The earth changes constantly. During the average human lifespan, we may see only a few major geological changes. The erosion of a creek bank or the rising water elevation of a lake can take place in a matter of a few years. Other changes such as the rising of a mountain range can take centuries and we are not likely to see those changes during visits to that place. The geological formations, the climate, the plants, and the soil all undergo changes over time. Those changes affect animals (fauna), too. If they can adapt or migrate to a more favorable location, they might survive. If those strategies fail, the animals might become extinct, meaning they will no longer exist.
Image 12: Core with Brachiopods. This is what a core sample looks like when it is cut from the earth by a geologist's drill or a petroleum drill. Core samples often contain fossils such as these brachiopods (BRACK-ee-o-pods.) Because core drills cut so neatly into the earth's layers, it is possible to determine exactly which formation contained the fossils. Courtesy ND Geological Survey.
Image 11: How a Fossil Forms. If an animal died under perfect conditions, its flesh decayed and the bones were infused with minerals to form a fossil. The process takes millions of years. The animal had to die where its carcass would not be destroyed by scavengers. The body had to be protected from oxygen and insects which hasten the decay process. If the body falls into water and is covered by sediment, it is protected from the elements that would cause decay. It is exciting to find a fossil, but it is only one individual of millions of animals that once lived. Courtesy ND Geological Survey, Becky Barnes Artist.
The kinds of animals (species) that lived here changed with the climate and other factors including food supply and predation (hunted by other animals.) More than 500 million years ago, the typical animals of the region were microscopic animals including conodonts (KON oh donts; worm-shaped, possibly vertebrates), brachiopods (BRACK ee oh pods; clam-like), trilobites (TRI lo bites; three-part), and snails. (See Image 12) Much of the state was periodically covered by warm, shallow seas until about 65 million years ago.
Image 13: This is an artist's idea of what might have happened the day the giant asteroid approached Earth. As it entered Earth's atmosphere it began to burn. Scientist argue that the impact led to fires from the heat of the explosion and the cloud of dust the impact produced led to the reduction of sunlight and widespread extinctions of both plants and animals. Courtesy ND Geological Survey.
In time, animals with vertebrae (backbones) developed. Some vertebrates lived on land, some in the water, and some flew through the air. Vertebrates included dinosaurs, lizards, and mammals. The fossil records of these animals are visible in the exposed strata (layers) of North Dakota.
At the end of the Cretaceous Period, about 65 million years ago, a cataclysmic event caused the extinction of the last of the dinosaurs and nearly three-fourths of all the species of plants and animals on earth. The event is called the K-T boundary. It marked the end of the Cretaceous Period and the beginning of the Tertiary Period. No longer did reptiles dominate the animal kingdom as they did during the Mesozoic Era. After the K-T boundary, mammals became the dominant animals of earth (Cenozoic Era).
Scientists debate the cause of this extinction event. Many scientists believe that extinction came about after a giant asteroid, more than six miles in diameter, struck Earth along the eastern coast of Mexico. (See Image 13.) The explosion was a billion times greater than the force of the first atomic bomb which was dropped on Hiroshima in 1945.
Image 14: Dinosaurs and thousands of other species became extinct following the K-T boundary 65 million years ago. Among the survivors of this major extinction event were small mammals. Courtesy ND Geological Survey.
The asteroid's impact zone was perhaps several hundred miles wide. Plants and animals nearby would have been vaporized. The heat released by the impact probably killed animals all over the world. In addition, the dust cloud that rose at the collision site, caused Earth's climate to become colder because it blocked sunlight. Colder temperatures caused plants to die which led to the deaths of animals that depended on those plants.
This theory is backed by significant geological evidence. There is a crater, 100 miles wide and 10 miles deep beneath the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. A thin layer of clay containing iridium (rare on Earth, but found in asteroids) lies between the last layers of the Cretaceous Period and the first layers of the Tertiary Period. This layer may have resulted from the explosion of the asteroid. The geological K-T boundary, identified by the presence of iridium, is exposed in some places in North Dakota.
Though the asteroid theory is important, it is also true that dinosaurs appear to have been diminishing in numbers and biological importance in the Late Cretaceous Period. In addition, though the event killed off many of Earth's life forms, some animal species did survive.
Between 85 and 65 million years ago (the Late Cretaceous Period), animals lived in North Dakota on land, sea, and in the air. The Western Interior Seaway put much of North Dakota under a warm shallow sea for millions of years. The seas were filled with many small creatures such as clams, corals, and urchins, and lobsters. But there were also sea creatures we might call monsters because of their size and eating habits. Fossils of these animals have been found in Pierre Formation sites near Cooperstown and in the Pembina Gorge.
Image 15: Paleontologists must re-create the full body of pre-historic animals from skeletons, or even partial skeletons. Sometimes, fossil remains tell us what the animal ate. Because we find Mosasaur bones together with the bones of Pteranodons, paleontologists believe that Mosasaurs might have preyed on the diving bird Pteranodon. Courtesy ND Geological Survey, Becky Barnes, artist.
Image 16: Since finding Dakota the Edmontosaurus near Marmarth several years ago, we have learned a lot more about what they might have looked like. The fossilized skin reveals scales of different sizes, so it is possible to think that the Edmontosaurus might have had stripes or patches of different colored skin. We also learned that the tail is much longer and heavier than once thought. From that, scientists have been able to learn more about how the Edmontosaurus walked. Courtesy ND Geological Survey, Becky Barnes, artist.
Image 17: Edmontosaur toes. The herbivores like the Edmontosaurus were common in North Dakota more than 65 million years ago. These fossilized toes from the left rear foot of an Edmontosaur are very well preserved. The toes (not the entire foot) are about 2 ½ times the size of a human hand. These are not Dakota's toes. Courtesy ND Geological Survey collection.
The Plioplatecarpus (PLY oh plat ee CAR pus), or mosasaur (MOZE ah sore), (See Image 15.) was one of the large predators of the inland sea. These were not dinosaurs, but marine lizards (related to the modern Komodo dragon) that could be as much as 40 feet long. They ate fish, other mosasaurs, and a swift, water-diving, flightless bird, the Hesperornis regalis (hess per OR niss ree GAL liss). Mosasaurs battled sharks and giant 35-foot-long squids called Tusoteuthis longa (tooz oh TOO thiss LONG ah). Another monster fish was the Xiphactinus (zy FAK tin us). This fish had an ugly snout with fangs that protruded from its lips. The predatory Xiphactinus was as much as 20 feet long. Life wasn't peaceful in those waters.
Late in the Cretaceous Period, the sea drained away in western North Dakota and a delta formed where water flowed down from the Rocky Mountains into North Dakota. The delta led to the Fox Hills Sea in south central North Dakota. The sediments deposited in this delta came to be known as the Hell Creek Formation. Forests of now-extinct flowering trees grew on the plains. Palms, fern, and conifers grew along the shores of the Fox Hills Sea.
The land animals of the Cretaceous are well-represented in the Hell Creek Formation. The fossils of 14 different species of dinosaur (which are a type of reptile) have been discovered here.Most of North Dakota's dinosaurs were large herbivores (plant-eaters). The Triceratops (tri SAIR ah tops) was a plant-eater though it might appear to be ferocious because of its three large horns and powerful, heavy body. It could be 25 feet long and weigh more than eight tons. The Triceratops was well-equipped to defend itself against many predators.
Another herbivore of great size was the Edmontosaurus (ed mont oh SORE us) (See Image 16.) which was a type of Hadrosaur (HAD dro sore) or duck-billed dinosaur. Parts of many Edmontosaurs have been found in North Dakota. (See Image 17.) A few years ago, a special Edmontosaur was found in the Hell Creek Formation near Marmarth. This dinosaur, named Dakota, has fossilized skin. (See Image 18.) The skin is so well preserved that it is possible to see scales of different sizes on various parts of the body. Dakota's tail is so perfectly preserved that paleontologists have learned that the tail of the Edmontosaur is larger than previously thought. Scientists have also learned more about the structure of the muscles in the hips from studying the tail.
Image 18: Dakota Calf skin. The skin of Dakota the Edmontosaurus' back leg shows the scales that covered his skin. The skin folded as the body decomposed. In the middle of the leg is a fossiled "hand" from a small crocodile. This animal probably died before Dakota, but their bodies were washed together into the same place where both became fossilized. Courtesy ND Geological Survey.
One of the most interesting dinosaurs of the Hell Creek Formation was the Tyrannosaurus rex (tye RAN oh SORE us recks). T. rex was a huge, fierce, flesh-eating dinosaur. (See Image 19.) This dinosaur was the largest meat-eating land animal that ever lived in North Dakota. A large adult might have been 40 feet long and 20 feet tall when standing upright. The head alone was about five feet long. Paleontologists study the teeth to decide whether an animal was an herbivore (plant-eater) or a carnivore (meat-eater). T-rex was definitely a meat eater. Its teeth (about 50 of them) could be as large as a small banana. Each tooth had serrated edges and was set in a jaw that could bite with the force of 12,800 pounds. This was like being crushed by six Volkswagen Beetles. The claws on their front feet could grasp and tear at their prey. In addition, the T. rex was a pretty good runner. Scientists debate whether the T. rex was a predator of living animals or a scavenger of dead or dying animals. T. rex often ate its Hell Creek neighbors of the Edmontosaurus and Triceratops species. The fossil record in North Dakota has not yet turned up an entire T. rex skeleton. Teeth and individual bones have been recovered, so we know that the T. rex lived, hunted, and died in North Dakota.
Image 19: T rex tooth. This broken piece of a Tyrannosaurus rex tooth is an important identifying characteristic. T. rex and other carnivores had sharp pointy teeth set into a very powerful jaw. Courtesy ND Geological Survey collections.
The residents of the Hell Creek delta included flying reptiles. The largest of these was the Pteranodon (ter RAN oh don) which is thought to have been the first vertebrate animal to develop the ability of sustained flight. That was back in the Triassic Period. By the late Cretaceous, the Pteranodons had a smallish body (35 pounds) with a wingspan of 20 feet. They could soar and probably spent most of their time flying over water. Pteranodons had webbed feet and fur. They had long, bony crests at the back of their heads. Lacking teeth, they scooped up fish from the seas.
The K-T Boundary resulted in the extinction of all of the dinosaurs and many other reptiles. Whether the extinction was caused by the impact of a huge asteroid or some other cause, it is clear to paleontologists that dinosaurs and many other species died out completely about 65 million years ago. The survivors tended to be smaller animals. With the reptiles gone, the stage was set for the rise of mammals.
Why is this important? Extinction is a difficult idea to think about. The extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous Period (the K-T boundary, also called the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction) is one of the five greatest mass extinctions. About 75 percent of all species became extinct 65 million years ago.
However, the loss of one kind of animal opened the door for other creatures. The surviving species prospered because they had better access to food and water resources and perhaps fewer predators. If they adapted to changing environmental conditions, the species continued to evolve.
Studying dinosaurs not only tells us something about the world we live in and the animals we share it with, it also offers an opportunity to understand more about how life continues as animals (and plants) adapt, or fail to adapt, to changing environmental conditions.
Today, paleontologists believe that birds are the last remaining descendants of dinosaurs.
During the Eocene Epoch (55 to 34 million years ago), the average temperature was more than 20 degrees warmer than today. Dense tropical forests covered North Dakota. Rodents, fish, reptiles, birds, and many kinds of mammals lived during the Eocene Epoch.
Large mammals wandered into North Dakota from Asia across the Bering Land Bridge. The Coryphodon (kor RIF oh don) was similar to, but larger than, the modern hippopotamus. This animal probably wandered in swamps eating swamp plants. It was large and slow, with a very small brain. The Coryphodon was probably the dullest mammal of all time.
The first horse, the ancestor of all modern horses, roamed the northern plains browsing on leaves. It looked much like a deer, but was about the size of a small dog with four padded toes on the front feet and three padded toes on the back feet. This animal has two names: Eohippus (ee oh HIP us) or dawn horse; and Hyracotherium, (hye rack oh THEER ee um) or hyrax-like beast, a mistaken name that the little horse has been stuck with for more than 100 years.
Image 20: The Titanothere was a huge beast and very fearsome in appearance. However, it was a plant-eater. It had a huge projection on its head for protection against predators. A beast of this size would have eaten a tremendous amount of plant material every day. When the climate changed and the vegetation this Thunder Beast depended upon disappeared, the animal vanished from the earth. Courtesy ND Geological Survey.
Image 21: Mesohippus. The Mesohippus, or "middle horse" was larger than eohippus and ran on three toes on front and back feet. It was a descendent of Eohippus, the first horse, and the ancestor of Equus, the modern horse. Though early horses evolved in North America, they became extinct after the Ice Age. Spanish explorers brought horses back to North America in the 17th century. Courtesy ND Geological Survey.
Image 22: The ancient rabbit was not much different than modern rabbits except in size. This animal was very similar to a modern cottontail bunny. Mammals like this one came to dominate among the land animals after the extinction of the dinosaurs. Courtesy ND Geological Survey, Becky Barnes, artist.
The Eocene Epoch ended as the global temperature dropped and the climate became drier. A few alligators managed to survive in lowland swamps during the early Oligocene Epoch, but the changing climate did not support the animals that had thrived during the Eocene.
The Oligocene Epoch began about 33 million years ago and lasted 10 million years. North Dakota became a treeless plain covered with shrubs, plants, and a few grass species. The temperature was mild and rain fell occasionally. Huge mammals roamed North Dakota. The Thunder Beast (Brontops or titanothere) (See Image 20.) was eight feet tall at the shoulder. It had bony projections on its snout that made this plant-eater a pretty intimidating fellow. The titanothere (tye TAN oh theer) lived early in the Oligocene Epoch, but as the climate became drier, it probably did not make a successful adaptation to the new environment.
Eohippus evolved into Mesohippus (mee zoh HIP us) or "middle horse." (See Image 21.) This horse was a little larger than Eohippus, but still small (two feet tall at the shoulder) and deer-like. Mesohippus had three front toes. Over millions of years, the middle toe evolved into the single toe, or hoof, of the modern horse. Mesohippus browsed on leaves. Unlike modern horses, Mesohippus was not a grazer and probably ate very little grass.
There were also early ancestors of camels (Poebrotherium). Camels first evolved in North America, but eventually died out. The ancestors of modern camels survived in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. North Dakota's Poebrotherium (po bro THEER ee um) was about the size of a goat and lacked the humps that modern camels have on their backs. The camel shared the plains with the early deer, Leptomeryx (lep toe MARE icks), a small, antler-less, two-toed animal that could run quite well.
Among the fierce predators of the Oligocene were the saber-toothed cats. One of these, the Dinictus (din ICK tuss) was not a true cat, but looked like a cat with long, serrated canine teeth used to stab and slash prey.
Other Oligocene animals included rabbits (Palaeolagus: pay lee oh LAG us) (See Image 22.) that were about 10 inches long. There were also four-foot-long tortoises of the genus Stylemys (sty LEM mees) (See Image 23.) and sweat bees (Celliforma species: sell ih FORM ah.) Rodents were very common. The Eumys (YOU miss) species were the forerunners of modern rats, mice, hamsters, and voles.
Why is this important? Life forms, both plant and animal, evolved in North Dakota over millions and millions of years. Animals changed and adapted as the changing climate affected plants, water sources, and temperature. Animals that did not adapt or evolve, migrated away or died out as the environment (food, water, and habitat) they depended upon changed. Evolution was a slow process involving a tangle of elements including the climate, the kind of food sources such as plants, and the availability of water.
The relationships between plants, animals, and the climate can be illustrated with this example. Ancient horses required shrubs to feed on. When the climate changed, those shrubs disappeared because the temperature dropped or the rainfall diminished. Horses would have to adapt in some way. They might have roamed farther to find food, or had fewer offspring. As Eohippus sought a more favorable environment, the meat-eating predators that depended on horses for food either had to find other sources or follow Eohippus.
Another possibility: if the Eohippus population decreased because the food source was not available, the weakened horses might have succumbed to the hunger of larger, stronger predators, including humans. Only the larger, faster horses could survive this challenge. It took a very long time, but the fossil record reveals that life continues, but the forms change.
By the time the Last Great Ice Age began, about 1.8 million years ago, the animals of North Dakota were very different than they were 30 million years earlier. The climate was much colder and glaciers carved through the eastern portion of North Dakota. The animals that lived here had to be well-adapted to cold conditions.
Image 24: The Wooly Mammoth was a large land mammal of the Ice Age. It shared its landscape with Mastodons which were similar in some ways, but they were not related. Mammoths and mastodons have been found well preserved in ice-packs or glaciers that remain from the Ice Age. Courtesy ND Geological Survey.
Wooly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius: mah MOO thuss prime eh GENE ee us) came from Asia across the Bering Land Bridge that had opened once again as the climate cooled. (See Image 24.) Mammoths were common in North Dakota, but ours were among the smaller of the mammoth species. They only reached to nine feet at the shoulder. They ate grass, roots, and tree bark which they loosened with their huge tusks. The tips of their trunks were capable of grasping food. Their heavy coats were dark brown. They had a soft, fine undercoat that kept them warm. Mammoths lived through the Ice Age and became extinct about 10,000 years ago - about the same time that humans began to live in North Dakota.
Image 25: Mastodons lived in North Dakota during the Last Great Ice Age. They became extinct when the Ice Age ended about 10,000 years ago. The bones of this mastodon were found near Highgate, Ontario, Canada. They were purchased by a man who brought them to North Dakota and took them on tour around the state. Crowds gathered to see the bones of the huge, extinct mammal. Today, the bones of this mastodon are on display in the North Dakota Heritage Center Museum. SHSND 0899-01.
Image 26: This poster advertised a presentation of the Mastodon bones in Bismarck. People were fascinated by the fossilized mastodon and paid an admission price to enter the tent or hall where the bones were displayed in boxes. SHSND MSS 10117.
Another enormous Ice Age mammal was the Bison latifrons (BYE zon LAT ih fronz). This is the ancestor of the modern bison, but it was about 25 per cent larger than today's bison (Bison bison.) The horns were seven feet from tip to tip. These animals lived in small herds and preferred woodlands habitats.
Horses still ran across North Dakota in the Ice Age. They had become more like the modern horse and have the same genus name, Equus (EE kwus.) Ice Age horses were larger than their ancestors (Hyracotherium, Mesohippus and others) and had only one toe with a hard hoof. They had become grazers who depended on grass for their main source of food. However, horses became extinct in North Dakota and North America toward the end of the Ice Age.
Image 27: The Smilodon fatalis, or saber-toothed cat, was a huge animal, nearly as large as a modern lion. This cat's jaws opened so wide that it could bite the head of large animals it preyed upon. The teeth were pointed in order to tear flesh. The saber-toothed cat preyed on the large animals of the Pleistocene including mammoths and mastodons. Courtesy ND Geological Survey.
All of these mammals faced fearsome predators, especially the Smilodon fatalis (SMILE oh don fah TAL iss), (See Image 27.) better known as the saber-toothed cat. This cat was a little smaller in length (four to five feet) and height (three feet) than a modern lion, but it was heavier at 440 pounds. It had very powerful front legs and could spring onto its prey and slash the flesh with its seven-inch-long canine teeth. Smilodons sometimes bit into the skull of their prey and broke their canines on the hard bones of the skull. Their jaws opened to an angle of 120 degrees which allowed them to take a large bite in the neck or head of their prey.
The Smilodon, like many other Ice Age animals, was extinct by the end of the Ice Age. Scientific data so far tells us that the larger Ice Age animals such as the mastodon and the horse became extinct while the small to medium-sized animals such as the deer survived. No one knows the cause of the extinction, but during the late Ice Age in North America, humans were hunting these animals. As the climate warmed at the end of the Ice Age, large animals well-adapted to cold conditions faced environmental challenges. At the same time, human hunters played a part in the complex relationship between life and death.
Why is this important? The end of the Ice Age coincides with the end of the Pleistocene Epoch. As the Pleistocene ended and the Holocene Epoch began, an entirely new form of animal life appeared on the plains of North Dakota. Humans had immigrated to North America from Asia. Their migrations brought them to North Dakota, where they hunted and co-existed with the animals of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Human hunters needed food for their own survival. They not only hunted the great beasts, they ate the same wild fruits and plants that some of the animals ate. They brought tame animals (dogs) with them, and some scientists think that they also brought diseases that might have made Ice Age animals sicken and die.
The record of the Pleistocene gives us a little more information about animal life in North Dakota, but we haven't yet answered the questions about how life forms evolved and why extinctions occurred. In our recent past, humans have brought many new species of plants to North Dakota and have interfered with many natural aspects of climate, soil, and waterways. As we experience climate change, the study of past climates and animal life may help us to understand what these changes will mean for us. There is much work yet to be done.


Winter Moon is an encaustic painting. It is created by melting beeswax and adding pigment to paint on an encaustic board surface. I was experimenting with this technique and will be doing more in the future. Two of my encaustics, Nevada Mountains and Success Loop are showing this month at The Artist's Co-op Gallery in Reno. This piece will be showing next month at Artsy Fartsy Gallery in Carson City. The price is $100 for this 5x7 painting. Encaustics are by necessity small.


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esVolta, a developer and owner of utility-scale energy storage projects across North America, has been selected by Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) to build an energy storage system in Santa Clara County, California.
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text:
Q: condition_variable, references and threads: Who Owns The Lock? Supposing I have a class ThreadQueue holding a std::queue, and I pass an instance of it per std::ref to a thread. Supposing further, that thread 1 (the main thread) creates and holds the ThreadQueue object and will pour messages into it, and the second thread's task is to take these messages as they come and put them somewhere, say, write them to a logfile.
The class looks like:
#include <queue>
#include <mutex>
#include <condition_variable>

using namespace std;

template <typename T>
class ThreadQueue
{
    queue<T> q_;
    mutex mtx;
    unique_lock<mutex> lck;
    condition_variable cv;

public:
    ThreadQueue() { lck = unique_lock<mutex>(mtx); }
    ~ThreadQueue() { if (lck.owns_lock()) lck.unlock(); }

    void enqueue (const T&);
    T dequeue ();
};

template <typename T>
void ThreadQueue<T>::enqueue (const T& t)
{
    lck.lock();
    q_.push(t);
    lck.unlock();
    cv.notify_one();
}

template <typename T>
T ThreadQueue<T>::dequeue ()
{
    cv.wait(lck);
    lck.lock();
    T t = q_.front(); // let's assume that's a copy assignment, because
    q_.pop();         // pop() calls the descructor.
    lck.unlock();
    return t;
}

Then in main the tune goes:
ThreadQueue<std::pair<int, std::string>> logs;
// and maybe something like:
std::thread logger(std::ref(logs));

The crucial line is cv.wait(lck); The  documentation clearly states that lck is required to be a unique_lock object whose mutex object is currently locked by this thread.
The question now is: who does actually lock the mutex, and who owns the lock, thread 1 or thread 2?

A: There are two major mistakes in the code:

*

*unique_lock shouldn't be a member variable. It must be created on the stack, so that when the scope is left (either upon normal return or an exception) the lock is released automatically for you.

*cv.wait must be called only after you checked that the queue is indeed empty. std::condition_variable is a stateless communication mechanism, if signaled when there are no waiters the signal is lost. There are also spurious wakeups. You may like to use cv.wait([this] { return !q_.empty(); }); that handles the waiting on the condition variable correctly for you.

E.g.:
using namespace std;

template <typename T>
class ThreadQueue
{
    queue<T> q_;
    mutex mtx;
    condition_variable cv;

public:
    void enqueue (const T&);
    T dequeue ();
};

template <typename T>
void ThreadQueue<T>::enqueue (const T& t)
{
    {
        lock_guard<mutex> lck(mtx);
        q_.push(t);
    }
    cv.notify_one(); // Optimization: release the lock before signalling.
}

template <typename T>
T ThreadQueue<T>::dequeue ()
{
    unique_lock<mutex> lck(mtx);
    cv.wait(lck, [this] { return !q_.empty(); });
    T t = q_.front();
    q_.pop();
    return t;
}

Who owns the lock?

The thread that has locked the mutex owns the lock, or entered the critical section. Both std::lock_guard and std::unique_lock here lock the mutex in the constructor and unlock in the destructor (upon normal scope exit or exception).

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text:
Viktor Kalivoda (ur. 11 września 1977, zm. 26 września 2010) – czeski seryjny morderca, który zamordował 3 osoby.

Urodził się i wychował w położonym niedaleko Pragi mieście Slaný. Przez kolegów ze szkoły wspominany był jako małomówny samotnik. Studiował informatykę i pedagogikę, nie ukończył jednak żadnego z tych kierunków. Przez rok pracował jako policjant w Pradze. W roku 2004 wystąpił w czeskiej edycji programu Milionerzy, gdzie wygrał sumę 320 000 Kč. 13 października 2005 roku w lesie w pobliżu miejscowości Nedvědice na Morawach z legalnie posiadanego pistoletu Glock 34 zastrzelił starsze małżeństwo. 16 października w lesie koło miejscowości Malíkovice, ok 10 km od swojego rodzinnego miasta, zastrzelił mężczyznę, który wyszedł na spacer z psem. 20 października Kalivoda został aresztowany na podstawie zeznań świadków przed swoim domem w Slaným. Media nadały mu przydomek Leśny Morderca (czes. Lesní vrah). Motywu zbrodni nie podał. Zeznał, że wcześniej planował inne zbrodnie, chciał strzelać do ludzi w praskim metrze. Kilka razy jechał nawet linią C z ukrytą bronią, jednak nie odważył się na oddanie strzałów. Zeznał też, że kilkukrotne próbował popełnić samobójstwo. W sądzie nie wyraził skruchy. 27 czerwca 2006 roku został skazany na dożywotnie pozbawienie wolności. 26 września 2010 roku, w czasie odbywania kary w więzieniu w Valdicach koło Jiczyna, popełnił samobójstwo podcinając sobie tętnice.

Przypisy

Czescy seryjni mordercy
Czescy samobójcy
Urodzeni w 1977
Zmarli w 2010

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text:
Praise for Micro Arts
"Micro Arts has produced some stunningly original work."
Review, Personal Computer World 1985
"I think this period is something of a lost era in digital art. It's definitely a good idea to be engaging with it."
Sean Clark, Computer Arts Society, Fellow BCS 2019. Visit Sean Clark's website
"Things move fast in the computer world, don't they? …The most successful [Micro Arts programs] are the animated designs, hypnotic and colourful collages that offer mobile abstracts… All colour schemes can be adapted, and, if you wish, the program itself can be interfered with (that's the interactive part)."
Review, Blitz Magazine 1985
"Looks fascinating! I love the imagery too."
Brian McClave, Site Eye 2019
"Pride of place goes to The Money Work System, based on The Scum Manifesto by Valerie Solanas … Essential viewing for all neo-patriarchal non-feeling fascists, ie men, especially ones who cannot win at the Hampstead real estate game."
Review of MA2: Various Unusual Events, Sinclair User February 1985
"Gremlin [reviewer] was delighted to receive a large scroll through the post the other day entitled Cow Boils Head. The unusual missive tells the story of a cow which forced a man to boil his head in a bucket. Veteran Gremlin fans will immediately recognise the delicate touch of Geoff Davis and Micro Arts, who have devised a program which churns out endless variations on the tale."
Review of MA4: Cow Boils Head, Sinclair User, Gremlin gossip, September 1985
"The display mixes colour, shape and timing, and it's different each time you run it. Definitely to 'enhance your next dinner or cocktail party, union meeting or conference!'
Pass the Pina Colada, comrade."
Review of MA1: Geoff Davis 'Abstract Originals', Computer News 1985
"Inspiring. A very promising start from Micro Arts. All worth thinking about and testing for yourself."
Review of MA3: Martin Rootes Vol. 1, A&B Computing February 1985
"The alternative society is still throbbing at Micro Arts."
Sinclair User February 1985
"The computer art that we have come to take for granted is only one aspect of a subject that is as old as computers themselves."
Acorn User 1987
Get the new Micro Arts ebook – universal link
These quotes are from some of the reviews in the consumer and professional computer press (for scans see later). Some of the reviewers were enthused by computer art, others baffled or offended, often simultaneously, just like now. Only a few reviews have survived as photocopies. Most magazines have disappeared and the companies absorbed into larger media companies. The art software was available as mail order data cassettes, advertised in the computer press. There were three Micro Arts computer art data cassettes:
MA1: 'Abstract Originals' – Geoff Davis (5 segued generative art programs)
MA2: Various Unusual Events – Geoff Davis (6 examples – code art, a SCUM Manifest animation, generative graphics etc.)
MA3: Vol 1. – Martin Rootes (animated art programs, based on Muybridge, Duchamp etc.)
MA4: Cow Boils Head – Geoff Davis (text story generator). Not on cassette, as telesoftware (Prestel Micronet)
Blitz Magazine Review, February 1985 (see Facebook page)
Things move fast in the computer world, don't they? A new organisation, Micro Arts, claims modestly to be pioneering in this field with a set of programs which can be altered or adapted to suit your mood or your wallpaper. According to founder Geoff Davis, "Micro Arts resides in a sort of sideways area from the rest of the art world. The computer world think the programs are too weird and not technical enough, and the art world think they're too technical."
The idea behind MA is to encourage the development of computer art in general with a range of software and video show-reels. Of the three programs available the most successful are the animated designs, hypnotic and colourful collages that offer mobile abstracts very much in the style of Mondrian and Pollock. All colour schemes can be adapted, and, if you wish, the program itself can be interfered with (that's the interactive part).
Blitz review of Micro Arts generational art 1985
See Blitz on Facebook
Personal Computer World [1] Review, 1985 – Chris Bourne (extracts)
When a bunch of characters whom most of us might regard as terminal avant-gardists, or terminally nuts, or both, start talking about computer art, and produce programs to write stories and draw pictures, with frequently weird results, the notoriously invisible 'man in the street' is apt to dismiss the lot.
Micro Arts is an organisation dedicated to exploring concepts of art on home computer systems such as the Spectrum or BBC [Micro]. Geoff Davis started Micro Arts. He's a writer of fiction and has a particular interest in using micros to generate language. Simon Holland is an ex-art student currently working as a film editor for the BBC, and Bruno de Florence is a French film-maker contributing to Micronet 800, where subscribers will shortly be able to find 200 pages of Micro Arts articles, information and software.
Sinclair User Review, Gremlin gossip, January 1985
We cannot imagine Sir Clive [Sinclair] relaxing in his Jacuzzi without some form of mental stimulation. He might enjoy reading the first issue of Micro Arts magazine. The forward of this extremely pretentious magazine was penned by one Clive Sinclair, and contains a lyrical exposition of the therapeutic qualities of hacking.
"It is the Computer personality who dares face change without feeling the sense of loss that goes with the departure from the womb" rambles 'Clive'. We know he wants to abolish doctors and schoolteachers in favour of computers, but the Spectrum as a substitute for motherhood?
Sinclair User Review, Gremlin gossip, February 1985
The alternative society is still throbbing at Micro Arts, the magazine Gremlin discovered in January. The high priests of pretension have now released 'Micro Arts 2, Various Unusual Events', a selection of programs on cassette. The events include 'Minimal' which fills up the screen very, very slowly. 'Dada' makes up words at random. Pride of place goes to 'The Money-Work System' based on The Scum Manifesto by Valerie Solanas. Gremlin regards this as essential viewing for all non-patriarchal non-feeling fascists, ie men, especially ones who cannot win at Hampstead [real estate game]. Buy the program and learn why only "very young or very sick women" will endure male company without being "coerced or bribed".
Computer Weekly Review, August 30, 1984
Try imaging a monthly magazine devoted to shattering the popular image of computer personal as, well, dull. That may sound alright, but suppose the same magazine then portrayed its subject as glamorous and zany painters of the monochrome screen? Being propelled to the opposite extreme sounds like a lot of hard work. This is how the publishers of the new magazine Micro Arts view average computer buffs – I beg your pardon, "computer personalities". I bet you never knew there was so much in it.
Commodore Computing International Review, Vol 3 issue 9 April 1985
Computer art has come a long way since its 'Mickey Mouse' origins. Geoffrey Davis, editor of computer arts magazine Micro Arts, traces the roots of computer art and suggests that the graphic capabilities of the micro have yet to be fully explored. (This article is lost.)
Review: ACORN USER December 1987
PRETTY AS A PICTURE by Brian Larkman
Computer artist Karl Torokhas found stunning graphics are possible if you turn the technology to your advantage. We all know what computer art is – we see it every time we watch the television. Yet the computer art that we have come to take for granted is only one aspect of a subject that is as old as computers themselves. Computer art is separate from computer graphics in the same way that fine art painting is separate from graphic design or illustration. Both disciplines use many of the same techniques but 'art' somehow carries the impression of loftier ideals and less interest in the commercial market. A range of techniques are available for the computer artist to produce screen images. These include simple paintbox systems, more complex painting hardware, such as that by Quantel, digitising or frame-grabbing and programmed imagery.
This can be carefully designed, as with TV station identification trailers for example, or art generated by the computer with random elements, a style used by the Micro-Arts group. All of these systems are fine if the screen display is the final destination for the image – some artists even value its temporary nature.
Micro Arts Group Martin Rootes Vol 1 computer art generator
PCW 1985 general review article – second page lost:
DATA CASSETTE REVIEWS
(see also Sinclair User, February 1985, above)
These are specific art piece (the MA series) reviews. In 1984 public software was distributed on audio data cassettes, which had an audio conversion of the data bits recorded on them. This audio was converted back into data bits by being played into the computer using a standard audio lead, where a converter and error correcting software would figure it all out. The sound of this is the noisy crackling which some people might recall from the old dial-up modems.
Data cartridges also existed but had a big overhead for production so cassettes were cheaper. The Spectrum and BBC Micro did not use cartridges, and this is one reason why Micro Arts released only for the Spectrum and BBC Micro. Micro Arts cassettes had black and white designs on the cover. They were advertised in the computer press, and were posted through the Royal Mail as far afield as Australia. In 1985 the software could also be downloaded on Prestel Teletext.
Computer News Review, 1985
MA1: Geoff Davis – "Abstract Originals" – definitely to "enhance your next dinner or cocktail party, union meeting or conference!" Clearly aiming at a wide market, the display mixes colour, shape and timing, and it's different each time you run it. Pass the Pina Colada, comrade.
MA2: Geoff Davis – Unusual Events is riddled with that peculiar English art college humour. I chose "Minimal – the longest shortest program". At first a white point appeared at the bottom of the screen. Then nothing. I waited and waited, until eventually discovering that the whole screen was meant to be filled with points (45,056 of them) but that in between each point you had to wait twenty minutes.
Review: A&B Computing February 1985 (see Acorn Computing A&B archive)
MA3: Martin Rootes–Vol. 1
A very promising start from Micro Arts. Graphics are one of the key areas in home computing and they can be quite inspiring on the BBC. Try this package for size. Can the computer produce great works of art? Is it just a tool for the human artist? All worth thinking about and testing for yourself. MA3 helped to remind me that the BBC Micro can be fun as well as very useful.
Ratings: Graphics 100%; Value for Money: 80%
MA4: Geoff Davis –Cow Boils Head (Prestel only, 1985)
Review: Sinclair User, Gremlin gossip, September 1985
Gremlin was delighted to receive a large scroll through the post the other day entitled Cow Boils Head. The unusual missive tells the story of a cow which forced a woman to boil her head in a bucket.
Veteran Gremlin fans will immediately recognise the delicate touch of Geoff Davis and Micro-Arts, who have devised a program which churns out endless variations on the tale. Micronetters may soon be compelled to stomach it, as the high priests of pretension have taken 200 teletext pages to purvey their manic drivel.
"We don't want to totally freak people out at first," says the suspiciously mild-voiced Geoff.
Note: MA4 is a story generator which selects from banks of words linked syntactically to a short story 'Cow Boils Head'. Shown in exhibitions, but did not get a formal software release. It was on Prestel teletext in late 1985.
Above: MA4 Cow Boils Head software story generation
PCW ended in 2019 and was bought by Incisive Media ↑
Approval progress comment Mar 2019
The major magazines still running are Computing (owned by Incisive Media) and Computer Weekly (now online, owned by TechTarget). Others such as Acorn User were bought by IDG Media. Sinclair User, part of Emap, was absorbed by Ascential. See below for my attempts to get approval. As they approve copyright, I'll post the reviews, they have until 29/2/2019 to reply, then I'm putting them on here, and the actual book can come out.
The National Museum of Computing, Bletchley Park UK have been very helpful. I'll do a proper page on them soon. They said:
"Normal academic practice is to "make best efforts" to seek permission from the copyright owner (eg. publisher, author, or photographer). My practice is to send the copyright owner an email request. It is very unusual in my experience for permission to be withheld. […]
If the copyright owner is not known or I get no response to an email then it is my practice it to go ahead. I don't think an author should ever be inhibited from publishing because copyright ownership cannot be ascertained, but the "best efforts" protocol is a wise precaution and prevents reputational damage to the academic community."
Blitz magazine is now on Facebook, and they have approved publication, as has Dave at A&B Computing, which is now in an Acorn Computing archive with an active forum. All the others didn't reply, which is hardly surprising for 40 year old reviews of my old software.
Advice from:
National Computer Museum
Bletchley Park UK
Documentation and History of micro computers
Normal academic practice is to "make best efforts" to seek permission from the copyright owner (eg. publisher, author, or photographer). My practice is to send the copyright owner an email request. It is very unusual in my experience for permission to be withheld. However, publishers like Time-Life will try to exact very high fees. If the copyright owner is not known or I get no response to an email then it is my practice it to go ahead. I don't think an author should ever be inhibited from publishing because copyright ownership cannot be ascertained, but the "best efforts" protocol is a wise precaution and prevents reputational damage to the academic community.
Computing – long serving magazine
https://www.computing.co.uk/static/about-us
Dear Alan
I am writing a short book on the history of a computer art software company 'Micro Arts' 1984-1985. Some of the graphics and art programs were reviewed in Computing in Feb 1985. It ended up on Prestel, Micronet 800, with downloadable telesoftware.
I am checking that you would allow me to reprint this review in the book. I can send the review by email if you need to see it.
I am not sure Publishing is the right department, please forward if appropriate.
Geoff Davis
Dear Dave A&B Computing
I am writing a short book on the history of a computer art software company 'Micro Arts'. Some of the programs for the BBC Micro were reviewed in A&B Computing in Feb 1985, which I think you archived, your email was on the DVD page, there are no contact details.
I had the original review print, I did not get it from the archive.
Regards Geoff Davis
Commodore Computing International
"Nick Hampshire Publications"
No contact details
Archive.org only
CROFTWARD LIMITED went bust in 1989
Acorn User
Bought by IDG Media
PARIS BUREAU
idgnews@idg.com
Peter Sayer – Paris Bureau Chief
I am writing a short book on the history of a computer art software company 'Micro Arts'. Some of the programs for the BBC Micro were reviewed in Acorn User in 1984-85, which was acquired by IDG Media.
Incidentally, several French people wrote and contributed to the project, which was a computer art forum with software. It ended up on Micronet (like Minitel). They have also contributed to the new book.
Computer Weekly is now free and online
Online form 20/2/2019
Dear Computer Weekly
I am writing a short book on the history of a computer art software company 'Micro Arts'. Some of the programs were reviewed in CW in 1984-85.
Sinclair User – Emap now
info@ascential.com
Dear Ascential
I am writing a short book on the history of a computer art software company 'Micro Arts'. Some of the programs were reviewed in 1984-85. Sinclair User was part of EMAP.
sent email 20/2/2019
Personal Computer Weekly – Incisive Media
csqueries@incisivemedia.com
Sent email from mag 20/2/2019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Good Morning, I hope you are enjoying a sleep in and a relaxing long weekend.
In the spirit of tomorrows Melbourne Cup this weeks Man Up Monday workout is a 3200m (3.2km) run in the fastest time possible.
It takes the horses around 3:30 to cover the distance on Cup Day.
You can use a web site such as Map My Run to plot your course.
Remember to post your time in the comments below.
Posted in Man Up Mondays by Nathan Tieppo.


Whether it's simply to expand your cultural tastes or earn college credit to satisfy your degree plan, enrolling in an online Italian college course is a great way to achieve your goals. Italian, which is one of the six most-spoken Romance languages in the world, will cover basics in beginner's courses, including how to properly greet people, the alphabet, and insight into Italian food and customs. Intermediate and advanced levels will expand on their introductory online courses and teach students Italian slang as well as how to read and write comprehensive Italian essays and literature. At this point, students should be more comfortable speaking Italian with their peers and will most likely be expected to engage more with classmates via video chatting to earn grade points.
While Italian is one of the great online college courses in foreign language to pursue, it's important that if you enroll in an accredited school if you want to apply your Italian credit to a degree plan. Otherwise it may not transfer. There are several sources that can tell you whether the online school you are considering is accredited, including the U.S. Department of Education's database. However, just because your online institution is accredited doesn't necessarily mean that the school you wish to transfer to later (whether it is a traditional or online school) will consider the Italian credit valid. So always call and confirm prior to enrolling to make sure everything will be counted.
While Italian can be a very elegant and beautiful language to learn, unless you plan on becoming a translator or teaching the language to students, using your new set of skills in America won't benefit you as much as learning other languages such as Spanish or Chinese""there just isn't a large enough Italian-speaking community that is in need of bilinguals in the U.S. But that doesn't mean that learning Italian can't help your career. Completing online Italian college courses will equip you with language skills, knowledge of Italian business and social etiquette, and a thorough understanding of the Italian culture needed in some industries.
For example, those who plan on being involved in the fashion world can take their career to profound heights by going to Italy and immersing themselves with Italian designers and fabric makers. Those interested in the culinary arts who want to specialize in or gain inspiration from Italian cuisine can travel to Italy and effectively communicate with Italian chefs and farmers to discover recipes and ingredients that can make their dishes famous. Those that are interested in the fine arts, including opera, painting, and sculpture can also benefit from learning Italian""they can have a deep connection with and love for performers and pioneers. Of course, if you plan on doing any form of international business in Europe, Italian is also a nifty language to know to expand markets and clients. The uses of Italian are virtually endless.


Klinche's innovative software solutions transform lenders and owners into "superheros" for the construction finance industry.
Eliminate delays and add efficiencies to the loan draw process.
Automating the loan draw process will assist in disbursing funds earlier and creating greater interest income. Our construction finance software revolutionizes the monthly loan draw process by automating key processes and eliminating time delays.
Avoid having loan delays because of staff absences. By automating systems, team members will understand the status of the loan and can jump in to keep the loan draw moving forward.
Share data and project information through a document depository making project data storage easy. Create a simple way to confirm data, reference documents and eliminates equity draw delays due to missing or incorrect documents.
Avoid risk, project delays and contingency fees by allowing more transparency throughout the entire value chain.
Create a collaborative and transparent institutional process giving internal team members access to vital information. This process helps establish institutional transparency by allowing easy access to project data. Project transparency will reduce the chances of errors and delays due to missing or incorrect data.
Gain portfolio transparency and know the "health" of your entire construction portfolio using our portfolio dashboard. Filter projects on numerous data sets and predict problem loans (using historical datasets) before they become a problem.
Collect, organize and digest the monthly avalanche of documents with a document depository. Easily manage and have access to current documents allowing for quick reference and summary reports.
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text:
Q: How can I provide an API to get the History of changes made in any model in django-rest? I have a model
class Project(models.Model):
    STATUS_CHOICE= (('going_on','GOING_ON'),
                    ('project_co','PROJECT_COMPLETED'),
                    ('contract_c','CONTRACT_COMPLETED'),
                    ('contract_e','CONTRACT_EXTENDED'),
                    )
    title= models.CharField(max_length=30,unique=True)
    description= models.CharField(max_length=2000,null=True,blank=True)
    assigned_date= models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
    completion_date= models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
    join_date= models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
    technology= models.ForeignKey(Technology,null=True, blank=True)
    consultant= models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name= 'project')
    status= models.CharField(max_length= 10, choices= STATUS_CHOICE, default= 'pending')
    file=models.FileField(upload_to=get_attachment_file_path,null=True,blank=True)
    history = HistoricalRecords()

Now I want to keep track of all changes in this project model.
I have used django-simple-history.
But it provides limited features.I know I can use signals in Django. But I have to send Historical data in such a way that how many projects have been done by a specific user with the respective STATUS_CHOICE of that project.

A: I think this can work out. It should be decently efficient, even if you have millions of rows.

models.py
from django.utils import timezone

class Change(models.Model):
     project = models.ForeignKey(Project)
     changed_field = models.CharField("field_name")
     changed_data = models.TextField() # you can improve this by storing the data in compressed format
     chaged_at = models.DateTimeField(default=timezone.now)
     status = models.CharField(max_length= 10, choices= STATUS_CHOICE, default= 'pending')

serializers.py
class ChangeSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
     class Meta:
          model = Change
          fields = ("project","changed_field",# all the other fields that you wanna add)

views.py
def get_changes(request,project_id,status):
  if request.method == 'GET':
    changes = Change.objects.filter(status=status, project=Project.objects.get(pk=project_id))
    serializer = ChangeSerializer(changes, many=True)
    return JSONResponse(serializer.data)

urls.py
urlpatterns = [
   url(r'changes/(?P<project_id>\d+)/(?P<status>[a-z]+)/',views.get_changes)
]

Let me know if you want any other changes


Just yesterday as I was browsing Facebook, I stumbled upon Mommy Jane's latest post. So I decided to check it out. Much to my delight, it was about this hot new place that's having their Grand Opening today (18th Nov 2016) at One City USJ 25.
Jalan Jalan Japan, all of Japan Preloved items sold here! It is known that the Japanese look after stuffs with proper care. Hence, most of the items here are in almost good condition!
The ladies section was crazy! The whole floor downstairs from the entrance to almost the other end are layers and layers of ladies wear!
The baby & kids section were spread out downstairs and upstairs. But good enough to entice me to come by again.
Then there's the other sections where we can put our kids at to play and moms and breastfeed their babies! What's even better is there's a fitting room for us ladies to try to our hearts content.
There's also furniture and comic books plus so much more.
I zoomed in on a few of these. The adjustable baby cot that swings only costs RM30 to RM50! A new one easily costs RM1000! Non-branded but works just the same. My son had his fun playing with the mini push cars (ranged from RM10 to RM30 each) Unfortunately, I did not purchase anything today. The Q was almost crazy after lunch. I'll come back again and then we'll see if I want to energetically get something from this huge Preloved outlet from Japan.
Great bargain! I would love to check this out one day.
Oh man. I was planning to come here, until I forget that I was actually planning one. I've heard the review and it makes me feel so excited to come here.
sure will make sure to don?t fail to remember this web site and give it a glance on a continuing basis.


text:
mildred-patricia-baena
Mildred Patricia Baena
By Alina
Birth Date 1961
Full Name Mildred Patricia Baena
Birth Name Mildred Patricia Baena
Birth Country United States of America
Spouse Rogelio Baena (Ex), Arnold Schwarzenegger (Ex)
No Of Children 2
Father Evelyn Peña
Son Joseph Baena
Daughter Jackie Rozo
Relationship Timeline Of Mildred Patricia Baena
Husband : Rogelio Baena
Mildred Patricia Baena Married To Rogelio Baena and separated on 2008
Boyfriend : Alex Aguiar
Alex Aguiar is the currently partner of Mildred Patricia Baena.
Rising to fame with the help of controversies and rumors is not a new thing is in the entertainment industry. Today we are going to get into the article of a similar star named Mildred Patricia Baena.
Mildred rose to fame after getting into a romantic scandal with Hollywood superstar Arnold Schwarzenegger. Furthermore, Mildred is also famous as the mother of Joseph Baena. Joseph is the child born after the romantic encounter between Patricia and Arnold.
Was Married To Rogelio Baena
For more than ten years, Mildred was married to Rogelio Baena. Patricia and Baena tied the wedding knot in October 1997 in the presence of their close ones in an intimate wedding ceremony.
There is not much information about Mildred and Rogelio's wedding as the former duo likes to keep it hidden. As per some of the sources, the pair split as soon as Rogelio found out about the alleged affair. Rogelio and Mildred even shared a child Jackie Rozo.
Bond With The Movie Star Arnold Schwarzenegger
Mildred Baena's love life is pretty complicated as she has been dragged to an extra-marital affair with A-list actor Arnold Schwarzenegger. Baena and Schwarzenegger even have a child together named Joseph Baena, as mentioned earlier.
Image: Arnold Schwarzenegger with Mildred Baena.
Source: Radar Online
She worked as a housekeeper in Maria Shriver and Arnold Schwarzenegger's house. Despite the movie star still being married to his wife, Mildred and Arnold went through the romantic bond.
Filing for a Divorce
The ex-husband of Mildred, Rogelio Baena, speculated from the very start that the kid, Joseph Baena, was not his biological child. With all the flashing news of Arnold's separation from his ex-wife, Maria Shriver, he came to know that the kid he believed his child was from the extramarital affair of his wife.
After that, he filed for the divorce, and now, the former duo's moved on in their life. Currently, Mildred's relationship status is single as per sources. She's stayed away from the media after the infidelity news came around.
Hide the identity of Joseph's Father
Mildred kept the news a secret from her son. She never informed Joseph that the Terminator star Arnold was his dad. In the same way, Arnold also kept the news away from his son.
Frame: Joseph Baena riding Bicycle with his father, Arnold.
Source: Instagram @projoe2
Joseph is reported to have used to call his father, who is his mother's boyfriend, Alex Aguiar. Even though Arnold never revealed the statement about his relationship with Joseph, he showered with costly presents and took him on holiday as well. And in 2010, in Bakersfield, California, Arnold put up a $40,000 deposit on Baena's family home.
The news was disclosed to the kid only later after Arnold confessed that he was his dad and that he had an affair outside the wedlock. Joseph previously dated beauty pageants holder Savannah Wix and is currently in a relationship with Nicky Dodaj.
Arnold's Child Support for Joseph
Arnold allegedly paid her $5,000 in April 2010 and $60,000 in May 2010 to secure a loan with her 19-year-old son for Mildred's house in Bakersfield, California. Also, Arnold alone has the estimated net worth of $400 million that he accumulates from his professional acting career.
He is credited for several movies such as Terminator, The Running Man, Red Heat, and The Predator, to name a few. The person with a massive amount of net worth has also invested in real estate through which, in twenty-five years, he became a millionaire.
The early life of Mildred
Mildred Patricia Baena was born in the U.S. in 1961. Baena belongs to white ethnicity and has a nationality of Guatemala.
Frame: Mildred at Arnold's house while working as a housekeeper.
Source: ABC News
Mildred suddenly came to the limelight after wildfire rumors about her affair with A-list actor Arnold surfaced on the media. Before getting into the love affair with Arnold, Mildred worked as a housekeeper in his house.
Don't forget to visit Married Celeb for more Gossips and Biographies!!!
Celebrity relationship Arnold Schwarzenegger Joseph Baena Mildred Patricia Baena


This course is being managed by CMSC and held at the beautiful and serene Holy Wisdom Monastery in Middleton, Wisconsin – just a few miles from downtown Madison. Please see the Holy Wisdom website for more information about the venue.
The course begins with dinner at 5:15 pm on Friday, August 16 and ends at approximately 12:00 pm on Wednesday, August 21. You may stay for lunch on Wednesday.
This course will have no more than 50 participants.
Social Workers: Pending re-approval, this program is Approved by the National Association of Social Workers (Approval # 886771645-2718) for 24 continuing education contact hours. Some States do not accept this approval. Please contact your local board if you are unsure.
The program fees include tuition, materials, lunch and dinner, and are payable to the Center for Mindful Self-Compassion. Lodging is not included in the program fee.
There are a limited number of Single and Double accommodations available at Holy Wisdom. Please contact Amanda at aconway@benedictinewomen.org or 608-836-1631, x158 to reserve your rooms. Please mention that you are part of the MSC Intensive. Continental breakfasts are included.
Once the accommodations at Holy Wisdom are Full, participants will need to make their own accommodation reservations at a local hotel. To help with this, we have reserved a block of rooms at the Fairfield Inn & Suites Madison West/Middleton, which is near Holy Wisdom. See below for details and the booking link. Please note that lunch and dinner are still included in the program fees even if participants stay outside of Holy Wisdom or commute.
Your tuition payment (less the $200 non-refundable cancellation fee) will be refunded if we are notified by July 25, 2019 that you need to cancel your registration. Please see the Holy Wisdom site or the Fairfield Inn site for their cancellation policies.
No refunds are available after July 25, 2019, except on compassionate grounds.
Steven Hickman, Psy.D., is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist and an Associate Clinical Professor in the UC San Diego Department of Family Medicine & Public Health. His role is to provide oversight, vision, direction and focus for the development and expansion of CMSC around the world. He is also the Director of Professional Training, overseeing the training of teachers from "start to finish" and assuring the highest quality standards and the best possible resources for teaching. Steve is the Founding Director of the UC San Diego Center for Mindfulness, a program of community building, clinical care, professional training and research. He has taught Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) for 17 years and has trained teachers of MBSR and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT). Steve is an MSC teacher trainer, and leads MSC intensives and workshops around the world.


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Парламентские выборы в Северной Македонии изначально были запланированы на 12 апреля, но из-за эпидемии новой коронавирусной инфекции перенесены на 15 июля 2020 года. Эти парламентские выборы стали десятыми выборами состава Собрания Северной Македонии в истории республики с . Очередные выборы в Собрание Северной Македонии должны были состояться в декабре 2020 года, через четыре года после предыдущих парламентских выборов, однако премьер-министр Зоран Заев принял решение распустить парламент и назначить досрочные выборы после того, как Европейский совет отказался начать переговоры о присоединении страны к Европейскому союзу.

Предыстория
Предыдущие парламентские выборы в Северной Македонии состоялись 11 декабря 2016 года на фоне масштабного политического кризиса и  и  против правительства под руководством партии «ВМРО — ДПМНЕ». Несмотря на то что правящая ВМРО — ДПМНЕ стала первой по числу голосов и полученных мест в парламенте (51 мандат из 120), инициативу по созданию правительства перехватил оппозиционный Социал-демократический союз Македонии. В новую правящую коалицию вошли Социал-демократический союз Македонии (49 мандатов) и партии, представляющие албанское меньшинство: Демократический союз за интеграцию (10 мандатов) и Демократическая партия албанцев (2 мандата). 31 мая 2017 года новым премьер-министром был назначен Зоран Заев при поддержке 62 из 120 депутатов. Депутаты от бывшей правящей партии «ВМРО — ДПМНЕ» проголосовали против нового правительства, а вторая по величине в парламенте партия албанского меньшинства  воздержалась при голосовании.

Одна из основных целей нового правительства заключалась в активизации работы по присоединению Северной Македонии к Организации Североатлантического договора и Европейскому союзу, чему долгое время препятствовал нерешённый вопрос об именовании страны. 30 сентября 2018 года в стране был проведён референдум, касавшийся одобрения договора об урегулировании отношений с Грецией (Преспанский договор). 11 января 2019 года парламент Македонии принял конституционные поправки, предусмотренные Преспанским договором. Активными сторонниками соглашения были партии, входившие в правящую коалицию. Ярым противником договора была оппозиционная ВМРО — ДПМНЕ и президент страны Георге Иванов. В процессе переговоров о проведении референдума об утверждении Преспанского договора две крупнейшие партии страны «ВМРО — ДПМНЕ» и Социал-демократический союз Македонии договорились провести реформу избирательного законодательства, согласно которой за сто дней перед любыми будущими парламентскими выборами действующее правительство будет уходить в отставку, уступая власть техническому кабинету, который должен будет обеспечить свободные и справедливые выборы.

21 апреля и 5 мая 2019 года в Северной Македонии прошли президентские выборы. Во втором туре выборов 5 мая участвовали кандидаты от Социал-демократического союза Стево Пендаровски и от «ВМРО — ДПМНЕ» Гордана Силяновска-Давкова. Победу на выборах одержал Стево Пендаровски, в частности благодаря голосам албанского меньшинства, поддерживающего европейскую интеграцию страны.

Урегулирование спора об именовании страны позволило разблокировать процесс присоединения Северной Македонии к Организации Североатлантического договора и Европейскому союзу. 11 июля 2018 года Североатлантический совет пригласил Северную Македонию начать переговоры о вступлении в альянс. 6 февраля 2019 года был подписан протокол о присоединении Северной Македонии к Организации Североатлантического договора. После ратификации всеми странами-членами альянса Македония официально присоединилась к организации 27 марта 2020 года. Вопрос о вступлении Северной Македонии в Европейский союз рассматривался 26 июня 2018 года на Совете Европейского союза по общим вопросам, который предварительно наметил начало переговоров о вступлении на июнь 2019 года. Однако в июне 2019 года Совет Европейского союза по общим вопросам принял решение отложить начало переговоров о присоединении Северной Македонии и Албании до заседания Европейского совета 17-18 октября из-за возражений нескольких стран, в частности Франции, Нидерландов и Дании. 18 октября 2019 года на заседании Европейского совета решение о начале переговоров также не было принято из-за противодействия Франции началу переговоров с Северной Македонией и Франции, Нидерландов и Дании началу переговоров с Албанией.

В связи с разочарованием от невозможности достичь главного приоритета правительства премьер-министр Северной Македонии Зоран Заев принял решение распустить парламент и назначить досрочные выборы, чтобы граждане могли решить, в каком направлении стране следует развиваться в дальнейшем. 20 октября президент Северной Македонии Стево Пендаровски провёл консультации с представителями всех парламентских партий, в результате к чего был достигнут консенсус о проведении досрочных выборов 12 апреля 2020 года. 3 января 2020 года Зоран Заев ушёл в отставку с поста премьер-министра в связи с необходимостью формирования технического правительства не позднее, чем за сто дней до парламентских выборов. В тот же день было утверждено техническое правительство, включающее представителей правящей коалиции и оппозиции. Главой нового правительства назначен Оливер Спасовски. 21 марта правительственным постановлением выборы были перенесены на неопределённый срок из-за эпидемии новой коронавирусной инфекции. Впоследствии 24 марта 2020 года Совет Европейского союза по общим вопросам одобрил начало переговоров о присоединении Северной Македонии. А 27 марта 2020 года Северная Македония официально стала членом Организации Североатлантического договора.

Избирательная система
Северная Македония — это парламентская республика, в которой законодательную власть осуществляет однопалатный парламент — Собрание Северной Македонии. В Собрание Северной Македонии могут быть избраны от 120 до 123 депутатов. Выборы в парламент проводятся раз в четыре года с использованием пропорциональной системы с закрытыми списками. 120 депутатов избираются в шести многомандатных округах, на которые разделена территория страны. Мандаты распределяются по методу Д'Ондта без формального процентного барьера. Ещё три депутата могут быть избраны в едином заграничном округе. Количество парламентариев от заграничного округа определяется через результаты предыдущих парламентских выборов без учёта явки на текущем голосовании. Кандидат от заграничного округа считается избранным, если соответствующий избирательный список получил за рубежом не меньше голосов, чем избранный внутри страны депутат, попавший в парламент и заручившийся на прошлых выборах наименьшим количеством голосов среди остальных парламентариев. Второй и третий кандидаты от заграничного округа будут избраны, если их список получит в два и три раза больше голосов, чем у наименее популярного депутата, попавшего в парламент на прошлых выборах. На выборах 2020 года указанный порог составлял 6534 голоса.

Все граждане старше 18 лет, имеющие постоянное место жительства в одном из избирательных округов и не лишённые избирательной правоспособности по решению суда, имеют право участвовать в голосовании. Регистрация избирателей пассивная, то есть все жители страны автоматически включаются в реестр избирателей, если они имеют действительное удостоверение личности. За составление и внесение изменений в реестр избирателей отвечает  (ГИК) в кооперации с министерством внутренних дел. Все граждане имеют право осуществить проверку своих данных в реестре избирателей онлайн и потребовать внесения изменений. С 26 февраля до 11 марта 2020 года проводилась общественная проверка списков избирателей в региональных офисах ГИК, после чего копии реестра избирателей были предоставлены для проверки всем парламентским партиям. Однако в связи со сложной эпидемиологической обстановкой работа по составлению избирательных списков не была выполнена до конца в марте 2020 года. На момент переноса выборов в избирательные списки был включён 1 821 981 человек.  зарегистрировала также 6 096 избирателей за рубежом, что меньше необходимого для избрания депутата в заграничном округе числа голосов, равного 6534. По этой причине голосование за рубежом не будет организовано. После возобновления избирательной кампании в июне по окончании действия чрезвычайного положения, введённого вследствие распространения новой коронавирусной инфекции,  продолжила составление списков избирателей и опубликовала финальную версию 1 июля 2020 года. Согласно опубликованным данным 1 814 263 человека имеют право голоса на выборах 15 июля.

Кандидатами на парламентских выборах могут быть граждане старше 18 лет, имеющие право голоса и не отбывающие на момент регистрации наказание, связанное с лишением свободы, на срок, больший полугода. Кандидатов могут выдвигать зарегистрированные политические партии и коалиции, а также группы избирателей. Кандидаты, выдвинутые избирателями должны собрать в свою поддержку не менее тысячи подписей жителей того многомандатного округа, в котором они намерены участвовать в выборах. Выдвижение кандидатов и сбор подписей возможны до окончания проверки и официального опубликования реестра избирателей. На настоящих выборах шесть независимых кандидатов пытались заручиться необходимым количеством подписей, но ни один не смог этого сделать. Самое большое количество подписей, которое удалось собрать независимому кандидату, составило 255.

Регистрация кандидатов проходила с 12 до 20 марта и впервые была возможна онлайн с использованием сети интернет. К 20 марта ГИК зарегистрировал 12 политических партий и три коалиции, выдвинувших в целом 1598 кандидатов в 78 избирательных списках в разных избирательных округах. Все избирательные списки, поданные для участия в выборах, были зарегистрированы. Согласно законодательству, в избирательных списках установлена гендерная квота: больше шестидесяти процентов кандидатов не могут быть представителями одного пола. Все поданные списки соответствовали указанному правилу. В целом 675 кандидатов (42 %) были женщинами. Женщины возглавляли 19 партийных списков, а мужчины 59 списков.

Избирательная администрация разделена на три уровня: , 80 муниципальных избирательных комиссий (МИК) и 3 480 участковых избирательных комиссий (УИК). ГИК состоит из семи человек, выдвинутых парламентскими партиями: четырёх, включая заместителя председателя ГИК, выдвигают правящие партии, а трёх, включая председателя, оппозиционные парламентские партии. В состав МИК входят пять членов и их заместителей, выбираемых ГИК случайным образом из числа государственных и муниципальных служащих на пятилетний период. МИК организуют выборы в соответствующих муниципалитетах, назначают и обучают членов УИК и занимаются другими техническими приготовлениями к голосованию. УИК состоят из трёх человек, выбираемых МИК случайным образом из числа государственных и гражданских служащих на четырёхлетний период, и ещё двух непостоянных членов, выдвигаемых парламентскими партиями (правящей и оппозиционной партиями, набравшими наибольшее число голосов на прошлых парламентских выборах).

Избирательная кампания
В соответствии с избирательным кодексом период официальной предвыборной кампании начинается за двадцать дней до дня голосования, на настоящих выборах с 23 марта. Агитационные мероприятия запрещены с окончания регистрации кандидатов (12 марта) до официального начала избирательной кампании 23 марта.

Политические партии начали проводить отдельные предвыборные мероприятии ещё в конце 2019 года, когда стала очевидна перспектива проведения досрочных выборов в парламент. Во второй половине февраля 2020 года обе крупнейшие партии «ВМРО — ДПМНЕ» и Социал-демократический союз Македонии организовали митинги в Скопье: сторонники «ВМРО — ДПМНЕ» обвиняли правительство Зорана Заева в коррупции и давлении на судебную систему, а приверженцы Социал-демократического союза отмечали успехи правительства в реформировании судебной системы и в интенсификации процесса евроатлантической интеграции. 28 февраля состоялись дебаты между лидерами двух партий на телевидении.

27 февраля правящий Социал-демократический союз Македонии объявил об образовании избирательного блока с , ориентирующимся на албанское национальное меньшинство. Впервые в истории страны была сформирована предвыборная коалиция между партиями, опирающимися на голоса этнических македонцев и этнических албанцев. Ранее такие партии участвовали в выборах отдельно, а после голосования формировали правящие коалиции между депутатами парламента, например, таким образом была образована правящая коалиция в Собрании действующего созыва между СДСМ и проалбанскими партиями: Демократическим союзом за интеграцию и Демократической партией албанцев. Избирательный блок между СДСМ и  был сформирован, несмотря на то что  не голосовало за утверждение правительства Зорана Заева в 2017 году и формально находилось в парламентской оппозиции к СДСМ, на фоне разногласий между участниками действующей правящей коалиции СДСМ и Демократическим союзом за интеграцию. Впоследствии в июне 2020 года во время возобновлённой предвыборной кампании после отмены режима чрезвычайного положения Демократический союз за интеграцию выставил ультиматум, согласно которому эта партия будет участвовать в формировании правительства после выборов только при условии, что на должность премьер-министра будет предложен этнический албанец. В ответ на это лидер СДСМ Зоран Заев заявил о том, что он не приемлет каких-либо ультиматумов и что Демократическому союзу за интеграцию требуется уйти в оппозицию на четыре года для очищения и реформирования партии.

Проведению агитационных мероприятий после официального начала предвыборной кампании помешало распространение новой коронавирусной инфекции в Македонии. 10 марта правительство запретило массовые мероприятия с числом участников, большим 1000 человек, и рекомендовало отменить иные массовые мероприятия. 12 марта лидеры партий договорились воздержаться от проведения любых массовых предвыборных мероприятий и сосредоточиться на агитации в сети интернет, телевидении и посредством наружной рекламы, а 17 марта на встрече с президентом единогласно рекомендовали отложить выборы.

18 марта техническое правительство Северной Македонии направило президенту официальный запрос на объявление чрезвычайного положения. В тот же день Стево Пендаровски объявил чрезвычайное положение, основываясь на статье 125 конституции Македонии, которая предоставляет такие полномочия президенту страны в случае невозможности проведения заседания парламента (Собрание Северной Македонии было распущено 16 февраля и не могло собраться на заседание в силу истечения мандата). Чрезвычайное положение было введено впервые в истории страны. Впоследствии Стево Пендаровски продлил срок деятельности технического правительства, которое 22 марта приняло постановление, имевшее силу закона, о прекращении избирательной кампании и переносе выборов (законодательство Македонии предусматривает возможность для правительства в период действия чрезвычайного положения издавать постановления, имеющие силу закона, по вопросам, относящимся к ведению парламента, если невозможен созыв заседания Собрания Северной Македонии). В соответствии с опубликованным постановлением избирательный процесс будет восстановлен на следующий день после отмены чрезвычайного положения, а  должна сохранить всю избирательную документацию, относящуюся к участникам выборов.

15 июня политические партии пришли к соглашению о проведении парламентских выборов 15 июля. Партии договорились проводить агитационные мероприятия без предвыборных митингов и других массовых мероприятий. Чрезвычайное положение было отменено 22 июня, что позволило возобновить подготовку к выборам и избирательную кампанию. В этот же день возобновила работу в стране миссия наблюдателей от Бюро по демократическим институтам и правам человека Организации по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе.

30 июня прошли телевизионные дебаты между лидерами двух крупнейших партий: Зораном Заевым от СДСМ и  от «ВМРО — ДПМНЕ». В частности, участники дебатов обсуждали достоинства и недостатки Преспанского договора и  с Болгарией и делились планами о выполнении указанных соглашений в случае прихода к власти. 6 июля прошёл очередной раунд дебатов между Зораном Заевым и , на котором обсуждались позиции основных партий по вопросам будущей судебной реформы, международных отношений Северной Македонии и прогнозы о результатах грядущих выборов. 7 июля правительство объявило день выборов 15 июля нерабочим днём для беспрепятственного проведения голосования.

Отдельные партии, участвующие в выборах в Собрание Северной Македонии, заручились поддержкой иностранных лидеров и международных политических объединений. В поддержку Социал-демократического союза Македонии и его лидера Зорана Заева выступили такие левые политики, как премьер-министр Испании Педро Санчес, бывший премьер-министр Греции и лидер Коалиции радикальных левых Алексис Ципрас, министр иностранных дел Люксембурга Жан Ассельборн и  ФРГ по делам Европы , особо выделивший опыт и личные качества бывшего министра иностранных дел в правительстве Зорана Заева Николы Димитрова. Панъевропейский Альянс либералов и демократов за Европу призвал граждан голосовать за входящую в АЛДЕ Либерально-демократическую партию, которая участвует в выборах в составе избирательного блока с СДСМ. Премьер-министр Венгрии и лидер социально-консервативной партии «Фидес» Виктор Орбан отметил, что хотел бы увидеть победителем «ВМРО — ДПМНЕ», поскольку эта партия, по мнению Виктора Орбана, в силу своей ориентации на защиту национальных интересов и суверенитета страны поможет обуздать нелегальную миграцию. Партия «Демократическое обновление Македонии», приверженная проведению «зелёной» политики и участвующая в выборах в составе избирательного блока с СДСМ, заручилась поддержкой Европейской партии зелёных.

В соответствии с расписанием, опубликованным , избирательная кампания завершилась днями тишины, которые начались в полночь с 12 на 13 июля. 13 июля смогли проголосовать инфицированные коронавирусом нового типа, а также граждане, находящиеся на карантине или самоизоляции. 706 таких граждан зарегистрировались для участия в выборах 13 июля. 14 июля проголосовали люди с ограниченными возможностями, не способные выйти из дома, заключённые и пожилые. Всего на голосование 14 июля зарегистрировались 8852 гражданина с хроническими заболеваниями или с ограниченными возможностями, 1657 заключённых в тринадцати пенитенциарных учреждениях, шесть внутренне перемещённых лиц и 357 избирателей в семнадцати домах престарелых. 15 июля — общий день голосования, когда избирательные участки были открыты с семи часов утра до девяти часов вечера.

Результаты
Согласно официальным результатам, ни одна партия или коалиция не смогла получить абсолютного большинства мест в парламенте (61 мандат) для самостоятельного формирования правительства. Формальным победителем выборов стала коалиция СДСМ и , лишившаяся части мандатов по сравнению с парламентом прежнего созыва. При этом основная конкурирующая коалиция под руководством ВМРО — ДПМНЕ получила примерно на 1,5 % меньше голосов избирателей и на два мандата меньше в Собрании Северной Македонии, чем победитель выборов. Партии, представляющие албанское национальное меньшинство, Демократический союз за интеграцию и  – «Альтернатива» заметно увеличили представительство в парламенте по сравнению с выборами 2016 года. Социалистическая партия «Левые» впервые попала в парламент, получив два депутатских кресла. Явка на выборах была примерно на 15 % меньше, чем на прошлых выборах из-за ограничений, связанных с распространением новой коронавирусной инфекции.

Формирование правительства
По причине того, что ни одна партия или коалиция не смогла получить абсолютного большинства в 61 депутатский мандат, для формирования правительства необходимы переговоры между парламентскими партиями. С точки зрения распределения мандатов, для формирования правительства потребуется участие как минимум одной из двух крупнейших партий албанского меньшинства: Демократического союза за интеграцию или  – «Альтернативы». Бывший партнёр СДСМ в Собрании прошлого созыва Демократический союз за интеграцию поставил условие, что будет участвовать в любых переговорах о правящей коалиции только при условии, что на должность премьер-министра будет предложен этнический албанец. Как СДСМ, так и ВМРО — ДПМНЕ отвергли этот ультиматум. В свою очередь,  – «Альтернатива» обвинили правящие Демократический союз за интеграцию и СДСМ в махинациях на выборах, включая давление на избирателей, взятки и фальсификации на отдельных избирательных участках в день голосования. Впервые прошедшие в парламент «Левые» также обвинили СДСМ в фальсификациях, добавив, что на переговорах о формировании правительства им не о чем разговаривать с социал-демократами и Зораном Заевым.

18 августа 2020 года СДСМ и ДСИ объявили, что они достигли соглашения по коалиционному правительству, а также компромисса по вопросу об этническом албанском премьер-министре. По данному соглашению лидер СДСМ Зоран Заев будет назначен премьер-министром и покинет эту должность не позднее, чем за 100 дней до следующих парламентских выборов. После этого ДСИ предложит кандидата на пост премьер-министра из числа этнических албанцев, и, если обе стороны поддержат его кандидатуру, этот кандидат станет премьер-министром до выборов. Коалицию поддержит также единственный депутат от ДПА.

30 августа 2020 года Собрание Северной Македонии утвердило Зорана Заева на пост премьер-министра страны. Его кандидатуру поддержали 62 депутата Собрания из 120: 46 от СДСМ, 15 от ДСИ и единственный представитель ДПА.

Примечания

Парламентские выборы в Северной Македонии
Северная Македония
События 15 июля
Апрель 2020 года
Июль 2020 года
2020 год в Северной Македонии


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VAE ( — «амфибийное разведывательное транспортное средство») — проект аргентинского колёсного плавающего бронетранспортёра. Два прототипа были разработаны французскими компаниями «Рено» и «Панар» по заказу аргентинской армии.

История разработки и производства
В 1970-х годах Аргентина считалась вторым после Бразилии производителем вооружений Латинской Америки. В стране строились корабли, боевые самолёты, бомбы, стрелковое оружие и пр. Производство же бронетехники после выпуска в 1940-х 16 танков «Науэль» прекратилось. В 1960-х был принят План «Европа», согласно которому планировалось развитие производства бронетехники в Аргентине. В 1968-м по лицензии французских фирм на заводе судостроительной компании Astarsa была налажена сборка лёгких танков AMX-13. В 1970-х правительством Аргентины была предпринята попытка производства собственных образцов бронетехники. В 1974 западногерманская фирма «Тиссен-Хеншель» получила контракт на разработку среднего танка, под названием TAM, а также БМП VCTP. В январе 1979 государственная компания  заказала компаниям «Рено» и «Панар» постройку прототипов колёсного бронетранспортёра для аргентинской армии. Аргентине, не обладавшей развитой автодорожной сетью, требовалась быстроходная, облегчённая военная техника. С оглядкой на это строились семейства TAM/VCTP и VAE/VAPE, а в 1950-х — самолёт Naranjero.

Контракт предусматривал производство 1 тысячи единиц БТР и БРМ. Сборка планировалась на заводе оборонной компании TENSA () в Кордове. В 1979—1980 гг. «Рено» и «Панар» представили два прототипа. Шестиколёсный VAE (EA VAE 1) первой, был разработан на основе своего же VAB.

Прототипы прошли испытания на пересечённой, горной, болотистой местностях. Хотя они были пройдены успешно, тем не менее заказ на серийное производство не поступил. Аргентина того периода («Грязная война» «Процесса национальной реорганизации») испытывала финансовые затруднения, что и решило судьбу проекта VAE.

Конструкция

БТР VAE имеет много общего с французским VAB. Корпус бронетранспортёра герметичный, выполнен из стальной противопульной и противоосколочной брони. Кроме экипажа из трёх человек, один из которых является оператором башенного вооружения, БТР способен перевозить 10 полностью экипированных пехотинцев. 900-килограммовая башня находится за моторным отделением по центру корпуса. Оснащён системами защиты от ОМП, кондиционирования воздуха, пожаротушения.

Вооружение

VAE оснащён 20-мм пушкой «Райнметалл» RH-202, расположенной в башне FL20 французской фирмы «Крезо-Луар». Запас боеприпасов — 130 снарядов. Кроме того, он располагает двумя 7,62-мм пулемётами с 1000 патронами. Приводы наведения ручные.

Двигатель

Модификации
 VAE-1 () — вариант бронетранспортёра фирмы Renault.
 VAE-2 () — вариант бронетранспортёра фирмы Panhard.

См. также
 VAPE

Примечания

Ссылки
 Los vehículos VAE y VAPE | Zona Militar

Бронетранспортёры Аргентины
Бронетранспортёры по алфавиту
Плавающие бронетранспортёры
Военная продукция Panhard
Военная продукция Renault