DAASE, IIT Indore organised a workshop titled "Multi-wavelength Sky Observations - AstroSat and Beyond" during February 3-9, 2019 in association with TIFR, Mumbai and ASSC, IUCAA, Pune. This event was one of the first scientific events conducted as a part of the 10-year anniversary celebration of IIT Indore. The event consisted of a 5-day workshop during which scientific sessions and hands-on data analysis session were carried out using data from LAXPC, SXT, CZTI and UVIT instruments on-board Astrosat. Prof. H. M Antia, Dr. Sudip Bhattacharyya, Dr. C. S. Stalin, Dr. Jayashree Roy, Dr. Md. Shah Alam, Dr. Sunil Chandra, Dr. Abhirup Datta, Dr. Bhargav Vaidya, Nilima Kamble, Kasturi Warang, Prajwel Joseph, and Ashish Devaraj were the speakers and tutors who introduced the participants to multi-wavelength astronomy. 25 participants comprising of PhD students, postdocs and university teachers from all over India took part in this workshop. In the scientific sessions, a wide span of topics including neutron stars, black holes to galaxies, galaxy clusters, AGNs, jet simulations were discussed. A detailed introduction of the instruments and their working techniques was presented. During the hands-on session, the participants analyzed X-ray data from the black hole system Cygnus X-1 and the Crab pulsar to study the spectral and timing properties of the sources. They extracted images from the globular cluster NGC 188 and carried out photometry of the stellar data. Following the workshop, a symposium was conducted where the participants and a few experts presented their recent research on topics relevant to Astrosat science goals.
A three days workshop on "Observing Universe with AstroSat" was conducted at Manipal Centre for Natural Sciences (MCNS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) during September 03-05, 2018. 50 participants were selected from 18 institutes/universities from 5 different states (Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Kerala, Maharashtra and West Bengal). The aim of this workshop is to motivate students to pursue higher studies in the field of observational astrophysics in the context of the Indian Space Program. India's first multiwavelength astronomical satellite AstroSat has been launched on 2015. AstroSat with it's multiwavelength observation capabilities has provided a unique platform to study and understand various galactic and extragalactic astrophysical sources.
One of the most important X-ray payload onboard AstroSat is LAXPC. LAXPC operates between 3-80 KeV. UVIT onboard AstroSat observes the universe in broad UV band. In this workshop, the instrument overview, expected scientific outcome from these two instruments was introduced. Also, a detail analysis training session for these two instruments was carried out. Participants were informed that a feedback form will be sent end of December, 2018.
The department of Physics, Providence Women's college, Calicut in collaboration with IUCAA , Pune and Academy of Physics teachers(APT), Kerala, organized a School in X- ray Astronomy Data Analysis during 22-26 May 2018 for the benefit of teachers and research scholars of neighbouring institutions. The main aim of the school was to make the participants aware of the theoretical and observational aspects of X-ray astronomy and the present challenges in this field. Only twenty participants, were selected for the school and facilities were provided for the hands on experience of the complete data analysis of the X-ray payloads of Astrosat. Prof.Ranjeev Misra (IUCAA), Dr.Jithesh.V (IUCAA), Ms.Sneha Prakash( Christ, Banglore), and Ms. Savithri Ezhikode (St.Thomas college, Kolenchery) guided the group for the installation of various softwares and complete analysis of both LAXPC & SXT payloads.
School in X- ray Astronomy Data Analysis workshop.
The workshop on Multi-wavelength Observations using AstroSat was conducted at the Department of Physics and Electronics, Christ University, Bengaluru, during December 14 - 16, 2017, and was mainly intended to young researchers and students, who were interested to pursue Astronomy and Astrophysics as their future career. There were 70 participants, consisting of B.Sc. and M.Sc. students, research scholars and faculty members, of whom 30 were from outstation. Main focus of the workshop was UVIT and LAXPC data analysis. Participants were introduced to new existing and upcoming mega projects like TMT, SKA, LIGO-India, etc.
Multi-wavelength Observations Using AstroSat workshop at Christ University, Bengaluru.
The ISRO sponsored AstroSat Science Support Cell, ASSC (http://astrosat-ssc.iucaa.in/ ) held an intensive workshop at IUCAA during November 13-26, 2017. The focus of the workshop was on analysis of data from the four pointing instruments on board AstroSat namely, UVIT, SXT, LAXPC and CZTI. Along with lectures on the instruments and their Science goals, the primary part of the workshop was hands-on data analysis sessions where participants analyzed data under the supervision of experts. The workshop was targeted towards Ph.D students, postdocs, faculty members and scientists who plan to analyse AstroSat data. More than 50 participants attended the workshop from different parts of the country as well as from abroad. The participants also provided feedback on AstroSat software and suggestions for improvement.
AstroSat Data analysis workshop at IUCAA, Pune.
A workshop related to AstroSat early science results and data analysis was held in ARIES, Nainital during 08-11 August 2017. The workshop was sponsored by AstroSat Science Support Cell (ASSC) and ARIES. The workshop was aimed at attracting students from Northern India where such activities are limited. The workshop received an overwhelming response from Ph. D. students. 26 outstation participants were selected for the workshop out of which 22 students attended the workshop. In addition to this, about 15 Ph. D. students and faculties from ARIES also participated in the workshop. Travel and local hospitality was provided to the participants. A welcome address was given by Dr. A. K. Pandey, Director, ARIES. Prof. P. C. Agarwal was also present during the inaugural ceremony of the workshop and motivated the young students. He emphasised on the wealth of data that AstroSat will be generating and the need of involving young researchers to work with the data. The workshop was divided into lectures and hands-on data analysis sessions for UVIT and LAXPC payloads onboard AstroSat. Two to three science lectures were delivered by scientists in the morning sessions of the workshop which was later followed by in-depth data analysis sessions. Prof. Ranjeev Misra and Dr. Anjali Rao led the LAXPC data analysis sessions. The UVIT sessions were led by Dr. Koshy George. The feedback of the workshop was good and it was suggested that more such workshops be organised to foster interest amongst the students. The workshop ended with a note of thanks.
AstroSat data analysis workshop at ARIES, Nainital.
The workshop was conducted at Tezpur University, Assam, during 3 - 5 May, 2017. The main aim of this workshop was to provide a hands-on experience of AstroSat data analysis to the participants. A total of 46 participants from all over the country attended the workshop with major participation from the north-eastern region. The participants were from Assam Don Bosco University, ARIES Nainital, Assam University Silchar, Gauhati University Guwahati, etc. The emphasis of the workshop was to provide hands-on experience to the participants. The participants used HEASOFT and packages with-in to understand the physics of Pulsars and Black Holes. The participants of the workshop had an unique experience of handling ASTROSAT data. On the final day of the workshop, an assignment session was organized where participants were asked to analyze a new set of data.
Participants being trained in AstroSat Data analysis at Tezpur, Assam.
A workshop to inform and train young astronomers about LAXPC data analysis was undertaken at TIFR, in January 18-21, 2017. About 30 scientists, consisting of Ph.D students, postdocs and young faculty members from all over the country participated in this workshop. The details and nuances of the complex analysis was shown during hands-on sessions where the participants analyzed sample data from the LAXPC. The sessions were conducted by members of the lAXPC Science team and ASSC personnel.
In collaboration with the Association of Physics Teachers (APT), Kerala and Providence College a three day workshop was help in Kozikhode, Kerala to inform teachers and students of the region about AstroSat and the potential to use AstroSat data for both research and training in the form of projects at the M.Sc. level. More than 30 participants attended the workshop where they given introductory lectures on X-ray astronomy and AstroSat instruments. Hands on sessions were arranged where the participants analyzed sample AstroSat LAXPC data.
On Sept 28, 2016, AstroSat completed its first year of successful operation. To celebrate the occasion, a one day meeting was organised at IUCAA, Pune on Thursday, Sept 29 2016, to highlight the technical and scientific achievements of the Observatory. In the morning , the Chairman, ISRO, Dr. Kiran Kumar, Director, PRL Dr. Tapan Mishra and AstroSat PI, Dr. S. Seetha visited the AstroSat Science Support Cell where they were shown how the cell is equipped to analyze the data from different AstroSat payloads and the working of the AstroSat Proposal Processing System (APPS). They also visited the IUCAA laboratory and were shown the laboratory model for the Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) instrument that is scheduled to fly on onboard the Aditya-1 mission. The meeting started with a welcome by the IUCAA Director and an introduction by Prof. P. Agrawal. The Chairman, ISRO delivered the keynote address and dedicated the Astrosat Science Support Cell (http://astrosat-ssc.iucaa.in/ ) hosted at IUCAA. This was followed by an official release of AstroSat outreach posters. The first scientific results and the future scope of the satellite was presented by the payload managers of the different instruments and in the afternoon, there was a panel discussion on the future of Indian Space Astronomy. The meeting was attended by several dignitaries from ISRO and other institutes from all over the country who have been involved with AstroSat.
The first Announcement of Opportunity (AO-1) for Indian Scientists to propose for AstroSat observations was announced by ISRO with a deadline for submission on July 29, 2016. In this context. the ASSC held its inaugural workshop on "AstroSat AO Proposal submission: guidelines and technical issues" from 13 to 14 July 2016 at IUCAA, Pune. The meeting had overview talks on AstroSat and its payloads, with emphasis on the results obtained during the performance verification phase. A key element of the workshop was a set of extensive demonstration sessions where the participants were shown in a step by step manner how to propose for AstroSat observations and in particular the choice of how to configure each instrument in order to optimize the Science output. There were also discussion forums where the participants raised queries and concerns, which were addressed by the experts. Some of the key speakers for the workshop were Dr. S. Seetha (ISRO), Profs. J. S. Yadav (TIFR), K. P. Singh (TIFR) A. R. Rao (TIFR), S. N. Tandon (IUCAA,IIA), S K. Ghosh (NCRA), D. Bhattacharya (IUCAA) and G. C. Dewangan (IUCAA).


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American alligators are important members of their ecosystem, and are regarded as keystone species. Many animals are affected by their existence. Young alligators are prey for wading birds, turtles, snakes, mammals, and larger alligators. Alligators over 4 feet long are at the top of their food chain. As top predators, they are important in controlling prey numbers. Using their tails and snouts to wallow out the muck and push out the vegetation, large alligators construct and maintain gator holes. During the dry season, these gator holes remain filled with water and create a refuge when the surrounding shallow water has dried up. These water holes are an important means of survival for many other Everglades animals. When the rains return, the animals spread out to repopulate the glades. Over hunting for their skins, combined with habitat changes, led to a serious decline in their population. In 1967, the American alligator was listed as an endangered species. After twenty years of federal protection, the alligator numbers made a successful recovery and is no longer considered an endangered species. Alligator nests are mounds of vegetation and mud and may rise 3.5 feet and be twice as wide. Females lay between 20 and 50 eggs, and will guard the nest throughout the incubation period. When the eggs are ready to hatch, calls from the hatchlings stimulate the mother to open the nest, freeing the young. Sometimes, she carries the hatchlings in her mouth to the water. The juveniles form groups called pods and remain close to the mother, deriving protection from her for up to a year. Despite her protection, the young are often food for other animals. Lacking the salt-secreting glands of the crocodiles, the American alligator can only withstand brackish water for short periods of time. They are able to tolerate colder temperatures than crocodiles.
ZooAmerica is home to five American Alligators. Xavier and Yoshi, our exhibit gators, hatched in August 2010 at the St. Augustine Alligator Farm. They moved from the Education Department into the exhibit when they were about 3.5 feet long. The remaining three alligators are housed off-exhibit and are used as ambassadors of their species in educational programming. Their hatch dates are August 2015.
The American alligator inhabits freshwater swamps, marshes, rivers, lakes and canals. It can be found throughout the southeastern United States, from the coastal swamps of North and South Carolina, throughout Florida, and west to Texas.
Alligators are carnivorous. They consume fish, turtles, snakes, and small mammals. When young, they feed on insects, snails, small fish, and tadpoles.
Always visible. They are often in the water, but they also like to bask on land.


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text:
L'Imperi Hitita fou l'estat dels hitites conegut amb el nom de Hatti, tal com és esmentat a les cròniques assíries. Establerts a Anatòlia vers el  hi persistiren fins al  quan, empès pels Pobles de la mar, l'imperi col·lapsà i es fragmentà establint-se una sèrie de regnes relativament efímers.

Els egipcis l'anomenaven Ht, que segurament equival a Hate, i a la Bíblia se l'anomena Hittim que fou traduït a la Bíblia luterana com a hethiter i va donar lloc al terme anglosaxó Hittites. Els francesos els anomenaven Hethéens, i posteriorment Hittites, i els espanyols heteos i, més endavant, hititas. En català s'ha adoptat la forma anglosaxona amb una te. Cal no confondre aquests hitites amb els hetites de Palestina, descendents d'Het.

Antecedents
La civilització hitita fou descoberta el 1834 per Charles Félix Marie Texier (1802-1871) quan va descobrir les ruïnes d'una antiga ciutat prop de Bogazköy. Aquesta ciutat va resultar ser la capital imperial, Hattusa. En les dècades següents, es van anar descobrint nous elements, especialment inscripcions, que una vegada parcialment desxifrades van treure a la llum l'existència d'un gran imperi fins aleshores desconegut.

El 1897 la descoberta de les cartes d'Amarna va suposar un gran avenç en l'estudi dels hitites. Van seguir diverses excavacions que van suposar l'aportació de nous i nombrosos elements. El desxiframent de l'escriptura hitita, inicialment anomenada "arzawa", va rebre un impuls decisiu quan Hugo Winckler, entre 1905 i 1909, va descobrir, a Bogazköy, més de 10.000 tauletes, un autèntic arxiu nacional, i entre elles alguns textos bilingües que van possibilitar el coneixement del seu contingut. Finalment, a mitjan , l'escriptura hitita va ser totalment desxifrada i noves troballes posteriors n'han perfeccionat el coneixement.

Un estat d'organització moderna

L'existència de l'Imperi Hitita fou coneguda des d'antic per algunes al·lusions de textos bíblics i per nombrosos relleus egipcis que hi feien referència. Però el coneixement ordenat de la seva història és més recent. El 1907 un grup d'arqueòlegs europeus descobrí, prop del poblat turc de Bogazköy, la ciutat d'Hattusa, capital de l'antic Imperi Hitita. Entre les seves ruïnes es trobaren piles de tauletes de fusta, que contenien documents de la història del país. Però el mal estat de la fusta no va permetre llegir aquells textos tan valuosos, i els arqueòlegs es van haver d'acontentar a desxifrar el material de biblioteca que també es va trobar, escrit sobre tauletes d'argila, més resistents al pas del temps, i que contenien textos jurídics, religiosos i històrics. Malgrat que aquests textos són probablement menys espontanis i més oficials que la documentació arxivada a les tauletes de fusta, serveixen per a conèixer la història d'aquest poble que, per la claredat i l'objectivitat de la informació que ha transmès, té guanyat el qualificatiu de modern.

Fins als hitites, tots els textos històrics que coneixem d'altres imperis es redueixen a llistes de reis i dels fets principals dels seus regnats. Els hitites ens han deixat dades suficients per elaborar-ne una autèntica història, en el sentit més actual de l'expressió, ja que la relació de cada fet guerrer, de cada tractat i de cada decisió reial va precedida d'un nexe que estableix la relació amb el passat i seguida d'un comentari que pretén endevinar-ne les possibles conseqüències.

A partir d'aquesta informació de primera mà, no és difícil traçar les línies principals de l'esdevenir històric hitita. La cronologia de reis i esdeveniments difereix lleugerament d'uns especialistes a d'altres, però en el pitjor dels casos les diferències són només d'algunes desenes d'anys.

Hattusa, la capital de l'estat hitita, fou fundada a mitjan segle XVII aC pel primer sobirà del que tenim clara notícia, Hattusilis I. El seu regnat fou presidit per lluites contínues per conservar l'autonomia enfront dels pobles que l'envoltaven, sobretot els hurrites, establerts al nord de Síria, i els gasgas, que habitaven en les impenetrables muntanyes del sud de la mar Negra. Uns i altres arribaren a atacar la capital hitita, que fou destruïda i reconstruïda de bell nou diverses vegades. L'activitat guerrera fou continuada pel seu successor, Mursilis I, que destruí la ciutat d'Alep i arribà fins a Babilònia, que caigué en un període de desorganització interna a causa d'aquesta invasió. L'excessiva activitat i la manca d'estructuració interior comportaren la ruïna d'aquest primer Imperi Hitita.

A finals del segle XVI aC sorgiren greus enfrontaments interns provocats per profundes dissensions en el si de la família reial i que acabaren conduint a la fi del regne. Els esforços de Telepinus (1525 - 1500 aC) per restaurar-lo foren ineficaços i a la caiguda del regne seguí un període de silenci en les fonts sobre la civilització hitita. Aquest silenci s'explica també perquè el  veié la supremacia dels hurrites de Mitanni i la formació de l'Imperi Nou egipci. Malgrat això, la prepotència dels mitanni i els egipcis no anorreà els hitites. Durant aquell període d'inactivitat política, posaren els fonaments de la seva futura ascensió a gran potència amb la creació de les institucions que els haurien de permetre l'estructuració d'un nou regne. En aquells anys es compilà el Codi Hitita, el principal monument legislatiu d'aquesta civilització i un dels més importants de l'Antiguitat.

Vers el 1380 aC, Subiluliuma I fundà l'Imperi Nou hitita fonamentat una potents organització militar. A l'inici del seu regnat, organitzà una campanya militar al país de Damasc i va sotmetre a la seva sobirania la majoria dels petits reialmes siris. El sistema de lluita que inaugurà Subiluliuma es fonamentava en l'ús dels carros de guerra, una gran novetat tècnica, i en la peculiar estratègia dels atacs per sorpresa, que agafava indefensos els enemics, habituats a batalles més previsibles. Gràcies a això, en una campanya posterior pogué sotmetre completament tota Síria.

Una altra novetat de la seva forma de fer la guerra fou la tècnica del setge. La pròspera ciutat de Karkemish no va poder resistir el setge del seu exèrcit més de vuit dies, després del qual el rei d'Amurru es reconegué vassall dels hitites. Amb això, es trencà l'equilibri militar dels petits estats d'Orient i el regne hitita destacà entre tots, posant-se a l'altura militar d'Egipte i Babilònia. Tan gran fou el seu prestigi que la mateixa reina d'Egipte, potser la vídua de Tutankamon, es rebaixà a demanar a Subiluliuma que un dels seus fills es casés amb ella, encara que els generals de la cort egípcia malbarataren la realització d'aquesta unió, que hauria pogut formar un gran imperi a Orient.

Els successors de Subiluliuma I mantingueren l'extensió dels seus dominis a còpia de lluites contínues contra els pobles veïns i especialment contra Egipte, que vivia una època d'expansió amb la XIX dinastia. Així, Mursilis II, que començà a regnar a mitjan , lluità durant tot el seu regnat contra els gasgas i va sotmetre gran part d'Anatòlia. El seu successor, Muwatallis I, sofrí la invasió dels gasgas en territori hitita mentre tot l'esforç del seu exèrcit es concentrava contra els egipcis del faraó Ramsès II, als quals vencé en la batalla de Kadesh a principis del .

A la mort de Muwatallis I començà un període de crisi en l'Imperi Hitita. El tron, que corresponia legítimament al seu fill, fou usurpat per l'oncle de l'hereu, un germà de Subiluliuma I anomenat Hattusilis III, que regnà amb la sort a favor i portà l'Imperi a un dels períodes de més gran apogeu. Signà un tractat equilibrat amb Egipte i hagué de fer front als atacs de Salmanassar I d'Assíria. En aquells mateixos anys de mitjan , Moisès conduïa el poble hebreu a establir-se a Palestina. Al final d'aquell segle, uns pobles indoeuropeus, que els egipcis anomenaren "Pobles de la mar", envaïren gran part de l'Orient pròxim. Els petits regnes desaparegueren; els grans imperis resistiren llur empenta i subsistiren, amb l'única excepció de l'Imperi Hitita, que hi sucumbí.

Història
Convencionalment, la història dels hitites es divideix en sis fases:
 Període prehitita
 Període protohitita
 Imperi hitita Antic
 Imperi hitita Mitjà o període de foscor
 Imperi hitita Nou o Segon Imperi Hitita
 Període neohitita o Regnes neohitites

Període prehitita i protohitita
El període prehitita es desenvolupà entre el 2500 aC i el 2400 aC, a l'entorn del que es podria considerar una mena de primera capital a l'indret de la moderna ciutat d'Alaca Hüyük.

El període protohitita durà uns 700 anys (2400 aC - 1700 aC) i s'hi manifestà un enriquiment cultural a conseqüència del contacte amb els assentaments comercials assiris, anomenats els Karum, amb Kaneix que fou el principal, moderna Kültepe, prop de Kayseri, que va existir entre el 1900 aC i el 1720 aC).

Imperi Hitita Antic
L'Imperi Hitita Antic es desenvolupà entre el 1700 aC i el 1400 aC. Aquest període s'inicià amb l'existència ja consolidada de principats de cultura hitita per les regions central i sud-oriental d'Anatòlia:

 Regne de Mama
 Regne de Kanish
 Regne de Kushara
 Regne de Khatti o Hatti
 Zalpuwa (a la zona del llac de la Sal)
 Shalatiwara
 Burushkhanda

Anitta, rei de Kushara, va conquerir Khatti (capital Hattusa) i va sotmetre a vassallatge Shalatiwara i Burushkhanda cap a la meitat del segle XVIII aC, aconseguint el primer embrió de l'Imperi Antic. L'imperi de fet no es va consolidar fins al regnat de Labarnas i del seu successor, Mursilis I. L'Imperi Antic va durar fins al regnat de Telepinus, quan el regne hurrita de Mittani va assolir l'hegemonia regional.

Fou Telepinus que va deixar escrits uns edictes establint determinades reformes i als edictes hi ha una introducció històrica de l'origen de l'imperi on s'esmenta només tres reis: Labarnas, Hattusilis I i Mursilis I.

Labarnas es considera el fundador, ja que va estendre la seva hegemonia sobre les ciutats estat i petits principats veïns. Hattusilis I, el seu fill, va traslladar la capital a Hattusa, i va ampliar el seu territori:
 va conquerir Alalakh als hurrites;
 va atacar Arzawa, ocupant Khashshuwa (que després s'anomenà Commagene), i forçant el regne de Iamkhad (o Yamkhad), amb la seva capital Khalpa (o Khalap), a constituir-se en estat vassall fronterer amb Babilònia;
 va vèncer els hurrites després d'una victòria al puig Adalur;
 va dominar el país d'Urshu (al nord de Karkemish) i va conquerir Zaruna i Khashshu.
En tornar d'una campanya, va desheretar el seu fill Huzziyas, per alguna cosa que havia fet, i va nomenar successor el seu net Mursilis, al qual va adoptar com a fill.

Mursilis I va incorporar més estretament els estats vassalls a l'Imperi. Vers el 1600 aC es va annexionar Alep, tot derrotant els hurrites, i el 1594 aC va conquerir, temporalment, Babilònia, acabant amb la dinastia amorita d'Hammurabi. A la seva tornada fou assassinat pel seu cunyat Hantilis.

Els pobles muntanyencs kashka, establerts a la costa de la mar Negra, es van estendre cap al centre d'Anatòlia i van ocupar Nerik i altres llocs; la frontera va quedar delimitada pel riu Kumeshmakha (en hitita clàssic Scylax, en modern Cekerek) deixant els hitites separats de la mar Negra. Al morir Hantilis, el seu fill Pishenis fou assassinat per Zindantas I, gendre de Hantilis, que va usurpar la corona, però al seu torn fou assassinat al cap d'uns anys pel seu fill Ammunas; aquest va governar uns vint anys i a la seva mort el va succeir el seu fill Huzziyas I, que fou assassinat pel seu cunyat Telepinus, cap del partit reformista.

En aquesta època s'havien ja perdut els territoris occidentals (Arzawa) i Alep. Entre les reformes que va introduir Telepinus destaca la regulació de la successió. Fins llavors, la reialesa, tot i que de fet era hereditària, era electiva nominalment. Amb la reforma, la successió va quedar controlada jurídicament per un consell de nobles o pankus amb dret absolut, del qual formava part el mateix rei. Telepinus va codificar també les lleis hitites, que eren prou suaus en comparació amb el que era habitual a l'Orient Mitjà.

Reis de Kushara, reis de Kanish, reis d'Hattusa

 Pithana o Pittkhanas després del 1800 aC
 Anitta vers 1760 aC
 Peruwa vers 1730 aC
 Zuzzu vers 1730 aC
 Tudhalias I vers 1730 aC
 Huzziyas abans de 1700 aC (possible rei de Zalpa)
 Pusarrumas vers 1700 aC
 Papahdilmah vers 1680 C

Imperi Antic

 Labarnas vers 1680-1650 aC
 Hattusilis I 1650-1620 aC
 Mursilis I 1620-1590 aC
 Hantilis I 1590-1560 aC
 Pishenis 1560 aC
 Zidantas I 1560-1550 aC
 Ammunas 1550-1530 aC
 Huzziyas I 1530-1525
 Telepinus (1525-1500)

Imperi Hitita Mitjà o període de foscor
L'Imperi Hitita Mitjà o període de foscor comprèn des del 1500 aC fins al 1400 aC. En aquest període, el poder hitita és molt limitat i és Mittani qui ostenta l'hegemonia. Dura uns cent anys i és conegut com el "període de foscor" perquè es conserven molt pocs documents de l'època. La llista cronològica del reis és la següent:

 Alluwamnas vers 1500-1485 aC
 Hantilis II vers 1485 aC ?
 Tahurwailis vers 1485 aC ?
 Zidantas II vers 1480 aC ?
 Huzziyas II vers 1450 aC
 Muwatallis I vers 1420 aC

No es produeix un trencament dinàstic, ja que seguint l'ordre successori establert, com que el fill de Telepinus, Ammunas, havia mort abans que el pare, la successió va passar bé a un fill d'un germà anomenat Tahurwailis, bé a una germana, casada amb Alluwamnas. El cert és que ambdós foren reis, però l'ordre, ara com ara, no s'ha pogut establir, si bé els erudits s'inclinen per pensar que Alluwamnas va precedir a Tahurwailis, per les característiques del seu segell, més properes a les del de Telepinus. Potser l'ordre establert per Telepinus no va funcionar o bé Alluwamnas fou un rei rebel o un virrei. Se l'associa a una revolta en temps de Telepinus pel qual fou desterrat a Malitaškur.

Després d'Alluwamnas va ser rei el seu fill Hantilis II, que va fer un tractat amb el rei de Kizzuwatna, Paddatissu. Zindantas II era nebot d'Hantilis II, va perdre Kizzuwatna, el rei de la qual, Pilliya, va esdevenir tributari de Mittani, i va signar un tractat igualitari amb els hitites.

El va succeir Huzziyas II, la relació del qual amb el seu predecessor és desconeguda, i va regnar durant uns anys en què Mittani es va enfrontar a Egipte; fou assassinat per Muwatallis I, possiblement fill o germà d'Huzziyas II, i que era cap de la guàrdia imperial.

Muwatallis I fou igualment assassinat en un cop de palau dirigit per Himuilis, cap dels servidors de palau, i per Katunzilis, cap dels endevins dels conductors de carros reials, tot i que segurament el cap de la guàrdia imperial era el germà del rei Muwas.

Nou Imperi Hitita o Segon Imperi Hitita
El Nou Imperi Hitita o Segon Imperi Hitita va existir entre el 1400 aC i el 1185 aC. En aquest període, l'Imperi arriba a la seva màxima extensió sota Mursilis II. La llista cronològica dels reis és la següent:
 Tudhalias II vers 1400-1390 aC
 Arnuwandas I vers 1390-1370 aC
 Tudhalias III vers 1370-1344 aC
 Hattusilis II ?
 Subiluliuma I vers 1344-1320 aC
 Arnuwandas II vers 1320 aC
 Mursilis II vers 1320-1295 aC
 Muwatallis II vers 1295-1270 aC
 Mursilis III (es va fer dir sempre Urhi-Tesub) vers 1270-1265 aC
 Hattusilis III vers 1265-1250 o 1240 aC
 Tudhalias IV vers 1240-1210 aC
 Kuruntas ? (vers 1220 o 1210 aC ?)
 Tudhalias IV vers 1220-1210 aC (segona vegada)? o Arnuwandas III 1220-1210 aC
 Arnuwandas III 1210-1205 aC ?
 Subiluliuma II 1205-1178? aC

Tudhalias II
Assassinat Muwatallis, Muwas, cap de la guàrdia reial i probablement germà del difunt, va fugir a territori de Mittani, mentre Kantuzilis col·locava en el tron un home anomenat Tudhalias II, probablement de la família reia i casat amb la princesa Nikalmati, d'origen hurrita. Muwas va retornar amb un exèrcit hurrita, però fou derrotat i Tudhalias es va consolidar com a rei. El rei d'Alep es va aliar amb els hitites, abandonant l'aliança que havia establert amb Mittani, però aviat els hurrites van imposar de nou el seu domini al regne.

Arnuwandas I
A la mort de Tudhalias el va succeir el seu fill Arnuwandas I, amb qui l'imperi es va estendre per la Cilícia (Kizzuwatna, on es documenta un governador provincial o Bel Magdalti, i no pas un rei), el principat de Nuhase (o Nuhashi) i, temporalment, Alep. Un vassall hitita, Madduwattas, va envair Arzawa sense permís del rei, però fou derrotat per Kupanta-Lamma, el rei d'Arzawa i va fugir cap a territori hitita, on el rei va restaurar-li el feu.

Attarisiya, el cap dels Ahhiyya (probablement els aqueus), es va enfrontar amb Maduwattas i aquest va tornar a fugir; sempre que era derrotat, el rei el restaurava. Finalment, es va revoltar, es va aliar amb Arzawa i pel matrimoni amb la filla del rei, va arribar a ser rei. Durant aquest regnat, els kashka van saquejar les regions de Nerik, Khurshama, Kashtama i Zalpuwa, entre d'altres.

Tudhalias III
A Arnuwandas I el va succeir el seu fill Tudhalias III. Abans o després de Tudhalias se sol situar Hattusilis II, que alguns erudits moderns pensen que potser ni tan sols va existir. El parentiu d'Hattusilis II no està determinat i podria ser fill d'Arnuwandas i germà de Tudhalias III; estava casat suposadament amb Taduhepa. És possible que les dades que se'n tenen corresponguin en realitat al primer Hattusilis. Però si no és així, el més lògic és que fora el fill i primer successor d'Arnuwandas i que morís molt aviat sense fills, deixant el tron a Tudhalias III.

Les alternances en el domini d'Alep van continuar. El país d'Azzi fou cedit al rei Khukhana de Khayasa, que era un dels estats del país. Els kashka van arribar fins a Nenashsha i després a la regió de les muntanyes Tarikarimu, propera a Hattusa, ciutat que van arribar a atacar i ocupar temporalment.

La guerra amb Arzawa va arribar fins a Tawanuwa i Uda, el país d'Azzi es va revoltar i els rebels van arribar fins a Kizzuwatna, després de devastar la regió de Tegarama. Les campanyes militars de Tudhalias III foren adreçades contra:

 La ciutat d'Arziya, dirigida pel general Kantuzilis.
 Sallapa, ciutat governada per Tuttu, que fou destruïda.
 La muntanya Nanni, de la que no se'n sap el resultat.
 Khayasa (Hayasa), a l'est de Samuda; el rei d'Hayasa va evitar la batalla i el príncep hereu hitita, Subiluliuma, es va haver d'enfrontar amb els kashkes i la batalla amb Khayasa es va obviar.
 La Terra Superior, de la que no se'n sap res més, però que se suposa que correspon a Capadòcia.

El seu fill i hereu va dirigir tot sol diverses campanyes i la capital va quedar establerta a Samuha. Va reconquerir Hattusa que havia estat ocupada pels kashkes, va derrotar nou tribus i va restaurar ciutats i establir fortificacions; després, al retornar el seu pare de la Terra Superior, va fer campanya contra el regne de Masa i Kammala i va travessar el riu Hulanna, al nord-oest d'Hattusa. Mentrestant, els kashkes van destruir les fortificacions i ciutats que abans havia establert, i van rebre l'ajut de les ciutats de Kathariya i Gazzapa, que el príncep va destruir. Posteriorment, va tornar a Hayasa, on va lluitar amb el seu rei, Karanni o Lanni; va haver de lluitar contra Pipayili, el cap dels kashkes, va combatre contra Arzawa i també es va enfrontar a Isuwa, Altxe (o Alshe) i Mittani.

Els següents regnats necessiten un tractament específic, ja que és en aquell moment que els hitites posaren fi al poder de Mittani, que a partir de llavors es convertiria en un poder regional limitat, en un vassall dels hitites, i a Síria van quedar enfrontats directament amb Egipte.

Mursilis II
Article principal: Mursilis II
A la mort de Subiluliuma I el va succeir el seu fill Arnuwandas II, que va morir al cap de pocs mesos a causa de la pesta portada pels presoners egipcis i el va succeir el seu germà Mursilis II, amb el qual l'Imperi va arribar al màxim del seu poder; va conquerir Arzawa i altres regions occidentals, com Ahhiyya, i va fer front als kashkes, unificats sota un sol rei, que va derrotar.

Muwatallis II
A la seva mort, el va succeir el seu fill Muwatallis II. En el seu temps es va decidir l'hegemonia a Síria i Palestina amb la batalla de Cadeix (Síria), en què les dues parts es van atribuir la victòria, però que cal considerar una victòria hitita, ja que els egipcis es van haver de retirar de Síria.

Mursilis III

A la mort de Muwatallis el va succeir el seu fill Mursilis III, que sempre es va fer dir Urhi-Tesub. La seva legitimitat fou discutida. La capitalitat, que havia estat traslladada a Tarhuntasa, fou retornada a Hattusa. Finalment, es va enfrontar amb el seu oncle Hattusilis (després Hattusilis III), germà de Muwatallis II i vencedor dels kashkes, que va prendre militarment el poder i es va proclamar rei

Hattusilis III
Hattusilis III fou un bon rei. Va fer un tractat de pau perpètua amb Ramsès II d'Egipte, que va portar a l'amistat entre els dos poders; és el primer gran tractat de pau els termes del qual s'han conservat. A l'oest, es va enfrontar amb els ahhiyawa (aqueus) i, a l'est, va disputar als assiris la influència sobre Mittani.

Tudhalias IV i Arnuwandas III
El seu fill, Tudhalias IV, que es creu que ja havia estat associat al tron, el va succeir sense problemes. Va construir la part alta d'Hattusa, ciutat que va arribar a la seva més gran extensió (1 km²) sota aquest rei i els seus successors. Va reconquerir Alashiya, que ja abans havia estat hitita, i es va enfrontar amb els aqueus, que eren una potència emergent. Les seves caceres al país dels kashkes, a Khanigalbat, al regne de Masa, a Lukka (Lícia), a Arzawa i a la Terra Superior, són una prova que aquests territoris eren hitites. Alguns dels territoris constituïts en feus per a la família reial van començar a donar problemes. Es va enfrontar amb els assiris per l'hegemonia sobre els territoris hurrites a Nihiriya. Fou el darrer gran rei.

Fou derrocat segurament per Kuruntas o Kuruntiyas, fill de Muwatallis II, que es creu que va tenir el suport d'una de les faccions religioses. L'arqueologia de la capital mostra, durant aquests anys, un cert nivell de destrucció i després de reparació. Les teories divergeixen sobre si fou el mateix Tudhalias IV qui va recuperar el tron o fou el seu fill Arnuwandas III, el qual antigament es pensava que havia tingut un regnat curt però darrerament se suposa que fou més llarg. Arnuwandas va exigir al rei d'Ugarit, Ibiranu, que havia succeït a Ammistamru, el compliment de les seves obligacions militars i de vassallatge, que sembla que el rei siri no complia.

El final de l'Imperi
Cap al 1207 aC va accedir al tron Subiluliuma II, fill de Tudhalias IV i germà o germanastre d'Arnuwandas III. Alashiya es va revoltar i el rei va fer una campanya contra l'illa durant la qual va lliurar tres batalles navals i terrestres; a l'illa, un cop conquerida, va fer construir un monument a la victòria.

Egipte li va enviar gra durant un període de fam. A Karkemish (Kargamis), Talmi-Tesub va succeir sense problemes a Ini-Tesub i el fill del nou rei, Kunzi-Tesub, també és esmentat en aquesta època, tot i que potser encara no era rei. A Ugarit regnava Ammurapi, i fou probablement la principal base naval hitita, efectiva sobretot per dominar la revolta d'Alashiya. Va conduir una campanya contra Isuwa, que no va tenir èxit, i és esmentada una altra campanya contra Tarhuntasa, on regnava el príncep hitita Kurunta.

Vers el 1185 aC els Pobles de la mar van començar a assolar la costa. El rei hitita va intentar resistir i va demanar ajut a tots els vassalls. La flota principal era a Ugarit, que va quedar desguarnida. Segurament, els hitites foren derrotats a l'oest i, com a conseqüència, algunes forces navals hitites es van rendir a Alashiya o en algun altre lloc.

Els Pobles de la mar van devastar tota la costa de l'imperi i van destruir la desguarnida Ugarit. Els kashkes també es van revoltar i van atacar Hattusa. El rei va establir la seva línia de defensa a Lawasanda, a Cilícia, però fou derrotat i probablement mort. Kunzi-Tesub, rei de Karkemish o Kargamis, i rebesnet de Subiluliuma I, va prendre el títol de gran rei, però poc després Karkemish també fou ocupada pels Pobles de la mar.

Període neohitita o dels regnes neohitites
Durant el període neohitita apareixen una sèrie de regnes, anomenats neohitites, que van ser fundats en el segle XI aC i que van perviure fins al . Destaquen:
 Kizzuwatna, a Cilícia
 Tabal, centrada a Melitene
 Karkemish
 Alep (Yathbal)
 Kattina
 Hamah

Pau i aliances dels hitites
La variada activitat diplomàtica dels reis hitites ha arribat al nostre coneixement per dues fonts principals: la correspondència que sostingueren els hitites amb els egipcis trobades a les ruïnes de Tell el-Amarna, la capital del regne d'Akhenaton, i les còpies dels tractats, escrites en tauletes d'argila, aparegudes en els arxius d'Hattusa, la capital dels hitites. Hi ha una raó que explica l'existència de tantes tauletes i tan detallades, i és que perquè un tractat fos vàlid s'havia de considerar per escrit.

L'original s'escrivia, ordinàriament, sobre tauletes d'argent i a vegades d'or, però aquestes han estat objecte, al llarg de la història, a la rapinya dels que solament advertiren la seva vàlua en el metall preciós i no el document històric. Per això avui no ens resta només les copies en argila. De tals documents, uns estan redactats en hitita i altres en acadià, la llengua diplomàtica de l'Imperi Nou hitita. Tanmateix s'ha de considerar per separat tres tipus de tractat de pau o aliances les quals clàusules eren més o menys concessives, segons el poder militar de l'enemic.

Amb les grans potències de poder semblant al seu, els reis hitites signaren pactes d'aliança en igualtat de condicions. Exemple d'aquests tipus de pactes fou el signat per Hattusil III amb el faraó Ramsès II d'Egipte vers l'any 1270 a. de J. C. En ell s'anomena al faraó amb el títol de Gran Rei, propi dels reis hitites. El tractat determina d'igualtat de drets i deures entre les dues parts i està redactat en la llengua oficial de cadascuna d'elles. A diferència dels paus signades amb els pobles derrotats, que es fan el rei vassall, aquesta pau es signa amb el rei egipci, fórmula exclusiva que denota per si sola la igualtat de condicions. Sol acompanyar al tractat un jurament que les condicions de pau seran complides i es pren als Déus d'ambdós reialmes com a testimonis.

Si alguna de les dues parts viola el tractat, els seus Déus l'infligiran un càstig o, en els millors dels casos, la seva falta restarà impune, però l'enemistat tornarà a renéixer entre ambdós i la guerra serà el fruit de llur infidelitat.

Amb els països que tingueren d'inclinar-se davant la seva superioritat, els hitites signaven tractats de protectorat. Tal fou, per exemple, el signat pel gran Supiluliuma amb el regne mitanni. Algunes clàusules d'aquest acord a l'enemic amb benignitat i li ofereixen condicions equitatives i justes. Altres, per contra, es recreen en humiliar-lo i posen de manifest la superioritat del Gran Rei dels hitites. Normalment no se'ls exigeix cap tribut en metàl·lic, però si una considerable ajuda de contingents militars per a casos de guerra. Per la seva part, el vençut amb el que se signa la pau gaudirà de la protecció guerrera del rei hitita, però veurà limitada la seva iniciativa diplomàtica amb la resta dels països: no podrà declarar guerra ni establir aliances amb els altres països, sense el coneixement i l'acceptació dels hitites.

Per a fi, hi ha una tercera classe de tractats de pau, millor dites de vassallatge, que els reis hitites signaren amb aquells pobles als que derrotaren per complet, per exemple, amb el poble hurrita o amb el rei de Nuhase. En aquests tractats s'imposa al derrotat una sèrie de deures molt estrictes. Encara que conserva el dret de la propietat i l'administració dels seus territoris, està obligat a servir el rei hitita en guerra contra enemics de dintre o de fora del país. El tractat precisa la quantia d'aquesta ajuda, tant en homes com en material de guerra. El vassall té prohibit per complet qualsevol revolta o atac al "Gran Rei". Igualment, si el desenvolupament, de llurs relacions exteriors, tant polítiques com comercials, exerceix una activitat autònoma al marge del vistiplau dels hitites, restarà exposat a l'aplicació dels càstigs que s'indiquen en el tractat. Anualment es renova la submissió del vençut el rei hitita. Aquesta circumstància és aprofitada per pagar-li el tribut convingut en els casos en què s'hagués establert.

A diferència dels tractats signats d'igual a igual, aquests últims tipus són imposats per la voluntat unilateral del rei hitita, que és el que fixa les obligacions del vassall. Per llur part, el vassall ha d'acceptar activament el tractat amb un escrit i un jurament que prometi el seu compliment. Si, malgrat tot, no compleix el convingut, els déus posats per testimonis del seu jurament el castigaran i a més serà objecte de les nombroses sancions fixades. Aquestes són de tot gènere, arribant fins a la deportació dels transgressors però no es coneixen casos de condemna a mort del vassall. Perquè els hitites castiguin tant severament la infidelitat als déus, cal que el jurament hagi estat fet, a més de als déus del vençut, a llurs propis déus, els del panteó hitita, els mil déus del país, expressió amb la que són nomenats en tots els documents.

Vassalls hitites a Síria
Els següents regnes i ciutats de Síria foren vassalls dels hitites en algun moment de la seva història:

 Abzuya
 Ammiya
 Ampi
 Amqa
 Apa
 Arahati
 Arasni
 Arathi
 Ardata
 Barga
 Cadeix (Síria)
 Dapur

 Emar
 Hahhu
 Irqata
 Karkemish
 Kinza (capital Kadesh o Cadeix)
 Murmuriga
 Niya
 Nuhase
 Regne d'Amurru
 Regne de Khalap
 Sehlal
 Sigata

 Siyanni
 Sumur
 Talpa
 Tawanaga
 Tikunani
 Ugarit
 Ukulzat
 Ursu
 Wahliya
 Zaruar
 Zippasna
 Zuppa

Vegeu també
 Qatna
 Religió hitita
 Naharina

Notes

Bibliografia
 Part de la informació per a l'elaboració d'aquest article ha estat extreta de Josep Pijoan i Soteras, Historia del Mundo, 5 vols., Barcelona, Salvat, 1926-1941, vol. 2, p. 78 i ss.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


On Friday, the International Paralympic Committee announced that a refugee team will compete at the Rio Games next month, with the nominated refugees to be named soon. This announcement follows early comments after the Olympic refugee was name that the IPC was interested in doing something similar, but was finding it difficult to identify qualified competitors for such a team.
The refugee team will march first in the parade of nations during the opening ceremonies of the 2016 Games. The team will also have a Chef de Mission, be provided with support personnel, stay at the Paralympic Village, and be subjected to all the same participation requirements during the Games including doping controls. The Agitos Foundation will then provide long-term support for these athletes.
Members of the team have been nominated by a National Paralympic Committee. NPCs were one of the major drivers behind the scenes in getting the IPC to name such a team. They were best placed to identify potential sportspeople for such a team and bring them to the attention of the IPC.


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Storey Publishing, LLC, 9780882669656, 288pp.
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text:
Mury obronne (miejskie) w Lwówku Śląskim – ciąg podwójnego pierścienia murów miejskich wraz z budowlami o charakterze obronnym (m.in. bramami i basztami), otaczający niegdyś obszar całego Lwówka Śląskiego, którego większość odcinków została zachowana do dziś. W ciągu murów obronnych znajdują się wieże obronne: Baszta Bramy Lubańskiej i Baszta Bramy Złotoryjskiej. Mury obronne Lwówka Śląskiego należą do najciekawszych obiektów tego typu na Dolnym Śląsku. Ze względu na niespotykany podwójny układ murów obronnych Lwówek Śląski jest często nazywany polskim Carcassonne.

Historia

Mury obronne Lwówka Śląskiego wznoszone były w dwóch etapach. W pierwszym, który rozpoczął się przed 1261 r., do ok. 1301 r. wybudowano pierścień wewnętrzny, w drugim (od ok. 1435 do ok. 1494 r.) postawiono pierścień zewnętrzny. Do miasta prowadziły wówczas trzy bramy: Lubańska, Złotoryjska i Bolesławiecka. W połowie XVI w. mury miejskie zostały przebudowane, a w 1643 r. częściowo zniszczone. Ponownie przystosowano je do celów militarnych w czasie wojen śląskich. Wewnętrzny pierścień muru składał się z 23 prostokątnych baszt łupinowych, z których zachowało się 15. W zewnętrznym pierścieniu wybudowanych było 11 półokrągłych bastei.

Do dziś w obrębie murów obronnych zachowała się brama Bolesławiecka z wieżą i Baszta Bramy Lubańskiej, której funkcje użytkowe przez wieki zmieniały się. W XVII w. znajdował się tu areszt. Następnie od czasów wojny siedmioletniej trzymano w niej proch dla miejscowego garnizonu. W latach 1744 – 1793 władze miasta wydały rozkaz wywieszenia na bramie tablic z nazwami karczm, w których podróżni mogli przenocować. W 1925 r. w wieży zorganizowano schronisko młodzieżowe, a następnie w 1946 r. umieszczono tu ewakuowane przez Niemców podczas odwrotu cenne zbiory m.in. książki z biblioteki uniwersyteckiej we Wrocławiu.

Na północ od Baszty Bramy Lubańskiej w latach 1934 – 1935 został odrestaurowany fragment muru z drewnianym gankiem. Druga z zachowanych baszt - Bolesławiecka, pochodzi w obecnej postaci z XVI wieku.

Obiekty wzdłuż murów

Baszty

Parki

 skwer Józefa Piłsudskiego

Hydrografia
 Rzeka Płóczka
 Fosa Miejska

Inne
Basteja Archonattiego

Przypisy

Zabytki nieruchome w Lwówku Śląskim
Lwówek Śląski
Obiekty inżynierii lądowej i wodnej w Lwówku Śląskim


When is Kim Sharma's birthday?
Kim Sharma was born on the 21th of January 1980 , which was a Monday. Kim Sharma will be turning 40 in only 271 days from today.
How old is Kim Sharma?
Kim Sharma is 39 years old. To be more precise, the current age as of right now is 14339 days, 15 hours, 3 minutes and 48 seconds.
What is Kim Sharma's zodiac sign?
Kim Sharma's zodiac sign is Aquarius.
Where was Kim Sharma born?
Kim Sharma was born in India, Maharashtra, Ahmednagar.
Is Kim Sharma still alive?
Yes, Kim Sharma is still alive.


text:
Muslim group buys hotel rooms for 28 homeless people during snowstorm
Lilly Fowler
/ February 12, 2019 /
Updated on Tuesday, Feb. 12 at 12:45 p.m.
Matt M. McKnight
Tent City 4 residents (from left) Vijay Lih and Edwin Figueroa sit on their beds at Motel 6 in Issaquah during a cold weather snap in western Washington. Muslim organization MAPS has been covering the bill for them and 26 other people. (Photo by Matt M. McKnight/Crosscut)
For most of the region, wintry conditions are an inconvenience: school closings leave some parents scrambling for childcare, while canceled meetings put off till tomorrow what should be done today. But for those living without shelter, the cold and snow can be a question of life or death.
According to Sean Whitcomb, public affairs director for the Seattle Police Department, several King County residents have already died from exposure. The first death occurred on Thursday. Derek C. Johnson was found facedown on the pavement at the SoDo light-rail station. Johnson was thought to be homeless. The cause of the second death, which happened Sunday, has not been confirmed, but is likely a result of overnight exposure, Whitcomb said. A third possible victim of the cold was found at a boarding house in Capitol Hill shortly after midnight on Sunday. Two people with permanent addresses have also died from exposure: Carl Soderberg, 53, in Maple Valley and Stanley Little, 84, in Fall City.
There have been a number of efforts to help those sleeping on the streets. Seattle's Union Gospel Mission, for example, has expanded its daily search and rescue efforts by attempting to help those living in vans or other vehicles; community centers also have opened their doors. And thanks to the generosity of some of the area's Muslims, a small portion of the region's homeless population was able to escape the snow over the weekend.
The Muslim Association of Puget Sound (MAPS) provided hotel rooms for all 28 residents of Tent City 4, an encampment in Issaquah. The total cost of providing 14 rooms at a local Motel 6 from Friday, Feb. 8, until Tuesday, Feb. 12, was approximately $4,500.
"Our Muslim faith teaches us to take care of our neighbors during times of need," said Nickhath Sheriff, founder of the Muslim Community Resource Center, the social services arm of the Muslim Association of Puget Sound.
"It is heartbreaking to see many people in our community without a roof over their head living in the cold and the snow while we stay warm in our homes," Sheriff said. "Although we realize that there are more people in a similar situation, this is a small effort on our part to help at least a few of them."
That help came just in the nick of time for the tent city residents, including Edwin Figueroa, 54, who joined the camp about three weeks ago after losing his Capitol Hill studio when the construction work he relies on slowed down.
"It is a blessing," said Figueroa, who describes himself as spiritual though not religious.
Figueroa said this is the second time he has relied on the camp.
"They've always helped me when I've been in trouble. It's like a springboard," Figueroa explained, as he sat on the bed in his small hotel room, which featured orange walls and curtains.
Scattered on a counter in front of him: peanut butter, jam, white bread, two cans of soup, cookies and soda.
"Excuse the mess," he interjected politely.
Figueroa's roommate for the weekend — Vijay Lih — also expressed gratitude for the help MAPS offered.
"Not to be gross or anything, but it's been helpful for me because I can take showers," Lih said. He described showing up to his overnight shift at his full-time job at Fred Meyer without bathing as "really embarrassing."
Lih, 35, has lived in tent city for a little longer then Figueroa. He said he moved out of his adopted aunt and uncle's place the day after Christmas because news that his biological parents were still alive back in India had caused too much friction in the household.
Lih said he was adopted earlier in India by a single woman when he was 8 years old. He said he suffers from depression and recently attempted suicide.
"It's always been a very rocky relationship," Lih said. "Adoption is a great thing, but there's a lot of baggage that comes with it."
Lih and the other residents plan to check out of the motel and return to the encampment on Tuesday morning, when February's recording-breaking snowfall — 20 inches in SeaTac — is expected to turn into a mix of flurries and "cold, miserable rain." What to do about heat then?
A snowy scene at Tent City 4 near Issaquah, Feb. 11, 2019. (Photo by Matt M. McKnight/Crosscut)
Sam Roberson, 71, the tent city's advisor, said he's trained residents how to stay warm overnight. The trick is to use sleeping bags lined with individual hand warmers, Roberson explained in the administrative office of tent city as jazz played in the background. A solar panel helps keep the lights on and cuts down on the cost of using a generator in an otherwise electricity-free zone, Roberson said. Space heaters also help warm the common areas of the encampment.
Roberson described the encampment as faith-based. The residents depend on church groups of various denominations for everything from clothing to gas to food. In fact, the encampment works so closely with Muslims, it almost moved to the parking lot of a Bellevue mosque that has twice been the victim of arson. Last year, Bellevue police arrested a teenager in connection with a fire there. Authorities concluded anti-Muslim bias failed to play a role in either of the mosque fires.
When asked what he makes of those in the United States who are prejudiced against Muslims, Roberson said he doesn't "pay attention to it."
Giving back to the community that's helped the encampment is important, too, Roberson said. Residents have given leftover, nonperishable items to local food banks and helped parishioners at some of the Christian churches they work with on tasks ranging from moving to chopping wood and — recently — putting up a Christmas tree.
Sam Roberson of Tent City 4 near Issaquah, Washington stands by a heater in a security tent, Feb. 11, 2019. (Photo by Matt M. McKnight/Crosscut)
Roberson said there also are certain rules that residents must abide by to live in Tent City 4: There's zero tolerance for drugs and alcohol, for example. Diversity is also valued. Racist or homophobic remarks could cause someone to get kicked out.
Although "we'd never ask them to leave in this type of weather," Roberson added.
Even before residents move in, Roberson runs a warrant and sex offender check. And there are no children allowed in the encampment.
"The city should be doing something to get the kids off the streets," Roberson explained.
As for the adults in tent city, Roberson said five people in the past four months have managed to move into permanent homes.
"I have a lot of love in my heart for these people," Roberson said. "These people are good people. It's like a community, a family."
As they fight to get back on their feet, "they're safe here, and they know it."
Icy sidewalks make Seattle dangerous for people with disabilities
"When we don't follow the law because it snows we're still violating people's civil rights."
/ February 8
In Seattle, there's no business like snow business
Seattle shrouded in snow while the Alaskan Way tunnel makes its debut.
Advocates have outlined steps to ease the housing crisis — but it all depends on how legislators divvy the budget.
These community centers, powered by green energy, provide resources during extreme weather and double as gathering spaces during calmer times.
Hannah Weinberger
Disasters,
Lilly Fowler is formerly a reporter at Crosscut, where she focused on race, immigration and other issues.
Matt McKnight is formerly a visual journalist at Crosscut, where he covered a variety of political, social and environmental issues around the Pacific Northwest.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Is it possible to change the Bluetooth UUID on my iPod? Is it possible to change the Bluetooth UUID (the 128-bit value) on my iPod (Currently running iOS 5.0)? or is this a factory locked value?

A: No it is not possible. No known private API or jailbreak methods to do so AFAIK.

A: The UDID is locked, but it is possible to spoof a UUID, as for an Bluetooth UUID, I'd think so but I'm not sure there's anything readily available i.e. in Cydia to do so, only a general phone UUID spoofer.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Contains 2% salicylic acid, which has been shown to be effective in the control of excessive sebum. Salicylic acid acts as an anti-bacterial and anti-microbial. Salicylic Cleanser also is effective in exfoliating the skin.
Categories: _Skin Type:Combination, _Skin Type:Dry, _Skin Type:Oily, _Skin Type:Problematic, _Skin Type:Sensitive, Cleanse, Clogged Pores/Enlarged Pores, Dark Circles/Crows Feet, Dry Dehydrated Skin, Dull Skin, Fine Lines/Wrinkles, Hyperpigmentation/Skin Discoloration, Oily T-Zone/Excess Oil, Problematic Skin, Sagging Skin/Loss of Firmness, Skin Sensitivity/Skin Redness.
Emulsify a small amount with fingers and gently massage onto wet skin. Rinse thoroughly. Use nightly or as prescribed by physician.


text:
Daley Blind and Paxten Aaronson joining the Bundesliga, plus the imminent returns of Florian Wirtz and Sebastien Haller, give you more options in Fantasy Manager. - © DFL
Bundesliga Fantasy Manager scout: Ones to watch in 2023
The winter break brings with it a clean slate for players in Bundesliga Fantasy Manager, as well as some fresh faces to help you either double down on your in-play dominance or turn a faltering season around. Either way, bundesliga.com has got your back...
Take advantage of unlimited transfers before the season resumes!
Sven Ulreich (Bayern Munich, 3.2M)
With Manuel Neuer out for rest of season, Ulreich is next in line to step in as Bayern's chief custodian. The league leaders have conceded fewer goals than any other team so far (13) and, in Ulreich, you're not only likely to collect points for wins and clean sheets on a regular basis but, at just 3.2M, he'll also free up some serious funds for premium picks elsewhere.
Mid-range option
Manuel Riemann (Bochum, 8.7M)
It's admittedly risky picking a Bochum player given their league position (17th), and the fact they have conceded more goals than anybody else in the division. And yet, Riemann is the third-highest scoring goalkeeper in the game (93) thanks to being called into action so frequently. He's made more saves than any 'keeper (64) and already has five double-digit Fantasy scores this season, while only nine percent of players have cottoned on to his worth. You do the maths.
Premium pick
Koen Casteels (Wolfsburg, 11.2M)
The Belgian is a guaranteed starter at an ever-improving Wolfsburg side that began motoring up the table before the break and he has five clean sheets to his name already this term. Three of those shutouts came in Casteels' last four outings prior to the Bundesliga being put on pause - they won all four - and the Wolves haven't lost a competitive game since Matchday 7 back in September.
Mitchell Weiser (Werder Bremen, 5M)
Where have you been this season if you haven't had Weiser in your team? One of those very handy OOP players, the Bremen man is a guaranteed starter and in fact plays in a more advanced wing-back role - just the combination you want in a defender. Only three players in the entire division have more assists than the former Bayern man's six, which has helped him race to the top of the charts for defenders in Fantasy, and seventh across all positions. And he's done it all at a basement price that has only risen over the course of the campaign and will continue to do so if you don't snatch him up now.
Daley Blind (Bayern Munich, 11M)
Blind was an unexpected arrival at the Allianz Arena this winter, but when you consider his undoubted ability, versatility and vast experience at the highest level the 32-year-old looks an astute signing. Bayern sent for Blind due to injury to Lucas Hernandez and with Noussair Mazraoui also out with illness for the time being, Daley is likely to get his chance. With all that in mind, and considering how water-tight the Bayern defence has been this season, the Dutchman looks a snip in a usually expensive squad.
Watch: Daley Blind - welcome to Bayern Munich
Ramy Bensebaini (Borussia Mönchengladbach, 13M)
The Gladbach man may be on the high end of the scale when it comes to his price tag, but he's worth every penny. Bensebaini - who, like Weiser, can often be found playing at wing-back - is currently the second-highest scoring defender in the game. No other defender in the league has scored more than Bensebaini (five), who is also often on penalty duty for Daniel Farke's improving outfit - as was the case when he converted from 12-yards against Cologne.
Paxten Aaronson (Eintracht Frankfurt, 4M)
Frankfurt have got one eye on the future with the signing of highly-talented 19-year-old American, Aaronson, but the teenager will be looking to impress his new employers right from the off. The attacking midfielder does have some prestigious players to dislodge in the form of Mario Götze and Daichi Kamada, but with Die Adler balancing Bundesliga football with UEFA Champions League and DFB Cup runs, there is plenty of football to go around. Across his young career so far, Aaronson has already shown he has an eye for goal.
Watch: Paxten Aaronson - Frankfurt's new US prospect
Florian Wirtz (Bayer Leverkusen, 12.2M)
Leverkusen fans have been counting down the days until their teenage sensation would return to action. He looked imperious last season and had seven goals as well as 10 assists to his name before he met a painful end to the campaign after 24 appearances. He's now approaching full fitness and already found the back of the net in Leverkusen's winter friendlies. Club legend Rudi Völler said recently: "Just with his presence on the field, our whole game transforms." Fantasy sides may also be revamped with Wirtz in their ranks.
Jude Bellingham (Borussia Dortmund, 14.7M)
Dortmund's remarkably talented England international is the third-highest scoring midfielder in the game so far (144 points), and only injured RB Leipzig star Christopher Nkunku (18.2M) has a higher points-per-game average than Bellingham's 10. Not only is he consistently one of the first names on the Dortmund teamsheet, but you could also pin your hat on his performances bringing you about regular Fantasy points also. He's won more tackles than any other players in the division (245), he regularly sets up teammates have a shot on goal and he's certainly not shy of an effort himself.
Watch: Jude Bellingham - the complete midfielder
Eric Maxim Choupo-Moting (Bayern Munich, 5.8M)
If Choupo-Moting continues his form from late 2022, he simply has to be in your team. At just 5.8M, he's an absolute steal and, in the absence of Sadio Mane, he's now a guaranteed starter at the pointy end of Julian Nagelsmann's goal-hungry XI. There is so much quality around him that Choupo-Moting is sure to get chances to score and he has proven with six goals in his last six matches that he can take them. He also threw in two assists in that time.
Randal Kolo Muani (Eintracht Frankfurt, 12.7M)
Frankfurt striker Kolo Muani went into the winter break as the league's leading assist provider (nine) and with a further five goals of his own to his name. He returns to domestic action as a fully fledged France international, and on the back of a strong World Cup showing that result in the 24-year-old scoring in the semi-final and winning a penalty in the showpiece as he and his country collected a runners-up medal. He will be full of confidence and keen to keep making an impression.
Sebastien Haller (Borussia Dortmund, 13.5M)
While no timeline has been given for Haller's return to competitive action, there has been a hugely positive sign in that direction. The Ivory Coast international got his first tentative minutes in a BVB shirt during their friendly matches out in Spain over the winter break following cancer diagnosis and looks to be nearing a return to action. At former clubs Frankfurt and Ajax, Haller was a proven goalscorer, and there is no doubt he will be for Dortmund too.
Watch: Sebastien Haller's road back from cancer
Further Fantasy content:
New Fantasy features for 2023
Fantasy Team of the Season so far
To Bayern or not to Bayern? How many of their forwards should you have?
Best players this season by club
Top 5 premium picks for 2023
More goals have been scored in the Bundesliga than anywhere else this season, but that's not all...
American Soccer Players in Germany: 2022/23 weekly update
How are the likes of Gio Reyna, Jordan and Joe Scally getting on in 2022/23? We take a closer look...
Bundesliga 2 January 2023 transfer centre
The mid-season transfer window doesn't open till 1 January, but a number of moves in Germany's second division have already been confirmed.


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Far From Perfect
Political scandals
News	2 November 21, 2016
2 November 21, 2016
South Korea's presidents make disgraced exits
South Korea (AP) — If there's one thing that South Korean presidents dread more than the looming threat of rival North Korea, it may be this: becoming an ex-president. Nearly…
Tagged: @WhatsUpKCity, Carlos Nelson Sr., Cascade Media Group, CMG, Crime, Elections, General news, Government and politics, https://whatsupkansascity.net/, Impeachments, Instagram@ cascademediagroup, Instagram@ whatsupkansascity, International relations, Kim Dae, Kim Jong-il, latest news, Law and order, Lee Myung-bak, Legal proceedings, National elections, North Korea, North Korea government, Park Geun-hye, Political and civil unrest, Political corruption, Political issues, Political scandals, Presidential elections, Protests and demonstrations, Roh Moo-hyun, Roh Tae-woo, Sentencing, Seoul, South Korea, South Korea government, Summits, The Game Changer, The Wave of the future, Whats up Kansas City
News	7 October 10, 2016
Giving up on Trump? Ryan focusing on saving GOP majority
By JULIE PACE, ERICA WERNER and STEVE PEOPLES House Speaker Paul Ryan, the nation's top elected Republican, effectively abandoned Donald Trump Monday, telling anxious fellow lawmakers he will not campaign…
Tagged: @WhatsUpKCity, 2016 United States presidential debates, 2016 United States Presidential Election, Barack Obama, Bashar Assad, Bill Clinton, Bills, Campaigns, Carlos Nelson Sr., Cascade Media Group, CMG, Dana Rohrabacher, District of Columbia, Donald Trump, Elections, Events, General news, Government and politics, Greg Walden, Hillary Clinton, House elections, https://whatsupkansascity.net/, Instagram@ cascademediagroup, Instagram@ whatsupkansascity, John Podesta, Kellyanne Conway, latest news, Legislation, Legislature, Michael Pence, Mitch McConnell, National elections, Paul Ryan, Political debates, Political issues, Political organizations, Political parties, Political scandals, Presidential elections, Reince Priebus, Senate elections, Syria, The Game Changer, The Wave of the future, U.S. Department of State, U.S. Republican Party, United States, United States Congress, United States government, United States House of Representatives, United States military, United States Presidential Election, United States Senate, Whats up Kansas City
News	4 September 30, 2016
Trump shames ex-beauty pageant winner for her sexual past
By JOSH LEDERMAN and STEVE PEOPLES Donald Trump shamed a former beauty pageant winner Friday for her sexual history and encouraged Americans to check out what he called her "sex…
Tagged: @WhatsUpKCity, 2016 United States Presidential Election, Alicia Machado, Arts and entertainment, Barack Obama, Beauty and fashion, Beauty pageants, Bill Clinton, Campaigns, Carlos Nelson Sr., Cascade Media Group, CMG, Des Moines, District of Columbia, Donald Trump, Elections, Entertainment, Events, Gary E. Johnson, General news, Government and politics, Hillary Clinton, https://whatsupkansascity.net/, Immigration, Impeachments, Instagram@ cascademediagroup, Instagram@ whatsupkansascity, Iowa, latest news, Lifestyle, Media, Monica Lewinsky, National elections, Naturalization, New Hampshire, Online media, Personal care, Political debates, Political issues, Political scandals, Presidential elections, Reality TV, Sex in society, Sex scandals, Social affairs, Social issues, Social media, Television programs, The Game Changer, The Wave of the future, United States, United States Presidential Election, Voting, Whats up Kansas City
Across US, police officers abuse confidential databases
By SADIE GURMAN and ERIC TUCKER Police officers across the country misuse confidential law enforcement databases to get information on romantic partners, business associates, neighbors, journalists and others for reasons…
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News	10 September 21, 2016
Mayor at center of bridge scandal says he lied about motive
A Democratic New Jersey mayor who prosecutors say was punished with traffic gridlock by former allies of Republican Gov. Chris Christie for not endorsing Christie tells a jury he lied…
Tagged: Bridge and tunnel operation, Business, Chris Christie, Court decisions, Elections, General news, Government and politics, Highway, Industrial products and services, Law and order, Legal proceedings, Local elections, Local governments, Mayoral elections, Municipal elections, Municipal governments, New Jersey, Political corruption, Political endorsements, Political issues, Political scandals, State governments, Traffic, Transportation, Transportation and shipping, Transportation infrastructure, Trials
News	13 August 6, 2016
South Africa's ruling party suffers biggest election setback
By CARA ANNA South Africa's ruling party has suffered its worst election setback since taking power at the end of apartheid a generation ago, with the African National Congress losing…
Tagged: @WhatsUpKCity, Africa, African-Americans, Business, Cape Town, Carlos Nelson Sr., Cascade Media Group, CMG, Discrimination, Economy, Elections, Electric power generation, Electric utilities, Energy and utilities regulation, Energy industry, Financial crisis, Financial markets, General news, Government and politics, Government business and finance, Government regulations, Human rights and civil liberties, Industries, Industry regulation, Instagram@ cascademediagroup, Instagram@ whatsupkansascity, Jacob Zuma, Johannesburg, latest news, Legislature, Local elections, Local governments, Mmusi Maimane, Municipal elections, Municipal governments, National elections, National governments, Nelson Mandela, Political issues, Political organizations, Political parties, Political scandals, Presidential elections, Pretoria, Race and ethnicity, Racial and ethnic discrimination, Robert Mugabe, Social affairs, Social issues, South Africa, South Africa government, The Game Changer, The Wave of the future, U.S. Democratic Party, Utilities, Whats up Kansas City, www.61a.162.myftpupload.com
Snapping up cheap spy tools, nation's 'monitoring everyone'
By FRANK BAJAK and JACK GILLUM It was a national scandal. Peru's then-vice president accused two domestic intelligence agents of staking her out. Then, a top congressman blamed the spy…
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News	6 July 21, 2016
Malaysia's PM says he's serious about good governance
By EILEEN NG Malaysia's prime minister said Thursday he is serious about good governance and vowed to "fully cooperate" with a U.S. investigation into a $3.5 billion scandal involving a…
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Metropolitan Commissioner attends national songs contest.
Metropolitan Commissioner of KMC Dr. Syed Saif ur Rehman stressed the need for getting more and more education as the enlighten journey of progress and prosperity. He said the teachers also have this responsibility to perform their duty in an excellent way and train the new generation with better knowledge and skills. He said this while addressing as chief guest in the prize distribution ceremony of inter district national song contest held by the Pakistan Ideology Trust Sindh in coordination with the directorate of schools education Karachi in the Major Ziauddin Government boys secondary school Nazimabad on Monday. The students presented a beautiful tableau on this occasion and took part in the national songs competition. Metropolitan Commissioner appreciated the efforts of students and organizers in organizing such an excellent show of national unity and harmony. He congratulated the winners and gave away prizes to the students who got first second and third positions in different categories set up for the contest. End.