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Environmental effects of mining can occur at local, regional, and global scales through direct and indirect mining practices. The effects can result in erosion, sinkholes, loss of biodiversity, or the contamination of soil, groundwater, and surface water by the chemicals emitted from mining processes. These processes also affect the atmosphere from the emissions of carbon which have an effect on the quality of human health and biodiversity. Some mining methods (lithium mining, phosphate mining, coal mining, mountaintop removal mining, and sand mining) may have such significant environmental and public health effects that mining companies in some countries are required to follow strict environmental and rehabilitation codes to ensure that the mined area returns to its original state.

Erosion
Erosion of exposed hillsides, mine dumps, tailings dams and resultant siltation of drainages, creeks and rivers can significantly affect the surrounding areas, a prime example being the giant Ok Tedi Mine in Papua New Guinea. Soil erosion can decrease the water availability for plant growth, resulting in a population decline in the plant ecosystem. Soil erosion is mainly caused by excessive rainfall, lack of soil management and chemical exposure from mining. In wilderness areas mining may cause destruction of ecosystems and habitats, and in areas of farming it may disturb or destroy productive grazing and croplands.

Sinkholes

A sinkhole at or near a mine site is typically caused from the failure of a mine roof from the extraction of resources, weak overburden or geological discontinuities. The overburden at the mine site can develop cavities in the subsoil or rock, which can infill with sand and soil from the overlying strata. These cavities in the overburden have the potential to eventually cave in, forming a sinkhole at the surface. The sudden failure of earth creates a large depression at the surface without warning, this can be seriously hazardous to life and property. Sinkholes at a mine site can be mitigated with the proper design of infrastructure such as mining supports and better construction of walls to create a barrier around an area prone to sinkholes. Back-filling and grouting can be done to stabilize abandoned underground workings.

Water pollution
Mining can have harmful effects on surrounding surface and groundwater. If proper precautions are not taken, unnaturally high concentrations of chemicals, such as arsenic, sulphuric acid, and mercury can spread over a significant area of surface or subsurface water. Large amounts of water used for mine drainage, mine cooling, aqueous extraction and other mining processes increases the potential for these chemicals to contaminate ground and surface water. As mining produces copious amounts of waste water, disposal methods are limited due to contaminates within the waste water. Runoff containing these chemicals can lead to the devastation of the surrounding vegetation. The dumping of the runoff in surface waters or in a lot of forests is the worst option. Therefore, submarine tailings disposal are regarded as a better option (if the waste is pumped to great depth). Land storage and refilling of the mine after it has been depleted is even better, if no forests need to be cleared for the storage of debris. The contamination of watersheds resulting from the leakage of chemicals also has an effect on the health of the local population.

In well-regulated mines, hydrologists and geologists take careful measurements of water to take precaution to exclude any type of water contamination that could be caused by the mine's operations. The minimization of environmental degradation is enforced in American mining practices by federal and state law, by restricting operators to meet standards for the protection of surface and groundwater from contamination. This is best done through the use of non-toxic extraction processes as bioleaching.

Air pollution
Air pollutants have a negative impact on plant growth, primarily through interfering with resource accumulation. Once leaves are in close contact with the atmosphere, many air pollutants, such as O3 and NOx, affect the metabolic function of the leaves and interfere with net carbon fixation by the plant canopy. Air pollutants that are first deposited on the soil, such as heavy metals, first affect the functioning of roots and interfere with soil resource capture by the plant. These reductions in resource capture (production of carbohydrate through photosynthesis, mineral nutrient uptake and water uptake from the soil) will affect plant growth through changes in resource allocation to the various plant structures. When air pollution stress co-occurs with other stresses, e.g. water stress, the outcome on growth will depend on a complex interaction of processes within the plant. At the ecosystem level, air pollution can shift the competitive balance among the species present and may lead to changes in the composition of the plant community. In agroecosystems, these changes may be manifest in reduced economic yield.

Acid rock drainage

Sub-surface mining often progresses below the water table, so water must be constantly pumped out of the mine in order to prevent flooding. When a mine is abandoned, the pumping ceases, and water floods the mine. This introduction of water is the initial step in most acid rock drainage situations.Acid rock drainage occurs naturally within some environments as part of the rock weathering process but is exacerbated by large-scale earth disturbances characteristic of mining and other large construction activities, usually within rocks containing an abundance of sulfide minerals. Areas where the earth has been disturbed (e.g. construction sites, subdivisions, and transportation corridors) may create acid rock drainage. In many localities, the liquid that drains from coal stocks, coal handling facilities, coal washeries, and coal waste tips can be highly acidic, and in such cases it is treated as acid mine drainage (AMD). The same type of chemical reactions and processes may occur through the disturbance of acid sulfate soils formed under coastal or estuarine conditions after the last major sea level rise, and constitutes a similar environmental hazard.

The five principal technologies used to monitor and control water flow at mine sites are diversion systems, containment ponds, groundwater pumping systems, subsurface drainage systems, and subsurface barriers. In the case of AMD, contaminated water is generally pumped to a treatment facility that neutralizes the contaminants. A 2006 review of environmental impact statements found that "water quality predictions made after considering the effects of mitigation largely underestimated actual impacts to groundwater, seeps, and surface water".

Heavy metals
Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight and a density at least 5 times greater than that of water. Their multiple industrial, domestic, agricultural, medical and technological applications have led to their wide distribution in the environment; raising concerns over their potential effects on human health and the environment.

Naturally occurring heavy metals are displayed in shapes that are not promptly accessible for uptake by plants. They are ordinarily displayed in insoluble shapes, like in mineral structures, or in precipitated or complex shapes that are not promptly accessible for plant take-up. Normally happening heavy metals have an awesome adsorption capacity in soil and are hence not promptly accessible for living organisms. The holding vitality between normally happening heavy metals and soil is exceptionally high compared to that with anthropogenic sources.

Dissolution and transport of metals and heavy metals by run-off and ground water is another example of environmental problems with mining, such as the Britannia Mine, a former copper mine near Vancouver, British Columbia. Tar Creek, an abandoned mining area in Picher, Oklahoma that is now an Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site, also suffers from heavy metal contamination. Water in the mine containing dissolved heavy metals such as lead and cadmium leaked into local groundwater, contaminating it. Long-term storage of tailings and dust can lead to additional problems, as they can be easily blown off site by wind, as occurred at Skouriotissa, an abandoned copper mine in Cyprus. Environmental changes such as global warming and increased mining activity may increase the content of heavy metals in the stream sediments.

Effect on biodiversity

The implantation of a mine is a major habitat modification, and smaller perturbations occur on a larger scale than exploitation site, mine-waste residuals contamination of the environment for example. Adverse effects can be observed long after the end of the mine activity. Destruction or drastic modification of the original site and anthropogenic substances release can have major impact on biodiversity in the area. Destruction of the habitat is the main component of biodiversity losses, but direct poisoning caused by mine-extracted material, and indirect poisoning through food and water, can also affect animals, vegetation and microorganisms. Habitat modification such as pH and temperature modification disturb communities in the surrounding area. Endemic species are especially sensitive, since they require very specific environmental conditions. Destruction or slight modification of their habitat put them at the risk of extinction. Habitats can be damaged when there is not enough terrestrial product as well as by non-chemical products, such as large rocks from the mines that are discarded in the surrounding landscape with no concern for impacts on natural habitat.

Concentrations of heavy metals are known to decrease with distance from the mine, and effects on biodiversity tend to follow the same pattern. Impacts can vary greatly depending on mobility and bioavailability of the contaminant: less-mobile molecules will stay inert in the environment while highly mobile molecules will easily move into another compartment or be taken up by organisms. For example, speciation of metals in sediments could modify their bioavailability, and thus their toxicity for aquatic organisms.

Biomagnification plays an important role in polluted habitats: mining impacts on biodiversity, assuming that concentration levels are not high enough to directly kill exposed organisms, should be greater to the species on top of the food chain because of this phenomenon.

Adverse mining effects on biodiversity depend a great extent on the nature of the contaminant, the level of concentration at which it can be found in the environment, and the nature of the ecosystem itself. Some species are quite resistant to anthropogenic disturbances, while some others will completely disappear from the contaminated zone. Time alone does not seem to allow the habitat to recover completely from the contamination. Remediation practices take time, and in most cases will not enable the recovery of the original diversity present before the mining activity took place.

Aquatic organisms

The mining industry can impact aquatic biodiversity through different ways. One way can be direct poisoning; a higher risk for this occurs when contaminants are mobile in the sediment or bioavailable in the water. Mine drainage can modify water pH, making it hard to differentiate direct impact on organisms from impacts caused by pH changes. Effects can nonetheless be observed and proven to be caused by pH modifications. Contaminants can also affect aquatic organisms through physical effects: streams with high concentrations of suspended sediment limit light, thus diminishing algae biomass. Metal oxide deposition can limit biomass by coating algae or their substrate, thereby preventing colonization.

Factors that impact communities in acid mine drainage sites vary temporarily and seasonally: temperature, rainfall, pH, salinisation and metal quantity all display variations on the long term, and can heavily affect communities. Changes in pH or temperature can affect metal solubility, and thereby the bioavailable quantity that directly impact organisms. Moreover, contamination persists over time: ninety years after a pyrite mine closure, water pH was still very low and microorganisms populations consisted mainly of acidophil bacteria.

One big case study that was considered extremely toxic to aquatic organisms was the contamination that occurred in Minamata Bay. Methylmercury was released into wastewater by industrial chemical company's and a disease called Minamata disease was discovered in Kumamoto, Japan. This resulted in mercury poisoning in fishes and shellfishes and it was contaminating surrounding species and many died from it and it impacted anyone that ate the contaminated fishes.

Microorganisms
Algae communities are less diverse in acidic water containing high zinc concentration, and mine drainage stress decrease their primary production. Diatoms' community is greatly modified by any chemical change, pH phytoplankton assemblage, and high metal concentration diminishes the abundance of planktonic species. Some diatom species may grow in high-metal-concentration sediments. In sediments close to the surface, cysts suffer from corrosion and heavy coating. In very polluted conditions, total algae biomass is quite low, and the planktonic diatom community is missing. Similarly to phytoplankton, the zooplankton communities are heavily altered in cases where the mining impact is severe. In case of functional complementary, however, it is possible that the phytoplankton and zooplankton mass remains stable.

Macro-organisms
Water insect and crustacean communities are modified around a mine, resulting in a low tropic completeness and their community being dominated by predators. However, biodiversity of macroinvertebrates can remain high, if sensitive species are replaced with tolerant ones. When diversity within the area is reduced, there is sometimes no effect of stream contamination on abundance or biomass, suggesting that tolerant species fulfilling the same function take the place of sensible species in polluted sites. pH diminution in addition to elevated metal concentration can also have adverse effects on macroinvertebrates' behaviour, showing that direct toxicity is not the only issue. Fish can also be affected by pH, temperature variations, and chemical concentrations.

Terrestrial organisms

Vegetation
Soil texture and water content can be greatly modified in disturbed sites, leading to plants community changes in the area. Most of the plants have a low concentration tolerance for metals in the soil, but sensitivity differs among species. Grass diversity and total coverage is less affected by high contaminant concentration than forbs and shrubs. Mine waste-materials rejects or traces due to mining activity can be found in the vicinity of the mine, sometimes far away from the source. Established plants cannot move away from perturbations, and will eventually die if their habitat is contaminated by heavy metals or metalloids at a concentration that is too elevated for their physiology. Some species are more resistant and will survive these levels, and some non-native species that can tolerate these concentrations in the soil, will migrate in the surrounding lands of the mine to occupy the ecological niche. This can also leave the soil vulnerable to potential soil erosion, which would make it inhabitable for plants.

Plants can be affected through direct poisoning, for example arsenic soil content reduces bryophyte diversity. Vegetation can also be contaminated from other metals as well such as nickel and copper. Soil acidification through pH diminution by chemical contamination can also lead to a diminished species number. Contaminants can modify or disturb microorganisms, thus modifying nutrient availability, causing a loss of vegetation in the area. Some tree roots divert away from deeper soil layers in order to avoid the contaminated zone, therefore lacking anchorage within the deep soil layers, resulting in the potential uprooting by the wind when their height and shoot weight increase. In general, root exploration is reduced in contaminated areas compared to non-polluted ones. Plant species diversity will remain lower in reclaimed habitats than in undisturbed areas. Depending on what specific type of mining is done, all vegetation can be initially removed from the area before the actual mining is started.

Cultivated crops might be a problem near mines. Most crops can grow on weakly contaminated sites, but yield is generally lower than it would have been in regular growing conditions. Plants also tend to accumulate heavy metals in their aerial organs, possibly leading to human intake through fruits and vegetables. Regular consumption of contaminated crops might lead to health problems caused by long-term metal exposure. Cigarettes made from tobacco growing on contaminated sites might also possibly have adverse effects on human population, as tobacco tends to accumulate cadmium and zinc in its leaves.

Animals

Habitat destruction is one of the main issues of mining activity. Huge areas of natural habitat are destroyed during mine construction and exploitation, forcing animals to leave the site.

Animals can be poisoned directly by mine products and residuals. Bioaccumulation in the plants or the smaller organisms they eat can also lead to poisoning: horses, goats and sheep are exposed in certain areas to potentially toxic concentration of copper and lead in grass. There are fewer ant species in soil containing high copper levels, in the vicinity of a copper mine. If fewer ants are found, chances are higher that other organisms living in the surrounding landscape are strongly affected by the high copper levels as well. Ants have good judgement whether an area is habitual as they live directly in the soil and are thus sensitive to environmental disruptions.

Microorganisms
Microorganisms are extremely sensitive to environmental modification, such as modified pH, temperature changes or chemical concentrations due to their size. For example, the presence of arsenic and antimony in soils have led to diminution in total soil bacteria. Much like waters sensitivity, a small change in the soil pH can provoke the remobilization of contaminants, in addition to the direct impact on pH-sensitive organisms.

Microorganisms have a wide variety of genes among their total population, so there is a greater chance of survival of the species due to the resistance or tolerance genes in that some colonies possess, as long as modifications are not too extreme. Nevertheless, survival in these conditions will imply a big loss of gene diversity, resulting in a reduced potential for adaptations to subsequent changes. Undeveloped soil in heavy metal contaminated areas could be a sign of reduced activity by soils microfauna and microflora, indicating a reduced number of individuals or diminished activity. Twenty years after disturbance, even in rehabilitation area, microbial biomass is still greatly reduced compared to undisturbed habitat.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi are especially sensitive to the presence of chemicals, and the soil is sometimes so disturbed that they are no longer able to associate with root plants. However, some fungi possess contaminant accumulation capacity and soil cleaning ability by changing the biodisponibility of pollutants, this can protect plants from potential damages that could be caused by chemicals. Their presence in contaminated sites could prevent loss of biodiversity due to mine-waste contamination, or allow for bioremediation, the removal of undesired chemicals from contaminated soils. On the contrary, some microbes can deteriorate the environment: which can lead to elevated SO4 in the water and can also increase microbial production of hydrogen sulfide, a toxin for many aquatic plants and organisms.

Waste materials

Tailings

Mining processes produce an excess of waste materials known as tailings. The materials that are left over after are a result of separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction of ore. These large amounts of waste are a mixture of water, sand, clay, and residual bitumen. Tailings are commonly stored in tailings ponds made from naturally existing valleys or large engineered dams and dyke systems. Tailings ponds can remain part of an active mine operation for 30–40 years. This allows for tailings deposits to settle, or for storage and water recycling.

Tailings have great potential to damage the environment by releasing toxic metals by acid mine drainage or by damaging aquatic wildlife; these both require constant monitoring and treatment of water passing through the dam. However, the greatest danger of tailings ponds is dam failure. Tailings ponds are typically formed by locally derived fills (soil, coarse waste, or overburden from mining operations and tailings) and the dam walls are often built up on to sustain greater amounts of tailings. The lack of regulation for design criteria of the tailings ponds are what put the environment at risk for flooding from the tailings ponds.

Spoil tip
A spoil tip is a pile of accumulated overburden that was removed from a mine site during the extraction of coal or ore. These waste materials are composed of ordinary soil and rocks, with the potential to be contaminated with chemical waste
. Spoil is much different from tailings, as it is processed material that remains after the valuable components have been extracted from ore. Spoil tip combustion can happen fairly commonly as, older spoil tips tend to be loose and tip over the edge of a pile. As spoil is mainly composed of carbonaceous material that is highly combustible, it can be accidentally ignited by the lighting fire or the tipping of hot ashes. Spoil tips can often catch fire and be left burning underground or within the spoil piles for many years.

Mining activities
Mining activities, including prospecting, exploration, construction, operation, maintenance, expansion, abandonment, decommissioning and repurposing of a mine can impact social and environmental systems in a range of positive and negative, and direct and indirect ways.

Effects of mine pollution on humans

Humans are also affected by mining. There are many diseases that can come from the pollutants that are released into the air and water during the mining process. For example, during smelting operations large quantities of air pollutants, such as the suspended particulate matter, SOx, arsenic particles and cadmium, are emitted. Metals are usualldonoy emitted into the air as particulates as well. There are also many occupational health hazards that miners face. Most of miners suffer from various respiratory and skin diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, or black lung disease.

Furthermore, one of the biggest subset of mining that impacts humans is the pollutants that end up in the water, which results in poor water quality. About 30% of the world has access to renewable freshwater which is used by industries that generate large amounts of waste containing chemicals in various concentrations that are deposited into the freshwater. The concern of active chemicals in the water can pose a great risk to human health as it can accumulate within the water and fishes. There was a study done on an abandon mine in China, Dabaoshan mine and this mine was not active to many years yet the impact of how metals can accumulate in water and soil was a major concern for neighboring villages. Due to the lack of proper care of waste materials 56% of mortality rate is estimated within the regions around this mining sites, and many have been diagnosed with esophageal cancer and liver cancer. It resulted that this mine till this day still has negative impacts on human health through crops and it is evident that there needs to be more cleaning up measures around surrounding areas.

The long-term effects associated with air pollution are plenty including chronic asthma, pulmonary insufficiency, and cardiovascular mortality. According to a Swedish cohort study, diabetes seems to be induced after long-term air pollution exposure. Furthermore, air pollution seems to have various malign health effects in early human life, such as respiratory, cardiovascular, mental, and perinatal disorders, leading to infant mortality or chronic disease in adult age. Discuss contamination basically influences those living in huge urban zones, where street outflows contribute the foremost to the degradation of discuss quality. There's moreover a threat of mechanical mishaps, where the spread of a harmful haze can be lethal to the populaces of the encompassing regions. The scattering of poisons is decided by numerous parameters, most outstandingly barometrical soundness and wind.

Deforestation
With open cast mining the overburden, which may be covered in forest, must be removed before the mining can commence. Although the deforestation due to mining may be small compared to the total amount it may lead to species extinction if there is a high level of local endemism.
The lifecycle of mining coal is one of the filthiest cycles that causes deforestation due to the amount of toxins, and heavy metals that are released soil and water environment. Although the effects of coal mining take a long time to impact the environment the burning of coals and fires which can burn up to decades can release flying ash and increase the greenhouse gasses. Specifically strip mining that can destroy landscapes, forests, and wildlife habitats that are near the sites. Trees, plants and topsoil are cleared from the mining area and this can lead to destruction of agricultural land. Furthermore, when rainfall occurs the ashes and other materials are washed into streams that can hurt fish. These impacts can still occur after the mining site is completed which disturbs the presences of the land and restoration of the deforestation takes longer than usual because the quality of the land is degraded. Legal mining, albeit more environmentally-controlled than illegal mining, contributes to some substantial percentage to the deforestation of tropical countries

Impacts associated with specific types of mining

Coal mining

The environmental factors of the coal industry are not only impacting air pollution, water management and land use but also is causing severe health effects by the burning of the coal. Air pollution is increasing in numbers of toxins such as mercury, lead, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and other heavy metals. This is causing health issues involving breathing difficulties and is impacting the wildlife around the surrounding areas that needs clean air to survive.  The future of air pollution remains unclear as the Environmental Protection Agency have tried to prevent some emissions but don't have control measures in place for all plants producing mining of coal. Water pollution is another factor that is being damaged throughout this process of mining coals, the ashes from coal is usually carried away in rainwater which streams into larger water sites. It can take up to 10 years to clean water sites that have coal waste and the potential of damaging clean water can only make the filtration much more difficult.

Deep sea mining

Deep sea mining for manganese nodules and other resources have led to concerns from marine scientists and environmental groups over the impact on fragile deep sea ecosystems. Knowledge of potential impacts is limited due to limited research on deep sea life.

Lithium mining

Lithium does not occur as the metal naturally since it is highly reactive, but is found combined in small amounts in rocks, soils, and bodies of water. The extraction of lithium in rock form can be exposed to air, water, and soil. Furthermore, batteries are globally demanded for containing lithium in regards to manufacturing, the toxic chemicals that lithium produce can negatively impact humans, soils, and marine species. Lithium production increased by 25% between 2000 and 2007 for the use of batteries, and the major sources of lithium are found in brine lake deposits. Lithium is discovered and extracted from 150 minerals, clays, numerous brines, and sea water, and although lithium extraction from rock-form is twice as expensive from that of lithium extracted from brines, the average brine deposit is greater than in comparison to an average lithium hard rock deposit.

Phosphate mining

Phosphate-bearing rocks are mined to produce phosphorus, an essential element used in industry and agriculture. The process of extraction includes removal of surface vegetation, thereby exposing phosphorus rocks to the terrestrial ecosystem, damaging the land area with exposed phosphorus, resulting in ground erosion. The products released from phosphate ore mining are wastes, and tailings, resulting in human exposure to particulate matter from contaminated tailings via inhalation and the toxic elements that impact human health are (Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu and Pb).

Oil shale mining

Oil shale is a sedimentary rock containing kerogen which hydrocarbons can be produced. Mining oil shale impacts the environment it can damage the biological land and ecosystems. The thermal heating and combustion generate a lot of material and waste that includes carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas. Many environmentalists are against the production and usage of oil shale because it creates large amounts of greenhouse gasses. Among air pollution, water contamination is a huge factor mainly because oil shales are dealing with oxygen and hydrocarbons.  There is changes in the landscape with mining sites due to oil shale mining and the production using chemical products. The ground movements within the area of underground mining is a problem that is long-term because it causes non-stabilized areas. Underground mining causes a new formation that can be suitable for some plant growth, but rehabilitation could be required.

Mountaintop removal mining
Mountaintop removal mining (MTR) occurs when trees are cut down, and coal seams are removed by machines and explosives. As a result the landscape is more susceptible to flash flooding and causing potential pollution from the chemicals. The critical zone disturbed by mountaintop removal causes degraded stream water quality towards the marine and terrestrial ecosystems and thus mountaintop removal mining affect hydrologic response and long-term watersheds.

Sand mining

Sand mining and gravel mining creates large pits and fissures in the earth's surface. At times, mining can extend so deeply that it affects ground water, springs, underground wells, and the water table. The major threats of sand mining activities include channel bed degradation, river formation and erosion. Sand mining has resulted in an increase of water turbidity in the majority offshore of Lake Hongze, the fourth largest freshwater lake located in China.

Mitigation

To ensure completion of reclamation, or restoring mine land for future use, many governments and regulatory authorities around the world require that mining companies post a bond to be held in escrow until productivity of reclaimed land has been convincingly demonstrated, although if cleanup procedures are more expensive than the size of the bond, the bond may simply be abandoned. Since 1978 the mining industry has reclaimed more than 2 million acres (8,000 km2) of land in the United States alone. This reclaimed land has renewed vegetation and wildlife in previous mining lands and can even be used for farming and ranching.

Specific sites
Tui mine in New Zealand
Stockton mine in New Zealand
Northland Pyrite Mine in Temagami, Ontario, Canada
Sherman Mine in Temagami, Ontario, Canada
Ok Tedi Mine in Western Province, Papua New Guinea
The Berkeley Pit
Wheal Jane Mines

See also
Environmental impact of deep sea mining
Environmental effects of placer mining
Environmental impact of gold mining
Environmental impact of zinc mining
List of environmental issues
Appalachian Voices, a lobby group in the United States
 Mining
 Natural resource

References

Pollution

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Most writers are taught to write what they know. Tennessee Williams took that advice to heart when constructing The Glass Menagerie, his breakthrough play and the most autobiographical work of his career, in which he presents the Wingfield family, matriarch Amanda and her children, Tom and Laura. Much like Williams's own mother, Amanda is overbearing and disappointed in her children. Like Williams, Tom is a poet and a romantic, stuck in a dead-end factory job. (Williams had several punch-the-clock jobs before finding success as a writer.) And Laura is a tribute, almost, to William's sister, Rose, who, like Laura, had a physical abnormality and was terribly shy.
And so the action plays out on a reflecting pond, of sorts. Director John Tiffany (Once, Macbeth) remained faithful to Williams's intentions for the play, stripping it of excess and artifice. His vision is wonderfully carried out by the design team, particularly scenic designer Bob Crowley (who also designed the costumes) and lighting designer Natasha Katz. Crowley's set seems to float on water, a pool that reflects not the truth, but an impression, a representation of the truth, just as what Tom presents as his poetic interpretation and memory of the truth.
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Laura comes to life around Jim (after a little prodding (maybe, like another Williams character, Laura depends on the kindness of strangers?)), and here, Celia Keenan-Bolger shines. Keenan-Bolger (Peter and the Starcatcher, Merrily We Roll Along) makes Laura so much more than what Tom remembers. She is quiet, gentle and inexperienced, but she is not the victim.
The time we spend with Jim and Laura is what really resonates. They talk about how we perceive ourselves, how our differences are actually what make us interesting. How the glass figures in Laura's menagerie are stronger than you think; that they're meant to be touched and you mustn't be too precious about them. Though her shyness is usually crippling, talking to Jim emboldens her, and she learns to take chances.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
.. _l-deep:

Deep Learning
=============

.. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 2

    ml_deep_python
    100_Logistic_IRIS
    110_Perceptron_Iris
    200_Perceptron_MNIST
    210_Convolution_MNIST
    300_Convolution_CIFAR10

All notebooks except the first one were written by
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Joker teams up with Lex Luthor to destroy the world one brick at a time. It's up to Batman, Superman and the rest of the Justice League to stop them….
Country: USA, UK, Denmark


Whether you self-publish or work with a publisher, it's important to know how to create copy for your book cover that is compelling and will inspire and entice your reader to take action. There isn't a lot of room on the back of a book, especially when you add publishing information such as an ISBN, an author bio, or testimonials from other authors, so the copy has to be tightly written without excess verbiage. I highly recommend you read or reread The Elements of Style, a short and brilliant book by Strunk and White, which shows on how to prevent yourself from using three words when one will do. If your book will be a hardcover original, you'll have more space for text than if it's a paperback original: You'll actually have two panels that the reader accesses when opening the cover as well as the back of the jacket (sometimes called the back panel). However, most books today are paperback originals, and hardcovers often use the back of the book for an author photo and/or testimonials for the book or the author, so you might be stuck with just the two vertical panels for text.
—Research. Before you start to write, read ten book descriptions on the back of books that would appeal to your intended audience. Get a feel for the amount of detail and how the writer avoids spoilers in winding up the description and weaves in the themes. Look at the kinds of promises made in the copy. Can your book make similar promises?
—Highlight your key ideas with a bullet point list. If yours is a work of nonfiction, think about using bullet points in your description. Start each bullet with strong words, whether verbs or nouns, pay attention to parallelism. If you have a list of nouns, be consistent and don't mix a verb into your list: "practical solutions," "advice on," and "7 strategies" should not be mixed with a bullet point that starts with a verb, such as "Learn ways to…" If your bullet points are incomplete sentences, rewrite the others to make them all incomplete for consistency. Notice the parallelism in this article: I start every tip with a strong verb phrase in boldface, and use full sentences.
—Grab 'em up front! Consider asking a question in the first line or setting up a very short example that will grab your reader's attention instantly—or, make a starting statement. You want the reader to have an energetic response rather than a lukewarm one.
—Follow a "Wow! Okay… Wow!" structure. Structure your description by grabbing the reader, then explaining what's in the book and who you are, and ending with oomph. Of course, you want your description to be engaging and energetic, too, as I've explained, but the energy of the reader naturally dips when you're listing the facts about what's in the book. Think about how a musical performance will start with an energetic song, include quieter ones in the middle, and end on an energetic note.
—Check your spelling and usage. Don't rely on the eye, I like to say. Actually use spellchecker software, and if you really want to be picky, consult Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 11th Edition (the standard dictionary in book publishing) to make sure you've styled every word correctly (groundbreaking not ground-breaking, for example). Be consistent throughout your text (for example, don't mix "soundboard" and "sound board," both of which are acceptable—choose one and stick with it). Don't use terms people might not know unless you define them (for example, people often confuse "i.e." and "e.g." so it's better to use "for example"). Have someone else who is good with grammar, spelling, and mechanics proofread your copy and look over it yourself several times to catch usage errors (such as "effect" for "affect," which spellchecker software will overlook). Be as nitpicky as you can.
I hope these tips will help you make your book jacket copy sing!


If you've been good and listening to our last posts on a healthier lifestyle…well you know there are always cheat days (Yaaay! We heart cheat days! 😀 ). You deserve it! (But just every now and then though, okay?) We cannot keep our inner foodies in hiding for more than two days here at DD. So here is another cheesy post!
Top three places that we've tried (more like trucks) around town where you can max out your cheat day on some scrumptiously goud(a) (get it? :P) grilled cheese! In no particular order, let's dive right in!
No words can describe how in love we are with their grilled cheese sandwiches. DO NOT underestimate their cozy little truck, they produce huge flavours and good old hearty grilled cheese. Our personal favourite is So Gouda: gouda cheese entwined with our favourite bacon and some tangy apple slices to balance it all (mmmm!) Need we say more?!
The grilled cheese here taste as home-y as the name of this truck sounds! The Jackson 3 is at the top of our list. What is better than mixing three different cheeses? Nothing, Ab-so-lutely Nothing! Moms always have a knack for knowing what's best, so we definitely do advise you to go try some for yourself ASAP!
After a long work day hustling and bustling about, what better way to relax than with a bowl of tomato soup and a classic grilled cheese? With the relaxing Burgoo ambiance, get yourself seated and enjoy unwinding with a pleasant meal. You really can't go wrong here!
< Previous Happy Fit Weekend, Vancouver!


FALKIRK defender Murray Wallace refused to give up on his dream after leaving Rangers as a kid – and the next few days will prove it.
Wallace was released by Rangers as a 16-year-old when the youth staff at Murray Park weren't convinced he deserved a full-time contract.
But the lad from Eaglesham always had faith in his own ability and that has been borne out in the last year.
Tomorrow, the 19-year-old will play for the Bairns at Hampden in a League Cup semi-final against Celtic.
On Monday, he will continue transfer talks with Ipswich, Huddersfield and Charlton having already held discussions with Brighton.
A £300,000 move south is a certainty, with the final destination down to Wallace.
And it's vindication for the lad having the bottle to fight back to become a professional after his stint at Rangers ended in an exit.
Wallace said: "I was at Rangers for six years and then at 16 I left and came to Falkirk.
"I spent two years at under-19 level and then this year I have moved into the first team.
"You just sort of move on after something doesn't work out, that is all you can do.
"There were plenty of other teams out there who were interested, so I didn't let it weigh me down too much.
"To knock Rangers out of the cup earlier this year was brilliant, just to be able to sort of prove people wrong was amazing. Rangers wanted to keep me on part-time and have me go back to school for a year.
"They felt I wasn't developed enough, because I was quite tall and lanky at that time, I hadn't quite filled out. They wanted me to wait another year, to see if I filled out a bit.
"But I wanted to leave school because I wasn't enjoying it.
"I just said I would rather go full-time somewhere and progress as a footballer rather than stay part-time, and it has worked out well. Definitely, there were still people at Rangers who believed in me, just not the right ones.
Rangers fans have long been frustrated by the failings of their youth system with homegrown talent either not appreciated or released before going on to make a name for themselves elsewhere.
Wallace added: "I have come across quite a few of my team-mates who were at Rangers, playing for other clubs, and doing well.
"Kenny McLean was at Rangers at the same time as me and he has done brilliantly at St Mirren.
If Wallace needs motivation and inspiration, he need only look towards the Bairns dugout.
He added: "Funnily enough, I idolised Steven Pressley when I was younger. I am a Hearts fan, and when I watched Steven play I always thought I wanted to play like him and defend like him. I know it sounds like I am sucking up to the manager!
"I have never told him that. Maybe I have now!
"The advice he gives us is great, he has helped all parts of my game, like my positioning and my decision-making. He is a big help.


Apple has put up a page detailing the cost of the rate plans. They aren't as bad as people had thought: All plans with unlimited data - $60 for 450 minutes, $80 for 900 minutes and $100 for 1350 minutes. Existing customers can add unlimited data for $20 - $40 with a varying number of text messages.


text:
Study shows marijuana dispensaries reduce local opioid mortality rates
31-Jan-2019 11:05 AM EST
Dr. Rhet Smith, assistant professor of economics at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock
LIFE MEDICINE
Drugs and Drug Abuse, Education, Government/Law, Marijuana, U.S. Politics, Local - Arkansas
cannabis dispensaries, Centers For Disease Control, Economics, marijuana laws, Medical Cannabis, Medical Marijuana, Opioid Crisis, overdose deaths, Rhet Smith, Substance Abuse, UA Little Rock, UALR, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Claremont McKenna College, Julio Garin, R. Vincent Pohl, University of Georgia, Heroin Overdose, Mortality Rate, heroin epidemic, opioid abuse
Newswise — A University of Arkansas at Little Rock professor's research has shown that local access to legal drugs at the county level reduces opioid and heroin-related mortality rates.
Dr. Rhet Smith, assistant professor of economics, published the article, "The Effect of Medical Cannabis Dispensaries on Opioid and Heroin Overdose Mortalities," in October. Smith's co-authors include Dr. Julio Garin at Claremont McKenna College and Dr. R. Vincent Pohl at the University of Georgia.
While previous research has shown that medical cannabis laws reduce opioid-related mortality rates, Smith and his co-authors argue that changing the law alone is not enough, while a change in access to legal drugs makes all the difference in the world.
The researchers reviewed mortality records obtained from the Centers for Disease Control spanning from 2009 to 2015 to determine if the presence of dispensaries in counties that have medical cannabis laws had an effect on deaths that involved prescription opioids, synthetic opioids, and heroin. The results indicate that legal access to drugs at the county level can mitigate the opioid epidemic.
In states that have medical cannabis laws, the researchers found that mortality rates among non-Hispanic white men related to opioids and prescription opioids declined by 6 to 8 percent in counties that have dispensaries, when compared to counties that do not have dispensaries. Meanwhile, mortality due to heroin overdose in non-Hispanic white men due to heroin overdose declines by more than 10 percent.
"The current state of the opioid epidemic in the U.S. is definitely a problem that we have been grappling with for a number of years and trying to find ways to contain it and reduce its impact," Smith said. "The medical cannabis laws themselves aren't what's having this effect of reducing mortality rates. Once the dispensaries open and people can legally access these drugs, that is when you see the changes in mortality rates."
In the future, Smith is interested in expanding the research to explore how the opioid epidemic and changing marijuana laws affect prison populations and employee drug testing, as well as exploring additional factors that can reduce overdose and mortality rates related to opioid and heroin abuse.
"The legalization of marijuana and the opioid epidemic are topics that haven't been thoroughly explored," Smith said. "We hope to shed light on the spillover effects that arise from changes in policies and law and increased substance abuse in the United States."


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text:
Daily Podcast: Spider-Man, Solo, Jurassic World, Amazing Stories, Hobbs and Shaw, Michael Bat, The Expanse, Watchmen
Posted on Tuesday, May 22nd, 2018 by Peter Sciretta
On the May 22, 2018 episode of /Film Daily, /Film editor-in-chief Peter Sciretta is joined by /Film managing editor Jacob Hall, senior writer Ben Pearson and writer Hoai-Tran Bui to talk about the latest film and tv news, including Marvel & Sony's Spider-Man sequel, The Expanse, Solo: A Star Wars Story, Amazing Stories, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, Hobbs and Shaw, Watchmen, and Michael Bay's deals with Netflix.
You can subscribe to /Film Daily on iTunes, Google Play, Overcast, Spotify and all the popular podcast apps (here is the RSS URL if you need it).
Marvel & Sony's 'Spider-Man' Sequel Lands Jake Gyllenhaal as Mysterio, Michael Keaton Coming Back Too
'Solo: A Star Wars Story': Behind-the-Scenes Clashes, Harrison Ford's Reaction, and More
'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Reactions from the Spanish Premiere: Here is What People Are Saying
'Once Upon a Time' Showrunners Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis Tapped to Tell Apple's 'Amazing Stories'
'Hobbs and Shaw' Will Be More Grounded, Because That's What People Want From a 'Fast and Furious' Movie?
Michael Bay is Making a Movie for Netflix, Ryan Reynolds to Star
'The Expanse' Rescued By Amazon for a Fourth Season
Damon Lindelof's 'Watchmen' HBO Series Will Not Be an Adaptation or a Sequel…and That's a Good Thing
Other articles mentioned:
VOTD: Harrison Ford Surprises Alden Ehrenreich During 'Solo: A Star Wars Story' Press Tour
All the other stuff you need to know:
You can find more about all the stories we mentioned on today's show at slashfilm.com, and linked inside the show notes.
/Film Daily is published every weekday, bringing you the most exciting news from the world of movies and television as well as deeper dives into the great features from slashfilm.com.
You can subscribe to /Film Daily on iTunes, Google Play, Overcast, Spotify and all the popular podcast apps (RSS).
Please feel free to send your feedback, questions, comments and concerns to us at peter@slashfilm.com. Please leave your name and general geographic location in case we mention the e-mail on the air.
Please rate and review the podcast on iTunes, tell your friends and spread the word!
Thanks to Sam Hume for our logo.
/Film Daily Podcast,


text:
Bhabha és un cràter d'impacte lunar que es troba en la part sud de la cara oculta de la Lluna. Gairebé s'uneix al bord sud-est del cràter Bose (una mica més gran). L'exterior de la rampa que el cràter ha produït provoca una lleugera protuberància cap a l'interior al llarg de la cara nord-oest de Bhabha. Altres cràters propers són Stoney a l'est, i Bellinsgauzen al sud.

És un cràter relativament intacte, amb una paret interior conservada perfectament en forma de terrassa, especialment en la part sud-est del cràter, i gairebé desapareix al llarg del bord nord-nord-oest, on la paret interna queda en el seu grau mínim. La vora i la paret interior no s'han erosionat significativament, i no hi ha altres cràters al llarg del seu contorn.

El pis interior té una formació de pics centrals que formen un semicercle amb la concavitat interior oberta cap al nord. La resta de la planta és relativament plana, amb una única petita marca en la part nord.

Bhabha (64 km de diàmetre) va ser nomenat en honor del físic Homi Jehangir Bhabha (1909-1966), pioner de la física nuclear a l'Índia, el seu país d'origen.

Referències

Vegeu també
 Llista de cràters lunars
 Selenografia

Enllaços externs

Cràters de la Lluna
Quadrangle LQ29


text:
Doctor of Philosophy Behavior, Cognition, and Neuroscience
Doctor of Philosophy Clinical Psychology
Doctor of Education Education Policy and Leadership
Doctor of Philosophy International Relations
Doctor of Philosophy Political Science
Doctor of Philosophy Public Administration and Policy
This multidisciplinary doctoral program supports research on topics in behavior, cognition, and neuroscience. Using a rigorous and flexible approach, the degree provides a broad-based curriculum, specialized research training, and quality teaching opportunities. You'll receive in-depth, apprentice-style training with our active research faculty in fully-equipped laboratories as you perform independent research.
Visit Program Page for Doctor of Philosophy Behavior, Cognition, and Neuroscience Request Info on Doctor of Philosophy Behavior, Cognition, and Neuroscience
Prepare for a transformative career. Our accredited doctoral program educates students in clinical science with training in research and applied clinical work. The scientist-practitioner model guides this program, emphasizing the integration of science and clinical practice. Students work closely with faculty through a mentorship model, collaborate together on research projects and use evidence-based therapies in their clinical training.
Visit Program Page for Doctor of Philosophy Clinical Psychology Request Info on Doctor of Philosophy Clinical Psychology
Our online doctorate in education empowers leaders with practical experience and theoretical knowledge to effect widespread, progressive change. The program features a rigorous online curriculum paired with in-person residency experiences that help students build connections with their cohort and educational leaders. Whether your goals lie in instruction, organizational leadership, or policymaking, you'll graduate as a force for change in education.
Visit Program Page for Doctor of Education Education Policy and Leadership
Conduct cutting-edge research with a truly global focus in our international relations PhD program. Choose from one of seven concentrations. You'll become an expert in the major qualitative and quantitative research techniques used today and emerge ready to take your place among international relations scholars. The School of International Studies provides generous financial support, renewable for up to four years.
Visit Program Page for Doctor of Philosophy International Relations Request Info on Doctor of Philosophy International Relations
Our PhD program in political science has consistently produced top educators and researchers in the field. You'll train rigorously in research practices, frame questions from a multi-disciplinary perspective, and have access to the broadest range of public affairs knowledge. You will graduate having already produced original research and taught classes, giving you a critical edge in a competitive job market.
Visit Program Page for Doctor of Philosophy Political Science
Come train for a rewarding career researching, advancing, and teaching public administration and public policy. Each student works one-on-one with a faculty mentor as they conduct research that is methodologically sound, socially relevant, and advances the field. By the time you graduate, you will have presented your research at key conferences and published your work in peer-reviewed academic journals.
Visit Program Page for Doctor of Philosophy Public Administration and Policy Request Info on Doctor of Philosophy Public Administration and Policy


text:
6 mistakes in season 3
All mistakes 1 continuity mistake in this season2 factual errors in this season2 other mistakes in this season1 revealing mistake in this season Order by popularity Order chronologically All seasonsShow generallySeason 1Season 2Season 3Season 4 Suggested corrections Titles starting with M
Compass Calibration - S3-E10
Other mistake: They assemble nine of Cal's drawings into one. But the final arrangement has a white outer border. Clearly a poster that was cut into nine pieces, not nine drawings.
Graveyard Spiral - S3-E6
Factual error: Micaela was pushed off a cliff and landed on a ledge, and tells Zeke she has dislocated her shoulder. Zeke helps her get back to the top, and for the last push, she puts out both arms and Zeke pulls her to safety. Not possible. A person with a dislocated shoulder would not be able to move that arm.
toroscan
Continuity mistake: In season 1, the pilot episode, the tail fin of the plane is blue with a white logo only. Starting season 3, the tail fin has "Montego Airways" written in red above the white logo. In most episodes, the tail fin is shown from the other side than the one shown in the pilot episode but in the last episode, when the tail fin falls in the water, you can see both sides with the red writing above the logo. (00:30:57 - 00:41:27)
Factual error: Escorting Saanvi and her colleague to see Dr. Cooper, NSA Agent Tim Powell flashes a gold badge and shouts "NSA" to the officers. NSA agents carry ID Badges, but not gold shields. Further, they would never identify themselves as NSA personnel to outsiders.
Deadhead - S3-E2
Revealing mistake: Grace is lugging two suitcases down the stairs. She is acting as if they are very heavy. Ben offers to help and takes them from her. But he carries one with a bent elbow, and it is obvious that it is not really heavy at all. (00:13:30)
Other mistake: Micaela and her partner are chasing an RV. A man from the RV throws a propane tank in her path. You can tell from the sound and how it bounces that it is empty. When the car hits it, the tank explodes, and she swerves the car into the brush and the airbags deploy. Later, as she is driving on the same road she gets a call that the RV has been spotted. Her car shows no damage. (00:17:44 - 00:29:10)


text:
using System.Web.Http;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.Routing;

namespace Journey.Web
{
    public class MvcApplication : System.Web.HttpApplication
    {
        protected void Application_Start()
        {
            AreaRegistration.RegisterAllAreas();
            GlobalConfiguration.Configure(WebApiConfig.Register);
            FilterConfig.RegisterGlobalFilters(GlobalFilters.Filters);
            RouteConfig.RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes);
        }
    }
}


Our score for this awards will be as follows: Votes (Score from 1 to 15) x 90% + Dj's Bonus (Score from 1 to 15) x 10%. Highest score will win the award.
Don't forget to vote for part 1 (Song Of The Year 2016), until December 27 here.
The KPOPWAY TOP KPOP AWARDS 2016 will be presented on December 31, 7pm EST (January 1, 9am KST), and will consist of the presentation of the top 30 songs of the year, the best video, best album and artist of the year.


"Wetaskiwin's 2019 municipal budget is a direct reflection of Council's vision to make our community a secure, connected and inclusive community," said Mayor Tyler Gandam.
Specific attention was given to the following priority areas within the 2019 budget: public safety and security, organizational accountability, infrastructure investment, and community connection and engagement.
The decision to increase taxes followed three days of budget planning, two days of deliberations and a public open house.
"Administration's thorough review of the budget using priority-based budgeting principles enabled staff to understand their department's needs and how those areas contribute to the City's overall strategic vision," said Gandam.
Using the 2018 assessments to develop the budget as the final 2019 assessments weren't in at the time, Acting City Manager Sue Howard said the 2019 assessments are 3.4 per cent lower in most residential areas than the previous year. Residential and farm properties account for 75.4 per cent of the city's tax base. Non-residential properties make up 24.6 per cent, and those assessments increased by 3.79 per cent.
"We know the assessments went down in a lot of areas so we knew we needed a three per cent tax increase," said Howard.
Because of that adjustment, residents shouldn't see a significant difference in what they are actually paying in taxes, she noted.
For an average home assessed at $235,410, municipal taxes will be around $2,182 in addition to $600 for the education requisition and $46 for the Wetaskiwin and Area Lodge Authority requisition for a total of $2,828.
From the $2,182, $66 will go to debt servicing, $349 will go into reserves and $1,767 will go to pay for city services.
Revenue from the taxes makes up 47 per cent of the 2019 municipal capital budget total, which is $6,985,535 and the 2019 utility capital budget total of $5,545,852.
The 2019 approved budget document can be viewed online at www.wetaskiwin.ca/budget2019.


text:
Reaction force of percussive corer, rotary-friction corer, and rotary-percussive corer
Chang, Zensheu; Sherrit, Stewart; Badescu, Mircea; Bao, Xiaoqi; Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Backes, Paul
Keywords: Ultrasonic Percussive corer; Rotary-friction corer; Rotary-percussive corer
Publisher: Pasadena, CA : Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2006
Citation: Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, San Diego, California, February 27, 2006.
Future NASA exploration missions will increasingly require sampling, in-situ analysis and possibly the return of material to Earth for laboratory analysis. To address these objective, effective and optimized drilling techniques are needed. This requires developing comprehensive tools to be able to determine analytically what takes place during the operation and what are the control parameters that can be enhanced. In this study, three types of coring techniques were studied and were identified as potential candidates for operation from a possible future Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission rover. These techniques include percussive, rotary-friction, and rotary-percussive coring. Theoretical models were developed to predict the dynamic reaction forces transmitted from these three types of corers to the robotic arms that hold them. The predicted reaction forces will then be used in a dynamic simulation environment to simulate a representative corer tool to obtain a best estimate of a tool that can be operated from a small rover. The predicted dynamic reaction forces will be presented in this paper.
Items in TRS are protected by copyright, but are furnished with U.S. government purpose use rights.
Modeling of the Ultrasonic/Sonic Driller/Corer: USDC
Sherrit, S.; Bao, X.; Chang, Z.; Dolgin, B. P.; Bar-Cohen, Y. (2000-10-22)
Future NASA missions to Mars require sampling techniques for in-situ analysis and/or sample return to Earth. One of the major limitations of sample collection on Mars and other low gravity environments using conventional ...
Ultrasonic/Sonic Driller/Corer (USDC) as a sampler for future planetary exploration missions
Bar-Cohen, Y.; Sherrit, S.; Dolgin, B. P.; Bridges, N.; Bao, X.; Chang, Z.; Saunders, R. S.; Pal, D.; Krohl, J.; Peterson, T. (2000-10-26)
Future NASA exploration missions to Mars, Europa, Titan, comets and asteroids are seeking to perform sampling, in-situ analysis and possibly return of material to Earth for further tests. One of the major limitations of ...
Sample acquisition and in-situ analysis using the Ultrasonic/Sonic Driller/Corer (USDC) and robotic platforms
Bar-Cohen, Y.; Sherrit, S.; Dolgin, B. P.; Bridges, N.; Bao, X.; Chang, Z.; Yen, A.; Saunders, R. S.; Pal, D.; Kroh, J.; Peterson, T. (2000-11-08)


text:
Мака́ренко Мико́ла Васи́льович (, село Охіньки, Прилуцький район, Чернігівська область, УРСР — , м. Київ) — український фізіолог, провідний науковий співробітник відділу фізіології головного мозку Інституту фізіології ім. О. О. Богомольця НАН України, головний науковий співробітник відділу воєнно-психологічних досліджень Науково-дослідного центру гуманітарних проблем Збройних сил України, доктор біологічних наук, професор. Спеціаліст в області фізіології вищої нервової діяльності людини та тварин, диференціальної та прикладної психофізіології.

Біографія
Народився у селі Охіньки Чернігівської області. Навчався перші 7 років у сільській школі, а останні 3 роки — у сусідньому селі Переволочна. 1959 року поступив на спеціальність «фізична культура» до Черкаського державного педагогічного інституту, який закінчив у 1963 році. Того ж року вступив до аспірантури при Інституті фізіології ім. О. О. Богомольця АН України, працював у лабораторії типів нервової системи і компенсаторних і захисних функцій під керівництвом Володимира Трошихіна. У 1966 році захистив дисертацію на ступінь кандидата біологічних наук. Микола Макаренко працював у тій же лабораторії до 1969 року, коли перейшов до відділу гіпоксичних станів, де працював разом із Миколою Сиротиніним. З 1973 року перейшов до лабораторії вищої нервової діяльності людини, а з 1980 року очолював її. У 1994—2011 роках працював у відділі фізіології головного мозку.

Працював на посадах професора кафедр фізіології Черкаського, Херсонського, Волинського університетів. Був науковим співробітником у Військово-гуманітарному інституті, НДІ проблем військової медицини, Головному медичному управлінні СБУ та інших організаціях.

Наукові досягнення
Микола Макаренко — спеціаліст в області фізіології вищої нервової діяльності та диференціальної психофізіології. В Україні очолює два наукових напрямки: формування та становлення психофізіологічних функцій людини в онтогенезі та роль індивідуальних відмінностей особистості в успішності навчання і професійній діяльності.

Микола Васильович досліджував розвиток та становлення психофізіологічних функцій людини в онтогенезі; ролі властивостей основних нервових процесів в успішності навчання, набутті професійних навичок та використанні їх в трудовій діяльності; розробкою, удосконаленням та обґрунтуванням методик для системи професійного відбору операторів по керуванню рухомими об'єктами і системами та спецконтингенту; оцінкою психофізіологічної готовності персоналу до дій в особливих умовах.

Миколою Васильовичем запропонована та науково обґрунтована нова властивість функціональної рухливості нервових процесів, а розроблені методики з вивчення властивостей основних нервових процесів та сенсомоторної сфери на розумові навантаження різного ступеня складності, як і апаратурні комплекси до них (ПНН-3, ПНДО-01, система «Прогноз», «Діагност 1»), знайшли широке застосування як у нас в країні, так і за кордоном.

Під керівництвом Миколи Васильовича захищено 5 докторських (серед них — В. С. Лизогуб, С. О. Коваленко та інші) та 23 кандидатські дисертації (серед них — Д. М. Харченко та інші).

Він є членом Центральної ради Українського фізіологічного товариства, членом редколегій багатьох міжнародних і вітчизняних журналів та вісників університетів, членом спеціалізованих рад по захисту докторських та кандидатських дисертацій, членом бюро Федерації космонавтики України. Автор більше як 300 наукових праць, у тому числі п'ять монографій з проблем онтогенезу психофізіологічних функцій людини, професійного відбору, психофізіології операторської праці, реанімації; дві брошури. Має шість винаходів.

Член («академік») приватної організації «Аерокосмічна академія України».

У 1992 році нагороджений премією НАН України імені О. О. Богомольця за монографію «Психофізіологічні функції людини й операторська праця».

Нагороди

 Премія НАН України ім. О. О. Богомольця,
 Заслужений діяч науки і техніки України.

Джерела
 Макаренко Микола Васильович. До 75-річчя з дня народження
 Життєвий та творчий шлях Макаренка Миколи Васильовича // Фізіологічний журнал. — 2017. — Т. 63, № 1. — С. 108—110.
 До 100-річчя з дня народження Володимира Олександровича Трошихіна

Випускники Черкаського національного університету
Українські медики
Українські фізіологи
Уродженці Охіньок
Науковці Інституту фізіології НАН України
Доктори біологічних наук України
Почесні професори Черкаського національного університету
Лауреати премії НАН України імені О. О. Богомольця
Померли в Києві


Home › Residents › Woodway Ready!
After a lengthy power outage in 2014, Mayor Carla Nichols reached out to residents, asking for volunteers to lead their neighborhood emergency preparedness efforts, and Woodway Ready! was born. Woodway was organized into 10 zones, as shown on the map below. Several residents volunteered to be co-captains for their zones. The co-captains are asked to coordinate the residents of their neighborhood, including helping all households complete the Map Your Neighborhood exercise, making note of households with equipment (generators, chainsaws, etc.), and those with special needs (medical equipment that requires power, pets, small children, residents with mobility issues). Several neighborhoods have completed the initial coordination, but several neighborhoods are still looking for co-captain volunteers. If you are interested in volunteering to be a neighborhood co-captain or have questions, please contact Town Hall.


Home » Hearing Aids » Which Hearing Aid Features Are Important?
Which Hearing Aid Features Are Important?
From cellular devices to portable phones, from pixelated photos to smooth screens, from letters to emails… the technology has improved by leaps and bounds. While we have readily accepted these advancements in technology, we still have our misconceptions regarding hearing aids.
Are you picturing a banana-shaped, clunky device covering your entire ear, which you have to hide with your hair?
Do you still assume these devices whistle and pop when you are in a gathering?
Are you afraid to buy them because you can't stand the high pitched voice, which pierces your ear at regular intervals?
Good news! All these things you usually hear from people or read on websites are completely outdated!
The hearing aid industry has come far and with the use of smarter and more sophisticated technology, they have created leading-edge hearing aids. The new hearing aids, such as those by Oticon, Starkey, ReSound, Phonak, Signia and Widex, are so small they are almost invisible. They fit snugly in your ear or at the back, which keeps the device well hidden.
Before, all hearing aids did was amplify the sound coming your way. However, today's technology filters the sound you are trying to hear and converts it to digital. This is how you are able to listen to everything clearly without any noise. Moreover, this clears all communication issues and you are able to enjoy every conversation.
You are standing in a crowded room and talking with your friend. The consistent stream of chatter behind you is creating a distraction and you are not able to hear what your friend is saying. At one point, you ask your friend twice to repeat himself, which is very embarrassing. This is a problem with old hearing aids.
The new directional microphone feature allows you to focus on a sound and isolate it from the others. As a result, you are able to hear everything is the first go.
This is perhaps one of the best features of today's hearing aids. Multiple channels allow you to experiment with different setting according to the acoustics of the environment you are in. You might hear the speech louder in some rooms and quieter in other rooms. The memory setting will allow you to adjust the microphone frequency, which will shift the channel automatically when you are certain environment.
The telecoil features connects the hearing aid to a loop allowing you to listen clearly in big and loud places such sporting arenas, places of worships, concert halls and more. The list of locations is installed within the device and can be channeled through Bluetooth.
In older hearing aids, when you cover your right eye with your hand, the depth perception of the left eye weakens. Similarly, if you are deaf in both ears, wearing a hearing aid in just one doesn't give you the full listening experience. The binaural processing feature allows two hearing aids to synchronize, so what's heard by one ear is heard by the other too. This feature prevents delays and miscommunication.
Once you connect the hearing aid with your mobile device and store the settings in your hearing preferences according to different environments, the programming feature will adjust automatically.
So, which features do you need? Depending on how severe your hearing loss is, carefully choose a hearing aid with the features to best serve you and your life. Then you will need to decide on what company is best, in that case, check out this blog for helpful tips.
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10.0Steven Kim
Attorney Steven Kim is a zealous advocate for his clients. As the principal attorney of the Law Office of Steven S. Kim, Attorney Kim takes great pride in the top reputation he has garnered in the greater Boston legal community for his direct, even handed, honest, and no nonsense approach to tackling the multitude of legal challenges that his clients have faced. He has been previously recognized by industry publications such as Super Lawyers and has a perfect 10 rating on Avvo (a lawyer rating site).
Attorney Steven Kim is a graduate of Boston College Law School, where as a student he was a national finalist in the ABA Negotiations Competition. He also holds a M.A. in Higher Education Administration from Boston College.
Mr. Kim is a former local prosecutor. He is also a former military officer and military defense attorney (Judge Advocate), a graduate of the United States Army Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School. Mr. Kim is a veteran of the war in Afghanistan.
Steven Kim began his legal career after law school with a prestigious clerkship with the Trial Court system in Massachusetts. As a Law Clerk to the Justices of the Superior Court of Massachusetts, some of the brightest and seasoned trial judges, Attorney Kim was able to form the foundation of his legal research and writing skills and learned to craft legal arguments and persuade judges and opposing lawyers effectively from his direct experiences working with the very judges who preside over the courtrooms of Massachusetts.
Upon completing his clerkship, Mr. Kim quickly became a trial lawyer as an Assistant District Attorney for the Suffolk County District Attorney's Office in Boston. As a prosecutor in the busy urban courts within Suffolk County, Mr. Kim honed his skills as a courtroom lawyer and gained familiarity with the nuances of the different courts necessary to be a confident, and seasoned trial lawyer who does not fear taking a case to trial in any court in Massachusetts.
Attorney Kim's formal legal education and early career progression allowed him to develop as a litigator known not just for his effective research and written motion advocacy, but also as a formidable trial lawyer who can instinctually read the pulse of a jury. Over his seventeen plus years as an attorney, Mr. Kim has evolved into a complete trial lawyer, in both the criminal and civil context.
He has successfully prosecuted and defended hundreds of criminal cases that run the full spectrum of seriousness ranging from petty theft and shoplifting to more serious charges like assault and battery and drunk driving/operating under the influence of liquor, to very serious crimes of violence and sexual assault, drug crimes, human trafficking and even complex "paper crimes" and "white collar" offenses such as fraud, identity fraud, conspiracy and larceny offenses.
He has also successfully brought cases on behalf of individuals who have suffered violations of constitutional civil rights at the hands of law enforcement and corrections officers. He regularly practices in all of the courts throughout the Commonwealth, in both Federal and State Courts (including the Superior Courts and the District Courts and the Boston Municipal Courts).
Attorney Kim has represented clients in civil trial and litigation matters such as contract disputes, claims of fraud, unjust enrichment, consumer protection violations, personal injury, and other disputes involving large sums of money. He has successfully obtained many favorable negotiated settlements in serious bodily injury cases and business disputes. He has tried to verdict several complex civil cases.
Aside from the assurance that you're in capable hands by the reflection of his resume of cases and prior experiences handling difficult actions and transactions, trusting your legal needs to the Law Office of Steven S. Kim will mean that you are engaging an attorney and a legal team that is dedicated to the often touted, but very seldom delivered promise that you will be represented by and associated with honest and good people who have your best interests in mind, an attorney who still believes in the bond of his word and the seal of a handshake.
Copyright © 2020 Law Office of Steven S. Kim, all rights reserved.
2001 Beacon Street, Suite 101, Brighton, MA 02135 (617) 879-9979


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The Gator's Eye
GL Literary Magazine
Announcement Request
What New Classes do Gators Want?
Image created by M. Grabowski
M. Grabowski and M. Brinton
We understand that this is only our first year at Green Level, but I can speak for our whole student body when I say: We need more course options for next year! Last advisory period we were given a Google form to vote on what classes we wanted to see in the future, and now we want to know: What classes does our whole student body want to see added?
Hand in hand with taking languages is stress because of the pressure many students feel about whether or not they get into the college of their choice. This year the only languages offered were French and Spanish, which is an improvement from middle school variety (with only Spanish) but still fairly limited. For example, Latin is a language that should be added because of its importance in the medical field and to our current language. "A language that could help us in the real world would be nice," say students Emilie Muntoniwabo, Francesca Gervase, Carter Ebert, and Samson McNaughton. When we asked Colton Wad and Cole Walker what new languages they wanted they replied in certainty, "Latin, because it's the one [language] that a lot of high schools have and it's a useful one because it's like going back in history."
On the Google form, there were a plethora of world studies, arts, language, and English electives suggested. Yet this doesn't mean these electives are guaranteed here at Green Level, and we should make an effort to show the need for languages. Although we learn some language in classes such as Biomedical Technology, that only expands into root words and the connection between the real world–it's not the same as a deep study of the actual language.
When we asked JJ Marino what classes he wanted to see, he shared "we should have Mandarin because it's internationally spoken, is good for careers and international affairs. We should also have speech II, because it is similar to public speaking, and I'm trying to take as many possible APs as I can." We then asked him "should we have more science classes or more APs?" He simply replied with "yes."
Samari Robinson agrees we should have some more languages such as German or Mandarin, but also shares "I want to see career clusters such as STEM, math, science, and medical fields, as well as law enforcement. I believe our school should focus more on science and math because I want to go into engineering, and I think it's important to have anything extracurricular involving science and math." Bryce Benzing also agrees career clusters are good ideas, and languages would help advance as well as support medical classes.
Our student body seems to want more AP classes, science classes, and definitely languages! We look forward to learning the results of the student surveys and seeing the course offerings for next year.
M. Grabowski, Editor-in-Chief
Editor-in-Chief Milla Grabowski has worked with everything from writing to photography, and enjoys cooking and hanging out with friends in her spare time....
M. Brinton, Staff Writer
Mara Brinton has been a member of Triangle Rowing club for 3 years, and participates in National Charity League with her mother. She works at the Unitarian...
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Common Resolutions for the New Year
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Alexandre Vassilievitch Nikitenko, né en 1804 ou 1805 et mort le , est un homme de lettres ukrainien né dans l'Empire russe ; il fut professeur à l'université de Saint-Pétersbourg et membre de l'académie des sciences.

Biographie
Nikitenko descend de serfs originaires de Petite Russie, appartenant aux comtes Cheremetiev, et installés dans leurs terres du gouvernement de Voronej. Son père était l'employé aux écritures le plus ancien du comte. Il avait reçu une instruction plus élevée que celle des autres serfs. Alexandre Nikitenko, quant à lui, est instruit au collège de Voronej, mais il ne peut accéder au lycée, car il est fils de serfs. Il est si découragé, qu'il songe même au suicide. Il se plonge dans la lecture et donne des leçons privées pour gagner sa vie à Ostrogojsk, où il est remarqué par la « Société biblique » qui l'emploie comme secrétaire. C'est en 1824, sous la pression de Joukovski et de Ryleïev, que le comte Cheremetiev émancipe Nikitenko.

Il entre alors en 1825 à la faculté d'histoire et de philosophie de l'université de Saint-Pétersbourg, dont il sort en 1828. Il est cependant inquiété pour s'être approché de certains milieux décembristes. Il commence à publier ses premiers articles de critique littéraire en 1826 dans « Le Fils de la Patrie », et devient le secrétaire de Borozdine en 1828. Après des tentatives infructueuses d'obtenir la chaire d'économie politique et de droit à l'université, Nikitenko devient maître-assistant de littérature russe en 1832 et deux ans plus tard professeur. Il est nommé parallèlement au bureau de la censure en 1833, occupation qu'il gardera toute sa vie, mais il doit passer huit jours au poste de police pour avoir publié les vers de Victor Hugo, Enfant, si j'étais roi, considérés comme subversifs. Il a une attitude plutôt libérale et passe la nuit au poste en 1842 pour avoir laissé publier dans le Fils de la Patrie une nouvelle d'Ephibovski intitulée « La gouvernante.» Il appelle de ses vœux la réforme de l'empire et se qualifie de progressiste immodéré.

Nikitenko est aussi professeur de littérature russe au grand séminaire catholique de Saint-Pétersbourg, à partir de 1833. Il est rédacteur en chef du Fils de la Patrie de 1839 à 1841. Il obtient son doctorat de philosophie en 1836 après une soutenance de thèse portant sur « la force de création en poésie ou le génie poétique. »

Alexandre Nikitenko est nommé membre de l'Académie impériale en 1853. Aujourd'hui ses travaux de critique sont oubliés et il n'a pas eu une grande influence sur ses contemporains; cependant son attitude parfois libérale, parfois plus sévère, dans le domaine de la censure, lui a permis d'influencer certains choix.

Il est aussi l'auteur d'un Journal intime publié en 1888-1892.

Le fonds de sa bibliothèque se trouve aujourd'hui à la bibliothèque de l'université de Tomsk.

Notes

Naissance en 1804
Décès en juillet 1877
Journaliste de l'Empire russe au XIXe siècle
Journaliste ukrainien du XIXe siècle
Professeur à l'université impériale de Saint-Pétersbourg
Naissance dans l'oblast de Belgorod


I would be very keen to here views from Associate Lecturer's on cloudworks and how it might be used as a space for ALs to discuss learning and teaching issues and to share practice and experience.
What are your views of the site?
What ideas have you got for how it might be used?
The site is open and can be viewed by anyone - this has advantages (we have people looking at the site from 140 countries) but are there any issues with this, would it deter you from using the site?
Can you see this as a complementary 'open' space alongside existing closed OU-tutor forums?
I think Cloudworks could work very well. My views are that Cloudworks has great potential, it is very simple to use at entry level.
In our CAU meeting with the Dean we discussed how to forge links with the research community at MK. This to me seems a vital part of establishing ALs as scholars. The Dean was not unhappy at this line of discussion but we were stumped as to how to put it into practice.
The advantage over the closed forums is that it has the potential to become a place where there can be communities sharing their research practice and that is copes with a diverse community...maybe a tool of choice if trying to join AL and MK based scholarship and more effective than private islands of closed forums.
I think it could be extremely useful to have an intranet-hosted Cloudworks for OU teaching staff that could be used by course teams, associate lecturers, staff tutors (maybe?, and central academics. While I agree there are many uses for it to be seen worldwide, there are many things those people discuss that are purely OU-related and/or not really fit for external consumption.
It could be a great place for Course Teams to collect feedback and resources from ALs and staff tutors, for example. Or associate lecturers might like to brainstorm some tutorial strategies for a specific course with snippets from the course content. How about collaborating on developing marking guides, TMAs, or ECAs? These are all, especially the last, examples where it might be better to have it on the intranet. I know the permissions might not be as fine-grained for that as might be liked, but it would be a lot better than the whole world.
It's certainly friendlier to use than some other collaborative environments I've seen for teaching and learning strategy exploration.
Excellent! Good to have met you Les. When you set the cloud up I suggest you put in some suggestions as to how it might be used; i.e. as a space to discussion FELS AL-related issues and as a space to aggregate resources - by adding links etc. In fact thinking about it would it be an idea to set up a FELS AL cloudscape and then add clouds. That way you can have clouds on different issues... You might also want to point them to some of the help and advice as I did for the AL conference cloudscape - ie the cloudworks movie and the using cloudworks cloudscape. Hope this helps!!
A Cloud has been set up to support this year's Learn about...Fair.


them learn about how to conduct an experiment.
Earthworm Watch is a national citizen science project that empowers young people, whether as part of a school class, outdoor learning group, home educated group or nature club, to get face to head (or tail!) with earthworms and otherworldly creatures that live under their feet. Earthworm Watch enables young people to discover more about their natural environment within their school grounds, allotments, parks or other green space whilst gathering valuable data that contributes to real scientific research.
Enabling young people to develop scientific literacy skills linked to the Science National Curriculum through hands-on experiences categorising earthworms and soils, taking part in a real scientific enquiry.
Earthworm Watch brings learning about science and the environment to life. It's fun learning about earthworms, soils and climate change whilst getting involved in a practical activity outdoors.
Gather data that will help scientists at Earthwatch and The Natural History Museum answer important research questions around earthworm abundance, diversity and soil productivity.
Everyone, but method is best suited for children of 7+ years.
How can your school or youth group get involved?
Once registered order a pack or download one here (if sourcing own mustard and vinegar).
1 hour to complete and upload your results here.
Designed carefully by research scientists to ensure the survey is fair and unbiased as it is a real scientific enquiry. It is important that the same teachers and students gathering the data dig both soil pits. The soil pits should not be dug separately by different groups as this can lead to bias in the results and inaccuracy in the earthworm data collected.
Plants; animals including humans; rocks; living things and their habitats; evolution and inheritance; working scientifically.
Biology: Structure and function of living organisms; material cycles and energy; cellular respiration; interactions and interdependencies; genetics and evolution; working scientifically.
Chemistry: Earth and Atmosphere (The Carbon Cycle).
The children and parents of Queen Victoria Primary School thoroughly enjoyed participating in the Earthworm Watch project. We have a passion for investigating at our school and are very pleased our young scientists have contributed to real science. As one Year Four student expressed, "I never thought earthworms were so important and could be so interesting!".
"The cubs really enjoyed getting stuck into Earthworm Watch. We have been doing our Naturalist Badge and visiting a site regularly to see what wildlife we can find. This gave us a chance to discover more wildlife…. under the soil. It's amazing how fascinated they all were with the worms and how quickly they were able to identify the different ones. We will definitely be doing this again in the autumn to see what changes there are."
"My kids and I love exploring the garden together and learning about nature. This was a perfect opportunity for us to get actively involved in a science project, spend time together, and enjoy being outdoors. We had so much fun!"


One day of light breakfast and nourishing lunches.
All A-Track(ALL) Talks and A-Talk Yoga Programming in the McNulty Room on day of pass.
All the E-Track (EXECUTIVES + ENTREPRENEURS) programming in the Kaufman Room on day of pass.
All the C-Track (COMMUNITY) programming in the Kaufman Room on day of pass.
Four days of light breakfast and nourishing lunches.
*Please note this does not include meals, or any A-TRACK Yoga or A-TRACK TALKS in the McNulty room.
*Please note this does not include meals, any A-TRACK Yoga or A-TRACK TALKS in the McNulty room, or E-Track Programming.


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Cody saves Dodgers
CODY Bellinger hits a go-ahead homerun to lift the Los Angeles Dodgers to the World Series. TOM PENNINGTON/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE
LOS ANGELES (AFP) — Cody Bellinger belted a 400-foot go-ahead home run and Mookie Betts made another eye-popping catch as the Los Angeles Dodgers advanced to their third World Series in the last four years with a 4-3 Game 7 win over the Atlanta Braves.
Bellinger blasted the eventual game-winning homer in the seventh inning and Enrique Hernandez smacked a pinch-hit home run in the sixth on Sunday night as the Dodgers clawed their way back to win the final three games after being down 3-1 in the series to the Braves.
"I tried to stay within myself and I got a pitch I could get to," said Bellinger of his home run.
The Dodgers will take on the American League champion Tampa Bay Rays, who won their own Game 7 Saturday in San Diego, beating the Houston Astros, 4-2.
The first game of the 2020 World Series is Tuesday in Arlington, Texas.
Los Angeles lost in the 2017 World Series to the Houston Astros and in 2018 to the Boston Red Sox.
Just a few thousand fans were allowed into the 40,000-seat Arlington stadium because of the coronavirus pandemic, but what they witnessed was a back-and-forth classic end to the best-of-seven series between two of the premier teams in the National League.
The Braves jumped out to 2-0 and 3-2 leads but each time the Dodgers were able to counterpunch and level the score, including a rare pinch-hit home run in the sixth by Hernandez that made it 3-3.
Hernandez is just the second player ever to hit a pinch hit homer in a Game 7, joining Chicago Cubs Troy O'Leary in the 2003 playoffs.
The Dodgers are in the playoffs for the eighth straight season and almost every batter in their lineup has World Series experience.
That's why it was a huge surprise when their power game went missing early in the postseason. But they rediscovered it in the National League Championship Series by hitting more than a dozen home runs.
"There are not many holes, if any, in our team," Hernandez said.
"At the top of the (batting) order we got superstars, and then we got the hyenas at the bottom waiting for the leftovers."
"We got a hell of a rotation, a great bullpen, and we got a great leader."
"I am just really happy to be going back to the World Series. I didn't think it would be this hard to get there, but we are."
In the fifth inning, Betts made a leaping catch at the wall to steal a home run away from the Braves batter Freddie Freeman. It was the third straight game outfielder Betts made a clutch defensive play against the Braves.
Outfielder Bellinger not only hit the home run that gave Los Angeles the lead for the first time in Game 7, but he snagged the final out when Dodgers reliever Julio Urias got Braves batter Austin Riley to fly out to center field.


National Register of Historic Places Eligibility Evaluation and Cultural Resources Assessment For The Gowanus Canal, Borough of Brooklyn, Kings County, New York in Connection With The Proposed Ecosystem Restoration Study.Final Report. Contract Number DACW51-01-D-0017. Delivery Order No. 0027.