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Tom Stephenson trio
Tom Stephenson (b.1994) is a largely self taught Glasgow based guitarist and composer. Originally from Darlington, England, Tom's journey into music began when he asked his parents for a guitar at the age of fourteen. Since then he has dedicated himself to the instrument, assimilating much about a broad range of styles in a very short period of time.
In 2015 Tom was awarded a scholarship to study jazz at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland under the direction of saxophonist Tommy Smith and he is still there completing his final year. Since then he has become a usual suspect playing on the Glasgow jazz scene, over the years he has played with Mark Nightingale, John Faddis, Mike Stern and has played as part of the Edinburgh and Glasgow Jazz Festivals.
Tom's notable influences include Jimi Hendrix, Stevie Ray Vaugan, John Frusciante, Eric Johnson, John Scofield, Kurt Rosenwinkel, Mike Stern, Guthrie Govan, Bill Frisell, B.B King, David Gilmour and others.
www.tomstephensonmusic.com
mark@markhendrymusic.com


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Fraudulent activity
SONORA POLICE DEPARTMENT PRESS RELEASE Date and Time of Release: 29 December 2009 Date and Time of Incident: 29 December 2009 Subject: Subject Identifying Themselves as a Sonora Police Department Officer ________________________________________________________________________ 29 December 2009, a business located in the County, was contacted via phone by a male subject identifying himself as an officer with
Date and Time of Release: 24 November 2009 Date and Time of Incident: 27 November 2009 Subject: Annual Christmas Parade ________________________________________________________________________ 27 Nov. 2009, will mark the City of Sonora's 26th annual Christmas Parade. This event always falls on the Friday following Thanksgiving Day and is attended by thousands of on lookers. The Sonora Police
Thanksgiving Safety Tips
Date and Time of Release: 23 November 2009 Date and Time of Incident: Subject: Thanksgiving Safety Tips ________________________________________________________________________ The following are some Thanksgiving Safety Tips offered up from the Sonora Police Department: • Plan your trip and drive according to conditions. Remember to have a passenger use the cell phone or utilize hands free device!
Tree into vehicle
SONORA POLICE DEPARTMENT PRESS RELEASE Date and Time of Release: 14 Oct. 2009 Date and Time of Incident: 13 Oct. 2009, at approx. 3:05 pm Subject: Tree into Occupied Vehicle. ________________________________________________________________________ 13 Oct. 2009, at approx. 3:05 pm, the Sonora Police Department responded to a report of a tree down on top of an occupied
Date and Time of Release: 8 Sept. 2009 Date and Time of Incident: 8 Sept. 2009, at approx. 2:55 pm Subject: Injury Vehicle Accident ________________________________________________________________________ 8 Sept. 09, at approx. 2:55 pm, Officers from the Sonora Police Department responded to a reported motorcyclist Vs. vehicle accident on Snell St., north of Wyckoff St.. The motorcyclist,
Assault with Deadly Weapon
SONORA POLICE DEPARTMENT PRESS RELEASE Date and Time of Release: 16 Sept. 2009 Date and Time of Incident: 14 Sept. 2009 Subject: Assault with Deadly Weapon ________________________________________________________________________ 14 Sept. 09, at approx. 9:17 pm, officers contacted a subject who was the victim of an assault with a deadly weapon. The victim stated that he was
Burglary Arrest
SONORA POLICE DEPARTMENT PRESS RELEASE Date and Time of Release: 16 Sept. 2009 Date and Time of Incident: 15 Sept. 2009 Subject: Burglary Arrest ________________________________________________________________________ On 15 Sept. 2009, the Sonora area was hit with several "cat burglaries." The first occurred at approx. 1:30 am, on the 600 block of S. Stewart St.. In this
SONORA POLICE DEPARTMENT PRESS RELEASE Date and Time of Release: 10 Sept. 09 Date and Time of Incident: 10 Sept. 09 Subject: Military Explosive Device Found ________________________________________________________________________ 10 Sept. 09, at approx. 12:30 pm, Sonora Police Department contacted a resident who reported finding a possible military explosive device inside their residence, which is located on
SONORA POLICE DEPARTMENT PRESS RELEASE Date and Time of Release: 3 Sept. 2009 Date and Time of Incident: Subject: Identity Theft ________________________________________________________________________ IDENTITY THEFT PROTECTING AND PREVENTING With all the talk about identity theft in the news, along with the rapid increase in identity theft here in the Sonora area, the Sonora Police Department would
Sexual Assault Arrest
SONORA POLICE DEPARTMENT PRESS RELEASE Date and Time of Release: 26 Aug. 09 Date and Time of Incident: 25 Aug. 09 Subject: Sexual Assault Arrest ________________________________________________________________________ 13 Aug. 09, the Sonora Police Department was contacted by an individual, who felt a family member of theirs was having sexual intercourse with another family member, who is
Child Endangerment Arrest
SONORA POLICE DEPARTMENT PRESS RELEASE Date and Time of Release: 10 Aug. 2009 Date and Time of Incident: 9Aug. 2009, at approx. 3:50 pm Subject: Child Endangerment Arrest ________________________________________________________________________ 9 Aug. 2009, at approx. 3:50 pm, Officers from the Sonora Police Department responded to Sonora Regional Medical Center for a reported child abuse in progress.
SONORA POLICE DEPARTMENT PRESS RELEASE Date and Time of Release: 30 July 2009 Date and Time of Incident: 29 July 2009 at approx. 2339 hours Subject: Possession of Stolen Property Arrest ________________________________________________________________________ On 29 July 2009, at approx. 2339 hours, Officers were dispatched to Magali's bar for a reported theft of a wallet. Officers contacted
SONORA POLICE DEPARTMENT PRESS RELEASE Date and Time of Release: 28 July 2009 Date and Time of Incident: 4 Aug. 2009 6pm to 7:30 pm Subject: National Night Out ________________________________________________________________________ On Tuesday, August 4th, neighborhoods throughout Sonora are being invited to join forces with thousands of communities nationwide for the 26th Annual National Night Out
Date and Time of Release: 28 July 2009 Date and Time of Incident: 28 July 2009, at approx. 3:44 am Subject: Child Endangerment Arrest ________________________________________________________________________ 28 July 2009, at approx. 3:44, Officer from the Sonora Police Department responded to a two story apartment complex located at 72 & 74 Green St. in regards to a
SONORA POLICE DEPARTMENT PRESS RELEASE Date and Time of Release: 20 July 2009 Date and Time of Incident: 20 July 2009, at approx. 11:49 am Subject: Injury Accident ________________________________________________________________________ 20 July 2009, at approx. 11:49 am, Sonora Police Department and Sonora City Fire Department responded to the intersection of Mono Way and Sanguinetti Rd. for
18 July 2009, at approx. 2:00 am, officers from the Sonora Police Department contacted a group of juveniles at Sonora Express Mart in regards to a possible curfew violation. During the officer's contact with the juveniles, a 15 year old juvenile from Sonora, was determined to be in possession of 2 grams of cocaine. The
SONORA POLICE DEPARTMENT PRESS RELEASE Date and Time of Release: 7 July 2009 Date and Time of Incident: 6 July 2009, at approx. 8:06 pm Subject: Horse Death ________________________________________________________________________ 6 July 2009, at approx. 8:06 pm, officers from the Sonora Police Department responded to the intersection of Stockton Rd. and State Route 49, on a
Sonora Police Department Press Release 06-30-09
Date and Time of Incident: 29 June 09, at approx. 8:44 pm Subject: Drug Arrest 29 June 09, at approx. 8:44 pm, two female subjects drove up to the emergency room of Sonora Regional Medical Center and dropped off another female subject who had overdosed on Morphine. It was learned that the subject had been
Date and Time of Release: 25 June 2009 Date and Time of Incident: 25 June 2009 Subject: False Imprisonment arrest 23 June 2009, Tuolumne County Victim Witness contacted the Sonora Police Department regarding a victim of a violent crime they were with. It was learned from the victim, that during the last two days she
Date and Time of Release: 19 June 2009 Date and Time of Incident: 19 June 2009 Subject: California Budget Proposals No matter how you slice it, Californians will be less safe if the current budget that's being considered in Sacramento is adopted. The proposed budget includes some unprecedented provisions that will place our communities distinctly

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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NBA DFS Picks for May 28 2021
LOS ANGELES, CA - FEBRUARY 21: Brooklyn Nets Guard Bruce Brown (1) shot is blocked by Los Angeles Clippers Guard Paul George (13) during a NBA game between the Brooklyn Nets and the Los Angeles Clippers on February 21, 2021 at STAPLES Center in Los Angeles, CA. The game was played without fans due to the COVID-19 pandemic. (Photo by Brian Rothmuller/Icon Sportswire)
The three-game NBA playoff slates continue tonight, as we have a few crucial game threes playing out tonight. We are drawn to a few of the same studs we have been going to for the past few slates, as a few guys are still wildly underpriced. We are going back to the balanced strategy that we have been using a lot lately, so we are not looking at the most expensive studs on the top of the slate. That is because we have a few superstars available under $9,000 tonight, so we like going the direction of saving a bit of salary in our spend ups. We have a few value plays we really like tonight, so we are able to play five of our midrange studs.
Here's a balanced lineup For DFS Basketball 5/28/21 (using DraftKings Values)
Point Guard T. Young $8,600
Shooting Guard P. George $8,100
Small Forward D. Hunter $4,000
Power Forward T. Gibson $3,800
Forward – $8,500
The Hawks-Knicks series is tied one to one, and it is heading to Atlanta for game three. We really like Trae Young here, as we are still able to roster him at a fantastic $8,600 price tag. As we have mentioned in past articles, Young averaged over 46 FPTS per game this season, so we are surprised at the price tags we have seen on Young for the playoffs. Young has seen a massive opportunity in the two playoffs game, in both floor time and usage. He went for 56.75 FPTS in game one and 41.25 FPTS in game two. However, in game two everything was there, he just didn't land many peripheral stats. We are confident to see another huge opportunity tonight, as the Hawks try to take back the momentum at home. Young gives us superstar upside, with a $2,000 discount from guys at the top of the slate.
The Clippers are fighting vehemently to maintain their status as laughingstock of the NBA. With that said, the two Clippers studs are our two favorite plays on tonight's DraftKings slate. The pricing on both these guys makes no sense, as they are literally still being priced for the games they were resting at the end of the season. Paul George gets a lot of slack from the media these days, but his $8,100 price tag tonight is a complete joke. George went for 55 FPTS last game and his price has barely moved. We expect Goerge to play around 40 minutes and put up around 20 shot attempts, here. He might do even more as this is an absolute must win for the Clippers. George would have to really drop the ball here to flop at this price, and he has so much upside for a big game.
De'Andre Hunter is one of our favorite value plays on the slate here, as his price remains unchanged at $4,000 despite an increasing role. Hunter suffered with some massive injuries this season, and he only played three games prior to the start of this playoff series. We have seen the minutes trend up for Hunter, and we expect to see a lot of run tonight. Hunter played 31.6 minutes last game, which was a nice jump from what we have seen before. Hunter went for 26.5 FPTS last game, on subpar shooting with no defensive stats. Hunter is the only strong wing defender for the Hawks, so we expect to see his minutes continue to rise. Hunter can go for a much bigger game tonight, and he is clearly underpriced in this spot.
The Knicks center rotation is interesting here as we have seen some confusion about who the go to guy will be for this series. Taj Gibson was clearly coach Thibodeau's favorite option last game, and we love getting to him tonight. Gibson is only $3,800 here, but he has scored 24.25 and 23.25 FPTS in the two games this series. Gibson played 30 minutes last game and it seems likely that he is to see that kind of floor time again. If Gibson starts here he is an easy lock for us, but we like him a lot regardless.
• A guard who is taking over his team for the playoffs
• A potential priority for value
Maxi Kleber – C ($3,700 DK)Kleber is once again questionable going into the slate, but we really like him if he is good to go. Kleber is dealing with some injuries right now, but for the past few slates we have seen him play massive minutes through the pain. We expect Kleber to play tonight, which would make him one of our favorite value plays. Kleber has played over 34 minutes in both the games this series, which is fantastic for a sub $4,000 price tag. We have seen low 20's FPT performances from Kleber, which is the type of production we are chasing with these budget plays.
Derrick Rose – G ($6,400 DK) It may seem like the value has been priced out of Derrick Rose, but that could not be less true. Rose has taken a phenomenal role for the playoffs, as he is the first option for New York right now. Rose is leading the Knicks in both minutes and shot attempts this series, and he should be a lot more expensive for DFS. We saw Rose play 38 minutes off the bench last game, and it seems likely he just starts tonight. If that is the case he could be in for even more run, and he is taking a ton of usage. If you are watching these games you will see the Knicks offense completely runs through Rose
Kawhi Leonard – F ($8.500 DK) Honestly who at DraftKings approved the prices on these Clippers stars? Leonard is our favorite play on this slate, with only George being in the same stratosphere. Leonard is a guy we would be interest in at $10,000 given how he has been producing. Leonard has played over 40 minutes in both playoffs games, scoring 56 and 59.5 FPTS. Leonard is egregiously cheap for this level of production, and he is close to a lock for us. This is a huge game for the Clippers, so we expect to see Leonard play almost the full thing. He has a ton of upside to go for well over 50 FPTS again, and it is so unlikely he busts at this price.
Bogdan Bogdanovic – Util ($6,900 DK) Bogdanovic does have a low floor as he is somewhat reliant on scoring for his production. However, we like his upside for this price, and he looks good for tournaments. We are really enticed by the role Bogdanovic played for the Hawks last game, as he played 35.3 minutes and shot the ball 21 times. Bogdanovic scored 35 FPTS while shooting two for thirteen for three. If he has a better shooting night tonight, he could be a money maker.
Here's a balance lineup For DFS Basketball 5/28/21 (using FanDuel Values)
Point Guard D. Rose $6,500
Shooting Guard M. Smart $6,000
Small Forward B. Bogdanovic $7,600
Power Forward M. Kleber $4,800
Power Forward K. Porzingis $7,500
Center T. Gibson $5,000
Marcus Smart – SG (6,000 FD) Smart fits a tough shooting guard position tonight and we like getting to him as the Celtics have a must win game. The Celtics need to win to keep this series close, so we expect to see massive minutes from smart. Smart went for 36.6 FPTS last game, and he has good upside with high usage and defensive stats.
Kristaps Porzingis – PF (7,500 FD) We do not have a lot of strong power forward options on FanDuel tonight, so we are interested in taking the shot on Porzingis. Porzingis is not a great cash game play as there is a lot of variance in his production. However, we like him for tournaments as he has a lot of upside between scoring, rebounding and defensive stats.


Echo 3 690 Fly Rod : 6wt 9'0"
Purchase Echo 3 690 Fly Rod : 6wt 9'0"
The Echo 3 690 Fly Rod is a perfect choice as an all-purpose smallmouth bass and trout rod for medium to large rivers. This versatile Echo 3 6wt is a high performance rod that excels in every situation, whether you're launching streamers 60ft to that cut in the bank or throwing bass bugs straight to their target. The Echo 3 906 is a perfect balance of powerful, fast-action with impressive responsiveness and line feel. This is a fantastic 6wt rod for anglers that have a more aggressive casting stroke and prefer a stiff, fast-action rod.
Echo is legendary for building exceptional, high-performance rods that rival the best rods on the market, at a much lower price. The Echo 3 fly rods are a best performance value, and Tim Rajeff's favorite rod. If you are looking for a fast-action 6wt rod with superior line feel under $500, this Echo 3 is made for you!


Since shopping football shirt locales has turned out to be such a mainstream movement, there are some new destinations that have been made to sell fake shirts and exploit the game's developing ubiquity. These destinations offer shirts at an amazing markdown, and it's typically quite simple to tell when the things aren't valid. Continuously wait for the genuine authority football gear, as these shoddy impersonations tend to go into disrepair after a couple of washings. Beside being unlawful, the fakes remove cash straightforwardly from the groups you are endeavoring to help.
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Q: Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) benchmark data-set format for ground truth tracking I am trying to evaluate the performance of my object detection+tracking on the standard dataset used in the industry in the 2DMOT Challenge 2015. I have downloaded the dataset but I am unable to understand the data fields in the labelled ground truth data.
I have understood the first six columns of the dataset but unable to do so for the rest four columns. Following is the sample data from the directory <\2DMOT2015\train\ETH-Bahnhof\gt>:
frame no.   object_id   bb_left   bb_top   bb_width   bb_height   (?)   (?)       (?)      (?)
1           1           212       204      20         57          0     -3.1784   16.34    0.45739
1           2           223       181      36         104         1     -1.407    9.0212   0.68774

Please let me know if you are aware of this?

A: The last three fields represent the 3D real-world coordinates of the objects. A similar data structure can be found in videos of ETH-Bahnhof, ETH-Sunnyday, PETS09-S2L1 and TUD-Stadtmitte in 2DMOT2015. For ground-truth, score=1. But sometimes it varies b/w 0-1, then it acts as a flag value and zeroes mean that the line is not to be considered for evaluation. So the data fields are in the format:
frame no. ,  object_id ,  bb_left ,  bb_top  , bb_width ,  bb_height , score, X, Y, Z

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I think it's outrageous that the vote on marriage equality has been blocked for 12 years because of some personal whimsies of Angela Merkel. Even though an overwhelming majority of Germans supports it, even though a majority of Bundestag seems to support it as well, even if being treated equally by the authorities is a basic human right – it never got through.
And suddenly, Merkel gives one statement that is less anti-LGBTQ than usually, and everybody goes nuts, everything seems that we can finally get it done.


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Travel Mexico
Where Desert Meets Sea
One&Only Palmilla
"I open a window. A breeze sends a chill down my chest ... The air smells of rain and salt. The barren and lifeless desert is gone; in its place, dense tropical gardens percolate with activity."
Memory is a tricky beast — fickle and fleeting, like spun candy on the tongue. Often, it isn't the 'who' or 'what' or even the 'when' that we remember, but the 'how'. How we felt, how we were made to feel; the emotions tied to a particular moment in time: these we carry with us.
It is the feelings that bring me back to Palmilla.
Autumn is exteriorising in my hometown of Los Angeles, but stepping onto the tarmac in San José del Cabo, I find that summer has not yet ended in the Baja peninsula – and probably never does. I take off every layer of clothing I can without exposing myself, but it's too late: my shirt is drenched. It isn't humidity that bathes me, however; it is a desert heat — dry, oppressive, and strangely familiar, recalling those weekend trips to Vegas I used to take in the summer.
Fortunately, I'm found by my One&Only driver, who welcomes me into an air-conditioned SUV. "It's only 20 minutes to Palmilla from here," he says, shifting the car into gear. Looking out the window, though, I realise I've come to Cabo with a suitcase full of false assumptions. Having travelled to a number of coastal cities before, I expected to see similar terrain — lush, green, palm-laden. Instead, my eyes squint to locate something — anything — amidst the blur of translucent, incalescent waves before me. Nothingness surrounds us: all I glimpse is a cactus and a few shrubs in the distance.
"Palmilla is where the desert meets the sea," says the driver with a smile.
I don't believe him. I cannot fathom a body of water existing anywhere nearby. But as we pull up to the gates of One&Only Palmilla, I realise my senses have betrayed me. I open a window. A breeze sends a chill down my chest – a reminder of my still-dampened shirt. The air smells of rain and salt. The barren and lifeless desert is gone; in its place, dense tropical gardens percolate with activity. The car stops, and I see it: vast, infinite, and sparkling – the Pacific Ocean.
I'm led out and greeted by my Palmilla hosts, who welcome me with homemade guava and mango bars. They're tart, refreshing, and perfect. As we begin our tour of the 250-acre property, I notice towering archways, the patter of an ornate fountain, palm shadows on whitewashed walls, saltillo terracotta tiles. History is inscribed on the walls: the resort was built in 1956 as a 15-room retreat for Don Abelardo Rodriguez, son of General Abelardo Rodriguez, the former president of Mexico.
Walking ahead, with the Sea of Cortez stretching before me, I finally get my bearings. This isn't a lone island; this is Baja California Sur; this is Mexico.
I'm led to my casa, where Raul, my personal butler, acquaints me with my suite's amenities and a minibar filled with local treats. I feel as though I've stepped into a Mexican hacienda: muted colours are enlivened with splashes of Talavera blues and oranges, while hefty wooden doors are embellished with hand-forged clavos – furnishings reminiscent of an older Mexico. I'm offered a shot of Tequila, and I hesitate. I've never been fond of the distilled liquor, it conjures only memories of hazy nights and pitiable hangovers. But I trust Raul when he tells me, "You've never had Tequila like this before, it's been aged for 12 months." I take a sip; and another; and another. I brace myself for the burn, but it never comes. Instead, the spirit trickles down like spiced cider, and I'm wrapped in a blanket of smoky vanilla and caramel, rich and smooth and soft all at once.
"Good?" Raul asks.
"Muy bueno," I say.
He laughs. Maybe it's the Tequila, but I feel like we've become friends. It's what I love most about Mexico — its ease, warmth, and hospitality. And I'm relieved to find that that Mexican charm hasn't been lost within the walls of One&Only Palmilla. Like many, I relish beachfront views, impeccable resort facilities, and palm trees as far as the eye can see, but they aren't the things I carry back home. I bring back conversations, relationships, feelings. It's the feelings that bring me back to Palmilla; it's the feelings that I remember.
oneandonlyresorts.com
Words: Justin H. Min
Photos: Richard Gaston
Travel Italy
At Il Pellicano, by the Tyrrhenian Sea, hotelier Marie-Louise Sciò shares her passion for reviving history, and her creative vision for Pellicano Hotels.
Design Travel Portugal
Dá Licença
A rural retreat in Portugal's Alentejo region, among a collection of art and Jugendstil furniture — a Scandinavian variant of Art Nouveau — and Dornach design, a vernacular style based on the philosophies of Rudolph Steiner.
Travel USA Chicago
Grant Achatz
A conversation with the celebrated chef of Chicago's leading restaurant Alinea, on his fusion of art and food.


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Removal of Basic Orange 2 dye and Ni2+ from aqueous solutions using alkaline-modified nanoclay
Armin Geroeeyan;
Armin Geroeeyan
1Department of Chemistry, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
Ali Niazi;
Ali Niazi
2Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
E-mail: ali.niazi@gmail.com
Elaheh Konoz
Armin Geroeeyan, Ali Niazi, Elaheh Konoz; Removal of Basic Orange 2 dye and Ni2+ from aqueous solutions using alkaline-modified nanoclay. Water Sci Technol 1 May 2021; 83 (9): 2271–2286. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.121
In the present research, the removal of Basic Orange 2 (BO2) dye using alkaline-modified clay nanoparticles was studied. To characterize the adsorbent, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, BET and BJH analyses were performed. The effect of the variables influencing the dye adsorption process such as adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, stirring rate, temperature, and initial dye concentration was investigated. Furthermore, the high efficiency of Ni2+ removal indicated that it is possible to remove both dye and metal cation under the same optimum conditions. The experimental data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Fitting the experimental data to Langmuir isotherm indicated that the monolayer adsorption of dye occurred at homogeneous sites. Experimental data were also analyzed with pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion kinetic equations for kinetic modeling of the dye removal process. The adsorption results indicated that the process follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters of the dye adsorption process such as enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy changes were calculated and revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The results presented the high potential of the modified nanoclay as a cost-effective adsorbent for the removal of BO2 dye and Ni2+ from aqueous medium.
The decolorization kinetics of BO2 was followed by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.
The adsorption of BO2 was spontaneous and endothermic.
The efficiency of Ni2+ removal confirmed the possibility of the removal of BO2 dye and Ni2+ simultaneously under optimum conditions.
The modified nanoclay can be a potential candidate for removing BO2 dye and Ni2+ from textile wastewater.
adsorption, kinetics, nanoclay, removal, surface modification, thermodynamics
Releasing industrial wastewaters containing heavy metals such as lead, copper, nickel, cobalt, and chromium, as well as dyes from the textile, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, paper, paint, printing, and ink industries to surface waters and the surrounding environment has become a severe problem for the ecosystem and human health (Senthilkumaar et al. 2005; Banerjee et al. 2014; Gunatilake 2015). It is estimated that about 700,000 tons of dyes are produced annually in the chemical industry worldwide, and about 10–15% of dye-containing effluents are released into the environment (Gamoudi & Srasra 2019).
Generally, dyes as organic pollutants have a synthetic origin and are characterized by complex aromatic molecular structures and high physicochemical, thermal, and optical stability. Basic dyes are cationic dyes and are widely used in various industries. These dyes are commonly applied in the paper, pharmaceutical industries, and dyeing of polyester and nylon fibers in textile industries (Pimol et al. 2008; Salleh et al. 2011). Because of these features, dye-containing contaminations cause many environmentally severe problems according to their low biodegradability characteristics, and toxicity to aquatic life, and the conventional biological treatment procedures are not efficient enough to treat wastewaters. (Padmesh et al. 2005; Ong et al. 2007; Soltani et al. 2013). Heavy metals as inorganic pollutants, as in dyes, are also highly resistant to environmental degradation, and can damage body organs due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on humans and other organisms depending on dose and duration of exposure (Khataee et al. 2013; Kumar et al. 2013). High concentrations of nickel as a heavy metal can cause serious health effects due to its numerous applications in various industries including battery, stainless steel, galvanization, electroplating, printing, and pigment industries (Cempel & Nikel 2006; Malayoglu 2018). Therefore, uncontrolled discharge of colored water and solutions containing dyes and toxic heavy metals from industries produce large quantities polluted waters and with due attention to the potentially harmful effects of such compounds on the environment and humans, they must be removed from wastewaters before discharging into the surrounding environment (Mahdavinia et al. 2012).
Various treatment methods including physical, chemical, and biological methods such as membrane processes, adsorption, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, chemical and electrochemical oxidation and advanced oxidation by homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalysts, activated sludge, and anaerobic processes have been applied for the removal and degradation of organic pollutants (Gunatilake 2015; Xiao et al. 2015; Haddad et al. 2018; Li et al. 2018; Sharifi et al. 2019). Among these techniques, adsorption was found as a promising way for hazardous pollutants removal from wastewaters due to the advantages of its simple operation, effectiveness, high treatment efficiency, and applicability for the removal of various types of pollutants such as dyes and heavy metals. (Yagub et al. 2014; Adeyemo et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2018). Given these explanations, adsorption is the most preferred technique that has been widely applied as the economic and efficient physicochemical process for the treatment of polluted wastewaters containing dyes, heavy metals, and other organic and inorganic contaminants (Almeida et al. 2009).
Activated carbon has been known as the most commonly used adsorbent in the adsorption process because of its high capacity for the adsorption of organic pollutants and heavy metals (Mezohegyi et al. 2012). However, the application of activated carbon is limited due to its cost-prohibitive and regeneration problems (Beyene 2014). To overcome these limitations, research studies have focused on low-cost adsorbents. Clay mineral adsorbents are the promising alternative to activated carbon and have been extensively considered for water purification and wastewater treatments (El-Geundi 1997; Park et al. 2011; Jiang & Ashekuzzaman 2012). Clay minerals are available naturally that have drawn attention according to their specific characteristics: availability, environmentally friendliness, cost-effectiveness, high chemical and mechanical stability, and large surface area. Also, they are widely used to substitute the expensive commercial activated carbon in various treatment processes because of their high adsorption capacity due to more active sites on the surface, ion exchangeable and non-toxic properties (Murray 2000; Adeyemo et al. 2017; Uddin 2017). The performance of clay minerals to remove harmful materials is due to the space between their layers, and the negative surface charges of their structures allow them to adsorb positively charged dyes and heavy metals (Öztürk & Malkoc 2014; Uddin 2017).
Nanoclays belong to the extensive group of clay minerals are known as the nanoparticles of layered mineral silicates that have received much attention according to the cost efficiency, high surface reactivity, and easy modification procedures. The modification of the surface of nanoclays through diverse procedures provides tremendous scope to make more improvements to the properties of clays (Nazir et al. 2016). Raw and modified nanoclay adsorbents have been successfully applied for the removal of a variety of dyes (Auta & Hameed 2012; Ehsan et al. 2017; Salam et al. 2017; El Haouti et al. 2019; Mahvi & Dalvand 2020) and heavy metals (Ren et al. 2014; Zhu et al. 2019). Basic Orange 2 dye (BO2: which is also known as Chrysoidine) is an example of a cationic dye that is widely used in the textile industries (Qamar et al. 2005). The adsorption of BO2 dye from aqueous medium has been reported using amino ethyl-functionalized SBA-15 (AEF-SBA-15) as the adsorbent (Hajiaghababaei et al. 2017). In another study, poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) biosorbent was used to scrutinize the mechanisms of BO2 dye removal (Hisada et al. 2019). There has been no report based on the alkaline modification of nanoclay mineral adsorbent to the best of our knowledge for the removal of BO2 dye.
In the present study, the removal of synthetic Basic Orange 2 dye from aqueous solutions was studied using an alkaline-modified clay nano-adsorbent. In particular, the novelty of this research lies in applying alkaline-modified nanoclay with specific physicochemical properties that have been demonstrated to be a cost-friendly, highly effective, and widely available material in the treatment of aqueous solutions. A simple procedure was required for the modification process that was not time-consuming and did not need any corrosive material and high temperature for treatment of the nanoclay. The effects of important variables on the adsorption efficiency, including adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, stirring rate, temperature, and initial dye concentration, were investigated. Furthermore, the removal of Ni2+ heavy metal was evaluated under optimum conditions of BO2 dye adsorption. To examine the adsorption mechanism, equilibrium data were analyzed with relevant isotherms and kinetic models. Also, thermodynamic parameters like change in Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy for the removal process were determined and described. The results presented the high potential of modified nanoclay, which can be applied as a feasible approach to removing BO2 dye and Ni2+ from textile wastewater.
Preparation of stock solution
Nanoclay as an inorganic adsorbent was purchased from Tamad Kala (Iran) and was applied to remove organic and inorganic pollutants. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were also purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and applied at the concentration of 1 mol L−1 to adjust the pH of the solutions. Likewise, sodium hydroxide at a concentration of 1 mol L−1 was used for surface modification of the mineral nano-adsorbent. Basic Orange 2 (BO2), as a basic and cationic dye with high purity and in the role of adsorbate, was supplied by Alvan Sabet (Iran) and was not purified prior to use. Some of the physical and chemical characteristics of BO2 dye are given in Table 1. Ni(NO3)2.10H2O with high purity was purchased from Merck and used for the preparation of solutions containing Ni2+. The stock solutions of BO2 dye and Ni2+ at a concentration of 1000 mg L–1 were prepared by weighing and dissolving the corresponding compounds in deionized water. The working solutions were then made by dilution of stock solutions with deionized water to obtain the various initial concentrations for the experiments.
Physical and chemical properties of BO2 dye
Chemical formula C12H13ClN4
Molecular weight 248.71 g mol−1
Density 1–1.1 g cm−3
Preparation of the alkaline-modified nanoclay adsorbent
For the alkaline surface modification of the nanoclay adsorbent, the amount of 25 g of nanoclay was added to 250 ml of 1 M NaOH solution and refluxed at 80 °C for 2 h. The prepared solution was cooled at ambient temperature for 24 h, and then filtered to separate the nanoclay adsorbent from the solution. The processed nanoclay was washed three times with deionized water and then dried in an oven at 120 °C for 4 hours. The final sample was stored in a vial for further experiments and used as the modified nanoclay adsorbent to remove BO2 dye and Ni2+.
Adsorption experiments
The adsorption experiments were carried out through a batch operational system (Jar-test apparatus, model FC6S, Velp Scientifica) to investigate the performance of the modified nanoclay absorbent and determine the optimum experimental conditions for removal of BO2 dye and Ni2+. For this purpose, solutions containing each of the pollutants were prepared in various initial concentrations and followed by adding different amounts of the adsorbent (0.02–0.08 g L−1) to the solutions. The mixture was agitated for different times at room temperature with a magnetic stirrer. After achieving steady-state adsorption in the experiment, the adsorbent was separated from the solution by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm (Hettich, Universal 320) for 10 min and the supernatant was extracted. The residual dye and heavy metal concentrations were measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Lambda 25, Perkin Elmer) for BO2 dye (λmax = 453 nm) and an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (PG 990 model) for Ni2+.
Various experimental variables such as adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, stirring rate, temperature, and initial dye concentration were investigated. The removal percentages (R%) of BO2 dye and Ni2+ from aqueous solutions and the value of adsorption capacity were calculated through Equations (1) and (2):
where and (mg L−1) are initial and equilibrium concentrations of BO2 dye and Ni2+ respectively, (mg g−1) represents the adsorption capacity, V (L) is the volume of solution, and m (g) is the adsorbent dose value.
Characterization of adsorbent
To identify the adsorbent functional groups and verify dye adsorption onto the modified nanoclay surface, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of samples were recorded using a Thermo Nicolet Avatar 380 spectrometer in the range 400–4,000 cm−1. The surface morphology and porosity of the modified nanoclay, Ni2+ and dye-loaded modified nanoclay were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) (TESCAN, MIRA3). The elemental composition of the modified nanoclay before and after the adsorption of dye and heavy metal was provided by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis (SAMx, France). X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement of the adsorbent was performed using a PW1730 diffractometer (PHILIPS, The Netherlands) with a Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 0.154056 nm) at 30 kV and 40 mA. The diffraction pattern was recorded by step scanning from 10° to 80° (2θ) at a scan speed of 0.05°/step and 1 s/step. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis (Belsorp mini II BEL, Japan) was carried out to evaluate the specific surface area of the adsorbent from N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms at 77 K. The Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method was applied to obtain the pore size distribution of the adsorbent.
Characterization of the adsorbent
X-ray analysis
X-ray diffraction measurement was employed to study the crystalline structure and size of nanoclay crystals. As demonstrated in Figure 1, the XRD pattern of the adsorbent showed that nanoclay is mainly composed of montmorillonite (AlSi2O6(OH)2) mineral with alpha-cristobalite (SiO2). The sharp and clear reflections of the pattern indicated that the adsorbent has a crystalline structure in nature. The characteristic peak of the montmorillonite at 2θ = 14.46° corresponds to the interlayer spacing of 6.12 Å. Furthermore, montmorillonite represented the diffraction peak at 2θ of 14.46°, 20.26°, 35.12°, 40.23°, 54.71°, 62.16°, and 73.53°. The other diffraction peaks correspond to alpha-cristobalite and other impurities. The average crystallite size of the adsorbent was calculated using the Debye–Scherrer equation d = (kλ/βcosθ), where d is the crystalline size (nm), λ is the wavelength of the Cu-Kα X-ray radiation (0.154056 nm), k is the equation constant (0.9), β is the full width at half maximum (FWHM), and θ is the diffraction angle of the reflection (Hassani et al. 2016). The analyses of the XRD pattern using the known Debye–Scherrer equation designated that the average particle size for the interlayer spacing of nanoclay crystals was obtained to be about 16.50 nm.
XRD pattern of the adsorbent.
FTIR analysis
The FTIR spectra of the modified nanoclay before and after the adsorption of BO2 are shown in Figure 2. The bands at 1,027.05 and 1,021.46 cm−1 were attributed to the stretching vibrations of Si–O groups. The broad absorption bands in the region between 3,000 and 3,600 cm−1 were allocated to the stretching vibration of the hydroxyl groups (O–H) and the stretching vibrations of the intra-layer of the water molecules.
FTIR spectrum of modified nanoclay before and after the adsorption of BO2 dye.
Moreover, the band at around 1,658.64 cm−1 was related to bending vibrations of H–O–H groups of water molecules adsorbed on nanoclay structure. The bands observed in the areas at 908.78 and 864.00 cm−1 were related to the bending vibrations of the Al–Al–OH and Al–Mg–OH groups at the nanoclay edges (Djomgoue & Njopwouo 2013). The bending vibrations of Si–O–Al and Si–O–Si groups were observed at around 521.15 and 463.92 cm−1, respectively (Alexandre & Dubois 2000; Djomgoue & Njopwouo 2013; Fil et al. 2014). The absorption peaks in the 1,440–1,450 cm−1 range can be associated with the presence of carbonates (Ouaddari et al. 2019). After the adsorption of dye onto the modified nanoclay surface, absorption bands appeared at around 3,551.73 and 3,463.76 cm−1 and were related to the vibrational bond of the N–H groups of the BO2 dye molecule and hydroxyl stretching vibrations (Vanamudan & Pamidimukkala 2015). The bands exhibited at 2,926.09 and 2,856.26 cm−1 were attributed to the asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of CH2 groups, respectively. Also, the bands at about 1,639.35 cm−1 could be assigned to the aromatic stretching vibration of C═C of BO2 dye (Anirudhan & Ramachandran 2015). It is highlighted that the shift of bands and/or change in the intensities of Si–O and all of O–H vibrations could be related to the strong electrostatic interactions and the hydrogen bonds between these functions and dye, indicating that dye molecules are well adsorbed by modified nanoclay (El Haouti et al. 2019).
Morphological analysis
To investigate the surface morphology of the adsorbent, FESEM images of the surface-modified nanoclay, BO2 dye, and Ni2+ loaded adsorbent are presented in Figure 3(a)–3(c). As can be seen in Figure 3(a), the adsorbent has heterogeneous porosity and a rough surface, indicating that the adsorbent can adsorb dye molecules through a diffusion process. After BO2 dye adsorption, the uniformity of the surface showed that the compounds were adsorbed onto the nanoclay surface (Figure 3(b)). Moreover, the FESEM images of the adsorbent after adsorption of dye molecules and Ni2+ as organic and inorganic pollutants are shown in Figure 3(c), which also indicated that the more porous nature of alkaline-modified nanoclay enhanced the adsorption potential for both dye and metal cations.
FESEM images of (a) the modified nanoclay, (b) BO2 dye-loaded, and (c) BO2 and Ni2+ loaded modified nanoclay.
EDX analysis
EDX analysis evaluates the elemental composition of the adsorbents before and after the adsorption process (Rao & Kashifuddin 2016; Batista et al. 2017). Based on the EDX micrographs, the major portion of the adsorbent was composed of Si, O, Al, and Mg elements (Figure 4(a)–4(c)) showed the agreement with XRD and FTIR results, which revealed that the nanoclay was formed from montmorillonite and alpha-cristobalite minerals. The presence of Ni2+ as adsorbate onto the surface of modified nanoclay was confirmed by the Ni element (Figure 4(b) and 4(c)). From the EDX spectra of BO2 loaded modified nanocaly in Figure 4(a), it is demonstrated that BO2 dye consists of specific elements such as C and N. The appeared peaks of C, N, and Cl after the dye adsorption process confirmed the successful adsorption of BO2 dye onto the surface of modified nanoclay.
EDX analysis of the modified nanoclay (a) after BO2 dye adsorption, (b) after Ni2+ adsorption, and (c) after BO2 dye and Ni2+ adsorption.
BET and BJH analysis
The N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms and the pore size distribution of the adsorbent were estimated using BET and BJH analysis. The BET surface area of the adsorbent was conducted at 77 K. As shown in Figure 5, the adsorbent represented an isotherm of Type IV and H3 hysteresis loop features according to the IUPAC classification system. The type H3 hysteresis loop is typically in aggregates of plate-like particles consisting of slit-shaped pores. The Type IV isotherm is related to capillary condensation taking place in mesopores and the initial part of this isotherm is associated with the monolayer–multilayer adsorption features and describes the strong interactions between the adsorbate and the adsorbent (Sing 1985). From the isotherm graph, at the high-pressure range (around P/P0 > 0.5), the hysteresis loop has appeared and in the low relative pressure range, the adsorption and desorption lines coincide that can indicate the presence of the ink-bottle type of pores (Passe-Coutrin et al. 2008). The lower amounts of N2 adsorbed at the low relative pressures demonstrated the presence of predominant mesopores in the adsorbent structure. Furthermore, the increase in the absorption at high relative pressure P/P0 range (approximately approaching to 1.0) implied the existence of larger mesopores. As summarized in Table 2, the specific BET surface area of the nanoclay absorbent was found to be 35.6 m2 g−1 with a corresponding total pore volume of 0.2537 cm3g−1 (P/P0 = 0.99). Also, the mean pore diameter was obtained as 28.512 nm. The pore size distribution of the adsorbent obtained from the BJH method are presented in the inset of Figure 5. The BJH pore volume was 0.2585 cm3g−1.
Calculated parameters of BET/BJH analysis for the adsorbent
Parameter .
Measured value .
BET surface area (m2 g−1) 35.6
Total pore volume (P/P0 = 0.99) (cm3 g−1) 0.2537
Mean pore diameter (nm) 28.512
BJH pore volume (cm3 g−1) 0.2585
N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm of the adsorbent and the inset is displaying the BJH pore size distribution plot.
Dye adsorption studies
Effect of adsorbent dosage and contact time
Adsorbent dosage is one of the important parameters affecting the dye adsorption process and obtaining the optimum dosage is critical from two angles: (I) increasing the removal efficiency and (II) cost–effectiveness of the process from the economic viewpoint. For this purpose, the modified nanoclay adsorbent dosage was varied from 0.02 to 0.08 g L−1 while the other experimental parameters were constant (C0: 10 mg L−1, contact time: 30 min and temperature: 25 °C). The results are shown in Figure 6(b) that shows that the dye removal efficiency increased with increasing the adsorbent dose from 0.02 to 0.06 g L−1. Increasing the adsorption efficiency with increasing adsorbent dose is due to the availability of more active sites of the adsorbent for the adsorption of dye molecules. However, as the adsorbent dose increased from 0.06 to 0.08 g L−1, the removal efficiency decreased. Decreasing the adsorption efficiency with increasing adsorbent dose is due to the agglomeration of the nanoparticle adsorbents in solution, resulting in reduced active sites and accessible surfaces (Mahvi & Dalvand 2020). The reason for the agglomeration can be explained by the high surface energy of the nanomaterials (Zare et al. 2011). In fact, in a solution containing nanoparticle adsorbent, when the concentration of nanoparticle adsorbent increases from an optimal value, the surface energy contributes to agglomeration instead of leading to more dye removal. Eventually, the optimum amount of modified nanoclay for removing BO2 dye was selected as 0.06 g L−1 and used in further experiments.
(a) Effect of surface modification of the adsorbent on the removal efficiency of BO2 dye. Effect of (b) adsorbent dose, (c) pH, (d) stirring rate, (e) temperature, and (f) initial dye concentration on the removal efficiency of BO2 dye using alkaline-modified nanoclay adsorbent.
Furthermore, it can be seen that the removal rate was very high during the initial moments of the process because there were many available active sites to adsorb the pollutant molecules. Afterward, the removal rate slowly reduced to reach the equilibrium due to an increase in surface coverage of the adsorbent. Based on this observation, the optimum contact time was found to be about 10 min; nevertheless, further experiments were performed up to 30 min, after which there is no significant uptake in the percentage of BO2 that was removed.
Effect of the alkaline surface modification of the adsorbent
To evaluate the effectiveness of the surface modification of nano-adsorbent, the efficiency of the raw and modified nanoclay for dye removal was assessed at the obtained optimum dose. For this purpose, in separate experiments, the solution was prepared according to the previous procedure and aforementioned conditions, and the amount of 0.06 g L−1 of raw and modified adsorbent was added to it. The results are presented in Figure 6(a) clearly showed the higher performance of the modified nanoclay adsorbent for BO2 dye removal, and the removal efficiency increased by about 23% after alkaline surface modification of the adsorbent. As a result, the modification of the inorganic surface of nanoclay adsorbent in the basic medium can create the hydroxide (OH−) ions on the adsorbent active surfaces and then increase the adsorption of BO2 cationic dye due to the electrostatic attraction between the negative charges of adsorbent surface and positive charges of cationic BO2 dye.
Effect of pH
The pH of the sample solution is another critical parameter that affects the removal efficiency of the adsorbate in the adsorption process (Mahvi & Dalvand 2020). To investigate the effect of pH on the removal efficiency of BO2 dye, solutions were prepared at a concentration of 10 ppm at ambient temperature. The pH of the solutions was adjusted to 3, 7, and 9 using hydrochloric acid 1 M and sodium hydroxide 1 M, while the amount of modified nanoclay adsorbent and contact time were kept constant at 0.06 g L−1 and 30 min, respectively. The results (Figure 6(c)) indicated that the dye removal efficiency was significantly reduced in acidic conditions. The cause of this can be examined in two respects.
First, in the acidic medium, the amount of H+ ions in the solution is increased. The H+ ions and the cationic dye will compete for the adsorption on the free adsorption sites of the adsorbent surface. According to the smaller size of H+ ions, it can be expected that this ion is successful in competition with the dye cation. Second, under acidic conditions, the adsorbent surface will be positive due to the presence of H+ ions. Because of the electrostatic repulsion between these positive ions and the BO2 cationic dyes, the amount of adsorbed dye on the active surfaces of the adsorbent decreases (Sharma et al. 2016; Ehsan et al. 2017). The removal efficiency increased with the reduction of the acidity of the solution and reached to the maximum value (approximately 94%) in the alkaline medium. At high pH, OH− ions are increased and may cover a portion of the active adsorption sites of the adsorbent surface. Then, the removal efficiency increased due to the electrostatic attraction between the adsorbent surface covered with the OH− ions and the cationic adsorbate. As a result, the optimal pH value of 9 was selected for the following adsorption experiments.
Effect of stirring rate
Stirring can provide proper interactions between the adsorbate and adsorbent surface in the solution. Figure 6(d) illustrated the study regarding the influence of stirring rate on the dye removal efficiency, with rotation varying in 90, 120, and 150 rpm while the other parameters were kept constant (C0: 10 mg L−1, adsorbent dose: 0.06 g L−1, contact time: 30 min, pH: 9 and temperature: 25 °C). It was found that there was no considerable increase in removal efficiency of BO2 dye by varying the stirring rate. However, the stirring rate of 120 rpm with a high removal efficiency of about 93% was chosen as the optimum value.
Effect of temperature
The effect of temperature was studied to investigate the influence of its changes on dye removal efficiency and calculate the thermodynamic parameters of the process. For this purpose, the adsorption experiments were carried out at three different temperatures of 288, 298 and 308 K under the optimized experimental parameters (C0: 10 mg L−1, adsorbent dose: 0.06 g L−1, contact time: 30 min, pH: 9, and stirring rate: 120 rpm). It can be seen in Figure 6(e) that the removal efficiency has reached from 80% to 100% with increasing the temperature from 288 to 308 K. The enhancement of the removal efficiency with increasing the temperature may be related to the increasing the penetration of dye molecules inside mesopores of the nanoclay adsorbent at higher temperature as well as the high molecular mobility and in the result, increasing the contact between the adsorbent and adsorbate (Günay et al. 2013).
Effect of initial dye concentration
The adsorption process of BO2 dye in various initial concentrations of 10, 20 and 30 mg L−1 was performed under the optimized experimental variables (adsorbent dose: 0.06 g L−1, pH: 9, contact time: 30 min, stirring rate: 120 rpm, and temperature: 35 °C). As the results indicated in Figure 6(f), the adsorbent capacity for dye adsorption decreased by increasing the initial dye concentration. After about 10 min of operation, dye removal decreased from 99.82% to 50.58% when dye concentration was increased from 10 to 30 mg L−1. This can be attributed to the saturation of adsorption sites on the surface of the adsorbent. Indeed, by decreasing of dye concentration in the solution, the dye molecules have more chance to interact with the available sites on the modified nanoclay surface and, consequently, the adsorption rate is increased (Khan 2020).
After the investigation of the effect of different operational variables on dye removal efficiency, the adsorption of Ni2+ on the alkaline-modified nanoclay was studied. It was exciting that under the optimized condition of the dye removal, the removal efficiency of 100% was obtained for the Ni2+. All results and the corresponding Figure for the removal of Ni2+ by modified nanoclay are presented in Section 1 of the Supplementary Material.
Adsorption isotherms
Adsorption isotherms describe the interaction of the adsorbate with the adsorbent and present valuable information for interpreting the sorption mechanisms and surface characteristics of the adsorbent. In addition, the appropriate mathematical representation of the equilibrium isotherm based on an accurate adsorption mechanism is the most substantial part of designing the adsorption systems. In this study, adsorption isotherm experiments were carried out under the optimized experimental variables to find the most appropriate model that can describe the adsorption of BO2 dye onto modified nanoclay adsorbent. The adsorption equilibrium data were analyzed by the Langmuir (Langmuir 1916), and Freundlich (Freundlich 1906) models, and the linear fitting formulas of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms are listed and described in Section 2 of the Supplementary Material. For the determination of standard deviation of the parameters in the isotherm models, we used a routine developed in Microsoft Excel (Comuzzi et al. 2003).
The correlation coefficient and adsorption constants of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms are summarized in Table 3. Also, the plots of adsorption isotherms are depicted in Figure 7. Based on the correlation coefficient (R2) values, it can be concluded that the experimental data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.9869). This suggested the monolayer adsorption of BO2 dye onto the homogeneous surface of alkaline modified nanoclay. Furthermore, the obtained range of dimensionless constant separation factor was between 0 and 1 (0.02–0.05), signifying that the adsorption process was favorable and the BO2 dye molecules can be easily adsorbed on the active sites of the modified nanoclay surface. The Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity of modified nanoclay was estimated as 270 ± 7 mg g−1.
Isotherm parameters for the adsorption of BO2 onto modified nanoclay adsorbent
Langmuir isotherma
Freundlich isotherma
RL .
KL (L mg−1) .
qm (mg g−1) .
R2 .
1/n .
KF (mg1 − (1/n) g−1 L1/n) .
(0.02–0.05) ±0.001 1.60 ± 0.08 270 ± 7 0.9869 0.053 ± 0.002 212 ± 25 0.8366
aThese values are standard deviation at 95% confidence level.
(a) Langmuir and (b) Freundlich isotherm for the adsorption of BO2 dye onto modified nanoclay adsorbent.
Kinetics of adsorption
Adsorption kinetics explains the reaction rate between adsorbents and adsorbates and helps to predict the mechanism involved in sorption. In this research, the various kinds of kinetic models such as the pseudo-first-order (Lagergren 1898), pseudo-second-order (Ho 2006), and intra-particle diffusion (Weber & Morris 1963) were studied to investigate the mechanism of BO2 adsorption onto modified nanoclay adsorbent under the optimized experimental conditions. The details of the formulas of all three kinetic models are presented in Section 3 of the Supplementary Material. For the determination of standard deviation of the parameters in the kinetic models, we used a routine developed in Microsoft Excel (Comuzzi et al. 2003).
The diagrams for kinetic modeling are shown in Figure 8(a)–8(c). Also, the adsorption kinetic parameters of the models are presented in Table 4. It can be seen that compared with pseudo-first-order and intra-particle diffusion models, the pseudo-second-order was the best-fitted model to describe the kinetics of BO2 adsorption onto modified nanoclay with the high correlation coefficient of 0.9995. Looking at the experimental ( ) and the model calculated ( ) values, the of the pseudo-second-order model was close to the , suggesting that the chemisorption was the rate-limiting step in the adsorption process. The pseudo-second-order kinetic rate constant (k2) was 0.0105 ± 0.001 g mg−1 min−1, testifying the rapid adsorption that can be attributed to more available sites for dye adsorption due to the alkaline modification of nanoclay surfaces. As can be observed from Figure 8(c), the regression was linear for the intra-particle diffusion model, but the plot did not pass through the origin demonstrating that the adsorption can be involved intra-particle diffusion process but that was not the rate-controlling step.
Kinetics parameters for the adsorption of BO2 dye onto modified nanoclay
qe,exp (mg g −1) .
Pseudo-first-ordera
Pseudo-second-ordera
Intra-particle diffusiona
qe,cal (mg g−1) .
k1 (min−1) .
k2 (g mg−1 min−1) .
kdif (mg g−1 min−0.5) .
C (mg g−1) .
166.7 ± 0.8 216 ± 35 0.7 ± 0.5 0.8166 175 ± 2 0.0105 ± 0.001 0.9995 13 ± 2.5 124 ± 15 0.8508
The kinetic models describing the BO2 dye adsorption onto modified nanoclay adsorbent: (a) pseudo-first-order, (b) pseudo-second-order, and (c) intra-particle diffusion kinetic model.
Thermodynamics of adsorption
The thermodynamic study helps to reach in-depth information about the energetic changes pertinent to the adsorption process and better understanding of temperature influence on the adsorption. To determine the thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption, including variations of the Gibbs free energy (ΔG), variations of the enthalpy (ΔH), and variations of the entropy (ΔS) and to study the nature of the adsorption process, the influence of temperature (288 − 308 K) on the adsorption was investigated (Seki & Yurdakoç 2006; Ehsan et al. 2017). The specific formulas of thermodynamics are provided in Section 4 of the Supplementary Material.
The thermodynamic parameters are listed in Table 5. The positive ΔH value confirmed the endothermic nature of the adsorption process of BO2 on the modified nanoclay surface. According to the obtained negative values for ΔG at different temperatures, it can be concluded that the nature of the adsorption process of BO2 onto the modified nanoclay is thermodynamically feasible and spontaneous. Moreover, the positive value of entropy change (ΔS) indicated the increased randomness at the modified nanoclay adsorbent-solution interface during the adsorption process.
Thermodynamic parameters for BO2 adsorption by modified nanoclay adsorbent
T (K) .
ΔG (kJ mol−1) .
ΔH (kJ mol−1) .
ΔS (kJ mol−1 K−1) .
288 −0.4 336 ± 15a 2 ± 1a
298 −12.0
In the present study, the available and cost-effective mineral material based on alkaline-modified nanoclay was directly used as an adsorbent to remove BO2 dye and Ni2+ from aqueous solutions. The effect of essential factors on the removal efficiency of BO2 dye such as adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, stirring speed, temperature and initial dye concentration were investigated and the optimum values for each of these variables with 100% efficiency were determined 0.06 g L−1, 10 min, 9, 120 rpm, 35°C and 10 mg L−1, respectively. The Ni2+ was quantitatively removed at the same conditions of the BO2; therefore, it can be concluded that they can be removed simultaneously if they coexist in the solution. The equilibrium data showed the best fitting to Langmuir isotherm, which confirmed the monolayer coverage of the dye ions onto modified nanoclay surface. Kinetic studies showed that this process follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic data also indicated that the aforementioned adsorption nature was endothermic and spontaneous. Overall, this study revealed that the modified nanoclay could be a potential candidate for removing BO2 dye and Ni2+ from an aqueous medium. More studies are needed for relevant and complex wastewater samples at pertinent pH values using industry-relevant nanoclay doses.
We would like to show our gratitude to the research councils of Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, for their assistance during this research.
All relevant data are included in the paper or its Supplementary Information.
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Mohammadi Ziarani
Amino ethyl-functionalized SBA-15: a promising adsorbent for anionic and cationic dyes removal
Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE)
R. D. C.
Kıranşan
Khataee
Ultrasound-assisted adsorption of textile dyes using modified nanoclay: central composite design optimization
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
Hisada
Tomizawa
Removal kinetics of cationic azo-dye from aqueous solution by poly-γ-glutamic acid biosorbent: contributions of adsorption and complexation/precipitation to Basic Orange 2 removal
Y.-S.
Review of second-order models for adsorption systems
J.-Q.
Ashekuzzaman
Development of novel inorganic adsorbent for water treatment
Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering
Adsorption of methylene blue onto natural Saudi Red Clay: isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic studies
Dehghan
Zarei
Fallah
Niaei
Atazadeh
Degradation of an azo dye using the green macroalga Enteromorpha sp
Chemistry and Ecology
K. Y.
Muralidhara
Nayaka
Y. A.
Balasubramanyam
Hanumanthappa
Low-cost synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles and their application in adsorption of commercial dye and heavy metal ion in aqueous solution
Powder Technology
Lagergren
About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substances
Sven. Vetenskapsakad. Handingarl
Langmuir
The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids. Part I. Solids
Journal of the American Chemical Society
Direct contact membrane distillation for the treatment of industrial dyeing wastewater and characteristic pollutants
Separation and Purification Technology
Mahdavinia
Massoumi
Jalili
Kiani
Effect of sodium montmorillonite nanoclay on the water absorbency and cationic dye removal of carrageenan-based nanocomposite superabsorbents
Journal of Polymer Research
Mahvi
Dalvand
Kinetic and equilibrium studies on the adsorption of Direct Red 23 dye from aqueous solution using montmorillonite nanoclay
Malayoglu
Removal of heavy metals by biopolymer (chitosan)/nanoclay composites
Separation Science and Technology
Mezohegyi
van der Zee
F. P.
Fabregat
Towards advanced aqueous dye removal processes: a short review on the versatile role of activated carbon
H. H.
Traditional and new applications for kaolin, smectite, and palygorskite: a general overview
M. H. M.
Mohapatra
Gilani
Majeed
Characteristic properties of nanoclays and characterization of nanoparticulates and nanocomposites
. In:
Nanoclay Reinforced Polymer Composites
(M. Jawaid, A. Qaiss & R. Bouhfid, eds).
Zainal
Removal of basic and reactive dyes using ethylenediamine modified rice hull
Ouaddari
Achiou
Aaddane
Bennazha
El Hassani
I. E. A.
Ouammou
Albizane
New low-cost ultrafiltration membrane made from purified natural clays for direct Red 80 dye removal
Malkoc
Adsorptive potential of cationic Basic Yellow 2 (BY2) dye onto natural untreated clay (NUC) from aqueous phase: mass transfer analysis, kinetic and equilibrium profile
Applied Surface Science
Padmesh
Vijayaraghavan
Sekaran
Velan
Batch and column studies on biosorption of acid dyes on fresh water macro alga Azolla filiculoides
Ayoko
R. L.
Application of organoclays for the adsorption of recalcitrant organic molecules from aqueous media
Passe-Coutrin
Altenor
Cossement
Jean-Marius
Comparison of parameters calculated from the BET and Freundlich isotherms obtained by nitrogen adsorption on activated carbons: a new method for calculating the specific surface area
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials
Pimol
Khanidtha
Prasert
Influence of particle size and salinity on adsorption of basic dyes by agricultural waste: dried Seagrape (Caulerpa lentillifera)
Saquib
Semiconductor-mediated photocatalytic degradation of anazo dye, chrysoidine Y in aqueous suspensions
R. A. K.
Kashifuddin
Adsorption studies of Cd (II) on ball clay: comparison with other natural clays
Arabian Journal of Chemistry
S1S41
Adsorption of arsenic on modified montmorillonite
Al-Beladi
Application of nanoclay for the adsorptive removal of Orange G dye from aqueous solution
Salleh
M. A. M.
D. K.
W. A. W. A.
Cationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solid wastes: a comprehensive review
Yurdakoç
Adsorption of promethazine hydrochloride with KSF montmorillonite
Senthilkumaar
Varadarajan
Porkodi
Subbhuraam
Adsorption of methylene blue onto jute fiber carbon: kinetics and equilibrium studies
Sharifi
Montazerghaem
Naeimi
Abhari
Vafaee
Investigation of photocatalytic behavior of modified ZnS:Mn/MWCNTs nanocomposite for organic pollutants effective photodegradation
Cationic and anionic dye removal from aqueous solution using montmorillonite clay: evaluation of adsorption parameters and mechanism
Desalination and Water Treatment
Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity (Recommendations 1984)
Preparation of bio-silica/chitosan nanocomposite for adsorption of a textile dye in aqueous solutions
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation
A review on the adsorption of heavy metals by clay minerals, with special focus on the past decade
Vanamudan
Pamidimukkala
Chitosan, nanoclay and chitosan–nanoclay composite as adsorbents for Rhodamine-6G and the resulting optical properties
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
Carbon composite lignin-based adsorbents for the adsorption of dyes
Kinetics of adsorption on carbon from solution
Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division
Organic pollutants removal in wastewater by heterogeneous photocatalytic ozonation
Yagub
T. K.
Afroze
Dye and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption: a review
Advances in Colloid and Interface Science
Zare
Garmabi
Optimization of mechanical properties of PP/Nanoclay/CaCO3 ternary nanocomposite using response surface methodology
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
Muhmood
Adsorption and desorption of Pb(II) on l-lysine modified montmorillonite and the simulation of interlayer structure
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY 4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Supplementary Material- docx file


If you are lucky enough to go to Xinjiang, you must employ Imam Husaan as your guide. Imam and his group will make your travel arrangements, allowing you to do what you want for as long as you want. You can trek in the high mountains, sleep in the desert, buy rugs, go dancing with the locals, or just eat your way through Kashgar. There is nothing better than cruising along a country rode listening to great music coming from Ablimit's stereo.
Imam is scrupulously honest and prompt. No fuss , no pressure. Perfect.
Silk road is the compulsary destination place for those really like to travel. Because this place is a combination from the history which the existence is more than 3000 years ago which link the world from Europe to Asia. Culture which combine from different ethnic starting from Persian in Iran at the West until really pure chinese to the East.
Along the journey you can see the magnificient scenery with different landscape of Geography such as desert, valley, hilly, snow covered mountain,lakes, grapes farm and other associated panorama which can only find in this province.
As a traveller, I would suggest everyone who like to travel must put this area as one of the compulsary place to visit as we call " One Of My Destination Place To Go ". And please ensure use the right tour agency company to travel and for sure I would suggest those traveller outside there to use this company as your agent in this area.
For Abdul Kaiyum and Imam…Thank you Very Much with your welcome hospitality when the Malaysian was in your country.


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British Balloon Museum & Library
Help save the past for the future
Ballooning History
Trailrope
Museum Mobile Display
Baskets, Burners & Gondolas
What is the British Balloon Museum & Library?
The British Balloon Museum and Library is the official museum of the British Balloon and Airship Club and was formed in 1979 by a small group of balloonists. The purpose was to preserve the many different items associated with, and used in hot air and gas ballooning. The museum is run entirely by volunteers, not all balloonists, and is funded by three main ways, private and corporate donations and annual subscription to the "Friends". A list of the officers with contact numbers and e-mail addresses can be found in Who's Who.
What do the British Balloon Museum and Library preserve?
The collection covers a wide range of articles. It includes in excess of 100 envelopes that are donated, or on loan. There is also a large and varied collection of artifacts ranging from postcards to postage stamps, and baskets to burners, to a comprehensive library of books, magazines and technical papers relating to Lighter-than-Air Flight.
Where can I see these items?
The envelopes are based at locations in the United Kingdom, and frequently attend balloon meets. Special events are occasionally organised by the British Balloon Museum and Library, such as the meet at Cardington, in 1997, which saw a world indoor ballooning record attempt. Every two years the British Balloon Museum & Library hold an Inflation Day where old balloon envelopes are inflated.
Many items are displayed at museums around the country, sponsored by the British Balloon Museum and Library. These include the Museum of Berkshire Aviation at Woodley, and a few at the Museum of Science and Industry, Manchester. In 2011, a display was put into Cameron Balloons Ltd, in Bristol which included many artefacts, large and small, plus photographs.
How do I join the British Balloon Museum and Library, and what do I get for my membership?
A membership form is available to print off on the Membership page. The money goes towards the running of the museum and the membership includes four editions of the magazine, Trailrope. This carries news from the museum and articles connected with lighter than air.
Who can donate items to the museum?
The very simple answer is anyone. Previous acquisitions have come from balloonists, manufacturers, bequests, enthusiasts and the odd anonymous parcel. If you have anything that might be or is related in anyway to the history of lighter than air, it may be of interest. For more information on possible donations, please contact the chairman or secretary.
What are the future plans for the museum?
In a perfect world, the museum would hope at some time to have a dedicated building to hold the collection, provide a display, and give access to the public for a nominal charge. However this would depend on a sizeable amount of finance which would have to be raised through donation, fundraising and membership. Another possibility is corporate sponsorship. At the present time the museum is focused on the preservation of important balloons, artifacts and historical important items, and the provision of items for displays in museums around the country with the aim of raising the BBM&L's profile.
NASA records state; First of three NASA experiments carried by USAF balloons, carrying a NASA capsule containing 12 mice to 130,000-foot altitude for 11 1/2 hours, in support of study of effects of heavy primary cosmic ray particles.
BAfM 2019 AGM & Conference - 12 October
Norman Pritchard Inducted into the Hall of Fame
The BBM&L AGM & Luncheon
GDPR and our Privacy Policy
2018 Inflation Day
2018 Inflation Day 28th April
Copyright © 2012 British Balloon Museum & Library · Web site by Brian Rippon


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Bucheon movie festival to host 289 films from 58 nations on Thursday
Bucheon movie festival to host 289 films from 58 nations on Thursday. July. 10, 2017 07:22. by Hee-Jae Park min07@donga.com.
The 21st Bucheon International Fantastic Movie Festival will be held at 7:30 p.m. on Thursday at the Grass Plaza of Bucheon Municipal Office. The festival has invited 289 films from 58 nations, and is set to end on July 23. Box offices were filled with crowds as ticketing started on July 5.
The organizing committee announced on Sunday that the tickets for Lee Yong-seung's "Room No.7," which was chosen as the opening piece in five years and the closing film "Gintama" directed by Yuichi Fukushima were all sold out in just two minutes. What's more, seats foe around 60 pieces were already unavailable, including Jang Hyun-sang's "Coffee Noir Black Brown," Ihm Heung-soon's "Ryeohaeng," Shunya Ito's "Female Prisoner #701: Scorpion," and Peter Vack's "Assholes."
"Room No.7" is a thriller blended with action, where Shin Ha-gyun as the owner of a failing DVD theater business and a part-timer played by Do Kyung-soo unveils the secret behind the closed door of Room No.7. The closing film "Gintama" is based on a Japanese comic book, which blends samurai action, gags and sci-fi.
The festival also screens genre movies categorized as "Red" for gorey horror or thriller fans and "Blue" for beginners with mild fantasy films. Furthermore, translators offered their nine picks customized to keywords such as love, humor, and music, including "Cafe 6" (Taiwan), "Girl from Yesterday" (Vietnam), and "Are We Not Cats" (the U.S.).
Special Programs also include "Contact, Jeom Do-yeon," which screens 17 films of Korean actress Jeon Do-yeon who played as the leading actress since the 1997 "The Contact," and "Hong Ki-seon: The Cinema Beyond Suppression," which pays tribute to director Hong Ki-seon who passed away this year.
Hee-Jae Park min07@donga.com


SCARBOROUGH — Oakley Roland Sanborn, 96, died peacefully Dec. 10 at Gosnell Memorial Hospice House, surrounded by his family.
He was born Feb. 25, 1918, in Cape Elizabeth to Alice May (Marriner) Sanborn and Arthur Lee Sanborn.
He graduated from Cape Elizabeth High School, and at the beginning of World War II worked as a welder in the South Portland shipyards, helping to build the famous Liberty Ships that became essential to the Allied war effort. After enlisting in the U.S. Navy, he traveled to China and the South Pacific aboard repair ships that serviced the U.S. fleet.
After the war, Sanborn married and settled in South Portland, working in and later owning Elmer N. Blackwell Surgical Appliances, in Portland. He belonged to the Woodfords Club, Hiram Lodge and the U.S. Power Squadron. He also was a member for 68 years of the First Congregational Church in South Portland, and was a member of the church's Eskimo Club.
Sanborn had a passion for the piano and the popular music of the 1930s and 1940s. As a young boy, he studied classical piano but soon persuaded his mother to let him switch to what he called "ragtime and jazz." During high school, he and his older brother, a saxophonist, would play in local bars to earn pocket money.
Later, work and family responsibilities left him little time for music. But when, in his mid-80s, he moved to an assisted living community, he returned to the keyboard and hosted regular sing-alongs for fellow residents. At age 96, he began taking guitar lessons. Always, his focus was on the pleasure his music brought to others.
He also enjoyed golf, dancing, bowling, church-sponsored bean suppers and, most of all, spending time with family.
He was predeceased by his first wife, Arline (Jorgensen) Sanborn, and his second wife, Edith (Waldron) Sanborn.
Sanborn is survived by his daughter, Beth, and son-in-law Tom Burrage, of Guilford, Connecticut; grandson Peter Burrage, granddaughter-in-law Joi Carter and great-granddaughters Seija and Annika Burrage, of Brookline, Massachusetts; stepdaughter, Susan Shelton, of Knoxville, Tennessee; step-granddaughters Lori Shelton, of New York City, and Amy Shelton, of Johnson City, Tennessee; niece, Annette Jordan, and husband Don, of Cape Elizabeth; and his very special friend, Alice Loesch, of Portland.
Sanborn's family wishes to express special appreciation to the staff and residents of Seventy-Five State Street who, in his words, were "just like family" to him.
Visitation will be at 1 p.m. on Saturday, Dec. 20, followed by a funeral at 2 p.m., at Hobbs Funeral Home, 230 Cottage Road, South Portland.
Instead of flowers, memorial contributions may be made to the Seventy-Five State Street Annual Appeal, 75 State St., Portland, ME 04101.


In today's forecast we are expecting cloudy periods with a chance of morning showers, then becoming fine in the evening. A strong southwesterly developing during the middle of the day should be easing by nightfall.
It's a three-clothing and one-windproof layer day today with a high of 16 and an overnight low of 8 degrees. Humidity is 78 per cent.
High tide is at 9.20am and low tide is at 3.40pm. There's a sea swell of .2m with a sea temperature of 15 degrees. Sunset tonight is at 5.35pm.
If you're going fishing today the best fish bite time is between 6.30 and 10am.
In NZ history on this day in 1881 Helen Connon became the first woman in the British Empire to gain her Master of Arts degree. Her academic career started with education in Dunedin, New Zealand.
In 1945 on what became known as VJ Day, Japan's surrender following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ended the Second World War. More than 200,000 New Zealanders had served during the war and more than 11,500 had died.
In 1951 the troopship Wahine was wrecked en route to Korea. After three decades on the Lyttelton–Wellington ferry run, and service in two world wars, the TSS Wahine was chartered by the New Zealand government to transport Kayforce troops to the Korean War. Shortly after leaving Darwin the Wahine ran aground on Masela Island in the Arafura Sea, east of Timor. There were no fatalities but the ship became a total loss.
In world history on this day in 1057 King Macbeth was killed at the Battle of Lumphanan. In 1248 the foundation stone of Cologne Cathedral, built to house the relics of the Three Wise Men, was laid.
In 1914 the Panama Canal opened to traffic. In 1939 the Wizard of Oz premiered in Los Angeles, California. In 1947 India and Pakistan gained Independence from British rule. In 1965 the Beatles played to nearly 60,000 fans at Shea Stadium in New York City, an event later regarded as the birth of stadium rock.
In 1977 the Big Ear, a radio telescope operated by Ohio State University as part of the SETI project, received a radio signal from deep space; the event is named the "Wow! signal" from the notation made by a volunteer on the project.
Today is the birthday of Napoleon Bonaparte. Born in 1769 he was a military leader and became Emperor of France from 1804-1815, and once said "A leader is a dealer in hope" and "Victory belongs to the most persevering".


This is the public profile of Chia-Ming Chang, Additional information and high-resolution images are available for accredited press members, to access additional information about Chia-Ming Chang please login as a press member.
About Chia-Ming Chang : Chia-Ming Chang is a research designer and a design researcher with more than 10 years experience in both industry and academia. Currently he is a PhD candidate (Scholarship Award) in Interaction Design in Nottingham Trent University in the UK. Chang obtained his MA in Interactive Media from University of the Arts London in 2006. He has been creating various design works and web platforms (Web2.0) during his previous careers since he graduated from National Taiwan University of Arts in 2002. His current research looks at influences of interaction design in new media communication, which is specifically focused on Smartphone UI/UX design that aims to explore new communication opportunities for Deaf/Hard of Hearing people and the elderly.
I am a design researcher and a research designer. As a design researcher, I would say 'the first thing to design a good product is to understand user requirements'. As a research designer, I would say 'the first thing to design a good product is to make it "GOOLD" enough to afford new requirements'.
2015, Interaction Design, PhD, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham/UK.
2006, Interactive Media, MA, University of the Arts London, London/UK.
2002, Visual Communication Design, BA, National Taiwan University of Arts, Taipei/Taiwan.
Press Members: Request an exclusive interview with Chia-Ming Chang.


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Рассоховатое () — бывшее село в Оскольском сельском совете Изюмского района Харьковской область Украины.

Село Рассоховатое ликвидировано в ? году.

Географическое положение
Село Рассоховатое находится в 2-х км от реки Бахтин (правый берег), выше по течению в 3-х км расположено село Николаевка, ниже по течению в 2,5 км расположено село Оскол.

По селу протекает пересыхающий ручей с запрудой.

Исчезнувшие населённые пункты Харьковской области

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


International Plaza and Bay Street is hosting GET YOUR STYLE ON Fall 2015 to celebrate Tampa Bay Fashion Week. Customers can sign up to receive complimentary styling sessions with professional stylists: Jackie Walker, Tasha Scaglione Ong and Valerie Romas, all courtesy of International Plaza.
The GYSO event lasts Sept. 10-23, be sure to book your session and get your wardrobe fall trend-ready!


To write a modular program that can be used to find optimal VLSI chip biases, or SW simulation parameters, irrespective of the chip/SW used.
store set of biases found and run further experiments with the setup.
Ideally the program will allows users to write their own modules (or plugins) for step 1. This way users can specify the parameters/variables they want to tune automatically, the measurement instrument (scope, spectrum board, aer output), the input stimulus, etc. In addition, this allows complex optimizations to be carried out by using the program in a recursive way.
A discussion on the specifications for the synapse and neuron modules is here.
Given the context, Python is the best programming language to use. For the multi-neuron chip setups, it can take advantage (import) many of the routines already developed in the pyNCS code, and should (re)use the various optimization techniques already developed (e.g. in scipy or ipopt).


And so, 400 years later there was "A Man born to be King" of David's line, and He was the rightful Son and Heir. During those four centuries God had "overturned" any effort to re-establish the Davidic kingdom. It had to wait UNTIL He came whose right it was to possess the Kingdom forever.
Israel crucified their King, but God raised Him up, and seated Him at His own right hand in glory, awaiting the day when His Father would give the signal for the Kingdom to begin on Earth. Surely that day must now be very near. Let us be ever waiting, watching, and praying UNTIL He comes again to establish His Kingdom.