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History Literature Philosophy Opinion Law & Justice All Topics
Vladimir Nabokov Speak Memory Russian Literature Russian Revolution
The 1905 Russian Revolution through the Eyes of Vladimir Nabokov in Speak, Memory
By Iulia O. Basu-Zharku
2011, Vol. 3 No. 01 | pg. 1/1
Keywords:Vladimir Nabokov Speak Memory Russian Literature Russian Revolution
The insight that Vladimir Nabokov provides into the 1905 Russian Revolution, in his book Speak, Memory, sometimes merges with the general view--presented, for example, by Nicholas V. Riasanovsky in a more traditional account--but at many other times is totally unique, a product of Nabokov's personal observations.
Many of the causes that determined the 1905 Russian Revolution are presented in Nabokov's novel. One of these is industrialization, which occurred at a rapid pace: "In the early years of this century, a travel agency on Nevski Avenue displayed a three-foot-long model of an oak-brown international sleeping car.... One could make out the blue upholstery inside, the embossed leather lining of the compartment walls, their polished panels, inset mirrors, tulip-shaped reading lamps, and other maddening details. Spacious windows alternated with narrower ones... and some of these were of frosted glass.... The then great and glamorous Nord-Express... connected St Petersburg with Paris."1 This industrialization, which grew apace under Witte's supervision2, was accompanied by a proportionate decrease in the living conditions of industrial workers, who were enduring "overcrowded housing with often deplorable sanitary conditions, an exhausting workday... widespread disease... constant risk of injury from poor safety conditions, harsh workplace discipline, and inadequate wages."3 All of this could only spread resentment towards the government and the Tsar, helping form a perfect arena for revolutionary ideas, notably Marxism4. However, these details are not dwelled upon by Nabokov, who gives only a glimpse of the luxurious results of this trying process.
In addition, the author presents the poverty and desperation that plagued the countryside: "fatal poverty and fatalistic wealth got fantastically interwoven in that strange first decade of our century. Several times during the summer... the butler, with an unhappy expression on his face, would bend over and inform my father in a low voice... that a group of villagers wanted to see the barin outside.... It presumably had to do with a plea for his mediation of some local feud, or with some special subsidy, or with the permission to harvest some bit of our land or cut down a coveted clump of our trees. If, as usually happened, the request was at once granted, there would again be that buzz, and then... the good barin would be... rocked and tossed up and securely caught by a score or so of strong arms"5.
1st edition cover of Speak, Memory by Vladimir Nabokov.
Nabokov learns of the problems in the country from the village schoolmaster, as well, who "took us [the author and his brother] for instructive walks ('What you hear is the sound of scythe being sharpened'; 'That field there will be given a rest next season'; 'Oh, just a small bird-no special name'; 'If that peasant is drunk, it is because he is poor')"6. Through Vasiliy Martinovich Zhernosekov (the school master) one can see as in a realistic painting, the changes happening in the countryside, the liberal and revolutionary ideas that penetrate the villages. The schoomaster is one of those "fiery revolutionaries," maybe one of the 3rd elements, who "would gesture vehemently on our country rambles and speak of humanity and freedom and the badness of warfare and the sad (but interesting, I thought) necessity to blowing up tyrants, and sometimes he would produce the then popular pacifist book Doloy Oruzhie!... and treat me, a child of six, to tedious quotations"7. However, the rise of the Social Democrats and their more radical factions are not mentioned; only the end result, the Bolshevik Revolution, is mentioned again and again.
Another major problem was the Russo-Japanese war8. At Abbazia (at the Adriatic Sea), in a café, his father sees two Japanese officers at a table nearby "and we immediately left-not without my hastily snatching a whole bombe of lemon sherbet, which I carried away secreted in my aching mouth. The year was 1904. I was five. Russia was fighting Japan"9. English newspapers, of which Nabokov gives the example of the one his governess, Miss Norcott, received, illustrated Japanese cartoons of Russian locomotives drowning as a threat "if our Army tried to lay rails across the treacherous ice of Lake Baikal"10. The war was in the attention of Europe. However, Nabokov sees the war only through a child eyes, to whom General Kuropatkin the movement of the sea with some matches just before he is called "to assume supreme command of the Russian army in the Far East"11. Only later on, as an adult, Nabokov acknowledges that the war ended disastrously: "his [General Kuropatkin's] armies also vanished, and everything has fallen through, like my toy trains that, in the winter of 1904-1905, in Wiesbaden, I tried to run over the frozen puddles in the grounds of the Hotel Oranien"12.
Nonetheless, the problems did not stop there. Nabokov's father's (Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov) brief biography, illustrates further the problems that led to the Revolution of 1905: the pogroms (an example that Nabokov gives is the one in Kishinev in 190313), which are noted by the liberal aristocrats, to which Nabokov's father pertains. He writes about the pogrom in Kishinbev, thus losing his court title "in January 1905, after which he severed all connexion with the Tsar's government and resolutely plunged into antidespotic politics"14. This shows another major, probably essential issue that brings about the Revolution of 1905: the Tsar is estranged from his own class-the aristocrats. Nabokov's father "at an official banquet in 1904... refused to drink the Tsar's health"15. This note probably alludes to the "banquet campaigns" which were staged by the liberals "featuring fervent speeches and resolutions calling for democratizing political change".16 It is also a clear example of the gap between some of the members of the aristocracy and the Tsar. In the wake of 1905, political meetings were illegal, and they would frequently be held in secret at the house of one or another, in this case Nabokov's father's house estate at Vyra: "he had to attend many committee meetings, and these were often held at our house17.
Thus, up to this point, the Tsar and his government gathered the workers, the peasants and the aristocrats against themselves, creating a perfect context for a revoltuin. A telling episode is the involving Nabokov's cousin, Yuri, who in 1904 was "coming out of a souvenir shop and running toward me with a breloque, an inch-long little pistol of silver, which he was anxious to show me-and suddenly sprawling on the sidewalk but not crying when he picked himself up, unmindful of a bleeding knee and still clutching his minuscule weapon"18. In some ways, Yuri's gesture is the one that the whole Russia is doing: rising up, beaten and worked as it is, to ask for a change, and not releasing the weapon at any cost, feeling that it is the last resort in this battle with its own government.
The consequences to all the problems enumerated above, and seen through the eyes of a child, were "furious internal disorders". Nabokov's mother is "undaunted by them" and returns after "a year of foreign resorts"19, namely Beaulieu, Abbazia and Wiesbaden20, to Russia. This return was happening "in the beginning of 1905," just as the Revolution starts. It is a perfect example of a scene of the countryside, which was not as affected by the bloody revolution as the cities were. Amidst the revolution, "a large woman, a very stout woman, Mademoiselle rolled into our existence in December 1905 when I was six and my brother was five"21. Indeed this serene, tranquil country life, dominated by the image of a French governess, is contrasted with the cities' 1905 "a year of strikes, riots and police-inspired massacres, and I suppose my father wished to keep his family away from the city... where his popularity with the peasants might mitigate, as he correctly surmised, the risks of unrest"22. In Moscow, the trees in Maria Square witnessed "children shot down at random from the branches into which they had climbed in a vain attempt to escape the mounted gendarmes who were quelling the First Revolution (1905-1906)23. These gruesome scenes (which the author emphasizes that were not singular at all24) go beyond what is usually present in history textbooks (general strikes and police shooting at petitioners and workers25) and portray the revolution's violence and the government's injustice.
In contrast to his mother, Nabokov's father is in the middle of the revolution: he goes to Moscow, being one of the founders of the Constitutionalist Democratic Party, and upon his return, he wants his sons to learn Russian and asks the village schoolmaster to teach them26. This shows not only Nabokov's father's patriotism ("he ascertained, with patriotic dismay, that my brother and I could read and write English but not Russian"27) but also is a way to introduce his liberalism and protectorate over education: the schoolmaster "revered my father who had recently rebuilt and modernized the village school"28. This glimpse into his father's activities is also a way to enter the world of the liberals and their newly formed (in 1905) Constitutionalist Democratic Party (or Cadet), after putting the bases of the Union of Liberation, in 190329. This activity of Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov is not surprising at all, put in the context that his son puts it. The author's grandfather, Dmitri Nikolaevich Nabokov, had been Minister of Justice in the time of Alexander III, and Nabokov confesses that his grandfather "did what he could to protect, if not strengthen, the liberal reforms of the sixties (trial by jury, for instance) against ferocious reactionary attacks"30 (pg. 40). His legacy went on to his descendants, especially Nabokov's father (although Nabokov's grandmother, Baroness Maria von Korff, opposed it, seeing in the upcoming revolution a disintegration of her class31) and uncle Konstantin, who entered diplomacy and was the protagonist of an incident in "Moscow, on 17 February 1905, when an older friend, the Grand Duke Sergey, half a minute before the explosion, offered him a lift in his carriage, and my uncle said no, thanks, he'd rather walk, and away rolled the carriage to its fatal rendezvouz with a terrorist's bomb"32. This episode not only emphasizes the long history of liberalism and political life in Nabokov's family but also portrays lesser known moments of the revolution of 1905, like the assassination of the Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich, the Tsar's uncle by revolutionary terrorist33. Uncle Konstantin was not the only one of Nabokov's uncles to enter diplomacy: his mother's brother, Vasiliy Ivanovich Rukavisnikov34 was another one, although about his activities neither Nabokov, nor his family, seem to have known much.
In Speak, Memory, Nabokov gives a frugal look into the 1905 Russian Revolution and its causes, dwelling on the issues he was most familiar with, like the peasants' pleas, the organizations and activities of the liberal aristocrats an the Russo-Japanese war, and less so into the situation of the workers. But in doing so, he also gives us precious details, that history books do not always record; the look and feel of industrialization, the luxury of life in the countryside, despite the problems raging throughout the country, the continuous Westernization of the aristocratic class as well as their professed patriotism, and the personal touch of all the events, such as the realistic and human portrait of the commander in chief of the Russian army. Lastly, it gives details of the 1905 Russian Revolution that show it in all its grotesque and violence, extended from the revolutionaries in the streets, to innocent children, and to the members of the royal family. In this, Nabokov tells us that the 1905 Russian Revolution involved everybody and forgave nobody.
Alexy, Archbishop of Orekhovo-Zuevskij. "The Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich." Spasnanovom. Novospassky Monastery, http://www.spasnanovom.ru/330105.
Nabokov, Vladimir. Speak, memory. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.
Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. and Steinberg, Mark D. A History of Russia. 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
1.) Vladimir Nabokov, Speak, Memory (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), 107.
2.) Nicholas V. Riasanovsky and Mark D. Steinberg, A History of Russia, 7th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 398-399.
3.) Ibid., 408-409.
5.) Vladimir Nabokov, Speak, Memory (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), 18-19.
6.) Ibid., 71.
9.) Vladimir Nabokov, Speak, Memory (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), 15.
10.) Ibid., 15.
13.) Ibid., 134.
16.) Nicholas V. Riasanovsky and Mark D. Steinberg, A History of Russia, 7th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 379.
17.) Vladimir Nabokov, Speak, Memory (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), 144.
25.) Nicholas V. Riasanovsky and Mark D. Steinberg, A History of Russia, 7th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 380-381.
26.) Vladimir Nabokov, Speak, Memory (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), 16.
33.) Alexy, Archbishop of Orekhovo-Zuevskij, "The Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich," Spasnanovom. Novospassky Monastery, http://www.spasnanovom.ru/330105.
34.) Vladimir Nabokov, Speak, Memory (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), 50-51.
Basu-Zharku, I. O. (2011). "The 1905 Russian Revolution through the Eyes of Vladimir Nabokov in Speak, Memory." Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse, 3(01). Retrieved from http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=374
Basu-Zharku, Iulia O. "The 1905 Russian Revolution through the Eyes of Vladimir Nabokov in Speak, Memory." Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse 3.01 (2011). <http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=374>
Basu-Zharku, Iulia O. 2011. The 1905 Russian Revolution through the Eyes of Vladimir Nabokov in Speak, Memory. Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse 3 (01), http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=374
BASU-ZHARKU, I. O. 2011. The 1905 Russian Revolution through the Eyes of Vladimir Nabokov in Speak, Memory. Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse [Online], 3. Available: http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=374
Iulia O. Basu-Zharku graduated in 2010 with a concentration in Psychology from Fairfield University in Fairfield, CT.
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Dave Thomas founded Wendy's with a vision of serving up a quick meal without cutting any corners. As we continue to grow, we will make certain to keep Dave's traditions and legacy in mind. By partnering using the best suppliers in the industry, we're able to serve up fresh, Deliciously Different™ food every day. But Wendy's is about more than just food. By supporting our employees, we continue to feel like a true family business.
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Song Sways Judge that Elderly Woman is Fit to Live at Home
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Broadway Tunes Helped Elderly Woman Get Back Home. Photo credit: Randy Lemoine
Ruth Berk, a 91-year-old former Broadway singer, used her singing abilities to convince a judge to let her return to her home after she had been sent to a nursing home against her will.
Berk persuaded Manhattan judge Tanya Kennedy that she could successfully live in her Greenwich Village apartment by singing the famous show tunes, "My Little Valentine" and "Summertime."
Arthur Schwartz, Berk's lawyer, stated in court papers that at her hearing, "although the justice refused to allow her to speak, [Berk] interrupted the court and told the court that she wanted to go home. She then began to sing for Justice Kennedy."
Berk's daughter, Jessica, 55, said that the judge was more than a little surprised by the unrehearsed performance. Jessica said her mother could be likened to a mixture of Bea Arthur and Elizabeth Taylor in her heyday.
"[The judge] stepped off the bench, took [her] robe off and shook her hand and said, 'Mrs. Berk, that was wonderful. Thank you very much for honoring me with that,'?" Berk's daughter stated.
After the hearing Berk was allowed to return to her home, where she has resided since 1960. But the dispute about where Berk is to live in the future is still not resolved. Lloyd Goldman, owner of Berk's rent-stabilized apartment, has filed an eviction notice in an attempt to kick Berk and her daughter out of their $700/month penthouse. According to Goldman's lawyer, Lawrence Wolf, the mother and daughter owe their landlord $27,000 in back rent for their two-bedroom apartment at 95 Christopher Street.
Berk's lawyer as well as her guardian, Mr. Schwartz, explained that the two have withheld their rent payments because their apartment has been allowed to deteriorate by the landlord, who is guilty of multiple violations of the law as far as upkeep of their apartment is concerned. Schwartz asserted that Goldman has brought 21 unsuccessful landlord-tenant actions during the course of 20 years.
Posted in UncategorizedTagged Arthur Schwartz, Greenwich Village, Lawrence Wolf, Lloyd Goldman, rent control, Ruth Berk


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Frank Lawson moves into a new position at EWEB.
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Arguably, two of the most controversial and well-documented subjects Lawson inherits in his new role are the contract with the Seneca biomass power facility, which extends through 2026, and the development of its 17 acres of riverfront property near downtown Eugene.
Initially attractive to EWEB as a source of local power if its usual sources — such as the federal Bonneville Power Administration — went down, the landscape quickly changed as environmentalists took issue with biomass fuel, and electricity markets surged. The public's outrage only increased due to state and contractually mandated secrecy about the Seneca deal.
While Lawson says he understands the outcry and plans for greater transparency going forward, he points out that Seneca represents only 3 percent of EWEB's total resources and that, therefore, its price impact on customers is minimal.
"Seneca is a small piece — of a piece — of the total cost [of expenditures]. By the time you drill down into it, Seneca, by itself, is a very small increment of total costs," he says.
As for the sale of EWEB's 17 riverfront acres, Lawson is a bit circumspect, saying only that EWEB and the city of Eugene "are in negotiations over the city's potential purchase," and that he will be having discussions with EWEB's board soon.
Back in January, the city agreed to pay EWEB $6.5 million to $6.9 million for the property, without regard to how much money the city actually receives from a sale.
Asked if a deal with the city was concrete, Lawson hedges a bit.
"If we can't reach a deal with the city, then EWEB will have to take a step back and go, 'How do we sell this property?' And it might be to a developer, or it might be to several developers." In any case, the EWEB-developed master plan for the property cannot be altered, no matter who the eventual buyer is, a stipulation both EWEB and the city have already determined.


text:
Q: Play Framework requirejs Error: Error: paths fallback not supported in optimizer I use Play 2.3.7 and get the following error:
[info] Error: Error: paths fallback not supported in optimizer. Please provide a build  config path override for jsparticipantroutes

It appears just on prod mode with ./activator start. In dev mode everything is fine.
When the application runs he can not find any assets
"NetworkError: 404 Not Found - http://localhost:9000/assets/lib/requirejs/require.js"
"NetworkError: 404 Not Found - http://localhost:9000/assets/stylesheets/main.css"
...
...
...
...

build.sbt:
import com.typesafe.sbt.SbtNativePackager.packageArchetype
import com.typesafe.sbt.less.Import.LessKeys
import com.typesafe.sbt.rjs.Import.RjsKeys
import RjsKeys._
import com.typesafe.sbt.rjs.SbtRjs
import com.typesafe.sbt.web.SbtWeb
import play.PlayJava
import com.typesafe.sbt.packager.Keys._

version := "1.0-SNAPSHOT"

scalaVersion := "2.11.1"

// Maintainer for all packages

lazy val root = (project in file(".")).enablePlugins(SbtWeb,PlayJava)

//build-info
buildInfoSettings

sourceGenerators in Compile <+= buildInfo

buildInfoKeys := Seq[BuildInfoKey](name, version, scalaVersion, sbtVersion)

buildInfoKeys ++= Seq[BuildInfoKey](
  resolvers,
  libraryDependencies in Test,
 BuildInfoKey.map(name) { case (k, v) => "project" + k.capitalize -> v.capitalize },
 BuildInfoKey.action("buildTime") {
 System.currentTimeMillis
 } // re-computed each time at compile
)

buildInfoPackage := "info"

  resolvers ++= Seq(
  "Local Maven Repository" at "file:///"+Path.userHome.absolutePath+"/.m2/repository",
  "play-easymail (snapshot)" at "http://joscha.github.io/play-easymail/repo/snapshots/"
 )

libraryDependencies ++= Seq(
  cache,
  "org.webjars" %% "webjars-play" % "2.3.0-2",
  "org.webjars" % "bootstrap" % "3.3.1",
  "org.webjars" % "jquery" % "2.1.1",
  "org.webjars" % "datatables" % "1.10.1",
  "org.webjars" % "requirejs" % "2.1.15",
  "org.webjars" % "datatables-bootstrap" % "2-20120202-2",
  "org.webjars" % "SlickGrid" % "2.1",
  "org.webjars" % "select2" % "3.5.2",
  "org.mongodb" % "mongo-java-driver" % "2.12.2",
  "org.jongo" % "jongo" % "1.0",
  "com.fasterxml.jackson.module" %% "jackson-module-scala" % "2.4.1" % "optional",
  "org.mindrot" % "jbcrypt" % "0.3m",
  "org.webjars" % "d3js" % "3.4.11",
  "org.webjars" % "nvd3" % "1.1.15-beta",
  "org.webjars" % "x-editable-bootstrap3" % "1.5.1",
  "org.webjars" % "font-awesome" % "4.2.0",
  "com.google.inject" % "guice" % "1.0",
  "com.feth" %% "play-easymail" % "0.6.6-SNAPSHOT",
  "org.webjars" % "jquery-ui" % "1.11.1"
)

RjsKeys.mainModule := "main"

pipelineStages := Seq(rjs)

plugins.sbt:
// Comment to get more information during initialization
logLevel := Level.Warn

// The Typesafe repository
resolvers += "Typesafe repository" at "http://repo.typesafe.com/typesafe/releases/"

// Use the Play sbt plugin for Play projects

addSbtPlugin("com.typesafe.sbt" % "sbt-native-packager" % "0.8.0-RC1")

addSbtPlugin("com.typesafe.play" % "sbt-plugin" % "2.3.7")

addSbtPlugin("com.typesafe.sbt" % "sbt-less" % "1.0.0")

addSbtPlugin("com.typesafe.sbt" % "sbt-rjs" % "1.0.7")

addSbtPlugin("com.eed3si9n" % "sbt-buildinfo" % "0.3.2")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
"Boogie Nights" is a 1977 single by international funk-disco group Heatwave. It was written by keyboardist Rod Temperton and was included on Heatwave's debut album, Too Hot to Handle. Harpist Carla Skanger (a pseudonym of Sheila Bromberg of the London Symphony Orchestra) played harp and American actor and singer Clarke Peters performed backing vocals on the recording.

History
The song became one of the best-known disco songs by a British group and charted at #2 on the UK Singles Chart. In the US, "Boogie Nights" also peaked at #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 behind "You Light Up My Life" by Debby Boone.  It  appeared on US Billboard R&B and dance charts during 1977. "Boogie Nights" reached #1 in New Zealand. The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

In the United Kingdom, the song was #2, and entered on March 5, 1977, only behind Leo Sayer with "When I Need You".

"Boogie Nights" has been covered many times by artists such as KC and the Sunshine Band, Will to Power, 911 and The Weather Girls. British boy-band Blue also performed the tune in their live shows.

The song made an appearance in the films Eyes of Laura Mars, Summer of Sam and The Stud, though it was not featured in the 1997 film titled after it: Boogie Nights. Apparently the group's lead singer, Johnnie Wilder Jr., a devout born-again Christian, refused to allow the use of the recording in the film because the song was about dancing, not pornography, while the film was about the latter.

Aaron Judge, right-fielder for the New York Yankees, famously uses the song as his walk-up.

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Sales and certifications

Sonia version

In 1992, British singer Sonia recorded her take on the song, produced by Mark Taylor and Tracy Ackerman for her third studio album, Better the Devil You Know, in 1993. It was released in August 1992 and peaked at #30 on the UK Singles Chart in September. The single's B-side is "My Light", which also appears on the album.

Track listings
Cassette and 7-inch single
 "Boogie Nights" – 3:40
 "My Light" – 3:55

CD single
 "Boogie Nights" – 3:40
 "Boogie Nights" (extended mix) – 5:42
 "My Light" – 3:55

12-inch single
 "Boogie Nights" (extended mix) – 5:42
 "Boogie Nights" (dub mix)
 "My Light" – 3:55

References

External links
Heatwave U.S. 7" single release info at Discogs

1977 singles
1992 singles
Heatwave (band) songs
Will to Power (band) songs
Sonia (singer) songs
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Songs written by Rod Temperton
1976 songs
GTO Records singles
Songs about dancing
Songs about nights

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Screening for osteoporosis with bone mineral density (BMD) is recommended for older adults; however, it is unclear whether repeating a BMD screening test improves fracture risk assessment. The aim of the study presented below was to determine whether changes in BMD after 4 years provide additional information on fracture risk beyond baseline BMD and to quantify the change in fracture risk classification by the FRAX model after a second BMD measure .
The cohort included 310 men and 492 women from the Framingham Osteoporosis Study with two measures of femoral neck BMD taken from 1987 through 1999. Participants were followed through 2009 or 12 years following the second BMD measure. Patients with a history of hip fracture were excluded. The mean age was 74.8 years. Less than one-quarter had normal basal BMD (T-score up to 1), a little more than one-half had osteopenia (T-score between 1 and 2.5), and almost one-quarter were osteoporotic. The mean (standard deviation, SD) BMD change was −0.6% per year (1.8%). Throughout a median follow-up of 9.6 years, 76 participants experienced an incident hip fracture and 113 participants experienced a major osteoporotic fracture. Annual percent BMD change per SD decrease was associated with risk of hip fracture (hazard ratio (HR) 1.43; 95% CI 1.16–1.78) and major osteoporotic fracture (HR 1.21; 95% CI 1.01–1.45) after adjusting for baseline BMD. At 10 years' follow-up, 1 SD decrease in annual percent BMD change compared with the mean BMD change was associated with 3.9 excess hip fractures per 100 persons. Using the net reclassification index, a second BMD measure increased the proportion of participants reclassified as at high risk of hip fracture by 3.9% (95% CI −2.2% to 9.9%), whereas it decreased the proportion classified as at low risk by −2.2% (95% CI −4.5% to 0.1%).
The conclusion was that, in untreated men and women of mean age 75 years, a second BMD measure after 4 years did not meaningfully improve the prediction of hip or major osteoporotic fracture. Repeating a BMD measure within 4 years to improve fracture risk stratification may not be necessary in adults of this age untreated for osteoporosis.
Several previous studies focused on the issue whether BMD change improves fracture prediction beyond baseline BMD. This has both medical and economic perspectives, since any conclusions dictate the frequency of repeat BMD testing, and the corresponding budget that should be allocated by national health services or health maintenance organizations. As an example, the US Preventive Services Task Force recommends waiting a minimum of 2 years to obtain a second BMD measure but notes that 'longer intervals may be necessary to improve fracture prediction' .
Another major issue, often investigated, is whether any fracture risk calculation score, such as FRAX, can provide reliable fracture prediction even without BMD results. It is quite clear that the combination of BMD and clinical risk factors (CRFs) predicts fractures better than BMD or CRFs alone .
The Framingham project is actually a life-long, very tight follow-up program, which observes and records vast amounts of data related to a well-defined white population living in one area in the United States. This is its value, but also its limitation, since results may not be generalized to other communities or countries with different ethnic populations. The median hip fracture risk score (interquartile range) using the second BMD test was 4.6%, and the mean annual change in hip BMD was −0.6%. For major osteoporotic fractures, every SD decrease in annual percent BMD change was associated with an HR of 1.21 for risk of fracture after adjusting for baseline BMD. The investigators concluded that repeating a BMD test after 4 years would rarely change the clinical management of osteoporosis based on risk scores of hip fracture. Individuals with the greatest changes in risk scores were those who would have already been classified as at high risk based on historic BMD and updated clinical characteristics. However, for major osteoporotic fractures, a second BMD measure appeared somewhat more useful.
Whether these recommendations will be regarded as useful remains to be seen, but my guess is that they will not change the current practice for determining the frequency of BMD testing. The short 'Limitation' section at the end of the article exposes many material problems: BMD measurements were done by two different machines/scanners and, therefore, inter-machine and intra-machine precision errors could result in misclassification of risk. Only the surviving participants of the Framingham project were available, of course, for the second BMD testing, and thus from a lifetime perspective of a prevention program, there was a selection bias. Patients with a history of hip fracture and patients receiving estrogen were excluded. There was no data on use of medications (except estrogen). There were no data on parental or family history of hip fracture. Last, but not least, the specific cohort was old and the retrieved data are certainly not applicable to people in their fifties or sixties, the people we want to target as well in our fracture prevention programs.


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
        <integer name="action_find">600</integer>
</resources>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Test Coverage - Exclude The Android SDK When I run test with coverage, it includes the entire Android SDK.

How do I exclude it so that I get an accurate number?

A: You can add your app package in default JUnit configuration like-

And it should include only your package.