On the cake and flower games, I am acing the levels, sometimes getting twice as much money as is necessary for Superstar, and yet as I reach the end, I find I have not earned enough money to upgrade everything. Is it just me? It seems like superstar-level scores ought to be enough to upgrade everything by the end. Is there a way to get other money or repeat levels for extra money?
I also noticed this and wondered why it seemed impossible to fully upgrade when you are nearing the end of the levels. When I replay a level it doesn't allow me to shop again, but wonder if I upgrade and then go back to beginning? I haven't tried that. But once you've gotten the superstar, it's hard to want to go back to play a level again....at least for me anyway. I have enjoyed this silly little game. It's childish, but fun.
You don't need to fully upgrade the shop; it's intentional. You can run the last few levels fine, even without all upgrades.
I'll agree though, I didn't like this. You can fully upgrade the shop in other Cake Mania games too.


text:
Q: std::set > -- find only using pair<>::first as the key So I'm having a Red Black Tree containing pairs of int, and when i call .find(x) function it will search for x (both first and second), but i want to make it ignore the second value, and look only for the first value. How can i do that?

A: In general, it is not possible. But for your limited case of pair of ints you can fake it using upper_bound() and std::numeric_limits<int>::min():
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <limits>
#include <set>

int main()
{
    using key_type = std::pair<int, int>;
    std::set<key_type> s { {1, -1}, {1, 3}, {2, 10}, {3, 42} };
    auto it = s.upper_bound (key_type (2, std::numeric_limits<int>::min ()));
    std::cout << "(" << it->first << "; " << it->second << ")\n";
}

Live on Coliru

A: auto fn = [](const pair<int, int>&a, const pair <int, int>&b) {
  return a.first < b.first;
};
set<pair<int, int>, decltype(fn)> my_set(fn);

my_set is now a set that uses only pair.first as the key
Example:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <set>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    auto fn = [](const pair<int, int>&a, const pair <int, int>&b) {
      return a.first < b.first;
    };
    set<pair<int, int>, decltype(fn)> my_set(fn);

    my_set.insert({1, 123});
    my_set.insert({4, 456});
    my_set.insert({7, 789});

    auto iter = my_set.find({4, 0});
    if (iter != my_set.end()) {
      cout << "first: " << iter->first << ", second: " << iter->second << "\n";
    } else {
      cout << "not found\n";
    }

    return 0;
}

prints
first: 4, second: 456

change my_set to just set<pair<int, int>> my_set; and it will print not found
Of course, keying only on first is arguably a map<int, int> so why not just do that?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Uncategorized ·toshiba
Toshiba Appears Unswayed by Western Digital's Last-Ditch Bid
BYReuters
June 9, 2017, 2:42 PM UTC
Toshiba said on Friday it wasn't convinced by an effort by Western Digital CEO Steve Milligan to win the Japanese conglomerate's backing for the U.S. tech firm's bid for Toshiba's highly prized chip unit.
The failure of the two business partners to resolve tensions comes as uncertainty spikes over the make-up of the groups bidding for the world's second-largest producer of NAND memory chips, less than a week before Toshiba is to announce a winner.
Toshiba is rushing to find a buyer for the business, which it values at $18 billion or more, to cover billions of dollars in cost overruns at its now-bankrupt U.S. nuclear business Westinghouse Electric.
Western Digital has been seen by some sources as key to any successful deal as it which jointly operates a key flash memory chip plant with Toshiba in Japan.
The two firms are, however, at loggerheads over the auction, with Western Digital pursuing an international arbitration claim that Toshiba has breached the joint venture contracts by entertaining outside bids and arguing that the sale cannot proceed without its consent.
The Japan-backed consortium is competing with U.S. chipmaker Broadcom Ltd, which has partnered with U.S. private equity firm Silver Lake. Toshiba favors the Broadcom bid as it is higher and would avoid antitrust concerns triggered by Western Digital, which overlaps heavily with Toshiba on NAND chips.
Ahead of Toshiba's planned decision to pick a preferred bidder on Thursday, attention has focused on last-ditch efforts to salvage the government-Western Digital bid.
Western Digital on Wednesday proposed a consortium led by a Japanese state-backed fund, the Innovation Network of Japan, and including U.S. private equity firm KKR & Co, sources told Reuters, declining to be identified as they were not authorized to talk to the media.
But two sources familiar with the matter said on Friday that the state-backed fund was now in talks with U.S. private equity firm Bain Capital about teaming up in a bid.
One of the sources said Bain would replace KKR as the main partner for the state-backed fund. In the previous round of bidding, Bain partnered with South Korean chipmaker SK Hynix .
A representative for SK Hynix declined to comment. A representative for KKR was not immediately available for comment.
Milligan and Toshiba CEO Satoshi Tsunakawa met at Toshiba headquarters on Friday afternoon.
"Toshiba listened to Western Digital's thinking, but our concerns about the prospects of success for a deal were not wiped out," a Toshiba spokeswoman said.
A Western Digital spokeswoman confirmed that the meeting took place, but declined to comment further.
A senior Toshiba executive said after the meeting that even a minority stake by Western Digital would make it hard to clear antitrust review.
In its bid, Western Digital initially sought a majority but has agreed to limit its stake to 19.9% to appease the government, the sources said.
The bid price is still short of Toshiba's threshold 2 trillion yen ($18 billion) and lower than Broadcom's offer of 2.2 trillion yen, they said.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Traffic Offenses can run the gamut from Felony DUI to Riding a Bicycle Without a Headlight, and the possible sentences are equally wide-ranging. Defendants can be sent to jail for days, or weeks, or months. They can lose their license, be sent to substance abuse treatment, and be charged thousands of dollars. Or, as I witnessed once, an especially nice judge and prosecutor might agree that waiting in court for 4 hours is punishment enough, and dismiss the case. (Don't count on this one).
Whether you should contest your charges and get an attorney to help you is a decision that depends on many factors: the seriousness of the charge, the likely sentence, the effect on your license and insurance, your future plans. And there are also some consequences that you probably haven't thought of: that reckless driving conviction might make it difficult to get into Canada this summer, or that DUI conviction might keep you from getting your dream-job 5 years from now.
No attorney can predict the future, but we can educate you about the law, tell you what we've seen, and help you make an informed decision. If you are hesitant to pay the fine and send in your ticket, or if you have a more serious charge which requires an appearance in court, I urge you to at least contact an attorney for a free consultation. You can set up one with me here.


text:
Le vol China Airlines 120 (, ) était un vol régulier reliant l'Aéroport international Taiwan-Taoyuan, dans le comté de Taoyuan, Taïwan, et l'aéroport de Naha, dans la préfecture d'Okinawa, au Japon.

Dans la matinée du , le Boeing  effectuant ce vol prit feu et explosa après avoir atterri et effectué son roulage jusqu'au terminal de l'aéroport de Naha. Quatre personnes, trois provenant de l'avion et une faisant partie de l'équipe au sol, furent blessées, mais l'incident ne fit aucun mort.

Cet accident reste assez inhabituel par le fait que l'avion a commencé à s'embraser au stationnement, après l'arrêt de ses moteurs.

Contexte
L'avion, enregistré sous l'immatriculation , avait été livré à la compagnie aérienne China Airlines en . Comme les autres Boeing 737 de la série « Next Generation », il était équipé de turboréacteurs , des modèles qui équipent également l'Airbus A320 depuis 2011.

Il y avait  à bord de l'avion, dont deux enfants. Sur le nombre total de passagers, 110 étaient des Taïwanais, 23 étaient japonais, et 24 venaient d'autres pays. Les huit membres d'équipage étaient essentiellement taïwanais, à l'exception d'un steward japonais.

La plupart des passagers taïwanais avaient réservé des voyages organisés dans des agences de voyages opérant à Taïwan. Parmi ces agences figuraient les Daiei Travel Service (Daiei Travel), Gloria Tours (Kimi Travel), Mic Travel Co (Wanda Travel), et South East Travel Service (Southeast Travel).

Déroulement de l'accident
L'avion effectua un atterrissage normal à  locales et effectua ensuite un roulage vers les portes d'embarquement vers . Le personnel au sol remarqua la présence de flammes provenant du moteur 2 (le moteur droit) au moment où le capitaine You Chien-kou,48, l'arrêta, en anticipation de la connexion avec la passerelle mobile de débarquement. Informé de la situation par les contrôleurs du trafic aérien, le capitaine ordonna une évacuation d'urgence de l'appareil. Tous les passagers et les PNC parvinrent à quitter l'avion en sécurité à travers les quatre portes d'accès en utilisant les toboggans gonflables de secours. Le premier officier Tseng Ta-wei et le capitaine quittèrent l'avion en passant à travers les vitres du cockpit, tandis que le dernier PNC sauta par la porte avant droite de l'avion.

Immédiatement après l'évacuation de la dernière personne présente à bord (le capitaine taïwanais), le moteur 2 et les réservoirs de carburant de l'aile droite explosèrent et s'embrasèrent violemment, déclenchant un incendie qui détruisit l'avion. Un rapport de la compagnie aérienne confirma que tous les passagers et membres d'équipage avaient réussi à évacuer l'avion en sécurité. Un Taïwanais âgé de  souffrit d'hypertension et une fille de huit ans de Hong Kong ne se réceptionna pas bien lors de l'évacuation par les toboggans de secours ; tous deux furent envoyés vers un hôpital voisin. Un membre de l'équipe de l'aéroport fut blessé pendant l'évacuation, et un steward, qui était la dernière personne à quitter la cabine, tomba au sol lorsque l'avion explosa.

Les voies de service (taxiways) de l'aéroport furent fermées jusqu'à  à la suite de l'accident. D'après les contrôleurs aériens de l'aéroport de Naha, le statut de l'avion était normal, car il ne présentait aucun problème particulier et il n'y avait eu aucun rapport de situation anormale pendant le vol ou l'atterrissage.

Après l'accident, l' cloua au sol les quatorze  restants des compagnies China Airlines, Mandarin Airlines et de la force aérienne de la République de Chine, pour inspection des systèmes de carburant de ces appareils. Le  demanda également aux utilisateurs japonais des  et -800 d'inspecter de manière similaire leurs avions. Aucune anomalie ne fut détectée et les avions retournèrent assez rapidement en service.

George Ishizaki enregistra une vidéo amateur de l'accident. Une autre vidéo amateur, d'un angle de vue différent, fut capturée par Katsutoshi Yuasa et fut proposée au quotidien japonais Sankei Shinbun.

Comme l'accident ne fit aucun mort, la compagnie décida de continuer à assurer le vol 120, qui existe toujours actuellement.

Déroulement des faits du point de vue des équipes de secours
La longue série d'événements, du départ du feu à l'arrivée du premier équipement de lutte anti-incendie sur les lieux, entraîna l'arrivée de nombreuses questions posées au sujet de la réaction lente des services d'urgence :
 Le feu fut détecté à environ , soit environ six minutes après l'atterrissage ;
 À , le feu fut signalé à la caserne de pompiers de l'aéroport de Naha ;
 À , deux camions de pompiers quittèrent la caserne ;
 Près d'une minute après, le premier camion tenta de contacter la tour de contrôle, mais n'obtint aucune réponse ;
 Vers environ  se produisit la première explosion, qui fit tomber au sol le premier officier, qui était alors en train de quitter le cockpit par la fenêtre ;
 Environ  plus tard, le premier camion de pompiers tenta de contacter la tour une deuxième fois, mais toujours aucune réponse de sa part ;
 À , le premier camion arrivé (le ) commença à projeter de la mousse sur le fuselage en flammes de l'avion ;
  plus tard, le second camion arriva ;
 À , le second camion de pompiers (le ) commença à projeter de la mousse sur le fuselage de l'avion ;
 Environ  plus tard, le premier camion commença à projeter la mousse sur l'avant de l'avion.

Entre la première perception de l'incendie par la tour de contrôle et le début des actions de lutte contre l'incendie, six minutes s'écoulèrent. Il n'y eut aucun contact entre la tour et les camions de secours avant ces six minutes, pendant lesquelles se produisirent trois explosions. Partant d'un unique moteur, l'incendie parvint ensuite à engloutir tout l'avion, qui finit par se casser en deux peu de temps après sous l'effet de la chaleur et des dommages subis par la structure, en proie aux flammes.

Enquête

L'enquête sur les causes de l'accident fut menée par la  (ARAIC) du Japon. L'équipage, comme confirmé par l'écoute des enregistrements des boîtes noires, ne remarqua aucun problème particulier avant l'incident.

L'équipe d'enquête confirma que l'avion avait commencé à prendre feu au parking dans la zone de débarquement de passagers, et qu'il n'y avait initialement aucun signe de fuite de carburant pendant la phase de roulage jusqu'à cet emplacement. L'enquête se focalisa cependant sur la possibilité qu'une fuite de carburant ait pu mener au départ de l'incendie. Lors d'une conférence de presse tenue le , les enquêteurs révélèrent qu'un boulon, qui s'était desserré du rail de guidage des becs de bord d'attaque et avait pris du jeu, avait percé le réservoir de l'aile droite lorsque le pilote avait rentré les becs après avoir terminé son atterrissage. Ce boulon était en fait une butée mécanique placée à l'extrémité du rail de guidage sur lequel était fixé le bec de l'aile. Il était placé à cet endroit pour empêcher le bec de se séparer complètement de l'aile lorsqu'il était en bout de course. Coincé dans le logement du rail de guidage, et poussé avec force contre les parois de ce logement par les puissants mécanismes de rétraction des becs, il avait fini par créer un trou de deux à trois centimètres de diamètre dans ce logement, perçant au passage le réservoir structurel d'aile situé juste derrière. Le carburant qui s'en échappa alors tomba directement sur le moteur, encore chaud, et démarra l'incendie qui détruisit ensuite l'avion.

La fuite de carburant était en fait déjà présente pendant le roulage de l'avion vers son emplacement sur le parking, comme noté par un membre des équipes au sol de l'aéroport, qui avait aperçu un liquide couler le long du bord d'attaque de l'aile. Toutefois, le léger vent relatif créé par le déplacement de l'avion sur les voies de service avait suffisamment écarté le mince filet de carburant de la structure des moteurs et celui-ci ne les touchait pas directement. Ce ne fut que lorsque l'avion se mit à l'arrêt que la fuite toucha les moteurs et que le feu commença à prendre.

Conclusions du rapport d'enquête officiel
Le , soit deux ans après l'accident, le  (JTSB, équivalent japonais du BEA français) publia les conclusions de l'enquête. Il est considéré comme très probable que les faits se soient déroulés comme suit :

Quand l'avion a rentré ses becs de bord d'attaque après son atterrissage à l'aéroport de Naha, le logement qui accueillait le rail intérieur du bec  sur l'aile droite a été percé, créant un trou. Le carburant s'est échappé par ce trou, atteignant l'extérieur de l'aile. Un feu s'est déclaré dès que ce carburant est entré en contact avec les parties à haute température du moteur droit, après que l'avion se soit arrêté à son emplacement de parking désigné, puis l'avion à totalement brûlé après plusieurs explosions.

 En ce qui concerne la cause de la perforation du logement de rail de guidage, il est certain qu'en se détachant de l'arrière du rail précédemment cité, la butée arrière est tombée à l'intérieur du logement de ce rail, et a été pressée avec force contre les parois de ce logement quand le bec a commencé à être rétracté, ce qui a percé le logement;
 En ce qui concerne la cause du détachement de la butée arrière, il est considéré comme très probable que pendant les opérations de maintenance effectuées pour empêcher l'écrou de se desserrer , la rondelle située du côté de l'écrou ait été oubliée, après quoi la partie du côté de l'écrou se serait détachée de la butée, suivie par la butée elle-même, qui serait alors tombée dans le logement du rail de guidage. Il est également considéré comme fort probablement qu'un facteur de détachement de la butée arrière ait été la conception même de cette butée, qui ne pouvait pas empêcher l'ensemble de tomber si la rondelle n'était pas installée;
 En ce qui concerne la cause du détachement de la rondelle, il est considéré comme probable que, malgré le fait que le boulon était dans un emplacement difficile d'accès pour les opérations de maintenance, ni le constructeur de l'avion ni la compagnie n'avait porté suffisamment d'attention à ceci quand ils avaient préparé respectivement la note de service et la carte de travail. En outre, ni l'opérateur de maintenance, ni son superviseur n'ont fait remonter d'information à leurs supérieurs quant à la difficulté de la tâche à effectuer.

Le  recommanda à l'Administration aéronautique civile taïwanaise de superviser la compagnie  dans les actions suivantes : lors de la planification et de la mise en œuvre des actions de maintenance, la portée des travaux devrait être entièrement vérifiée et les conditions et environnements de travail devraient être correctement évalués. De même, les contre-mesures pour prévenir les erreurs de maintenance, incluant les actions prises en 2009 à la suite de cet accident, devraient être mises en œuvre et améliorées de manière constante.

Conséquences

Le , la compagnie China Airlines annonça qu'elle compenserait les passagers à hauteur de  ( valeur 2007) pour chaque kilogramme de bagages perdu, pour un maximum de  pour les bagages enregistrés et encore  pour les bagages à main. Sur les marchés financiers, l'action en bourse de la compagnie chuta après l'accident, de même que celle de la Taiwan Fire & Marine Insurance Co.

En raison de l'accident, le , l'administration fédérale de l'Aviation américaine (FAA) ordonna des inspections en urgence des guides de becs de bord d'attaque sur tous les avions 737 Next Generation en service au sein des compagnies américaines. La directive de navigabilité d'urgence (, ou EAD) publiée par la FAA demandait aux opérateurs d'inspecter la butée de rail de guidage des becs pour détecter d'éventuelles pièces manquantes, s'assurer de leur montage correct, et contrôler l'intérieur du logement des rails pour y déceler d'éventuels débris ou dommages. La directive demandait que cette inspection poussée soit effectuée dans les  et ensuite tous les  de vol. Les retours de ces inspections révélèrent que de nombreux autres avions avaient des pièces desserrées au niveau des rails de becs, et même un avion avec un logement endommagé, donc qui aurait théoriquement pu subir le même incendie que l'avion du vol 120 de la China Airlines. À la suite de ces constats, la FAA publia une nouvelle directive de navigabilité d'urgence, le , qui stipulait que les contrôles que devaient effectuer les compagnies étaient désormais à effectuer sous dix jours, au lieu des 24 initialement indiqués. De plus, cette nouvelle directive demandait qu'un serrage de l'écrou et du boulon soit effectué une fois dans un délai de .

Documentaire télévisé
Cet accident aérien est décrit et analysé dans la série documentaire « Air Crash », saison , épisode  : « Un détail crucial », sur la chaîne National Geographic Channel.

Notes et références

Compte-rendu et conclusions de l'enquête officielle

 .

Articles connexes
 Vol 28M British Airtours
 Vol 873 Uni Air

 Boeing 737 Next Generation

China Airlines 0120
China Airlines 0120
Accident ou incident aérien de China Airlines
China Airlines 0120
2007 au Japon
Août 2007
China Airlines 0120

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


How about a set of Cap'n Crunch wackies featuring a title for every Cap'n Crunch cereal ever made? The set could be called Cap'n Crud's Wacky Packages and include the name Cap'n Crud's on each title. Could even come in a collectable wrapper with the artwork of the original Cap'n Crud. A set of McDonald's wackies would be cool too spoofing all of McDonald's most popular products. Any thoughts?
I've done several Crunch sketch cards.
HA! Thanks! I could draw Cereal characters all day!!
I think these are great ideas, but Topps seems to be moving in a different direction, if the anniversary set is any indication of the shape of things to come. Is there any reason to dream of something like this as an eventual Topps product, or should we be thinking more along the lines of a separate, independent product, perhaps funded by a Kickstarter campaign?
Milli Vanilly Crunch - ties in with the 1990 controversy Milli Vannilli didn't really sing on a late 1980's album!
These are all one of a kind sketch cards that I have done. The Milli Vanilli one was a commission and the collectors own concept.


text:
Who Is Amy Winston AKA Amethyst In DC Comics
Amethyst, also known as Amy Winston, is a fictional character who appeared in the DC Comics series Amethyst, Princess of Gemworld. Created by Dan Mishkin, Gary Cohn, and Ernie Colón, the character made her first appearance in Sword of Sorcery (vol. 2) #1 in September 2012.
Amethyst is the princess of Gemworld, a magical dimension that is ruled by a council of powerful gems. She is the daughter of Lord Amethyst and the youngest member of the council. When her family is killed in a coup, Amy is forced to flee to the mortal world, where she discovers that she has the ability to transform into a warrior princess named Amethyst. She uses her powers to defend Gemworld and the mortal world from various threats, including the villainous Dark Opal.
In addition to her powers of transformation and energy manipulation, Amy is also a skilled warrior and has been trained in various forms of combat. She is a member of the Team Titans and has also worked with other superheroes such as Wonder Woman and the Teen Titans.
Comic Books Appearances Of Amethyst
Amethyst has appeared in several comic book series published by DC Comics. Some of the comic book series in which she has appeared include:
Sword of Sorcery (vol. 2) (2012-2013)
In the Sword of Sorcery comics, Amethyst plays a central role as the main protagonist. The series follows the story of Amy Winston, a young woman who is the princess of Gemworld, a magical dimension ruled by a council of powerful gems. When her family is killed in a coup, Amy is forced to flee to the mortal world, where she discovers that she has the ability to transform into a warrior princess named Amethyst.
As Amethyst, Amy uses her powers to defend Gemworld and the mortal world from various threats, including the villainous Dark Opal. Along the way, she is aided by other characters such as John Constantine, Katana, and the Demon Etrigan. The series explores Amy's journey as she learns to control her powers and navigate the complexities of Gemworld politics while also fighting to protect the people she loves.
DC Universe Presents (2012-2013)
In DC Universe Presents (2012-2013), Amethyst appears as a supporting character in the series' "Deadman" story arc. The series follows the adventures of Boston Brand, a deceased circus acrobat who is resurrected as the supernatural entity known as Deadman and given the power to possess the bodies of the living.
In the "Deadman" arc, Amethyst is shown to be a member of the Team Titans, a group of young superheroes who were trained to be the next generation of heroes. She assists Deadman as he investigates a plot to release a deadly virus that could destroy the world. Along the way, they are aided by other superheroes such as Wonder Woman and Kid Flash.
In this series, Amethyst is depicted as a powerful warrior who is able to transform into a gemstone-powered form and wield energy-based attacks. She is also shown to be a skilled combatant and is able to hold her own against various foes.
Justice League Dark (2012-2013)
In Justice League Dark (2012-2013), Amethyst appears as a supporting character in the series' "Blades" story arc. The series follows the adventures of the Justice League Dark, a team of superheroes who specialize in handling supernatural and magical threats.
In the "Blades" arc, Amethyst is shown to be a member of the Team Titans, a group of young superheroes who were trained to be the next generation of heroes. She assists the Justice League Dark as they investigate a plot by the villainous Dark Opal to release a deadly virus that could destroy the world. Along the way, they are aided by other superheroes such as Wonder Woman and Kid Flash.
Forever Evil: Blight (2014)
In Forever Evil: Blight (2014), Amethyst appears as a supporting character in the series' "Blight" story arc. The series is part of the "Forever Evil" event, which features the villainous group known as the Crime Syndicate taking over the world and the Justice League being forced to confront them.
In the "Blight" arc, Amethyst is shown to be a member of the Team Titans, a group of young superheroes who were trained to be the next generation of heroes. She assists the Justice League as they investigate a plot by the villainous Blight to release a deadly virus that could destroy the world. Along the way, they are aided by other superheroes such as Wonder Woman and Kid Flash.
Amethyst has also made guest appearances in other DC Comics series, such as Wonder Woman and the Teen Titans. In addition to her appearances in comics, Amethyst has also appeared in other media, including animation and video games.
What are the main villains faced by Amethyst in DC Comics
In DC Comics, Amethyst has faced several villains throughout her appearances in various comic book series. Some of the main villains that Amethyst has encountered include:
Dark Opal: A powerful gemstone-based villain and one of Amethyst's main adversaries. Dark Opal is the leader of the Gemworld council and seeks to conquer both Gemworld and the mortal world.
Blight: A powerful villain who seeks to release a deadly virus that could destroy the world. Amethyst has encountered Blight during her time as a member of the Team Titans.
The Crime Syndicate: A group of evil counterparts to the Justice League who seek to conquer the world. Amethyst has encountered the Crime Syndicate during her time as a member of the Team Titans and has assisted the Justice League in fighting them.
These are just a few examples of the villains that Amethyst has faced in DC Comics. She has also encountered many other villains in her various appearances in comics, animation, and other media.
Which Superpowers does Amy Winston Amethyst Have
Some of the main superpowers that Amy Winston possesses include:
Transformation: Amy has the ability to transform into a warrior princess named Amethyst, who has various superhuman abilities. As Amethyst, she has enhanced strength, speed, agility, and durability, and is able to wield energy-based attacks.
Energy manipulation: Amy is able to harness the power of gemstones to create energy blasts and constructs, and is able to fly by using energy wings.
Healing: Amethyst is able to heal herself and others by channeling the power of gemstones.
Teleportation: Amethyst is able to teleport herself and others to different locations using the power of gemstones.
Shapeshifting: Amethyst is able to shape shift into other forms, including animals and objects, by using the power of gemstones.
Telepathy: Amethyst is able to read the thoughts of others and communicate telepathically.
These are just a few examples of the superpowers that Amy Winston possesses as Amethyst. The specific abilities and powers of Amethyst may vary slightly from one adaptation to another.
Amy Winston Amethyst Video Games and TV Appearances
Amy Winston, also known as Amethyst, has appeared in several video games and television shows based on DC Comics. Some examples of video games in which Amethyst has appeared include:
Lego DC Super-Villains (2018)
In these games, Amethyst is depicted as a powerful warrior who is able to transform into a gemstone-powered form and wield energy-based attacks. She is also shown to be a skilled combatant and is able to hold her own against various foes.
Amethyst has also appeared in several animated television shows based on DC Comics, including:
Justice League Unlimited (2004-2006)
Batman: The Brave and the Bold (2008-2011)
Young Justice (2010-2013)
DC Super Hero Girls (2019-present)
In these shows, Amethyst is depicted in a similar way to the comics, as a powerful warrior and member of the Team Titans who is able to transform into a gemstone-powered form and wield energy-based attacks. The specific abilities and powers of Amethyst in these shows may vary slightly from one adaptation to another.
Share:Who Is Amy Winston AKA Amethyst In DC Comics


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free memberships to Boskone; note on gaming cons
Fans of color/non-white fans, the following new free memberships are available now, first-come first serve:
Boskone, February 17-19, 2017, Boston, MA, USA. Boskone is an annual science fiction convention, the oldest in New England. Its 2017 Guests are: Guest of Honor: Brandon Sanderson; Official Artist: Dave Seeley; Special Guest: Maryelizabeth Yturralde; Featured Filkers: The Fabulous Lorraine & Lojo Russo; Hal Clement Science Speaker: Milton Davis; and NESFA Press Guest: Ken MacLeod.
Boskone has donated two memberships to Con or Bust.
To learn how to request assistance, see the Request Assistance page. For the most up-to-date list of cons to which assistance is available, see the Upcoming Cons page.
Finally, a note on gaming cons: Con or Bust is semi-regularly asked whether it can distribute donated memberships to cons solely focused on gaming. Unfortunately, Con or Bust doesn't have the resources to expand to gaming cons, and so we've had to decline these generous offers. But our friends at I Need Diverse Games — newly set up as a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization! — are delighted to accept donated memberships to gaming cons to distribute to POC/LGBTQIA/Disabled/other marginalized people. Please check out their assistance page for details!


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100% Pure & Natural Essential Oils - [Sort by Rank] [Name] [Price Highest - Lowest]
61. Galbanum (Ferula galbaniflua - Iran)
Galbanum grows mainly in Iran and other parts of Middle East. The essential oil from gum-resin is thick, yellow with a hot, strong aromatic odour. In the past, it has been used as an incense in various religions for thousands of years especially in Egypt and described as painkilling, antispasmodic, diuretic and emmenagogue. It's also give a lot of relief from persistent pain, particularly when used with hot compresses. Abscesses, boils and slow-healing ulcers respond well to this oil. In perfume industry, it's also used as a fixative.
-- Select available size -- 5% in 10 ml - 3.15 USD 5 ml - $10.25 USD 10 ml - $16.50 USD 30 ml - $46.00 USD 100 ml - $131.00 USD
62. Geranium Bourbon (Pelargonium roseum asperum - Madagascar)
-- Select available size -- 5 ml - $7.50 USD 10 ml - $12.00 USD 30 ml - $32.00 USD 100 ml - $92.00 USD 500 ml - $340.00 USD 1000 ml - $625.00 USD
63. Geranium Egypt (Pelargonium graveolens - Egypt)
-- Select available size -- 5 ml - $5.50 USD 10 ml - $9.00 USD 30 ml - $20.50 USD 100 ml - $58.00 USD 500 ml - $190.00 USD 1000 ml - $350.00 USD
64. Ginger (Zingiber officinale - Vietnam)
Ginger is warming and stimulates the circulation and digestion. It is excellent used in winter to warm the body and emotions. Its stimulant properties make it useful for poor digestion and flatulence. It is also good in massage when the muscles are tired and aching, particularly when they are cold and contracted. It is indicated for use in meditation when there is debility through nervous exhaustion. It warms and strengthens the emotions, increases determination and inspires initiative and action. Distilled from dried rhizomes, offers dried and more spicy aroma.
65. Ginger Fresh (Zingiber officinale - Indonesia)
Ginger is warming and stimulates the circulation and digestion. It is excellent used in winter to warm the body and emotions. Its stimulant properties make ginger useful for poor digestion and flatulence. It is also good in massage when the muscles are tired and aching, particularly when they are cold and contracted. It is indicated for use in meditation when there is debility through nervous exhaustion. It warms and strengthens the emotions, increases determination and inspires initiative and action. The scent of this Ginger is fresh and clean aroma.
66. Guava Leaf (Psidium guajava - Thailand)
Guava is very rich in astringents which binds up loose bowels in diarrhea. These astringents are alkaline in nature and have disinfectant and anti-bacterial properties, thus help cure dysentery by inhibiting microbial growth and removing extra mucus from the intestines. The oil strengthens and tones up the digestive system and disinfect it. It's also beneficial in gastroenteritis. Excellent for making mouthwash product. In perfumery, it blends very well with Lavender and Rose to promote the fruity floral and sweet pleasure scent.
67. Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa - Japan)
Hinoki or Japaness Cypress is sacred tree native to Japan. The essential oil obtained by steam distillation from heartwood of over 100 years of the tree. It has slightly lemon-woody scent similar to Sandalwood and Cedarwood. It is very relaxing oil, soothes nervous tension and anxiety. Its antispasmodic and tonic action on the body should encourage relaxation and a feeling of well-being. Good for dry eczema as well as ageing and dehydrated skins. Gives a softening effect, relieves itching and inflammation, helpful with acne, boils and wounds.
-- Select available size -- 5% in 10 ml - 4.00 USD 2 ml - $6.53 USD 5 ml - $14.50 USD 10 ml - $25.00 USD 30 ml - $70.00 USD 100 ml - $189.00 USD
68. Hops 10% (Humulus lupulus - England)
The oil extracted from hop flowers, it induces a sedative effect, as well as claming, antibacterial and astringent characteristics. It help ease sleeping problems when combined with Valerian Root oil in order to treat insomnia and anxiety. This oil has been used by men to enhance their sexual performance, and more particularly, to extend it. For women, it reduce in menstrual pain and cramping, which can be quite severe. Again, the sedative qualities that loosen the muscles and reduce pain are the main reason for this useful application of the essential oil.
-- Select available size -- 5 ml - $5.50 USD 10 ml - $9.00 USD 30 ml - $20.50 USD 100 ml - $58.00 USD 500 ml - $190.00 USD 1000 ml - $350.00 USD ----------------------------- 100% : 2 g. - $18.00 USD 100% : 5 g. - $34.00 USD 100% : 10 g. - $61.00 USD
69. Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis - England)
Hyssop essential oil should only be used with great caution as it can be toxic to body. However, it does have some therapeutic applications. The oil can be used in burning or vaporizing to disinfect rooms and protect from infection. Among the possible applications of Hyssop is in chest infections where there is thick mucus. Hyssop helps to fluidity the phlegm so that it can be expelled more easily. It is a cephalic oil and also has a tonic and stimulant effect on the respiratory system and the heart. Professionally advice preferred before using this oil.
70. Immortelle French (Helichrysum italicum - France)
-- Select available size -- 5% in 10 ml - 12.55 USD 1 ml - $13.24 USD 2 ml - $26.33 USD 5 ml - $59.50 USD 10 ml - $110.50 USD 30 ml - $318.00 USD 100 ml - $879.00 USD
71. Jasmine Sambac (Jasminum sambac - India)
Jasmine is valuable remedy for severe depression. It is calming to the nerves and warming to the emotions, producing positive feeling of confidence. Perhaps the most valued oil as it is the best choice to inspire the confidence, because it is emotionally warming and uplifting. It is a powerful anti-depressant of a stimulating nature, and all these qualities combine to help those suffering from lack of confidence, indecision and the lethargy born of depression. The lovely floral fragrance of Jasmine is useful in skin care, especially for dry, sensitive and mature skins.
-- Select available size -- 5% in 10 ml - 9.90 USD 1 ml - $10.16 USD 2 ml - $20.17 USD 5 ml - $45.50 USD 10 ml - $84.00 USD 30 ml - $241.00 USD 100 ml - $647.00 USD
72. Jasmine CO2 (Jasminum sambac - China)
This jasmine extracted by CO2 Supercritical method to offer the purest Jasmine essential oil. It is calming to the nerves and warming to the emotions, producing positive feeling of confidence. Perhaps the most valued oil as it is the best choice to inspire the confidence. It is a powerful anti-depressant of a stimulating nature, and all these qualities combine to help those suffering from lack of confidence, indecision and the lethargy born of depression. The lovely floral fragrance of Jasmine is useful in skin care, especially for dry, sensitive and mature skins.
-- Select available size -- 5% in 10 ml - 15.85 USD 1 ml - $17.04 USD 2 ml - $33.92 USD 5 ml - $76.75 USD 10 ml - $143.50 USD 30 ml - $413.00 USD 100 ml - $1,156.00 USD
73. Jasmine Abs. 10% (Jasminum grandiflorum - France)
-- Select available size -- 2 ml - $5.76 USD 5 ml - $12.75 USD 10 ml - $21.50 USD 30 ml - $60.00 USD 100 ml - $164.00 USD ----------------------------- 100% : 2 g. - $43.00 USD 100% : 5 g. - $95.00 USD 100% : 10 g. - $172.50 USD
74. Juniper Berry (Juniperus communis - France)
-- Select available size -- 5 ml - $8.50 USD 10 ml - $13.50 USD 30 ml - $37.00 USD 100 ml - $109.00 USD 500 ml - $380.00 USD 1000 ml - $695.00 USD
75. Kaffir Lime Leaf (Citrus hystrix DC. - Indonesia)
The leafly refreshing scent of Kaffir Lime Leaf is excellent for anxiety, depression and nervous tension. A combined cooling and refreshing quality seems to allay anger and frustration, probably by decreasing the action of the sympathetic nervous system. It helps to improves the heart and blood circulation system. Also helpful with respiratory infections, which may include breathing difficulties. Excellent for using with the hair-care products in order to reduce hair falling and healing scalp. The oil blend well with Galanga, Ginger and Lemongrass.
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The-Golf-Experience.com
St. Andrews Golf Links in Scotland - The 18th Hole & The Swilcan Bridge
Do you know the true Golf History?
Don't worry, no one else seems to know either!!
So, where did golf begin and how did it come be the game we now know and play today? Although the game's origin is commonly credited to Scotland in the Kingdom of Fife during the 15th Century, its true origins continue to be a hot topic for debate.
Although many early European games involve the use of both a stick and a ball, most historians believe the influence for golf in Scotland came from a game called Kolven played in Holland, and a game called Chole played in Belgium. Since Chole was introduced to Scotland in 1421 it is commonly accepted that it is the true influence to have spawned the modern game of golf.
However, evidence unearthed in April 2005 indicates that the Chinese, during the reign of the Southern Tang Dynasty, played a game very similar to "modern-day" golf some 500 years before history makes any mention of "golf" in Scotland.
So, where did "Golf" really begin? While the Scholars and Historians continue to debate Golf's True Origins, we offer to take you on a journey through the time-line of golf from 1353 up through the modern game we know & love, and watch & play today.
Are You a Passionate Golf Historian?
This four volume set available from Amazon.com chronicles six centuries of golf history.
Volume I - "Let the Game Begin" (1100-1916).
Volume II - "The Boom Between the Wars" (1917-1944).
Volume III "Into the Television Age" (1945-1962). And
Volume IV - "The Past Meets the Future" (1963-1991).
Narrated by sports commentator Pat Summerall, the Complete History of Golf is a must have for any golf buff's library.
You can also learn quite a bit more by visiting the History of Golf with Peter Alliss. This website will take you to great depths in delving into the history of this great game.
Make sure to visit the History of the Golf Ball to learn all about how the golf ball evolved from "a rock" knocked around a pasture into the dimpled, high tech sphere we play today.
Timeline of Golf History
The first recorded reference to chole, the probable antecedent of golf. It is a derivative of hockey played in Flanders (Belgium)
1421golf history
A Scottish regiment aiding the French against the English at the Siege of Bauge is introduced to the game of chole. Hugh Kennedy, Robert Stewart and John Smale, three of the identified players, are credited with introducing the game in Scotland.
Golf, along with football, is banned by the Scots Parliament of James II because it has interfered with military training for the wars against the English.
The ban on golf is reaffirmed by the Parliament of James III.
The golf ban is affirmed again by Parliament, this time under King James IV.
With the signing of the Treaty of Glasgow between England and Scotland, the ban on golf is lifted.
James IV makes the first recorded purchase of golf equipment, a set of clubs from a bow-maker in Perth, Scotland.
Queen Catherine of England, in a letter to Cardinal Wolsey, refers to the growing popularity of golf in England.
The first commoner recorded as a golfer is Sir Robert Maule, described as playing on Barry Links (near the modern-day Carnoustie).
The first recorded evidence of golf at St. Andrews.
The Archbishop of St. Andrews issues a decree giving the local populace the right to play golf on the links at St. Andrews.
Mary, Queen of Scots, seen playing golf shortly after the death of her husband Lord Darnley, is the first known female golfer.
Golf is banned in the Blackfriars Yard, Glasgow. This is the earliest reference to golf in the west of Scotland.
The City of Edinburgh bans golfing at Leith on Sunday "in tyme of sermonis."
Invention of the feathery ball.
King James VI and I confirms the right of the populace to play golf on Sundays.
First recorded reference to golf on the links of Dornoch (later Royal Dornoch), in the far north of Scotland.
Charles II is playing golf at Leith when he learns of the Irish rebellion, marking the beginning of the English Civil War. He finishes his round.
John Dickson receives a license as ball-maker for Aberdeen, Scotland.
Golf is banned from the streets of Albany, New York-the first reference to golf in America.
In the first recorded international golf match, the Duke of York and John Paterstone of Scotland defeat two English noblemen in a match played on the links of Leith.
Andrew Dickson, carrying clubs for the Duke of York, is the first recorded caddy.
A book by Thomas Kincaid, "Thoughts on Golve," contains the first references on how golf clubs are made.
Earliest reference to golf at Glasgow Green, the first course played in the west of Scotland.
"A solemn match of golf" between Alexander Elphinstone and Captain John Porteous becomes the first match reported in a newspaper. Elphinstone fights and wins a duel on the same ground in 1729.
Thomas Mathison's epic The Goff is the first literary effort devoted to golf.
The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers is formed, playing at Leith links. It is the first golf club.
The City of Edinburgh pays for a Silver Cup to be awarded to the annual champion in an open competition played at Leith. John Rattray is the first champion.
Golfers at St. Andrews purchase a Silver Cup for an open championship played on the Old Course. Bailie William Landale is the first champion.
The first codified Rules of Golf published by the St. Andrews Golfers (later the Royal & Ancient Golf Club).
Earliest reference to stroke-play, at St. Andrews. Previously, all play was match.
The competition for the Silver Club at Leith is restricted to members of the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers.
The first four holes at St. Andrews are combined into two, reducing the round from twenty-two holes (11 out and in) to 18 (nine out and in). St. Andrews is the first 18-hole golf course, and sets the standard for future courses.
The Blackheath Club becomes the first golf club formed outside of Scotland.
The score of 94 returned by James Durham at St. Andrews in the Silver Cup competition sets a record unbroken for 86 years.
The Golf House at Leith is erected. It is the first golf clubhouse.
Competition at St. Andrews is restricted to members of the Leith and St. Andrews societies.
The Royal Burgess Golfing Society of Edinburgh is formed.
Thomas McMillan offers a Silver Cup for competition at Musselburgh. He wins the first championship.
The first part-time golf course professional (at the time also the greenkeeper) is hired, by the Edinburgh Burgess Society.
The Aberdeen Golf Club (later Royal Aberdeen) is formed.
A Silver Club is offered for competition at Glasgow.
The South Carolina Golf Club is formed in Charleston, the first golf club outside of the United Kingdom.
The Crail Golfing Society is formed.
The Bruntsfield Club is formed.
The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers requires members to wear club uniform when playing on the links.
The Burntisland Golf Club is formed.
The town of St. Andrews sells the land containing the Old Course (known then as Pilmor Links), to Thomas Erskine for 805 pounds. Erskine was required to preserve the course for golf.
The St. Andrews Club chooses to elect its captains rather than award captaincy to the winner of the Silver Cup. Thus begins the tradition of the Captain "playing himself into office," by hitting a single shot before the start of the annual competition.
Earliest recorded reference to a women's competition at Musselburgh.
The Bangalore Club is formed, the first club outside of the British Isles.
The Perth Golfing Society is formed, later Royal Perth (the first club so honored).
Hickory imported from America is used to make golf shafts.
The Calcutta Golf Club (later Royal Calcutta) is formed.
The North Berwick Club is founded, the first to include women in its activities, although they are not permitted to play in competitions.
King William IV confers the distinction of "Royal" on the Perth Golfing Society; as Royal Perth it is the first Club to hold the distinction.
The St. Andrews Golfers ban the stymie, but rescind the ban one year later.
William IV confers the title "Royal and Ancient" on the Golf Club at St. Andrews.
The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers abandons the deteriorating Leith Links, moving to Musselburgh.
The longest driver ever recorded with a feathery ball, 361 yards, is achieved by Samuel Messieux at Elysian Fields.
The Bombay Golfing Society (later Royal Bombay) is founded.
Blackheath follows Leith in expanding its course from five to seven holes. North Berwick also had seven holes at the time, although the trend toward a standard eighteen had begun.
Invention of the "guttie," the gutta-percha ball. It flies farther than the feathery and is much less expensive. It contributes greatly to the expansion of the game.
The Prestwick Golf Club is founded.
The Royal Curragh Golf Club is founded at Kildare, the first golf club in Ireland. Pau Golf Club is founded, the first on the Continent.
A rule change is enacted that, in match play, the ball must be played as it lies or the hole be conceded. It is the last recorded toughening of the rules structure.
The Golfer's Manual, by "A Keen Hand" (H.B. Farnie), is published. It is the first book on golf instruction.
The Prestwick Club institutes the first Championship Meeting, a foursomes competition at St. Andrews attended by eleven golf clubs. George Glennie and J.C. Stewart win for Blackheath.
The format of the Championship Meeting is changed to individual match play and is won by Robert Chambers of Bruntsfield.
Allan Robertson becomes the first golfer to break 80 at the Old Course, recording a 79.
The first Amateur Championship is won by George Condie of Perth.
Death of Allan Robertson, the first great professional golfer.
The Prestwick Club institutes a Professional Championship played at Prestwick-the first Championship Belt is won by Willie Park.
The Professionals Championship is opened to amateurs, and the British Open is born. The first competition is won by Old Tom Morris.
The North Devon Golf Club is founded at Westward Ho!
The Ladies' Golf Club at St. Andrews is founded, the first golf club for women.
The Liverpool Golf Club is founded at Hoylake, later Royal Liverpool.
Young Tom Morris, age 17, wins the first of four successive British Open championships. His streak would include an 11-stroke victory in 1869 and a 12-stroke victory in 1870 (in a 36-hole format). His 149 in the 1870 British Open over 36 holes is a stroke average that would not be equalled until the invention of the rubber-cored ball.
Young Tom Morris wins his third consecutive British Open Championship, thus winning permanent possession of the Belt.
The Royal Adelaide Golf Club is founded, the first golf club in Australia.
The British Open Championship is reinstituted when Prestwick, St. Andrews and the Honourable Company offer a new trophy, with the Open Championship to be hosted in rotation by the three clubs.
Young Tom Morris wins his fourth consecutive British Open Championship.
The Royal Montreal Golf Club is formed, the first club in Canada.
The British Open is held for the first time at the Old Course.
The Oxford and Cambridge University Golf Clubs are founded.
The first University Match is played at Wimbledon, won by Oxford.
Royal Belfast is founded.
The use of moulds is instituted to dimple the gutta-percha ball. Golfers had long noticed that the guttie worked in the air much better after it had been hit several times and scuffed up.
Bob Ferguson of Musselburgh, losing the British Open in extra holes, comes one victory shy of equalling Young Tom Morris' record of four consecutive titles. Ferguson ends up later in life penniless, working out of the Musselburgh caddy-shack.
The Oakhurst Golf Club is founded at White Sulphur Springs. The first hole at The Homestead survives from this course and is the oldest surviving golf hole in America.
The Royal Cape Golf Club is founded at Wynberg, South Africa, the first club in Africa.
A.J. Balfour is appointed Chief Secretary (Cabinet Minister) for Ireland-his rise to political and social prominence has an incalculable effect on the popularity of golf, as he is an indefatigable player and catalyzes great interest in the game through his writing and public speaking.
The Art of Golf by Sir Walter Simpson is published.
The St. Andrews Golf Club is founded in Yonkers, N.Y., the oldest surviving golf club in America.
John Ball, an English amateur, becomes the first non-Scotsman and first amateur to win the British Open.
Bogey is invented by Hugh Rotherham, as the score of the hypothetical golfer playing perfect golf at every hole. Rotherham calls this a "Ground Score," but Dr. Thomas Brown, honorary Secretary of the Great Yarmouth Club, christens this hypothetical man a "Bogey Man," after a popular song of the day, and christens his score a "Bogey." With the invention of the rubber-cored ball golfers are able to reach the greens in fewer strokes, and so bogey has come to represent one over the par score for the hole.
Shinnecock Hills Golf Club is founded.
Gate money is charged for the first time, at a match between Douglas Rollard and Jack White at Cambridge. The practice of paying for matches through private betting, rather than gate receipts and sponsorships, survives well into the 20th Century as a "Calcutta," but increasingly gate receipts are the source of legitimate prize-purses.
The Amateur Golf Championship of India and the East is instituted, the first international championship event.
The [British] Ladies' Golf Union is founded and the first Open Championship won by Lady Margaret Scott, at St. Anne's.
The Open is played on an English course for the first time and is won for the first time by an Englishman, J.H. Taylor.
The United States Golf Association is founded as the Amateur Golf Association of the United States. Charter members are the Chicago Golf Club, The Country Club, Newport Golf Club, St. Andrews Golf Club, and Shinnecock Hills Golf Club.
Tacoma Golf Club is founded, the first golf club on the Pacific Coast.
The United States Open is instituted. Willie Anderson is the first winner.
Chicago Golf Club opens the United States' first 18-hole golf course.
The pool cue is banned as a putter by the USGA.
The U.S. Women's Amateur is instituted. Mrs. Charles S. Brown is the first winner.
Harry Vardon wins his first British Open.
The first NCAA championship is held. Louis Bayard Jr. is the champion.
Golf, America's first golfing magazine, is published for the first time.
Freddie Tait, betting he could reach the Royal Cinque Ports G.C. clubhouse from the clubhouse at Royal St. George's -- a three mile distance -- in forty shots or less, puts his 32nd stroke through a window at the Cinque Ports club.
The Haskell ball is designed and patented by Coburn Haskell. It is the first rubber-cored ball.
The term "birdie" is coined at Atlantic C.C. from "a bird of a hole."
The Western Open is first played at Glenview G.C., the first tournament in what would evolve into the PGA TOUR.
Harry Vardon wins the U.S. Open, the first golfer to win both the British and U.S. Opens.
Golf is placed on the Olympic calendar for the 2nd Games at Paris.
Walter Travis becomes the first golfer, in the U.S. Amateur, to win a major title with the Haskell ball. When Sandy Herd wins the British Open and Laurie Auchterlonie the U.S. Open the next year with the Haskell, virtually all competitors switch to the new ball.
Sunningdale, a course built amidst a cleared forest, opens for play. It is the first course with grass grown completely from seed. Previously, golf courses were routed through meadows, which frequently created drainage problems as the meadows were typically atop clay soil.
The first course at the Carolina Hotel (later the Pinehurst Resort & CC) in Pinehurst, N.C., is completed by Donald Ross. Ross will go on to design 600 courses in his storied career as a golf course architect.
England and Scotland inaugurate an Amateur Team competition, with Scotland winning at Hoylake.
The first grooved-faced irons are invented.
Oakmont C.C. is founded in Oakmont, Pennsylvania, designed by Henry Fownes. It is widely regarded as one of the finest examples of penal-style golf architecture.
Walter J. Travis becomes the first American to win the British Amateur.
Women golfers from Great Britain and the United States play an international match, with the British winning 6 matches to 1.
The first dimple-pattern for golf balls is patented by William Taylor in England.
The Complete Golfer by Harry Vardon is published. It promotes and demonstrates the Vardon or overlapping grip.
Goodrich introduces a golf ball with a rubber core filled with compressed air. The "Pneu-matic" proves quite lively, but also prone to explode in warm weather, often in a golfer's pocket. The ball is eventually discontinued; at this time the Haskell ball achieves a dominance of the golf ball market.
Arnaud Massey becomes the first golfer from the Continent to win the British Open.
Mrs. Gordon Robertson, at Princes Ladies GC, becomes the first female professional.
The Mystery of Golf by Arnold Haultain is published.
The USGA rules that caddies, caddymasters and greenkeepers over the age of sixteen are professional golfers. The ruling is later modified and eventually reversed in 1963.
The R & A bans the center-shafted putter while the USGA keeps it legal -- marking the beginning of a 42-year period with two official versions of The Rules of Golf.
Steel shafts are patented by Arthur F. Knight.
J.J. McDermott becomes the first native-born American to win the U.S. Open. At 17 years of age, he is also the youngest winner to date.
John Ball wins his eighth British Amateur championship, a record not yet equaled.
Francis Ouimet, age 20, becomes the first amateur to win the U.S. Open, defeating favorites Harry Vardon and Ted Ray in a play-off.
The first professional international match is played between France and the United States at La Boulie, France.
Formation of The Tokyo Club at Komozawa kicks off the Japanese golf boom.
Harry Vardon wins his sixth British Open, a record to this day (Peter Thomson and Tom Watson have since won five Opens each).
The British Open is discontinued for the duration of the First World War.
The PGA of America is founded by 82 charter members and the PGA Championship is inaugurated. James Barnes is the first champion.
The first miniature golf course opens in Pinehurst, North Carolina.
Francis Ouimet is banned from amateur play for his involvement with a sporting goods business. The ruling creates a stir of protest and is reversed in 1918.
The PGA Championship and the U.S. Open are discontinued for the duration of the First World War.
The R & A assumes control over the British Open and the British Amateur.
Pebble Beach Golf Links opens as the Del Monte G.L. in Pebble Beach, California.
The USGA founds its famed Green Section to conduct research on turfgrass.
The first practice range is opened in Pinehurst, North Carolina.
The Professional Golfer of America is first published which, today known as PGA Magazine, is the oldest continually-published golf magazine in the United States.
The R & A limits the size and weight of the ball.
Walter Hagen becomes the first native American to win the British Open. He subsequently becomes the first professional golfer to open a golf equipment company under his own name.
The Walker Cup Matches are instituted. The grandson of Walker Cup founder George Herbert Walker is George H.W. Bush, the 41st President of the United States.
The Prince of Wales is elected Captain of the R & A.
The Texas Open is inaugurated, the second-oldest surviving PGA TOUR event. Pine Valley Golf Club opens.
The West and East courses at Winged Foot Golf Club open for play, designed by A.W. Tillinghast.
Joyce Wethered wins her record fifth consecutive English Ladies' Championship.
The Olympic Club in San Francisco opens for play.
The USGA legalizes steel shafted golf clubs. The R & A does not follow suit until 1929, widening the breach in The Rules of Golf.
The first fairway irrigation system is developed in Dallas, Texas.
Deep-grooved irons are banned by both the USGA and the R & A.
Jesse Sweetser becomes the first native-born American to win the British Amateur. Bobby Jones wins the British Open.
Gate money is instituted at the British Open.
Walter Hagen defeats Bobby Jones 12 and 11 in a privately sponsored 72-hole match in Florida.
The Los Angeles Open is inaugurated, the third-oldest surviving PGA TOUR event. The L.A. Open is also the first tournament to offer a $10,000 purse.
The inaugural Ryder Cup Matches are played between Britain and the United States.
Creeping bentgrass is developed for putting greens by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Cypress Point Club opens, designed by Alister Mackenzie.
Walter Hagen wins the British Open for the fourth time.
Seminole Golf Club opens in Palm Beach, Fla., from a design by Donald Ross.
Bobby Jones completes the original Grand Slam, winning the U.S. and British Amateurs and the U.S. and British Opens in the same year. Since Jones is an amateur, however, the financial windfall belongs to professional Bobby Cruickshank, who bets on Jones to complete the Slam, at 120-1 odds, and pockets $60,000.
The Minehead Club makes Captaincy elective. They had been the last club to award the Captaincy to the winner of the annual competition.
The Duke of York (later King George VI) is elected Captain of the R & A. Shinnecock Hill Golf Club opens its modern course on Long Island, NY.
Bob Harlow is hired as manager of the PGA's Tournament Bureau, and he first proposes the idea of expanding "The Circuit," as the TOUR is then known, from a series of winter events leading up to the season ending North & South Open in spring, into a year-round TOUR.
Billy Burke defeats George Von Elm in a 72- hole playoff at Inverness to win the 1931 U.S. Open, in the longest playoff ever played. They were tied at 292 after regulation play, and both scored 149 in the first 36-hole playoff. Burke is the first golfer to win a major championship using steel-shafted golf clubs.
The USGA increases the minimum size of the golf ball from 1.62 inches to 1.68 inches, and decreases the maximum weight from 1.62 ounces to 1.55. The R&A does not follow suit. The lighter, larger "balloon ball" is universally despised and eventually the USGA raises the weight back to 1.62 ounces.
The first Curtis Cup Matches are held at Wentworth in England.
The concave-faced wedge is banned.
Gene Sarazen introduces the sand-wedge.
The Prince of Wales reaches the final of the Parliamentary Handicap Tournament.
Augusta National Golf Club, designed by Alister Mackenzie with advice from Bobby Jones, opens for play.
Craig Wood hits a 430-yard drive at the Old Course's fifth hole in the British Open, this is still the longest drive in a major championship.
Hershey Chocolate Company, in sponsoring the Hershey Open, becomes the first corporate title sponsor of a professional tournament.
The first Masters is played. Horton Smith is the first champion. In this inaugural event, the present-day back and front nines were reversed.
Glynna Collett Vare wins the U.S. Women's Amateur a record sixth time.
Pinehurst #2 is completed by Donald Ross, generally described as his masterpiece.
Gene Sarazen double-eagles the par-5 15th hole to catch the leaders at the Masters. His "Shot Heard Round the World" propels him to victory, and due to the coverage of his feat, propels both the game of golf and Augusta National to new heights of popularity.
Henry Cotton wins his third consecutive British Open.
Johnny Fisher becomes the last golfer to win a major championship (the U.S. Amateur) with hickory-shafted clubs.
The Bing Crosby Pro-Am is inaugurated in San Diego. A few years later it moves to the Monterey Peninsula.
The British amateurs score their first victory over the United States in the Walker Cup Matches at the Old Course.
The Palm Beach Invitational becomes the first tournament to make a contribution to charity-$10,000.
The 14-club rule is instituted by the USGA.
The British Open and Amateur are discontinued for the duration of the Second World War.
The U.S. Open is discontinued for the duration of the war. A world-wide shortage of rubber, a vital military supply, creates a shortage and huge price increase in golf balls. Sam Snead manages to complete an entire four-day tournament playing one ball, but the professional circuit is severely curtailed.
The U.S. government halts the manufacture of golf equipment for the duration of the war.
The PGA Championship is cancelled for the year, and the Masters is discontinued for the duration of the war.
The PGA expands the TOUR to 22 events despite the absence of many of its star players due to military service.
Byron Nelson wins 18 tournaments in a calendar year to set an all-time PGA TOUR record-including a record 11 in a row and a record 19 consecutive rounds under 70. His total prize earnings during his 11-win streak, $30,000, is less than last place money for the PGA TOUR Championship by 1992.
The Tam O'Shanter Open offers a then-record purse of $60,000.
The U.S. Women's Open is instituted. Petty Berg is the first winner.
Mildred "Babe" Zaharias becomes the first American to win the British Women's Open, at Gullane.
Golf is televised for the first time, in a local St. Louis telecast of the U.S. Open. Golf World magazine is founded.
Bobby Locke becomes the first South African to win the British Open.
Bobby Locke sets a PGA TOUR record with a 16-stroke winning margin in the Chicago Victory National Championship.
Herbert Warren Wind's authoritative The Story of American Golf is published.
The U.S. Junior Amateur is instituted. Ken Venturi loses to Dean Lind in the first final.
The USGA Golf Journal is founded.
Louise Suggs wins the U.S. Women's Open by a record margin of 14 strokes.
Marie Roke of Wollaston, MA aces a 393-yard hole-the longest ace ever recorded by a woman.
The LPGA is founded, replacing the ailing Women's Professional Golf Association.
Ben Hogan, only weeks after returning to the PGA TOUR following a near-fatal auto accident, wins the U.S. Open at Oakland Hills.
Francis Ouimet becomes the first American Captain of the R & A.
The USGA and the R & A, in a conference, complete a newly revised Rules of Golf. Although in1951 the R & A and the USGA continue to differ over the size of the golf ball, all other conflicts are resolved in this momentous conference. The center-shafted putter is legalized world-wide. The out-of-bounds penalty is standardized at stroke-and-distance, and the stymie is finally and forever abolished.
Golf Digest is founded, with Bill Davis as editor.
Al Brosch shoots 60 in the Texas Open to set an 18-hole PGA TOUR record.
Marlene Hagge wins the Sarasota Open when she is 18 years 14 days old-an LPGA record.
Patty Berg shoots an LPGA-record of 64 for an 18-hole round.
The National Hole-in-One Clearing House is established by Golf Digest.
Tommy Armour's How to Play Your Best Golf All the Time is published and becomes the first golf book ever to hit the best-seller lists.
Ben Hogan wins the first three legs of the modern "Grand Slam" (The Masters, U.S. Open, and British Open), but fails to win the final leg, the PGA Championship.
The Tam O'Shanter World Championship becomes the first tournament to be nationally televised. Lew Worsham holes a 104-yard wedge shot on the final hole for eagle and victory in one of the most dramatic finishes ever.
The Canada Cup is instituted, the first event that brings together teams from all over the world. After 1966 the tournament is known as the World Cup.
Peter Thomson becomes the first Australian to win a major tournament with a victory in the British Open.
Architect Robert Trent Jones, upon receiving complaints that he has made the par-3 fourth hole at Baltusrol too hard for the upcoming U.S. Open, plays the hole to see for himself and records a hole-in-one.
The U.S. Open is nationally televised for the first time.
The Tam O'Shanter World Championship offers the first $100,000 purse for a golf tournament.
"All-Star Golf," a filmed series of matches, debuts on network television.
Babe Zaharias returns to the LPGA Tour following cancer surgery and wins the U.S. Women's Open.
The first PGA Merchandise Show is held in a parking lot in Dunedin, Florida, outside the PGA National Golf Club. Salesmen work the show out of the trunks of their cars. The Show goes on to become one of the main events on the golfing calendar-by 1994 it grows to over 30,000 attendees, four days, and has become the single-largest tenant of the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando, spilling over 220,000 square feet of exhibit space.
Mike Souchak shoots 60-68-64-65 for a PGA TOUR record 27-under-par 257 for 72 holes, at Brackenridge Park GC in the Texas Open. The record still stands.
The current yardage guides for par are adopted by the USGA.
Great Britain wins the Ryder Cup matches at Lindrick-ending a drought that dates back to 1935.
E. Harvie Ward loses his amateur status for accepting expenses from sponsors for golf tournaments. The ruling is reversed in 1958.
Ben Hogan's Five Lessons is published.
Arnold Palmer is allowed a controversial free drop to save par in the final round of the Masters, and he goes on to defeat Ken Venturi.
Bill Wright, in winning the U.S. Amateur Public Links, becomes the first African-American to win a national championship.
Golf Magazine is founded, with Charles Price as the first editor.
Arnold Palmer comes back from six shots down in the final round to win the US Open.
With his victory, he completes the first two legs of the modern Grand Slam after winning the Masters in April, the first to do so since Ben Hogan in 1953. He finishes second to Kel Nagle in the British Open to end his bid. Palmer's entry in the British Open is credited with reviving world-wide interest in the championship. Palmer went on to win the British Open in both 1961 and 1962.
Lifting, cleaning, and repairing ball marks is allowed on the putting green for the first time.
Gary Player becomes the first foreign player to win the Masters.
Caucasians-only clause stricken from the PGA constitution, and at the Greater Greensboro Open Charlie Sifford becomes the first black golfer to play in a PGA co-sponsored tournament in the South.
Dr. Joseph Boydstone records 11 aces in one calendar year. Three were recorded in one round, at Bakersfield C.C., Calif.
Jack Nicklaus wins his first professional tournament, the U.S. Open, the last player to win the U.S. Open as his first pro victory.
Painted lines are first utilized to mark water hazards at the U.S. Open.
Arnold Palmer becomes the first professional to earn over $100,000 in official prize money in one calendar year.
Mickey Wright wins a record 13 events on the LPGA Tour in one year.
The casting method for irons is first employed.
In November 1963, golf heavies and showbiz elite joined together at the Canyon Club to pay tribute to the icon in a five-day swingfest in the desert. It was the one-time-only, PGA-sanctioned, Frank Sinatra Invitational, followed by a black-tie gala in the ballroom of the Palm Springs Riviera Hotel.
PGA National opens, in Palm Beach, Fla.
Mickey Wright sets the LPGA 18-hole record with a 62 at Hogan Park GC in the Tall City Open.
Norman Manley, an amateur from Long Beach, Calif., scores holes-in-one on two successive par-4s at Del Valley CC, Calif. It is the first and only time this feat has been accomplished.
Sam Snead wins the Greater Greensboro Open, his 81st TOUR victory, a record. His victory is the eighth in the Greensboro event, also a record. Finally, he wins at the age of 52, also a PGA TOUR record.
Jack Nicklaus sets a tournament record of 271 in winning the Masters.
Mrs. William Jenkins Sr. of Baltimore, Md., double-eagles the par-five 12th hole at Longview GC, the longest ever recorded by a woman.
PGA TOUR Qualifying School is inaugurated at PGA National, with 17 golfers of the 49 applicants winning their playing cards.
Arnold Palmer blows a six-shot lead in the final round of the US Open, losing to a surging Billy Casper at Olympic.
Charlie Sifford, by winning the Greater Hartford Open, becomes the first African-American to win a PGA TOUR event.
Catherine Lacoste becomes the first amateur to win the U.S. Women's Open.
The Canada Cup changes its name to the World Cup.
Arnold Palmer passes the $1 million mark in career PGA earnings.
The PGA of America and the PGA TOUR officially split, with the professionals forming a breakaway group known as the Association of Professional Golfers. The breach is eventually healed, and a Tournament Players Division of the PGA is formed. Joe Dey is elected the next year as the first PGA TOUR commissioner.
Tommy Moore, age 6 years 1 month, 1 week, becomes the youngest player to score a hole-in-one. Moore also becomes, in 1975, the youngest player ever to score a double-eagle.
Roberto DeVicenzo ties Bob Goalby after regulation play in the Masters, but signs an incorrect scorecard and loses the event.
Ollie Bowers of Gaffney, S.C. completes a record 542 rounds (9,756 holes) in one calendar year.
Jack Nicklaus concedes Tony Jacklin's final putt and England ties the U.S. in the Ryder Cup matches, after five consecutive defeats. The gesture is often hailed as "the greatest act of sportsmanship in history."
The trendsetting Harbour Town Golf Links opens on Hilton Head Island, S.C., designed by Pete Dye with assistance from Jack Nicklaus.
Bill Burke, with a 57 at Normandie C.C., sets the all-time official record for low 18-hole score.
Thad Doker of Durham, N.C., records a record two-under par 70 in the World One Club Championship at Lochmere CC.
Laura Baugh wins the US Amateur at 16 years 2 months of age.
Alan Shepard hits a six-iron at "Fra Mauro Country Club" on the moon.
Carolyn Gidone wins the US Senior Women's Amateur for a record fifth consecutive time.
Dick Kimbrough completes 364 holes in 24 hours at the 6,068 North Platte CC in Nebraska.
Tom Doty records 10-under-par in four holes at Brookwood CC, Illinois. His streak includes a double-eagle, two holes-in-one, and an eagle.
Spalding introduces the first two-piece ball, the Top-Flite.
Jack Nicklaus completes the first two legs of the modern Grand Slam winning the Masters and the US Open (at Pebble Beach), but like Arnold Palmer in 1960, falters in the British Open by finishing second (to Lee Trevino).
Ben Crenshaw wins the NCAA title for a record 3rd consecutive time. Later in the year, after earning his PGA TOUR card, he wins the first event he plays as a PGA TOUR member, the San Antonio Open.
Johnny Miller fires a record 63 in the final round to win the US Open at Oakmont.
The graphite shaft is invented.
The classic golf book Golf in the Kingdom, by Michael Murphy, is published.
Jack Nicklaus wins the PGA Championship and breaks Bobby Jones' record for most major victories with his 14th.
Deane Beman is elected as the second PGA TOUR commissioner.
Roberto DeVicenzo scores six birdies, an eagle, and three more birdies for a record 11-under par for ten holes, at Valla Allende GC, Argentina.
The World Golf Hall of Fame is opened in Pinehurst, North Carolina.
Mike Austin hits a 515-yard drive at the 1974 National Seniors Open in Las Vegas, Nev., the longest drive ever recorded in competition.
Jack Nicklaus' Golf My Way is published.
Tom Weiskopf strikes a 420-yard drive in the greenside bunker on the 10th hole at Augusta National-the longest drive in Masters history.
Muirfield Village Golf Club opens from a Desmond Muirhead/Jack Nicklaus design.
The Tournament Players Championship is inaugurated.
Lee Elder becomes the first black golfer to play in the Masters.
Lee Trevino, Jerry Heard and Bobby Nichols are struck by lightning during the 1975 Western Open. The incident prompts new safety standards in weather preparedness at PGA events, but four spectators are killed when struck by lightning during the 1991 U.S. Open at Hazeltine National.
Judy Rankin becomes the first LPGA professional to earn more than $100,000 in a season.
Richard Stanwood sets the record for fewest putts in one round -- 15 -- at Riverside GC in Pocatello, ID.
The USGA institutes the Overall Distance Standard -- golf balls that fly more than 280 yards during a standard test are banned.
Al Geiberger shoots 59 at Colonial CC in the second round of the Memphis Classic, to set a new PGA TOUR 18-hole record.
Bing Crosby dies after completing a round of golf in Spain. His Bing Crosby National Pro-Am continues for several years, but after relations sour between the PGA TOUR and the Crosby family, AT&T takes over sponsorship of the event.
The "sudden-death" playoff is used for the first time in a major championship, when Lanny Wadkins defeats Gene Littler for the PGA Championship played at Pebble Beach G.L.
In what has been described as the most exciting tournament in history, Tom Watson defeats Jack Nicklaus by one stroke in the British Open, at Turnberry. They were tied after the second and third rounds, and were paired with each other during the final 36 holes.
The Legends of Golf is inaugurated at Onion Creek C.C. in Austin, Texas. Its popularity leads to the formation of the Senior TOUR two years later.
The Ryder Cup is reformatted to add European continent players to the British-Scottish-Irish side, making the event far more competitive.
Taylor Made introduces the first metal woods.
Tom Watson is the first golfer to earn $500,000 in prize money in a single season.
The PGA Senior TOUR is born, with four official events.
The U.S. Senior Open is instituted. Roberto De Vicenzo is the first winner.
Jack Nicklaus sets a record of 272 in the U.S. Open at Baltusrol. His mark is equalled in the 1993 U.S. Open by Lee Janzen, also at Baltusrol.
The USGA introduces the Symmetry Standard, banning balls such as the Polaris which correct themselves in flight.
Gary Wright completes 18 holes in a record 28 minutes 9 seconds at Twantin Noosa GC, Australia (6,039 yards).
The Tournament Players Club at Sawgrass opens, with its controversial island green 17th hole, and immediately becomes the permanent host of the Tournament Players Championship. The TPC at Sawgrass becomes the prototype for a dozen "stadium" TPC courses around the United States, built specifically to host PGA TOUR co-sponsored events and affording better viewing for spectators.
The USGA institutes the Mid-Amateur.
Kathy Whitworth becomes the first woman to earn $1 million in career prize money.
Kevin Murray double-eagles the 647-yard second hole at the Guam Navy GC, the longest double-eagle ever recorded.
The PGA TOUR introduces the all-exempt Tour, with the top 125 players exempt from qualifying tournaments.
Desert Highlands opens in Phoenix from a design by Jack Nicklaus utilizing only 80 irrigated acres for 18 holes, instead of the typical 100-150 for a major course. The success of Nicklaus' concept of "target golf" ushers in the era of environmentally-sensitive desert design.
Nancy Lopez sets the LPGA 72-hole record with 268 in the Henredon Classic.
The United States loses the Ryder Cup matches for the first time since 1957, to the expanded European team.
The USGA introduces the Slope System to allow golfers to adjust their handicaps to allow for the relative difficulty of a golf course compared to players of their own ability.
Bob Tway sinks a miracle bunker shot to beat a stunned Greg Norman in the PGA Championship. Norman had held the lead on Sunday morning in each of the four major championships of 1986, but was able to win only in the British Open. Only Bobby Jones had previously held the Sunday morning lead in each Grand Slam event. Tway's stroke inaugurated a celebrated series of miracle shots holed by various golfers to defeat Norman.
The Pete Dye-designed PGA West opens amid great controversy concerning the difficulty of the course.
The Panasonic Las Vegas Invitational offers the first $1 million purse.
The PGA TOUR Team Charity Competition debuts. By 1987, TOUR-related contributions to charity exceed $100,000,000, and by 1992 they reach a total of $200,000,000.
The Links at Spanish Bay opens, the first true links course in the Western United States. It is a co-design by Robert Trent Jones, Jr., Tom Watson, and former USGA President Frank "Sandy" Tatum.
Judy Bell becomes the first woman elected to the USGA Executive Committee.
The Nabisco Championships (later the TOUR Championship) debuts as a season-ending event for the top 30 money winners. The first winner is Tom Watson, breaking a three year victory drought.
Walter Dietz, a blind golfer, aces the 155-yard seventh hole at Manakiki G.C., California.
Links Magazine is founded (originally Southern Links), with Mark Brown as editor-in-chief.
Lori Garbacz orders a pizza between holes at the U.S. Women's Open to protest slow play. Square-grooved clubs such as the PING Eye2 irons are banned by the USGA, which claims that tests show the clubs give an unfair competitive advantage to PING customers. The PGA TOUR also bans the clubs in 1989. Karsten Manufacturing, maker of the clubs, fights a costly two-year battle with both the USGA and the PGA TOUR to have the ban rescinded after winning a temporary injunction. Eventually both organizations drop the ban, while Karsten acknowledges the right of the organizations to regulate equipment and pledges to make modifications to future designs.
Curtis Strange wins the season-ending Nabisco Championships at Pebble Beach, and his $360,000 paycheck lifts his official 1988 TOUR earnings to $1,147,644, and thus he becomes the first player to win over $1,000,000 in a single season.
Four golfers, Doug Weaver, Mark Wiebe, Jerry Pate and Nick Price, hit aces on the par-three sixth hole on the same day in the U.S. Open at Oak Hill.
Nick Faldo sinks a 100-foot birdie putt on the second hole at Augusta National in the Masters, the longest putt holed to date in a major tournament. Faldo goes on to win the Masters.
Hall Thompson of Shoal Creek GC, on the eve of the PGA Championship at Shoal Creek, defends his club's policy of not admitting black members. Amidst a public outcry, Shoal Creek 1990 is forced to change its policy and the PGA TOUR and the USGA insist that in future all clubs submit to a standard set of guidelines on membership policies. Cypress Point Club and Aronimink, among others, decide they are unable to comply and withdraw from the professional tournament arena.
Bill Blue resigns after a short reign as LPGA Commissioner. Charles Mecham is selected as his successor.
Construction begins on Shadow Creek Golf Club, the most expensive golf course ever built, with cost estimates ranging from $35 to $60 million as Tom Fazio creates an oasis in the Las Vegas Desert . The club in 1994 vaults into eighth place on the Golf Digest top-100 course rankings, sparking controversy.
The R & A, after 38 years, adopts the 1.68 inch diameter ball, and for the first time since 1910
The Rules of Golf are standardized throughout the world.
The initial Solheim Cup is played at Lake Nona G.C., Orlando, commencing a biennial USA vs. Europe competition for women, a recognition of the growing strength of women's golf on both sides of the Atlantic.
The Ben Hogan Tour is launched as a minor league for the PGA TOUR, following the increased success of mini-tours such as the U.S. Golf Tour in 1989.
The Ocean Course at Kiawah Island, S.C., the first course to be awarded the Ryder Cup Matches before the course has been completed, is the scene of the United States' first victory in the event since 1983. The competition comes down to a twisting seven-footer on the 18th hole missed by Bernhard Langer in the final match (against Hale Irwin).
John Daly wins the PGA Championship at Crooked Stick when, as ninth alternate, a slot in the tournament opens up for him on the night before the Championship began. The golfer who withdrew and gave Daly his place, Nick Price, wins the PGA Championship in 1992 at Bellerive.
Phil Mickelson, an amateur, wins the PGA TOUR's Northern Telecom Open.
Oversized metal woods are introduced, with Callaway Golf's Big Bertha quickly establishing itself as the dominant brand, the Big Bertha driver becomes one of the biggest-selling clubs of all time.
Harvey Penick's Little Red Book becomes the all-time best selling golf book.
Simon Clough and Boris Janic complete 18-hole rounds in five countries in one day, walking each course. They played rounds in France, Luxembourg, Belgium, Holland, and Germany, and completed their journey in 16 hours, 35 minutes.
Brittany Andres, age 6 years 19 days, scores an ace at the 85-yard second hole at the Jimmy Clay G.C. in Austin, Texas.
An ownership group led by Joe Gibbs and Arnold Palmer announce plans for The Golf Channel, a 24-hour, 365-day cable service. The channel will launch in 1995.
Marked the arrival of Tiger Woods on the Golf Scene and ushered in a new era of golf's popularity and rise in prize money.
Here are Tiger's accomplishments over those two years.
Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year
PGA Tour Rookie of the Year
Fred Haskins College Player of the Year
Jack Nicklaus College Player of the Year
Pac-10 Player of the Year
First Team All-American
Al Master Award co-winner (presented to the outstanding athlete at Stanford for attaining the highest standards of athletic performance, leadership and academic achievement)
Finished tied for 82nd in U.S. Open with scores of 76-69-77-72--294 and had lead through 13 holes of first round at Oakland Hills
Tied British Open 72-hole record for an amateur with total of 281 (75-66-70-70) at Royal Lytham & St. Annes, England, matching Iain Pyman at Royal St. George's in 1993. His second round five-under 66 was the lowest by an amateur since Frank Stranahan registered the same score at Royal Troon in 1950
Became the first player to win twice in his first year on the PGA TOUR since Robert Gamez won the 1990 Northern Telecom Tucson Open and Nestle Invitational. Became the first player to record five consecutive top-five finishes on the PGA TOUR since Curtis Strange in 1982
Advanced to No. 33 on the world ranking, the fastest rise into the top 50 in history
Won - Disney/Oldsmobile Classic
Won - Las Vegas Invitational
Won - U.S. Amateur Championship, Pumpkin Ridge Golf Club, Cornelius, Oregon (only golfer ever to win three consecutive titles, record 18 consecutive match-play victories).
Won - NCAA Championship, The Honors Course, Chattanooga, Tenn., with scores of 69-67-69-80-285
Won - John A. Burns Invitational
Won - Cleveland Golf Championship
Won - Tri-Match (Stanford, Arizona, Arizona State)
Won - Cougar Classic
Won - Pac-10 Championship (shot course-record 61)
Won - NCAA West Regional
The Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year
ESPY Male Athlete of the Year (Tied with Ken Griffey, Jr.)
Player of the Year as selected by PGA TOUR, PGA of America and Golf Writers Association of America
Leading money winner on PGA TOUR with $2,066,833 (most ever won in a single year)
Won - Masters Tournament (first professional major championship) Set Masters record for youngest champion (21 years, three months, 14 days) and became the first major champion of African or Asian heritage Set Masters 72-hole record with a total of 270 (70-66-65-69) and set Masters record with 12-stroke victory margin Other Masters records set or tied: most shots under par, second nine (16), low middle 36 holes (131), low first 54 holes (201, tied Raymond Floyd, 1976), low last 54 holes (200), lowest score par-five holes in one round (six under par, tied Steve Jones, 1990), largest 54-hole lead (nine strokes), youngest 36-hole and 54-hole leader, most threes, one tournament (26)
Won - Mercedes Championships
Won - Asian Honda Classic (Thailand)
Won - GTE Byron Nelson Classic
Won - Motorola Western Open
Tiger went on to dominate Professional Golf for the next 12 years, until his public stumble and nagging injuries brought him back to a surging pack of young talented golfers reinstating balance and parity through the ranks of both The PGA Tour and The World Golf Scene.
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« TV Recommendations: Sunday, October 13
TV Recommendations: Monday, October 14 »
Entertainment Update for October 7 to October 13
Here are the news items for this past week:
FULL SEASON ORDER
The first new drama of the fall to receive a full season order is FOX's Prodigal Son. (TV Line)
That Walker, Texas Ranger reboot that will feature Supernatural alum Jared Padalecki in the lead role has landed at The CW for development. The show will focus on Cordell Walker (Padalecki), a man finding his way back to his family while investigating crime in the state's most elite unit. (TV Line and Deadline)
MINI-SERIES/LIMITED SERIES CASTING NEWS
CBS TV Studios is working on a mini-series based on former FBI director James Comey's memoir A Higher Loyalty with Jeff Daniels signed to play Comey and Brendan Gleeson as Donald Trump. Holly Hunter will appear as Acting Attorney General Sally Yates. The book covers Comey's tenure as FBI director, his role in the 2016 election and his relationship with Trump, who fired Comey in May 2017. (The Hollywood Reporter and Variety)
More cast members have been added to the cast of the upcoming CBS All Access limited series The Stand, based on the Stephen King novel that already stars James Marsden, Amber Heard, Alexander Skarsgard and Whoopi Goldberg. The new cast members are Eion Bailey (Once Upon a Time) as Teddy Weizak, a superflu survivor and member of the body crewin Boulder, Colo. Katherine McNamara (Shadowhunters and Arrow) will play Julie Lawry. A small-town girl with a wild side, she is one of Lloyd's conquests in Las Vegas. And, Hamish Linklater (The New Adventures of Old Christine) will play Dr. Ellis, a military colonel and infectious disease specialist who dreams of being the hero who stops the superflu. (The Futon Critic)
BOX OFFICE MOVIE CASTING NEWS
Actor Yahya Abdul-Mateen II (Aquaman) has landed a lead role in the reboot of the Matrix franchise, but it is unknown what role he will be playing. (Variety)
Actress Gal Gadot (Wonder Woman) will produce and star in the box office film Irena Sendler, based on the Polis heroine who saved thousands of Jewish children during the Holocaust. (Variety)
MADE-FOR-TV MOVIE CASTING NEWS
Actress-singer Amber Riley (Glee) will serve as emcee on the ABC live action adaptation of The Little Mermaid Live. (TV Line)
Actor-singer-game show host Wayne Brady will have a recurring role on Black Lightning, playing Tyson "Gravedigger" Spikes, a World War II-era member of the U.S. military who became a "super soldier" after a secret experiment gifted him with enhanced strength, agility, tactical genius, and hand-to-hand combat expertise. (The Futon Critic)
Actor Cas Anvar (The Expanse) will have a recurring role in the final season of How to Get Away With Murder, playing Robert Hsieh, an in-house lawyer of a popular dating app who works closely with Caplan & Gold on a discrimination suit. (Deadline)
Actress Raven-Symone will appear in The Bold Type, as a successful beauty influencer who is part of Scarlet's anti-cultural appropriation photo spread. (E! Onlne and TV Line)
Firefly alum Alan Tudyk will guest star in an episode of The Rookie, playing Ellroy Basso, a bioremediation specialist who schools Nolan on the art of crime scene cleaning. (TV Line)
There will be a reunion (of sorts) of cast members from the short-lived series Life Unexpected in the upcoming Hulu series Little Fires Everywhere, based on the Celeste Ng bestseller of the same name. The series follows the Richardson family, whose life is upended by a mother-daughter duo who come into their lives, which will star Kerry Washington and Reese Witherspoon. The Life Unexpected cast that will appear in the Hulu series are Britt Roberton, who will play Rachel, the nanny employed by the Richardsons so that Elena (Witherspoon) can continue to work at the local Shaker Heights newspaper; Kristoffer Polaha and Reggie Austin, who will play reporters covering the contentious custody hearing between the white McCullough family and their adopted baby's biological mother; Austin Basis will play Principal Peters, who runs East Shaker High School and oversees the rebellious antics of the youngest and most troublesome Richardson child. Life Unexpected came from Liz Tigelaar, who is the creator of Little Fires Everywhere, which will premiere next year. (Variety)
That's it. Enjoy!
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