text:
Durrmu is pleased to introduce to our readers a very special, very important project: NIMBI.
NIMBI is an initiative that embraces Ngan'gikurrungurr culture, language, and traditional practices. By weaving together repatriation, media libraries, community access and Aboriginal governance, the NIMBI digital heritage program celebrates and extends the continuum of Ngan'gikurrungurr oral and visual storytelling in the form of a digital archive and resource bank that has been designed, managed and operated by Peppimenarti community members in partnership with Durrmu Arts Aboriginal Corporation.
Durrmu Arts will repatriate all the photographs, artwork, text, sound recordings and film or video footage that have been sourced from the region since first contact. To amplify the value and values of the Daly River Region's cultural records, a digital library will be established. A library designed for Ngan'gikurrungurr people aims to connect ancestral connections to country and family using digital technology. Focusing on the many forms of expression and representation, employed over many generations by people of the West Daly region, we will establish a media-rich digital library resonating with voices of Ngan'gikurrungurr knowledge holders.
Durrmu Arts realise knowledge management systems have the potential to disrupt cultural practices. Programs lacking Aboriginal leadership can present Indigenous stories without amplifying the voices authorised to express cultural knowledge. This digital heritage program features end to end community control. Community leaders in Peppimenarti will ensure user friendly and sustainable systems are tailored to the needs of community members and local stakeholders. The positive stories that will flow from the program will give voice to Ngan'gikurrungurr leaders engaged their own development.
Through existing relationships such as the Kluge-Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection in Virginia USA and new relationships as we go, we will build a huge archive of song, dance, art and community and cultural legacy for the people of the West Daly Region to share and access. NIMBI is a growing database of historical moments and cultural importance, it will act as a resource for many stakeholders in the community and it will provide a unique and vital source of art history for future artists.
The legacy, language and knowledge of this region will be kept for all to access at Durrmu Arts. Stay tuned for more information about NIMBI in the coming months.


text:
Inderscience Publishers
World Trade Center Bldg, 29, route de Pre-Bois, Case Postale 896 ,
Geneva 15 ,
magazines articles
An application of ventilation efficiency concepts to the ...
An application of ventilation efficiency concepts to the analysis of building density effects on urban flow and pollutant concentration
Jun. 18, 2012 - By: R. Buccolieri , M. Sandberg , S. Di Sabatino
Courtesy of Inderscience Publishers
This paper is devoted to the study of flow and pollutant dispersion within different urban configurations by means of wind tunnel experiments and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The influence of the building packing density was evaluated in terms of ventilation efficiency. We found that air entering the array through the lateral sides and that leaving through the street roofs increased and the lateral spread of the pollutant released from a ground level line source decreased with increasing packing density. Ventilation efficiency concepts developed for indoor environments appear a promising tool for evaluating the urban air quality as well.
Keywords: wind tunnel experiments, CFD simulation, planar area index, ventilation efficiency, computational fluid dynamics, CFD, pollutant dispersion, dispersion modelling, building density, urban air quality, air pollution
urban air quality urban air urban pollution pollutant dispersion modelling air pollutant air pollution dispersion modeling dispersion model pollutant release building air quality
Thermal comfort, indoor air quality and acoustics: a conceptual framework for predicting occupant ...
The authors propose and test a conceptual framework that delineates occupants' satisfaction with thermal comfort, indoor air quality, and acoustics conditions via post-occupancy evaluation (POE). A self-administered, internet-based, POE questionnaire was administered in two office buildings that were designed and operated as county service centres in a Midwestern state. A series of multiple regressions was used to analyse the data. Results suggest that: a) different sustainable design attributes have differential...
Tunnel Fires: Experiments on Critical Velocity and Burning Rate in Pool Fire During Longitudinal ...
In this study, the 1/20 reduced-scale experiments using Froude scaling are conducted to investigate the effect of longitudinal ventilation velocity on the burning rate in tunnel fires. The methanol pool fires, acetone pool fires, and n-heptane pool fires with a heat release rate ranging from 2.02 to ~6.15 kW, 2.76 to ~11.04 kW, and 2.23 to ~15.6 kW, respectively, are used. A load cell is used to measure the mass loss rate of the burning fuel and the temperature distributions are measured by K-type thermocouples...
Rethinking the California Air Resources Board`s ozone standards
The California Air Resources Board (CARB), California's state air-pollution regulatory agency, recently adopted the most stringent ozone air-pollution standard in the United States. Attempting to attain the new standard will impose great hardship on Californians in exchange for small and imperceptible health benefits.By CARB's own estimates, the incremental benefits of attaining its new eight-hour ozone standard, over and above the benefits of attaining the preexisting federal eight-hour standard, include...
Emissions of Atmospheric Pollutants in Europe, 1990–99
This report presents indicators and information on air emission trends in Europe 1990–99. Atmospheric pollution contributes to several prominent environmental issues that arise due to emissions to the atmosphere (air emissions) from a variety of mainly anthropogenic (man-made) activities. This report covers air emissions that contribute to the following issues: • acidification and eutrophication; • tropospheric ozone; • urban air quality (particulate matter). This report includes information on EEA-18...
Waste Gas Cleaning for Road Tunnels and Underground Car Parks
Jun. 1, 2000
The objective of the study was to find a microbiological cleaning technique for road tunnel waste air, with emphasis on CO, NO and NO2. The chemolithotrophic CO oxidizing mixed population with an integral part of nitrifying bacteria carry out an essential step in metabolic process of NOx consumption. The immobilized microorganisms were subsequently exposing them to a constant stream of artificial waste gas. The process to clean these waste gases biologically had to be established in the laboratory. A suitable...
Odor Control Advances at Composting Facility
The Rockland County (New York) Cocomposting Facility began operations in February, 1999, processing biosolids from the five publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) in the county. The Rockland County Solid Waste Management Authority (RCSWMA) owns the facility, but contracted with Waste Management of New York to design, build and operate (DBO) the 110 wet tons/day agitated bin composting facility located in Hilburn. From the earliest stages of development, RCSWMA has focused on odor control provisions for the...
Biosolids Composter Satisfies Customers and Neighbors
A ticket to Penn State football games isn't the only hard thing to come by in State College, Pennsylvania. So is the biosolids compost produced by State College's University Area Joint Authority (UAJA) wastewater treatment plant. "For the last four years, we've been sold out before we've made the compost," says Stephen Welch, who manages the UAJA composting plant. All biosolids generated — about 43 wet tons/day — are composted. About 15,000 cubic yards (cy) of compost were produced in 1999. "Typically, we'll have...
Environmental Situation in Africa
Abstract Africa The economic and social needs of Africa depends more on its environmental resources but these natural resources are seriously declining and that is really effecting the entire region. Sustainable development in this rapidly changing region has become an imperative, and must take place in the complex context of a diverse and changing ecosystem, political transition and evolution toward market economies. The region is heading towards integrating environmental components into sectors like...
Controlling Bacteria In a Clean Room Environment
Maintaining the integrity of a cleanroom is a constant battle. The first step to deciding which method, or combination of methods, to employ is to identify the prime sources of contamination. There are three prime sources of contamination through which the integrity of a cleanroom might be breached. First, there is the human element. While many processes might be automated, many situations remain whereby people are essential to the process. Controlling this source of contamination is available by a variety of...
Compilation of EU Dioxin Exposure and Health Data
Introduction There is considerable public, scientific and regulatory concern over the possible adverse health effects of chronic exposure to trace levels of persistent organic pollutants. The class of compounds made up of the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), often collectively known as dioxins, has received widespread attention and attracted a great deal of research, following the accidental release of the most toxic of these (2,3,7,8 TCDD) at Seveso in 1976. Diox...
Minimising Risks to Air Quality and Regulatory Compliance With Total Filter Management
It has been shown in recent studies that as much as 25% of the total site operating budget (excluding raw material costs) for a typical medium-large dosage-form manufacturing facility will be spent on compliance measures for internal quality systems and external regulatory activities. (1) Market realities indicate that the pharmaceutical companies will need to address the overall cost of compliance if they are to remain competitive. A number of techniques have been developed to help pharmaceutical companies...
Improved Lighting Efficiency: German Wrecking Company
Background German Wrecking Company (GWC) is a small business that specialises in the wrecking and storage of Mercedes Benz and BMW automotive parts and panels. It differs from many auto dismantlers as it is totally roofed to avoid contaminated rainwater from car bodies entering the stormwater system. This puts German Wrecking in line with `best practice` in this industry, but also increases energy consumption through increased lighting requirements. Issue Lighting is a major contributor to the energy cost of...
Calculating Accidental Release Flow Rates From Pressurized Gas Systems
When determining the consequences of accidental release flow rates from pressurized gas systems, it is important to select the appropriate type of air pollution dispersion model. For released gases which are lighter than or equal to the ambient air density, Gaussian dispersion models as described in Beychok`s text1 should be used. For released gases which are heavier than air, a dense gas model such as SLAB2 or DEGADIS3 should be used. It is also important to determine realistic flow rates for accidental release...
The Economic Toll of Pollution's Effects on Health
Measuring and valuing the health impacts of pollution are very complex and available methods of economic analysis are often rudimentary. In recent years, considerable progress has been made, especially in respect to air pollution. This note summarizes the latest findings and outlines some basic approaches that can be applied in the economic analysis of Bank projects and sector studies. However, a degree of uncertainty still remains, and great care must be taken in their application. Background Investments in...
Airshed Models
Modeling may be necessary to estimate the changes in ambient air quality, both locally and at a distance, caused by a particular set of emissions. Modeling can be appropriate for new plants and for modifications to existing plants. This note provides guidance on some models that may be useful in the context of typical World Bank Group projects. Introduction Air quality is an issue of increasing concern in many countries, and projects which either introduce new sources of emissions or are designed to reduce...
Urban Air Quality Management
` Poor air quality due to pollution is a serious environmental problem in most urban areas. The greatest burden of pollution is on human health. Urban air quality management requires an integrated approach that (i) identifies the most serious problems and measures that offer cost-effective and feasible solutions across a range of economic sectors and pollution sources including industries, utilities, traffic and households; and (ii) builds a consensus among key stakeholders concerning environmental objectives,...
Sources of PCDDs/PCDFs In Cement Kiln Emissions
Abstract This paper presents data on the source of PCDDs/PCDFs in cement plant stack emissions, demonstrating that these emissions are not necessarily all created by the process. The data potentially demonstrates that some of the PCDDs/PCDFs in the emissions are pre-existing dioxins and furans that are vaporized out of the kiln raw feed. This calls into question the assumption that PCDD/PCDF emissions can be decreased below a certain point. The EPA has acknowledged resuspended PCDD/PCDF emissions, such as from...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Vue-TypeScript Application TypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'config') I am new to Vue 3 & TypeScript and using PrimeVue.  I am trying to learn by creating a simple todo app.  I run into an error that says
Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'config')
at Proxy.containerClass (menu.esm.js:306:50)
at ReactiveEffect.run (reactivity.esm-bundler.js:185:25)
at get value [as value] (reactivity.esm-bundler.js:1144:39)
at Object.get [as containerClass] (runtime-core.esm-bundler.js:3427:30)
at menu.esm.js:346:33
at Proxy.renderFnWithContext (runtime-core.esm-bundler.js:853:21)
at Proxy.<anonymous> (runtime-core.esm-bundler.js:1947:78)
at renderComponentRoot (runtime-core.esm-bundler.js:896:44)
at ReactiveEffect.componentUpdateFn [as fn] (runtime-core.esm-bundler.js:5580:57)
at ReactiveEffect.run (reactivity.esm-bundler.js:185:25)

I'm not sure what it means.  I searched through the code for config but still didn't understand what the problem is.
Here's a snippet if it's helpful.
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import { ref } from 'vue';
 import Menubar from 'primevue/menubar'
 import Menu from 'primevue/menu';

    const items = ref([
        {
            items: [{
                label: 'Search',
                icon: 'pi pi-search',
                uri: './LeftNavigation.vue'
            },
            {
                label: 'View Completed',
                icon: 'pi pi-check-square',
                uri: ''
            },
            {
                label: 'Delete',
                icon: 'pi pi-trash',
                uri: ''
            },
            {
                label: 'View Archived',
                icon: 'pi pi-cloud-upload',
                uri: ''
            },
            {
                label: 'View All',
                icon: 'pi pi-list',
                uri: ''
            },
        ]},
    ]);
   </script>

   <template>
     <div style="background-color:brown;width:50px">
       <Menu :model="items" />
     </div>
   </template>

   <style lang="scss" scoped>

   </style>

A: You've mounted the app before installing the PrimeVue plugin:
// main.ts
⋮
const app = createApp(App)
app.mount('#app')
app.use(PrimeVue)
app.use(DialogService)

That leads to the error you encountered when the PrimeVue component attempts to find its config, which is supposed to be setup by the plugin.
Solution
Mount the component as the last initialization step:
// main.ts
⋮
const app = createApp(App)
app.use(PrimeVue)
app.use(DialogService)
app.mount('#app')

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Excavated Shellac
American Indian: Seneca
Cameroon: Bassa
China: Hong Kong
Congo: Luba
East Africa: Swahili
France: Auvergne
France: Brittany
French Guinea
Greece: Crete
Greece: Epirus
India: Goa
Iraq: Kurdish
Iraq: Turkmen
Indonesia: Sumatra
Japan: Okinawa
Lemko
Nigeria: Hausa
South Africa: Pedi (Northern Transvaal)
South Africa: Sotho
South Africa: Xhosa
South Africa: Zulu
Spain: Andalusia
Spain: Asturias
Spain: Basque
Spain: Cantabria
Spain: Galicia
Spain: Valencia
United States: Georgia
Visual Iconography series
West Africa: Ga
West Africa: Hausa
West Africa: Jula
West Africa: Twi
West Africa: Malinké
Category: Indonesia: Sumatra
Rapioen – Tandjoeng Sani
January 4, 2014 January 3, 2018 · 4 Comments ·
I'm starting off 2014 with what I believe is a pretty exceptional rarity. Certainly it's one of the earliest commercial recordings of regional music from the highlands of Western Sumatra made by the Minangkabau people, known as Urang Minang in the local language. With most of the local recording industry at the time based in Java and Singapore, we are lucky that music of the Minang, a matrilineal, Islamic culture primarily based in the Minangkabau Highlands, was set to shellac. But more on that in a moment.
Traditional music practiced by the Minangkabau, or the "People of the Plains," is varied – there are classical songs for the bamboo flute (saluang), gong and drum ensembles (talempong) and numerous other types, and the music varies from the highlands to the coast. This track features the one-stringed rebab fiddle, the saluang flute, and the puput or pupuik, a rice-stalk reed instrument. There are three main styles of Sumatran rebab music: rebab pasisie, rebab piaman, and rebab darek. The first two are music of the coast, and the latter is inland rebab music. While I'm not certain which style this is, it's a lovely example of a kind of insistent and droning nature of Minangkabau music, with ornamented playing by the saluang and puput (one of which is very much in the distance), augmenting the string.
For the sake of documentation, I retained the original spelling on the label, though the Indonesian alphabet's spelling system was changed in 1947, following independence. The female singer, "Rapioen," would today be spelled "Rapiun." The title of the piece "Tandjoeng Sani" would be spelled "Tanjung Sani," which refers to a small village of the same name in Western Sumatra. The label also lists "Boekit Tinggi," which is the archaic spelling of the small city of Bukittinggi, formerly known as Fort de Kock, and where the musicians hailed from. "Djirek" in parentheses is the name of the 3-instrument ensemble – "Jirek" in today's spelling.
This piece was recorded in May 1939 by the Tjap Angsa (meaning "Swan Brand") label – it was recorded during their second recording session. According to the research by ethnomusicologist Philip Yampolsky, Tjap Angsa recorded most or all of their material in the city of Medan on the northern Sumatran coast, where they were partially based (their other headquarters was Bukittinggi). The label began in 1938 and issued several hundred discs, repressing some of them into the late 1940s. This disc was pressed in China, by the Chinese branch of EMI, who also supplied the engineers for the recording session.
While it would make sense for a Sumatran-based 78 label to record local musics such as those by the Minangkabau, other multinational labels did as well, for local distribution, including HMV, Columbia, and Odeon. Today, the Minang are a thriving culture of over 6 million with a very popular music scene (pop Minang is the name of the current genre). I don't want readers to exoticize this music to the point that they think the musicians must live in mud huts. That said, Minangkabau music constituted a definitively minor percentage of 78rpm releases when compared to the thousands of krontjong discs released, as well as other popular and traditional styles from the region. Today, in fact most all 78s from Southeast Asia are scarce, no matter what style you're talking about – even the full-fledged Western-style pop. I don't think that's going to change anytime soon – the tropics substantially increase the 78rpm attrition rate.
And this seems like the perfect time to bring up the recent release Longing For the Past: The 78 rpm Era in Southeast Asia, compiled and edited by my friend David Murray and recently issued on Dust-to-Digital. I've only mentioned it on the ES Facebook page, but I should state that it's one of the best looking and best sounding archival releases ever produced. I am biased – I provided some of my favorite rare Southeast Asian discs from my collection and did the transfers – but Dave, D-2-D and crew put an extraordinary amount of effort in that release. If you are interested in Southeast Asian music, you will truly appreciate it.
Label: Tjap Angsa
Issue Number: AM 28
Matrix Number: A6808
This post would just be a handful of sentences were it not for the published research of, and my correspondence with, Philip Yampolsky, as well as correspondence with Indonesian music historian Alfred Ticoalu.


text:
Questa pagina raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti l'Unione Sportiva Anconitana nelle competizioni ufficiali della stagione 1971-1972.

Rosa

Bibliografia

1971-1972

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
After a war is lost, the losers must decide among themselves who was most to blame and who was simply a victim of circumstance. But the converse is also true: after a war is won, the victors must decide among themselves who has earned the biggest share of the glory and who could have done more for the cause. Greece was no exception to this rule as it looked about itself dazedly in 479 BC, still trying to understand how its improbable deliverance had come about. The Persian War became Greece's collective crucible of character. For many years to come, "What did you do in the war?" would be the question on every tongue, to be asked of individual men and cities alike. The answer could be a source of either the greatest pride or the most abject shame.
The actions of Delphi were scrutinized as closely as those of any other city. In these increasingly skeptical times, when some were beginning to look upon the old beliefs with a decidedly jaundiced eye, there were insinuations made about the lack of confidence in the oracle's countrymen which many of her prophecies had conveyed before the war; there were whispers that Delphi's supposed divine rescue from Mardonius's army was, at best, a distortion of the full truth; there was talk of secret deals and dishonorable transactions meant to preserve Delphi's special status after a Greek defeat.
Yet most Greeks proved willing to give Delphi and its oracle the benefit of the doubt. For, as a new sense of shared Greekness swept the land in the wake of the great victory, Delphi remained in some ineffable sense the seat of Greek consciousness. The living soul of Greece still burned there.
Accordingly, the oracle ordered every other city in the land to extinguish the fires that burned in its temples and sacred spaces, saying that all of them had been polluted by the barbarian invaders. Then she ordered the fires relighted using torches kindled at her own temple's sacred flame. One zealous soul from the city of Plataea ran from Delphi to his home in a single day in order to make Plataea's temple of Artemis the first site to rekindle its flame. He dropped dead upon his arrival, whereupon he was buried with reverence in the temple itself.
The oracle discarded the timidity that had marked her tenure prior to the war and leaned into her power with abandon. Apparently forgetting about her own gloomy prewar prophecies, she ordered that every city in Greece which had surrendered to the Persians, or simply hadn't given everything it could have to the war effort, should pay a stiff tithe to the god of Delphi by way of repentance for its lack of faith. Part of this money was used to build a grand monument to the heroes of the war on the very terrace of Apollo's temple. It took the form of a statue of the god almost as tall as the temple itself, pulverizing a Persian ship with his bare hands. The rest of the money was used for another monumental sculpture: three golden stars on a life-sized ship's mast of bronze, which took pride of place at the other entrance to the temple, between the offering bowls of Croesus.
But the grandest monument of all was built using the spoils of war which the Persians themselves had left strewn over the landscape behind them as they retreated. Just in front of the temple, there was erected a column soaring higher than any other structure in Delphi. Atop it were mounted three serpents made of gold and bronze, supporting a golden tripod whose distinctive gleam could be seen on the horizon from leagues away on a sunny day. It was Delphi's crowning glory.
These monuments were unprecedented in that they were the shared project of all of Greece, tangible evidence of a new spirit of fellowship. And yet they were only the beginning of the redoubled frenzy of building which was suddenly going on in the town. Gold and marble poured into Delphi along with craftsmen to work them, as every Greek city — and not a few barbarian ones — attempted to outdo its peers in size and beauty. Delphi received more attention than most of the donor cities' own central squares. Some cities even started to stamp the façade of the temple of Apollo onto their coins. Delphi had become a united Greece's de facto capital.
The Pythian Games now assumed an importance and popularity that eclipsed those of the Olympic Games, long their only real rivals. They took place over five days at the end of summer on every fourth year, as they always had, but expanded dramatically in scale and variety. Not only all manner of athletic competition but every form of performance art was on offer, along with grand exhibitions of painting and sculpture. Delicacies from abroad were heaped upon the banquet tables to satisfy the spectators' appetites, and exotic animals were herded into cages for their amusement. The Games culminated on their final day in the chariot races, the winner of which was guaranteed eternal fame and glory — not least because Pindar of Thebes, the finest poet of his generation, was always on hand to pen an ode in the champion's honor, placing him almost on an equal footing with the legendary heroes of the Age of Gods.
Nevertheless, this was the Age of Men, and politics were more complicated and more time-consuming than they had been of old, when the gods could be trusted to take an active role in affairs. Thus Delphi buzzed even when neither the Pythian Games nor any of the many smaller festivals were taking place. Its people's winter retirement to the Corycian Cave became a matter of ceremony only, for the new Greece needed Delphi the whole year round. The rulers and diplomats who came to the town still consulted with the oracle, but just as important were their consultations with one another. Delphi was the place where deals were made, treaties negotiated, transactions conducted. Most of the major cities maintained permanent embassies at Delphi, which buildings became, like so much else in the town, a way to demonstrate via their size and opulence the power and wealth of the ones who had built them.
There was no question which city came out of the Persian War with the biggest surfeit of both. While the Spartan stand at Thermopylae was justly celebrated for the time it had won for the embattled Greeks, it was the Athenians who had ultimately won the war by combining wiliness with resolution at Salamis. Pindar penned odes to "renowned Athens, rich, violet-crowned, bulwark of Greece." The treasury the Athenians built at Delphi rivaled the temple of Apollo itself in grandeur. For, just as Athens had come to dominate Greece, it also dominated Delphi, that microcosm of the place.
Athens took the lead in a coalition that was formed to root the last of the Persian aggressors out of those islands of the Aegean which they had occupied in earlier years. In doing so, it met little active resistance from Xerxes, who had turned his attention to domestic affairs after his failed foreign adventure. The Spartans' lack of naval prowess made them ill-suited for such expeditions. Like Xerxes, they largely stayed home, which only served to further increase Athens's prestige and power.
Athens's navy grew ever more mighty. The city had the best shipyards in all of Greece if not the world, and the best-trained sailors to man its ships. These sailed far and wide in seas that were now for the most part peaceful, establishing a vast trading empire that made Athens ever richer.
The people who lived in the city converted much of their wealth into beauty. Athenian craftsmen remained the most accomplished in Greece, and now they had an embarrassment of rich materials to work with. Their marble statues, friezes, and other sculptures reached new levels of refinement, as they learned how to capture bodies in motion so accurately that their works almost seemed to flex their muscles before their spectators' eyes. Upon the city's acropolis the people built the Parthenon to the glory of Athens and its patron goddess Athena; it was a temple of breathtaking size and impossibly intricate construction, more splendid even than the things the Athenians had built at Delphi.
Meanwhile Athens's wealth, or rather the ease it enabled among many of the populace, combined with the traditional Athenian love of debate and rhetoric to create the liveliest intellectual milieu the world had ever known, a haven for free thought of all stripes. Every day, masses of people turned up at the city's central square to discuss both the pressing practical issues of the moment and the eternal questions that preoccupy men of all ages. A group of teachers who came to be known as the sophists made a living charging the young and ignorant for a share of their lives' wisdom. Some of these dared to suggest that the gods might not exist at all. "Whether the gods exist I cannot discover, nor what their form is like," said the sophists' leading light, whose name was Protagoras. "For me, man is the measure of all things."
Another figure was to be seen every day on the square in the center of a knot of interlocutors, but he never lectured like Protagoras and the others. Socrates wore the same shabby robe every day of the year, and wore no shoes at all upon his feet. He claimed to be an amateur in philosophy, which was literally correct: he accepted no money for his teachings. In fact, he claimed to have no teachings to impart: "I have all of the questions, but none of the answers." But then, he understood that wisdom often lies in the asking, not the answering. Accordingly, he taught, if that is the right word, by asking his way ever deeper into the topic under discussion, forcing his interlocutors to hold their own beliefs up to the most unrelenting examination. He became the most influential philosopher of all time whilst seldom making a declarative statement. When the oracle in Delphi was asked whether any man was wiser than Socrates, her answer was for once as simple as could be: "No."
Others saw their wisdom enacted on the stage. Every year, Athens held a festival to Dionysus, that most human of all the gods, where the best playwrights of the age presented their latest works to the public, interrogating the trials and tribulations of mortal existence via stories drawn mostly from the Age of Gods. Three of their number became particularly renowned, such that their names may still ring familiar to you in your own time: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Their work reflected the slow drift away from unquestioning piety in Athens's intellectual life: while Aeschylus, the first of the trio to find success, supported the traditional view of things, Euripides, the last of them, wrote in slyly subversive modes that seemed at times almost to be mocking the old order — and Sophocles, naturally, was somewhere in the middle.
Still others saw their wisdom enacted on the page. A man named Herodotus invented a new field of literary endeavor known as the "history" when he set out to chronicle the causes and conduct of the recently concluded Persian War, and wound up recording the origin story and current state of most of the world as he knew it. A man named Hippocrates developed a revolutionary approach to medicine, emphasizing physical cures rather than spiritual ones. He made all of his students swear an oath, the first clause of which was to "do no harm" to their patients. The doctors of your time still take the same oath.
The greatest Athenian political figure of the age was a man named Pericles. He was of noble birth himself, but nevertheless believed wholeheartedly in democracy. He dominated Athens's government for several decades from his position on the Council of Archontes, introducing many reforms meant to expand citizen participation in the city's affairs. He arranged for jury members to be paid for their service, thus making it easier for them to judge their peers in court, as Solon had intended; he also arranged payment for bureaucrats in order to keep jobs in government from devolving exclusively to wealthy men of leisure who were divorced from the needs of the masses; he introduced a Council of 500, consisting of 500 ordinary citizens chosen by lot, to assist the Council of Archontes in making laws and administrating them. Perhaps most importantly of all, though, he set the tone of public discourse through his love of philosophy and beauty in all its forms; the personality of Athens as a whole became to a large extent the personality of Pericles the individual. His people loved him, and he loved his people.
In one of his speeches, Pericles described Athens's most noble qualities as he saw them, whilst inadvertently capturing as well some of the overweening arrogance that marked both this man and his city — an arrogance which was already coming to annoy and antagonize many of the other Greek cities:
"Our constitution does not copy the laws of neighboring cities; we are a pattern to others rather than imitators of them. Our government favors the many rather than the few. Our laws provide equal justice to all; our institutions reward individual merit only. We live our private lives in freedom, feeling no call to be angry with our neighbor for doing what he likes, as long as he does nothing to injure ourselves or others. We work hard, but we also know how to refresh ourselves after our business is finished for the day. We enjoy our games and festivals without guilt, and we are proud to have built the most beautiful city in the world.
"Indeed, we throw open our city to the world, so that everyone may have the opportunity to see it and to learn from our example. If a would-be enemy profits occasionally from our liberality in some petty detail, so be it; we trust to our genius for innovation to keep us always well ahead of our rivals in the broader strokes. For, while those rivals depend on regimentation and systematization for their strength, we have the native spirit of our citizenry, who are free to do as they please but not one whit less able for all that to join forces and overcome an enemy of our city when necessity demands it.
"Likewise, we are capable of surviving great hardship when the situation demands it, but deem it silly to subject ourselves to hardship when it is unnecessary. We cultivate refinement without extravagance and knowledge without effeminacy. Our wealth is for use rather than self-aggrandizement, and we consider poverty shameful only where it stems from laziness rather than misfortune. We take the running of our city as a joint project for all of us, and regard those of our citizens who fail to take part in public life as unworthy of the blessing of living here. We look on careful discussion as a wise preliminary to action, not as an impediment to it, and let generosity rather than expediency be our guide to social relations.
"In short, we are the school of Greece. One has to cast a wide net in the rest of the world to find a single man who is so capable, ethical, and versatile as the typical Athenian. That is a plain matter of fact, proved by the noble way of life we have built, for which so many heroes have fought and died. Athens itself is the living validation of the many wise Athenians who have turned their minds to the question of what constitutes a truly just society. Surely the worldwide fame of the greatest among our forefathers — men like Solon, Cleisthenes, Themistocles — is no more than what they deserve."
And the people cheered wildly, and said that the name of Pericles too should be added to that list of Athenian wise men.
While Athens was thus going from strength to strength, Sparta was struggling. It seemed that the gods had decreed that Athens's gain would be Sparta's loss. In 465 BC, a massive earthquake devastated Sparta, killing far more of its people than the Persians had. Sparta's food supply had long depended on the rural region of Messenia in the western Peloponnese, whose people it had long held in more or less a state of subjugation. In the wake of the earthquake and the chaos it unleashed, these people turned against their masters, threatening them with starvation. Athens, being all too eager to step into Sparta's old role as the protector of all of Greece, sent soldiers to help the hard-pressed Spartans put down the rebellion. But this act the Spartans themselves saw as a deliberate effort to humiliate them further amidst all their difficulties. They haughtily told the Athenians to turn around and go back home, for they were perfectly capable of managing their own affairs — and, indeed, they did put down the rebellion in the end.
So, the old rivalry between Athens and Sparta had already flared up anew less than two decades after the pair had united to drive out the Persians; Greece's brief period of unity was already on the wane. All of the old contrasts in culture and attitude remained, amplified all the more by the disparity in the two cities' recent fortunes. Athens was strong and proud and self-satisfied, while Sparta, which had always been unable to accept any form of subservience, seethed with a resentment born of its own wounded pride. And as usual Delphi was stuck in the middle, a prize for the two to fight over. In fact, the first skirmishes in the total war to come were over possession of this center of the Greek world. For as long as the center held, at least nominally independent from both Athens and Sparta, neither could hope to bend the rest of Greece completely to its will.
Phocis, the region of Greece where Delphi lies, had been a kingdom of its own since before the time of Orestes, but the rest of Greece had always taken pains to ensure that Delphi itself did not fall under the Phocians' sway. In recent decades, this had been accomplished through the mechanism of the Amphictyonic League. But the League, like so much in Greece, was now being pulled apart along the fault lines developing between its two most powerful members. In 457 BC, Phocis saw the advantage in casting its lot with Athens in the bipolar struggle. With the backing of that city, it announced that it now considered Delphi to be part of its territory, and sent a governor and soldiers to assume control. The people of Delphi looked on while the Amphictyonic League did nothing for fear of angering Athens. This concrete proof of the League's uselessness marked its end as a credible force.
Most of Greece grudgingly accepted the Phocian and Athenian power grab when it became clear that it changed almost nothing in practical terms. The new Phocian governor played little more than a ceremonial role, and Delphi largely continued to see to its own affairs as it always had. The flow of diplomats, suppliants, spectators, and sightseers who passed through the town in this ongoing period of prosperity continued unabated.
But the wounded pride of the Spartans was festering even as they rebuilt their city and military from the recent disasters that had befallen them. In 449 BC, they decided they were strong enough once again to take action. A small Spartan army sailed over the Gulf of Corinth and marched up to Delphi with the professed purpose of restoring its independence. The Phocians, wanting no war with Sparta, promptly withdrew.
The Spartans made what was for them an unusual effort to ingratiate themselves with the people of Delphi and to rebuild their base of support there. Hardly known as monument builders or treasure hoarders, they lavished a surprising amount of both upon the town. The people there were on the whole grateful for their deliverance — or at least pragmatic enough to make it appear so. The oracle offered the Spartans the special status of spokesmen for all of Greece, which meant that they were able to ask her god questions about issues that didn't directly concern their city. Her decree to this effect was inscribed for all the world to see on the brow of a bronze wolf inside Apollo's temple.
Inevitably, though, the Athenians refused to accept their relative demotion in status. Pericles himself made the issue a personal priority, and Athens sent an army of its own to Delphi. When it arrived, the Spartans in the town were for once able to look past their martial pride: realizing they were badly outnumbered, and not wanting to shed blood here at the holiest spot in Greece, they retreated to fight another day. The Athenians promptly demanded and got the same special dispensations which the oracle had permitted the Spartans. A second decree, giving Athens too the right to inquire about universal questions, was inscribed on the side of the very same bronze wolf.
This rather absurd game of one-upsmanship might have continued indefinitely, until it finally resulted in open warfare on the streets of Delphi. But thankfully, cooler heads prevailed, in the unlikely form of Archidamus, one of the current kings of Sparta. Realizing that his city was not yet ready for war with Athens, he managed to convince his royal opposite number and the Spartan Senate to work out a compromise with the Athenians in 445 BC. Both sides agreed to return to the status quo of a neutral Delphi, albeit with both retaining their special privileges with the oracle, and agreed to refrain from military conflict for the next thirty years. The squabbles over Delphi that preceded this peace treaty would come to be remembered as the Second Sacred War — an altogether more grandiose name than their petty reality deserved.
The treaty was a short-term blessing for Delphi in particular and Greece in general, but it did nothing to resolve the underlying tension that had forced it. Sparta was coming back into its own, and increasingly defining itself by its antagonism to the values of democratic, individualistic Athens. Although few of the other cities of Greece fully embraced the Spartan ethos of the autocratic collective in the abstract, all were feeling more and more threatened by the fast-growing wealth and faster-growing arrogance of the Athenians, whose mercantile empire now encompassed most of the islands of the Aegean Sea and many of its coastal cities; Athens had even struck trade deals and alliances with the once-hated Persians. So, with the notable exception only of Athens's stalwart ally Argos, the other Greek cities cast their lots one by one with Sparta in the evolving power struggle. By 435 BC, Thebes and Corinth were Sparta's allies, and even the Phocians had betrayed their erstwhile patrons to join with Sparta. Athens and its far-flung allies were known as the Delian League, after their meeting place on the island of Delos; Sparta and its homegrown allies were known as the Peloponnesian League. It seemed to each side that its differences with the other were irreconcilable. They were not, of course, but perception is reality in matters of peace and war.
What is it in the souls of men that makes them willfully seek out conflict in times of peace? That is a question for a philosopher like Socrates. For the people of Greece, the simple fact was that war was once again approaching — this one a civil war. In time, the forces about to be unleashed would bring about not only the end of Greece's short-lived period of peaceful prosperity, but the end of Greece itself as it had been constituted since the Age of Gods.
11 Comments for "Chapter 19: The Apex of Greece"
Wouter Lammers
" The Phocians, wanting no war with Sparta, promptly withdraw."
Should that be "withdrew"?
Yes. Thanks!
And that was a nice piece! Excited for the war to come, nice foreshadowing.
"whilst seldom ever making a declarative statement"
should be "seldom if ever"
Ronald Whitehand
Thank you for a very deep and clear explanation about the glory days and eventual collapse of Greece. Your concluding remarks imply the collapse was in effect self harm caused by truculence on the part of the militaristic Spartans and I suppose Athens. What fools they were.
There seems to be a parallel here with the militaristic Junkers of Prussia who never gave up in defeat thereby paving the way for a fractured political generation in Germany with all the horrors that followed.
Yes, these are broad narrative arcs that play out again and again in the course of history. As Mark Twain famously said, "History never repeats itself, but it rhymes."
The Peloponnesian War, like most of them, is tragic most of all because of how unnecessary it was. I appreciate Will Durant's description of it as "the suicide of Greece."
Protogaras -> Protagoras
unecessary -> unnecessary
as least nominally independent -> at least
under the Phocians sway -> Phocians'
Amphicytonic -> Amphictyonic
(two instances)
the Spartan occupiers -> is the Athenian bias intentional? They would probably see themselves as liberators, having just restored Delphi's independence.
The Pachyderminator
Typo: "could only look on while the Amphictyonic League. League, the very organ that ought to have done so"


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"I Thirst" (John 19:28)
Just as He thirsts for us on the Cross, our heart longs for Him daily.
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To Not Lose Sight of Our Destination!
In a world where many people are so lost and out of touch with who they are and they want, we sometimes get caught up with the daily anxieties and problems, too, that we have lost sight of our final destination. Even though we have heard many people being vocal about what they do not like or want in life, we have not really heard what they really want or truly desire for their own lives. Of course, people can tell us what they want "more" in materialistic terms, but no one seems to be able to put into words what they really want in qualitative or substantial definitions, understandings, and values. We seem to always want "more" but having simply more materialistic things really have not satisfied people! Perhaps, what we want, then, is not simply more in quantitative terms but better, substantial, lasting qualities that are life-giving and nourishing.
While we have done a better job in affirming human values, loving and caring for one's self, respecting others, and being more tolerant with differences as to be able to coexist and live in harmony, we have also allowed these well-meant initiatives to dictate and control our lives as well. What used to be looked at means to achieve better relationships and understandings now have often become dictatorial, oppressive, and confusing ideologies, agendas, and ends to themselves. The overemphasis on anthropocentrism has made humanity the beginning and end of themselves, removing our teleological, purposeful, definitive, and eternal understanding of ourselves in God. We have lost, and at times so confused about our identity, mission, and purpose as created in the image and likeness of God because we have become more focused on trying to define our own self-centered identities. Too many people have lost hope and faith because they no longer know their purpose, beginning, and end, hence just becoming so preoccupied in trying to make it through lives on their own self-willed and ego-centered triumphalism, simply trying to survive and live in the humanistic rat race and materialistic struggles.
Have we really won if our young people are more lost than ever? Have we really won if we keep being enslaved by the things of this world, wanting and chasing for "more" but never really happy? We can only have peace with ourselves, able to love others genuinely, and learn to live in true harmony when we know what is important in life, why we believe, who is the source of our trust, and where we are going. When we know the essential foundations of our identity, we will be able to discern through both prayer and virtue what is necessary to put our faith values to work in the here and now of our world. Without genuine faith, we become a self-centered, hypersensitive, fragile, and vocal world, where everyone only cares about themselves, use others as needed, and trying their best to be known. Our relationships will suffer, as well as our true identity, because we have been trying too hard to be someone else than our very own self, created in the image and likeness of God, willed into being and loved by Him.
Only in keeping God's law can we live a meaningful, full-filled, and genuine life of love with our neighbor. Our works will then have meanings because they are no longer ends in themselves, but as tools to provide and sanctify ourselves, connected and grounded in prayerful discernment. When we are aware of His goodness and love in creation, we will be able to take time to truly care, get to know, and be good stewards of His gifts in nature and society. It is sad, but many of us are so out of touch with creation and nature. Everything has been commercialized and presented for us in nicely-packaged forms but so detached from original sources that we are becoming more disconnected from the things that nourish and give us life. Furthermore, we have also become so lost with who we truly are spiritually. Many have stopped praying and ceased to grow in their very own spiritual journeys toward God.
Yet, Christ is living among us, especially in the Church. He calls, gathers, and unites us with one another through His ministers. He nourishes us by the sacraments, which is then deepened through personal and communal prayers and devotions. Therefore, if we do not understand why we believe, our faith will become malnourished and shallow. Mass becomes boring, personal devotions decreased, priestly and religious vocations plundered, and the life of virtues is thrown out the windows. We often think that we will change the Church by making it more attractive, yet we have been so naive that we have secularized the Bridesmaid of Christ. Too many in the past were willing to profane the sacred in exchange for cultural appeals and trends.
We often think that loving God means that we know that He is there and say our prayers from time to time. We think that we are good Catholics as long as we are patriotic, pay our taxes, do not break any law or cause any scandal to others, and do some charitable works from time to time. Too many have stopped going to Mass as a family regularly, ignored the beautiful Sacrament of Reconciliation until the deathbed or when something tragic happens, and became too busy to pray together at home. Our children and young people have become more illiterate in religious vocabularies and lost in their spiritual lives because they have not seen them put into practice by their parents.
We, for the most part, have made our children so poor in their prayerful and spiritual journeys that they have become fine with being "raised Catholics" but never kept the faith because it was never an essential part of their everyday lives. As a matter of fact, we have become so dull and lost in our very own religious understanding and vocabularies that our Christian life and its powerful witness have been minimal. We are scared of showing our faith because we are scared of being judged, ignored, or isolated by others as if the Church and Christ are causes of shame for us. We have become ill-prepared to teach and form our young people because our very own lives of faith have shrunk and we have forgotten why we are Catholics.
Perhaps we have forgotten that our lives are not our own and that we are called to be witnesses of Christ Jesus. Unquestionably, our mission and purpose as baptized Catholics have never changed for we were baptized into Christ's own royal priesthood, kingship, and prophet offices, incorporated into His Mystical Body, and sent forth to preach the Gospel. Our very ways of life are not just to point to ourselves or personal goods but for the salvation of souls and greater goods of all. Each and every one of us needs to remember that our very faith journey needs to help and lead people to the Lord.
Our lives are beautiful and worth living when we are able to ground our very selves in Christ Jesus. It is not always without strifes and struggles, but we are able to find peace and rest in Him. The roads are not always straightforward and smooth, sometimes ours will be a little bit rough and longer than others, but the journeys are always grace-filled and beautiful. Often times, our obstacles and detours help us to slow down as to reflect, understand, and appreciate small beauties along the way. Therefore, let us not lose sight of our final destination and become more attentive in helping those along the way so we can lift our society and those around us to the love of Him who cares and nourishes us deeply from within. Truly, this journey is not about us or about what is in it for us… It has always been about Him! So, let us keep our eyes fixed on the final destination as to persevere and endure the race toward the One who loves us. Life is worth living when we know where we are going, who is with us, why it is worthwhile, what to do when we are tested, and most important of all, what is waiting us at the end of our journey.
Godspeed!
Published by Fr. Khoi V. Tran
Catholic Priest // June 29, 2013 // Luke 1:38 - John 19:28 // Pray - Work - Love - Serve // fr.khoi.info - ithirst.us	View all posts by Fr. Khoi V. Tran
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Though she had to beat the urge to keep aiming higher when her career was at its peak by tendering an early resignation, Batsho Dambe-Groth's life story, success and greatness didn't die with a change in her working life. Dambe-Groth is currently the chairperson of Botswana Insurance Holdings Limited (BIHL) board, a position she has held since 2008. She joined BIHL in 1994 and by the time of her resignation in 2003, she had progressed to the position of Assistant General Manager, Support Services. "I had long stalled on my plans to resign and pursue my other plans but then when I realised that my one of sons needed my attention following a bullying incident at school I had to resign," she said. This, according to Dambe-Groth, turned out to be the best decision after all. Her professional life has been a whirlwind of success and the beauty of it is that she managed to attend to several aspects of her life that she had neglected.
Her deep understanding of BIHL and its workings, easily explains why she was picked to sit on its board. She joined the Board on March 25, 2008 as an independent non-executive Director and Chairperson of the HR Committee. She was appointed the Chairperson of the Board in March 2010 after acting on the position for a year. She is the only lady among men in the board. This, however, has never rattled her. As far as she is concerned her position requires necessary skill and nothing else. No boardroom bully gets to her. "I do not let any guy bully me. I make sure I am up to every challenge at any given time," she maintains, insisting that based on the huge resources at stake BIHL would not have chosen her for any lesser reason than her skill and expertise. "I feel very fortunate that members of the Board are highly professional and intelligent. We use the skill in each to come up with the best outcome for the business," she says. "We are developing and grooming some who are now at Subsidiary level to gain more experience before taking senior appointments," she says, noting that her advantage has been the fact that she grew up in the BIHL system. "I am humbled to be leading such a big organisation. I am proud to be its chairperson," says Groth who now leads a group whose subsidiaries are led by women – being BIHL Group CEO Catherine Lesetedi-Letegele; Botswana Life CEO, Bilkiss Moorad and Bifm CEO, Neo Bogatsu.
She embraces the servant leadership mode – where one works just as hard as she wants her team work. "Instead of being authoritarian leader, one is a servant of his team under this mode. Dalai Lama, Desmond Tutu and Nelson Mandela practised this leadership style," she says, adding that together with her business partner – her husband – they never lose staff in their businesses as a result of this style. She is a keen convert on the value of mentoring. "Whoever has been my subordinate has grown and flourished. You must groom the people below you because you cannot move unless people below are good enough to take over," she maintains. An avid reader for aspiring leaders, she recommends the book – Leadership Challenge – by Kouzes & Posner while for budding entrepreneurs she points to– Robert Kiosaki's Rich Dad Poor Dad.
Resource Logic, her company which consults to a wide range of organisations on Human Resources and business solutions, took off. She also managed to look after and fend for sons closely. The two are now successful young sportsmen who continue to hoist the national flag high internationally. The mother of two is also a Director of Botswana Craft, Etsha Weavers Group, Boitekanelo, Gems of Kalahari, and is a Council Member of Maru-a-Pula School.


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Point Lobos near 43rd Ave,1900s
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Unknown Location,1900s
Music Stand,1900s
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48th near Judah,1900s
Haight & Shrader,1900s
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President McKinley,1901
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Van Ness & Sacramento,May 1901
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McKinley visit,May 1901
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This edition focuses on Panto Collapsar by Mikala Dwyer (27/01/12 – 31/03/12) curated by Tessa Giblin. More information about Panto Collapsar at projectartscentre.ie.
Texts by Tessa Giblin, Declan Long, & Kate Heffernan Dublin, March 2016 ISBN 978-1-872493-47-3 Editor: Tessa Giblin © The Artist, Writers and Project Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part without prior written permission of the publishers.


There are better blenders out there for the same price, or less.
Pros: Good liquifying for smoothies and purees.
Cons: Loud, poor grinding performance, pour spout pops open shutting off the machine.
The Ninja Ultima is this manufacturer's attempt at a Vitamix-strength blender. This blender is a combination of a traditional blender with the bottom blades, and the vertical blade mechanism that the Ninja blenders are well-known for. This "Dual Stage Blending" is supposed to both crush and liquify your ingredients, and for some tests it did do a better job than the traditional setup from this manufacturer, like the Nutri Ninja DUO with Auto-iQ that we tested. That being said, it didn't quite measure up to all of the other high-performance blenders that we tested, leaving us wondering if the vertical blade is more of a gimmick than a truly good way to blend ingredients. This machine also made a high-pitch whine, and the top pour spout continuously popped open on us during use, which automatically shuts off the motor. If you are looking for a great blender without the hefty price tag, then our Best Buy winner, the KitchenAid 5-Speed Diamond, is a better and less expensive option, or you can also consider the $400 The Breville Boss, which offers near Vitamix-like performance for several hundred dollars less.
The Ninja Ultima is a 1500 Watt blender (2.5 Peak Horsepower) with a two blade mechanism: a bottom set of four blades and a vertical insert with four additional blades. The vertical blades are removable for making dips or emulsifying salad dressings, when only the bottom blades are preferred. This blender has only three settings (Low, Med, and High) and a Pulse feature, with no presets or digital timer display. It comes with a two-year warranty.
This blender comes with the traditional bottom blade as well as the signature Ninja vertical blade insert.
The Ninja Ultima's settings are fairly basic (three speed settings only and no presets), which makes it a little more hands-on to use compared to a model like Blendtec Designer 675 with its handy one-touch programs. The lack of a timer is a bit of a disappointment too considering that the slightly less expensive Nutri Ninja DUO with Auto-iQ has one.
The speed settings are limited and this model has no timer or presets.
This model received the lowest score for Ease of Use because of the lid. The lid has to be on correctly for the motor to engage. While it's fairly easy to line up and close thanks to markings on the container and lid, the lid handle kept popping up during our testing, which caused the motor to automatically shut off. During our almond butter grinding test the handle popped up repeatedly, causing some frustration.
The motor won't engage unless the pin on the lid is pushed down, which is good from a safety perspective, but annoying when the jostling of the machine causes it to pop open.
This machine also jumps around during use. There are suction cups on the bottom to try and help it stick better, but they didn't work that well and we could see it slowly jiggling forward during our tests. If you buy this blender, just remember to keep it far back on the counter. Finally, if you are used to other blenders where you take off the lid and start pouring, DO NOT do that with this or the Nutri Ninja! The vertical blades are not attached and can easily fall out of the container, making a mess and potentially cutting you. Always use the pour spout with the Ninja blenders.
This blender made a fairly good green smoothie. The contents were well-blended and incorporated, as opposed to the Oster Versa, which could not break down the tough kale and broccoli in the mixture that we used. The smoothie was slightly thick though, particularly compared to the Vitamix Pro 750 and Blendtec Designer 675, and it wasn't as bright green as those smoothies.
While the greens were well-incorporated, the mixture was on the thick side and not the most pleasant shade of green.
This machine's green smoothie was drinkable, but not on par with the Vitamix's version.
The Ninja Ultima actually tied the Blendtec for second best berry smoothie. The skins were broken down and well-incorporated, and the seeds were not as numerous or as large as the Oster Versa or Nutri Ninja.
Very little pulp and seeds were left in the strainer.
The Ultima (left) broke the seeds down into much smaller pieces than the Oster Versa (right).
This machine made our least favorite margarita. The drink was aerated as opposed to slushy, and didn't taste very good.
This was the category that the Ultima scored the highest in. It perfectly pureed our carrot soup, resulting in a creamy and velvety mixture that was similar to The Breville Boss and Blendtec Designer 675.
Fibrous carrots were no problem for this blender. It pureed our soup perfectly.
This blender scored lowest out of all the models we reviewed for grinding. We ended up taking the vertical blade out, as the two cups of almonds sat below those blades and they were getting in the way for the constant scraping we had to do. After more than 15 minutes of opening and scraping and trying to get the grind going, we gave up and finished it in the Vitamix. The difference was pretty striking.
The Ultima (left) could not get the nuts to break down into a creamy mixture, unlike the Vitamix (right), which made a smooth almond butter.
This machine didn't have too high of an overall decibel rating, but it did produce a high pitch whine that was more annoying to listen to than the other models.
While this blender wasn't too loud with an average noise level of 104 decibels, it produced a high pitch whine that was irritating.
This blender worked best for smoothies and purees. If you don't plan on doing some heavy duty grinding and milling, then this model will work just fine.
This blender is available as a standalone machine, or with a food processor and single serve cups. As a standalone blender, it doesn't deliver the same performance as the Vitamix Professional 750, but it's about a third of the price. So, if you use your blender only occasionally, or like the versatility of a food processor option, then this model would be a good value.
Ninja touts this blender as having "more versatility than a traditional blender" thanks to the double-blade system, but we just didn't see it making that much of a difference, and it struggled to make with eight blades what the Vitamix Professional 750 did with four.
The Ninja Ultima is also available with two individual blending cups, and as the "Kitchen System" with a food processor attachment in addition to the two cups.


Should I Sign a Prenuptial Agreement in Ohio?
Prenuptial agreements often get a reputation for unfairness. Unfortunately, those couples that fail to make terms of their divorce and asset separation clear within a prenuptial agreement may regret the decision later. When properly prepared, written, and presented, a prenuptial agreement can actually make a marriage less stressful, allowing it to be much stronger in … Continue reading Should I Sign a Prenuptial Agreement in Ohio?


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Digital Evolution
Elements of the digital transformation in pharma
By Melissa SantosOctober 25, 2022November 17th, 2022No Comments
The digital transformation in pharma did not come to be until quite recently. For a while, companies in the field were slow, and even reluctant, toward the adoption and integration of certain technologies. Nonetheless, in the last two years, these have changed the way they perceive technology. New opportunities are being explored, thus making pharma's digitalization more tangible than ever.
In light of this, in this article, we will highlight some of the main technological elements to keep in mind for the near future.
A transformation that is likely to continue for years to come…
Pharma's digital transformation involves experimentation with a varied plethora of technological elements. Within them, companies in the field have found many hypotheses to create more value for patients, partners, and other key stakeholders.
An evolution predicted to happen 10 years from 2020 has come earlier than expected. Due to the extraordinary circumstances caused by the pandemic, pharma companies turned to experiment with innovative digital technologies.
A report from Deloitte shows this in a 2021 survey of 150 executives from pharma companies based in the US, Europe, and Asia. Among the most used technologies, the winners in this report were Cloud Computing (49%), AI (38%), data lakes (33%), and wearables (33%).
Below is a definition for each of the technologies that the questionnaire tackled.
The elements of the digital transformation in pharma
Cloud computing's popularity is due to the rise of remote work. Half of the respondents to Deloitte's inquiry affirmed using the cloud to help them out with day-to-day tasks at work.
The most relevant features of the cloud are its agility and scalability. In a way, it gives people in an organization the opportunity to work from anywhere in the world. It further allows companies to store and share data and run AI and ML features. As a result, this leads to a substantial decrease in costs and makes for an easier way to collect valuable data.
AI was one of the technological innovations put in the spotlight during COVID. Throughout this period, and even now in its aftermath, investment in AI from pharma companies has increased exponentially. This allowed organizations to upscale their operations and collect vital medical data for future decisions.
In pharma marketing's case, companies' increase in digital presence equally influenced the use and evolution of AI. This technology is a highly beneficial, analytics enabler that simplifies marketing procedures. There are also many digital channels with AI-implemented solutions that help create and handle stakeholder engagement.
Data lakes
Many people haven't heard of the concept of "data lake" even though they've used this in their work. A data lake consists of a storage repository able to store large amounts of data. It provides a huge quantity to assist and increase the analytic performance and the native integration.
A data lake's main purpose is to provide an unrefined view of data to the people that analyze it. This is assisting pharma investigators in the most varied fields.
Wearables were widely used long before the pandemic began. These devices were particularly popular with fitness fans. They allowed people to measure the following:
The number of steps taken;
Sleep quality;
Calories ingested;
Oxygen levels;
These devices were popular among many fitness fans before the pandemic came. They allowed many people to measure elements such as the number of steps, sleep quality, number of calories ingested, oxygen levels, and more.
In the period that followed the pandemic, many clinical trials adopted a hybrid approach due to the restrictions. Wearables were a valuable asset for these studies. Due to their evolving ability to track the health details of many patients, pharma companies have turned to these devices for better monitoring.
AR and VR possibilities in pharma are increasing in value and number. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) pave the way for the creation of new virtual realities that provide the target audience with highly engaging experiences.
The biggest changes that these two elements have provided were in the production efficiency of drugs. However, it is also worth noting its equally innovative role in research and education. In this particular "setting," AR and VR provide investigations with a visual element that is more immersive and memorable.
The Internet of things (IoT) is another element that pharma companies have started to experiment with. As supply-chain operations grew digitalized due to disruptions in logistics and transportation, IoT started to gain notoriety in the sector.
Tracking product shipments in real-time is possible using IoT solutions. This filled the supply chain's visibility gaps. At the same time, other possibilities will contribute to the thriving of this technological element. Without a doubt, in an era driven by data, IoT will be a vital element in many of the procedures that pharma companies have for investigation and communication.
Digital Twin technology derives from IoT. In essence, it's a physical representation of an object, a process, or a service. It's used to replicate several objects such as jet engines, wind farms, buildings, and cities.
It uses a computer program that relies on real-world data. With this, it can create a simulation to predict how a process or a product may perform. The better it integrates with the IoT, AI, and software analytics, the better it will help predict an output. This is another element with notorious growth thanks to the increase in data-driven processes.
Even though blockchain technology is over a decade old, in pharma it's only now starting to be explored. It's a decentralized and distributed ledger system. The main goal is to provide efficient and trusted solutions to trace products. It also enables the creation of a distributed shared data platform fit for storing and sharing transaction data with supply chain stakeholders.
Thanks to blockchain technology vital information will remain available, secure, and transparent to those who need access. Through cryptographic techniques, data won't fall into the wrong hands. For example, in pharma, supply chains are using this to detect, track and handle drug counterfeits.
Last but not least there's quantum computing. An element said to be a future disruptor for pharma's R&D. It uses quantum cells called "qubits". As opposed to classical computing, in which bits have a value of 0 or 1, they work with non-binary values and can overlap one another and perform as a group.
Producing a faster result than conventional computers, it helps organizations in faster decision-making and other calculations. In a matter of seconds, quantum computing can solve complex formulas and help in many drug discovery processes. Many predict benefits such as cost reduction in production and design. There's also the simplification of clinical trial design and the arrival of new players in pharmaceutical R&D.
The digital transformation in pharma is becoming full of a variety of options. With technological evolution, there will be a greater optimization of work in the field. Not only that, but a new array of possibilities for investigation and communication purposes. The growth of technological possibilities is undoubtedly an element that will revolutionize many procedures in healthcare, helping the industry head in a whole new direction.
Technology is without a doubt disrupting pharma. However, even with the best technological assets, you need quality content to create powerful engagement.
Fortunately, RedNovius has the perfect model of content for your pharma brand. Using PubVisual, you can provide a personalized 90-second video to explain your medical data to the medical community.
Book a meeting and discover how we can help you.
More on technology in pharma…
Pharma Tech: Predictions for Upcoming Years
3 New Trends in Digital Pharma: Data, AR & Video
Wearables in Healthcare: Is this an Opportunity for Pharma Companies?
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The Tim Hortons Spitfire Arms Cash Spiel (known originally as the Spitfire Arms Cash Spiel) is an annual bonspiel, or curling tournament, held at the Windsor Curling Club in Windsor, Nova Scotia. It was held as part of the women's World Curling Tour from 2015 to 2019 and was part of the men's Tour from 2015 to 2017. The tournament is held in a round robin format.

Past Champions

Women

Men

References

Women's curling competitions in Canada
Curling competitions in Nova Scotia
Hants County, Nova Scotia


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PokerStars Launches Spin & Go Tourneys on Dot Com Site
1st October 2014 // Industry, News, Online Poker Action
Last July, French poker site Winamax.fr hit it big with the introduction of a new poker tournament variation which it called Expresso Poker. Since then, other online poker rooms have added similar types of "Lottery Sit-and-Go's" to their rosters of games and, for the most part, they have gone over like gangbusters. This past July, PokerStars jumped onboard, rolling out its version – the Spin & Go – to its Spain-only site, PokerStars.es, as a trial run. This week, PokerStars finally did what players had been waiting for: it launched Spin & Go tournaments on its main PokerStars.com site, just a tad earlier than the expected October launch.
Before we proceed, let's review exactly what a Spin & Go is. Again, it falls into the class of the Lottery Sit & Go, and really does not differ in any significant way from any of the offerings of any other poker room. Spin & Go's are three-handed hyper-turbo (three minutes per blind level) Sit-and-Go tournaments with buy-in levels of $1, $3, $7, $15, and $30 and starting stacks of only 500 chips. Simple enough, but the catch is that the prize pool is not revealed until the third and final player registers. At that time, a random prize draw occurs and a spinner appears on the table to announce what the prize pool will be. But while the prize pool is unknown until the start of the tournament, it could end up being as much as 1,000 times the prize pool, magnitudes larger than in a normal Sit-and-Go. From there, the short tournament proceeds as usual.
Typically, Lottery Sit-and-Go tournaments are winner-take-all, as frankly, with just three players, there is not enough money to pay more than one person. PokerStars has changed that a bit, adding an extra 20 percent to the prize pool when the Spin & Go draws one of the top three prize levels. That 20 percent is split evenly between the second and third place finishers; the winners still takes the entire first prize.
Speaking of prize levels, here is a breakdown of the possible prize pools and their corresponding probabilities:
$1 Spin & Go
2x buy-in – 77,380 out of 100,000
6x buy-in – 8,000 out of 100,000
10x buy-in – 1,000 out of 100,000
25x buy-in – 80 out of 100,000
100x buy-in – 15 out of 100,000
1,000x buy-in – 5 out of 100,000
$7, $15, and $30 Spin & Go
The probabilities for all prize levels except for the bottom two are the same across the board. When moving from the $1 Spin & Go's to the $3 Spin & Go's and then again to the $7 and above Spin & Go's, the chances of having a prize pool of just double the buy-in is reduced, while the probability of a prize pool that is quadruple the buy-in is increased. Thus, the higher the buy-in, the better the chance for a slightly higher payday.
The rake also decreases the higher one plays. At $1, the rake is seven percent, at $3 it is five percent, and at $7 and up it is just four percent.
These games are clearly designed for the player who wants action with fewer opportunities to have to make difficult post-flop decisions. For PokerStars, it is a chance to grab rake quickly, as these games do not last very long at all.
As mentioned, the Lottery Sit-and-Go was introduced by Winamax as Expresso Poker, launched July 13th, 2013. It was so popular that according to PokerScout.com, cash-game traffic on the site dropped 15-20 percent as people moved over to Expresso Poker and did not recover for several weeks. The iPoker Network was the next onboard, launching Twister Poker in January of this year. Full Tilt Poker, PokerStars' little brother, rolled out Jackpot Sit and Go's in June, just before Spin & Go's went live on PokerStars.es.
Full Tilt eschews the 25x buy-in prize pool level for a 20x, though at the top end, Full Tilt has 500x and 2,000x buy-in levels instead of PokerStars' 200x and 1,000x. The probabilities are slightly different, as well. Additionally, like PokerStars, Full Tilt pays all three players at the top three prize levels, but unlike PokerStars, Full Tilt does not add prize money. Instead, the winner receives 75 percent of the prize pool, second place gets 15 percent, and third gets 10 percent.


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#PRBday: The Faces of Elizabeth Siddal
by Stephanie ChatfieldPosted on November 15, 2015 July 30, 2017
Elizabeth Siddal made great contributions to the Pre-Raphaelite movement; she appears in a number of important works. After posing for Deverell, Holman Hunt, Millais, and Rossetti she bravely moved to the other side of the easel and became a Pre-Raphaelite artist in her own right. Since she has fascinated me throughout my adulthood, I think it fitting that for #PRBday I explore the many faces of Elizabeth Siddal as seen through the Pre-Raphaelites.
For her first foray into the art world, Siddal donned the medieval costume of a male. Here we see her as Viola from Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. To wear such a costume with so much leg showing wasn't proper behavior for a Victorian young lady. Was she embarrassed? Excited? Perhaps she entered into it with the same bold spirit seen in Shakespeare's fictional Viola.
'Twelfth Night', Walter Deverell
Siddal is seen to the far left. Her Viola leans forward, looking at Duke Orsino. Viola has disguised herself as a male page and taken the name of Cesario so that she could enter into the Duke's service. Like Viola, Elizabeth Siddal's wearing of Cesario's costume helped her to enter a new world that would alter the course of her life. To the right of Orsino is the clown Feste, shown singing a song. Deverell used Dante Gabriel Rossetti as a model for Feste. In this image that marks Elizabeth Siddal's entrance to a new world, we see one of the most famous couples in art history. Although they were probably strangers at the time Twelfth Night was painted, Rossetti and Siddal would marry a decade or so later.
William Holman Hunt also painted Elizabeth Siddal in a Shakespearean role. Unfortunately, we can no longer see her face in Valentine Rescuing Sylvia from Proteus. After critic John Ruskin described the 'commonness of feature' in Sylvia's face, Hunt repainted it. We can not look to this painting as an accurate representation of Elizabeth Siddal.
'Valentine Rescuing Sylvia from Proteus', William Holman Hunt. Hunt repainted Lizzie's face, so the image now is not as it first appeared.
One of her first sittings for Dante Gabriel Rossetti was for his work The Return of Tibullus to Delia. Siddal sat for Delia and just as she had embraced the medieval costume of Cesario, she boldly became Delia as she posed with her hair between her lips.
Study for Delia, Dante Gabriel Rossetti
It is in the Delia studies and Millais' study for Ophelia that I feel I get the clearest sense of Elizabeth Siddal's visage. William Michael Rossetti wrote that Millais' Ophelia was the painting that closest resembled his sister in law. These three studies remain among my favorite works that feature Siddal's face.
Study of Elizabeth Siddal for the head of Ophelia by Millais.
Which brings us to what is arguably the most well-known image of Elizabeth Siddal. The tale of how she posed in a bathtub with dire consequences is told repeatedly. I think it proves how dedicated she was and speaks to her professional attitude. Once again a Shakespearean character, Siddal has become synonymous with Ophelia. Siddal's later life was overshadowed with addiction, grief, and loss. Combine this with Millais' famous depiction and it is easy to see why Siddal is almost always seen as an Ophelia-like figure.
Elizabeth Siddal as Ophelia, painted by John Everett Millais. See Ophelia's Flowers
Eventually, she sat only for Rossetti and the many drawings he made of her are like a private invitation into their secluded world. We see her reading, sleeping, sitting. It's as if he had to capture her in every conceivable pose.
Ford Madox Brown wrote of Rossetti's countless drawings of her, saying "God knows how many, but not bad work, I should say, for the six years he had known her; it is like a monomania with him. Many of them are matchless in beauty, however, and one day will be worth large sums."
Many of Rossetti's drawings of her depict her at work. She had now become an artist.
Where Lizzie used to be the subject, now Rossetti sat in the role of model.
Dante Gabriel Rossetti sitting to Elizabeth Siddal
We can see both Rossetti and Siddal's features in her drawing Lovers Listening to Egyptian Girls Playing Music.
When Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Elizabeth Siddal finally married in 1860, he began this painting of her as Regina Cordium (Queen of Hearts). This work was created shortly after his painting Bocca Baciata. Both works are indicative of a new style that now characterizes his later works.
See Regina Cordium for more on this work.
Contrast his Regina Cordium painting with his 1854 painting of Siddal.
I'd like to close this post with what I consider to be the most important image of Elizabeth Siddal. Her self-portrait.
Self portrait of Elizabeth Siddal
She presents herself simply. Perhaps she wanted to move beyond the superficial and just paint the one thing that may have never been painted before: herself as she truly was. At this point, she had seen herself depicted by most of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood as Shakespearean heroines and Arthurian damsels. Now it was her turn to create the one work that sets aside all notions of Ophelia or other Pre-Raphaelite beauties. This is Elizabeth Siddal, no longer gazing off to the side as she does in Rossetti's many drawings. Here she is before marriage, before the tragedy of her stillborn daughter. Before the cycle of addiction.
In Christina Rossetti's poem In An Artist's Studio, she wrote about the experience of an artist's model who serves only as a muse and is not treasured for who she truly is. Not as she is, but as she fills his dream. I think of that line often when I look at Dante Gabriel Rossetti's paintings of Siddal (and later, Jane Morris).
Then I look at Elizabeth Siddal's self-portrait and think 'Not as she is, but as she fills his dream'? Nope. Not that time.
Elizabeth Siddal's poem, Lust of the Eyes, captures what a woman feels when loved for her beauty and nothing else. It seems fitting to end with her own words.
The Lust of the Eyes
I care not for my Lady's soul
Though I worship before her smile;
I care not where be my Lady's goal
When her beauty shall lose its wile.
Low sit I down at my Lady's feet
Gazing through her wild eyes
Smiling to think how my love will fleet
When their starlike beauty dies.
I care not if my Lady pray
To our Father which is in Heaven
But for joy my heart's quick pulses play
For to me her love is given.
Then who shall close my Lady's eyes
And who shall fold her hands?
Will any hearken if she cries
Up to the unknown lands?
Posted in Elizabeth SiddalTagged elizabeth Siddal, prbday
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One Reply to "#PRBday: The Faces of Elizabeth Siddal"
Beautiful…simply beautiful.


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5 edition of The American Civil War and Its Origins 1848-65 found in the catalog.
The American Civil War and Its Origins 1848-65
by Alan Farmer
Published March 31, 2006 by Hodder & Stoughton .
American history: c 1800 to c 1900,
History of specific subjects,
c 1800 to c 1900,
History: American,
Designed / suitable for A & AS Level,
Access to History
The causation of the American Civil War has been one of the largest issues in the historiography of this nation's past. Explanations for the question have been offered, debated, and reinterpreted ever since the time of the war; indeed, even before some individuals were setting forth reasons why an "irrepressible conflict" must come. This is a general history of the American Civil War from its background to Lincoln's assassination. As the title indicates it is composed predominantly pictures instead of text. Each chapter has five or so pages that give an overview of the chapter itself, and the rest of the chapter is filled with relevant pictures alongside a couple /5(23).
The largest and most destructive military conflict between the Napoleonic Wars and the First World War, The American Civil War has inspired some of the best and most intriguing scholarship in the field of United States history. This volume offers some of the most important work on the war to appear in the past few decades and offers compelling information and insights into subjects ranging. The American Civil War, also known as the War between the States and the War of the Rebellion, was fought primarily over the issue of slavery. Previous political divisions had included regional overtones. Federalists were strong in New England, while Jeffersonian Democratic .
The American Civil War: A Military History. by John Keegan; Random House. Forcing readers out of their comfort zones is British military historian John Keegan's stock in trade. So readers seeking a thorough overview of the Civil War, or even of its operational aspects, should be warned that he takes a very different approach. The American Civil War () was the bloodiest war of the nineteenth century and its impact continues to be felt today. It, and its origins have been studied more intensively than any other period in American history, yet it remains profoundly s: 4.
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The American Civil War and Its Origins 1848-65 by Alan Farmer Download PDF EPUB FB2
The American Civil War and Its Origins (Access to History) 3rd Edition by Alan Farmer (Author)5/5(1). : The American Civil War and Its Origins (Access to History) () by Farmer, Alan and a great selection of similar New, Used and Collectible Books available now at /5(3).
This is the fourth edition of The American Civil War and Its Origins,which has been revised and extended to fully cover the AS- and A-level specifications for OCR and Edexcel. The book begins by focusing on the westward expansion in America and the problems this caused/5(10).
The new editions of Access to History combine all the strengths of this well-loved series with a new design and features that allow all students access to the content and study skills needed to achieve exam third edition combines two popular Access to History titles on the American Civil War to provide complete coverage of the lead up to war and its course/5(6).
Cover and spine title: The American Civil war and its origins Cover title: American Civil War and its origins Description: pages: illustrations, maps, portraits ; 25 cm. Series Title: Access to history. Other Titles: American Civil War and its origins.
Edward Hagerman's book The American Civil War and the Origins of Modern Warfare examines the development of the ideas, organization, and field command of the armies of the Civil War. The approach of the book is made clear at the beginning: addressing the noteworthy military philosophers of the time, the wars of the past and what had been Reviews: American Civil War.
The American Civil War () was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America, also known as "the Confederacy".
Led by Jefferson Davis, the Confederacy fought for its independence from the United States. Buy The American Civil War and Its Origins (Access to History S.) 3 by Farmer, Alan (ISBN: ) from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday low Reviews: 3. Buy The American Civil War and Its Origins (Access to History S.) by Alan Farmer () by (ISBN:) from Amazon's Book Store.
Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible s: 3. American Civil War Alternative Title: War Between the States American Civil War, also called War Between the States, four-year war (–65) between the United States and 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America.
The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States from tofought between the northern United States (loyal to the Union) and the southern United States (that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy).
The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black : Ap – April 9, (3 years, days). The Civil War in the United States began inafter decades of simmering tensions between northern and southern states over slavery, states' rights and westward expansion.
Eleven southern. Discover the best U.S. Civil War History in Best Sellers. Find the top most popular items in Amazon Books Best Sellers.
Historians debating the origins of the American Civil War focus on the reasons why seven Southern states (followed by four more after the onset of the war) declared their secession from the United States (), why they united to form the Confederate States of America (simply known as the "Confederacy"), and why the North refused to let them go.
While virtually all historians in the 21st century. For the general public, Battle Cry and its author have become synonymous with Civil War history. Bell I. Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb () & The Life of Billy Yank () Yes, I'm cheating with a double-pick—but these two books are more or less inseparable.
Wiley practically invented social history in the context of Civil War soldiers. The American Civil War () was the bloodiest war of the nineteenth century and its impact continues to be felt today. It, and its origins have been studied more intensively than any other period in American history, yet it remains profoundly controversial/5(6).
This is the fourth edition of The American Civil War and Its Origins,which has been revised and extended to fully cover the AS- and A-level specifications for OCR and Edexcel. The book begins by focusing on the westward expansion in America and the problems this caused.4/5(9).
This is the fourth edition of 'The American Civil War and its Origins ', which has been revised and extended to fully cover the AS and A. Brian Holden Reid is a professor of American history and military instruction at King's College in London and the author of several books, including "Robert E.
Lee: Icon of a Nation" and "The American Civil War: Exploration and Reconsiderations". Far more books have been written about the Civil War than about any other event in American history, and Lincoln's stack of books towers over that of any other American figure.
Any recommended reading list therefore has to be highly selective and at least somewhat arbitrary. In many ways, the war that claimed overAmerican lives a century and a half ago is still the biggest battle being waged on American soil.
In The Civil War: A Captivating Guide to the American Civil War and Its Impact on the History of the United States, you will discover topics such as. An Uneasy Nation; The Foundation Cracks; The First /5(27).The American Civil War is exactly what it says on the tin: a thorough study into the American civil war oflooking at its causes, major battles and eventual outcome.
This book has a lot going for it, and yet I wouldn't say I enjoyed it very much/5().The American Civil War was fought between and over the issues of slavery and states' rights. Learn about Civil War battles, generals, political leaders and more.
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