Agnes May Blake was the elder daughter of Samuel and Ellen Blake of Pilton. During and just after World War II, Agnes served in the Women's Land Army. In recognition of her service between 17th May, 1943 and 30th November, 1950, she received this certificate of appreciation from the Queen. The inset photograph shows Agnes, aged 47 years, in her Land Army clothes. She lived at 50, The Rock, her parents' home, until 1952.
Thanks to Gillian Blake, her niece, for giving us this certificate and photograph.


While this is not a fabric shop, anyone who has shopped for Bernina sewing machines in Lancaster at QHC will tell you that this is the shop to visit if you want the best price on a Bernina. The owner, Mr. Zimmerman, is not able to ship machines to other locations, but he can sell Bernina accessories by mail. If you are in the area and shopping for a new machine, it will definitely be worth the trip.
Marie Quigg adds: "Mr. Zimmerman carries a nice line of Sulky metallic and rayon thread. He sells Horn cabinets for the machine, and even sell used Berninas at phenominally low prices! Just think... the machine you trade in may be used by a Mennonite or Amish woman in making quilts!"
Directions (courtesy of Marie Quigg): Take Rt. 322 from Blue Ball/New Holland area west toward Ephrata. Travel about 5 miles, past Postive Fitness Center (on left) and you will come to a crossroads. SLOW DOWN! Ephrata National Bank will on the left corner of 322 and Railroad Avenue. Take a SHARP right turn onto Wanner Road. Mr. Zimmerman's farm and sewing machine shop is the first farm on the right, opposite the Amish school, down the lane. The building has a quaint sewing machine wind vane and a Bernina marker at the end of the lane, near the mailbox.


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Soundwhale
Soundwhale is a remote collaboration solution for audio post and music production that allows users to create content and exchange ideas. It's meant for clients and collaborators that cannot be in the same room. Users can connect over the network and listen to the same audio, communicate, and make changes ...
during the creative process in realtime.
Soundwhale is geared towards all users. Users with little or no audio experience can connect with voice talent and musicians and record them directly in Soundwhale. More experienced users that want to edit, mix, or produce can connect and stream from external software like Pro Tools. Communication occurs through audio, video, or text chat. Post production mix reviews can occur from a distance as the client will receive a live audio mix that's locked to picture. Any changes to the mix will happen in realtime as the client gives direction to the mix engineer.
Soundwhale Home
Julia Thomas
julia@rockpaperscissors.biz
Soundwhale Lets You Share Your Studio with Anyone in the World
New software for remote audio collaboration with video sync launches October 10th, 2019
Remote collaboration on audio projects is not where it should be, especially when working with video. Asynchronous back-and-forth communication can kill creativity in the studio. Laggy, jittery feeds, over compressed streams, and unworkable delays distract users and ruin sessions. Soundwhale solves these issues, making synchronous collaboration, communication, and recording a reality in an easy-to-use suite for desktop (macOS) and mobile (iOS).
Ideal for sound for picture and music production, Soundwhale is geared toward all users, even those with little studio or audio experience. Users can turn their favorite device into a way to write songs, give mix feedback, record voice overs, give lessons, create podcasts, and manage complex production tasks from wherever they happen to be. More experienced audio engineers and producers can connect and stream from Pro Tools or their favorite DAW, as well as remotely control MIDI-powered instruments.
"Soundwhale grew out of a deep frustration with remote collaboration tools for audio," explains Soundwhale founder and longtime audio engineer Ameen Abdulla. "I needed things to work with and for clients, and nothing did." Abdulla decided to build the tools he needed himself.
Soundwhale promises a better experience for anyone trying to figure out a sound project when they can't be in the same room together. Users can connect over the network and listen to the same audio, communicate, and make changes during the creative process in real time, through audio, video, or text chat. Post-production mix reviews can occur from a distance, as the client will receive a live audio mix that's locked to picture. Any changes to the mix will happen in real time as the client gives direction to the mix engineer.
"It streamlines the process dramatically and keeps the creative excitement alive in remote work," Abdulla says. "This can improve both the end results and the relationship between collaborators."
Soundwhale is available via iOS and macOS as a monthly subscription. For full features and info, see soundwhale.com.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Even with cheaper or heavier bikes, once you accept that you are really meant to pedal gently and let the motor do the work, non-speed freaks will get into it. E-bikes are great for commuting and for places that aren't pancake flat. They'll pull you away from the lights quickly, iron out hills and stop you getting sweaty, so you can bin the Lycra and ride in jeans, a suit, or a winter coat.
Electric bicycles are considered as "bicycles" under Montana law as the law defines bicycles in a two part definition where the first part of the definition describes a conventional bicycle propelled solely by human power and the second part of the definition describes a bicycle equipped with an independent power source for propulsion in addition to foot pedals to permit muscular propulsion. (Montana Code 61-8-102).[104]
"Moped" means a device upon which a person may ride which has two or three wheels in contact with the ground, a motor having a maximum power output capability measured at the motor output shaft, in accordance with the Society of Automotive Engineers standards, of two horsepower (one thousand four hundred ninety -two watts) or less and, if it is a combustion engine, a maximum piston or rotor displacement of 3.05 cubic inches (fifty cubic centimeters) and which will propel the moped, unassisted, on a level surface at a maximum speed no greater than thirty miles per hour; and a direct or automatic power drive system which requires no clutch or gear shift operation by the moped driver after the drive system is engaged with the power unit.
In a friction drive motor, a small, solid wheel rotates against the side of the tire in order to drive it. The first motorcycles used the same concept, with a motor mounted above the front wheel. The problem is that the drive rubs at the side of the tire. It's inefficient, and it quickly wears the sidewall away. Tires need to be replaced every couple hundred miles. For this reason, you'll seldom see electric bikes with this type of drive anymore.
Nebraska defines a Moped as "a bicycle with fully operative pedals for propulsion by human power, an automatic transmission, and a motor with a cylinder capacity not exceeding fifty cubic centimeters which produces no more than two brake horsepower and is capable of propelling the bicycle at a maximum design speed of no more than thirty miles per hour on level ground."[69]
The other motor is the G311, a front equivalent to the wonderfully silent G310 rear motors we introduced late last year. This motor will be replacing the G01 hub for our front mini geared kits. It's a tad lighter (2.3kg), much quieter (spiral gears!), but still has the features from the G01 that we loved. That means a side cable exit, ISO disk rotor compatibility, and 10mm round axle.
Electric motor assisted bicycles have been banned in the State of New York and are not permitted for on-road use.[50][51] It appears the only known allowance of an electric bicycle is if it is an electric powered moped, at this time. There is a proposed bill to allow ebikes. As of May 2009, Bill A2393("Defines the term electric assisted bicycle") has been passed in the NY State Assembly[52] and its corresponding Bill S4014, sponsored by Senator Thomas Morahan, is before the NY State Senate.[53]
The legal definition/description of an electric bicycle is most closely described in the code as a "motorized scooter" in that it is powered by an electric motor and/or human power [45]. It may be also be described as a "Motorized bicycle". However, that description does not include electric powered motor specifically. And it appears that the legal definition "Motorized Bicycle" and "Motorized Scooter" are in conflict. Motorized bicycle is a pedal bicycle which has a helper motor, or a non-pedal bicycle which has a motor, with a cylinder capacity not exceeding fifty cubic centimeters, an automatic transmission, and which is capable of a maximum speed of no more than thirty miles per hour. A motorized bicycle shall not be operated upon any way, as defined in section one within the commonwealth by any person under sixteen years of age, nor at a speed in excess of twenty-five miles per hour. A motorized bicycle shall not be operated on any way by any person not possessing a valid driver's license or learner's permit. Every person operating a motorized bicycle upon a way shall have the right to use all public ways in the commonwealth except limited access or express state highways where signs specifically prohibiting bicycles have been posted, and shall be subject to the traffic laws and regulations of the commonwealth and the regulations contained in this section, except that the motorized bicycle operator may keep to the right when passing a motor vehicle which is moving in the travel lane of the way, and the motorized bicycle operator shall signal by either hand his intention to stop or turn. Motorized bicycles may be operated on bicycle lanes adjacent to the various ways, but shall be excluded from off-street recreational bicycle paths. Every person operating a motorized bicycle or riding as a passenger on a motorized bicycle shall wear protective headgear conforming with such minimum standards of construction and performance as the registrar may prescribe, and no person operating a motorized bicycle shall permit any other person to ride a passenger on such motorized bicycle unless such passenger is wearing such protective headgear.
A motorized bicycle shall not be operated by any person under sixteen years of age, nor at a speed in excess of twenty-five miles per hour, upon any public highway, private way laid out under authority of statute, way dedicated to public use, or way under the control of park commissioners or body having like powers, within the commonwealth.[99] A motorized bicycle shall not be operated on any way by any person not possessing a valid driver's license or learner's permit. Every person operating a motorized bicycle upon a way shall have the right to use all public ways in the commonwealth except limited access or express state highways where signs specifically prohibiting bicycles have been posted, and shall be subject to the traffic laws and regulations of the commonwealth and the regulations contained in this section, except that the motorized bicycle operator may keep to the right when passing a motor vehicle which is moving in the travel lane of the way, and the motorized bicycle operator shall signal by either hand his intention to stop or turn. Motorized bicycles may be operated on bicycle lanes adjacent to the various ways, but shall be excluded from off-street recreational bicycle paths. Every person operating a motorized bicycle or riding as a passenger on a motorized bicycle shall wear protective headgear conforming with such minimum standards of construction and performance as the registrar may prescribe, and no person operating a motorized bicycle shall permit any other person to ride a passenger on such motorized bicycle unless such passenger is wearing such protective headgear.
IZIP ebikes is currently holding their huge annual sale. We know that IZIP makes high quality electric bikes that you can buy and ride with confidence. The current sale is a clearance of their 2018 models. One of the best ways to get a good deal on any bike is to buy a previous year's model. Plus, IZIP offers free same-day shipping. So we have highlighted two of the best bargains in ebikes available from IZIP right now.
There are individuals who claim to have lost considerable amounts of weight by using an electric bike.[62] A recent prospective cohort study however found that people using e-bikes have a higher BMI.[63] By making the biking terrain less of an issue, people who wouldn't otherwise consider biking can use the electric assistance when needed and otherwise pedal as they are able.[64] This means people of lower fitness levels or who haven't cycled in many years can start enjoying the many health benefits E-bikes have to offer. [1]
Bicycle shall mean (1) every device propelled solely by human power, upon which any person may ride, and having two tandem wheels either of which is more than fourteen inches in diameter or (2) a device with two or three wheels, fully operative pedals for propulsion by human power, and an electric motor with a capacity not exceeding seven hundred fifty watts which produces no more than one brake horsepower and is capable of propelling the bicycle at a maximum design speed of no more than twenty miles per hour on level ground.
According to Utah Code 41-6a-102 (17) an electric assisted bicycle is equipped with an electric motor with a power output of not more than 750 watts and is not capable of further assistance at a speed of more than 20 MPH, or at 28 MPH while pedaling and using a speedometer. New laws specifically exclude electric pedal-assisted bicycles as "motorized vehicles" and bicycles are permitted on all state land (but not necessarily on Indian Reservations, nor restrictive municipalities, such as in Park City Code 10-1-4.5 2) if the motor is not more than 750 Watts, and the assistance shuts off at 20 mph (Utah Traffic Code 53-3-202-17-a 1). E-bikes sold in Utah are required to have a sticker that details the performance capacity. Children under 14 can operate an electric bicycle if accompanied by a parent/guardian, but children under 8 may not. (Utah code 41-6a-1115.5) No license, registration, or insurance is required by the State but some municipalities may require these measures (Salt Lake City and Provo require registration).
In the year 1885, a British man named J.K. Stanley introduced what can fairly be described as the first modern bicycle. His Rover bike had wheels of equal size in the front and back and used a chain connecting the pedals and the rear wheel as a propulsion system. It was often marketed as a safety bike in contrast with the unstable Penny Farthing, and was a smashing success. The company went on to develop motorcycles and automobiles, remaining in business until the year 2005.
Both the Stromer and the Stoeckli are very nice looking designs and easy to handle. Reliability for both does not seem to be up to Swiss standards, e.g. some of the 2012 Stöcklis seem to have bad contacts. However, as of 2013, most of these problems should be fixed. The Cube got criticized for its battery/saddle system, but this has probably been fixed in more recent edition and it has less "punch" then the other's since the motor is smaller (324W?). I don't know about the BH Neo Nitro. Given the relatively low price of the BH Nitro, it may be the best buy in this category if you plan to cover smaller distances (the battery is limited to 9Ah, and Spain's industry does need some help ;) Anyhow, all of these models come with a variety of motors and country-specific modifications. E.g. in France, the BH Nitro comes with a 350W motor and is electronically limited to 25km/h, whereas in Switzerland you either can get a 500W - 45 km/h version or a 250W? - 25km/h version.
BMW has launched to the UK market their Active Hybrid E-bike priced at £2,500. The e-bike available through their own website boasts up to 60 miles per charge from the 504 Wh Lithium-ion battery powering a Brose 250 W motor. The integrated battery and crank motor system add to the masculine looks of this hybrid ebike. Read our full review of the BMW Active Hybrid E-bike.
In a parallel hybrid motorized bicycle, such as the aforementioned 1897 invention by Hosea W. Libbey, human and motor inputs are mechanically coupled either in the bottom bracket, the rear wheel, or the front wheel, whereas in a (mechanical) series hybrid cycle, the human and motor inputs are coupled through differential gearing. In an (electronic) series hybrid cycle, human power is converted into electricity and is fed directly into the motor and mostly additional electricity is supplied from a battery.
On the road, it takes only a few turns of the pedals to activate the Vado's motor and get it up to speed. In Turbo mode — the bike's highest level of pedal-assist — the Vado reaches speeds of up to 28 miles per hour, after which the electric drive system automatically shuts off to conserve power (and abide by local law). A built-in LED readout on the handlebars allows riders to monitor battery life, check current speed, and track calories burned while also being able to glance at distance traveled. The Turbo Vado Mission Control app (iOS/Android) also connects to the bike via Bluetooth and allows riders to further tune their ride and adjust the bike's settings.
The new Electric Bike Kit Owners group on Facebook has taken off within the first week of its creation. Around 400 people have joined the online group with new members being added every day. E-bike riders are sharing the various ways that they have converted their bikes using the E-BikeKit Complete Electric Bike Conversion System. Each one of the electric bike conversions is more unique than the next. Some e-bike converters have added flashy lights, flags, and other features to make their electric bikes fit their personalities. One electric bike conversion kit was even used to build a three-seat electric...
Photo: This typical electric bicycle, a Sanyo Eneloop (now discontinued), had a range of about 30–55 km (17–35 miles) and a top speed of around 24 km/h (15 mph). Note the 250-watt hub motor on the front wheel and the 5.7Ah lithium-ion battery pack (black, marked "Sanyo," just in front of the back wheel). Picture by kind permission and courtesy of Richard Masoner, originally published on Flickr under a Creative Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0) licence.
Most of you are likely here for the electric bits, though. Those consist of a 500Wh user-swappable Bosch Powerpack battery and a 250W Bosch Active Line Plus motor that delivers 37lb-ft (50Nm) of torque and speeds of up to 20mph (32km/h). The battery takes up to 4.5 hours to reach a 100-percent charge and offers a range of up to 134 miles. With the battery and motor, it's markedly heavier than a comparable urban bike, weighing in at 46lb (20.8kg).
Metro is a brand that has been around since 2010, and it is one of the top sellers. That is mostly because their products are solid, good value, with good power and good features. Metro Hybrid is a part of urban electric bikes family, and it is really well set up for the urban and light trail riding. Metro has a diamond frame and 700c (28-inch) wheels with sporty 38mm Schwalbe Marathon tires, so you get real quality tires. A big capacity battery of 624Wh will carry you 20–40 miles, with the top speed of 28 mph with assist, or 20mph using throttle only. The comfort is decent with adjustable handle bar, as well as suspension seat post and a suspension fork. Overall, this bike offers good value for the price, with outstanding range and power for its class.
On the other hand, the battery doesn't lock into the bike, which means you can't just leave it on your bike when you park at the bike rack. Anyone could walk by and simply remove your battery. That seems like an oversight to me, though perhaps the designers assumed that such a small battery would just be easy to take with you. And it is. My wife could probably lose this battery in her purse.
The electric bike revolution is spreading across the continent, 2017 data clearly underlines that eBikes are the preferred mode of mobility. 720,000 eBikes were sold in Germany, and KTM are one of the largest producers in their native country. As the market prospers, more and more manufacturers are jumping on the bandwagon than ever. KTM … Continue reading Best KTM eBikes 2018 – The Fully Charged Picks
The Motan M-150 electric bike is one of the Addmotor's best selling models. Featuring a 750W high-speed brushless rear hub motor, goes to the top speed of about 25mph. An upgraded 48V 11.6AH Panasonic lithium battery with improved reliability, makes going up a long, steep hills a breeze. An upgraded 48V 11.6AH Panasonic battery provides improved reliability. This folding bike is designed to fit riders 5'4″-6'4″ and carry a max weight of 300 lbs, making it an ideal option even for larger riders. You can expect to get out 45-55 miles range while using the level one assist. Fully functional pedals also allow you to pedal without motor assist. Collapsible top-tube, frame, and pedals make it portable and easy to store in your car, and unfold in only 10 seconds when you're ready to use it.
Are there any guidelines you could give on what is legal in Federal Parks that have duel use pedestrian and bike paths. I was recently told that E bikes are not allowed on a Federal trail even though much faster 10 and 20 speed bicycles are common. I also stated that I have a disability which prevents me from walking or biking very far but was still told my bike was not allowed. I should also add that my bike has a top speed of about 15 and is 250 watts.
Some argue, that an ebike should have some kind of front suspension, i.e. be able to cope with potholes at higher speed or off-road conditions. However, in countries with flat roads (e.g. Switzerland, Germany or Holland) you don't need that extra weight for extra price if you stay on roads and/or drive slowly in difficult terrain. Some makes (like the Stromer) let you choose.
There's much less of a sensation of the Electrified S2 'fighting back' once you hit 15.5mph, as well. That's helped by the automatic 2-speed gear box, although this does take some getting used to. Because its cogs are very different sizes you can end up with all sorts of cadence problems as it auto-shifts from high back to low. With practice you can avoid this, or of course you could in theory fit a second cog that's closer in size to the first.
Historically, materials used in bicycles have followed a similar pattern as in aircraft, the goal being high strength and low weight. Since the late 1930s alloy steels have been used for frame and fork tubes in higher quality machines. By the 1980s aluminum welding techniques had improved to the point that aluminum tube could safely be used in place of steel. Since then aluminum alloy frames and other components have become popular due to their light weight, and most mid-range bikes are now principally aluminum alloy of some kind.[where?] More expensive bikes use carbon fibre due to its significantly lighter weight and profiling ability, allowing designers to make a bike both stiff and compliant by manipulating the lay-up. Virtually all professional racing bicycles now use carbon fibre frames, as they have the best strength to weight ratio. A typical modern carbon fiber frame can weighs less than 1 kilogram (2.2 lb).


Like Scar from The Lion King (1994) once sang to his minions Be Prepared. Insurance rates are predicted to go up in 2017. The reasons are specific enough and by no means the fault of average individual drivers, however, fleet managers should be aware of what is coming on the horizon for the costs of their fleets. Accidents increased in 2015 and so did payouts. (Auto Insurance Rate Hikes) However, rates rising are not a simple cause and effect. To safe guard against simply raising rates when accidents increase, insurance companies turn to ancillary businesses to keep prices stable and not lose profits when a season like this arises. Regrettably, bond yields, their plan B of choice, are weak of late leaving them no option but to hike rates. (Auto Insurance Rate Hikes) Indeed, the bond market has still not properly recovered since the 2008 financial crisis. (Auto Insurance Rate Hikes) A massive detriment to conservatively investing industries, because, bonds were long seen as a safe place to park money for modest but stable returns.
Electronics in cars have made the cost of even a minor accident go up dramatically. (Las Vegas Car Insurance Rate Hikes) Even a simple fender bender might involve multiple sensors that would all need to be replaced. No longer can a driver simply take their car to a shop and have Joe, as the name on his mechanic jumpsuit reads, hammer it out and fix it right away at super low costs. Also, modern cars are designed with crumple zones that are engineered to absorb the impact of a crash instead of the shock traveling to the people inside. Modern cars are designed to maximize protection for the passengers and minimize any harm. Once the function of such a mechanism has been served, guess what? It's time to replace it. And that costs the insurance company, in one way or another, money. Medical bills are increasing, too. (Las Vegas Car Insurance Rate Hikes) While the increased frequency of medical visits and treatments may or may not be a factor, the overall cost of treatment is increasing. Additionally, improving technology has increased the chances of surviving and recovering from a crash, walking away completely untouched is a ways off. Another reason for rising rates is car theft on the rise in certain localities. (Las Vegas Car Insurance Rate Hikes) While this doesn't translate nationally, it will have a significant impact on a state level. All of these factors combined, it would be wise for any fleet manager to keep a sharp eye on how their specific vehicles can be affected.
This trend of rising costs forces businesses owners to look for ways to mitigate the extra costs. Fleet Management Solution with GPS tracking is emerging as a great way to reduce no only costs but also mitigate the risks of drivers getting into car accidents. Many insurance companies are giving discounts on their insurance rates for vehicles that are equipped with a GPS tracking device. Those savings can quickly add up depending on the size of your fleet. With a Fleet Management Solution you can easily monitor driving behavior, you will be able to see when your drivers speed, hard brake, hard accelerate, and more essential information. This data will allow you to address any negative behavior immediately, therefore reducing any potential risks with your fleet on the road.


Every industry has their ultimate go-to photographer to guarantee solid results to tell a story. Pictures do tell (and sell) those stories that inspire us to buy the latest trends, watch the next anticipated block buster movie, live a luxury lifestyle and recently dispute 'alternative facts'. In fashion, no one captured that story organically better than the legendary beloved photographer, Bill Cunningham. In editorial we have acclaim photographer, Annie Leibovitz, which publishers count on for their next iconic and even viral sharing cover photo. (Remember Caitlin Jenner on the cover of Vanity Fair or Kim and Kanye on the cover of Vogue?) But in the interior design world there is one photographer that has yet to be given props for his caliber of work. Photographer Alan Barry captures the celebrity factor of an interior designer and by the looks of his designerlebrity portraits, makes him a true expert in this industry.
Alan has been developing an eye for taking photos since the age of 9 when his father gave him a camera. His photographs span a wide variety of shots that cover a gamut of industry platforms. Notorious for being on the scene at high-profile events such as Stella Artois, Fendi Casa and Sotherby's to capturing celebrities published in magazines like Us Weekly, People and Bazaar just to name a few. But it's the designerlebrities he photographs that makes publishers like Architectural Digest, Interior Design magazine and Traditional Home solidify a designer as an actual celebrity. This is where I believe the credit is due.
The mass media is slowly taking notice of the interior design industry. Giving an overdue spotlight on celebrity designers in a pop-culture style fashion. (I like to think I started that movement with Designerlebrity™.) Whether it be featured stories like the divorce of HGTV's Flip or Flop stars Christina & Tarek El Moussa making the recent cover of People Magazine or Alan's photography also making covers with multiple page spreads focusing on design influencers, the interior design industry is having its moment and Alan is just the guy to capture it.
Alan is humbled and grateful to simply do what he loves to do which is to take photos. It's the perks of the job to be able to commentate on television shows or be exclusively selected to cover events that gives his photos credibility. Designerlebrity.com hopes to additionally solidify his work as a designerlebrity's best portrait photographer. Just like the honor celebrities share in statements of being photograph by an iconic photographer, I see Alan obtaining the same honorable credit via celebrity interior designers. We are calling it, Alan Barry is THE interior design industry's go to photographer and is sure to earn his own celebrity status which would be well deserved.
You are going to want to look out for these amazing photos of designerlebrities in their natural habitat. Designing tables in their vision for an incredible charitable organization like DIFFA. Personally I'm hoping for a televised recap! Congratulations Alan!


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The Oversight Project
A student publication assessing the work of the Federal oversight and accountability community.
Oversight and Accountability Websites
Oversight Project Call for Conference Submissions: Papers, Posters, and Panels
Laura Bonomini February 1, 2021 Student Post
Oversight Mechanisms Necessary to Rescue Presidential Records
Photo by Ekrulila on Pexels.com
"We must never again be forced to act at the 11th hour to rescue our history from legislative neglect."[1]
On November 10, 2020, the House Committee on Oversight and Reform dispatched letters to the White House and over fifty federal agencies, directing them to preserve documents in compliance with federal record-keeping laws during the presidential transition. These letters came in response to concerns raised by legislators and watchdogs that the outgoing administration may fail to preserve, or even actively destroy, relevant documents during this period. The Trump Administration was often criticized for failing to comply with its responsibility to preserve a complete record of its actions in compliance with applicable laws, including the Presidential Records Act (PRA).
The PRA was enacted in 1978 in response to the Watergate scandal to ensure public access to a president's official papers, establishing that records regarding the performance of a sitting president and vice president's official duties are the property of the United States. It instituted requirements for the maintenance, access, and preservation of these records during and after a presidency. The PRA's sponsors characterized it as a "historical preservation bill," essential to preserving an accurate record of the presidency for the public and scholars to study the decision-making processes of past administrations.
However, the PRA relies on good faith compliance rather than statutory enforcement and oversight mechanisms, leaving this government property vulnerable. Under the PRA, a president is responsible for the management of presidential records while in office. A president determines whether a document is "presidential," and thus subject to the PRA, or "personal" and therefore exempt. This gives a president broad discretion and allows an administration to circumvent the PRA by categorizing a presidential document as personal.
There are limited oversight mechanisms available for the maintenance of records while a president is in office. Though the PRA designated a role for the National Archives Records Administration (NARA), it does not have direct oversight authority over Presidential records. NARA's Archivist, a presidential appointee, is only required to provide advice and assistance upon a president's request or when a president seeks to officially dispose of records such as public mail and administrative files. However, at the conclusion of an administration's time in office, the Archivist takes custody of Presidential records, and over time narrows the outgoing president's right to restrict congressional and public access.
Enforcement mechanisms are similarly limited. The PRA's drafters did not include an enforcement mechanism and relied on a president's good faith cooperation. Federal Courts have held that the PRA precludes judicial review of presidential "record-keeping practices and decisions."[2] The Archivist cannot independently investigate or attempt recovery. While the United States Code lays out a procedure and penalties for the destruction of government records, these mechanisms rely heavily on good faith compliance, whistleblowers, and journalistic efforts.
The Trump Administration was accused of actively preventing the accurate preservation of presidential records in violation of the PRA. The media reported a lack of a detailed record of President Trump's face-to-face encounters with Russian President Vladimir Putin, while others reported that President Trump habitually tore up documents, and others questioned the deletion of his tweets as potential violations of the amended PRA. Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW) took the Trump Administration to court regarding its aides' use of encrypted messaging applications that destroy the content of messages as they are read. Legislators and watchdogs expressed concern that the Trump Administration would employ similar tactics to avoid future scrutiny of its decision-making.
The PRA intended to shift control of presidential records to the public in order to protect American history. Oversight mechanisms are necessary to hold any future presidential administration accountable to the congressional intent of the PRA's sponsors. A good start would be to amend the PRA to statutorily define a larger role for NARA in maintaining presidential records. Moreover, Congress could impose regular reporting requirements, mandating NARA to report on the Administration's preservation of records without divulging the contents of records to maintain the executive's privacy. The steady erosion of norms has proven that relying on good faith compliance alone is insufficient.
[1] Presidential Records Act of 1978: Hearing on H.R. 10998 and Related Bills Before a Subcomm. of the H. Comm. on Gov't Operations, 95th Cong. 74 (1978) (statement of Rep. Allen E. Ertel).
[2] Armstrong v. Bush, 924 F.2d 282 (D.C. Cir. 1991).
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Federal Government Made at Least $206 Billion in Improper Payments in FY 2020
GAO FOCUSES ON OVERSEAS RULE OF LAW PROGRAMS
Government Oversight in the Wake of January 6th
PPP: for billions in fees should banks have some skin in the game?
AULPB Symposium, Pt. 2: Symposium Focuses Light on Transparency Concerns as Federal Agencies Gear-Up for Another Round of COVID-19 Relief
About Article II Blog CARES Act CDC CIGIE Cloud Computing Coast Guard Congress COVID19 Cyber DEA Death in custody Defense DHS DOD DOE DOI DOJ DOL DOS E.U. Education EEOC EOP EPA Europe FAA FBI FedRAMP FEMA FERC FISMA GAO Grants HHS HUD Improper Payments Indian Health Service Inspector General Intelligence Interagency IPERIA Legislation Mental Health Mission MSPB National Security Navy NGO NRC ODNI OGE OMB Opiods OSC PCLOB PPP PRAC President Press Prisons Privacy Puerto Rico SBA Select Committee SIGAR SIGTARP State Suicide Transportation Universities USAID USDA USPS Vacancies Veterans Affairs War Whistleblower
Strengthening Government Oversight in the 117th Congress
Hope on the horizon for federal whistleblowers? Addressing the gaps in whistleblower laws


No time to wash your hair? No problem! Use our all natural dry shampoo. Made with baking soda, arrowroot powder, essential oils and with or without cocoa and/or activated charcoal to match your hair tone – simply sprinkle the dry shampoo onto the roots, massage in, brush out and style. Our dry shampoo ingredients absorb the oils and brushing helps to remove them leaving you with clean hair so you can get on with your busy day!


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Shock in Chapel Hill: Should We Call It Terrorism?
by Rachel Barenblat
On Wednesday morning the world woke to the tragic news of the Chapel Hill, N.C., shooting of Deah Shaddy Barakat, 23; Yusor Mohammad, 21; and Razan Mohammad Abu-Salha, 19. A 46-year-old neighbor who turned himself in was subsequently arrested. As of this writing, police are saying the killings may have been related to a dispute over parking spaces, although the father of one of the victims has told reporters that the shooter had harassed them before because of their Muslim faith.
My first response to this news is grief. I imagine myself in the position of the parents of the victims, and my heart aches. I can only imagine what their families are going through. (Yusor and Razan were sisters – grief compounded.) Their deaths are atrocious. That would be true no matter who they were. But somehow, their murder is all the more horrifying because the victims were young, and idealistic, and by all accounts were trying to make the world a better place.
The youngest victim was a college student; she was studying architecture and environmental design. The other two victims, also students, had just gotten married in December. Barakat had plans to travel this summer with ten other dentists to Turkey in order to provide Syrian refugees with urgently-needed toothbrushes, toothpaste and dental work (his wife had made the same trip last year). His final Facebook status update was a joyful report about caring for homeless people in downtown Durham:
The last Facebook post of Deah Barakat, murdered in the #ChapelHillShooting pic.twitter.com/FjT49WSgEm
— Owen Jones (@OwenJones84) February 11, 2015
Someone I follow on Twitter shared word that the victims of the killings had spent their weekend teaching children about proper oral healthcare at the local library:
So @rybesh encountered the NC shooting victims over the weekend. How does this not break your heart? pic.twitter.com/iAVkuoJkng
— Philip Bump (@pbump) February 11, 2015
I have a concern about how this story is being told, as details unfold. Is this a case of a gun owner losing his grip on sanity, or a hate crime motivated by unknowable personal animosities? Do these killings constitute terrorism? While the answers may not matter in a pastoral sense (no matter what motivated them, the murders cannot be undone; the families' grief cannot be removed), I think they matter in an ethical sense.
And it matters because had the shooter been Muslim, surely the headlines would have been emblazoned with "terrorism." But because the shooter was White and the victims were Muslim, this story gets reported as a "fatal shooting" or a "possible hate crime." Those covering the crime use softer words, as though they could make the reality any less terrible, and as though they could remove our own sense of guilt for living in a society where Islamophobia may lead to senseless violence.
I am White, and I know intellectually that Americans of color, particularly Muslim-Americans of color, face intolerance and hatred everyday. But I don't want to face the fact that I live in a nation where prejudice plays such a substantial role in the lives of many of my fellow citizens. It would be comforting, in some way, to imagine that these three beautiful young people were murdered because one angry neighbor was sick. But that narrative sidesteps the realities of racism and Islamophobia with which my nation is suffused.
Also circulating around Twitter was a list of bullet points which read: "Muslim shooter: entire religion guilty. Black shooter: entire race guilty. White shooter: mentally troubled lone wolf." Remember the massacre in the Sikh Temple in Oak Creek, Wis., a few years ago? That gunman was White, and that impacted how that story was typically told. It's an ugly pattern, and one we need to root out of our media, society, and subconscious assumptions.
To be sure, American news media leap to the word "terrorism" more often than is warranted, because that word sells newspapers. But I think we owe it to Deah, Yusor, and Razan to accord them the respect we'd give if the racial and religious makeup of the parties involved were reversed. We need to tell their stories in a way that honors who they were – all of who they were. And we need to own our obligation to teach our children not to hate. Period.
My religious tradition teaches that we're all made in the divine image and likeness. All of us together make up a composite picture of divinity; there's such an amazing breadth of human appearances – short and tall, thin and curvaceous, pale and dark!? What values do we need to teach to the next generation (and to our peers, and to ourselves) in order to hasten the day when no one could even dream of looking at another human being and wanting to extinguish the divine spark within them?
?Image credit: WNCN News
CommunityCrimeDeathGriefIslamMourningReligionTerrorism
Since 2003, Rachel Barenblat has blogged as The Velveteen Rabbi. Ordained as a rabbi and spiritual director, she serves Congregation Beth Israel and is a founding builder at Bayit: Your Jewish Home. Her books of poetry include 70 faces: Torah poems (Phoenicia, 2011) and Texts to the Holy (Ben Yehuda, 2018).
Why My Abortion Made Me A Better Woman And Citizen
There Is A Better Way To Help People Going Through Hard Times


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Rev. Herbert Edward Selwyn
Personal Information | Media | Notes | Sources | Event Map | All | PDF
Name Herbert Edward Selwyn
Born 22 Sep 1866 Longwood, Nr. Bingley, Yorks.
Christened 25 Oct 1866 Bingley, All Saints, Yorkshire, England
Census 1871 Clifton House, Eaton, Norwich [1]
Census 1881 Albemarle Rd, Eaton St Andrew, Norfolk, England [2]
Census 1891 King's Rd., Richmond [3]
Census 1901 Bengeo Rectory, Hertford [4]
Census 1911 Hayfield Vicarage, Derbyshire [5]
Died 26 Jan 1936 Boscombe, Hants.
Buried Bournemouth Cemetery
Person ID I0573 The Selwyn Family Tree
Father William Marshall Selwyn, b. 26 Dec 1825, Ruddington, Notts , d. 10 Jul 1868, St. Martin's, Guernsey (Age 42 years)
Mother Mary Anne Simons, b. 1826, Bengal, India , d. 14 May 1915, Kingsdown Nr. Deal, Kent (Age 89 years)
Married 22 Apr 1851 St. Peter Port, Guernsey
Family 1 Edith Maria Gordon, b. 1860, West Malling, Kent, England , d. 11 Sep 1909, Tunbridge Wells, Kent (Age 49 years)
Married 7 Apr 1891 St. Jude's, Kensington
+ 1. Rev. Herbert Gordon Selwyn, b. 4 Dec 1896, Bengeo, Herts , d. 6 Apr 1975, Salisbury, Wilts (Age 78 years)
Last Modified 18 Jun 2011
Family 2 Adelaide Julia Pennell, b. 1857, d. 28 Jul 1935 (Age 78 years)
Married 12 Oct 1910
Born - 22 Sep 1866 - Longwood, Nr. Bingley, Yorks.
Christened - 25 Oct 1866 - Bingley, All Saints, Yorkshire, England
Census - 1871 - Clifton House, Eaton, Norwich
Census - 1881 - Albemarle Rd, Eaton St Andrew, Norfolk, England
Census - 1891 - King's Rd., Richmond
Married - 7 Apr 1891 - St. Jude's, Kensington
Census - 1901 - Bengeo Rectory, Hertford
Census - 1911 - Hayfield Vicarage, Derbyshire
Died - 26 Jan 1936 - Boscombe, Hants.
Buried - - Bournemouth Cemetery
Adm. pens. at SELWYN H., Oct. 10, 1885. B. Sept. 22, 1866. Matric. Michs. 1885; B.A. 1888; M.A. 1892. Ord. deacon (Rochester) 1889; priest, 1890; C. of St Stephen's, Battersea, 1889-91. C. of Holy Trinity, Richmond, Surrey, 1891-3. R. of Stapleford, Herts., 1893-5. R. of Bengeo, 1895-1901. V. of St Matthew's, West Ham, 1901-9. V. of St Paul's, Brixton, 1913-15. Served in the Great War, 1914-19 (Chaplain, R.A.C.D.; mentioned in Secretary of State's List for 'valuable services'). Missionary, C.P.M.S., 1910-12 and 1919-23. C. of St George-the-Martyr, Deal, 1923-4. Married (1) Apr. 7, 1891, Edith Maria, dau. of J. Gordon, of London; (2) Oct. 12, 1910, Adelaide Julia, widow of Capt. E. G. McBride, North Staffs. Regt. Latterly of Glendonagh Cottage, Boscombe, where he died Jan. 26, 1936. (Crockford; The Times, Jan. 29, 1936.)
From Crockford's Clerical Directory for 1932
SELWYN, Herbert Edward. - Selw. Coll. Cam. B.A. 1888, M.A.1892. Hon. C.F. 1921. d 1889, p 1890 Roch. C. of St. Steph. Battersea, 1889-91; H. Trin. Richmond, Surrey, 1891-93; R. of Stapleford, Herts. 1893-95; Bengeo 1895-1901; V. of St. Matt. W. Ham, 1901-09; V. of St. Paul, Brixton, 1913-14; T.C.F. 1917-19; C. of St. Geo. Mart. Deal, 1923-24; Missr.C.P.M.S. 1910-12; '19-23; and from 1924. Glendonagh Cottage, Woodland avenue, Boscombe, Hants (Tel Southbourne 684.)
[S12] 1871 Census for Norfolk/Norwich/Mancroft/District 7.
[S11] 1881 Census for Norfolk/Eaton St Andrew/District 7a.
[S18] 1891 Census for Surrey Richmond District 20.
[S19] 1901 Census for Hertfordshire/Hertford/District 06.
[S22] 1911 Census for Derbyshire/Hayfield/04.


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North Carolina construction company officials sentenced for DBE fraud
December 7, 2015 By Andrew Smith
U.S. District Judge Max O. Cogburn, Jr. sentenced Boggs Paving, Inc. (Boggs Paving), its president and part-owner, Carl Andrew "Drew" Boggs, III, and four others on charges stemming from the illegal use of a disadvantaged business enterprise to obtain government-funded construction contracts, it was announced November 23, 2016.
Drew Boggs, 51, of Waxhaw, N.C. was sentenced to 30 months in prison and two years of supervised release, and received a $15,000 fine after pleading guilty to conspiracy to defraud the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) and money laundering conspiracy. Kevin Hicks, 44, of Monroe, N.C., was sentenced to two years of probation and was ordered to pay a $2,000 fine, after pleading guilty to conspiracy to defraud USDOT and money laundering conspiracy. Greg Miller, 61, of Matthews, N.C., was sentenced to 15 months in prison and two years of supervised release, Greg Tucker, 42, of Oakboro, N.C., was sentenced to two years of probation and was ordered to pay a $1,000 fine, and John Cuthbertson (a/k/a Styx Cuthbertson), 70, of Monroe, was sentenced to two years of probation, three of which will be served in home confinement, and was ordered to pay a $2,000 fine. They each pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to defraud USDOT. Judge Cogburn sentenced the company, Boggs Paving, to pay a $500,000 fine. A fifth codefendant, Arnold Mann, 56, of Fort Mill, S.C., was previously sentenced to a term of probation, after pleading guilty to one count of conspiracy to defraud USDOT.
According to documents filed in the case, statements made in court and today's sentencing hearings, from 2003 through 2013, Boggs Paving, Drew Boggs, and their codefendants engaged in a scheme by which they fraudulently obtained federally and state funded construction contracts by falsely certifying that a disadvantaged business enterprise (DBE), or a small business enterprise (SBE) would perform and be paid for portion of the work on those contracts. The purpose of USDOT's DBE program is to increase the participation of such businesses in federally-funded public construction and transportation-related projects.
According to court records, Boggs Paving and the codefendants used Monroe-based Styx Cuthbertson Trucking Company, Inc. ("Styx"), a road construction hauler and a certified DBE and SBE, to help obtain the government-funded construction contracts. Court documents show that the codefendants took steps to conceal their fraud, including running payments for the work performed through a nominee bank account in Styx's name and using magnetic decals bearing the "Styx" company logo to cover the "Boggs" logo on company trucks, among others. According to court records, the majority of the money was funneled back to Boggs Paving and its affiliates, and John Cuthbertson, owner of Styx, received kickbacks for allowing his company's name and DBE status to be used by Boggs Paving.
Court records show that from June 2004 to July 2013, Boggs Paving was the prime contractor on 35 federally-funded contracts, and was a subcontractor for two additional contracts, worth over $87.6 million. Boggs Paving claimed DBE credits of approximately $3.7 million on these contracts for payments purportedly made to Styx. Styx only received payments of approximately $375,432 for actual work on these contracts, court records show.
In court today, Judge Cogburn described the DBE program as laudable and emphasized the importance of deterrence in sentencing the defendants.
Filed Under: Contracting News Tagged With: DBE, DOJ, fraud, Justice Dept., kick-back, kickback, pass-through, sham, small disadvantaged business, USDOT


Chokwe Antar Lumumba stood with first lady Ebony Lumumba as he took the Oath of Office today as Jackson's youngest mayor. Mississippi Court of Appeals Judge Latrice Westbrooks of District 2 administered the Oath of Office. Photo by Imani Khayyam.
JACKSON — Standing ovations, joyful music, and resounding applause filled the Jackson Convention Complex this morning as the city council and youngest mayor of Jackson ever recited the oath of office.
Chokwe Antar Lumumba's face turned bright red as he attempted to hold back tears while giving his inauguration speech as the new mayor of Jackson, following in his father's legacy.
"As I stand on the very stage that my father stood on four brief years ago, I remember a man who was not only a model of fatherhood, but a person who embodied a relentless commitment to people," Lumumba, 34, said. "All people."
Lumumba reiterated his motto and platform of when he is elected mayor, so are the people of Jackson. Following his inaugural speech, the people of Jackson also took the People's Oath as they promised to assist with education, crumbling infrastructure and more of the new mayor's key points.
The newly elected council members, Virgi Lindsay of Ward 7 and Rev. Aaron Banks of Ward 6, graced the stage along with the re-elected council body.
The program featured U.S. Congressman Bennie G. Thompson as the emcee and former U.S. Agriculture Secretary Mike Espy, who presented the welcome. Espy said that the Lumumba administration raised more money for this event than any other past Jackson inauguration.
Former Jackson mayors Harvey Johnson Jr. and Kane Ditto were acknowledged along with other special guests including city employees, state elected officials and the citizens of Jackson. Outgoing Mayor Tony Yarber, whom Lumumba defeated in the Democratic primary along with eight other opponents, did not attend.
The Unity Ball will complete the inaugural events; it is tonight from 7 p.m.- 11 p.m. The ball is formal and open to all adult citizens.
Email city reporting intern William H. Kelley III at william@jacksonfreepress.com. Read more about Mayor Lumumba at jfp.ms/chokweantarlumumba.


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Order & Chaos Online (Order and Chaos Online) – bezpłatna gra MMORPG, wyprodukowana przez In-house i wydana przez Gameloft na platformy iOS, WebOS, oraz Android i WP8. Jej światowa premiera odbyła się 4 października 2010 w Kanadzie na urządzenia z systemem iOS. W sierpniu 2011 roku twórcy gry udostępnili wersję dla komputerów stacjonarnych na serwisie społecznościowym Facebook. W grudniu gra na Facebooku została usunięta.

Rozgrywka
W grze aktualnie znajduje się ponad 500 questów, 600 różnych rodzajów przeciwników, 1000 umiejętności, oraz około 2000 przedmiotów. Maksymalny poziom, do którego można rozwinąć postać to 73.

W grze znajduje się strefy PvP dostępne od 22 poziomu doświadczenia, czyli PVP Zones, gdzie gracze mogę nawzajem atakować się. Wkrótce mają zostać dodane PVP Arenas.

W grze występują areny PvP 2vs2, 4vs4 oraz Battlefield 4vs4.

Przypisy

2010 w grach komputerowych
MMORPG
Gry na platformę iOS
Gry na platformę Android
Gry na platformę Ouya

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Fordham Urban Law Journal
Home > Urban Law Journal > Vol. 17 (1988-1989) > No. 3 (1989)
DNA Fingerprinting and the Need for a National Data Base
JoAnn Marie Longobardi
DNA, fingerprinting, search and seizure
DNA fingerprinting, at the time of publication a new concept, has dramatic implications in both the civil and criminal contexts. The author argues that a national DNA data base should be created. He contends that a DNA data base would be a powerful tool for law enforcement as well as defense attorneys, and that the danger to privacy rights is outweighed by the benefits to society. The author argues that taking DNA is neither invasive nor does it provide substantive information to the authorities. In sum, the author states that a national DNA data base with sufficient safeguards should be established.
JoAnn Marie Longobardi, DNA Fingerprinting and the Need for a National Data Base, 17 Fordham Urb. L.J. 323 (1989).
Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol17/iss3/3
Constitutional Law Commons
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Luckily for us, there are tons of sites dedicated to showing off the best of men's gear. Here are 23 of the most well known, most regularly updated gear sites.
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"Once it is approved through LAFCO, we will immediately set a timeline and move forward with the campaign," Kim added.
Earlier cost estimates, now more than two years old, were around $30 million to build the high school. However, with rising construction costs in a competitive market due to several variables, such as the availability of matching state funds for public and charter schools, that figure could increase greatly by the time ground is broken.
The proposed school site, more than 65 acres of land in the southeast quadrant of Morgan Hill, is bound by Tennant Avenue to the south, Murphy Avenue to the west, Barrett Avenue to the north and abuts an agricultural field to the east. The Morgan Hill City Council voted 3-2 on Sept. 5 to submit an application to annex the land to LAFCO.
Although unable to provide specific figures on costs, Kim did detail preliminary school plans and ideologies gathered through feedback from stakeholders within South County. The school would start out with a freshman class and grow each year until reaching a full high school enrollment of up to 1,600 students in grades 9-12 with about 100 faculty members, according to Kim.
The school, which if approved, will be called St. John XXIII College Preparatory, has a mission statement "to educate and cultivate ambassadors of faith, ethics and knowledge in service to humanity," according to a proposed school profile being developed by the Diocese.
Kim shared that organizers have surveyed and interviewed parents, students and stakeholders in Morgan HIll to see what they are looking for in a Catholic high school and will continue to do so as they finalize their plans. However, nothing is set is stone, Kim added.
"With our core values of design thinking, learn by doing and strong values, we look forward to many projects that deal with partnering with local farmers and environmentalists to work on sustainability," said Kim of a curriculum focus at the school.
The Diocese still has a long road ahead with the key hurdle being LAFCO approval to annex the land into city limits.
In October 2015, the City Council submitted to LAFCO a series of land-use plans called the Southeast Quadrant for annexation into the city. The land for the proposed high school was included in these plans.
In March 2016 the committee denied the annexation request. A city is only allowed to submit plans to the committee once a year. With the decision coming a year later, the city submitted a request to annex only the land for the South County Catholic High School. The request was denied in June 2016.
The 2018 annexation amendment would include nearly 65 acres of land on Murphy Avenue, between Barrett and Tennant avenues. The land is within the city's urban growth boundary, but not within city limits. In order to receive city services such as fire, water and power, the land would need to be annexed.
In Santa Clara County, there are 241 private schools, serving 50,695 students, according to privateschoolreview.com. About 40 percent of those schools are religiously affiliated, most commonly Roman Catholic and Christian. Bellarmine Prep, Archbishop Mitty, Valley Christian and St. Francis are among the most popular private high schools in the county.
In Morgan Hill, there's Oakwood School, Crossroads Christian and St. Catherine's. In Gilroy, there's Pacific West Christian Academy and Anchorpoint Christian School.


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Home » Season 4 » Prize Day 2017 » The Rocky Horror Picture Show: a Social Commentary
The Rocky Horror Picture Show: a Social Commentary
Jim Sharman's The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975), an absurdist musical comedy that parodies sci-fi B-movies, particularly those of the 1950's, reveals much about the culture of Vietnam era America. Specifically, the film comments on the conservatism of the previous decades, the Watergate scandal and other governmental matters, the counterculture movement, and questions of sexual and gender politics.
The 1970's were a complicated and often confusing time in American history. By 1975, the U.S. had finally withdrawn from Vietnam after being entrenched in the anti-Communist conflict for nearly twenty years, and even then the war raged on between North and South Vietnam for two years after the U.S. had removed its troops.[1] America was left divided, economically devastated, and, perhaps worst of all, defeated. These troops were not coming home as heroes. The right saw them as failures or losers, while the left saw them as murderers.[2] Vietnam truly "pierced the myth of American invincibility,"[3] and postwar America has never been the same as a result.
The counterculture movement of the 1960's was influenced in large part by the Vietnam War, as well as the Beat Generation of the 1950's, and was heavily intertwined with the anti-war movement.[4] The counterculture movement was essentially a rebellion, carried out by teenagers and young adults of the Baby Boom, against the strict social and societal expectations of the 1940's and 50's. Granted, this was by no means a majority movement, but its heavy media coverage and its complete rejection of the values of the previous decades make it highly significant nonetheless.[5] The counterculture movement was characterized by casual attitudes about sex, recreational drug use, and nonconformity.[6] It was also characterized by a kind of dogged idealism and a constant striving for something more and something better.[7] This explains the counterculture's involvement in politics, especially as the movement coincided with Vietnam, the sexual revolution, the civil rights movement, and, to a lesser extent, the feminist movement.[8]
Also characteristic of this moment in time was the Watergate scandal and its implications. The scandal, a burglary of the office of the Democratic National Committee by Richard Nixon's CREEP (Committee to Re-Elect the President) in an attempt to acquire information about the party, as well as a subsequent cover-up, was itself a result of widespread and deeply ingrained paranoia during this time period.[9] While Nixon never confessed to any criminal action, his involvement in the scandal did lead to his eventual resignation in 1974.[10] The scandal further disappointed Americans, already disappointed by the Vietnam War, and led to further confusion, disillusionment, and anger.[11] Ultimately, the Watergate scandal forced America to ask the question: who are the "good guys"? Who are the "bad guys"? How can we possibly know for sure?
At this point in time, women were also becoming disillusioned with the expectations imposed upon them. We know how strict the 1950's were in terms of female behavior, à la Philip Wylie's "Generation of Vipers" and Ferdinand Lundberg and Marynia F. Farnham, M.D.'s "Modern Woman: The Lost Sex." Women were expected to be wives, mothers, and little (if anything) else, even in the wake of Word War II, in which female support on the home front was an absolutely crucial part of the war effort. Beginning in the 1960's and continuing into the 1970's, women began to fight back against these expectations.[12] A watershed moment in the women's movement came in 1963 with the publishing of Betty Friedan's feminist manifesto The Feminine Mystique. In it she wrote of the frustrating lack of fulfillment felt by housewives across the nation. One particularly striking passage reads,
The problem lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women. It was a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a yearning that women suffered in the middle of the twentieth century in the United States. Each suburban wife struggled with it alone. As she made the beds, shopped for groceries, matched slipcover material, ate peanut butter sandwiches with her children, chauffeured Cub Scouts and Brownies, lay beside her husband at night — she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question — "Is this all?"[13]
The feelings expressed in the work resonated with many women, and Friedan is often credited with starting a new wave of feminism. It was then that women really began to fight: for equal rights in the workplace, for equal opportunity, for equal education, for contraception and the legalization of abortion, for simple recognition.[14] Oddly enough, sexist attitudes were continuously propagated throughout the counterculture movement and within the New Left, with much of its political focus falling to men in the midst of the draft.[15]
It was also in the late 1960's and early 70's that the LGBT community in America began to make progress in the political sphere. Throughout the 50's and 60's, being gay was still considered either a crime or a disease.[16] The gay rights movement really began with the Stonewall Riots in 1969 and continued through the 1970's and 80's. The movement struggled at times because of the diversity within the community, as well as because of societal pushback, but nonetheless it became a large part of the political scene in the 70's.[17]
In prior decades, especially during the 1950's, the good/evil dichotomy was very clear: we, the Americans, are the good guys, and we must fight the evil, evil Communists. But, all of a sudden America began massacring innocent people and bombing Cambodia, a country entirely uninvolved in the Vietnam War up until that point. The leader of the free world is all but forced out of office for paranoid, dishonest crimes. All of a sudden, that dichotomy is not quite so simple. This kind of large-scale moral ambiguity—and even then, "moral ambiguity" might be too soft a term—led to small-scale moral ambiguity, like casual sexual relationships and drug use. American society was upended by social movements. The once-strict social structure of the U.S. fell away. At this point in time, many Americans were forced to question all of the values and beliefs that they had once held to be simple truths. America at large entered both a moral and political grey area and a state of flux.
The Rocky Horror Picture Show, being made right in the middle of this incredibly contentious time period in 1975, comments heavily on all of these developments. It is often written off as a silly, campy musical—and it is—but it is also so much more than that. Its messages are complex and rarely stated outright, but they are there and important nonetheless. I am limited by time and space, but know that there is far more to be discussed in Rocky Horror than I am able to cover here.
In the opening sequence, a pair of disembodied female lips emerge from a black background and begin singing "Science Fiction/Double Feature" in a male voice. This is the first of many instances of gender confusion seen throughout the film, a theme that is unsurprising considering the state of gender politics in the 1970's. The song "Science Fiction/Double Feature" references many sci-fi B-movies made from 1930-1950, namely The Day the Earth Stood Still, Flash Gordon, The Invisible Man, King Kong, It Came from Outer Space, Doctor X, Forbidden Planet, Tarantula, The Day of the Triffids, Night of the Demon, and When Worlds Collide. All these references set the film up as a parody of this genre, and against the backdrop of the song we see the credits, written in cartoonish, bloody font—likely poking fun at the unrealistic special effects used in early sci-fi films. Lastly, the fact that the song references "the late night double feature picture show" and "R.K.O" (a film production company famous for its noteworthy contributions to film from the 1930's through the 50's[18]) reminds the audience that they are watching a movie. There are several references to the fact that Rocky Horror is a movie throughout, indicating that Sharman did not intend for the audience to get lost in the film, but rather to be aware the entire time that they are consuming a form of media.
In the following scene, Brad and Janet, our unlikeable protagonists and personifications of 50's conservatism, attend a wedding. At first glance, everything seems relatively normal: a simple, traditional Episcopal church, happy bride and groom, the throwing of the bouquet, but the scene has some very unsettling undertones. Janet catches the bouquet and gets Brad thinking about their relationship. We see the happy couple drive off in a car covered in shaving cream reading: "Wait til tonite…she got hers now he'll get his," a very public reference to their sexual relationship, as well as to the ways in which the counterculture movement led to sexual liberation, even in very conservative circles. The camera then lingers on a sign reading "BE JUST AND FEAR NOT," a line said by Wolsey in Shakespeare's Henry VIII after he is arrested for treason. The line is part of a long plea to Cromwell not to make the same mistakes that he made. He also warns him not to put anything before God, not even the king.[19] This message serves as an antithesis to later ones, such as "give yourself over to absolute pleasure," that encourage hedonism. Brad then proposes to Janet with "Dammit Janet." During the first part of the song, they stand in front of a billboard that reads "Denton, The Home of Happiness," but they are also standing in a graveyard, and we can hear thunder in the distance. This implies that marriage is actually the end of life, a reference to the extremely strict and constraining social expectations of the 1950's—expectations that many people fought against around the time this film was made. In front of the church doors we have a direct quote in the form of two figures from Grant Wood's iconic American Gothic, a painting from 1930 depicting middle Americans. It has been interpreted in a number of ways, but one of the most popular readings of this work is that it represents a type of conservative simplicity that was necessary during the Great Depression.[20] Throughout the rest of the song, Brad and Janet feign a wedding as the figures from American Gothic prepare for a funeral in the church, once again equating marriage with death.
Briefly, the Criminologist speaks directly to the audience about the events of the film. He is a physical manifestation and an extreme dramatization of the surveillance state—watching without being watched, observing, analyzing. The film is mocking the idea of the surveillance state, however, by characterizing the Criminologist as an intellectual sitting in a fancy study, flipping through slides and police reports, and taking us through diagrams of how to do the Time Warp. He is not scary, he is just ridiculous. This points to the larger satire seen in the film of the Cold War-era sci-fi B-movie, movies that often had monsters in them meant to symbolize the Communist threat or contagion.
Later, while on their way to visit their old science teacher Dr. Scott, Brad and Janet hear Nixon's statement of resignation over the radio. The focus is not on the broadcast, but it can clearly be heard in the background. This moment is a turning point in the film—Brad and Janet are just about the stumble upon Frank-n-Furter's castle, which will change their lives forever by blurring the line between good and evil by introducing them to deviant behavior. Similarly, the Watergate scandal was a turning point for America, one that blurred the line between good and evil politically.
Brad and Janet arrive at Frank-n-Furter's castle to escape the rain after their car breaks down, and see that the Transylvanians are gathered for the "Annual Transylvanian Convention" and are doing the Time Warp, a crazy, foreign, and sexual dance. Just the name "Transylvanians" is a reference to the rejection of gender norms at this point in time, and in the film Transylvania is another planet, which points to the way that those breaking with the norms could be alienated (no pun intended). This shocks Brad and Janet, being the conservative couple that they are. We also see American Gothic, the real painting this time, hung on the wall collecting dust next to an upright coffin—another message that typical American life is unfulfilling. The solution? The Transylvanian lifestyle, one that is truly alien. During the Time Warp, we also see two black-and-white copies of the Mona Lisa, perhaps a subliminal message that the Transylvanian way of life, while foreign, is actually superior to theirs—the same way that the Mona Lisa is Italian, but considered higher art than American Gothic, which is typically categorized as regional art or folk art.
After the Time Warp, Brad and Janet meet Frank-n-Furter, the owner of the castle and leader of the Transylvanians. He is dressed in drag—lingerie, to be specific—and heavy make up. He introduces himself as a "sweet transvestite from Transsexual Transylvania," indicating that he is about as deviant as one can be. He is also a scientist, and tells them about a man that he has been creating, who is great for "relieving [his] tensions." Frank-n-Furter is not only playing God by creating a person, but he is doing so in the name of homosexual lust. If that is not enough, he also feels no shame whatsoever about it. He fully embraces hedonism, and it is meant to look like a lot of fun. Frank-n-Furter is a far more likeable character than Brad or Janet, and that was done on purpose. Sharman is making a point about the unapologetic rejection of conservatism in America during this time, as well as about the blurring of good and evil, right and wrong. Frank-n-Furter also says, "But maybe the rain isn't really to blame," questioning if Brad and Janet are really here to escape the weather, or are maybe a little bit curious.
Brad and Janet are stripped of their clothes, and metaphorically of their inhibitions and values, perhaps. They are then sent up to Frank-n-Furter's lab, where they see his creation: Rocky. Frank-n-Furter claims to hold "the secret to life itself," a sacrilegious claim to good Christians like Brad and Janet. Frank-n-Furter also wears a lab gown emblazoned with a pink triangle, similar to the one homosexuals were forced to wear in Nazi concentration camps. However, Frank-n-Furter wears his pointing up, a reclaimed symbol of pride, while the ones worn in the camps were worn pointing down. There are references to the male ideal all over the lab in the form of Classical Greek statuary of nude men. When Rocky, Frank-n-Furter's creation, emerges, he resembles them. He has been made in an image, so to speak—Frank-n-Furter's, to be specific. Frank-n-Furter's God complex once again rears its head. Rocky also is nearly naked, in no more than tiny shorts. Frank-n-Furter objectifies him the same way that women have been historically in film. This gender swap was most likely put in to point out how ridiculous these representations of women are. It is also important to note that Magenta calls Rocky "a triumph of your will," speaking to Frank-n-Furter. This is a reference to the Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will.
Frank-n-Furter then sings "I Can Make You a Man," which further comments on the ideals imposed upon men and women alike in the 50's.
Shortly thereafter, Eddie bursts through a wall of Frank-n-Furter's lab and causes immense chaos. Frank-n-Furter, of course, solves this problem by murdering him and calling it a "mercy killing"—perhaps referencing eugenics, and specifically sterilization and euthanasia of minorities by several countries before and during WWII. It is at this point that Frank-n-Furter really crosses over from more typical deviancy—homosexuality, gender confusion, etc.—and into extreme deviancy.
After this, Brad and Janet are taken to two separate rooms. Frank-n-Furter enters their rooms one at a time and seduces them, each time pretending to be the other one. He introduces Janet to sexual pleasure, and Brad to homosexuality. Janet exclaims that she was "saving herself," but gives in to Frank-n-Furter after he promises not to tell Brad. Frank-n-Furter could represent a number of things, from the media to Communism to evil to pure pleasure. Regardless, he is a seducer, and in this scene more than any other that is clear.[21] He says to Brad, "there's no crime in giving yourself over to pleasure," and in many ways that is the message of the film, and arguably the message of the counterculture movement.
Janet escapes her room and sees footage of Brad smoking a cigarette after sleeping with Frank-n-Furter and becomes very upset. She also has just been introduced to sex, and this combination of sexual desire and desire to take revenge causes her to seduce Rocky. This is a reference to the feminist movement as well as the sexual revolution, as this is a personal sexual revolution for Janet. Throughout the interaction, Columbia and Magenta watch from behind a monitor, mocking Janet the entire time. This is another mockery of the surveillance state, even more relevant after the Watergate scandal.
Soon after, Dr. Scott, Brad and Janet's old science teacher—the one they were on their way to visit—arrives, looking for Eddie, who is his nephew. Dr. Scott is essentially Dr. Strangelove, complete with the secret Nazi past—his name is actually Dr. von Scott. The group eats dinner together, and it becomes clear that they are eating the recently murdered Eddie. This is a terrifying moment for nearly everyone, cannibalism being the ultimate form of deviance. This furthers the view of Frank-n-Furter as a true deviant, since he has no issue with it.
This begins the final struggle between Brad, Janet, Dr. Scott, and Frank-n-Furter. He uses a scientific contraption to turn them all into Classical statues, another reference not only to the ideals imposed by 50's conservatism, but also to the idealism of the time in which this film was made, a time full of such yearning for more and for better.
Frank-n-Furter has a moment of anguish, saying, "it's not easy having a good time…even smiling makes my face ache…" implying that his (and the counterculture's) constant love of pleasure can get tiresome. However, his mood swings again when he initiates the floorshow in which Columbia, Rocky, Brad, Janet, Dr. Scott, and Frank-n-Furter perform "Rose Tint My World," which, from the title alone is clearly about the idealistic view that the counterculture movement had of the world. Columbia even starts the song by saying, " Now the only thing that gives me hope is my love of a certain dope. Rose tints my world, keeps me safe from my trouble and pain." This is a clear reference to the drug culture during the 60's and 70's. The rest of the characters say similar things about sex, drugs, and the like. The movie is complex in that it seems to be simultaneously encouraging and discouraging this behavior, in that it encourages the countercultural values, but not to an extreme. The movie's satirizing of mid-century American culture seems almost apolitical, as if Sharman just thought the situation was so messy and ridiculous that it might be better to hold a mirror up to it than make a firm political statement. In "Rose Tint My World," all the characters are dressed like Frank-n-Furter, implying their full conversion to his way of life, and performing in a cabaret-like stage show, another reference to entertainment, media, and consumption—all used as weapons during the Cold War. The curtain then rises, revealing Frank-n-Furter in front of the R.K.O. logo, yet another reference to media and consumption during the Cold War. He sings about his desire to express himself like a woman, and encourages us all to "give yourself over to absolute pleasure," a hedonistic statement that directly contradicts the conservative values of the 50's. He dives into a swimming pool, proclaiming, "don't dream it, be it!" which is arguably the message of the film, not necessarily in that one should give in to every instinct or urge they have, but rather to follow your dreams and not be constrained by others' opinions and societal constraints. At the bottom of the pool, we see the Creation of Adam as painted on the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo. This creation of Adam by God mirrors the creation of Rocky by Frank-n-Furter. It also sends a message that Christianity is not always about repression, because after all, didn't God make all this? Sex and drugs and individuality? The rest of the characters dive into the pool with Frank-n-Furter and begin embracing, kissing, and touching each other—in a sense, giving themselves over to absolute pleasure. Moments later, Riff Raff and Magenta, themselves symbols of deviance because of their implied incestuous relationship, enter the room and declare themselves the new leaders and Frank-n-Furter their prisoner. They are sick of Frank-n-Furter's "extreme" lifestyle and want to return to Transylvania. Frank-n-Furter peforms "I'm Going Home" for an imagined audience, perhaps as a way to depict the alienation felt by women and LGBT people at this time.
Riff Raff then threatens him with a laser, proclaiming that "society must be protected," a very clear reference to how conservatives felt about the emergence of counterculture, the women's movement, and the gay rights movement—the idea was that all these things were degrading society. Riff Raff does kill Frank-n-Furter, who is then carried up the R.K.O. tower by Rocky à la King Kong. They try to kill Rocky, but the beams bounce off of him, perhaps a reference to the privilege that Rocky enjoys, being a white man. They fall, however, when the tower tips, and they drown in the pool, right above the Creation. The castle blasts off, Magenta and Riff Raff returning to Transylvania. In the aftermath, Brad and Janet sing about how the night they spent at the castle has changed them, a reference to how all these movements, Vietnam, Watergate, the counterculture, permanently changed America, for better or worse.
The Rocky Horror Picture Show is complicated, but ultimately does a beautiful job of painting a picture of the chaos, confusion, and discord of this moment in time, in the midst of political and social struggles within America.
[1] History.com Staff, "Vietnam War History," History.com, last modified 2009, accessed May 18, 2017, http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-history.
[2] History.com Staff, "Vietnam War History," History.com.
[4] Melisa Kidari, "The Counterculture of the 1960s in the United States: An "Alternative Consciousness"?" (working paper, 2012), [Page 5-6], accessed May 18, 2017, https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-00930240/document.
[5] Ushistory.org, "Flower Power," U.S. History Online Textbook, last modified 2017, accessed May 18, 2017, http://www.ushistory.org/us/57h.asp.
[6] Ushistory.org, "Flower Power," U.S. History Online Textbook.
[7] Kidari, "The Counterculture," [Page 6].
[9] History.com Staff, "Watergate Scandal," History.com, last modified 2009, accessed May 18, 2017, http://www.history.com/topics/watergate.
[10] History.com Staff, "Watergate Scandal," History.com.
[12] Elinor Burkett, "Women's Movement," Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed May 19, 2017, https://www.britannica.com/topic/womens-movement.
[13] New York Times Company, "Excerpt from 'The Feminine Mystique,'" The New York Times, last modified February 5, 2006, accessed May 19, 2017, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/us/excerpt-from-the-feminine-mystique.html.
[14] Burkett, "Women's Movement," Encyclopædia Britannica.
[16] Bonnie J. Morris, "History of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Social Movements," The American Psychological Association, accessed May 19, 2017, http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/history.aspx.
[17] Morris, "History of Lesbian," The American Psychological Association.
[18] The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, ed., "RKO Radio Pictures, Inc.," Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed May 19, 2017, https://www.britannica.com/topic/RKO-Radio-Pictures-Inc.
[19] William Shakespeare, Henry VIII, [Act III, Scene II], accessed May 19, 2017, http://www.bartleby.com/297/577.html.
[20] Beth Harris, Dr. and Steven Zucker, Dr., "Wood, American Gothic," video file, 6:19, Khan Academy, accessed May 19, 2017, https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-1010/art-between-wars/american-art-wwii/v/grant-wood-american-gothic-1930.
[21] Marc Spitz, "'Rocky Horror' Is Doing the Time Warp, Forever," The New York Times, last modified October 2, 2015, accessed May 19, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/04/movies/rocky-horror-is-doing-the-time-warp-forever.html.
Tags: Arts, English, Research, writing
By smleo in Prize Day 2017, Season 4 on June 8, 2017 .
← STEM Fellow: Probing the Semantic Representations of Emotional and Social Concepts in Autism	ASL Sign Language to Popular Songs →


text:
Q: Search em várias tabelas Olá, estou tentando fazer um search em 3 tabelas diferentes, vejam meu código:
$buscando = $pdo->query("SELECT * FROM filmes WHERE nome LIKE '%$busca%' AND status='ativo' ORDER BY nome ASC");

As tabelas seriam: animes, filmes e series. Todas possuem as mesmas colunas, ou seja, seria WHERE nome LIKE '%$busca%' AND status='ativo' para todas.
Tentei realizar usando esse select: SELECT * FROM animes, filmes, series, mas não retornou nada. Poderia me ajudar?
Estruturas das minhas tabelas:
animes:

filmes:

series:

Caso prefiram as imagens hospedadas:

animes: prntscr.com/ga9nw9 || filmes: prnt.sc/ga9o5w || series:
  prnt.sc/ga9occ

A: Olá,
Neste caso você pode usar a cláusula UNION, que junto dois ou mais resultados em um só, segue um exemplo:
SELECT
    *
FROM
    (
        SELECT
            'animes' AS tabela,
            id,
            nome,
            url,
            imagem,
            status,
            null AS destaque
        FROM
            animes
        UNION ALL
        SELECT
            'filmes' AS tabela,
            id,
            nome,
            url,
            imagem,
            status,
            destaque
        FROM
            filmes
        UNION ALL
        SELECT
            'series' AS tabela,
            id,
            nome,
            url,
            imagem,
            status,
            null AS destaque
        FROM
            series
    ) AS t
WHERE
    t.nome LIKE '%a%'
    AND t.status='ativo'
ORDER BY
    t.nome;

Neste exemplo, inclui uma 'coluna' a mais indicando de qual tabela está vindo o registro (primeira coluna). Incluí todas colunas que são comum entre as 3 tabelas e incluí a coluna destaque que existe na tabela filmes e não existe na outra para exemplificar este comportamento que, neste exemplo, deixei como valor padrão nas outras tabela como null.
Criei este exemplo também neste fiddle: https://www.db-fiddle.com/f/jefqxbEkSJxArr4xQus6B2/0
Lembrando que o UNION exige que todos selects devem ter exatamente a mesma quantidade de colunas com os mesmos tipos.
Para ler mais sobre o union você pode consultar a documentação oficial do MySQL: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/union.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Ever wondered what it's like to be mid-way through a McTwist in slushy La Plagne whilst riding next year's Amplid Paradigma? It's pretty damn confusing, so that's why we got French Ambush rider Yannick Pebrel to film it in slow motion and put together a montage. You get a good look at next year's 159 Paradigma halfway through a backside 540 at 0:55, but is that a dead person next to the hit at 0:51?


A collection of posts on human behavior, technology, and engineering.
Copyright © 2019 Jasdev Singh. Some rights reserved.
When I got my first iPhone back in 2012, I was a devoutly against read receipts. I wanted the space to reply without the (false) worry that my friend on the other end is silently wondering "omg, Jasdev hasn't replied in four minutes since seeing my message‽ What a nincompoop." Over the years (and after reading Rosemary's fantastic post on the topic), I've changed my mind. I now leave read receipts on by default1. This change of heart got me thinking about how to better respect personal/friends' energy levels in digital contexts.
Messaging—both individually, and in groups—has allowed me to have always-on conversations with those close to me. However, unlike in-person conversations, it's tough to pick up on social cues (e.g. being visibly tired or distracted). How do I relay to a friend that battling UINavigationBar's API all day might not leave me in a state to have a conversation on deep life topics™? How do I hint to a coworker that I'm exhausted and want to defer a discussion until tomorrow? Read receipts establish these boundaries. I'd rather signal that I'm ready to reply when I have the time and emotional energy to do so (critical and time-sensitive messages aside). And I want my friends to do the same! Nothing makes me happier than seeing those around me prioritizing self care. Messaging when ready is an instance of this.
Two of my dearest friends, Kate and Jason, and I have an ongoing thread packed with dank tweets, work from our favorite illustrators, and posts that make us pause. When sending a longer read to the group, we nix the ounce of stress associated with yetanotheritem on our reading lists by being open about personal time and space.
Ending thoughtful texts—"Hi, I miss your face Toshi. Please move back to NYC."—with "NRN" signals a digital pulse instead of an obligation to reply immediately.
Thinking generally, AIM (RIP) Away Messages might've been onto something when it comes to online social cues. Just because you're online, doesn't mean you have to respond.
I no longer buy into the idea that one shouldn't post online if they have haven't replied to emails, texts, etc. Posting is different than conversing.
I'll sit alone in my little office for 8-10 hours, engaging with 100 people's lives and questions for a few minutes each, and then go home.
Then when friends want to hang out with me, I say I need some alone time first.
They say I've been alone all day. So I explain that I've been massively social all day long, and feel spent, even though I've been sitting alone.
I like it, so I'm not complaining — just explaining. It's unusual to be physically alone, but extremely social. A solitary socialite.
Funny how the above thoughts stemmed from a single setting on my phone. I'm beyond grateful to be physically and digitally surrounded by friends and family. However, the lack of social cues in the latter context means that we should reply when we're ready. Doing so helps both sides of the conversation.
Special thanks to Kate, Jason, and Will for reading early drafts of this essay.
Distillations is maintained by Jasdev Singh. To get notified about new essays, subscribe via email or RSS.


text:
Q: Expression Error on OCaml functional language I am defining a primitive type in OCaml, this is a homework. Everything works fine but I got an error with implemented Dict type. The code:
type ide = string;;

type exp = Eint of int | Ebool of bool | Den of ide | Prod of exp * exp | Sum of exp * exp | Diff of exp * exp |
    Eq of exp * exp | Minus of exp | IsZero of exp | Or of exp * exp | And of exp * exp | Not of exp |
    Ifthenelse of exp * exp * exp | Let of ide * exp * exp | Fun of ide * exp | FunCall of exp * exp |
    Letrec of ide * exp * exp| Dict of (ide * exp) list;;

type 't env = ide -> 't;;
let emptyenv (v : 't) = function x -> v;;
let applyenv (r : 't env) (i : ide) = r i;;
let bind (r : 't env) (i : ide) (v : 't) = function x -> if x = i then v else applyenv r x;;

type evT = Int of int | Bool of bool | Unbound | FunVal of evFun | RecFunVal of ide * evFun | DictVal of (ide * evT) list
and evFun = ide * exp * evT env;;

let typecheck (s : string) (v : evT) : bool = match s with
    "int" -> (match v with
        Int(_) -> true |
        _ -> false) |
    "bool" -> (match v with
        Bool(_) -> true |
        _ -> false) |
    _ -> failwith("not a valid type");;

let prod x y = if (typecheck "int" x) && (typecheck "int" y)
    then (match (x,y) with
        (Int(n),Int(u)) -> Int(n*u))
    else failwith("Type error");;

let sum x y = if (typecheck "int" x) && (typecheck "int" y)
    then (match (x,y) with
        (Int(n),Int(u)) -> Int(n+u))
    else failwith("Type error");;

let diff x y = if (typecheck "int" x) && (typecheck "int" y)
    then (match (x,y) with
        (Int(n),Int(u)) -> Int(n-u))
    else failwith("Type error");;

let eq x y = if (typecheck "int" x) && (typecheck "int" y)
    then (match (x,y) with
        (Int(n),Int(u)) -> Bool(n=u))
    else failwith("Type error");;

let minus x = if (typecheck "int" x)
    then (match x with
        Int(n) -> Int(-n))
    else failwith("Type error");;

let iszero x = if (typecheck "int" x)
    then (match x with
        Int(n) -> Bool(n=0))
    else failwith("Type error");;

let vel x y = if (typecheck "bool" x) && (typecheck "bool" y)
    then (match (x,y) with
        (Bool(b),Bool(e)) -> (Bool(b||e)))
    else failwith("Type error");;

let et x y = if (typecheck "bool" x) && (typecheck "bool" y)
    then (match (x,y) with
        (Bool(b),Bool(e)) -> Bool(b&&e))
    else failwith("Type error");;

let non x = if (typecheck "bool" x)
    then (match x with
        Bool(true) -> Bool(false) |
        Bool(false) -> Bool(true))
    else failwith("Type error");;

let rec eval (e : exp) (r : evT env) : evT = match e with

    Dict(pairs) -> DictVal(evalDictList pairs r) |
    Eint n -> Int n |
    Ebool b -> Bool b |
    IsZero a -> iszero (eval a r) |
    Den i -> applyenv r i |
    Eq(a, b) -> eq (eval a r) (eval b r) |
    Prod(a, b) -> prod (eval a r) (eval b r) |
    Sum(a, b) -> sum (eval a r) (eval b r) |
    Diff(a, b) -> diff (eval a r) (eval b r) |
    Minus a -> minus (eval a r) |
    And(a, b) -> et (eval a r) (eval b r) |
    Or(a, b) -> vel (eval a r) (eval b r) |
    Not a -> non (eval a r) |
    Ifthenelse(a, b, c) ->
        let g = (eval a r) in
            if (typecheck "bool" g)
                then (if g = Bool(true) then (eval b r) else (eval c r))
                else failwith ("nonboolean guard") |
    Let(i, e1, e2) -> eval e2 (bind r i (eval e1 r)) |
    Fun(i, a) -> FunVal(i, a, r) |
    FunCall(f, eArg) ->
        let fClosure = (eval f r) in
            (match fClosure with
                FunVal(arg, fBody, fDecEnv) ->
                    eval fBody (bind fDecEnv arg (eval eArg r)) |
                RecFunVal(g, (arg, fBody, fDecEnv)) ->
                    let aVal = (eval eArg r) in
                        let rEnv = (bind fDecEnv g fClosure) in
                            let aEnv = (bind rEnv arg aVal) in
                                eval fBody aEnv |
                _ -> failwith("non functional value")) |
        Letrec(f, funDef, letBody) ->
                (match funDef with
                    Fun(i, fBody) -> let r1 = (bind r f (RecFunVal(f, (i, fBody, r)))) in
                                                    eval letBody r1 |
                    _ -> failwith("non functional def"))

    and evalDictList (pairs : (ide * exp) list) (r : evT env) : (ide * evT) list = match pairs with
        [ ] -> [ ] |
        (key,value) :: other -> (key, eval value r) :: evalDictList other r;;

Everything works fine but when I do:
let mydict = Dict("test", Eint 2);;

or Dict("test", Eint 2);;
I get this error:
Error: This expression has type 'a * 'b but an expression was expected of type (ide * exp) list.
This homework consist in writing a basic interpreter for a language with the above primitive types.

A: The error is a bit more general and obfuscated than it needs to be, but points directly at the problem. If I replace the type variables 'a and 'b in the error with the actual types, you'll probably see it immediately:

Error: This expression has type ide * exp but an expression was expected of type (ide * exp) list.

That is, you're giving Dict a tuple (of something), but it's expecting a list of tuples (with some specific types) because it's defined as Dict of (ide * exp) list.
Wrapping the tuple in a list will make it compile:
let mydict = Dict [("test", Eint 2)];;