"atom" a radius $r_a$. If we have a dust grain with $ZN$
not screened electrons ($N$ is the number of atoms in the grain,
and $Z$ is number of electrons in an atom) then the
$\tilde{\bar\nu}$'s tend to occupy the ``atomic" orbits with radii
$r_a/ZN$.  If $ZN$ is very high, then the sneutrinos tend to screen
the electrons inside the grain,
but if $ZN$ is sufficiently small then all sneutrinos
remain outside the grain.  E.g. if $r_a=10^8$ cm and the
density of electrons in the grain is $10^{24}$ cm$^{-3}$, then
at $ZN \sim 10^{12}$ the radius of
a grain $r_g\sim 10^{-4}$ cm is of the order of the radius of ``atomic"
shell.  Note that this is an order of magnitude larger than the
critical radius $r_c$ at which the grain is disrupted by mutual
leptonic repulsion of unscreened electrons (see Introduction). Thus
there should be a gap in the spectrum of grain sizes at $r_g\sim
10^{-5} - 10^{-4}$ cm.

It is known \cite{18} that much smaller grains do exist in the interstellar
space.  There is no convincing evidence that there is a gap in the region of
$r_g\sim 10^{-5} - 10^{-4}$ cm, but some models of the interstellar
extinction do not exclude that the grain size distribution falls sharply
above $0.25\times10^{-4}$ cm (see references in \cite{18}).  This can have
quite natural explanation without invoking new physics because of
grain-grain collisions leading to grain fragmentation. Of course, larger
grains must exist and grow in protoplanetary clouds (otherwise, the
formation of planets would be impossible). Unfortunately, the theory of
evolution of interstellar dust is far from being complete \cite{19}.  It
would be interesting to explore this question with the new physics discussed
here in a broad range of $\alpha_l$, $m_l$ and to compare this with
observations of the interstellar dust.

\section{Concluding remarks}

Thus we have shown that the old upper limit \cite{1} on $\alpha_l$ is valid
if there is no leptonically charged scalar bosons. If such bosons exist, they
may screen the leptonic charge of electrons and the situation is less clear.
We made our estimates by assuming as reference values $\alpha_l = 10^{-12}$
and $m_l = 1$ eV. It is important to stress that the mass of sneutrinos,
$m_l$, may be much larger. It is very interesting to consider such phenomena
as surface tension, surface waves and capillarity (a remark by
S.G.Tikhodeev), as well as electrolysis, melting of metals, boiling of water
and other phase transitions in the presence of the condensate of leptonic
bosons. In this way it would be possible to establish the allowed region on
the plane $\alpha_l$, $m_l$.

\vspace{5mm}

{\bf Acknowledgements}

One of the authors (L.B.O.) is grateful to S.G.Tikhodeev for very useful
discussions and to the authors of ref. \cite{9} for giving him their
preprint during a Physics School at T\"{u}bitak, near Istanbul. S.I.B. is
grateful to D.Osterbrock and to D.Lin for helpful discussions on the problem
of interstellar dust.  The work of S.I.B. is supported in Russia in part by
the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research grant No. 93-02-03637 and
in  the US by the National Science Foundation (AST-91-15367) and by NASA
(NAGW-2525). The work of M.B.V is supported in part by the DOE grant
DE-AC02-83ER40105.  The work of A.D.D. is supported by DGICYT under Grant
numbers PB92-0084 and SAB94-0089 (A.D.). The work of L.B.O. is supported by
RFFR grant No. 93-02-14431.

\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
The title of the song is a reference to the biblical [[w:Lazarus of Bethany|Lazarus]], a friend of Jesus who Jesus rose from the dead ({{Bible quote|ref=John 11:1-30;31-45}}). In the music video, Bowie's face is wrapped in a cloth, as was Lazarus' according to the Gospel account.
{{youtube|y-JqH1M4Ya8}}
Revision as of 19:51, October 13, 2020
Following the passing away of Davide Bowie on January 10th 2016, Cardinal Gianfranco Ravasi wrote a tribute which was published on The Tablet on Jan 13 2016[16].
Station to Station is the 10th studio album by English musician David Bowie, released on 23 January 1976 by RCA Records. In an album that reflected his darkest years Bowie, who five years previously in one of his lyrics had entrusted salvation to aliens, dedicated himself to the Stations of the Cross. He prayed, in the depths of his addictions and lacerating questions: "Lord, I kneel and offer you my word on a wing / And I'm trying hard to fit among your scheme of things."
David Bowie wore for many years a small silver crucifix, as could be seen in a number of his performances.[17]
Lazarus is a single released on December 17th 2015 as a digital download, making it the second single from his twenty-fifth studio album, Blackstar (2016). It is Bowie's last single to be released during his lifetime. The official music video, directed by Johan Renck, was released on January 7th 2016, three days before Bowie's death. Bowie never performed the song live. According to Bowie's producer Tony Visconti, the lyrics and video of "Lazarus" and other songs on the album were intended to be a self-epitaph, a commentary on Bowie's own impending death.[18][19][20] The title of the song is a reference to the biblical Lazarus, a friend of Jesus who Jesus rose from the dead (John 11:1-30;31-45). In the music video, Bowie's face is wrapped in a cloth, as was Lazarus' according to the Gospel account.
↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Arena1993
↑ See for example https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9G4jnaznUoQ
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


66 items matched with your search criteria.
25.92 From the ashes of 60s garage band The Lemon Drops comes power trio Buzzsaw with their loud heavy-psych sound.
12.00 Totally under the radar US private pressing from 1982.
19.80 Totally under the radar US private pressing from 1982.
19.73 Children were a great psychedelic band from San Antonio, TX, who released only one classic album on Cinema in 1968 (later that year picked up by Atco).
13.34 Ultimate underground, lo-fi, psychedelic private press album recorded in Singapore by four US teens in 1975.
18.72 First ever vinyl reissue of this elusive US private pressing from 1971, originally released on the legendary RPC custom label.
19.73 Reissue from the original masters of the one and only album by this great Pacific Northwest band.
13.80 Unknown until now US private pressing from 1969.
20.55 Unknown until now US private pressing from 1969.
13.80 Psychedelic garage, proto-power pop and psych-funk from Paraguay, 1969-1975!
19.73 Psychedelic garage, proto-power pop and psych-funk from Paraguay, 1969-1975!
13.34 The best lo-fi garage album from South America?
The best lo-fi garage album from South America?
19.73 Sole album released in 1970 by this US hard-rock / psychedelic band, recorded at the famous Record Plant Studios in New York and produced by jazz musician Ahmad Jamal.
13.34 U.S basement psych-prog monster released in 1979 as an ultra-rare private pressing of 200 copies.
19.44 U.S basement psych-prog monster released in 1979 as an ultra-rare private pressing of 200 copies.
12.48 1966-67 garage anthems, jangly folk-rock and baroque pop courtesy of prolific songwriter Paul Myerberg aka Paul Martin.
20.55 1966-67 garage anthems, jangly folk-rock and baroque pop courtesy of prolific songwriter Paul Myerberg aka Paul Martin.
20.55 Smokin' heavy-rock with early progressive & folkie, bluesy overtones from Virginia, 1971. Originally released on the same label as Polyphony.
13.80 Cool late '60s US Pepperish psychedelia with inventive arrangements, fuzz guitars, studio effects…Recorded in 1967-68 but shelved at the time.
20.55 Cool late '60s US Pepperish psychedelia with inventive arrangements, fuzz guitars, studio effects…Recorded in 1967-68 but shelved at the time.
19.76 Canadian rarity from 1968, recorded under the influence of hallucinogenic substances by a bunch on underground musicians: Michel Pagliaro, Tony Roman, Denis Lepage and Andy Shorter.


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text:
West Howard Forum
Free to Think
How Not to Be an Antiracist
These are some interesting times we're living in. We've swung from one extreme to another. Newton's Third Law of Motion says that for every action there is a reaction, equal in force, opposite in direction. I reckon that's what we've got: the actions of the former administration and his supporters created this reaction in the current administration and its followers. There is one difference, however, and that's the fact that Joe Biden is an establishment man. He is not truly the opposite of Trump, it's just that his popular supporters are the opposite of Trump supporters. His puppet masters are those from the Bush/Clinton Dynasty (which includes Obama). They pander to public emotion while, behind the scenes, doing the bidding of the oligarchy. Only one paragraph in and I've already gone off topic!
Today's topic is about the idea of "antiracism," a term popularized (and possibly coined) by Ibram X Kendi in his book How to Be An Antiracist. In this work, Ibram posits that the only way to not be racist is to actively be antiracist. In order to be antiracist, one must do things, take actions, which attack all things that he deems to be racist.
I read Ibram's book several moons ago at the recommendation of a would-be friend with an epic beard, which brings me closer to the topic du jour. Mr. Epic Beard, Esquire, has recently landed himself in some hot water for using his influential media platforms to allegedly accuse another Howard County resident of being a racist bigot. The latter is now fighting back in a court with a defamation lawsuit. I find it a shame on all accounts, but I don't plan to take a side in the argument, as I honestly do not know all of the facts.
My guess is that the plaintiff in the lawsuit has said or done things in the past which ran contrary to Mr. Kendi's views, and Mr. Epic Beard was motivated to act. Since Mr. Epic Beard has read How to be an Antiracist, he knows that anything that is not promoting Mr. Kendi's vision of the ideal political system is racist. So, Mr. Epic Beard was merely being a good disciple and following the orders of Mr. Kendi. I imagine it to be a lot like how those people from the Districts stormed the Capitol, listening to the calls of Mr. Trump.
In the latter half of Mr. Kendi's book, he pushes for socialism, something that the Black Panthers also fought for. There is a new movie out now called Judas and the Black Messiah, which is an entertaining film about Fred Hamptom, the chairman of the Chicago Black Panthers, who was, it seems, murdered in his bed during a law enforcement raid. The movie takes some liberties with its assertions about the motives of the other side, along with glorification of socialism. That said, I did enjoy the film for its artist meaning and the story it told of a man who was simply fighting for what he thought was right. Daniel Kaluuyah did an excellent job playing Hampton. Anyway, Mr. Kendi's book suggests that capitalism, as he defines it to be, is inherently a racist system. We know that to not be racist one must actively be antiracist, so one must then be anticapitalist. Based on his logic, all of those who support capitalism, as he defines it, are racist.
If it was indeed this line of thinking that Mr. Epic Beard was following, then I feel a bit sorry for him. He was led, like a little boy in the town of Hamelin, by the Pied Piper of Anti-Racism. He was told that he must do and say these things, otherwise he, too, would be racist. Mr. Epic Beard does not want to be a racist, so he read the book. If you don't read the book, love it, recommend it to friends, and then accuse those who don't read it of being racist, then you, too, in Mr. Kendi's definition, are a racist. Such a genius model for selling books!
The Department of the Navy, not wanting to be racist, has recently updated its reading list. Appearing on the list of must reads is Mr. Kendi's work (https://freebeacon.com/national-security/navy-reading-list-includes-anti-racism-book-for-sailors/). It won't be long before it is mandatory reading in Howard County Schools, replacing the works of that evil Dr. Seuss. Instead of Green Eggs and Ham, "How to Be an Anti-Racist" will be read allowed to little children while they sit in a circle, criss-cross applesauce. They won't know what any of it means, but they'll certainly leave the circle with feelings. The white children will leave with shame, the black children will leave with resentment, or perhaps anger. I'm not sure if this is the best way to be anti-racist.
I recently saw a piece of press about Mr. John Brennan, a former CIA Director, who said that he is, "increasingly embarrassed to be a white man." (https://nypost.com/2021/03/02/ex-cia-chief-john-brennan-embarrassed-to-be-a-white-man/) Somewhere, in there, he is suggesting that there is something inherently wrong with being a white man, two characteristics which are naturally assigned at birth and beyond the control of the bearer. This would seem to be a racist and sexist notion. Perhaps what he is really saying is that, deep down in his own heart, he has over his life been a racist misogynist. He then is simply assuming that others with a similar skin color and sex organs also feel the same way. Instead of taking responsibility for his own mental illness, he decided to include others, racially profiling and parroting the stereotype that whites, especially white men, are racist. I'm pretty sure this is not the most effective way to be anti-racist.
One of my favorite economist authors, Dr. Walter E. Williams, passed away recently. He was a professor at George Mason, and one of the greatest black scholars of our time. He had the courage to buck the trend of pandering, and instead spoke truth to power as he saw it. I'm currently working my way through his book Race & Economics, in which he tells the history of racism in economic policy, but it's quite the opposite of what the establishment (Mr. Biden and his ilk) tell the masses. Take minimum wage, for example. He provides quotes from those politicians who pushed for minimum wage a century ago, when it was openly known and acknowledged that the minimum wage was designed to protect white laborers from black labor competition. The result of these policies, which people at the time knew would happen, was increased black unemployment. Today, of course, they spin it quite differently, claiming that increasing the minimum wage will help our poor youth; the reality is, instead, that it will provide greater job protection for unionized workers and hurt those on the outside (youth, unskilled labor, immigrant labor, and sometimes black labor). What does the establishment get in exchange? Inflation, it loves inflation. Minimum wage, it seems to me, is not an effectively antiracist tool.
Now that the pendulum has swung from one extreme to another, we also see the U.S. Department of Defense "addressing extremism in the ranks." This is a reaction to the prior administration. I find this to be a scary precedent, as it suggests that "extremism," in the current administration's definition, is anything that supported previous policies. It seems that it is an overt attempt to silence all forms of dissent: you either agree with the party line, or your are a heretic. Just as Socrates was executed for "corrupting the youth" by asking questions, so too will anyone who questions this march of "antiracism." If you support the idea of free markets, for example, you must be a racist. If you're a racist then you are an extremist. If you are an extremist then you have no place the U.S. military.
But, if we are to accept this extremist witch-hunt as necessary and proper, wouldn't that mean that every 4 to 8 years we might potentially need to redefine who the extremists are? It was only a few months ago when there were extremist hippies, hooligans, and soccer moms burning down cities and private businesses in the name of equity. Was that not a form of extremist dissent? If it was, then should we not have expelled all of yesterday's extremists from the ranks of the military? Imagine, having nothing but Trumpians in the military when the Capitol was swarmed!! May the odds forever be in your favor, Speaker Pelosi!!! Not sure if this is a proper way to be an antiracist.
Labeling people who look, act, and think different as racists, extremists, and all other sorts of insulting names seems ineffective to me; it's certainly not constructive. It further expands the divide. Wasn't it Dr. King who said that he dreamed of a day when men would be judged by the content of their character, not the color of their skin? Not that the he gets the final say, for he was not without his own demons, but I do believe this idea has merit. It seems to me that Mr. Epic Beard, Mr. John Brennan, and Mr. Ibram X Kendi are, instead of judging each person on his or her own merit, grouping them by class, gender, or race and stereotyping them. Is that what it is to be an anti-racist?
Mr. Kendi's book will be read by many (notice that on Amazon it has more than 20,000 reviews), mostly whites who claim they're trying to help us. Please, stop trying to help us! Like Marshall Mathers (also now facing cancel culture), we're victims of Munchausen syndrome. For the majority of those many "helpers", it will make them feel good, like earning a boy scout badge. They will wear this badge with honor. The badge will say, "Anti-Racist," and they will be proud that they have done their part. They might also write "BLM" on their car windows. They will tell their friends about the book and, like a Prius driver, nod at passersby who acknowledge the "BLM" graffiti. This is how they will do their part. It's how they will stop the spread of racism. They won't fully understand Mr. Kendi's position, nor will they understand history or economics well enough to critically analyze his points. Instead, they will subconsciously associate socialism with good and white men with evil. Perhaps, if Kendi has done everything right, they'll be ready to pounce like, Sirhan Sirhan, when called upon to attack the target.
One thing that I would like to circle back to before closing is this: the FBI had been targeting Fred Hampton and the Black Panthers for their extremist, dissident ideology. This led to Mr. Thompson's eventual assassination. It would seem that what was yesterday's extremist ideology is today's fashion. With this notion, I can't help but belly laugh over the current administration's plans to target extremists and the popular support he is getting for taking such anti-freedom actions. I don't fault the Biden administration though, all administrations do it; remember when the Bush administration shamed anyone who didn't support his adventures in Iraq?
Having said all of this, allow me to also say that life seems to be far easier if one just goes along to get along. It's hard work fighting hypocrisy and irrational thought. As a independent thinker, my beliefs are often insulting to both sides of the political aisle. I'm well-hated by most people. This is why I take such long breaks between blogs these days. It zaps my energy…and I'm pretty sure that it gets me nowhere. Are we ever truly free to think and question? Probably not if we want to be anti-racist.
Shaykh
Happy New Year: When Will It End?
The Lost Year May Become the Last Year
The Struggle for Mind Control – BLM, MAGA, and HCPSS Politics
Fall Homecoming
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How To Choose The Best Real Estate Advisor?
If you have ever looked at an electronic circuit board, it may seem like a very complex set of components, elaborately set out in a distinctive schematic. It will include many different parts including diodes, capacitors, inductors, transistors, and resistors which all play a part in the function of the device. When you see FPGA boards, that's exactly what you have, and some of them are using extremely small components. Many of these cannot be made by human hand but are created via computers and machines that can make these intricate designs in a matter of minutes. What you will have to do, in some cases, is program these FPGAs in order to make them perform certain functions. This is a whole separate issue, but if you are looking for components, or information on electrical circuitry, you can find a lot of this information online.
Where You Find This Information Quickly?
Information on circuit boards and different electronic components can be found on the websites where you can buy these FPGAs. You can also locate forums that are on the Internet which specifically discuss electronic components and related information. You may be able to start up a conversation or thread where you can talk to people about this and they will help you out if they have the knowledge. Otherwise, you may have to take a class, or much more simply, you simply need to pay someone to configure everything the way that you wanted.
What Is The Best Electronic Parts Counterfeit Detection Process?


The School of Journalism and Strategic Media hosts its annual J- Days celebration in the first week of April. The week kicks off with an Ice cream Social for graduating seniors, followed by a scholarship reception, and the much anticipated Roy Reed lecture series. The last event for the week is a celebration of achievements at the Lemke Journalism Project reception. SJSM faculty also host special lectures and journalists and media professionals as guest speakers throughout the week. Events are subject to change.
SENIOR ICE CREAM SOCIAL | APRIL 2 | 1 - 2:30 p.m.
The Senior Ice Cream Social is an annual event that celebrates senior journalism students that are about to graduate. This event is sponsored by the Alumni Association, and encourages the participating seniors to join the association to stay connected post-graduation. The event will be held on April 2nd from 1 - 2:30 p.m. and will be located on the Kimpel patio, weather permitting.
ROY REED LECTURE SERIES | APRIL 3 | 7 p.m.
Josh Dawsey, White House correspondent for the Washington Post, will speak about media coverage of the White House at 7 p.m., Wednesday, April 3 at the University of Arkansas' Janelle Y. Hembree Alumni House. Dawsey is the 2019 Roy Reed Lecture speaker and was named among the Forbes' 30 under 30 in media who are defining and driving the world of news and content. The award-winning journalist scooped multiple White House stories that received worldwide coverage.
The last event of J-Days is the Lemke Journalism Project reception. The Lemke Journalism Project is an annual newspaper program for high school students focusing on diversity issues in journalism and northwest Arkansas. LJP was started in 2001 LJP runs for six weeks in the spring semester. The Lemke Journalism Project culminates in the publication of the student-written Multicultural News.
For more information on J-Days celebrations and events, please contact Amy Unruh at (479)575-3113.


text:
'Malaria blocks development' revisited: The role of disease in the history of agricultural development in the Eastern and Northern Transvaal Lowveld, 1890-1960
R. Packard
This article revisits assumptions about the impact of malaria on development by looking at the history of disease and agricultural development in the lowveld region of the former Transvaal Province of South Africa. It argues that the impact of both malaria and malaria control was not uniform but was mediated by race and class. Prior to World War II, large-scale white commercial farmers did very well in the lowveld despite the presence of malaria. Poorer whites, by contrast, suffered greatly from the disease and had little success in agriculture. African farmers, while not as successful as white commercial farmers, actually benefited economically from malaria in that the disease deterred more extensive white settlement in the region, leaving land available for African cultivation and herding. The benefits of malaria control following World War II were both limited and uneven. White commercial farmers extended citrus and sugar cultivation, but this was as much a product of rising commodity prices as effective malaria control. Large numbers of poorer whites did take advantage of the elimination of malaria and settled in the lowveld following the war. However, few of them made a living as farmers. Finally, postwar white settlement reduced farming opportunities for Africans and increased their dependence on wage labour.
Journal of Southern African Studies
Dive into the research topics of ''Malaria blocks development' revisited: The role of disease in the history of agricultural development in the Eastern and Northern Transvaal Lowveld, 1890-1960'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Agricultural Development Arts & Humanities 100%
Malaria Arts & Humanities 98%
agricultural development Social Sciences 90%
malaria Earth & Environmental Sciences 89%
farmer Social Sciences 63%
History Arts & Humanities 49%
history Earth & Environmental Sciences 40%
World War II Social Sciences 29%
Packard, R. (2001). 'Malaria blocks development' revisited: The role of disease in the history of agricultural development in the Eastern and Northern Transvaal Lowveld, 1890-1960. Journal of Southern African Studies, 27(3), 591-612. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632430120074608
'Malaria blocks development' revisited : The role of disease in the history of agricultural development in the Eastern and Northern Transvaal Lowveld, 1890-1960. / Packard, R.
In: Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2001, p. 591-612.
Packard, R 2001, ''Malaria blocks development' revisited: The role of disease in the history of agricultural development in the Eastern and Northern Transvaal Lowveld, 1890-1960', Journal of Southern African Studies, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 591-612. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632430120074608
Packard R. 'Malaria blocks development' revisited: The role of disease in the history of agricultural development in the Eastern and Northern Transvaal Lowveld, 1890-1960. Journal of Southern African Studies. 2001;27(3):591-612. doi: 10.1080/13632430120074608
Packard, R. / 'Malaria blocks development' revisited : The role of disease in the history of agricultural development in the Eastern and Northern Transvaal Lowveld, 1890-1960. In: Journal of Southern African Studies. 2001 ; Vol. 27, No. 3. pp. 591-612.
@article{732449142f904a169f539b60aefc100e,
title = "'Malaria blocks development' revisited: The role of disease in the history of agricultural development in the Eastern and Northern Transvaal Lowveld, 1890-1960",
abstract = "This article revisits assumptions about the impact of malaria on development by looking at the history of disease and agricultural development in the lowveld region of the former Transvaal Province of South Africa. It argues that the impact of both malaria and malaria control was not uniform but was mediated by race and class. Prior to World War II, large-scale white commercial farmers did very well in the lowveld despite the presence of malaria. Poorer whites, by contrast, suffered greatly from the disease and had little success in agriculture. African farmers, while not as successful as white commercial farmers, actually benefited economically from malaria in that the disease deterred more extensive white settlement in the region, leaving land available for African cultivation and herding. The benefits of malaria control following World War II were both limited and uneven. White commercial farmers extended citrus and sugar cultivation, but this was as much a product of rising commodity prices as effective malaria control. Large numbers of poorer whites did take advantage of the elimination of malaria and settled in the lowveld following the war. However, few of them made a living as farmers. Finally, postwar white settlement reduced farming opportunities for Africans and increased their dependence on wage labour.",
author = "R. Packard",
journal = "Journal of Southern African Studies",
T1 - 'Malaria blocks development' revisited
T2 - The role of disease in the history of agricultural development in the Eastern and Northern Transvaal Lowveld, 1890-1960
AU - Packard, R.
N2 - This article revisits assumptions about the impact of malaria on development by looking at the history of disease and agricultural development in the lowveld region of the former Transvaal Province of South Africa. It argues that the impact of both malaria and malaria control was not uniform but was mediated by race and class. Prior to World War II, large-scale white commercial farmers did very well in the lowveld despite the presence of malaria. Poorer whites, by contrast, suffered greatly from the disease and had little success in agriculture. African farmers, while not as successful as white commercial farmers, actually benefited economically from malaria in that the disease deterred more extensive white settlement in the region, leaving land available for African cultivation and herding. The benefits of malaria control following World War II were both limited and uneven. White commercial farmers extended citrus and sugar cultivation, but this was as much a product of rising commodity prices as effective malaria control. Large numbers of poorer whites did take advantage of the elimination of malaria and settled in the lowveld following the war. However, few of them made a living as farmers. Finally, postwar white settlement reduced farming opportunities for Africans and increased their dependence on wage labour.
AB - This article revisits assumptions about the impact of malaria on development by looking at the history of disease and agricultural development in the lowveld region of the former Transvaal Province of South Africa. It argues that the impact of both malaria and malaria control was not uniform but was mediated by race and class. Prior to World War II, large-scale white commercial farmers did very well in the lowveld despite the presence of malaria. Poorer whites, by contrast, suffered greatly from the disease and had little success in agriculture. African farmers, while not as successful as white commercial farmers, actually benefited economically from malaria in that the disease deterred more extensive white settlement in the region, leaving land available for African cultivation and herding. The benefits of malaria control following World War II were both limited and uneven. White commercial farmers extended citrus and sugar cultivation, but this was as much a product of rising commodity prices as effective malaria control. Large numbers of poorer whites did take advantage of the elimination of malaria and settled in the lowveld following the war. However, few of them made a living as farmers. Finally, postwar white settlement reduced farming opportunities for Africans and increased their dependence on wage labour.
JO - Journal of Southern African Studies
JF - Journal of Southern African Studies


text:
Patient Bill Pay
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According to the AAMC State Physician Workforce Data Report, California has over 110,000 active...
What Is the Seriously Ill Population (SIP) Model? What Your Practice Needs to Know
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text:
Sofía Guillermina de Suecia (en sueco: Sophia Vilhelmina; en alemán: Sophie Wilhelmine; Estocolmo, 21 de mayo de 1801-Karlsruhe, 6 de julio de 1865) fue princesa de Suecia y gran duquesa de Baden tras su matrimonio en 1819 con Leopoldo I de Baden.

Biografía
Sofía era la segunda de los hijos del rey Gustavo IV Adolfo de Suecia y de Federica de Baden. El rey fue derrocado por el parlamento en 1809, con lo que la familia se exilió a Baden. Tres años después, en 1812, se divorciaron los padres de Sofía y ella permaneció al lado de su madre.

Matrimonio y descendencia
En 1815 fue comprometida para casarse con el duque Leopoldo I de Baden, que era su tío abuelo. La causa política del matrimonio era el parentesco de Sofía con el gran duque Luis I de Baden y que tanto ella como su prometido eran considerados herederos del gran duque.

La boda se celebró el 25 de julio de 1819. A pesar de tratarse de un matrimonio por conveniencia, los cónyuges llevaron una vida afortunada durante los primeros años y tendrían ocho hijos:
 Alejandrina (1820-1904), casada con el duque Ernesto II de Sajonia-Coburgo-Gotha.
 Luis (1822).
 Luis II (1824-1858), gran duque de Baden.
 Federico (1826-1907), regente y gran duque de Baden.
 Luis Guillermo Augusto (1829-1897), general al servicio de Prusia.
 Carlos (1832-1906), contrajo matrimonio morganático con Rosalie von Beust.
María (1834-1899), esposa del príncipe Ernesto Leopoldo de Leiningen.
 Cecilia (1839-1891), conocida como Olga Fiódorovna. Esposa del gran duque Miguel Nikolaievich de Rusia.

Vida pública
En 1833 corrió el rumor de que la gran duquesa Sofía había ordenado el asesinato de Kaspar Hauser, quien supuestamente era un príncipe de Baden, presunto hijo de Carlos II, gran duque de Baden hasta 1818, y de Estefanía de Beauharnais. Simultáneamente se rumoreó que la madre de Leopoldo era la responsable del cautiverio de Hauser desde su nacimiento, y los grandes duques fueron criticados duramente por la opinión pública. Además, Sofía fue incriminada de sostener una relación extramarital.

Durante la revolución de Baden de 1848-1849, la familia ducal salió de Karlsruhe. Tras la muerte de Leopoldo en 1852, Sofía regresó a vivir a su palacio en esa ciudad, donde murió en 1865.

Fue sepultada en la iglesia protestante de Karlsruhe. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, su tumba fue profanada. Tras la guerra, su féretro fue trasladado a la capilla sepulcral de Karlsruhe —el mausoleo de los grandes duques de Baden—, donde permanece en la actualidad.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Princesas de Suecia (casa de Holstein-Gottorp)
Nobles de Suecia del siglo XIX
Nobles alemanas del siglo XIX
Damas de la Orden de Luisa
Grandes duquesas consortes de Baden
Nacidos en Estocolmo

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Witch my Wife - New app + Promo Codes!
Discussion in 'iOS Apps' started by Portegno Apps, Mar 20, 2009.
I would like to introduce our new app to have fun with pictures!
Do you need a photo proof and convince your friends that your wife is a witch?!? Then this is the app for you!
With "Witch my Wife" you can transform a picture of your wife, girlfriend or relative into a perfect witch (or wizard).
Choose an object and add it to your picture and then use your fingers to move, scale and rotate the object in order to make it fit perfectly.
You can add dialogue balloons with custom text.
I just grabbed EEEK4RYJAYLM. Now I can add this to my collection (I also have Wanted and My Labrador). Thanks for the code!


text:
The Pennsylvania Workers' Comp Claims Process
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Garbage collector killed on the job
On behalf of Laputka, Bayless, Ecker & Cohn, PC | Oct 20, 2014 | Firm News, Industrial Workers' Compensation
A Pennsylvania garbage collector was killed at the beginning of his shift on Oct. 13. The fatal injury happened in Pittsburgh while the 29-year-old man sat in his parked vehicle in the area where refuse employees park while waiting for his coworkers to pick him up ....
PennDOT truck rolls off road injuring 3 workers
On behalf of Laputka, Bayless, Ecker & Cohn, PC | Sep 25, 2014 | Firm News, Industrial Workers' Compensation
Around 1:15 p.m. on Sept. 18, a Pennsylvania Department of Transportation trucked rolled off the side of a road about 25 miles northwest of Pittsburgh, injuring three workers. The driver explained to the Brighton Township police that the truck rolled off the side of...
Lack of supervision blamed for fatal gas well explosion
On behalf of Laputka, Bayless, Ecker & Cohn, PC | Aug 13, 2014 | Firm News, Industrial Workers' Compensation
In a report they released on Aug. 6, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection concluded that a fatal gas well explosion was caused by the actions of an untrained and unsupervised contract worker. The explosion in Green County resulted in the death of...
Temporary workers face greater risk of injury
On behalf of Laputka, Bayless, Ecker & Cohn, PC | Jul 17, 2014 | Firm News, Industrial Workers' Compensation
On Feb. 25, 2013, a temporary worker at a sugar plant in Pennsylvania was killed when he slipped into a hopper full of sugar. He was trying to get rid of clumps when the accident occurred. Thirteen days before the incident, the plant removed a screen designed for...
1 person killed, 8 injured at GM plant explosion
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An employee of a Pennsylvania firm was killed in work-related accident at a General Motors plant in the Midwest. The explosion, which occurred on July 1 at 1:50 p.m. in a factory in Indiana, also injured eight other people. Four of the injured people received...
Pennsylvania court reverses mesothelioma judgment
On behalf of Laputka, Bayless, Ecker & Cohn, PC | May 27, 2014 | Firm News, Industrial Workers' Compensation
A workers' compensation case has returned to trial court after a Pennsylvania appeals court reversed a summary judgment. After an electrical company employee filed suit for allegedly contracting mesothelioma on the job, the appeals court argued that the Workers'...
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Pennsylvania workers may have noted news of radiation exposure at a radioactive waste disposal plant. A radiation leak at the underground nuclear waste dump in New Mexico on Feb. 14 has impacted 13 workers who have tested positive for radiation exposure at elevated...
Pennsylvania factory explosion results in injuries, death
On behalf of Laputka, Bayless, Ecker & Cohn, PC | Feb 6, 2014 | Firm News, Industrial Workers' Compensation
On Jan. 31, an explosion at a factory in St. Mary's resulted in the death of one individual and injuries to two others. The workplace injury incident occurred in the morning at a carbon and graphite manufacturing facility on Trout Run Road, and sources state that the...
Employee injured in Pennsylvania plant accident
On behalf of Laputka, Bayless, Ecker & Cohn, PC | Jan 21, 2014 | Firm News, Industrial Workers' Compensation
A 26-year-old man was injured while working at a Harrison Township, Pennsylvania, plant. The workplace injury occurred after a piece of equipment fell on top of the man while he was working. The accident occurred at about 4 p.m on Jan. 17 as the man was standing on...
Woman claims husband's brain disease caused by work conditions
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The Pennsylvania Supreme Court decided to allow the lawsuit filed by the wife a former employee of Armstrong World Industries to move forward on Nov. 18. The lawsuit claims that the Lancaster man sustained a workplace injury by being exposed to chemicals that...
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text:
Q: Problem installing ubuntu 18.04 on my laptop I'm using lenovo Ideapad S540
there is 2 kind of problem
-using 'try ubuntu without install" option
when I getting into drive allocation page, there is nothing but blank, and soon system freezes.
-using 'install ubuntu' option
I get error message like this
mmc0: Unknown controller version(3). You May experience problem
usb usbx-portx: Cannot enable. Maybe the USB cable is bad
usb usbx-portx: Unable to enumerate USB device
(initramfs) Unable to find a medium containing a live file system

I checked my bootable usb stick and it worked fine on other computer.

A: Problem solved.
It was SATA control mode issue.
I changed it from RST to ACHI and everything is OK.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Laravel - way to sum total_balance of all children.balance columns with just one request? I need to simplify my data structuring. I want to get sum of balances in children accounts of a parent account. Here is how my object is structured:

*

*Account Types

*

*Children Types

*

*Account 1 ( has balance of 9000 )

*Account 2 ( has balance of 5000 )

I want to get total balance of all children accounts:

*

*Account Types

*

*Children Types - total_balance = 14000

How to do this without looping through the object, but using only the query builder of Laravel?
This is the request in my controller:
    $user = \Auth::user()->id;
    $accounts = AccountType::where('parent_id', 0)
    ->where('virtual', '=', 0)
    ->with(['children', 'children.accounts' => function ($query) use ($user) {
        $query->where('user_id', '=', $user);
    }])
    ->get();

    return $accounts;

And this is the object that I get:
{
"id": 1,
"name": "Savings",
"parent_id": 0,
"virtual": 0,
"created_at": "2016-10-27 10:28:59",
"updated_at": "2016-10-27 10:28:59",
"children": [
  {
    "id": 2,
    "name": "General Savings",
    "parent_id": 1,
    "virtual": 0,
    "created_at": "2016-10-27 10:28:59",
    "updated_at": "2016-10-27 10:28:59",
    "accounts": [
      {
        "id": 25,
        "institution_id": 0,
        "balance": 9000,
        "account_nickname": "Money Laundering",
        "is_primary": 1,
        "account_type_id": 2,
        "user_id": 2,
        "created_at": "2016-10-31 16:47:23",
        "updated_at": "2016-10-31 16:47:23"
      },
      {
        "id": 26,
        "institution_id": 0,
        "balance": 5000,
        "account_nickname": "Moneymarket Savings",
        "is_primary": 0,
        "account_type_id": 2,
        "user_id": 2,
        "created_at": "2016-10-31 16:48:30",
        "updated_at": "2016-10-31 16:48:30"
      }
    ]
  }
]

Is there a way to do that?

A: This should give you a list of all account types a user has containing a the total_balance of all accounts under each account_type:
$userAccountTypes = DB::table('account_types AS at')
    ->select(DB::Raw('*, SUM(a.balance) AS total_balance'))
    ->join('account_types AS ct', 'ct.parent_id', '=', 'at.id')
    ->join('accounts AS a', 'a.account_type_id', '=', 'ct.id')
    ->where('at.parent_id', 0)
    ->where('a.user_id', $user)
    ->groupBy('ct.id')
    ->get();


text:
Velký řád krále Petara Krešimira IV. (), oficiálně Velký řád krále Petara Krešimira IV. se stuhou a jitřenkou () je státní vyznamenání Chorvatské republiky založené roku 1992. Udílen je občanům Chorvatska i cizím státním příslušníkům.

Historie a pravidla udílení
Řád byl původně založen dne 20. června 1992. Pojmenován byl po chorvatském králi z dynastie Trpimírovců, Petaru Krešimirovi IV. Velikém. Dne 1. dubna 1995 byl tento řád rekonstituován. Udílen je vysokým státním úředníkům, státníkům a vedoucím mezinárodních organizací či vysoce postaveným politikům a vojenským velitelům, a to jak občanů Chorvatska, tak i cizím státním příslušníkům. Udílen je za přínos k mezinárodní reputaci a postavení Chorvatské republiky, za mimořádný přínos k nezávislosti a integritě Chorvatska, za přínos k rozvoji a pokroku Chorvatska, za výjimečný přínos k rozvoji vztahů mezi Chorvatskem a dalšími státy a národy, za mimořádný přínos k vytváření válečné strategie a vojenské doktríny, za zásluhy o budování chorvatských ozbrojených sil a za vynikající výsledky při velení vojenským jednotkám. Udílen je úřadující prezidentem Chorvatské republiky na základě vlastního rozhodnutí nebo na doporučení Státního výboru pro vyznamenání a ocenění.

Insignie
Řádový odznak je vyroben ze stříbra. Má tvar kosočtverce, který je položen na zkřížených mečích jejichž čepele směřují vzhůru. Uprostřed je kulatý zlatě lemovaný medailon o průměru 28 mm. V medailonu je na bíle smaltovaném pozadí postava krále Petara Krešimira IV. s korunou. Král stojí na stylizované přídi lodi s nápisem KREŠIMIR IV. V pravé ruce drží král meč a v levé ruce kříž. Základní kosočtverec tvoří bohatě zdobený stříbrný pletenec s pěti smyčkami, mezi nimiž jsou pole vyplněná tmavě modrým smaltem. Ke stuze je odznak připojen prstencem širokým 7 mm. Prstenec tvoří starochorvatský ornament.

Řádová hvězda je vyrobena ze stříbra, je konvexní a osmicípá. Tvoří ji osm delších a osm kratších stříbrných paprsků, mezi nimiž je 16 zlatých paprsků. Uprostřed je položen řádový odznak.

Stuhu z hedvábného moaré tvoří tři stejně široké pruhy v barvě červené, bílé a modré, což odpovídá barvám státní vlajky. Červeným a modrým pruhem navíc probíhají dva úzké žluté pruhy. Stuha je široká 80 mm a dlouhá 196 cm.

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy

Chorvatská státní vyznamenání

Ocenění založená roku 1992
Petar Krešimir


This creamy dark chocolate mousse is made with just 2 ingredients: chocolate and water.
No fancy equipments, no chilling time, just a whisk, 10 minutes and elbow grease!
Hervé This, a French physical chemist with a PHD in molecular gastronomy, invented the recipe. Melt chocolate and water, transfer the mixture to an ice bath and whisk until it becomes thick.
Don't over whip or you will end up with a grainy mousse. If it happens don't despair, you can fix it in no time. Just return the mousse to the pot, melt it, transfer it back to the cold bowl and start again.
Because the recipe involves only two ingredients, choose a good quality chocolate.
You can flavor the mousse with cinnamon, vanilla, orange, cayenne pepper or replace some of the water with your favorite liqueur.
Decorate with cocoa nibs, chopped nuts, berries, whipped cream, etc.
If you try this 2 ingredient dark chocolate mousse let me know what you think! Leave a comment and don't forget to take a picture and share it on my Facebook page or tag it #aseasyasapplepie on Instagram!
This creamy dark chocolate mousse is made with just 2 ingredients. No cream, no eggs, no butter, no sugar.. just chocolate and water!!
Toppings: chopped nuts, cocoa nibs, fresh berries, whipped cream, etc.
Place a large mixing bowl on top of another slightly smaller, filled with ice and cold water.
In a small, heavy-bottomed saucepan over low heat, melt the chocolate and water until smooth. Don't let it boil, simply melt it.
Pour the chocolate mixture into the large bowl and whisk vigorously until the mousse begins to thicken.
Be careful not to over whisk as the mousse will become grainy. If it happens, remelt the chocolate mousse and start whisking all over again.
Serve the dark chocolate mousse immediately or keep it, covered, in the refrigerator for up to 3 days.
I'm sold! Two ingredients and you have a luscious, yummy mousse! Yes please!
It's just an incredible magic! Unbelieveably easy and delicious. I skipped saucepan and melted chocolate right in the bowl by mixing with boling water from electric kettle. Oh sweet laziness! Thank you for this recipe.
I was admittedly a little skeptical at first, but this totally works and it's delicious! I used 80% dark chocolate, because that's what I had on hand and it was perfect.
At first I thought what BS this recipe was…. then after taking mandatory breaks (otherwise my arm would have fallen off)….. there was this amazing mousse .
You saved me from being the clinic's disaster Christmas baker!
Brilliant recipe, will definately try it! Can I also use it as a filling for a choc mouse cake?
That's a great idea, Adeeba!
This BLEW my mind. I saw it on the GBBO and couldn't believe my eyes, so I googled it and found this recipe and I still can't believe my eyes! Thank you SO MUCH for sharing this! Totally made my life.


What Makes A Team Great!
If you look at the roster of a baseball team, you can tell that the best teams have a diverse set of skills. The pitchers can throw the ball the fastest and the outfielders tend to be the ones who can hit the ball the farthest. However if a baseball team was made only of the best pitchers in the world, it would be safe to say that they may strike out most of the players on the opposite team but they would be terrible at scoring runs.
We want our students to recognize the importance of having a diverse skill set while working in groups. With the help of Scrum, students choose their teams based on skill, not friendship. Students get to know their peers' skills by filling out profiles that describe who they are. Those profiles are then hung in the classroom. Students can walk up to the "Skills Board" to see who might be the best fit for their group. They are now looking at their peers differently: they base their decision on how to make their next project the best it could be.
As the type of projects change, so do the groups. Students see the value in having a teammate who is skilled in art, coding, or making iMovies depending on the type of project that they are working on. We want to encourage our students to realize the importance of working with different people. As a result, students become more open to various ideas and it increases collaboration throughout the classroom.
Product: Team has been asked to create a video game using Scratch, an online coding site to help students learn more about the different types of Figurative Language.
The classroom example above shows two different groups of students who picked their teams for the upcoming project. Group 1 pick teams based on skill, while group 2 picked their friends.
Group 2 loves to code and they love to work with Scratch. However, when it comes to creating a final product, they fail. The students in group 2 spent so much time coding, they ended up failing at creating a game that would help students learn more about Figurative Language.
Group 1 had a diverse set of skills. Child B kept the group on task with their organization skills, while Child C started to write the script for the game. Child A taught the other members in his group how to code, while gaining valuable skills from his teammates. Group 1 learned how to effectively collaborate.
It's important for teachers to design projects that aligns with the types of skills their students have. As educators, it's our job to include their interests and skills into their learning. When teachers design projects based on students skills, students will thrive in the classroom and shine as true collaborators.


The Apple MacBook Pro provides a retina display that lets your work shine. With long-lasting power, it is ideal for commuters & travelling professionals.
One of the most common complaints levied at the MacBook and MacBook Pro laptops Apple relaunched in 2015 and 2016. Apple suggests performing some yoga with your MacBook and a can of compressed air.
6 days ago · The MacBook Air is Apple's oldest laptop in its offerings. Debuted by Steve Jobs in 2008, the MacBook Air held the title for the world's thinnest mainstream laptop for the longest time before.
Sep 6, 2018. Apple has four different laptop options: MacBook, MacBook Air, 13in MacBook Pro, Let's start with the MacBook – not Air or Pro, just plain MacBook. We'd suggest that students will have similar needs to business users.
Of cause for this low price this knock off Macbook Air doesn't ship with OSX Lion and an all. 100 macbook air price in china macbook air knock off china. What is the price for a MacBook Pro in China. Is there any new Macbook Pro or Air coming this year.
HP, Lenovo and other "business" PC Makers have. The Macbook Pro 15 with Retina performed just as I expected in general, and exceeded my expectations in graphics performance. Macbook Air users can o.
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Functional Foods 4D option BIOL4268
Level: Level 4 (SCQF level 10)
Students will work individually or in small groups under supervision to consider the evidence for the effects of individual foods and food ingredients on health and consider the evidence required to support health claims and design of functional foods. They will individually develop a portfolio of evidence for a functional food as would be necessary for a health claim in line with requirements in Europe.
This option is assigned to S2-D. There are normally 3 hours of teaching on Fridays, which may be split over more than one session.
Normally, only available to final-year School of Life Sciences students in a Degree Group C3 programme (Human Biology; Human Biology & Nutrition; Physiology; Physiology & Sports Science; Physiology, Sports Science & Nutrition). Visiting students may be allowed to enrol, at the discretion of the School of Life Sciences Chief Adviser and the Course Coordinator.
Students will develop a detailed portfolio of evidence for a real or hypothetical functional food for a health claim. They will present the evidence gathered from a systematic and critical review of the literature following the requirements of a professional or governmental body such as EFSA. The portfolio will also include: a reflective review of the process, a hypothetical letter to the company who commissioned the health claim application explaining the strength and weaknesses of the proposed claim, a justified recommendation for whether it should be submitted or not, and a copy of the slides from the final overview presentation.
Are reassessment opportunities available for all summative assessments? Not applicable for Honours courses
Reassessments are normally available for all courses, except those which contribute to the Honours classification. For non-Honours courses, students are offered reassessment in all or any of the components of assessment if the satisfactory (threshold) grade for the overall course is not achieved at the first attempt. This is normally grade D3 for undergraduate students and grade C3 for postgraduate students. Exceptionally it may not be possible to offer reassessment of some coursework items, in which case the mark achieved at the first attempt will be counted towards the final course grade. Any such exceptions for this course are described below.
This course aims to provide students with the knowledge and skills to evaluate the impact of food and food ingredients on health. They will be given the opportunity to develop skills related to identifying and critiquing evidence from food science, nutrition, and clinical trials. They will also be able to develop their communication skills for writing professional reports and presentations for a mixed audience. They will explore the legal framework for approval of health claims and learn how to present evidence to bodies such as the EUROPEAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHORITY (EFSA) for this purpose.
By the end of this course students, will be able to:
■ Critically discuss the concept and requirements for functional foods;
■ Apply the legal and evidence requirements for making health claims in Europe;
■ Carry out a competent and complete literature search for studies providing evidence for physiological and health effects;
■ Critique evidence for health effects in published literature and reports;
■ Present an argument for a health claim against official criteria and other requirements;
■ Develop a scientific argument and present evidence for a functional food with potential health claims following the requirements of a professional or governmental body.


Washington State University sent letters earlier this month to one million people warning that they could be at risk of identity theft after a hard drive was stolen over a month ago.
The university said in the June 9 letter that the hard drive belonged to its Social & Economic Sciences Research Center. The theft occured on April 21. The hard drive contained personal information such as names, Social Security numbers and personal health information, the Seattle Times reported Thursday.
"We have no indication that the information on the hard drive has been accessed or misused in any way. However, as a precaution, we are notifying you of this incident and offering you a complimentary one-year membership to Experian's ProtectMayID Alert," the university said.
Phil Weiler, vice president for marketing and communication at the school, told the paper that the hard drive contained data from 1998 to 2013 from school districts, community colleges and other customers. He added that SESRC contracts with state agencies to evaluate the quality of the data that is collected and that it would take a certain computer expertise to interpret the data.
"We take this incident very seriously. We are notifying impacted individuals so they can take steps to protect themselves and offering free credit monitoring and identity theft protection services to those individuals whose personal information may have been accessed. We are also notifying the entities that provided SESRC with data that included personal information," the letter said.
Weiler said the school hired a computer-forensics firm to determine what data has been backed up.


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Q: Debian private ppa or alternative I want to create a private ppa, but every answer (1, 2, 3) to "how do I create a private ppa?" has started with "Well, it's not going to be easy", something similar to that or just something that confused me.
Assuming that I know nothing about ppa's, apache-setup, servers, can someone either a) explain explicitly and clearly how this is done, b) explain an alternative (other than git) or c) at least point me in the right direction with a lot of verbosity so that I can begin to understand all of this? That is can someone provide me with a way of distributing a Debian package (preferably with a private ppa) and explain it very simply?
The solution now is to use git (it's 10 times easier than making a private ppa hosted on a private server), and git might be the right way to go, but I think for the future we still want to create a package, and we should probably know how to do this.

A: You may start at

*

*https://wiki.debian.org/HowToSetupADebianRepository

*https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/blog/bittner-195120/howto-build-your-own-debian-repository-2863/
Or ask for help on an IRC channel:

*

*https://wiki.debian.org/IRC#Debian_IRC_channels
To restrict access on a debian repository, a simple Basic authentication can be used if you are using HTTP protocol. If you are using FTP, you can use the login and the password of the user. If you are using SSH, you can use a public/private key access.
Check it out: https://www.debian-administration.org/article/513/Restrict_Access_To_Your_Private_Debian_Repository