text:
\section{Introduction}
\indent Nonlocal effects in superconducting mesoscopic systems have attracted a lot of interest in the recent decade in connection with investigations of novel coherent effects such as crossed Andreev reflection (CAR) and elastic cotunneling (EC) \cite{deutscher2000,BeckmannCAR, Beckmann2, russo2005, Chandrasekhar}, spin diffusion, injection, and accumulation \cite{Jedema1, Jedema2, johnson1994,Haviland,poli2008} that could have future practical applications in superconducting spintronics. Modern superconducting electronic nanodevices often operate under out-of-equilibrium conditions because their sizes are comparable with relaxation lengths. Complex biased circuits can contain Josephson junctions in the resistive state, as well as normal-metal or ferromagnetic elements that are sources of nonequilibrium quasiparticles. One of the first nonlocal nonequilibrium effects was observed in a quite macroscopic Josephson SNS sandwich-type junction many years ago \cite{RyazanovPL, Kap_Ryaz_Schmidt}. The SNS structure used had a thin S electrode with a thickness comparable with the charge imbalance length, $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$, and was excited to the nonequilibrium state by quasiparticle injection. Charge imbalance in superconductors was investigated in detail and attracted a lot of interest both in experimental and theoretical studies in the 1970s and 1980s. However, it was investigated mostly at temperatures close to the superconducting transition temperature $T_{c}$, both experimentally \cite{Clarke, Yu_Mercereau, RyazanovJLTP, vanHarlingen, Nad, Santh} and theoretically \cite{Tinkham_Clarke,Schmid_S,Artemenko_Volkov}. The low-temperature range has been studied experimentally only recently \cite{yagi2006,Hubler,Chandrasekhar,kleine2010,arutyunov2011} and still has no appropriate theoretical description. While experiments with tunnel injection report on relaxation lengths of a few $\mu$m, in agreement with older results close to $T_{c}$, results for Ohmic injection \cite{Chandrasekhar} poorly correlate with
previous results at high temperatures, where $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$ is determined only by the inelastic electron-phonon time \cite{vanHarlingen, Nad}. To measure the charge-imbalance length, authors of Refs. \onlinecite{Chandrasekhar} and \onlinecite{Hubler}  used normal-metal probes contacted to superconducting films directly or via a tunnel junction following the first works \cite{Clarke, Yu_Mercereau, vanHarlingen} and recent spin injection experiments \cite{Jedema1, Jedema2}. Another nonlocal detection method, proposed in \cite{RyazanovPL, Kap_Ryaz_Schmidt}, uses a Josephson junction as a sensor of the injected nonequilibrium quasiparticles.
This first ``nonlocal Josephson effect'' was observed in sandwich-type SNS structures also at temperatures very close to $T_{c}$. An advantage of this method, which we also use in this work, is given by the possibility to measure directly the quasiparticle flow. Moreover, this phenomenon furnishes the clue to a nonlocal control of Josephson junctions in modern superconducting electronic nanodevices.

In this paper, we present the detection of a ``nonlocal critical current'' in mesoscopic SNS (Al-Cu-Al) Josephson junctions with several spatially separated normal metal injectors (Cu) connected to one of the superconducting Al banks (Fig.~\ref{scheme}). To measure the nonlocal voltage at low temperatures $T\ll T_c$, we use superconducting leads just near the junction.
Besides, in order to describe the interplay of charge imbalance and Josephson effect in the realized mesoscopic system
in the low temperature range, we have elaborated a two-channel charge imbalance model proposed previously in \cite{Kap_Ryaz_Schmidt, KSS}.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{1.eps}
\caption{SEM image of an Al-Cu-Al multiterminal Josephson junction with two Cu-strips (injectors) connected to the left junction bank together with
the local (solid line) and nonlocal (dashed line)  measurement schemes.}
\label{scheme}
\end{figure}

\section{Experiment}
Figure \ref{scheme} shows a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of one of our
samples, together with a scheme of the measurement setup. The submicron-scale multiterminal planar structures
were fabricated by means of electron beam lithography and \textit{in situ} shadow evaporation. First, a copper layer with a thickness of $d_{N}$=30 nm was deposited onto an oxidized silicon substrate to create the weak link of the Josephson Al-Cu-Al junction as well as the two Cu-injectors. Without breaking the vacuum, a thick  aluminum layer with a thickness of around  100 nm was evaporated at a second angle in order to form all superconducting leads,
so that all SN interfaces are assumed to be highly transparent. The injectors were realized as sloped narrow strips of a width of around 100 nm in order to avoid a Josephson coupling between the left superconducting bank of the SNS junction and the aluminum shadow parallel to the injectors (see Fig.~\ref{scheme}). The investigated structures had nominally identical SNS Josephson junctions, characterized by the same distance \textit{L}=250 nm between superconducting electrodes, but had different distances \textit{d} between the injectors and  the SNS junction. Type-I
samples (Fig. \ref{scheme}) had two injectors with \textit{d} equal to approximately 1.5 and 0.5 $\mu$m, while for type-II samples, these distances were 1.5 and 1.0 $\mu$m. Such a choice of the distance scale allows us to exclude coherent CAR and EC effects \cite{BeckmannCAR} as well as the inverse proximity effect, because the distances were much larger than the Al coherence length $\xi_{S}\approx$130 nm \cite{myJETP}. On the other hand, nonequilibrium phenomena, characterized by the charge-imbalance length ($\lambda_{Q^{*}}\sim1 \mu$m \cite{Chandrasekhar}), remain to be investigated with this choice of distances $d$.

All transport
measurements in local and nonlocal configuration were performed using a standard four-terminal method in a shielded
cryostat at temperatures down to 0.37 K. Two stages of resistor-capacitor (RC) filters
were incorporated into the measurement dc lines to eliminate electrical
noise: a warm RC-filter stage was located at the top of the cryostat, while a cold RC-filter stage was mounted directly at the sample holder.

Figure \ref{iv} represents the current-voltage characteristics at \textit{T}=0.4 K for one of our samples measured in local and nonlocal configurations shown in Fig. \ref{scheme}.
In the local configuration, the transport current is fed to the Josephson SNS junction directly through its horizontal superconducting aluminum  leads. The voltage across the Josephson junction is measured via two additional superconducting leads outside the current path in a four-terminal configuration. In this case, we observe the conventional IV curve which is typical for such submicron SNS Josephson junctions \cite{Courtois, myJETP} with the critical current $I_{c} \simeq$ 4 $\mu$A (Fig. \ref{iv}). At currents slightly exceeding the critical current $I_{c}$, a sharp voltage increase is observed, but the characteristic is still not hysteretic. In the nonlocal configuration, the current is passed from one of the normal metal injectors to the left side of the horizontal aluminum  lead bypassing the Josephson junction (Fig. \ref{scheme}), while the voltage is measured across the Josephson junction, as in the case of the local configuration. Curves 2) and 3) represent the
nonlocal current-voltage characteristics for
injection from the nearest, ``right'' ($R$), and the farther, ``left'' ($L$), injectors with \textit{d}=0.5 and 1.5 $\mu$m, correspondingly. In the nonlocal case, registered critical currents were larger than for the local configuration: $I_{cR}^{inj}=19.7 \mu$A and $I_{cL}^{inj}=23.6 \mu$A (for sample A1) and the voltage had opposite sign. A detailed model of the nonlocal effect and its discussion will be presented in the subsequent section. We give only a short description here.  A significant part of the quasiparticles injected from normal metal to the superconductor has an energy larger than the superconducting gap $\Delta$ and hence penetrates into the superconductor. The charge imbalance and appropriate decrease of the pair chemical potential $\mu_s$ result in a longitudinal electric field $E= \nabla \mu_s$/$e$ (where $e$ is the charge of the electron). The charge-imbalance length $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$ is a characteristic length of the conversion of the nonequilibrium quasiparticles to pairs, i. e., the penetration length of quasiparticle flow in both directions from the normal injector.  The quasiparticles penetrate also through the Josephson junction into the right superconducting bank if the distance \textit{d} between the injector and the Josephson junction is less than $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$. The total current through the Josephson junction is zero, so a counterflow of Cooper pairs has to arise. It compensates for the quasiparticle flow until it reaches the critical current. Besides,
the nonlocal voltage $V$, equal to a drop of the pair electrochemical potential, has opposite sign as compared with the local experiment for the current directions shown in Fig. \ref{scheme}. The observed ``injection critical current'' $I_{c}^{inj}$ is much larger than $I_{c}$, since only a small part of the current from the injector reaches the Josephson junction due to Andreev reflection at the NS-interface and the quasiparticle conversion between the injector and the Josephson junction. For the same reason, the injection critical current $I_{cL}^{inj}$ from the farther injector is larger than the $I_{cR}^{inj}$ value from the nearest one.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{2.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Current-voltage characteristics of an Al-Cu-Al Josephson junction (sample A1) at $T$=0.4 K. Curve 1, conventional local measurement; curve 2, nonlocal mearurement, current is injected from the nearest ($R$) Cu strip; curve 3, nonlocal measurement, current is injected from the farther ($L$) Cu strip.}
\label{iv}
\end{figure}

\section{Model of a Josephson SNS junction in the case of quasiparticle injection}

Nonequilibrium processes in a superconductor including the conversion of a quasiparticle flow into a pair current can be described reasonably by means of an equivalent circuit introduced by Kadin, Smith, and Skocpol (KSS) \cite{KSS} for the explanation of phase-slip-center behavior. The KSS approach was simplified for the case of low-frequency processes and extended to study the effect of  nonequilibrium quasiparticle flow on Josephson SNS junctions by Kaplunenko, Ryazanov, and Schmidt \cite{Kap_Ryaz_Schmidt}. A similar model modified for the geometry of our planar Josephson structures and low-temperature range is developed in this section.

The longitudinal electric field $E$ originating from the quasiparticle charge imbalance $Q^{*}$ arises in nonequilibrium regions of a superconductor where the quasiparticle current $I_n$ converts into the current of Cooper pairs $I_s$:
\begin{equation}
div \mathbf{I_n} = -div \mathbf{I_s} \propto U,\enspace \nabla U = - E.
\label{div_eq}
\end{equation}

The gauge-invariant potential $U$ is related to the deviation of the pair chemical potential $\delta\mu_s$ from its equilibrium value ($U = -\delta \mu_s/e \propto Q^{*}$) and can be detected directly by normal and superconducting probes placed in the nonequilibrium region \cite{Yu_Mercereau, Dolan_J}. Relaxation of $Q^{*}, U$, and $I_n$ is characterized by the charge-imbalance length $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$ \cite{Artemenko_Volkov}:

\begin{equation}
\lambda_{Q^{*}}^{2}\nabla^{2}Q^{*}= Q^{*},\enspace \lambda_{Q^{*}}^{2}\nabla^{2}U=U,\enspace \lambda_{Q^{*}}^{2}\nabla^{2}I_n= I_n.
\label{nabla_eq}
\end{equation}

For the discussed experiment (Fig.\ref{scheme}), a one-dimensional model can be used. An equivalent circuit shown in Fig.~\ref{eq} represents a two-fluid approach taking into account two distinct electrochemical potentials for the normal (quasiparticle) and superconducting components. We choose the junction center as the origin of coordinates in our one-dimensional problem and the direction of the \textit{x} axis parallel to the horizontal Al leads of the junction. The resistive line (N-line) represents a channel for the quasiparticle current $I_{n}$ and the potential of this line corresponds to the electrochemical potential of the quasiparticles. Here, \textit{R} is the normal-state resistance of the aluminum lead per unit length and $R_{0}$ is the resistance of the Cu bridge of the Josephson junction. In turn, the superconducting line (S line) is a channel for the supercurrent $I_{s}$, and the potential of this line is the electrochemical potential of the Cooper pairs. The cross in the scheme marks the
region of the
junction phase-slipping and the pair electrochemical potential drop is measured by the voltmeter connected by two superconducting leads. The ``conductances'' $G$ describe channels of the quasiparticle conversion into the condensate.
Kirchhoff's circuit laws give the following equations for the equivalent circuit element (Fig.~\ref{eq}):

\begin{equation}
\frac{dI_n}{dx}+GU=0,\enspace \frac{dU}{dx}+RI_n=0,\enspace \frac{d^2I_n}{dx^2}= GRI_n.
\label{Kirch_eq}
\end{equation}

A comparison of Eqs.~\ref{nabla_eq} and Eqs.~\ref{Kirch_eq} shows that the conversion of the quasiparticles into the condensate per unit length is determined by the ``conductance'' $G=(R\lambda_{Q^{*}}^{2})^{-1}$. We assume the lengths of the horizontal aluminum  arms to be infinite in our model. De facto in our experiment, the lengths of the left and right arms were approximately 8 $\mu$m, i.e., essentially larger than $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$ and all distances $d$ between injectors and Josephson junction. Because of Andreev reflection at the SN interface, the current $I_{inj}$ passing through the normal injector is divided into normal and superconducting parts upon entering the superconductor. We introduce a coefficient $\beta=I_{n,inj}/I_{inj}$ to take into account the fraction of injected quasiparticles that do not convert to pairs due to Andreev reflection at the injector/superconductor interface.

The equation for the normal current $I_n$ [see Eqs. (\ref{nabla_eq}) and (\ref{Kirch_eq})]
\begin{equation}
\frac{d^2I_n}{dx^2}-\lambda_{Q^{*}}^{-2} I_n=0
\label{in_eq}
\end{equation}
should be solved under the appropriate boundary conditions at the injector point ($x=-d$) and at the Josephson junction $x=0$ of the equivalent circuit shown in Fig.~\ref{eq}:
\begin{eqnarray}
I_n(x=-0)=I_n(x=+0)  \nonumber \\
I_n (x=-d+0)+I_s(x=-d+0)=0  \nonumber \\
I_s(x=-d-0)+I_n(x=-d-0)=-I_{inj} \nonumber \\
I_s(x=-d-0)=I_s(x=-d+0)-(1-\beta) I_{inj} \nonumber \\
U(x=-d-0)=U(x=-d+0) \nonumber \\
U(x=+0)-U(x=-0)-V+I_n(x=0)R_0=0
\label{bc}
\enspace .
\end{eqnarray}

Here, the first equation is just the continuity of the current flowing via the N line at the Josephson junction, the second and the third equations represent the conservation of the total current, and the fourth equation is the continuity of the current at the injector ($x=-d$). $U(x)=-\frac{1}{G}\frac{dI_n}{dx}$ [see Eq.~(\ref{Kirch_eq})] is the difference between the chemical potentials of the normal and superconducting components, that is, the potential difference between the N line and the S line. In the last equation, $V$ is the electrochemical pair potential difference at the Josephson junction. Solving Eq.~(\ref{in_eq}) supplemented by boundary conditions (\ref{bc}), one can obtain the following Josephson equation

\begin{equation}
\frac{\hbar \dot{\varphi}}{2e\widetilde{R}}+I_{c}sin\varphi=-\frac{R\lambda_{Q^{*}}\beta I_{inj}e^{-d/\lambda_{Q^{*}}}}{\widetilde{R}}
\label{JJ}
\enspace ,
\end{equation}

where $\widetilde{R}$=$R_{0}$+2$R\lambda_{Q^{*}}$, $V \equiv \frac{\hbar \dot{\varphi}}{2e}$ and $\varphi$ is the phase difference across the Josephson junction. From Eq.~(\ref{JJ}) we get the value of the injection critical current $I_{c}^{inj}$:
\begin{equation}
\frac{I_{c}}{I_{c}^{inj}}=\frac{R\beta \lambda_{Q^{*}}e^{-d/\lambda_{Q^{*}}}}{\widetilde{R}}
\label{lQ}
\end{equation}

This equation has a clear physical meaning. The right part is the fraction of the current from the injector which reaches the SNS junction. This fraction is proportional to $\beta$, an exponential factor, and the ratio $R\lambda_{Q^{*}}$/${\widetilde{R}}$. The coefficient $\beta$ is a kind of quasiparticle transmission coefficient at the injector/superconductor interface, since  $(1-\beta)I^{inj}$ is the part of the current from the injector that converts to pairs due to Andreev reflection at the NS interface. The ratio $R\lambda_{Q^{*}}/{\widetilde{R}}$ plays the role of a geometrical factor and determines the fraction of quasiparticles which go to the right side, because this right arm has the larger resistance $R_{0}$+$R\lambda_{Q^{*}}$ as compared with the left side resistance $R\lambda_{Q^{*}}$. This fraction undergoes an exponential decay between the injector and the SNS junction due to charge-imbalance relaxation. In the discussed  experiment, the main quantitative contribution to Eq.~(\ref{lQ}) is given by the
geometrical factor.
If the coefficient $\beta$ is known for the particular conditions at the interface between the normal injector and the superconductor, one can, in principle, estimate the value of $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$ from Eq.~(\ref{lQ}). However, in order to calculate $\beta$, one should know a number of parameters which are not known exactly from the experiment (see discussion below). Therefore, we use another method to obtain $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$ from the experimental data. Assuming that the NS interface parameters corresponding to the left and the right injectors are approximately the same, one can find from Eq.~(\ref{lQ}):
\begin{equation}
\lambda_{Q^{*}}=\frac{d_L-d_R}{\log (I_{cL}^{inj}/I_{cR}^{inj})}
\label{lQ_ratio}
\enspace .
\end{equation}
We believe that this method gives quite reliable values of $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$ because it does not contain an uncertainty connected to the factor $\beta$ (Andreev reflection at the injector/superconductor interface) as well as to the unknown factor related with Andreev reflection processes for quasiparticles at the Josephson SNS junction \cite{Kap_Ryaz_Schmidt}. The only assumption, which is really used in Eq.~(\ref{lQ_ratio}), is the exponential decay of the normal quasiparticle flow in the superconductor. Strictly speaking, the equivalent scheme described above is only valid close to the critical temperature. Nevertheless, it is obtained theoretically by us \cite{bobkov}, that at low temperatures, the spatial behavior of the charge imbalance relaxation can be approximately considered as exponential. An exponential decay of charge imbalance at low temperatures was also found experimentally \cite{Hubler}. Therefore, it is quite reliable to extract $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$ from the experimental data according to Eq.~(\ref{lQ_ratio}) even at low temperatures.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{3.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Scheme of the equivalent circuit used in calculations. Central part is a Josephson SNS junction (the cross), $R_{0}$ is the resistance of Cu-weak link, \textit{d} is a distance between N injector and Josephson junction.}
\label{eq}
\end{figure}

\section{Results and discussion}

\begin{table} [b]
\caption{Characteristic parameters of three samples (A-C) and the results of estimations of $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$ and $\beta$ at $T$=0.4 K. Subindex L corresponds to the farther injector and R corresponds to the nearest one.}
\label{t}
\begin{tabular} {| c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c |}
\hline
& $d_{L}$ & $d_{R}$& \textit{R} & $R_{0}$ & $I_{c}$ & $I_{cL}^{inj}$ & $I_{cR}^{inj}$ & $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$ & $\beta$ \\
& ($\mu$m) & ($\mu$m)& ($\Omega$/$\mu$m) & ($\Omega$) & ($\mu$A) & ($\mu$A)& ($\mu$A)& ($\mu$m) &\\
\hline A & 1.47& 0.56&0.65& 5.5 & 4.4 & 24 &20& 4.99 $\pm$ 0.31 & 0.91\\
\hline B & 1.53&0.59&0.69&5.6&4.4&23.6&19.7&5.20 $\pm$ 0.31 & 0.89\\
\hline C & 1.48&1.02&1.07&6.0&3.7&24.2&22.4&5.95 $\pm$ 0.71& 0.58\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

In Table \ref{t}, results for $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$ obtained by means of Eq.~(\ref{lQ_ratio}) are presented along with the necessary parameters extracted from the experiment. All values were measured at a temperature of 0.4 K. The estimated values of  $\lambda_{Q^{*}}\simeq 5\mu$m are in reasonable agreement with the values for aluminum obtained before at T$\ll$T$_c$  \cite{Hubler}.
Furthermore, the quasiparticle transmission coefficient $\beta$ at the injector/superconductor interface was estimated using the values of $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$ for each sample and Eq.~(\ref{lQ}). The magnitude of $\beta$ shows that the largest part of the current is injected in the superconductor as quasiparticle flow and the dominant process described by Eq.~(\ref{lQ}) is related to the conversion in the superconductor.
For all measured samples, the charge-imbalance relaxation length was essentially larger than the distances $d_{L}$ and $d_{R}$ between injectors and Josephson junctions. Therefore, in accordance with our model, injected quasiparticles can not be converted entirely into pairs before the Josephson junction. As a result, the normal current and the longitudinal electric field penetrate into the region of the weak link and to the right-side bank of the junction where they eventually decay completely. The counterflow of Cooper pairs arises to compensate for the flow of quasiparticles, such that the total current on the right side of the injectors has to be zero. The critical injection current $I_{cL}^{inj}$ from the farther injector is higher than the value $I_{cR}^{inj}$ from the nearest one because the quasiparticles have to overcome a longer distance and create the same counterflow to reach the junction critical value of $I_{c}$. It is not very obvious for the moment that the proposed method of the $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$ measurement has
clear advantages over the technique used in Refs. \cite{Hubler, Chandrasekhar} because it may well be that it also requires corrections related to a difference between coefficients $\beta_L$ and $\beta_R$ due to different voltages at the left and right N/S interfaces. Nevertheless, our experiment and model calculation give a description for real modern submicron Josephson circuits where nonequilibrium effects are undesirable or, on the contrary, can be used to tune Josephson junction characteristics.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{4.eps}
\caption{(Color online) (a) Temperature dependences of the critical currents $I_{c}$ and the critical injection currents $I_{c}^{inj}$ for the samples B (open symbols) and C (closed symbols). Curves 1, 2, 3 are local, nonlocal $R$ (nearest injector), nonlocal $L$ (farther injector) cases for the sample B, correspondingly; and 1', 2', 3' are the same for the sample C. (b) Temperature dependence of the measured $eI_{c}R_{0}$ product for sample B (open symbols) and the corresponding theoretical fit (solid line).}
\label{IcT}
\end{figure}

To clarify the charge-imbalance mechanism and the nonequilibrium quasiparticle  distribution, we have studied the temperature dependencies of the critical currents and $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$. Temperature dependencies of the critical current $I_{c}$ and critical injection currents $I_{cL}^{inj}$ and $I_{cR}^{inj}$ for samples B and C are shown in Fig. \ref{IcT}(a). The temperature dependence of the conventional (local) critical current, $I_{c}$, shown in Fig. \ref{IcT}(b), is typical for this type of Al-Cu-Al junctions \cite{Courtois,myJETP}. The estimation of  the Thouless energy for our samples gives the value $E_{Th}=\hbar D_{n}/L^{2}$=80 $\mu$eV, where the copper-layer diffusion coefficient $D_{n}$ of about 80 cm$^{2}$/s was determined from resistive measurements in our previous work \cite{myJETP}. In comparison with the superconducting gap of the aluminum layer $\Delta$=180 $\mu$eV, $E_{Th}$ is smaller in our case, but not small enough to satisfy the long-junction limit \cite{Courtois,Dubos}. In order to
make a theoretical fit of the product $eI_{c}R_{0}$ versus temperature for the local case, an approximation proposed for low temperatures in Ref. \onlinecite{Dubos} was used: $eI_{c}R_{0}/E_{Th}=a(1-be^{-aE_{Th}/3.2k_{B}T})$, where $a$=10.87 and $b=1.3$ were obtained in the long-junction limit ($\Delta\gg E_{Th}$) and for highly transparent SN interfaces. The best fit, presented in Fig. \ref{IcT}(b) by a solid line, gives $a$=0.87, $b$=1.25 for $E_{Th}$=80 $\mu$eV in our case.

So $aE_{Th}$=$eI_{c}R_{0}(T=0)$=70 $\mu$eV instead of about 866 $\mu$eV [see Eq.~(2) in Ref.~\onlinecite{Dubos} for the long-junction limit]. Such a divergence is fully explicable. The use of the approximation by Dubos $et. al.$ is quite popular, not only in the long-junction limit and for transparent SN-interfaces.
A similar discrepancy for the ratio $aE_{Th}$=$eI_{c}R_{0}(T=0)$ was discussed in several works \cite{Hammer, Carillo, Frielinghaus} and was associated with nonideal interfaces and the intermediate length of the junction $L\sim \sqrt{\hbar D_n/\Delta}$. A sharp change of the $eI_{c}R_{0}$ product with the increase of $E_{Th}/\Delta$ is presented in Fig.~1, Ref. \onlinecite{Dubos}. The interface barrier is taken into account by using a reduced effective Thouless energy as one more fitting parameter \cite{Hammer}. Our SNS junction parameters yield $E_{Th}/\Delta \simeq$ 0.4 and $r=R_b /R_N \simeq$ 0.2, where $R_b$ and $R_N$ are the interface and the copper strip resistance, correspondingly. (It should be noted that $R_N=R_0-2R_b$.) Estimates have shown that with these two factors one can obtain a decrease of $eI_{c}R_{0}$ by more than an order of magnitude.
The critical current $I_{c}$ is identical for the two samples, while the farther the injectors are from the junction, the larger the nonlocal critical current $I_{c}^{inj}$ is in the whole investigated temperature range from 0.37 up to 0.8 K.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\centering

\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{5.eps}
\caption{Temperature dependence of $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$ for sample B data (red points) and sample C data (blue points) calculated using Eq.~(\ref{lQ_ratio}). The solid curve is the result of theoretical calculations.}
\label{lQ_T}
\end{figure}

The temperature dependence of the charge-imbalance length, calculated from the experimental data using Eq.~(\ref{lQ_ratio}), is represented in Fig.~\ref{lQ_T}. In contrast to a sharp increase of $\lambda_{Q^{*}}(T)\propto(1-T/T_c)^{-1/4}$ observed close to $T_c$ \cite{Schmid_S, Artemenko_Volkov, Dolan_J, Nad, Kap_Ryaz_Schmidt}, the obtained temperature dependence is much weaker. Qualitatively, the observed weak decrease of $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$ with temperature increase can be explained as follows. In the diffusive case $\lambda_{Q^{*}} = \sqrt{D_s\tau_Q}$, where $D_s$ is the electron-diffusion constant and $\tau_Q$ is the charge-imbalance relaxation time. Near the critical temperature we have $\tau_Q \propto \tau_\varepsilon k_B T/\Delta(T)$, where $\tau_\varepsilon$ is the energy relaxation time and $\Delta(T)/k_B T$ represents a rough estimate for the fraction of quasiparticles which take part in the charge-imbalance relaxation. Taking into account that the energy relaxation time can be considered as
temperature independent near $T_c$, it is seen that the temperature dependence of $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$ is only determined by the temperature dependence of $\Delta^{-1/2} \propto (1-T/T_c)^{-1/4}$. This result is well known \cite{Schmid_S,Clarke,Tinkham_Clarke}.

In the intermediate temperature range, corresponding to our experimental data, the temperature dependence of $\Delta$ does not play the main part anymore. The fraction of the quasiparticles contributing to the charge-imbalance relaxation is of order unity. We assume that the charge-imbalance relaxation is only due to the inelastic electron-phonon scattering. Then, the main contribution to the temperature dependence of $\tau_Q$ is given by the temperature dependence of $\tau_\varepsilon$. It is well known, that $\tau_\varepsilon \propto T^{-3}$ at $\varepsilon < T$ \cite{agd}. Roughly speaking, this temperature behavior of  $\tau_\varepsilon$ is responsible for the observed weak decrease of $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$($T$) for the presented temperature range. However, to obtain the quantitative dependence, one should consider the temperature dependence of the energy gap $\Delta$($T$), the temperature and energy dependence of the inelastic electron-phonon time $\tau_\varepsilon$, and the energy dependence of the effective
diffusion constant $D$$_s$ in a superconductor on an equal footing. In order to take into account all these factors properly, we have solved the kinetic equation derived in the framework of the quasiclassical Usadel equation \cite{usadel}. In contrast to the earlier consideration \cite{Schmid_S}, we do not restrict ourselves to temperatures close to $T_c$ in the particular calculation of $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$($T$) and take into account the explicit temperature dependence of $\tau_\varepsilon$. It allows us to explain the observed weak decrease of $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$($T$) taking place for intermediate temperatures. The detailed calculation will be published elsewhere \cite{bobkov}. The obtained theoretical dependence of $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$($T$) is plotted in Fig.~\ref{lQ_T} together with the experimental data. The only fitting parameter we use is the strength of the electron-phonon interaction. The particular value, which we take to fit the experimental data, corresponds to $\tau_\varepsilon(T=T_c)=3.6$~ns. This
value agrees fairly well with the earlier
experiments \cite{vanHarlingen,chi}.  It is seen that our theoretical results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. Nevertheless, we can not exclude contributions of other mechanisms to the charge-imbalance relaxation due to the elastic impurity scattering in the presence of gap anisotropy (nonuniformity) \cite{Tinkham} and supercurrent \cite{Galaiko}.

\section{Conclusion}
To conclude, we have observed experimentally a nonlocal supercurrent in planar multiterminal SN structures appearing due to quasiparticle injection to one of the superconducting leads of a Josephson SNS junction. The observed effect  opens a new way to provide a nonlocal control of the Josephson current at the nanoscale. To describe the interplay of charge imbalance and the Josephson effect in the nanoscale Josephson system with normal-metal injectors, we have elaborated a two-fluid model appropriate for the nonequilibrium situation. In particular, the model was used to extract the charge-imbalance length $\lambda_{Q^{*}}$ and obtain its temperature dependence at low temperatures. Peculiarities of nonequilibrium phenomena in mesoscopic planar SN structures at low temperature are discussed. The experiment and model realized can be extended to more complicated nonequilibrium cases with superposition of charge and spin imbalances in SF nanostructures with superconductors and ferromagnets.

We acknowledge A.V. Ustinov  for support and useful discussions. The work was supported by grants of the Russian Academy of Sciencies and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


How to make a trio of simple and beautiful Rae Dunn inspired Flower Pots with DIY Chalk Paint for less than $7.
I was recently looking for some flower pots for my kitchen and I fell in love with the style of Rae Dunn pottery. It's simple and understated, but also cute and quirky. I love that they are mostly white and look plain until you get closer to read what they say. That charm just adds a fun element of depth to the design.
Well, the problem with Rae Dunn pottery is that it's super hard to find! They sell it at places like TJ Maxx and Marshall's, but they sell out very quickly. Sometimes you can find it at boutique stores, but they've often priced it out of my budget.
Eventually I decided we could make some farmhouse style flower pots inspired by the Rae Dunn pottery that would be the perfect solution. When I realized I could do it for less than $10? I was hooked.
They aren't going to look exactly like Rae Dunn pottery, but they will be simple with a touch of quirky charm – exactly what I was looking for!
I made a video for those of you who (like me) are visual learners – but don't worry, all the steps are outlined below the video as well.
To make the flower pots, you'll need some chalk paint for a matter finish. If you don't want to shell out $30 for a quart of chalk paint, check out our DIY Chalk Paint recipe here. You could use regular paint like an eggshell or a satin paint, but you might not get the finish you're looking for.
Paint the outside of the terra cotta pots completely. I wanted a more rustic finish, so I didn't mind a few brush strokes or some terra cotta showing through. But feel free to add more coats of paint if you want a more polished look.
You can paint the whole inside of the pots, but since they will be filled with dirt, you only really need to paint them to where the dirt will cover.
Once the pots have completely dried, wrap some painter's tape around the bottom of the pot. If you make sure the tape skims the table all the way around, you'll get a level writing guide.
Then add a piece of tape to the top of the pot to make sure your letters are all about the same height.
Then choose your words and write them on the pots. The key to achieving that Rae Dunn style is to make the letters tall and skinny. Do a couple of practice runs on a sheet of paper if you're nervous, but don't worry about it too much. If all else fails, you can just paint over them and try again! But really, some quivers in the penmanship are part of the charm.
Then you're ready to plant! For the plants themselves, we picked up some herbs from our local hardware store, but you could also use flowers or even faux plants (I actually love the faux plants at Ikea).
Wouldn't these make a sweet gift for a green thumb? And at less than $10, you really can't beat it.
If you want to make this project in the future, make sure to pin it so you can save it for later!
Do you love Rae Dunn pottery? What else would you like to make in this style? Let us know in the comments below!


text:
"Transformational" is a bold word, bordering on hyperbole. Our annual Equipo El Salvador trip in July, also called "Transform in El Salvador," is called transformational for a reason. These reflections on the trip from past participants speak to it:
"I can best sum it up as a socio-spiritual transformation." - Chandra Travis
"You will be amazed at the faith of the people. The trip made me more compassionate toward and passionate about refugees and asylum seekers." - The Rev. Margay Whitlock
"Trini [nickname for Maria Trinidad Olmedo, group host at the Lutheran guest house] became my hero." - Barbara Bell
"I think it is an invaluable experience for people from the U.S. to see and hear what life is like for people in El Salvador or other much less privileged countries. It gives you a whole new perspective on the world and on U.S. foreign policy." - Norma Martin
It may seem crazy, or a little out of your comfort zone, but think for moment -- how would you be transformed in El Salvador if you came with our group this July 18-25? Financial assistance is possible, the trip is safe, and you don't need to know Spanish. Right now on our website you can learn more about cost, travel, financial support, safety, what we'll be doing, and why going this trip could transform your perspective on faith, ministry, and human connection. Applications are now open. Think about it . . .
Friday marked the 27th anniversary of the assassination of a critical faith leader in El Salvador, Archbishop Oscar Romero. Using his influence as archbishop to speak out against poverty, social injustice, assassinations, and torture, Oscar Romero was well aware that his life was at risk. Just days before his assassination, he said, "You can tell the people that if they succeed in killing me, that I forgive and bless those who do it. Hopefully, they will realize they are wasting their time. A bishop will die, but the church of God, which is the people, will never perish." At this moment in 2017 he is under consideration by the Roman Catholic Church for canonization as a saint.
After his death, The Lutheran Church in El Salvador continued the work of advocating for the poor and for peace under the leadership of Bishop Gomez (who preached here at Advent in spring 2015). Some courageous U.S. Lutherans traveled down to "accompany" Bishop Gomez during the civil war (1979-1992), which then literally meant protecting him from being murdered by government armed forces.
Advent member and NYU student, Sojourner Travis, with members our sister church, Pueblo de Dios.
Since the war, Lutherans around the United States have continued to "accompany" the Lutheran Church in El Salvador in a broader, relationship-centered sense. Our group from Advent travels down every year to spend time with our sister church in Calderitas, and our congregation supports them in prayer, communication, and financial contributions throughout the year. While our trip is safe, for most El Salvadorians poverty and violence are still grim realities deeply affecting their lives. But, instead of sorrow, in El Salvador we are met with overwhelming grace, gratitude, faith, joy, and fellowship.
Pastor Christian Chavarria of our sister church says, "One visit from you is worth more than one million dollars to us." If that's so, what could this visit mean to you? Take a moment to learn more, and consider joining our Equipo El Salvador trip, hosted by the Lutheran Church in El Salvador, this July 18-25.
Colorful Insights: Wednesday Evening Worship in Photos
Two more Wednesdays in Lent | Soup Supper at 6pm, Worship at 7pm
For a few minutes each Wednesday evening in Lent, our sanctuary is overtaken by a quiet chorus of marker squeaks. You can almost hear the gears turning in everyone's heads as they mull over the brief reflections shared by members of our congregation like Union student Cassie Hartnett, Pastor Sudbrock, Djamilah Samad, and Jahanna Dillard. One by one, people rise and press their post-it note onto the north wall of our sanctuary, bearing their own handwritten insight of the night.
To share some of these takeaways with you, high-school communications intern Lily Vaughn has taken pictures of our post-it wall, highlighting some of the reflections that stood out to her. Check out our photo album of the colorful insights shared at our Wednesday Evening Worship services in Lent.
And come join us for our two remaining worship services exploring how we live out our baptism identity. Here you can get to know new people over warm soup, hear reflections from different members of our community, and add your own thoughts to our Lenten post-it wall. We'll also get enjoy the jazz-inflected musical leadership of Deanna Witkowski these last two weeks.
To serve all people, following the example of Jesus . . .
Reflection by Deacon Carlos Lopez
To strive for justice and peace in all the earth . . .
Reflection by Pastor Charles Miller
Holy Week + Outreach
Help us invite new friends to worship with us this Holy Week!
Palm Sunday is coming up soon on April 9. We are looking for volunteers to hand out palms and Holy Week postcards outside our building on Broadway leading up to, on, and following Palm Sunday. Click here to see the available times or let us know you're interested.
See our full Holy Week worship schedule at www.adventnyc.org/holyweek
Tonight: Music Mondays Concert
Enjoy great music, free to the community tonight at 7:30pm at this month's Music Mondays concert, featuring the Ekmeles vocal ensemble and the Attacca Quartet. Learn more here.
Tonight: Late Night Study Break for College Students
Free tonight? Come help us do some outreach to college students from Columbia and the surrounding area. This is a student care and outreach opportunity for LaMP, an ecumenical college ministry our congregation supports. If you're able to help, email pastorann@adventnyc.org.
College students! Come join us for a free nacho bar tonight (Monday, March 27) from 9:30-11:30pm at Broadway Presbyterian Church on Broadway at 114th Street.
Full Ministry Calendar
What ministry or group will you be involved in this month? There are even more ways to connect in fellowship and service this March and April!
View our full Ministry Calendar
Gospel | John 11:1-45
Preaching | Pastor Becca Seely at 9am & 11am worship in English, and Pastor Mills at 12:45pm worship in Spanish
Presiding | Pastor Mills at 9am & 11am worship in English, and 12:45pm worship in Spanish
Music Minister | Michelle Alvarado
Sunday School | Meets at 10:05am in the sanctuary
Adult Conversation | Meets at 10:10am in the basement fellowship hall. This Sunday our topic is Luther's Small Catechism (part 4) led by Pastor Sudbrock
Congregational Lunch | Starts at 1:45pm in the basement fellowship hall. Enjoy lunch in community, lovingly prepared by members of our Spanish-language worship community.
Make a general donation to our church quickly and simply online, or manage your recurring automatic online giving.
Our Mission of the Month for March is ELCA World Hunger, which supports hunger projects in 46 U.S. states and 62 countries. Learn more about ELCA World Hunger here. If you have a Lenten bank as part of Sunday School's "God's Global Barnyard" drive, supporting this Mission of the Month, please return it in worship on either April 2 or 9.
Donate to our MOTM

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: tomcat6 on debian squeeze logging 'deploying config descriptor' error Periodically or when the application is reloaded, tomcat6 is logging this into catalina.out:
06-Jul-2012 17:30:07 org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig deployDescriptor
SEVERE: Error deploying configuration descriptor home.xml

server.xml:
  <Host name="www.mysitecom" appBase="/home/myuser/webapps" autoDeploy="true">
    <Alias>mysitecom</Alias>
    <Context path="/manager" privileged="true" docBase="/home/myuser/manager"/>
    <Context path="" docBase="/home/myuser/public_html" reloadable="true" cachingAllowed="false"/>
  </Host>

Caching is disabled as this is still under heavy development; it's caused headaches. I've tried setting the logging to FINE, but, apart from giving me unrelated data, it's not provided anything helpful. The only two lines shown in catalina.out are those above.
The website appears to work normally, but this error is worrying.

A: It was caused by the default catalina automatic definition, left over from an earlier build.
Moving the "/etc/tomcat6/Catalina/localhost" directory out of the Catalina folder worked. David's comment helped.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Having both quality and clients centric approach, we have been affianced in manufacturing, exporting and supplying a wide gamut of Commercial Bearing Induction Heaters. These heaters are manufactured under the stern control of adroit professionals using top-notch quality components and avant-garde techniques. Suitable for heating heavy duty bearing at railways and metros, these heaters are highly acclaimed among customers. Besides, with commitment of on time delivery, these Commercial Bearing Induction Heaters can be purchased from us at most economical rates.
Commercial bearing induction heater of model HIB-04 has been recently included in our array of HIB Series made by Inventum. For more than 10 years our company has been providing 3 models such as HIB-01 (3-3.5 kVA), HIB-03 (11-13 kVA) and HIB-02 (6-8 kVA) to the businesses.
Considering the unique demand of some imperative clients, our company has now built up the HIB-04 (22-25 kVA unit) model to heat bigger size bearings as well as different parts possessing mass of around six tonnes.
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Read carefully the following sentences and complete them with the correct relative pronoun chosen from the list.
The man who drives that car is my neighbour.
The car which is red is mine.
The town where I live is very green.
He was born on the day when Princess Diana died.
1. The truck when where which who whom whose I don't know ran into a tree is now a wreck.
2. The man when where which who whom whose I don't know was driving the truck is dead.
3. This is the place when where which who whom whose I don't know the accident happened.
4. A designated driver is someone when where which who whom whose I don't know promises not to drink during a party.
5. That woman when where which who whom whose I don't know husband was driving drunk is now alone with her children.
6. Today is the anniversary day when where which who whom whose I don't know my friend died in an alcohol related crash.
7. Massachusetts is the state when where which who whom whose I don't know Robert Anastos founded the SADD.
8. The SADD is an organization when where which who whom whose I don't know avoids drunk driving.
9. The student when where which who whom whose I don't know the barman served so many whiskies died on his way back home.
10. This is the wreck of the car in when where which who whom whose I don't know three teenagers died last Saturday after having too much drunk at a disco.


text:
MADE: Card Designer Treasures Her Work
By Johanna F. Still, posted Jul 15, 2022
Mirthos Paper owner Hilary Meehan stands among art supplies from her studio in Leland, where she crafts original greeting cards that she later digitizes and sells to wholesale clients. (Photo by Michael Cline Spencer)
In a world dominated by bouncy, bridal calligraphy, Mirthos Paper's greeting cards are most often splashed with a signature bold, unruly cursive lettering, the dots of "i"s adorned as imperfect stars.
"My handwriting is the edgy wild child that's still beautiful," said Mirthos owner Hilary Meehan.
Playing alongside a popularized minimalism-heavy design realm, Meehan's maximalist, yes-frills approach-easily distinguishes her cards on the rack.
Last October, Meehan moved into a space provided by Brunswick Community College's Business and Industry Incubator program in the Leland Industrial Park, and earlier this year she fully rebranded Mirthos as its own entity apart from her other art ventures.
The move to the Leland studio was prompted by a need to escape an over-filling spare bedroom that housed greeting card inventory, envelopes, packing supplies, art tools and of course, paper.
"I was busting out of a spare bedroom," she said. "This is a great opportunity because this is a huge space."
The Brunswick Community College program (open to non-students like Meehan) gives startups three years to rent space at a rate that moderately increases annually, and a team of business mentors regularly checks in to aid in her growth.
Although she said she had long felt called to make the jump to start her own business, Mirthos' launch may be better described as a push… off a ledge. When the pandemic hit, Meehan was let go from her corporate, official "jobby job," as she called it, at an architectural firm in Virginia.
"This is a pandemic love story here," she said. As an artist, architect and interior designer, Meehan said the circumstances prompted a "lightbulb moment" while surrounded by art supplies in her Richmond apartment and nowhere to go.
"It was just too heavy of a time to do a lot of really serious fine art and I just needed to do something loose and wild," she said.
She started crafting abstract pieces that she then made into one-of-a-kind cards to connect with family and friends, and later began selling the cards as originals out of her family's Southport store, Lantana's Gallery & Fine Gifts.
"I always made art, I've always tried to sell it and market it, and I also adore greeting cards and sending letters and mail to people," she said. "I've had pen pals all of my life, so it was just this immediate like, 'Wait a second. This is my business!'"
For nine years, Meehan ran Lantana's, acting as the general manager, buyer and merchandiser to support about 80 local artists the gallery sources from. There, she had experience attending trade shows as a buyer –– the same venues she now attends as a seller, seeking to get her cards in the hands of more wholesale clients across the country.
"My time at Lantana's taught me innumerable things about small business operations, marketing and also wholesaling," she said. "I knew I wanted to get into the wholesale markets and be the person offering my work."
Today, Meehan fashions originals in her studio using a variety of materials, then scans or uploads photographs of them into Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator, where she digitizes and tweaks them further. From there, she sends the designs to printers, selecting each production venue based on the specific needs of each card. One printer bought neon ink just for her; another specializes in metallic printing.
"The metallic just changes the color. It is just gorgeous. You've got to see it in person," she said. "I'm adding a lot of specialty techniques and print techniques to it."
So far, her key print partners are located in Wilmington, Florida, Maryland, Idaho and Minnesota.
Most of her greeting card designs are text-heavy –– sprinkled with the occasional expletive –– often carrying uplifting or cheeky messages. One bare-bones, earnest black-and-white card that reads, "the world needs all of your wild and free spirit," was recently awarded at a San Fransico trade show under a "just because" art category, Meehan said. Receiving the recognition was gratifying, she said, and placed her work in several trade magazines to help increase the fledgling company's exposure.
Many of her designs come with a hot-pink envelope. Plenty have doodles or abstract coloring, with a handful of seasonal collections already in tow.
"You've got to keep putting [designs] out there to see what does resonate. I can't design in a bubble of course because I do need to share this with the world, which is selling it to stores and getting it out there," she said. "So there's a balance between what is exactly right for me and what is exactly right for the world."
Meehan draws inspiration from imagining a card for a specific person (whether it be a real-life friend, or design icons like Iris Apfel or Betsey Johnson). "What kind of card do those people need?" she said.
"Greeting cards are the jewelry of the mailbox. And it is a completely affordable luxurious surprise that you can send to a friend. It always makes somebody smile," she said. "I love mail. You've got a hot pink envelope in your mailbox all of a sudden – you know it's not a bill."
Though she still dabbles in periodic architecture or interior design gigs, Meehan is focused on scaling up Mirthos and expanding her product line. With more than 100 stock keeping units (SKUs), Meehan is adding more card designs and will soon introduce new stickers, notepads and more.
As she grows the business and gains more wholesale traction, Meehan hopes to show other female creators that forging their own path is possible.
She said, "I love the idea of being an inspiration for other creative, and especially with young women in the area, that you can make your own business."
MIRTHOS PAPER
8581 Trade Street NE
Leland, 28451
Top local officials: Hilary Meehan, owner
Company description: Mirthos Paper is a stationery and greeting card design company
Products made locally: Meehan crafts greeting cards that are "lavish, eccentric and earnest." She sends final designs to printers, relying on partners in Wilmington, Florida, Maryland, Idaho and Minnesota, each chosen for their unique print capabilities depending on card design.
Product distribution: The greeting card company sells online and has made wholesale deals with stores in Southport, Raleigh, Charlotte, Portland, Virginia Beach, Hampton Roads, Oklahoma City and more.
What made the company decide to make its goods locally? Technically, Meehan said she started the line in Richmond, Virginia, because that's where she was living before she was laid off in the pandemic. She later moved to Leland to live near family and gear up the business.
What's your target market? Meehan: "Fancy weirdos. People that need encouragement to be their own crazy, wild and creative selves and keep doing that."
What's planned next? Meehan has plans to unveil new products, including notepads, a letter-writing pad, stickers, flat-box notecards, star-shaped gift tags and more.
EDITOR'S NOTE: To be considered for the Greater Wilmington Business Journal's MADE feature, contact [email protected].
The Luncheon for Literacy: More than a Meal
Alesha Edison Westbrook - Cape Fear Literacy Council
Is This Plan Right for You?
Dallas Romanowski - Cornerstone Business Advisors
23 Reasons to Go Solar in 2023
Robert Parker - Cape Fear Solar Systems
Boombalatti's Homemade Ice Cream became a local favorite when it first opened in The Forum on Military Cutoff Road in 1999. When Wes and Kri...


Welcome to my blog. I document my adventures in travel, wine, food and writing. Hope you have a nice stay!
Journalism has always been a passion of mine. From childhood I've been interested in hearing other people's stories and finding a relatable way of telling them.
At Sonoma State University, I honed my skills in the pursuit of a Communications degree, spending three years on the student newspaper, the Sonoma State STAR. In my final year, I was honored to serve as its editor in chief.
After a year spent working as a reporter for an insurance trade newsletter I found an assistant editor position at Wine Business Monthly. In addition to editing articles for the publication, I write business, technology and sales and marketing articles for WBM and winebusiness.com. Today, I serve as a senior editor for the publications and help develop content for its eight conferences.
In addition, I've served as a judge in Concours Mondial de Bruxelles (2016 & 2017) and Catad'Or Wine Awards (Chile, 2017), been awarded a fellowship to the Wine Writer's Symposium (2014 & 2017) and completed the UC Davis Wine Executive Program.
As an editor for the wine industry's leading B2B publication, I get to visit spectacular places and meet incredible people, so I started this blog to build upon the stories I encounter.
I'd like to thank WBM for allowing me to republish some of the articles I've written for them this page, and for fostering a love of wine.
Outside of wine, I love nothing more than curling up with a good book, finding a new hiking path, running into random people and making new friends, managing a co-ed softball team and always saying 'yes' to new experiences.
I hope this blog inspires you to explore new places. Feel free to leave a comment or follow me on social media!


text:
Shane Walsh: 'Even If I Was Hated In The Club, Nothing's Gonna Stop Me Going Back'
17 August 2022; PwC GAA/GPA Player of the Month for July/August in football, Shane Walsh of Galway, with his award at PwC offices in Dublin. Photo by Stephen McCarthy/Sportsfile
By PJ Browne Updated Sep 22, 2022 5:01 AM
"Covid was a blessing in that sense," says Shane Walsh. "It took football away from me, and said 'What are you doing? Where are you at in life?' I'm kind of someone that would have been very easy going, just went along with the breeze."
That period of self reflection led him back to education, and the decision to leave Bank of Ireland and become a PE teacher. When Walsh thought about where he would like his life to go, his thoughts turned to Peadar Brandon, his primary school principal.
"He absolutely hates me quoting him," says Walsh, the PwC GAA/GPA Player of the Month for July/August in football.
"He said he's sick of at this stage. He challenged me from a young age to improve. I embraced that challenge, and I'm so grateful for him for that. He literally has allowed me to realize my dreams of playing for Galway, playing on All-Ireland final day, and hopefully winning the All-Ireland final in time.
"I'm able to kick off both feet since I'm probably six or seven years-of-age and that's all down to his little words in my ear. I took them on board and embraced them.
"To be a positive influence of someone, wouldn't that make your day? If I could be that influence on the next Shane Walsh, the next John Daly or the next Damien Comer, Paul Conroy or David Clifford that would mean the world to me."
24 July 2022; Shane Walsh of Galway in action against Tom O'Sullivan of Kerry during the GAA Football All-Ireland Senior Championship Final match between Kerry and Galway at Croke Park in Dublin. Photo by David Fitzgerald/Sportsfile
Six days after Galway lost to Kerry in the All-Ireland football final, it emerged that Walsh had requested to leave his home club Kilkerrin-Clonberne and join Dublin giants Kilmacud Crokes. Walsh is living in Dublin as he studies at the Portobello Institute.
That request had been months in the making. Earlier in the year, the travel back and forth between Dublin and Galway for inter-county training began to exacerbate his injury problems. Walsh started to consider how he could decrease his time in the car.
"It probably stemmed from around March the driving started taking its toll on me," he says.
"You nearly find yourself in a soul-searching space because you're saying, 'I can't do what I love doing'. "You're saying to yourself 'That was my release'. I wasn't able to get my release from things.
"It becomes a lonely place when you're injured, and you're not able to do anything. You feel isolated because it's only you against time. You're trying to work, it's time to get back training and for me, travelling down up and down getting physio, I was nearly undoing the process going back up in the car.
"I'm just forward-thinking again, saying if that's going to keep happening I'm not going to be able to do the game I love. That's the killer for me at the end of it all. That's what it's all about for me is playing the game I love playing for as long as I can play it. This is with a view of hopefully prolonging my career."
The decision to request that transfer was not easy. One of his main concerns was how it would impact his family. Whether the transfer will go through, Walsh is unsure. The Irish Times reported this week that no objections have been tabled. It will now go before Croke Park's Central Competitions Control Committee for consideration.
17 August 2022; Marie Coady, PwC Partner, GPA Chief Executive Tom Parsons, left, and Uachtarán Chumann Lúthchleas Gael Larry McCarthy, right, with PwC GAA/GPA Players of the Month for July/August, from left, Galway footballer Shane Walsh, PwC GPA Player of the Month ladies football Niamh O'Sullivan and Limerick hurler
Gearóid Hegarty, with their awards at PwC offices in Dublin. Photo by Stephen McCarthy/Sportsfile
"That's why it took time," Walsh says about the decision.
"Both Mom and Dad has been such a good influences on my career. They both sat down and went through everything with me. Having that steady influence around me was crucial in coming to the decision. My decision was going to impact them as well, because they're living at home, and they would probably see more of the flak than probably I would like.
"That was probably what helped in my decision, that they were able to be happy with this. They wanted me to be happy and they've always been like that with me in my life.
"It's a hard one because I learned my trade in my club. Everything I've learned to do on the football field, obviously I put in time myself, but like, your coaches, everyone's been a huge influence on me in my club. I'm so grateful to them for that.
"That's what makes it even harder for me because no matter what anyone says about me or the club or anything about that, the love of the club will never change.
"Even if I was hated amongst the club, when I'm finished up with this, and looking to change back again to Galway in time, nothing's gonna stop me going back there - nothing.
"I couldn't care if they were trying to lock the gates, it wouldn't change the affection I have towards the club, but like, thankfully that's not the case. I've got some lovely messages in the club, wishing all the best with whatever happens. That's what means the most to me is seeing those kind of messages coming from people in the club.
"Life is full of decisions. What's best for someone at the time can hurt somebody else. That's that's the difficult part of life. I'm just making this decision purely on a circumstantial basis."
See Also: How Return To Junior Hurling Brought Gearóid Hegarty 'Back Down To Earth'
Shane Walsh
Kilkerrin-Clonberne
More GAA
Meath GAA Apologise After Offensive Tweet About Down Hurling Ground
· Feb 6, 2023
Kerry Maintain Perfect Start To The National League
By Darragh Small
Kildare Fans Lament As Burke Inspires Roscommon To Top Of League
By Rory Cassidy
Armagh And Mayo Fans Unite To Pay Emotional Tribute To Natalie McNally


We are very pleased to welcome back on Abora the two Polish masters, Blue Horizon & Shyprince.
After their successful release "Lithium" two years ago, they're now back with their new single: "Fly But Not Too High".
The release starts off with the Original Trance Mix. We here have an uplifting trance track that feels surprisingly chill and minimal, yet still richly emotional.
With its delightful piano, pads, and deep basslines, the introduction surely prepares you for something splendid. And you won't be disappointed! The producers manage to craft sumptuous melodies combined with exotic instruments, and the breakdown will definitely send you shivers. The breakdown is then followed by the classic uplifting melody that climaxes to an amazing and beautiful drop.
This song is a must-have for all uplifting fans!
Following is the Orchestral Mix. This one takes out the breakdown from the trance mix and enhances it with orchestral instruments. This peaceful mix is full of energy, fascinating sounds, and harmonies. We are treated with the best from the original breakdown!
Blue Horizon & Shyprince then choose to go much deeper by releasing the Minimalistic Mix. This one is much focused on a short, ambient, and emotional piano piece. It's beautiful and touching, exactly what's needed to prepare you for the next track.
Finally, is the Sergey Shabanov remix of the original. The talented Russian producer manages to deliver a more club-oriented version, with a shorter breakdown but a general atmosphere and mood that is perfect for dancing. Either at home or in the club with a massive sound system!
The release also includes a shortened Radio Edit of the Original Trance Mix.
Blue Horizon & Shyprince have successfully made a massive comeback to Abora, and we surely hope that this is only the beginning.


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Bristol review: Pi Shop
"The pizzas are made intentionally and comfortingly sloppy, with thick sauce and thin bases"
by 26 April 2017
Pizza to the power of Pi has landed in Bristol, and
Jessica Carter
wasted no time in going to check it out…
Noticed how it's kicking off on the local pizza scene of late? New restaurants dedicated to the stone-baked snack are popping up at a rate of knots –
Bertha's Pizza
in the old Mud Dock Deli; the second
Pizzarova
at Cargo; an additional
Flour and Ash
at the former Casamia… And that's just in Bristol; Bath has its newbies too, and all on top of our already-generous helping.
There's one in particular, though, that's proved especially intriguing. The Casamia team announced plans for
Pi Shop
a few months ago (although it's been in the making for years), and have been busily developing it in the background since moving the flagship restaurant in January. (Yep,
imagine they've been bloomin' busy as well – and they're not even finished yet, with Paco Tapas set to launch imminently too.)
The new pizza parlour is a fond nod to Casamia's original guise as an Italian trattoria dishing up traditional pizzas. It is, however, a very different beast (well, obvs). Pi Shop is uber-casual, for starters. It's walk-in-friendly (in fact, it doesn't take bookings at all); the cheery staff are dressed casually; napkins and cutlery are stashed in wire pots on the tables for you to help yourself; and seating comes in the form of wooden benches and tables. So, yeah, don't rock up expecting a Michelin-style feast here.
That said, there
several parallels to the original Sanchez venue – look in the right places and you'll see it smacks of the same team. There's the cool, clean and classic décor (think white walls, sleek, faded wood and plenty of copper); the on-point service that manages to be entirely casual while still setting an imposing bar for the most formal of restaurants; the calm and intriguing open kitchen; and the bold menu, with both intelligence and a sense of humor.
Bold how? Well, it doesn't beat around the bush when it comes to the offering – it's pizza or nothing. There's no token alternative. There
three optional extras, though, in case you're as greedy as us: a Severn Project side salad (£3), olives (£3), and a really great-quality charcuterie board (£12), with gorgeous cured meats, moreish cheeses, tiny pickled onions, and soft and sweet sundried tommies.
The pizzas – which are made intentionally and comfortingly sloppy, with thick sauce and thin bases – are split into two categories: classic and speciality. The former is where you'll find the margheritas, meat feasts and Hawaiians, while the latter is all about inventive toppings like carbonara (a tomatoless version topped with coppa, Parmesan and Cacklebean egg yolk), and beetroot with ewe's curd and mustard frills. There's even a number topped simply but decadently with 36-month-aged Parmesan and real truffle shavings. At £30, there's a confident take-it-or-leave it air about it.
The JR (£10.50 – with £1 per sale donated to the Karen Clifford Skin Cancer Charity, in honor of Jonray) was a muddle of black olives, anchovies and fresh basil, amongst which was dolloped creamy mozzarella. The anchovy fillets – punchy in flavour and super-delicate in texture – were almost dissolved into the topping, while the suitably puffy crust tasted pleasingly smoky. Dark, crisp bubbles had surfaced around the puffy edges during its time in the sexy copper pizza oven, which is on full show.
The 18-hour-cooked lamb, pickled cucumber and mint yoghurt number (£12) was a proper class act. The tender lamb chunks pulled apart in soft strips, and were balanced by the cool, pokey freshness of the cucumber, and dribbles of tangy yoghurt. It was like a Greek taverna and an Italian pizzeria had fallen in love, moved to Bristol, and created a beautiful child together.
Dessert options total at one. Silky smooth soft-serve ice cream (£3.50) came swired in a glass with plenty of fruity, natural-tasting strawberry sauce, and a considered scattering of tiny fresh tarragon leaves.
The same brown-paper menus also list the drinks: there are really reasonably priced cocktails (try the uber-handsome Negroni), local beers (from the likes of Wiper and True and Left Handed Giant), and a very concise selection of wines, available by the glass.
You can tell by Pi Shop's food that it's fully aware that it's in Bristol, as opposed to Naples – and it wouldn't want to be anywhere else. The chefs seem to focus purely on the best in ingredients, flavour and texture, and simply serve whatever the resulting pizza is – no messing. We like their attitude.
, The General, Lower Guinea Street, Bristol BS1 6SY; 0117 925 6872
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HomeGeneralPune: India's New Tech Hub
Pune: India's New Tech Hub
The Maharashtrian city of Pune welcomes you with simplicity and its mesmerizing culture. From Bombay styled Pav Bhaji to Puneri misal-pav, there is no dearth of dining options in Pune. The city offers everything one thinks of; rich culture, glorious past, and vibrant future. In a span of a few years, Pune has contributed a lot to the software industry. Undoubtedly, Pune is an 'Oxford of the East.' Somewhere in 2013, when India was on the brink of start revolution a UK-based journalist traveling to the city found it "fresh and almost Californian in its energy".
Pune has tremendously grown and become a favorable destination for tech startups and entrepreneurs. The 2018 report titled 'Rise of Global Startup' by the Centre of American Entrepreneurship described Pune as an emerging startup hub in the 'Global Next' category. The report revealed that Pune was home to 3200 startups which is equal to 2% of the country's tech startups.
Favorable weather and Maharashtrian government's innovation-friendly policies have made Pune stand opposite to Banglore & other big metropolis. Construction of top-quality tech parks captivated the interest of top national & multinational IT companies. Rajiv Gandhi IT Park at Hinjewadi along with numerous others such as EON Free Zone, Magarpatta, Hinjewadi, Aundh IT park, Commerzone, and Business Bay are some of the top IT parks located in Pune.
For obvious reasons, Pune is the top choice of software developers. Less traffic and less pollution make Pune even more preferable. The cost of living, housing rates, and other expenses are quite low in Pune as compared to other cities. In every way, Pune is a welcoming city. For professionals, it becomes a wiser choice, especially, if they are planning to settle down in the city. In terms of salary, As per indeed data, the average salary for a Senior Software Engineer is ₹ 10,12,347 per year in Pune, Maharashtra, which is 50% above the national average
If you are looking for a job in Pune's top tech/product companies here is your chance.
Tags:India, Pune, Software developers, Tech Jobs
Why Mentorship is Important?
Bengaluru: India's Tech Capital
Gurleen Kaur


For several years, my partner and I used to open up a marina during the winter for special dinners, brunches and lunches. They became so popular that we would be sold out within a day or two of advertising the event. We didn't have a liquor license, but folks would bring their own if they wanted a glass of wine with dinner.
One night soon after everyone was tucking into their dinners, there was a knock on the door. Two RCMP were standing there in the cold. Invited in and asked if they wanted to join us, they declined, simply saying they wanted to moor overnight, but had their own dinner ready to go. I am absolutely sure they were oblivious to all the hurried clinking as bottles went back into bags under tables.
These meals were so much fun, and somehow squeezing in seating for 36 in a small store made it more intimate. The night would finish with folks chatting over coffee, with us wondering to ourselves how late they'd stay, so we could get on with clean up.
Working outside, trying to wring the last few minutes of sunlight out of the day, usually means that dinner has to be an easy, quick affair. I find that these October days when sunset seems to come earlier and earlier, are the hardest ones to get dinner on the table before 7:30. Here's an easy recipe that can be put together in the time it takes for rice to cook.


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← After Wegener
Columbus rides again →
The Dustbowl Oceanographer's Birthday
Posted on May 12, 2014 by Ron Miksha
William Maurice Ewing was a Texas farmboy from the state's desert panhandle. Somehow he became one of America's greatest oceanographers. Today we remember his birthday (May 12, 1906) and remember a bit about what he did for the study of the Earth.
It was within his team that Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen discovered the great mid-ocean rift and the idea of continental drift – redesigned as plate tectonics – began to be taken seriously. Even with their phenomenal 1955 discovery, the new theory took almost 15 years to gain (nearly) universal acceptance.
Ewing was the fourth of ten kids. The first three died – of poverty, actually – though the next seven all survived. Ewing's father seemed to enjoy music and literature more than cow-poking and horse-trading, so the ranch suffered. But the children grew up strong-willed, motivated, and well-educated. They were apparently rather bright. All but one of Maurice Ewing's siblings earned a university degree (several gained doctrates) and left the Texas panhandle. Ewing's own escape was harrowing. Here is how he got to Rice University when he was 16:
"By 1922, the city of Houston was twenty years into the oil boom that Anthony Lucas started at Spindletop and the young farm lad, Maurice Ewing, had just arrived from the Texas panhandle. The final leg of his trip to university was by police escort. The police lift was the end of a long string of disasters that started when the teenager set off from the family ranch on an old motorcycle that quickly disintegrated. He hopped a railroad boxcar, but was punted and robbed by the brakeman, then by the two hobos who had been travelling with him. A sympathetic farmer and a salesman gave the boy rides, finally getting him into Houston. Broke and embarrassed by his rough appearance from the trip, he stopped a friendly constable who drove him to the Rice University campus." ( – from The Mountain Mystery.)
Of course the fellow later known by everyone as "Doc" thrived at the university. He stayed eight years, working summers shoveling grain in prairie silos and collecting data for oil companies. He earned his PhD in refraction seismic. It was a fortunate choice – he would use it in research after he moved north to teach in Pennsylvania, then later as first director of Woods Hole Oceanography Institute, along the Hudson on the north edge of New York City. Maurice Ewing conducted the world's first ocean seismic survey, operating the equipment aboard a recycled yacht. His goal at the time (1935) was to try to figure out what happens to the continent at ocean's edge. Theories ranged from a quick dropoff to a gradual slope, but the answer was hidden under eroded sediments of unknown depth. It was Ewing's seismic refraction survey off the Virginia shores that gave scientists the first data that begin to unravel the mysterious ocean floor.
Ewing sank a heavy seismic receiver, his microphone, which was attached to his ship by an insulated electric wire. Someone in another boat, 8 kilometres away, blasted dynamite in the water. At the same moment, a radio signal was broadcast to Ewing on his recording ship. The radio signal arrived immediately, but sound waves from the dynamite travelled more slowly through water, then various rock layers, working its way along rock interfaces until it echoed into the submerged microphone. Ewing recorded the sounds on a magnetic wire when they arrived.
It was expected that Ewing's work would help geologists understand the transition from continent to ocean basin. When his work began, no one knew how far the continental shelf extended. Was there a quick transition (as geologists expected if the continents were mobile) or was there a long slope of sediments as might occur with stationary continents? A long trail of continental run-off might mean that below the sediments there was a sunken continent that had become the ocean basin, suggesting the North American continent had been sitting still forever. Ewing's first seismic results on the seas showed a long gentle tapering slope. Ewing – who would spend most of his career opposed to the idea of continental drift – wasn't surprised. It would years before enough data were collected to correct the initial interpretations.
This entry was posted in Biography, Exploration, Oceans and tagged Ewing, oceanography, seismic recording. Bookmark the permalink.
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There is no better way to display and store your wedding photos than in an album. Archival materials and loving care goes into the production of your customised album. A wide range of styles are available including flushmount and matted albums all with leather or photocovers. Online design via a webpage gives you the ability to become involved in the final image selection and design options available.
If an investment is something purchased that increases in value then a wedding album is certainly a good investment. With proper care these albums will last lifetime. Imagine a future where your children or grandchildren can look through your album and learn about their family and where they came from. Through the power of photography they will gain valuable knowledge of their history and a connection to the past.


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Chaired by Dr. Roxanne Springer, the advisory committee provides guidance to the co-PIs and the administrative oversight team. The committee will meet twice per academic year to discuss program status and progress, as well as to advise on and assess the implementation of the six pillars that form the foundation of the Duke UCEM.
Ayana T. Arce, Ph. D.
Associate Professor of Physics
atarce@phy.duke.edu
Ayana Arce brings mentoring and program development experience to the committee. She has chaired the Ph.D. committees of two graduates (one female) in physics at Duke, and mentored four (two female) other physics Ph.Ds. She has mentored approximately 22 undergraduate students (nine female, two URM) in summer research or academic independent study in physics. She is co-PI of the NSF-funded Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program for undergraduates in nuclear and particle physics, which is an important component of the physics department's recruitment of graduate students in these fields. In her research, Dr. Arce concentrates on understanding what takes place in hadron collider events with complicated final state topologies, like the production and decay of top quarks and heavy gauge bosons.
Katherine J. Franz, Ph.D.
Chair and Alexander Hehmeyer Professor of Chemistry
katherine.franz@duke.edu
Katherine Franz will guide the committee in its mentoring efforts and program development. She has mentored more than 50 (combined) Ph.D., masters, and undergrad students and has served as a co-director of an NSF REU program; faculty affiliate for Duke's BioCoRE program; advisory committee member for a Duke Initiative for Maximizing Student Development (IMSD) grant; and activity leader for Duke's Females Excelling More in Math and Science (FEMMES) program. Dr. Franz's research focuses on elucidating the structural and functional consequences of metal ion coordination in biological systems.
Johnna Frierson, Ph.D.
Assistant Dean, Graduate and Postdoctoral Diversity and Inclusion, Duke University School of Medicine
johnna.frierson@duke.edu
Johnna Frierson is the founding director of the Office of Diversity and Inclusion at the Pratt School of Engineering. She completed her undergraduate degree in Biology at Furman University in Greenville, SC. She then went on to complete her doctoral studies in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Vanderbilt University, and postdoctoral training in the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Program Director postdoctoral fellowship in the Office of Biomedical Graduate Education at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She has extensive experience in developing innovative pre-graduate and graduate-level programs and initiatives focused on diversity recruitment and retention, science outreach, and cross-disciplinary graduate training. In her current role as the founding director of the Office of Diversity and Inclusion in Engineering she provides leadership in developing and implementing future steps in the engineering school's ongoing diversity initiatives, including thoughtful practices to enhance recruitment and retention of underrepresented groups at the student, faculty and staff levels, and to foster greater inclusion of diverse groups and viewpoints in the academic community. Dr. Frierson also serves as a co-PI for the NSF-funded REU program for undergraduates in engineering.
John Klingensmith, Ph.D.
Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, The Graduate School
john.klingensmith@duke.edu
John Klingensmith received his undergraduate and doctoral degrees from Harvard University. His research and teaching focus on the molecular, cellular, and genetic basis of organ development and congenital disease. Dr. Klingensmith is responsible for The Graduate School's academic standards, policies, and procedures. He oversees external review of academic programs and advises on new academic program development. He is also an associate professor of cell biology and pediatrics in the Duke School of Medicine.
In support of the UCEM, Dr. Klingensmith works with Dean Looney to manage day-to-day program coordination among co-PIs, faculty champions, advisory committee, and administrative oversight team. He also reports to co-PIs on the operation of the UCEM.
Roxanne P. Springer, Ph.D.
Professor of Physics
rps@phy.duke.edu
Roxanne Springer is a Professor of Physics. She obtained her undergraduate degree in Physics and Chemical Physics from Rice University, and her Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology in Theoretical Particle Physics. She works on weak interactions (the force responsible for nuclear beta decay) and quantum chromodynamics (the force that binds quarks into hadrons and generates the mass of protons and neutrons). She is a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS). She has served as chair of the Southeastern Section of the APS and on the Executive Committee of the Division of Nuclear Physics (DNP) of the APS. She is the chair of the DNP Allies program, the first APS Division to develop vetted and trained APS members to attend every DNP professional meeting to address biased interactions in real time. She has participated in several visits/reviews of US physics departments and laboratories to help them create a culture of inclusion (sponsored by the APS Committee on the Society of Women in Physics and the APS Committee on Minorities). She has served as the faculty sponsor of Duke's Bouchet Society (which advocates for underrepresented graduate students in the sciences), organized recruitment visits of HBCU science undergraduates to Duke, and mentored Black physics students. She is currently the chair of the Advisory Committee for the Sloan Foundation's Duke University Center for Exemplary Mentoring.
Dr. Springer contributes recruitment expertise to the UCEM. She was instrumental in the development of Duke's UCEM proposal.
Adam P. Wax, Ph.D.
Professor of Biomedical Engineering
a.wax@duke.edu
Adam Wax received dual B.S. degrees in 1993, one in electrical engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY and one in physics from the State University of New York at Albany, and the Ph.D. degree in physics from Duke University, Durham, NC in 1999. He joined the George R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as a postdoctoral fellow of the National Institutes of Health immediately after his doctorate. In 2002, Dr. Wax joined the faculty of the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Duke University. In 2006, Dr. Wax founded Oncoscope, Inc. to commercialize early cancer detection technology developed in his laboratory and Lumedica, Inc. in 2014 to develop low cost OCT systems. He is a fellow of the Optical Society of America, SPIE, and AIMBE and is inventor on 19 US patents. His research interests are in the use of light scattering and interferometry to probe the biophysical properties of cells for both diagnosis of disease and fundamental cell biology studies.
Graduate Student Representatives
Tyler Johnson
Undergraduate: University of Chicago
Faculty Advisor: Phil Barbeau
Faculty Mentor for Early Start: Phil Barbeau
Tyler Johnson is a Ph.D. student in physics, specifically neutrino physics at Duke University in collaboration with Triangle Universities Nuclear Lab and Oak Ridge National Lab. His research focuses on developing particle detectors capable of tracking nuclear events, like nuclear reactors and weapons, by detecting the unerasable fingerprint of the nuclear reaction called a neutrino. He is also a National Nuclear Security Administration Graduate Fellow in Applied Anti-Neutrino Physics, a Richardson Fellow, a Goshaw Family Fellow, a Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship alumni and has received honorable mention for the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program. Tyler received a Bachelor of Arts in Physics from the University of Chicago. He is active on campus through the President's Council on Black Affairs, the President's Advisory Committee on Investment Responsibility, UCEM Advisory Committee, Physics Department Conduct & Accountability Committee, Graduate & Professional Student Council, and Physics Department Graduate Student Executive Board. His collaboration has two papers in preparation that he is an author on titled "Sensitivity of the COHERENT Experiment to Accelerator-Produced Dark Matter" and "First Constraint on Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering in Argon." Tyler strives to help create a welcoming and inclusive environment in STEM fields.
Natalie Rozman
Undergraduate: George Washington University
Faculty Advisor: Willie Padilla
Faculty Mentor for Early Start: Willie Padilla
Natalie Rozman is a Ph.D. student in electrical and computer engineering at Duke University and an Alfred P. Sloan 2017-18 Scholar. Her research focuses on developing terahertz metamaterial devices for biosensing applications. Natalie received a bachelor of science in electrical engineering, cum laude, from the George Washington University.


As a Classical Studies major, you will read some of the most fascinating and intellectually searching texts ever written; and you will explore the history and material cultures of ancient Greece and Rome in all of their enticing richness. Faced with the achievements and failures of our cultural forebears, you will gain a deeper understanding of yourself and your place in the world. The inter-disciplinary study of Greco-Roman antiquity will cultivate your cross-cultural fluency, hone your analytical skills, and impart critical research competencies. The requirements of the two majors will give you an understanding of the discipline as a whole, while allowing you the flexibility to develop your own interests.


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Andaz Singapore to open in 1H2017
SINGAPORE (Jan 27): Andaz Singapore, a boutique hotel brand under Hyatt Hotels Corporation, is scheduled to open in the first half of 2017, said M+S Pte Ltd chairman Tan Sri Azman Yahya.
"The hotel itself is of a decent size, at over 340 rooms, and we have gone through a long and detailed evaluation process before choosing Andaz," he said at a media briefing here today.
While he declined to reveal estimated room rates and occupancies, saying that they were subject to market forces, he said M+S and Hyatt Hotels Corporation expect them to be "strong".
Meanwhile, Hyatt Hotels Asia Pacific group president David Udell said Andaz Singapore will complement Ophir-Rochor, a vibrant old neighbourhood that is seeing much development.
"Being in an expressive neighbourhood [near Kampung Glam and Bugis] and an exciting development, we want to reflect that in the hotel. It's really about embracing the elements, sights, sounds and smells of the neighbourhood," he said.
He added that Andaz is offering a more fluid, unfettered and personal luxury boutique hospitality experience.
Some of the facilities of the new hotel include a lounge area, restaurants, bars, a rooftop outdoor venue, meeting and event spaces, spa services, a fitness centre, an outdoor swimming pool and a gift shop.
The 340-room hotel is part of the S$4 billion DUO integrated development coming up on a 6.67-acre site at Ophir-Rochor which will also include DUO Tower Grade A offices, DUO Residences luxury condominiums and the 56,000 sq ft-DUO Galleria boutique retail.
In total, DUO has a gross floor area of about 1.73 million sq ft, with Andaz Singapore constituting 17% of that space.
The Greenmark Platinum-certified DUO Tower will be a 39-storey building with floor plates of up to approximately 31,000 sq ft.
According to M+S chief operating officer Kemmy Tan, they are in the midst of leasing out the towers and are in talks with various multinational companies.
She noted that the rent per sq ft will be within S$9 to S$10 psf.
About 94% of the 660 units of luxury condos have been taken up since they were launched in October last year.
The units range from 1,528 sq ft to 1,927 sq ft and are currently priced at S$2,600 per sq ft.
M+S is a 60:40 joint venture (JV) between Khazanah Nasional Bhd and Singapore's Temasek Holdings Pte Ltd that was set up to develop sites in Marina South and Ophir-Rochor in the island republic.
The JV company's other development is Marina One, an integrated residential, retail and office development in the Marina Bay central business district.
Marina One comprises 1,042 luxury residential condominiums, 1.88 million sq ft of net Grade A office space, and 140,000 sq ft of retail space.
Azman said 83% of the 401 units under the first phase of Marina One's condos have been sold since they were launched in October.
Hyatt Hotels currently operates 12 hotels in the US, Costa Rica, the UK, Denmark, China and Japan.


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Written by • July 8, 2020• 2:22 pm• Code News, IAPMO News, Sustainable Codes
IAPMO's Water Demand Calculator Version 2.0 Available for Download
The International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO®) is excited to announce that the Water Demand Calculator version 2.0 — with new and enhanced features — is now available for download.
While the basic template of the calculator remains intact, several new features have been added along the edge. The most significant new feature is the addition of a drop-down menu that offers a selection between a single- and multifamily building. The multifamily option activates two additional input boxes that require the user to specify the total number of apartments that are (a) in the building and (b) in the calculation. The latter entry is dynamically linked to the probability of fixture use column in the calculator, gradually reducing the percentage as the number of apartments increase. This new calibrated feature assures accurate predictions of peak water demand in large multi-family dwellings.
Another feature of WDC version 2.0 is the display of additional computed information pertaining to the peak conditions. Besides providing the total fixture count and the 99th percentile demand flow, WDC version 2.0 gives the average number of simultaneous busy fixtures in use at any instant during the peak period (called the Hunter Number) and the probability of no flow (stagnation). A download button is provided for users who wish to save computed results in a notepad.
"The Water Demand Calculator has become more robust while remaining fast and user friendly," said Dan Cole, IAPMO's Senior Director of Technical Services. "Increasing the accuracy in predicting peak water demand for multifamily dwellings will lead to reductions in pipe sizing accompanied by increased cost savings."
The Water Demand Calculator version 2.0 may be downloaded HERE.
For specific information about the Water Demand Calculator or to provide feedback from using it, please contact Dan Cole at dan.cole@iapmo.org.
Last modified: July 8, 2020


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Q: RSA decrypt returns extra data I can decrypt some data encrypted via openssl command line tool, but some 'extra' data is returned with the original data.
I've created a encrypted file like this:
$ echo this is it >file.txt
$ openssl rsautl -encrypt -pubin -inkey public.pem -in file.txt -out encrypted.txt
And I can access the original data with:
from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA
key = open('/tmp/.private.key').read()
rsakey = RSA.importKey(key, 'MyPassphrase')
data = open('/tmp/encrypted.txt', 'rb').read()
original = rsakey.decrypt(data)

But some extra data is returned and the output is something like this:

\x02h\x83\xcfx\x84,\xb1\xa6 [...] \xcf5\x9f\xbbG\xf1\x14\xd0\x8d\x1f\xfe\x9c4\xbb\x1aB\xfa\xc3b\xc2\xe0K\x85\xb5\x10y\xe1\x8e\x00this is this\n

Can I avoid to receive this raw data before the decrypted data?
Obs.: The keys were created with openssl tool
Tks.

A: You are getting PKCS#1 v1.5 padded plaintext back. You need to remove the PKCS#1 v1.5 padding first. Currently you are performing textbook (or "raw") RSA decryption, which is little more than modular exponentiation. Try a PKCS#1 v1.5 capable class instead, like this one


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Christian Father Imprisoned for Homeschooling: Cuba Went to War with Us
ADALBERTO ROQUE/AFP/Getty Images
Frances Martel
A Cuban Evangelical pastor sentenced to two years in prison for homeschooling his children says his family has endured "psychological pressure and a war on behalf of authorities" for refusing to allow the Castro regime to indoctrinate his children into communist ideology.
His remarks form part of a petition to the Organization of American States (OAS) for a precautionary measure protecting Rigal and his wife, Ayda Expósito – who was sentenced to 1.5 years in prison for the same crime of "acts contrary to the normal development of a minor." Homeschooling is illegal in Cuba and legal schools are of notoriously low quality, prioritizing the development of submissive citizens over life and professional skills.
A precautionary measure prompts the OAS's Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) to act rapidly to prevent "imminent risk of irreparable harm to persons or groups of persons in the 35 OAS member states." Cuba remains an OAS member despite violating the organization's requirement that all members be democracies for over half a century.
The Home School Legal Defense Association (HSLDA), a nonprofit advocacy group defending the right to home school, and the Global Liberty Alliance, a legal defense fund dedicated to defending the defenders and advancing justice in places such as Communist Cuba, filed the petition for a precautionary measure on behalf of the Rigal family.
"The persecution of homeschooling parents is an assault the family and parental rights. These young Christian families, and the independent lawyers in Cuba who make a valiant effort to defend them, are at the tip of the spear in defense of religious liberty and fundamental individual rights," Jason Poblete, an attorney in Virginia with the Global Liberty Alliance, told Breitbart News. "If you're interested in helping, share this story with your friends and in your social media networks. The HSLDA will soon provide additional tools to help get the word out to policymakers to help support these families in Cuba."
In the petition, obtained by Breitbart News, Rigal details the government persecution against him in a statement dated April 29, just days after the regime handed down his sentence.
"In these past two years, our family – my two children, my wife, and I – have suffered psychological pressure and a war on behalf of authorities, in education – that is to say, teachers – and personnel that lead in education, policy, prosecutors, social workers, and others tied to our case," Rigal said. "This is about sending two parents to prison, mother and father, and taking our children away and sending them to a place to receive education imposed by a government, first of all violating divine law … violating natural rights like the rights of parents over their children."
"It was such a strange thing to see this brutal injustice under our very noses and not be able to do anything about it, or saying anything, in a country that peacocks its achievements and its justice and boasts of the achievements of the Revolution," Rigal's statement continues. "Only the grace and power of God has given us the strength to withstand this pressure."
The petition for a precautionary measure states that intervention on behalf of the regional body is "urgent and necessary to prevent irreparable damage and preserve the physical and psychological integrity of the members of the Rigal Expósito family." It asks the OAS to demand the immediate liberation of the parents and return of the children to their custody.
"There are no guarantees of due process or a state of rights in Cuba and, therefore, there are no legal or other avenues that allow for denouncing [crimes] … because the courts, as well as the police and all other authorities are under the control of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC)," the application reads.
It notes that the Rigal Expósito case has not only resulted in harm to the family, but in those interested in the case. Attorney and journalist Robert de Jesús Quiñones Haces attempted to attend the sentencing to both represent the family and write abut his experience for the independent outlet Cubanet. Police gave him a "brutal beating," according to the petition, and imprisoned him arbitrarily, offering no evidence that he had violated any crimes.
Quiñones Haces later wrote about his ordeal for Cubanet, publishing a video showing a deep purple bruise under his eyes a week after the assault. Quiñones has continued to report on the Rigal family case, last week observing the couple's first month in prison. As of the publishing of Quiñones' report, the couple's two children, Ruth and Joel, have been forced to matriculate at their local government school in Guantánamo, taking placement tests to evaluate what grade they should join.
Cuba, a nominally Marxist atheist state, has consistently moved to repress the religious rights of its citizens. According to the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), which publishes an annual global report on religious persecution, Cubans regularly face "harassment campaigns targeting religious leaders and activists who advocated for stronger religious freedom protections."
"While it is difficult to track these cases, one organization reported that 194 individuals were imprisoned or detained because of their religious beliefs and activities between July 2017 and April 2018," its annual report for 2019 read. "Even when not charged, religious leaders are frequently threatened with criminal proceedings through the use of pre-arrest warrants (actas de advertencia) that are used to justify arrests and more severe penalties for future alleged crimes."
Follow Frances Martel on Facebook and Twitter.
FaithLatin AmericaNational SecurityChristian persecutionChristianscommunismCubaGlobal Liberty AllianceHome School Legal Defense AssociationhomeschoolingsInternational LawRamon RigalRaul Castro