text:
Healthcare Industry News: ULTRIO Assay
Diagnostics FDA
Gen-Probe Submits Regulatory Application for Use of PROCLEIX(R) TIGRIS(R) System to Screen Donated Blood for West Nile Virus
SAN DIEGO, April 20 (HSMN NewsFeed) -- Gen-Probe Incorporated (Nasdaq: GPRO ) has submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) a 510(k) application for use of the fully automated, high-throughput PROCLEIX® TIGRIS® system to screen donated human blood, tissue and organs for West Nile virus (WNV) with the PROCLEIX WNV assay, the Company announced today.
The PROCLEIX WNV assay was approved by the FDA in early December for use on the enhanced semi-automated PROCLEIX system (eSAS).
Selected U.S. blood centers have used the TIGRIS system to screen about 3.6 million donations for WNV under Investigational New Drug applications since the summer of 2004. The TIGRIS system can process 1,000 blood samples in about 14 hours, facilitating testing in smaller pool sizes, including individual donor testing. In addition, the TIGRIS system incorporates state-of-the-art automation and process controls that maximize the accuracy of results while minimizing hands-on time for operators.
WNV is a mosquito-borne virus associated with a human form of the disease ranging from mild, flu-like symptoms to severe neurological disease.
The TIGRIS system is approved in many countries outside the United States to screen donated human blood, tissue and organs with the PROCLEIX ULTRIO® assay.
PROCLEIX and ULTRIO are trademarks of Chiron Corporation, Gen-Probe's worldwide blood screening partner. TIGRIS is a trademark of Gen-Probe.
About Gen-Probe
Gen-Probe Incorporated is a global leader in the development, manufacture and marketing of rapid, accurate and cost-effective nucleic acid tests (NATs) that are used primarily to diagnose human diseases and screen donated human blood. Gen-Probe has more than 20 years of NAT expertise, and received the 2004 National Medal of Technology, America's highest honor for technological innovation, for developing NAT assays for blood screening. Gen-Probe is headquartered in San Diego and employs approximately 900 people. For more information, go to www.gen-probe.com.
Caution Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
Any statements in this press release about our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions or future events or performance are not historical facts and are forward-looking statements. These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as believe, will, expect, anticipate, estimate, intend, plan and would. For example, statements concerning new products, potential regulatory approvals and customer adoption are all forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance. They involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions that may cause actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by any forward-looking statement. Some of the risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from estimates or projections contained in the forward-looking statements include but are not limited to: (i) the risk that new products, including the PROCLEIX ULTRIO Assay and the PROCLEIX TIGRIS system, will not be cleared for marketing in the timeframes we expect, if at all, (ii) the risk that we may not earn or receive milestone payments from our collaborators, (iii) the possibility that the market for the sale of our new products, such as our PROCLEIX ULTRIO and PROCLEIX WNV assays and the PROCLEIX TIGRIS system, may not develop as expected, (iv) we may not be able to compete effectively, (v) we may not be able to maintain our current corporate collaborations and enter into new corporate collaborations or customer contracts, and (vi) we are dependent on Chiron and other third parties for the distribution of some of our products. The foregoing describes some, but not all, of the factors that could affect our ability to achieve results described in any forward-looking statements. For additional information about risks and uncertainties we face and a discussion of our financial statements and footnotes, see documents we file with the SEC, including our most recent annual report on Form 10-K and all subsequent periodic reports. We assume no obligation and expressly disclaim any duty to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this news release or to reflect the occurrence of subsequent events.
Source: Gen-Probe
Search: Gen-Probe
Search: PROCLEIX
Search: West Nile virus


text:
loion of mines in india
List of mines in India Wikipedia
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Commercial mine auction: Adani The Times of India
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The Children Working On Indian Coal Mines YouTube
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Three Indian PSUs set up JV to mine for lithium, cobalt
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India has 70% of world's lion population: Anil Dave The
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This is the National Portal of India, developed with an objective to enable a single window access to information and services being provided by the various Indian Government entities. This Portal is a Mission Mode Project under the National E-Governance Plan,designed and developed by National Informatics Centre (NIC),Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology,Government of India.
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10. Lion-Tailed Macaque The lion-tailed macaque or the wanderoo (Macaca silenus) is endemic to South India's Western Ghats and thus finds mention in this list of Indian animals. The macaque has a black, hairless face and a silver-white mane that drops down from the cheeks to the chin.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


One method of improving the efficiency of thermoelectric materials is by decreasing the lattice thermal conductivity of the material. This can be accomplished by adding nanoscale particles to the material which disrupt phonon heat transport but not electron motion. In systems like PbS-PbTe which have a solid-solid miscibility gap, particles can be precipitated from the bulk by two mechanisms: nucleation and growth or spinodal decomposition. These precipitates can either be coherent with the matrix they came from, or incoherent with their own lattice parameters and orientations. Since coherent precipitates should allow better conduction of electrons while still scattering phonons, knowing how coherent precipitates form in these systems is important. We are using first principles Density Functional Theory (DFT) to study the thermodynamics of incoherent and coherent phase separation in IV-VI rocksalt semiconductor systems like PbS-PbTe.
Jeff graduated from Missouri State University in 2009 with a B.S. in Physics and Mathematics.


The Grill Room is a casual dining spot located on the second floor of the clubhouse with spectacular views of the Ralston Creek and Beresford Creek courses, as well as stunning views of the marsh. It is a family-friendly environment with indoor and outdoor seating (screened porch), offering breakfast, brunch, lunch and dinner. Members particularly enjoy the brick oven pizza, which is a Grill Room specialty.
Harry's restaurant and bar offers a full dinner menu five nights per week. Named after Harry Frank Guggenheim, Daniel Island's landowner for a good part of the Twentieth Century, Harry's sports an inviting décor with several seating areas, a large fireplace and a welcoming bar area. The menu features an eclectic blend of flavors and influences including seafood, prime steak and chops sourced from local and organic purveyors when possible.


text:
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*--- Darwin-specific kernel interface.               vki-darwin.h ---*/
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
   This file is part of Valgrind, a dynamic binary instrumentation
   framework.

   Copyright (C) 2007-2013 Apple Inc.
      Greg Parker  gparker@apple.com

   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
   published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
   License, or (at your option) any later version.

   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
   WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
   General Public License for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
   along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
   Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA
   02111-1307, USA.

   The GNU General Public License is contained in the file COPYING.
*/

/* Unlike vki-linux, this Darwin kernel interface includes system headers
   directly, to avoid copyright complexity. */

#ifndef __VKI_DARWIN_H
#define __VKI_DARWIN_H

#include <stdint.h>

#define vki_int8_t int8_t
#define vki_uint8_t uint8_t
#define vki_int16_t int16_t
#define vki_uint16_t uint16_t
#define vki_int32_t int32_t
#define vki_uint32_t uint32_t
#define vki_int64_t int64_t
#define vki_uint64_t uint64_t
#define vki_intptr_t intptr_t
#define vki_uintptr_t uintptr_t

#include <sys/types.h>

#define vki_dev_t dev_t
#define vki_mode_t mode_t
#define vki_ino_t ino_t
#define vki_ino64_t ino64_t
#define vki_nlink_t nlink_t
#define vki_uid_t uid_t
#define vki_gid_t gid_t
#define vki_time_t time_t
#define vki_off_t off_t
#define vki_blkcnt_t blkcnt_t
#define vki_blksize_t blksize_t
#define vki_size_t size_t
#define vki_ssize_t ssize_t
#define vki_pid_t pid_t
#define vki_socklen_t socklen_t
#define vki_suseconds_t suseconds_t
#define vki_caddr_t caddr_t
#define vki_u_long u_long
#define vki_u_short u_short
#define vki_clock_t clock_t
#define vki_u_int32_t u_int32_t
#define vki_u_int16_t u_int16_t
#define vki_pthread_t pthread_t

// valgrind special

// magic mmap() flags
#define	VKI_MAP_ANONYMOUS MAP_ANON	// linux synonym

// fds for mmap(MAP_ANON), displayed by vmmap
#define VM_TAG_VALGRIND VM_MAKE_TAG(239)  // SkAnonV

// page sizes
#define VKI_MAX_PAGE_SHIFT VKI_PAGE_SHIFT
#define VKI_MAX_PAGE_SIZE VKI_PAGE_SIZE

// types
typedef uint32_t vki_u32;

// linux-like ioctl flags
#define _VKI_IOC_DIR(x)		((x) & IOC_DIRMASK)
#define _VKI_IOC_SIZE(x)	IOCPARM_LEN(x)
#define _VKI_IOC_NONE		IOC_VOID  /* GrP fixme correct? */
#define _VKI_IOC_READ		IOC_OUT
#define _VKI_IOC_WRITE		IOC_IN

#include <malloc/malloc.h>

#define vki_malloc_zone_t malloc_zone_t

#include <sys/time.h>

#define vki_timeval timeval
#define vki_timeval32 timeval32
#define vki_timespec timespec
#define vki_itimerval itimerval
#define vki_timezone timezone

#include <sys/stat.h>

#define	VKI_S_ISBLK(m)	S_ISBLK(m)
#define	VKI_S_ISCHR(m)	S_ISCHR(m)
#define	VKI_S_ISDIR(m)	S_ISDIR(m)
#define	VKI_S_ISFIFO(m)	S_ISFIFO(m)
#define	VKI_S_ISREG(m)	S_ISREG(m)
#define	VKI_S_ISLNK(m)	S_ISLNK(m)
#define	VKI_S_ISSOCK(m)	S_ISSOCK(m)
#define	VKI_S_ISWHT(m)	S_ISWHT(m)
#define VKI_S_ISXATTR(m) S_ISXATTR(m)

#define	VKI_S_IRWXU	S_IRWXU
#define	VKI_S_IRUSR	S_IRUSR
#define	VKI_S_IWUSR	S_IWUSR
#define	VKI_S_IXUSR	S_IXUSR
#define	VKI_S_IRWXG	S_IRWXG
#define	VKI_S_IRGRP	S_IRGRP
#define	VKI_S_IWGRP	S_IWGRP
#define	VKI_S_IXGRP	S_IXGRP
#define	VKI_S_IRWXO	S_IRWXO
#define	VKI_S_IROTH	S_IROTH
#define	VKI_S_IWOTH	S_IWOTH
#define	VKI_S_IXOTH	S_IXOTH
#define	VKI_S_ISUID	S_ISUID
#define	VKI_S_ISGID	S_ISGID
#define	VKI_S_ISVTX	S_ISVTX

#define vki_stat stat
#define vki_stat64 stat64

#define st_atime      st_atimespec.tv_sec
#define st_atime_nsec st_atimespec.tv_nsec
#define st_mtime      st_mtimespec.tv_sec
#define st_mtime_nsec st_mtimespec.tv_nsec
#define st_ctime      st_ctimespec.tv_sec
#define st_ctime_nsec st_ctimespec.tv_nsec

#include <sys/dirent.h>

#define VKI_MAXNAMLEN MAXNAMLEN
#define vki_dirent dirent

#include <sys/socket.h>
#define	VKI_SOCK_STREAM	SOCK_STREAM
#define	VKI_SOCK_DGRAM	SOCK_DGRAM
#define	VKI_SOCK_RAW	SOCK_RAW

#define	VKI_AF_UNIX	AF_UNIX
#define	VKI_AF_INET	AF_INET
#define	VKI_AF_INET6	AF_INET6

#define	VKI_SOL_SOCKET	SOL_SOCKET

#define	VKI_SO_REUSEADDR SO_REUSEADDR

#define VKI_SO_SNDBUF	SO_SNDBUF
#define VKI_SO_RCVBUF	SO_RCVBUF
#define VKI_SO_SNDLOWAT	SO_SNDLOWAT
#define VKI_SO_RCVLOWAT	SO_RCVLOWAT
#define VKI_SO_SNDTIMEO	SO_SNDTIMEO
#define VKI_SO_RCVTIMEO	SO_RCVTIMEO
#define	VKI_SO_ERROR	SO_ERROR
#define	VKI_SO_TYPE	SO_TYPE
#define VKI_SO_NREAD	SO_NREAD
#define VKI_SO_NKE	SO_NKE
#define VKI_SO_NOSIGPIPE	SO_NOSIGPIPE
#define VKI_SO_NOADDRERR	SO_NOADDRERR
#define VKI_SO_NWRITE	SO_NWRITE
#define VKI_SO_LINGER_SEC	SO_LINGER_SEC

#define vki_sa_family_t sa_family_t
#define vki_sockaddr sockaddr
#define vki_iovec iovec
#define vki_msghdr msghdr
#define vki_cmsghdr cmsghdr

#define VKI_CMSG_ALIGN(a) 	ALIGN(a)
#define	VKI_CMSG_DATA(cmsg)	CMSG_DATA(cmsg)
#define	VKI_CMSG_FIRSTHDR(mhdr)	CMSG_FIRSTHDR(mhdr)
#define	VKI_CMSG_NXTHDR(mhdr, cmsg)	CMSG_NXTHDR(mhdr, cmsg)

#define	VKI_SCM_RIGHTS		SCM_RIGHTS
#define	VKI_SCM_TIMESTAMP	SCM_TIMESTAMP
#define	VKI_SCM_CREDS		SCM_CREDS

#include <sys/un.h>

#define vki_sockaddr_un sockaddr_un

#include <netinet/in.h>

#define vki_in_addr_t in_addr_t
#define vki_in_port_t in_port_t
#define vki_in_addr in_addr
#define vki_sockaddr_in sockaddr_in

#define	VKI_INADDR_LOOPBACK	INADDR_LOOPBACK

// #include <netinet6/in6.h>

#define vki_in6_addr in6_addr
#define vki_sockaddr_in6 sockaddr_in6

#include <net/if.h>

#define	VKI_IFNAMSIZ	IFNAMSIZ

#define vki_ifdevmtu ifdevmtu
#define vki_ifreq ifreq
#define vki_ifr_name 	ifr_name
#define	vki_ifr_addr	ifr_addr
#define	vki_ifr_dstaddr	ifr_dstaddr
#define	vki_ifr_broadaddr	ifr_broadaddr
#define	vki_ifr_flags	ifr_flags
#define	vki_ifr_metric	ifr_metric
#define	vki_ifr_mtu	ifr_mtu
#define vki_ifr_phys	ifr_phys
#define vki_ifr_media	ifr_media
#define	vki_ifr_data	ifr_data
#define vki_ifr_devmtu	ifr_devmtu
#define vki_ifr_intval	ifr_intval

#define vki_ifconf ifconf
#define vki_ifc_buf 	ifc_buf
#define vki_ifc_req 	ifc_req

#include <sys/fcntl.h>

#define	VKI_SEEK_SET	SEEK_SET
#define	VKI_SEEK_CUR	SEEK_CUR
#define	VKI_SEEK_END	SEEK_END

#define	VKI_O_RDONLY	O_RDONLY
#define	VKI_O_WRONLY	O_WRONLY
#define	VKI_O_RDWR	O_RDWR
#define	VKI_O_ACCMODE	O_ACCMODE
#define	VKI_O_NONBLOCK	O_NONBLOCK
#define	VKI_O_APPEND	O_APPEND
#define	VKI_O_SYNC	O_SYN
#define	VKI_O_SHLOCK	O_SHLOCK
#define	VKI_O_EXLOCK	O_EXLOCK
#define	VKI_O_ASYNC	O_ASYNC
#define VKI_O_NOFOLLOW  O_NOFOLLOW
#define	VKI_O_CREAT	O_CREAT
#define	VKI_O_TRUNC	O_TRUNC
#define	VKI_O_EXCL	O_EXCL
#define	VKI_O_EVTONLY	O_EVTONLY

#define	VKI_F_DUPFD	F_DUPFD
#define	VKI_F_GETFD	F_GETFD
#define	VKI_F_SETFD	F_SETFD
#define	VKI_F_GETFL	F_GETFL
#define	VKI_F_SETFL	F_SETFL
#define	VKI_F_GETOWN	F_GETOWN
#define VKI_F_SETOWN	F_SETOWN
#define	VKI_F_GETLK	F_GETLK
#define	VKI_F_SETLK	F_SETLK
#define	VKI_F_SETLKW	F_SETLKW

#define VKI_F_CHKCLEAN	F_CHKCLEAN
#define VKI_F_PREALLOCATE	F_PREALLOCATE
#define VKI_F_SETSIZE	F_SETSIZE
#define VKI_F_RDADVISE	F_RDADVISE
#define VKI_F_RDAHEAD	F_RDAHEAD
#define VKI_F_READBOOTSTRAP	F_READBOOTSTRAP
#define VKI_F_WRITEBOOTSTRAP	F_WRITEBOOTSTRAP
#define VKI_F_NOCACHE	F_NOCACHE
#define VKI_F_LOG2PHYS	F_LOG2PHYS
#define VKI_F_GETPATH	F_GETPATH
#define VKI_F_ADDSIGS	F_ADDSIGS
#define VKI_F_FULLFSYNC	F_FULLFSYNC
#define VKI_F_PATHPKG_CHECK	F_PATHPKG_CHECK
#define VKI_F_FREEZE_FS	F_FREEZE_FS
#define VKI_F_THAW_FS	F_THAW_FS
#define	VKI_F_GLOBAL_NOCACHE	F_GLOBAL_NOCACHE

#define VKI_FD_CLOEXEC	FD_CLOEXEC

#define vki_radvisory radvisory
#define vki_fstore fstore
#define vki_fbootstraptransfer fbootstraptransfer
#define vki_log2phys log2phys
#define vki_fsignatures_t fsignatures_t

// These constants aren't in a standard header, they are from the kernel code:
// xnu-1228.3.13/bsd/sys/codesign.h
// Mac OS X 10.5.6 - Darwin 9.6
#define VKI_CS_OPS_STATUS           0       /* return status */
#define VKI_CS_OPS_MARKINVALID      1       /* invalidate process */
#define VKI_CS_OPS_MARKHARD         2       /* set HARD flag */
#define VKI_CS_OPS_MARKKILL         3       /* set KILL flag (sticky) */
#define VKI_CS_OPS_PIDPATH          4       /* get executable's pathname */
#define VKI_CS_OPS_CDHASH           5       /* get code directory hash */

#include <sys/mman.h>

#define	VKI_PROT_NONE	PROT_NONE
#define	VKI_PROT_READ	PROT_READ
#define	VKI_PROT_WRITE	PROT_WRITE
#define	VKI_PROT_EXEC	PROT_EXEC

#define	VKI_MAP_SHARED	MAP_SHARED
#define	VKI_MAP_PRIVATE	MAP_PRIVATE
#define	VKI_MAP_FIXED	MAP_FIXED
#define	VKI_MAP_RENAME	MAP_RENAME
#define	VKI_MAP_NORESERVE	MAP_NORESERVE
#define	VKI_MAP_RESERVED0080	MAP_RESERVED0080
#define	VKI_MAP_NOEXTEND	MAP_NOEXTEND
#define	VKI_MAP_HASSEMAPHORE	MAP_HASSEMAPHORE
#define	VKI_MAP_FILE	MAP_FILE
#define	VKI_MAP_ANON	MAP_ANON
#define VKI_MAP_FAILED	MAP_FAILED

#include <mach/vm_param.h>

#define VKI_PAGE_SHIFT PAGE_SHIFT
#define VKI_PAGE_SIZE PAGE_SIZE
#define VKI_PAGE_MASK PAGE_MASK

#include <sys/vmparam.h>

#define VKI_USRSTACK USRSTACK
#define VKI_USRSTACK64 USRSTACK64

#include <mach/mach_time.h>

#define vki_mach_timebase_info mach_timebase_info

#include <sys/syslimits.h>

#define VKI_PATH_MAX PATH_MAX

#include <sys/param.h>

#define VKI_MAXPATHLEN MAXPATHLEN

#include <sys/signal.h>

/* While we fully intend to make 'vki_sigset_t' match the native
   Darwin 'sigset_t', we can't just clone the Darwin sigset_t type,
   because it isn't an array, and the VG_(sigfillset) etc functions
   assume it is.  So instead define another isomorphic type, and check
   in VG_(vki_do_initial_consistency_checks) that it really is
   correct. */
/* #define vki_sigset_t sigset_t */
#define _VKI_NSIG_BPW   32
#define _VKI_NSIG       32
#define _VKI_NSIG_WORDS (_VKI_NSIG / _VKI_NSIG_BPW)
typedef struct {
   UInt sig[_VKI_NSIG_WORDS];
} vki_sigset_t;
/* and now let VG_(vki_do_initial_consistency_checks) make sure it
   matches 'sigset_t'. */

#define VKI_SS_ONSTACK	SS_ONSTACK
#define	VKI_SS_DISABLE	SS_DISABLE
#define	VKI_MINSIGSTKSZ	MINSIGSTKSZ
#define	VKI_SIGSTKSZ	SIGSTKSZ

#define vki_stack_t        stack_t
#define vki_siginfo_t      siginfo_t

/* There are two versions of this.  'struct __sigaction' is used for
   passing sigactions to the kernel interface, and has the added
   complexity of requiring an extra pointer to a new demultiplexing
   function to be run in user space.  'struct sigaction' is used for
   receiving old sigactions from the kernel, and lacks this
   demux-function pointer.  So the type of the second and third
   parameters in Darwin's sys_sigaction appear to be different,
   respectively 'struct __sigaction*' and 'struct sigaction*'.
*/
//#define vki_sigaction      __sigaction
//#define vki_user_sigaction sigaction
//#define vki_sigaltstack    sigaltstack
//#define vki_sigval         sigval
//#define vki_sigaction_u    sigaction_u
//#define vki_sigaction     sigaction

//typedef  struct __sigaction  vki_sigaction_toK_t;
//typedef  struct sigaction    vki_sigaction_fromK_t;

typedef
   struct {
      void* ksa_handler;
      void (*sa_tramp)(void*,UWord,UWord,void*,void*);
      vki_sigset_t sa_mask;
      int sa_flags;
   }
   vki_sigaction_toK_t;

typedef
   struct {
      void* ksa_handler;
      vki_sigset_t sa_mask;
      int sa_flags;
   }
   vki_sigaction_fromK_t;

/* and /usr/include/sys/signal.c in turn defines 'sa_handler' to
   be '__sigaction_u.__sa_handler' */
//#define	ksa_handler      sa_handler

//#define	vki_sa_sigaction sa_sigaction

#define VKI_SA_ONSTACK	SA_ONSTACK
#define VKI_SA_RESTART	SA_RESTART
#define	VKI_SA_DISABLE	SA_DISABLE
#define	VKI_SA_RESETHAND	SA_RESETHAND
#define VKI_SA_NOCLDSTOP	SA_NOCLDSTOP
#define	VKI_SA_NODEFER	SA_NODEFER
#define	VKI_SA_NOCLDWAIT	SA_NOCLDWAIT
#define	VKI_SA_SIGINFO	SA_SIGINFO
#define	VKI_SA_USERTRAMP	SA_USERTRAMP
#define	VKI_SA_64REGSET	SA_64REGSET
#define VKI_SA_RESTORER  0 /* Darwin doesn't have this */

#define	VKI_SIG_BLOCK	SIG_BLOCK
#define	VKI_SIG_UNBLOCK	SIG_UNBLOCK
#define	VKI_SIG_SETMASK	SIG_SETMASK

#define	VKI_SIGHUP	SIGHUP
#define	VKI_SIGINT	SIGINT
#define	VKI_SIGQUIT	SIGQUIT
#define	VKI_SIGILL	SIGILL
#define	VKI_SIGTRAP	SIGTRAP
#define	VKI_SIGABRT	SIGABRT
#define	VKI_SIGPOLL	SIGPOLL
#define	VKI_SIGFPE	SIGFPE
#define	VKI_SIGKILL	SIGKILL
#define	VKI_SIGBUS	SIGBUS
#define	VKI_SIGSEGV	SIGSEGV
#define	VKI_SIGSYS	SIGSYS
#define	VKI_SIGPIPE	SIGPIPE
#define	VKI_SIGALRM	SIGALRM
#define	VKI_SIGTERM	SIGTERM
#define	VKI_SIGURG	SIGURG
#define	VKI_SIGSTOP	SIGSTOP
#define	VKI_SIGTSTP	SIGTSTP
#define	VKI_SIGCONT	SIGCONT
#define	VKI_SIGCHLD	SIGCHLD
#define	VKI_SIGTTIN	SIGTTIN
#define	VKI_SIGTTOU	SIGTTOU
#define	VKI_SIGIO	SIGIO
#define	VKI_SIGXCPU	SIGXCPU
#define	VKI_SIGXFSZ	SIGXFSZ
#define	VKI_SIGVTALRM	SIGVTALRM
#define	VKI_SIGPROF	SIGPROF
#define VKI_SIGWINCH	SIGWINCH
#define VKI_SIGINFO	SIGINFO
#define VKI_SIGUSR1	SIGUSR1
#define VKI_SIGUSR2	SIGUSR2

#define VKI_SIG_DFL     SIG_DFL
#define VKI_SIG_IGN     SIG_IGN

#define VKI_SI_USER      SI_USER
#define VKI_SEGV_MAPERR  SEGV_MAPERR
#define VKI_SEGV_ACCERR  SEGV_ACCERR
#define VKI_ILL_ILLOPC   ILL_ILLOPC
#define VKI_ILL_ILLOPN   ILL_ILLOPN
#define VKI_ILL_ILLADR   ILL_ILLADR
#define VKI_ILL_ILLTRP   ILL_ILLTRP
#define VKI_ILL_PRVOPC   ILL_PRVOPC
#define VKI_ILL_PRVREG   ILL_PRVREG
#define VKI_ILL_COPROC   ILL_COPROC
#define VKI_ILL_BADSTK   ILL_BADSTK
#define VKI_FPE_INTDIV   FPE_INTDIV
#define VKI_FPE_INTOVF   FPE_INTOVF
#define VKI_FPE_FLTDIV   FPE_FLTDIV
#define VKI_FPE_FLTOVF   FPE_FLTOVF
#define VKI_FPE_FLTUND   FPE_FLTUND
#define VKI_FPE_FLTRES   FPE_FLTRES
#define VKI_FPE_FLTINV   FPE_FLTINV
#define VKI_FPE_FLTSUB   FPE_FLTSUB
#define VKI_BUS_ADRALN   BUS_ADRALN
#define VKI_BUS_ADRERR   BUS_ADRERR
#define VKI_BUS_OBJERR   BUS_OBJERR
#define VKI_TRAP_BRKPT   TRAP_BRKPT

/* JRS: not 100% sure, but I think these two are correct */
#define VKI_SA_ONESHOT   SA_RESETHAND
#define VKI_SA_NOMASK    SA_NODEFER

#define VKI_UC_SET_ALT_STACK   0x40000000
#define VKI_UC_RESET_ALT_STACK 0x80000000

#include <sys/errno.h>

#define VKI_EPERM		EPERM
#define VKI_ENOENT		ENOENT
#define VKI_ESRCH		ESRCH
#define VKI_EINTR		EINTR
#define VKI_EIO			EIO
#define VKI_ENXIO		ENXIO
#define VKI_E2BIG		E2BIG
#define VKI_ENOEXEC		ENOEXEC
#define VKI_EBADF		EBADF
#define VKI_ECHILD		ECHILD
#define VKI_EDEADLK		EDEADLK
#define VKI_ENOMEM		ENOMEM
#define VKI_EACCES		EACCES
#define VKI_EFAULT		EFAULT
#define VKI_ENOTBLK		ENOTBLK
#define VKI_EBUSY		EBUSY
#define VKI_EEXIST		EEXIST
#define VKI_EXDEV		EXDEV
#define VKI_ENODEV		ENODEV
#define VKI_ENOTDIR		ENOTDIR
#define VKI_EISDIR		EISDIR
#define VKI_EINVAL		EINVAL
#define VKI_ENFILE		ENFILE
#define VKI_EMFILE		EMFILE
#define VKI_ENOTTY		ENOTTY
#define VKI_ETXTBSY		ETXTBSY
#define VKI_EFBIG		EFBIG
#define VKI_ENOSPC		ENOSPC
#define VKI_ESPIPE		ESPIPE
#define VKI_EROFS		EROFS
#define VKI_EMLINK		EMLINK
#define VKI_EPIPE		EPIPE
#define VKI_EDOM		EDOM
#define VKI_ERANGE		ERANGE
#define VKI_EAGAIN		EAGAIN
#define VKI_EWOULDBLOCK		EAGAIN
#define VKI_EINPROGRESS		EINPROGRESS
#define VKI_EALREADY		EALREADY
#define VKI_ENOTSOCK		ENOTSOCK
#define VKI_EDESTADDRREQ	EDESTADDRREQ
#define VKI_EMSGSIZE		EMSGSIZE
#define VKI_EPROTOTYPE		EPROTOTYPE
#define VKI_ENOPROTOOPT		ENOPROTOOPT
#define VKI_EPROTONOSUPPORT	EPROTONOSUPPORT
#define VKI_ESOCKTNOSUPPORT	ESOCKTNOSUPPORT
#define VKI_ENOTSUP		ENOTSUP
#define VKI_EPFNOSUPPORT	EPFNOSUPPORT
#define VKI_EAFNOSUPPORT	EAFNOSUPPORT
#define VKI_EADDRINUSE		EADDRINUSE
#define VKI_EADDRNOTAVAIL	EADDRNOTAVAIL
#define VKI_ENETDOWN		ENETDOWN
#define VKI_ENETUNREACH		ENETUNREACH
#define VKI_ENETRESET		ENETRESET
#define VKI_ECONNABORTED	ECONNABORTED
#define VKI_ECONNRESET		ECONNRESET
#define VKI_ENOBUFS		ENOBUFS
#define VKI_EISCONN		EISCONN
#define VKI_ENOTCONN		ENOTCONN
#define VKI_ESHUTDOWN		ESHUTDOWN
#define VKI_ETOOMANYREFS	ETOOMANYREFS
#define VKI_ETIMEDOUT		ETIMEDOUT
#define VKI_ECONNREFUSED	ECONNREFUSED
#define VKI_ELOOP		ELOOP
#define VKI_ENAMETOOLONG	ENAMETOOLONG
#define VKI_EHOSTDOWN		EHOSTDOWN
#define VKI_EHOSTUNREACH	EHOSTUNREACH
#define VKI_ENOTEMPTY		ENOTEMPTY
#define VKI_EPROCLIM		EPROCLIM
#define VKI_EUSERS		EUSERS
#define VKI_EDQUOT		EDQUOT
#define VKI_ESTALE		ESTALE
#define VKI_EREMOTE		EREMOTE
#define VKI_EBADRPC		EBADRPC
#define VKI_ERPCMISMATCH	ERPCMISMATCH
#define VKI_EPROGUNAVAIL	EPROGUNAVAIL
#define VKI_EPROGMISMATCH	EPROGMISMATCH
#define VKI_EPROCUNAVAIL	EPROCUNAVAIL
#define VKI_ENOLCK		ENOLCK
#define VKI_ENOSYS		ENOSYS
#define VKI_EFTYPE		EFTYPE
#define VKI_EAUTH		EAUTH
#define VKI_ENEEDAUTH		ENEEDAUTH
#define VKI_EPWROFF		EPWROFF
#define VKI_EDEVERR		EDEVERR
#define VKI_EOVERFLOW		EOVERFLOW
#define VKI_EBADEXEC		EBADEXEC
#define VKI_EBADARCH		EBADARCH
#define VKI_ESHLIBVERS		ESHLIBVERS
#define VKI_EBADMACHO		EBADMACHO
#define VKI_ECANCELED		ECANCELED
#define VKI_EIDRM		EIDRM
#define VKI_ENOMSG		ENOMSG
#define VKI_EILSEQ		EILSEQ
#define VKI_ENOATTR		ENOATTR
#define VKI_EBADMSG		EBADMSG
#define VKI_EMULTIHOP		EMULTIHOP
#define VKI_ENODATA		ENODATA
#define VKI_ENOLINK		ENOLINK
#define VKI_ENOSR		ENOSR
#define VKI_ENOSTR		ENOSTR
#define VKI_EPROTO		EPROTO
#define VKI_ETIME		ETIME
#define VKI_EOPNOTSUPP		EOPNOTSUPP
#define VKI_ELAST		ELAST

#include <sys/resource.h>

#define	VKI_RLIMIT_CPU		RLIMIT_CPU
#define	VKI_RLIMIT_FSIZE	RLIMIT_FSIZE
#define	VKI_RLIMIT_DATA		RLIMIT_DATA
#define	VKI_RLIMIT_STACK	RLIMIT_STACK
#define	VKI_RLIMIT_CORE		RLIMIT_CORE
#define	VKI_RLIMIT_AS		RLIMIT_AD
#define	VKI_RLIMIT_RSS		RLIMIT_AS
#define	VKI_RLIMIT_MEMLOCK	RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
#define	VKI_RLIMIT_NPROC	RLIMIT_NPROC
#define	VKI_RLIMIT_NOFILE	RLIMIT_NOFILE
#define	VKI_RLIM_NLIMITS	RLIM_NLIMITS

#define vki_rlim_t rlim_t
#define vki_rlimit rlimit
#define vki_rusage rusage

#include <sys/poll.h>

#define vki_pollfd pollfd

#include <sys/ipc.h>

#define	VKI_IPC_RMID	IPC_RMID
#define	VKI_IPC_SET	IPC_SET
#define	VKI_IPC_STAT	IPC_STAT

#define vki_key_t key_t
#define vki_ipc_perm ipc_perm

#include <sys/sem.h>

#define VKI_GETNCNT	GETNCNT
#define VKI_GETPID	GETPID
#define VKI_GETVAL	GETVAL
#define VKI_GETALL	GETALL
#define VKI_GETZCNT	GETZCNT
#define VKI_SETVAL	SETVAL
#define VKI_SETALL	SETALL

#define vki_sembuf sembuf
#define vki_semid_ds semid_ds
#define vki_semun semun

#include <sys/semaphore.h>

#define vki_sem_t sem_t

#include <sys/mount.h>

#define	VKI_MFSNAMELEN	MFSNAMELEN
#define	VKI_MNAMELEN	MNAMELEN

#define vki_fsid fsid
#define vki_fsid_t fsid_t
#define vki_statfs statfs
#define vki_statfs64 statfs64

#include <sys/select.h>

#define vki_fd_set fd_set

#include <sys/msgbuf.h>

#define	VKI_MSG_BSIZE	MSG_BSIZE
#define VKI_MSG_MAGIC	MSG_MAGIC
#define vki_msgbuf msgbuf

#include <sys/shm.h>

#define VKI_SHM_RDONLY	SHM_RDONLY
#define VKI_SHM_RND	SHM_RND
#define VKI_SHMLBA	SHMLBA

#define vki_shmid_ds shmid_ds

#include <sys/times.h>

#define vki_tms tms

#include <sys/utsname.h>

#define	_VKI_SYS_NAMELEN	_SYS_NAMELEN
#define vki_new_utsname utsname

#include <sys/unistd.h>

#define	VKI_F_OK	F_OK
#define	VKI_X_OK	X_OK
#define	VKI_W_OK	W_OK
#define	VKI_R_OK	R_OK

#define vki_accessx_descriptor         accessx_descriptor
#define VKI_ACCESSX_MAX_DESCRIPTORS    ACCESSX_MAX_DESCRIPTORS

#include <sys/sysctl.h>

#define VKI_CTL_MAXNAME		CTL_MAXNAME

#define	VKI_CTL_UNSPEC		CTL_UNSPEC
#define	VKI_CTL_KERN		CTL_KERN
#define	VKI_CTL_VM		CTL_VM
#define	VKI_CTL_VFS		CTL_VFS
#define	VKI_CTL_NET		CTL_NET
#define	VKI_CTL_DEBUG		CTL_DEBUG
#define	VKI_CTL_HW		CTL_HW
#define	VKI_CTL_MACHDEP		CTL_MACHDEP
#define	VKI_CTL_USER		CTL_USER
#define	VKI_CTL_MAXID		CTL_MAXID

#define	VKI_HW_MACHINE		HW_MACHINE
#define	VKI_HW_MODEL		HW_MODEL
#define	VKI_HW_NCPU		HW_NCPU
#define	VKI_HW_BYTEORDER	HW_BYTEORDER
#define	VKI_HW_PHYSMEM		HW_PHYSMEM
#define	VKI_HW_USERMEM		HW_USERMEM
#define	VKI_HW_PAGESIZE		HW_PAGESIZE
#define	VKI_HW_DISKNAMES	HW_DISKNAMES
#define	VKI_HW_DISKSTATS	HW_DISKSTATS
#define	VKI_HW_EPOCH  		HW_EPOCH
#define VKI_HW_FLOATINGPT	HW_FLOATINGPT
#define VKI_HW_MACHINE_ARCH	HW_MACHINE_ARCH
#define VKI_HW_VECTORUNIT	HW_VECTORUNIT
#define VKI_HW_BUS_FREQ		HW_BUS_FREQ
#define VKI_HW_CPU_FREQ		HW_CPU_FREQ
#define VKI_HW_CACHELINE	HW_CACHELINE
#define VKI_HW_L1ICACHESIZE	HW_L1ICACHESIZE
#define VKI_HW_L1DCACHESIZE	HW_L1DCACHESIZE
#define VKI_HW_L2SETTINGS	HW_L2SETTINGS
#define VKI_HW_L2CACHESIZE	HW_L2CACHESIZE
#define VKI_HW_L3SETTINGS	HW_L3SETTINGS
#define VKI_HW_L3CACHESIZE	HW_L3CACHESIZE
#define VKI_HW_TB_FREQ		HW_TB_FREQ
#define VKI_HW_MEMSIZE		HW_MEMSIZE
#define VKI_HW_AVAILCPU		MW_AVAILCPU
#define	VKI_HW_MAXID		MW_MAXID

#define	VKI_KERN_USRSTACK32	KERN_USRSTACK32
#define	VKI_KERN_USRSTACK64	KERN_USRSTACK64

#include <sys/attr.h>

#define vki_attrlist attrlist

#include <sys/event.h>

#define vki_kevent kevent

#include <sys/ev.h>

typedef struct eventreq vki_eventreq;

#include <sys/acl.h>

#define vki_kauth_filesec kauth_filesec

#include <sys/ptrace.h>

#define VKI_PTRACE_TRACEME   PT_TRACE_ME
#define VKI_PTRACE_DETACH    PT_DETACH

// sqlite/src/os_unix.c

struct ByteRangeLockPB2
{
    unsigned long long offset;        /* offset to first byte to lock */
    unsigned long long length;        /* nbr of bytes to lock */
    unsigned long long retRangeStart; /* nbr of 1st byte locked if successful */
    unsigned char unLockFlag;         /* 1 = unlock, 0 = lock */
    unsigned char startEndFlag;       /* 1=rel to end of fork, 0=rel to start */
    int fd;                           /* file desc to assoc this lock with */
};

#define afpfsByteRangeLock2FSCTL _IOWR('z', 23, struct ByteRangeLockPB2)

#define vki_ByteRangeLockPB2 ByteRangeLockPB2
#define VKI_afpfsByteRangeLock2FSCTL afpfsByteRangeLock2FSCTL

// xnu/bsd/sys/fsctl.h

#define VKI_FSIOC_SYNC_VOLUME        _IOW('A', 1, uint32_t)

// Libc/pthreads/pthread.c

#define VKI_WQOPS_QUEUE_ADD          1
#define VKI_WQOPS_QUEUE_REMOVE       2
#define VKI_WQOPS_THREAD_RETURN      4
#define VKI_WQOPS_THREAD_SETCONC     8
#define VKI_WQOPS_QUEUE_NEWSPISUPP  16  /* check for newer SPI support */
#define VKI_WQOPS_QUEUE_REQTHREADS  32  /* request number of threads of a prio */

#include <sys/ttycom.h>

#define vki_winsize winsize

#define	VKI_TIOCMODG	TIOCMODG
#define	VKI_TIOCMODS	TIOCMODS
#define	VKI_TIOCEXCL	TIOCEXCL
#define	VKI_TIOCNXCL	TIOCNXCL
#define	VKI_TIOCFLUSH	TIOCFLUSH
#define	VKI_TIOCGETA	TIOCGETA
#define	VKI_TIOCSETA	TIOCSETA
#define	VKI_TIOCSETAW	TIOCSETAW
#define	VKI_TIOCSETAF	TIOCSETAF
#define	VKI_TIOCGETD	TIOCGETD
#define	VKI_TIOCSETD	TIOCSETD
#define	VKI_TIOCSBRK	TIOCSBRK
#define	VKI_TIOCCBRK	TIOCCBRK
#define	VKI_TIOCSDTR	TIOCSDTR
#define	VKI_TIOCCDTR	TIOCCDTR
#define	VKI_TIOCGPGRP	TIOCGPGRP
#define	VKI_TIOCSPGRP	TIOCSPGRP
#define	VKI_TIOCOUTQ	TIOCOUTQ
#define	VKI_TIOCSTI	TIOCSTI
#define	VKI_TIOCNOTTY	TIOCNOTTY
#define	VKI_TIOCPKT	TIOCPKT
#define	VKI_TIOCSTOP	TIOCSTOP
#define	VKI_TIOCSTART	TIOCSTART
#define	VKI_TIOCMSET	TIOCMSET
#define	VKI_TIOCMBIS	TIOCMBIS
#define	VKI_TIOCMBIC	TIOCMBIC
#define	VKI_TIOCMGET	TIOCMGET
#define	VKI_TIOCREMOTE	TIOCREMOTE
#define	VKI_TIOCGWINSZ	TIOCGWINSZ
#define	VKI_TIOCSWINSZ	TIOCSWINSZ
#define	VKI_TIOCUCNTL	TIOCUCNTL
#define	VKI_TIOCSTAT	TIOCSTAT
#define	VKI_UIOCCMD(n)	UIOCCMD(n)
#define	VKI_TIOCSCONS	TIOCSCONS
#define	VKI_TIOCCONS	TIOCCONS
#define	VKI_TIOCSCTTY	TIOCSCTTY
#define	VKI_TIOCEXT	TIOCEXT
#define	VKI_TIOCSIG	TIOCSIG
#define	VKI_TIOCDRAIN	TIOCDRAIN
#define	VKI_TIOCMSDTRWAIT	TIOCMSDTRWAIT
#define	VKI_TIOCMGDTRWAIT	TIOCMGDTRWAIT
#define	VKI_TIOCTIMESTAMP	TIOCTIMESTAMP
#define	VKI_TIOCDCDTIMESTAMP	TIOCDCDTIMESTAMP
#define	VKI_TIOCSDRAINWAIT	TIOCSDRAINWAIT
#define	VKI_TIOCGDRAINWAIT	TIOCGDRAINWAIT
#define	VKI_TIOCDSIMICROCODE	TIOCDSIMICROCODE
#define VKI_TIOCPTYGRANT	TIOCPTYGRANT
#define VKI_TIOCPTYGNAME	TIOCPTYGNAME
#define VKI_TIOCPTYUNLK	TIOCPTYUNLK

#include <sys/filio.h>

#define	VKI_FIOCLEX	FIOCLEX
#define	VKI_FIONCLEX	FIONCLEX
#define	VKI_FIONREAD	FIONREAD
#define	VKI_FIONBIO	FIONBIO
#define	VKI_FIOASYNC	FIOASYNC
#define	VKI_FIOSETOWN	FIOSETOWN
#define	VKI_FIOGETOWN	FIOGETOWN
#define	VKI_FIODTYPE	FIODTYPE

#include <sys/sockio.h>

#define	VKI_SIOCSHIWAT	SIOCSHIWAT
#define	VKI_SIOCGHIWAT	SIOCGHIWAT
#define	VKI_SIOCSLOWAT	SIOCSLOWAT
#define	VKI_SIOCGLOWAT	SIOCGLOWAT
#define	VKI_SIOCATMARK	SIOCATMARK
#define	VKI_SIOCSPGRP	SIOCSPGRP
#define	VKI_SIOCGPGRP	SIOCGPGRP

#define	VKI_SIOCSIFADDR		SIOCSIFADDR
#define	VKI_OSIOCGIFADDR	OSIOCGIFADDR
#define	VKI_SIOCSIFDSTADDR	SIOCSIFDSTADDR
#define	VKI_OSIOCGIFDSTADDR	OSIOCGIFDSTADDR
#define	VKI_SIOCSIFFLAGS	SIOCSIFFLAGS
#define	VKI_SIOCGIFFLAGS	SIOCGIFFLAGS
#define	VKI_OSIOCGIFBRDADDR	OSIOCGIFBRDADDR
#define	VKI_SIOCSIFBRDADDR	SIOCSIFBRDADDR
#define	VKI_OSIOCGIFCONF	OSIOCGIFCONF
#define	VKI_OSIOCGIFNETMASK	OSIOCGIFNETMASK
#define	VKI_SIOCSIFNETMASK	SIOCSIFNETMASK
#define	VKI_SIOCGIFMETRIC	SIOCGIFMETRIC
#define	VKI_SIOCSIFMETRIC	SIOCSIFMETRIC
#define	VKI_SIOCDIFADDR		SIOCDIFADDR
#define	VKI_SIOCAIFADDR		SIOCAIFADDR
#define	VKI_SIOCGETVIFCNT	SIOCGETVIFCNT
#define	VKI_SIOCGETSGCNT	SIOCGETSGCNT
#define VKI_SIOCALIFADDR	SIOCALIFADDR
#define VKI_SIOCGLIFADDR	SIOCGLIFADDR
#define VKI_SIOCDLIFADDR	SIOCDLIFADDR

#define	VKI_SIOCGIFADDR		SIOCGIFADDR
#define	VKI_SIOCGIFDSTADDR	SIOCGIFDSTADDR
#define	VKI_SIOCGIFBRDADDR	SIOCGIFBRDADDR
#define	VKI_SIOCGIFCONF		SIOCGIFCONF
#define	VKI_SIOCGIFNETMASK	SIOCGIFNETMASK
#define VKI_SIOCAUTOADDR	SIOCAUTOADDR
#define VKI_SIOCAUTONETMASK	SIOCAUTONETMASK
#define VKI_SIOCARPIPLL		SIOCARPIPLL

#define	VKI_SIOCADDMULTI	SIOCADDMULTI
#define	VKI_SIOCDELMULTI	SIOCDELMULTI
#define	VKI_SIOCGIFMTU		SIOCGIFMTU
#define	VKI_SIOCSIFMTU	 	SIOCSIFMTU
#define	VKI_SIOCGIFPHYS		SIOCGIFPHYS
#define	VKI_SIOCSIFPHYS	 	SIOCSIFPHYS
#define	VKI_SIOCSIFMEDIA	SIOCSIFMEDIA
#define	VKI_SIOCGIFMEDIA	SIOCGIFMEDIA
#define	VKI_SIOCSIFGENERIC	SIOCSIFGENERIC
#define	VKI_SIOCGIFGENERIC	SIOCGIFGENERIC
#define VKI_SIOCRSLVMULTI   	SIOCRSLVMULTI

#define	VKI_SIOCSIFLLADDR	SIOCSIFLLADDR
#define	VKI_SIOCGIFSTATUS	SIOCGIFSTATUS
#define	VKI_SIOCSIFPHYADDR   	SIOCSIFPHYADDR
#define	VKI_SIOCGIFPSRCADDR	SIOCGIFPSRCADDR
#define	VKI_SIOCGIFPDSTADDR	SIOCGIFPDSTADDR
#define	VKI_SIOCDIFPHYADDR	SIOCDIFPHYADDR
#define	VKI_SIOCSLIFPHYADDR	SIOCSLIFPHYADDR
#define	VKI_SIOCGLIFPHYADDR	SIOCGLIFPHYADDR

#define	VKI_SIOCGIFDEVMTU	SIOCGIFDEVMTU
#define	VKI_SIOCSIFALTMTU	SIOCSIFALTMTU
#define VKI_SIOCGIFALTMTU	SIOCGIFALTMTU
#define VKI_SIOCSIFBOND	 	SIOCSIFBOND
#define VKI_SIOCGIFBOND		SIOCGIFBOND
#define	VKI_SIOCIFCREATE	SIOCIFCREATE
#define	VKI_SIOCIFDESTROY	SIOCIFDESTROY
#define	VKI_SIOCSIFVLAN	 	SIOCSIFVLAN
#define	VKI_SIOCGIFVLAN		SIOCGIFVLAN

#define	VKI_SIOCSETVLAN		SIOCSIFVLAN
#define	VKI_SIOCGETVLAN		SIOCGIFVLAN

#define	VKI_SIOCGIFASYNCMAP 	SIOCGIFASYNCMAP
#define	VKI_SIOCSIFASYNCMAP 	SIOCSIGASYNCMAP

#include <sys/dtrace.h>

#define VKI_DTRACEHIOC_REMOVE   DTRACEHIOC_REMOVE
#define VKI_DTRACEHIOC_ADDDOF   DTRACEHIOC_ADDDOF

#include <sys/ucontext.h>

/* quite why sys/ucontext.h provides a 'struct __darwin_ucontext'
   but no 'struct ucontext' beats me. -- JRS */
#define vki_ucontext __darwin_ucontext

#include <sys/termios.h>

#define vki_termios termios

#include <uuid/uuid.h>

#define vki_uuid_t uuid_t

#include <bsm/audit.h>

#define	VKI_A_GETPOLICY	A_GETPOLICY
#define	VKI_A_SETPOLICY	A_SETPOLICY
#define	VKI_A_GETKMASK	A_GETKMASK
#define	VKI_A_SETKMASK	A_SETKMASK
#define	VKI_A_GETQCTRL	A_GETQCTRL
#define	VKI_A_SETQCTRL	A_SETQCTRL
#define	VKI_A_GETCWD	A_GETCWD
#define	VKI_A_GETCAR	A_GETCAR
#define	VKI_A_GETSTAT	A_GETSTAT
#define	VKI_A_SETSTAT	A_SETSTAT
#define	VKI_A_SETUMASK	A_SETUMASK
#define	VKI_A_SETSMASK	A_SETSMASK
#define	VKI_A_GETCOND	A_GETCOND
#define	VKI_A_SETCOND	A_SETCOND
#define	VKI_A_GETCLASS	A_GETCLASS
#define	VKI_A_SETCLASS	A_SETCLASS
#define	VKI_A_GETPINFO	A_GETPINFO
#define	VKI_A_SETPMASK	A_SETPMASK
#define	VKI_A_SETFSIZE	A_SETFSIZE
#define	VKI_A_GETFSIZE	A_GETFSIZE
#define	VKI_A_GETPINFO_ADDR	A_GETPINFO_ADDR
#define	VKI_A_GETKAUDIT	A_GETKAUDIT
#define	VKI_A_SETKAUDIT	A_SETKAUDIT
#if DARWIN_VERS >= DARWIN_10_6
#define VKI_A_SENDTRIGGER A_SENDTRIGGER
#define VKI_A_GETSINFO_ADDR A_GETSINFO_ADDR
#endif

#include <sys/aio.h>

#define vki_aiocb aiocb

#include <netinet/tcp.h>

#define VKI_TCP_NODELAY  TCP_NODELAY

#include <netinet/in.h>

#define VKI_IPPROTO_TCP  IPPROTO_TCP

// XXX: for some reason when I #include <sys/kernel_types.h> I get a syntax
// error.  Hmm.  So just define things ourselves.
//#include <sys/kernel_types.h>

//#define vki_errno_t
typedef int vki_errno_t;

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


So, I've been thinking I'd like a dog. And I've decided on an American Eskimo. I knew from the start I wanted a type of sled dog. This one seems to be more of what I'm looking for than the others. They are beautiful. Of the reviews I've read they seem to be loving companion dogs and present strength and agility. Eskie's have a striking long, dense coat that needs to be regularly groomed. They do shed but can be maintained by consistent brushing. They seem to have a great temperament, are highly intelligent, trainable and independent. They do need stimulation and should be socialized as young as possible. They also make for great watchdogs-which would be great. They do, however, take longer to mature than most dogs. They act more like puppies for up to two years. I definitely foresee an Eskie in my home, in the near future.
Here is a great rescue group when you are ready for your dog!
They are great dogs you will not be disappointed!
Hey so i made a blog! Go check it out!!! Love ya!
*anonymous-Thanks for the info. I'll check them out.


text:
Q: Instant App - Multi-Module Project - Configuration 'compile' is obsolete and has been replaced with 'implementation' and 'api' My project has multi-modules to support instant apps. After updating Android Studio and Gradle, started getting below warning.
Warning:Configuration 'compile' is obsolete and has been replaced with 'implementation' and 'api'.
It will be removed at the end of 2018. For more information see: http://d.android.com/r/tools/update-dependency-configurations.html

Gradle dependencies for ModuleA:
dependencies {
    implementation fileTree(include: ['*.jar'], dir: 'libs')
    implementation project(':base')
    compile project(path: ':ModuleB')
    compile project(path: ':ModuleC')

    ...
}

Gradle dependencies for ModuleB:
dependencies {
    implementation fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
    implementation project(':base')
    compile project(path: ':ModuleC')

    ...
}

As mentioned here, I've tried to update compile to implementation and/or api. But in either case, build fails or app crashes, with message like cant find ClassB or ModuleB.
Any suggestion on how to fix this issue for multi-module project?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Taylor, Bob (Robert W.) interview
Pelkey, James L., Interviewer
Robbins, Loring, Editor
Taylor, Robert (Bob) W., Interviewee
Throughout his career, Bob Taylor ran some of the most important projects in the development of networking and personal computing. After working as an engineer for several aircraft and defense companies, he joined NASA's Office of Advanced Research and Technology as a project manager in 1962. That same year Taylor met J. C. R. Licklider who, like Taylor, had done graduate work in psychoacoustics. Licklider's vision of computing would influence much of Taylor's work and together they helped chart a course for the future of computing. In a paper they co-published in '68, they predicted what few could see at the time: "The programmed digital computer...can change the nature and value of communication even more profoundly than did the printing press and the picture tube."
In 1965 Taylor went to work at the Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and the next year took over as director of ARPA's Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO). In his office he had 3 terminals that each connected him to a different time sharing system under ARPA's sponsorship. The fact that these systems couldn't connect to each other gave him the inspiration to envision a system where users in one system could communicate with anyone connected to the system. With this goal in mind, he approached ARPA's director, Charles Herzfeld, who liked the idea and immediately gave him funding to pursue what would eventually become the Arpanet project. Taylor attempted to recruit Larry Roberts to head the project. Despite Roberts repeated refusals to re-locate to the D.C. area, Taylor's dogged persistence, including an appeal to Roberts' boss at Lincoln Labs, won out and Roberts finally accepted the position. In Taylor's words, he was able to "blackmail him into fame".
After leaving IPTO he taught briefly at the University of Utah. He then joined Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in 1970, to help start and run their Computer Science Laboratory. From 1970 to 1983 Taylor managed a series of influential projects at Xerox PARC including the development of Ethernet. Taylor's success was as much due to his strength of vision as it was to his skill in managing highly talented engineers and scientists. Alan Kay, who worked with Taylor at PARC, describes Taylor's leadership: "He created maximum synergy in the room." Fiercely protective of his staff, Taylor kept them as isolated as possible from the meddling of management above him. When a young graduate student, Robert Metcalfe, was hired to connect PARC to the Arpanet, Taylor allowed him to take several months at the University of Hawaii to collect data on their ALOHAnet project, in order to finish his PhD thesis. The data Metcalfe gathered in Hawaii proved helpful in the ultimate design of Ethernet.
In 1983, Taylor left Xerox PARC to join Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC) where he started the Systems Research Center (SRC). I met Taylor at the research center for this interview. Unfortunately, our meeting was cut short by the arrival of unexpected guests.
ARPA; IPTO; ARPANET; Xerox PARC; DEC; SRC; Ethernet; Networking
Gift of James Pelkey
102738691-05-01-acc.pdf
102746648 James L. Pelkey collection : history of computer communications


text:
#138 The Great Momo Panic
We investigate the mystery of why parents across the world became convinced that a half-bird/half-woman monster was going to harm their kids over the internet.
And we answer the question of how robocallers are able to fake your telephone number when they call you.
PJ Vogt
FROM GIMLET, THIS IS REPLY ALL I'M PJ VOGT
VIDEO: [news intro music] Live from the News Station. This is Seven News at seven.
NEWS ANCHOR 1: A highly disturbing internet challenge is daring children to do dangerous things, including attempting suicide. This is called the Momo Challenge.
So if you're not a parent with small children, it's possible haven't heard of Momo–in that case you just need to know she's the new Internet bogeyman who's scaring parents everywhere.
NEWS 1: This terrifying face is circulating the web…
NEWS 2: This is Momo with bulging eyes a chilling smile and jet black hair on a bird's body.
This creature Momo...is supposedly killing children over the internet
In one version of the story, Momo messages your kid, gets them to do an escalating series of dares, and in the final one she tells them to commit suicide.
In the other, Momo just tells your kid to commit suicide after suddenly appearing in the middle of an otherwise normal YouTube video.
NEWS 2: The palm beach county school district is taking action to keep your kids safe. They're temporarily blocking YouTube after the Momo Challenge is causing big concern…
So the good news is that very little of this story seems to be actually true. The image of the person who is supposed to be called momo. It's actually a snapshot of a random japanese special effects sculpture called motherbird. And the idea that Momo has appeared in videos telling kids to kill themselves, or even that any kids have died or been harmed, there's no actual evidence of this.
But that part of the story, the lack of evidence, tends to get very underplayed in all the terrifying news coverage of Momo.
MALE BRITISH VO: You or someone close to you may have had the misfortune to encounter this charmless character online in recent days. It's apparently known as "Momo,"
PJ: That is the BBC. The BBC! And it's not just them.
INTERNATIONAL NEWS VIDEOS: Here in Canada, police in Ontario and Quebec have also issued warnings about it in the past… And this is the Momo challenge…Le defit Momo, le Momo challenge…[tagalong] the Momo challenge
For months it's just felt like the Momo story was impossible to ignore. Unless you're me, I did just ignore it. Because to me, it was just like, "Oh, this is a thing that parents of young kids have convinced themselves over, they're very scared, they used to be scared of things like satanic death metal, this is going to pass, too." The thing is though, it hasn't passed.
And this week, I decided I wanted to know why. And so, I called up Katie Notopoulos, she's a reporter for BuzzFeed News. She's also just an expert on every weird hoax on the Internet.
KATIE NOTOPOULOS: From my perspective, the Momo Challenge has spread in a wild way I have not seen any other type of misinformation spread so rapidly.
KATIE: And so wide and like to such a broad, um, swath of people, and I think that that's what's sorta unique about it. Like Kim Kardashian is instagramming about it.
PJ: Kim Kardashian shared the Momo thing?
KATIE: yea
PJ: I thought Katie would tell me that she found Momo ridiculous, the same way I did. But she didn't. Katie's a mom, she has a two-year-old. And she told me the reason all these parents were so scared wasn't because they were naive, it was because they'd seen some shit. They had spent time part of the internet that is dark and seedy.
YouTube For Kids.
[Baby Shark music]
PJ: So, you might've already heard this, it's called "Baby Shark" it is the big viral hit of kids YouTube lately, uh it's fine, it's harmless, it's also very popular. It has over 2.4 billion views. It has its own R&B remix.
[I'm the baby, that's my mommy, that's my daddy, we're all sharks. Baby Shark, baby
shark" Remix music]
KATIE: Yeah, I think "Baby Shark" like sort of, I mean, it was just weirdly like wildly popular, and it was the kind of like earworm that like, ah, you know, I have to say, it's kinda catchy.
PJ: So the thing I didn't know is that apparently on kids YouTube, "Baby Shark" is actually pretty highbrow. Like top tier stuff.
Katie said once you move away you move away from that and things gets way junkier and way stranger.
There's this whole section where–it almost feels like you tried to take your family on a vacation to Disneyland, you took a wrong turn, and you ended up at this weird counterfeit amusement park that's right next door. So, for instance, videos like this one.
VIDEO sound
Where there's an adult man dressed in an off-brand Spiderman costume and he's playing house in a really creepy way with an adult woman dressed up in an as Elsa from Frozen. Except, unlike in the movie, this Elsa is pregnant and giving birth. There's other videos like this where the Spiderman would actually inject Elsa with some mysterious liquid. Apparently kids liked this, adults found it really creepy.
KATIE: Those have kind of gone away. I think YouTube kind of cracked down on them because they're like kind of too messed up, um, and now there's a lot of those that still exist in like sort of CGI animation. Um Spiderman and Elsa and the Incredible Hulk and Mickey Mouse will be like driving dump trucks and learning about colors just set to music, and like, they just drive a dump truck through like a giant bucket of paint.
I mean, it's interesting to see how much the kind of weird crap on there really does like tickle their brains in the right places.
And like, they crave it. Like, they're like, "Yes. I must watch these terrible animations of just colors moving or like a kid just unboxing a toy," you know?
PJ: YouTube generates an estimated 10 billion a year in ad revenue. And kids programming is a big part of that. The highest paid youtube star last year had a channel where he unboxed toys, like Legos.
KID: We are going to do what's inside the box challenge.
PJ: He made 22 million dollars. He's 7 years old.
KID: I'm gonna beat daddy… no i'm the master.
So there's a lot of money to be made if you can find a way to attract a bunch of young subscribers and cater to their tiny, evolving attention spans. Which means that the giant invisible mass of people who are always trying to cheaply make money on the internet, a bunch of them have now stampeded over to Kids YouTube.
BLIPPI VIDEO: [music] So much to learn about. It'll make you want to shout. Blippi!
PJ: So this is Blippi. Katie did a story about him. He's kind of got kind of a mime vibe, except he wears a bright blue shirt and bright orange suspenders and these huge fake glasses without lenses in them. His videos, which are about like pizza and fire trucks, get millions of views.
BLIPPI: Hey! This looks like a hammer right? [banging while laughing maniacally]
KATIE: Um, but behind the scenes, the guy is also a guy who the year before he created the children's character, he was trying to be like, a viral gross-out guy, and he like, had a viral video where he shat on his friend and stuff.
PJ: Wait, really?
KATIE: Yeah. He made um, a Harlem—do you remember the Harlem Shake meme?
Where it was like a clip of a techno song where it sort of starts out soft, and then the beat drops, and the song changes. And the videos would be sort of two phases where it would start off with like one person dancing sort of by themselves, and then as soon as the beat dropped, it would be like a whole room full of people like in crazy costumes dancing all funny?
KATIE: So he made a Harlem Shake meme where he, it starts out with like, him dancing on the toilet by himself. And then, you know, when the beat drops, his friend appears, and they're both like, totally nude, and he takes a shit on his friend.
KATIE: Like, a giant explosive diarrhea shit.
KATIE: And like, it's honestly like, an incredibly funny video. Um, like–
PJ: (laughs)
KATIE: It's the best Harlem, like, by far, the absolute funniest Harlem Shake meme I've ever seen in my life.
KATIE: But, you know, he made that in February, and by the next January, he had started this Blippi character who now has videos, like, they're wildly–like you know, he has videos that get just like hundreds and millions of views.
PJ: And to be clear, Katie actually thinks that Blippi's probably harmless. To her, he's just an example of how there's absolutely no vetting process for who gets to have an audience of millions of kids.
What actually does feel scary are these other videos that are also popular with kids, although they're further out on the fringe from Blippi. These are videos that are aimed at kids where the content is not stupid, mindless fun, where it's actually designed to disturb them.
Where they'd see stuff like–real kids getting bound and gagged by an adult man, or a video where a kid gets stuffed into a washing machine by a guy in a clown mask, or another one that's just a kid in a dentist chair with a mouth full of blood.
YouTube finally cracked down on this particular genre of video after Buzzfeed wrote about it. But not before they'd already racked up tens of millions of views.
KATIE: There had also been, another sort of YouTube for kids scandal, where it was discovered that there was this sort of pedophile ring running on YouTube, where they would, um, find videos that had been uploaded from young girls, um, where, you know, maybe they would just be like, hanging out in their bedroom, but there would be like one shot where, you know, they would be slightly, uh, they would be in like revealing clothing or something.
KATIE: And the pedophiles would all comment it, like, with the timestamp of that exact moment in the comments.
PJ: Oh–
KATIE: To sort of signal to each other like, "Hey, fast-forward to, you know, 3 minutes and 10 seconds." Um, and that there was, these videos would all sort of recommend to each other. Um, so there was this whole panic about pedophiles on YouTube.
PJ: And was that a thing that was really happening?
KATIE: That was a thing that was really happening.
PJ: Oh wow.
KATIE: Yeah.
PJ: YouTube's response to this was to delete the comments, ban the accounts that made them, and actually in most cases to just make it so videos aimed at kids couldn't have comments at all.
But so, if you're a parent who just sometimes wants to put their kid in front of YouTube so you can send one email this is the world of things that you now have to worry about. In fact, the part of the Momo story that I found least credible, which was the detail about how kids were seeing otherwise normal Youtube videos that where spliced in at some point would be someone telling them to harm themselves... something like that did happen in real life.
KATIE: So there actually was, like, a real news story of people, like trolls, who had spliced in instructions of like, how to harm yourself in the middle of kids videos. Um, and–
PJ: That had actually happened?
KATIE: Yes. So that had actually happened and there was like news reports of this just a few days before the Momo thing.
PJ: I actually looked up this video. It's really disturbing. It's a couple of minutes of just animated characters waddling around and then a guy walks across the screen, stands in the middle, and mimes holding a knife over his arm. He says to the camera.
MAN'S VOICE: Remember kids…
PJ: Remember kids.
MAN'S VOICE: Sideways for attention…
PJ: Sideways for attention.
MAN'S VOICE: Longways for results…
PJ: Longways for results.
MAN'S VOICE: End it.
PJ: End it.
KATIE: And then, a few days later, a very similar version of this story pops up, but this time it's this hideous bird lady, named Momo, who is telling kids to hurt themselves.
[SPANISH NEWS CLIP]
So, Momo apparently came to the U.S. from Latin America.
PJ: So what was happening was, kids were going on WhatsApp and they were sending each other pictures of Momo, saying that Momo was this monster and you had to do whatever she said. Somehow that got turned into the idea that kids were committing suicide because of Momo. Never proven, but parents freaked out. The police got involved. The media got involved, and then somehow, that image went from Latin American internet and TV over to American Reddit.
From Reddit, it went to 4chan.
And Katie's best guess is that that's where it happened,.
She thinks it's possible trolls could have intentionally taken that rumor and spread it to parents on Facebook because it would be funny to watch them freak out.
KATIE: I can imagine the, you know, the teenage boys on a Discord server, like private chat room, and they're laughing and, you know, I'm defensive because I am a mom. Like, "Hey, don't make fun of moms!" Or like, I get it that like, Mom on Facebook is like, an easy like mark to make fun of, sort of.
PJ: Yeah, and it just feels like, right, it sucks because it's both like, the joke is mean and shitty, and the joke working, it makes it look like they're right. But I don't think they're right.
KATIE: Yeah, I mean, I think that, like what's sort of annoying about it a little bit is there'a a certain element of like, if I say to you, "Hey, guess what? I had a hamburger for lunch." And you're like, "Okay," and I was like, "Haha! I totally fooled you. I actually had a burrito. I was totally lying."
You'd be like, "Yeah, okay, well, like that was a reasonable thing you told me. Why would I doubt that?" Um, so I feel like it's one of those of lies where it's like, you're not really pulling one over so much on someone because it was kind of believable. So good job, you just lied.
PJ: What I didn't understand and what is crazy is that this is believable. Like that's the thing I didn't know. It's like oh all these crazy parents are believing that people put razor blades in candy at Halloween. And then you find out like well, they don't put razor blades, but they put tiny daggers and broken glass.
KATIE: (laughs) Yeah, exactly.
PJ: 'Cause you don't have to believe that the thing is working. You can just believe that it's out there to hurt your kids, like to scare them, and while that's not true, it's totally believable.
KATIE: Yeah, if the fear is that 4chan trolls are trying to fuck with your kids, that's, that's true. Like, they are.
PJ: Katie Notopoulos. You can read her very, very good piece about Blippi's viral video of him taking a crap on his friend and all of her other wonderful tech reporting on Buzzfeed News.
KATIE: Oh, I was, I was just going to say, I- I listened–I was listening to your robocall episode, um, and I feel- I–I'll be honest, I feel like I don't totally feel satisfied by it.
PJ: Really? What, what do you want?
KATIE: I guess like, it's so (sighs) I guess so, so part of what I'm curious about is like the- the, how it works spoofing the phone number. So I understand that like they, they are targeting you based on your location, but like, how do they seem able to call from a seemingly endless amount of phone numbers that like eerily look very similar to my own?
KATIE: I guess I would love to know what the machine is that makes the fake phone numbers.
PJ: Right, right.
KATIE: That's always part of the mystery to me, I think.
PJ: Okay, let me find out if we can figure that out.
KATIE: Okay.
PJ: After the break, uh, we try to fix the robocall story for Katie.
PJ VOGT: Phia?
PHIA BENNIN: PJ.
PJ: Alex?
ALEX GOLDMAN: PJ?
PJ: (laughing) Damiano?
DAMIANO MARCHETTI: Do I all have to say–have to say PJ?
PJ: It's a free country.
DAMIANO: PJ.
PJ: Um, so an interesting thing happened when I called Katie, which was that, she was like, "I want to talk to you about the robocalls episode."
PHIA: Hm.
PJ: Uh, not in like the tone of voice of somebody who loved something.
DAMIANO: (laughs)
ALEX: Oooh!
DAMIANO: Oh, no.
ALEX: For our listeners, a couple weeks ago, we did an episode called "Robocall Bang Bang," which was about just how robocalls have gotten so much worse lately and why. And also about a theory that Damiano had about how he was being targeted for robocalls based on his location. And I guess that Katie didn't like it.
PJ: She was just like–she was like, "I feel like I still have questions that didn't get answered."
DAMIANO: Huh.
PJ: Number one was just like, how do robocallers actually spoof numbers? Like how could they make it look like the call that Katie's getting is coming from Katie's phone?
DAMIANO: Uh huh.
PJ: Or from a phone number that's like one digit off of hers, and do it like, tens and tens of times a day.
ALEX: I know the answers to all these questions.
PJ: Well, look at you.
PHIA: (laughs)
ALEX: (laughs) Not to brag–not to brag, but I know the answers. And I'm–
PJ: That was- that was like—
ALEX: Willing to share them all with you.
PJ: If something, if there was like a catastrophic event and we lost know-it-all voice–
PJ: And it had to be like recreated, and you were still alive, everything would be fine.
ALEX: Listen, you have questions, I have answers. It's as simple as that.
ALEX: So, what you're talking about is spoofing, which is the act of calling someone using a phone number that's not the phone number you're actually dialing from.
PJ: Basically, faking caller ID.
ALEX: Yes, that's is actually very easy to do. There is software you can get that's very cheap, if not free, that allows you to just put in whatever number you want.
PJ: Like, you can just say, I want my caller ID to be 911 and it will work?
ALEX: You could say you want your number to be the White House's number. You could say you want it to be whatever you want.
PJ: And why is that possible?
ALEX: Because it is a terrible, ridiculous flaw that was baked into the telephone system decades ago.
DAMIANO: Hm.
ALEX: So, caller ID came to the US in the late-80s.
PJ: From where?
ALEX: They had it in Japan for a long time before then, believe it or not.
PJ: Weird, okay.
ALEX: People were getting caller ID boxes at their houses and that posed a problem for big companies because they wanted any phone call that you got from the company regardless of where it originated from to have the company's, like, 1-800 number.
PJ: So like, if 1-800-Contacts calls you from one of their centers, you just want it, to make it so that people call back 1-800-Contacts no matter what.
ALEX: And at the time, the only way to do it was to purchase like a really, really expensive phone line from the big phone companies. But then in like, the mid-2000s, making phone calls over the internet suddenly became really easy, right?
ALEX: And they gave all the same functionality to those phone lines, so on those phone lines you could do the same thing that these huge companies were doing for much, much cheaper.
PJ: Got it.
ALEX: So, any mope with a computer and an internet connection can call people from any number that they want.
PJ: Okay. I understand what's happening. I don't understand why they don't just fix it though.
ALEX: Do you wanna know who agrees with you wholeheartedly?
PJ: Who?
ALEX: Damiano Marchetti. Every time he–we talk about it.
ALEX: Every time someone says it, they're just like, well, you know, the, this system was made decades ago before people had the capability to make these calls, but Damiano is like, "what's wrong with you people?"
DAMIANO: Well, I just–and I can't get anyone to agree with me, which makes me feel insane.
DAMIANO: But it's like literally, the way it was explained to us is that, like, if you're making like a voice over I.P. call, which is how a lot of these robocalls are made, like over the Internet as opposed to, like, over a landline.
DAMIANO: There is just like a box that points up being like, "Which number are you calling to? What number do you want to be calling from? And everytime someone tells me that I'm just like, "do these people who invented the system not live in a world where like people have other than good intentions sometimes?"
PJ: Exactly! Even- even–even when it's like, oh, but don't worry, it was like decades ago and it was all companies, like, companies also do bad things. Like it just feels weird that–
DAMIANO: Right.
PJ: You're like, okay, we want to provide this one narrow, uh, opportunity of convenience, and so we'll just create a system that has no security at all.
DAMIANO: It's funny. Alex and I, when we were working on "Long Distance," which is our story about tracking a robocaller down.
DAMIANO: We actually used a call spoofer.
ALEX: We knew that people knew our number and wouldn't pick up.
PJ: Oh, so you spoofed a different phone number.
ALEX: Mhm. I signed up for this service called SpoofCard that made it look like I was calling from Indian phone numbers, so they would pick up.
PJ: Oh, I forgot, I used to have an app like this.
DAMIANO: We spoofed our calls.
PJ: Yeah. I used to do this like, actually I got ahold of one of, like, a call spoofer in high school? And I would just call people from other people's numbers at weird hours. And then they would call people and be like why'd you call me? And I just like enjoyed being a–
ALEX: You would spoof numbers–
DAMIANO: What a tricky boy.
ALEX: When we worked at WNYC, you would spoof numbers–
PJ: Oh, yeah.
ALEX: And then call me with like a prank phone call soundboard.
PJ: Yeah. It was really good–
ALEX: It was so annoying. He'd sit across from me, and I'd be like, "Hello?" And it'd be like, "Hey this is Larry from that mechanic."
PJ: It was really–it was like super low-grade–
ALEX: "Your butt broke down."
PJ: And Alex would sometimes fall for them.
DAMIANO: Your butt–?
PJ: Like he would start talking to a recorded sound voice and then it got to a point where he was getting so mad that it like wasn't an okay joke to do anymore.
ALEX: It was never funny.
PJ: It was very funny to everyone watching your reaction.
DAMIANO: For someone who likes prank calls so much–
PJ: Yeah!
DAMIANO: It seems like you don't like to be on the other end.
ALEX: I will say the funny thing is that one time PJ was trying not to laugh and the way he did it was by opening a drawer and putting his head in, just so he couldn't look directly at me.
ALEX: And it was like visually very pleasing
PJ: Anyway.
ALEX: So…all of this is to say that this is very easy–it's easy enough that PJ would use it to phone call me at work. And the reason is that the system has been built in such a way that like I don't know how they would fix that.
DAMIANO: Well you shouldn't say they–you don't know how to–they're gonna fix that. Because they're trying to fix it right now, right? Right now you can just go on your telephone little interface and be like, "I want to be calling from, you know, PJ's aunt's number."
DAMIANO: But, they've created this like little signature, which basically like, what will happen is like, when you're getting a phone call from somebody, your phone company could actually check, like, where is this phone call actually coming from?
PHIA: I just want to, to add a thing about that because I know about that too. I don't know how we'd like–
PJ: The reason that I asked all three of you to be in this room.
PJ: Is because I know that you guys are like the three-headed god of understanding robocalls.
DAMIANO: This is just like, surround sound robocall knowledge?
PJ: Yeah. Team robocall know-it-all.
PHIA: Yeah, so, the thing that Damiano is talking about, where like telephone calls are going to have a little signature in them, that's actually this project that a bunch of experts have been working on and it's called STIR/SHAKEN.
PJ: STIR/SHAKEN?
PHIA: Yes, STIR/SHAKEN. And it's a group of people from the telephone community, like, AT&T, Verizon, Google, um, and they've all gotten together and they're working on this plan where they'll actually be able to catch robocallers because of this little signature in the calls. I think all of the major telephone companies have announced that they're going to be putting this in place this year. So, 2019 should hopefully be the year that like robocalls start getting better.
PJ: Oh! Okay.
ALEX: Thank heavens.
PHIA: So that's a pretty nice, nice update.
PJ: Okay, so wait, so going back to Katie's thing. One of the things she wants to understand, like, why is it so easy to spoof numbers? Have that.
But like in the episode, you guys would be like, they use a robo-dialer, they use an auto-dialer. What exactly is an auto dialer? Like, what does it actually look like?
ALEX: So there are basically two ways you can auto dial. There's like one that's kind of more above-board, which is there are companies where you go–log into a website, and they have a service that you upload a file to and um–
PJ: A file of phone numbers?
ALEX: A file of phone numbers. Like a CSV file, like a–
DAMIANO: Spreadsheet–
ALEX: An excel spreadsheet.
ALEX: And, um, you press a button and it dials those numbers.
PJ: So, that's if like, the above-board use would be like, it's a snow day, we gotta call all the parents.
ALEX: Yeah, exactly.
ALEX: So, there's like Talk Desk. It's like a site that allows you to do that, but it also like–
PJ: Do that, call a bunch of people.
ALEX: Call a bunch of people.
PJ: I was picturing for no reason at all, an actual machine, and I'm like slightly disappointed that it's a website.
ALEX: No, it's not act–it's not actually a machine, it's, it's a computer somewhere.
DAMIANO: (laughing) You thought it was a machine?
DAMIANO: What did you think? Like you had to go in the room and like use Svetlana and like–
PJ: Yes.
DAMIANO: (laughing) And you had to–
PJ: I pictured like a Soviet-era, like that like weird beigey–
ALEX: Like an answering machine?
PJ: Yeah, and there were like buttons on it and there was like–
DAMIANO: What are you–(laughs) what?
PJ: If I really think it out–
ALEX: You put punch cards in it.
PJ: And there's like a robot hand that like hits the numbers. I didn't really think that, but I think that's the world of machinery that I was picturing.
ALEX: Well, I've got something that's a little closer to what you're describing. It's basically like the digital version of what you're describing.
ALEX: So, rather than, uh, going to a website, there are also sort of, much more sort of fast and loose software that you can download and will be on a computer, and you can dial using that.
PJ: That's a little better because then I picture somebody's laptop–their autodialer laptop that's just sitting there running all the calls–
ALEX: And that's, I mean, that's pretty much what it is. I've got a screenshot of Autodialer Pro which is like–
PJ: That sounds shady as hell.
ALEX: It looks like the thing you're describing, let me just show you.
PJ: Oh yeah, this is the stuff.
PJ: It's like the grey, old, old Windows style–
ALEX: It looks like Windows 2000, and–
DAMIANO: Is this a, this is a contemporary program?
ALEX: Yeah–
PJ: Oh my god! And it actually has graphics of a old telephone dial pad on it.
ALEX: Mhm. And so what you do is–
PJ: This is what I wanted it to be.
ALEX: So what you do is, again, you can upload a spreadsheet OF PHONE NUMBERS to it. But the other thing that I learned while I was going over the Autodialer Pro website, is that there are scripts that you can execute on it.
PJ: Like computer programming–
ALEX: To, yeah, to make, to make phone calls so that it will hang up if X happens, like hang up if it gets an answering machine, hang up if busy. Um, it can select based on the area code of the person they're calling, it will automatically choose that area code as the dialer.
PJ: Yup.
DIAMIANO: Makes sense.
ALEX: And it can even get more granular than that. It can match the first four numbers or the first six numbers. It can look like it's coming from your number.
PJ: Here's something I'm curious about. One of the things that I've believed is that if I ever pick up the phone, then they know that it's a real phone number and they will call me forever.
PJ: And so I don't really pick up the phone. Does the software, can it do that? Can it be like, if pickup, keep on list.
ALEX: Yes. Pretty much any autodialling software, if you- if someone–if a human picks up, it can mark that number so that it can call it back more often.
DAMIANO: Really?
ALEX: It can also mark the phone numbers of people based on how long they stay on the phone with the recording. So if a person's on with–on it for like ten seconds, as opposed to five, you can call them back more often.
DAMIANO: Oh no.
DAMIANO: They have like a sucker list.
ALEX: But the other thing is that these autodialer apps, they don't let you just call one number at a time, they let you call like hundreds or thousands of numbers at a time.
PJ: That hadn't occurred to me. I was literally thinking a machine that like, calls someone, hang up, calls someone.
ALEX: No.
DAMIANO: Oh my god, PJ (laughs).
PJ: (laughs) I don't know. I–these things are not, I don't think these are as obvious as you think they are. I think you've spent a little too much time in robocall land.
ALEX: Uh, alright, that–does that answer your questions?
PJ: Let me, let me just actually play this back in my head. So, the way it works is, it's super easy to spoof phone numbers because the phone companies left this loophole so that like AAA could call you or whatever, and have their corporate phone number show up. But they might fix it soon.
Um, but, but because it's easy to spoof caller I.D., if you know somebody's location, it's really easy to spoof, like, the phone number of where they are to them, and that's happening with these huge software, unfortunately, programs that can just call hundreds of thousands of people simultaneously.
PJ: And the software itself can be configured to like, try to outsmart humans basically.
PJ: Okay. I feel like if you guys–if this was what we put in the original episode, I think Katie would have really liked that (laughs).
ALEX: Can I just say real quick that in the—since the last episode aired, I got really into a terrible phone game.
PHIA: Oh no. What is it?
ALEX: It's called Matchington Mansion.
PJ: Oh boy.
DAMIANO: (slowly, in disbelief) Matchington Mansion?
PHIA: Oh, you told me about this one!
ALEX: And in–
DAMIANO: Oh, boy–
ALEX: And it's basically just like Candy Crush, except every time you win a level you get a star, and you can use the stars to renovate a dilapidated mansion.
PJ: Oh, it's the two kind of addictive games pushed together.
DAMIANO: Yes.
PJ: That's horrible.
DAMIANO: So what's your mansion look like now?
PHIA: He showed it to me.
ALEX: I've cleaned up the master bedroom, and the library, and the foyer. (DAMIANO laughs)
PJ: It's insane cause you do not clean the actual space that you live in.
DAMIANO: I was just gonna say! I don't understand why this is attractive to you, like–!
PHIA: No, he's like changing the wallpaper, (ALEX: Mhm.) he's not like, just tidying.
ALEX: Yeah, I fixed the, I fixed the fireplace.
PJ: Also, in real life like–
DAMIANO: I feel like I would really like updating that house.
PJ: You guys shouldn't be allowed to talk to each other.
Reply All is hosted by PJ Vogt and me Alex Goldman. We're produced by Sruthi Pinnamaneni, Phia Bennin, Damiano Marchetti, Anna Foley, Jessica Yung, and Emmanuel Dzotsi. Our show's edited by Tim Howard. We're mixed by Rick Kwan. Fact-checking by Michelle Harris. Our intern is Christina Ayele Djossa. Special thanks this week to Chris Drake. Our theme song is by the mysterious Breakmaster Cylinder. Our ad music is by Build Buildings.
Matt Lieber is like right after you have a terrible cold and someone tells you something that makes you laugh, and for the first time in weeks, it's doesn't make you cough.
You can listen to the show on iTunes, Spotify, or wherever you get your podcasts. Thanks for listening. We'll see you in two weeks.