text:
Send Flowers for Thomas "Tom"
Thomas "Tom" William Weathers
Thomas William Weathers was born on a homestead near Epsie, Montana on August 13th, 1923 to Chester and Dena Weathers. He was the 3 of 8 siblings. He spent the first 14 years of his life on farms in Montana and Colorado with a short stay in Florida before his family eventually settled in Boulder, CO.
Tom attended Boulder High School where he played basketball and football. He also met Virginia Manring there, and they both graduated in 1942. Throughout their entire lives they were faithful attenders of their high school reunions, even becoming involved in the reunion committee for many years. Tom and Virginia were married November 14th, 1942 in Denver, where they both worked.
Tom enlisted in the Army Air Corps and was called to Active-Duty June 13th, 1943. Virginia moved to San Diego, CA to be with her mother, where Tom II was born. She returned to Denver where Tom was stationed temporarily and stayed in Denver while Tom was in service overseas in England. After 19 months in England, Tom returned to Denver and was honorably discharged as a Corporal in the US Army Air Corps.
He worked as a carpenter and construction foreman while attending University of Denver School of Architecture and Building Construction Management. in 1946, son John was born. Tom graduated with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Business Administration in 1952.
While still in college, Tom formed a construction business and was licensed in Denver. Virginia also worked in the business, answering phone calls and doing much of the book work. Byron was born in 1953 and Diana in 1955.
In 1956, Tom applied for a position as Construction Analyst with Veteran's Administration Loan Guarantee Housing Section. He found much satisfaction in his work with housing design for veterans, especially paraplegic veterans. After 2 years with the VA, Tom went back to private industry as a Construction Superintendent. Gordon was born in 1957.
Federal Housing Administration had requested Tom's abilities when he was employed by the VA, so he decided to accept and held the position of Architectural Examiner until his retirement in 1978. During his tenure, he had the responsibility of accepting plans, maintaining compliance with design criteria and construction details for housing for elderly, nursing homes, low income and multi-family housing standards.
In 1966, after much searching throughout Colorado, Tom and Virginia discovered Yuma County and all it had to offer in the way of development for farming, especially irrigation. Tom and Virginia purchased a farm 8 miles east and 2 miles north of Yuma in December 1966. The land they purchased was near Dale and Betty Kirchenschlager, beginning a lifelong friendship between the two families.
Tom and Virginia began attending the First Presbyterian Church in Yuma where he was a Deacon and attended regularly until his health no longer permitted. He could find no record of his baptism as a child, so Tom was baptized at the Presbyterian Church in 1982 surrounded by most of his family.
In early 1967, Tom asked his brother Don if he would join in a partnership. Additional land was purchased 5 miles east of Yuma in 1969.
Tom and Virginia commuted with their family on weekends and days off for 12 years to work on the farm. In 1976 the partnership was dissolved, and a new home was quickly constructed by Tom and family. Many called their small home, a "little house on the prairie". Tom and Virginia moved to their Yuma home permanently in 1978. The plan was for the original house to become a garage, and in 1991 the plan became a reality. The home addition was completed, and the entire family gathered for Tom and Virginia's 50th anniversary there in 1992.
IN April 2003, Virginia passed after a short battle with cancer. Tom's loving care for his wife during this time had an impact on many around them.
After Virginia's passing, Tom carried on her lifelong tradition of regular correspondence. Birthday and anniversary cards continued to be mailed until Tom's early 90's.
Tom desired his independence, and he was able to continue to live in his home for 5 years longer with the help of at-home care. Rene and Javier Garcia of Wray became more than caregivers, they became part of the family. They were daily seen eating lunch in town at various restaurants. Tom would often jokingly refer to Rene as either "his shadow" or "his hired man". By keeping Tom active in the community, Rene and Javier helped Tom maintain a high quality of life which he and the entire family appreciated. Their friendship remained even after Tom moved to Yuma Life Care, including an "unscheduled" birthday trip across the street for lunch.
Tom went to be with the Lord at 12:20pm on 12/20/2020 surrounded by his children, both in-person and by phone. He is survived by his sister Geraldine Hatanaka of Denver, sister-in-law Billie Weathers of Kansas City, his 5 children and their spouses, 16 grandchildren, 30 great-grandchildren and one great-great-grandchild.
Funeral Service- Monday, December 28, 2020 at 10:00 A.M. at New Life Christian Center in Eckley, Colorado. Interment followed at the Yuma Cemetery in Yuma, Colorado. Pastor Glen Kline officiated the service and Baucke Funeral Home was in Charge of the arrangements.
https://youtu.be/-DuGYnCWu-o
"The family-narrated video of the obituary may be viewed here" or "on the obituary page of our website".
To send flowers to Thomas "Tom" William Weathers' family, please visit our floral store.
New Life Christian Center
37901 Co. Rd. R
Eckley, CO 80727
Yuma Cemetery
Co. Rd. 39 and Co. Rd G
Yuma, CO 80759


When I first heard Jay-Z's new album "4:44," I was like, "Yes! Jay-Z is back! Finally!!!" From the first track until the last, I was captivated by his no-nonsense humor and honest self-reflection.
Jay-Z opens his album with a song called, "Kill Jay-Z." It's like he knows that before he can get into the album, he has to address his infidelity to the incomparable Queen B, Beyonce Giselle Knowles-Carter.
So, after a long period of silence, Jay-Z speaks. However, his words aren't addressed to us or even to Beyonce. Instead, he addresses his own soul and calls himself to die.
He calls himself to die to his need for approval.
He calls himself to die to the "ugh" of his soul that led to his infidelity.
By the end of this song, Jay-Z had me all in my feelings considering my own brokenness and the ways I, too, need to die to the approval of others, self-preservation and the "ugh" of my soul that causes me to act out and seek comfort in old habits.
I love this song. It's a human song. It's a song about brokenness.
However, this song leaves you hanging. It's a half-education. Though Jay-Z models for us how to confess one's shortcomings, he fails to leave us with a pathway towards change. "Kill Jay-Z" is a confession devoid of hope for change, a half-education.
Though Jay-Z models for us how to confess one's shortcomings, he fails to leave us with a pathway towards change.
King David wrote a similar song. After his indiscretions with Bathsheba, an unexpected pregnancy, his murdering of Bathsheba's husband to cover up his actions, and being confronted for his sins, David penned Psalm 51. Yet his words were not addressed to himself, but to God. While Jay-Z had a "man in the mirror" moment, David had a "come to Jesus" moment. And though we, like Jay-Z, need to do the heavy lifting of honest self-evaluation, David models the posture we should take after looking so deeply into the mirror.
David appeals to God for forgiveness and cleansing from his sin on the basis of God's character.
David makes God the sole judge over his life.
and done evil in your sight.
David asks for a new heart.
David is confident in God's grace towards humble and broken people.
Now, this post has been difficult for me. When I selected this song to be a part of the Miseducation of Music series on my blog, I was critical of Jay-Z. But as I worked on this piece, I discovered that I am Jay-Z. When I sin, I have a pattern of being more disappointed and frustrated in myself for falling short of my own expectations, instead of falling short before the Lord, who has loved me with an everlasting love. I have a tendency to set myself up as the judge.
Yana, you know better. Stop seeking the approval of others.
Yana, you gotta stop taking your frustrations out on defenseless strangers.
Yana, your identity is supposed to be in Christ.
But, God is the judge. And, praise God, He ain't me! He's a gracious judge who doesn't meet me with condemnation, but with faithful love, compassion and help. Though He calls me to die to myself, He doesn't stop there. He forgives. He cleanses. He gives a new heart to those who are honest and broken before Him. He provides us with hope for real life change.
So beloved, don't go staring too long in the mirror examining your imperfections before lifting your eyes to the One who desires to meet you with compassion, relentless love and help.
A version of this article originally published at Yana's blog, Everyday Yana Jenay.
Yana is a proud St. Louis native residing in Durham, NC. She serves as a Consultant on BSCNC's Collegiate Partnership Team by coming alongside churches to help them effectively reach college students. She's also a graduate student at Southeastern Seminary seeking to learn all that she can for the glory of God and the benefit of others. She enjoys laughing, quality time with friends, and meaningful conversations about the chief things of life. She blogs at everydayyanajenay.com.
Wow! This was a great article.
I love this, Yana! Can't wait to go back and catch up on your blog! Keep writing!


Aboard on the 'Phinisi Ambasi' you will enjoy an unforgettable sea-journey. We are offering you a unique possibility to explore even the tiniest island. We anchor in the loveliest bays, go ashore and will tour the island. We cross tropical rainforest, climb volcano's, admire waterfalls and the lakes in craters. We go shopping at the 'pasar', or watching traditional dances or will simply lie down for sunbathing.
Sea treks between the island seem now and then very much like expeditions a'la Cousteau. Many times our ship is accompanied by dolphins, sometimes even a manta ray or a whale. The fish that have been bought at the 'pasar-ikan' early in the day is for the barbecue in the evening, somewhere on a quiet beach. When the boat has dropped the anchor, it is marvelous to take a dive in the limped water and while skin diving, you feel yourself like being in a huge tropic aquarium.
Equipments : 2 Bauer compressors, 18 tanks, 150 kg weight, 2 dinghy's + outboard engines, snorkeling and fishing gear.
Navigation Equipments : Radar, Compass, GPS, depth-sounder, SSB radio, VHF radio, Satelite telephone.
2 safeguard rafts 25 life jackets 2 life-rafts (6 pers. and 8 pers.) 4 lifebuoys 4 fire extinguishers fire-hose on deck distress signals first aid equipment oxygen.
2 Bauer compressors, 18 tanks, 150 kg weight, 2 dinghy's + outboard engines, snorkeling- and fishing gear.
Transfer in/out at Labuhanbajo, fullboard, snacks, coffee, tea, mineral water, snorkels, tourguide.
Flight-tickets, travel-insurances, land-tours, entrance-fees, donations, beer, soft-drinks, laundry, conservation-fee in Komodo (US$ 25/person), gratuities (please prepare 10% of the total cruise-rate for the crew).
Flight Denpasar-Labuhanbajo and boarding. Sailing to Sebayor Island and snorkeling/relaxing. In the evening sailing to Loh Liang, the rangers-accommodation at Komodo Island.
A walk to take a look at the giant lizards and afterwards snorkeling and relaxing at Pantai Merah/Pink Beach. At 4:30pm moving to Rinca Island.
Trekking through Rinca Island and afterwards sailing to Sabolon for snorkeling and relaxing. In the evening a BBQ on the beach.
After breakfast walking through Labuhanbajo. And at about 10:30am transfer to the airport for the flight to Denpasar.
Flight Denpasar-Labuhanbajo and boarding after arrival at about 1:30am. Sailing to Bidadari Island and diving (2x). In the evening sailing to Loh Liang, the ranger-accommodation on Komodo Island.
A walk to take a look at the giant lizards and afterwards diving at Pantai Merah/Pink Beach (2x) and night-dive if possible.
Diving at Batubolong (1x), Tatawa Kecil (1x), Pantemakasar (1x) and night-dive if possible.
Diving at Crystal-Rock (1x), Castle-Rock (1x), Light-House (1x) and night-dive if possible.
Diving at Sabolo (2x), in the evening BBQ on the beach.
After breakfast a walk through Labuhanbajo and afterwards, transfer to the airport.


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Social and Political Philosophy > Rights > Miscellaneous Rights > Rights in War
Rights in War
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Cosmopolitan Peace Cecile Fabre. [REVIEW]Michael Kocsis - forthcoming - Dialogue.details
Ethics and Justification of War in Social and Political Philosophy
Just War Theory in Social and Political Philosophy
Rights in War in Social and Political Philosophy
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The Moral Grounds of Reasonably Mistaken Self-Defense.Renée Jorgensen Bolinger - 2021 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 103 (1):140-156.details
Some, but not all, of the mistakes a person makes when acting in apparently necessary self-defense are reasonable: we take them not to violate the rights of the apparent aggressor. I argue that this is explained by duties grounded in agents' entitlements to a fair distribution of the risk of suffering unjust harm. I suggest that the content of these duties is filled in by a social signaling norm, and offer some moral constraints on the form such a norm can (...) take. (shrink)
Rights Against Violence in Social and Political Philosophy
Rights and Justice in Social and Political Philosophy
The Right-Based Criticism of the Doctrine of Double Effect.Stephen Kershnar & Robert Kelly - 2020 - International Journal of Applied Philosophy 34 (2):215-233.details
If people have stringent moral rights, then the doctrine of double effect is false or unimportant, at least when it comes to making acts permissible or wrong. There are strong and weak versions of the doctrine of double effect. The strong version asserts that an act is morally right if and only if the agent does not intentionally infringe a moral norm and the act brings about a desirable result (perhaps the best state of affairs available to the agent or (...) a promotion of the common good). The weak version asserts that, other things being equal, it is deontically worse to intentionally infringe a norm than to foreseeably do so. A person's intention or mere foresight might still be relevant to his or her blameworthiness or virtue, but this is a separate issue. (shrink)
Conduct of War in Social and Political Philosophy
Kant: Categorical Imperative in 17th/18th Century Philosophy
Murder in Social and Political Philosophy
Objections to Deontological Moral Theories, Misc in Normative Ethics
Rights and Values in Social and Political Philosophy
The Doctrine of Double Effect in Normative Ethics
In Defense of Mercy.Daniel Alejandro Restrepo - 2020 - Journal of Military Ethics 19 (1):40-55.details
Though it is legally permissible to kill combatants in war,unless they are rendered hors de combat,the existence of Naked Soldiers raises an important moral question: should combatants kill vulnerable enemy combatants or show mercy towards them? Most philosophers who address this question argue that it is morally permissible to kill the Naked Soldier given the extended notion of self-defense during war. They ground their arguments in a form of collectivism. In this essay, I use Larry May's argument. He offers an (...) approach that extends the principle of discrimination that would also apply to combatants. Instead of assuming all combatants are de facto dangerous,this approach would allow for nuance in targeting the enemy and showing mercy when enemy combatants clearly pose no danger, in other words, when they are Naked Soldiers. I defend this view against two criticisms: Noam Zohar's view of armies as complex collectives and Stephen Deakin's view that a policy that spares Naked Soldiers would be open to abuse. I argue that it is not only morally suspect to kill Naked Soldiers, but also it is within the spirit of both international laws governing war and the just war tradition to offer mercy whenever possible. (shrink)
Military Ethics in Applied Ethics
Instrumental Authority and Its Challenges: The Case of the Laws of War.Jonathan Parry & Daniel Viehoff - 2019 - Ethics 129 (4):548-575.details
Law and Morality at War offers a broadly instrumentalist defense of the authority of the laws of war: these laws serve combatants by helping them come closer to doing what they have independent moral reason to do. We argue that this form of justification sets too low a bar. An authority's directives are not binding, on instrumental grounds, if the subject could, within certain limits, adopt an alternative, and superior, means of conforming to morality's demands. It emerges that Haque's argument (...) fails to vindicate the law's authority over all combatants. (shrink)
Instrumentalism about Political Authority in Social and Political Philosophy
Political Authority, Misc in Social and Political Philosophy
Weighing Lives in War- Foreign Vs. Domestic.Saba Bazargan-Forward - 2018 - In Larry May (ed.), Cambridge Handbook on the Just War. pp. 186-198.details
I argue that the lives of domestic and enemy civilians should not receive equal weight in our proportionality calculations. Rather, the lives of enemy civilians ought to be "partially discounted" relative to the lives of domestic civilians. We ought to partially discount the lives of enemy civilians for the following reason (or so I argue). When our military wages a just war, we as civilians vest our right to self-defense in our military. This permits our military to weigh our lives (...) more heavily. Before arguing for this view I first explain why recent accounts attempting to show the opposite – that enemy civilians ought to be weighed more heavily – are mistaken. (shrink)
Right to Self-Defense in Social and Political Philosophy
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"Saving Lives or Saving Stones?" The Ethics of Cultural Heritage Protection in War.Erich Hatala Matthes - 2018 - Public Affairs Quarterly 32 (1):67-84.details
In discussion surrounding the destruction of cultural heritage in armed conflict, one often hears two important claims in support of intervention to safeguard heritage. The first is that the protection of people and the protection of heritage are two sides of the same coin. The second is that the cultural heritage of any people is part of the common heritage of all humankind. In this article, I examine both of these claims, and consider the extent to which they align with (...) the current practices that they are intended to justify. (shrink)
Value Theory, Misc in Value Theory, Miscellaneous
Non-Combatant Immunity and War-Profiteering.Saba Bazargan - 2017 - In Helen Frowe & Lazar Seth (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of War. Oxford University Press.details
The principle of noncombatant immunity prohibits warring parties from intentionally targeting noncombatants. I explicate the moral version of this view and its criticisms by reductive individualists; they argue that certain civilians on the unjust side are morally liable to be lethally targeted to forestall substantial contributions to that war. I then argue that reductivists are mistaken in thinking that causally contributing to an unjust war is a necessary condition for moral liability. Certain noncontributing civilians—notably, war-profiteers—can be morally liable to be (...) lethally targeted. Thus, the principle of noncombatant immunity is mistaken as a moral (though not necessarily as a legal) doctrine, not just because some civilians contribute substantially, but because some unjustly enriched civilians culpably fail to discharge their restitutionary duties to those whose victimization made the unjust enrichment possible. Consequently, the moral criterion for lethal liability in war is even broader than reductive individualists have argued. (shrink)
Property Rights, Misc in Social and Political Philosophy
Will Versus Interest Theories in Social and Political Philosophy
Compensation and Proportionality in War.Saba Bazargan-Forward - 2017 - In Claire Finkelstein, Larry Larry & Jens David Ohlin (eds.), Weighing Lives in War. Oxford University Press).details
Even in just wars we infringe the rights of countless civilians whose ruination enables us to protect our own rights. These civilians are owed compensation, even in cases where the collateral harms they suffer satisfy the proportionality constraint. I argue that those who authorize or commit the infringements and who also benefit from those harms will bear that compensatory duty, even if the unjust aggressor cannot or will not discharge that duty. I argue further that if we suspect antecedently that (...) we will culpably refrain from compensating those victims post bellum, then this makes satisfying the war's proportionality constraint substantially more difficult at the outset of the war. The lesson here is that failing to take duties of compensation in war seriously constrains our moral permission to protect ourselves. (shrink)
Standards of Risk in War and Civil Life.Saba Bazargan-Forward - 2017 - In Florian Demont-Biaggi (ed.), The Nature of Peace and the Morality of Armed Conflict. Palgrave.details
Though the duties of care owed toward innocents in war and in civil life are at the bottom univocally determined by the same ethical principles, Bazargan-Forward argues that those very principles will yield in these two contexts different "in-practice" duties. Furthermore, the duty of care we owe toward our own innocents is less stringent than the duty of care we owe toward foreign innocents in war. This is because risks associated with civil life but not war (a) often increase the (...) expected welfare of the individuals upon whom the risk is imposed, (b) are often imposed with consent, and (c) are often imposed reciprocally. The conclusion—that we have a pro tanto reason for adopting a more stringent standard of risk imposition toward foreign innocents in war—has implications for not only what standards of risk we should adopt in war, but also how we should weigh domestic versus foreign civilian lives. (shrink)
Nature of War in Social and Political Philosophy
The Moral Equality of Combatants.Barry Christian & Christie Lars - 2017 - In Seth Lazar & Helen Frowe (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.details
The doctrine of the moral equality of combatants holds that combatants on either side of a war have equal moral status, even if one side is fighting a just war while the other is not. This chapter examines arguments that have been offered for and against this doctrine, including the collectivist position famously articulated by Walzer and McMahan's influential individualist critique. We also explore collectivist positions that have rejected the moral equality doctrine and arguments that some individualists have offered in (...) its favor. We defend a non-categorical version of the moral equality doctrine, according to which combatants on either side of a just war sometimes (but not always) have equal moral status. On our view, some degree of culpability is necessary for liability, and non-culpable combatants may therefore sometimes remain non-liable even when they fight for an unjust cause. (shrink)
Intervention in Social and Political Philosophy
Justice, Misc in Social and Political Philosophy
Iris Marion Young on Responsible Intervention: Reimagining Humanitarian Intervention.Sally J. Scholz - 2017 - Journal of Global Ethics 13 (1):70-89.details
Iris Marion Young took a strong stance against humanitarian intervention and other so-called legitimate instances of what she calls 'official violence'. Nevertheless, she was also aware that there may be some situations for which military humanitarian intervention should at least be considered. Young was concerned that some states will use their obligation to defend against human rights violations as a mechanism in securing or maintaining global dominance. In addition, she recognized that what counts as a violation of human rights is (...) not uncontroversial; human rights norms and conventions are interpreted, negotiated, and otherwise contested. In this article, I build on Young's arguments for a social connection model of responsibility by applying it to a situation where a forceful response to violence might be justified. I juxtapose Young's position with the emerging international standard called 'the responsibility to protect' in order to suggest an account of intervention for global governance relations. (shrink)
Genocide in Social and Political Philosophy
Political Ethics in Applied Ethics
Social Philosophy in Social and Political Philosophy
Autonomous Weapons Systems: Law, Ethics, Policy.Nehal Bhuta, Susanne Beck, Robin Geiss, Hin-Yan Liu & Claus Kress (eds.) - 2016 - Cambridge University Press.details
The intense and polemical debate over the legality and morality of weapons systems to which human cognitive functions are delegated (up to and including the capacity to select targets and release weapons without further human intervention) addresses a phenomena which does not yet exist but which is widely claimed to be emergent. This groundbreaking collection combines contributions from roboticists, legal scholars, philosophers and sociologists of science in order to recast the debate in a manner that clarifies key areas and articulates (...) questions for future research. The contributors develop insights with direct policy relevance, including who bears responsibility for autonomous weapons systems, whether they would violate fundamental ethical and legal norms, and how to regulate their development. It is essential reading for those concerned about this emerging phenomenon and its consequences for the future of humanity. (shrink)
Machine Ethics in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Robot Ethics in Applied Ethics
How We Fight: Ethics in War. [REVIEW]Amanda Cawston - 2016 - Philosophical Quarterly 66 (264):638-641.details
Uncertain Rights Against Defense.Bas van der Vossen - 2016 - Social Philosophy and Policy 32 (2):129-145.details
:In this essay, I defend a theory of liability to defensive force. The theory contains two elements. The first is a dual Lockean-inspired condition. The second aims to make this first condition consistent with problems arising from uncertainty. Drawing on recent work by Michael Zimmerman, I argue that the rights-based condition should be made sensitive to the evidence available to defenders.
Réguler les robots-tueurs, plutôt que les interdire.Vincent C. Müller & Thomas W. Simpson - 2015 - Multitudes 58 (1):77.details
This is the short version, in French translation by Anne Querrien, of the originally jointly authored paper: Müller, Vincent C., 'Autonomous killer robots are probably good news', in Ezio Di Nucci and Filippo Santoni de Sio, Drones and responsibility: Legal, philosophical and socio-technical perspectives on the use of remotely controlled weapons. - - - L'article qui suit présente un nouveau système d'armes fondé sur des robots qui risque d'être prochainement utilisé. À la différence des drones qui sont manoeuvrés à distance (...) mais comportent une part importante de discernement humain, il s'agit de machines programmées pour défendre, attaquer, ou tuer de manière autonome. Les auteurs, philosophes, préfèrent prévenir de leur prochaine diffusion et obtenir des Nations Unies leur régulation. Une campagne internationale propose plutôt leur interdiction. (shrink)
Moral Implications of Data-Mining, Key-Word Searches, and Targeted Electronic Surveillance.Michael Skerker - 2015 - In Bradley J. Strawser, Fritz Allhoff & Adam Henschke (eds.), Binary Bullets. Oxford, UK:details
This chapter addresses the morality of two types of national security electronic surveillance (SIGINT) programs: the analysis of communication "metadata" and dragnet searches for keywords in electronic communication. The chapter develops a standard for assessing coercive government action based on respect for the autonomy of inhabitants of liberal states and argues that both types of SIGINT can potentially meet this standard. That said, the collection of metadata creates opportunities for abuse of power, and so judgments about the trustworthiness and competence (...) of the government engaging in the collection must be made in order to decide whether metadata collection is justified in a particular state. Further, the moral standard proposed has a reflexive element justifying adversary states' intelligence collection against one another. Therefore, high-tech forms of SIGINT can only be justified at the cost of justifying cruder versions of signals intelligence collection practiced by a state's less-advanced adversaries. (shrink)
Deterrence in Social and Political Philosophy
Natural Rights in Social and Political Philosophy
Privacy Rights in Social and Political Philosophy
Specific Rights, Misc in Social and Political Philosophy
The Ideal of Peace and the Morality of War.Jeppe von Platz - 2015 - Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory 62 (145).details
According to both common wisdom and long-standing tradition, the ideal of peace is central to the morality of war. I argue that this notion is mistaken, not because peace is unachievable and utopian, though it might be for many of today's asymmetrical conflicts; nor because the pursuit of peace is counterproductive, though, again, it might be for many of today's conflicts; the problem, rather, is that the pursuit of peace is not a proper objective of war.
Targeted Killings: Legal and Ethical Justifications.Tomasz Zuradzki - 2015 - In Marcelo Galuppo (ed.), Human Rights, Rule of Law and the Contemporary Social Challenges in Complex Societies. pp. 2909-2923.details
The purpose of this paper is the analysis of both legal and ethical ways of justifying targeted killings. I compare two legal models: the law enforcement model vs the rules of armed conflicts; and two ethical ones: retribution vs the right of self-defence. I argue that, if the targeted killing is to be either legally or ethically justified, it would be so due to fulfilling of some criteria common for all acceptable forms of killing, and not because terrorist activity is (...) somehow distinguished and gives special privileges to a state that fights it. The practical implication of my analysis is that one of the most spectacular targeted killings, which was the targeting and killing of Osama bin Laden in May 2011, was not justified, because it was only supposed to be a retribution for the September 11th terrorist attacks. (shrink)
Terrorism in Social and Political Philosophy
Polityka namierzania i zabijania: aspekty etyczne i prawne.Tomasz Żuradzki - 2014 - In Maciej Marszałek & Waldemar Kitler (eds.), Bezpieczeństwo narodowe i międzynarodowe wobec wyzwań współczesnego świata. Warszawa: Akademia Obrony Narodowej. pp. 509-522.details
Celem artykułu jest analiza prawnych i etycznych sposobów uzasadnienia dopuszczalności stosowania polityki namierzania i zabijania. Pojawiły się próby usprawiedliwienia tego typu działań poprzez odwołanie do egzekwowania prawa, reguł rządzących konfliktami zbrojnymi, sprawiedliwej odpłaty, prawa do obrony własnej. W artykule dokonuję analizy tych sposobów usprawiedliwiania polityki namierzania i zabijania, a następnie rozważam, które z nich faktycznie mogą uzasadniać tego typu politykę. Rozważania prowadzę w świetle głównej hipotezy projektu badawczego, który obecnie prowadzę, zakładającej, że normy regulujące dopuszczalność i sposoby toczenia konfliktów zbrojnych (...) i używania przemocy w stosunkach międzynarodowych powinny być spójne z moralnymi intuicjami dotyczącymi stosowania przemocy w przypadkach indywidualnych. (shrink)
War Crimes in Social and Political Philosophy
Peter A. French, War and Moral Dissonance. [REVIEW]Saba Bazargan - 2013 - Journal of Moral Philosophy 10 (1):116-119.details
Book review of Peter French's "War and Moral Dissonance".
Purpose of War in Social and Political Philosophy
Proportionality, Territorial Occupation, and Enabled Terrorism.Saba Bazargan - 2013 - Law and Philosophy 32 (4):435-457.details
Some collateral harms affecting enemy civilians during a war are agentially mediated – for example, the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 sparked an insurgency which killed thousands of Iraqi civilians. I call these 'collaterally enabled harms.' Intuitively, we ought to discount the weight that these harms receive in the 'costs' column of our ad bellum proportionality calculation. But I argue that an occupying military force with de facto political authority has a special obligation to provide minimal protection to the (...) civilian population. As a result, when an occupying military force collaterally enables a harm affecting the civilian population, the weight that the harm ought to receive in the ad bellum proportionality calculation is unaffected by the fact that the harm is agentially mediated – it ought to be weighed at least as heavily as those harms that the occupying force collaterally commits directly. As a result, satisfying the ad bellum proportionality constraint in wars of territorial occupation is more difficult than it has been thought. (shrink)
Criminal Law in Philosophy of Law
Terrorism, Moral Conceptions, and Moral Innocence.Thomas J. Donahue - 2013 - Philosophical Forum 44 (4):413-435.details
Just War Theory: What Is It Good For?Shawn Kaplan - 2012 - Philosophy in the Contemporary World 19 (2):4-14.details
The usefulness of Just War Theory (JWT) has been called into question in recent years for two key reasons. First, military conflicts today less frequently fit the model traditionally assumed by JWT of interstate wars between regular armies. Second, there is a perception that JWT has lost its critical edge after its categories and principles have been co-opted by bellicose political leaders. This paper critically examines two responses to these concerns which shift the locus of responsibility for wars towards either (...) individual citizens or soldiers. Both attempts to revitalize JWT rely upon idealized conditions which preclude their pragmatic employment. I propose that, in order to arrive at a non-idealized JWT that individuals can apply in a critical fashion, an alternative focus upon a more basic question of political philosophy is required: Under what conditions, if any, are individual soldiers or citizens politically obligated to fight for their state? (shrink)
Human Rights, the Laws of War, and Reciprocity.Eric A. Posner - 2012 - Law and Ethics of Human Rights 6 (2):147-171.details
Human rights law does not appear to enjoy as high a level of compliance as the laws of war, yet is institutionalized to a greater degree. This Article argues that the reason for this difference is related to the strategic structure of international law. The laws of war are governed by a regime of reciprocity, which can produce selfenforcing patterns of behavior, whereas the human rights regime attempts to produce public goods and is thus subject to collective action problems. The (...) more elaborate human rights institutions are designed to overcome these problems but fall prey to second-order collective action problems. The simple laws of war institutions have been successful because they can exploit the logic of reciprocity. The Article also suggests that limits on military reprisals are in tension with self-enforcement of the laws of war. The U.S. conflict with Al Qaeda is discussed. (shrink)
International Law in Philosophy of Law
The Permissibility of Aiding and Abetting Unjust Wars.Saba Bazargan - 2011 - Journal of Moral Philosophy 8 (4):513-529.details
Common sense suggests that if a war is unjust, then there is a strong moral reason not to contribute to it. I argue that this presumption is mistaken. It can be permissible to contribute to an unjust war because, in general, whether it is permissible to perform an act often depends on the alternatives available to the actor. The relevant alternatives available to a government waging a war differ systematically from the relevant alternatives available to individuals in a position to (...) contribute to the war. Hence the conditions determining whether it is permissible for a government to wage a war often differ from the conditions determining whether it is permissible for others to promote that war. This difference is manifest most often in unjust wars with putatively humanitarian aims—an increasingly common type of war. (shrink)
War, Misc in Social and Political Philosophy
Risks and Robots – Some Ethical Issues.Peter Olsthoorn & Lambèr Royakkers - 2011 - Archive International Society for Military Ethics, 2011.details
While in many countries the use of unmanned systems is still in its infancy, other countries, most notably the US and Israel, are much ahead. Most of the systems in operation today are unarmed and are mainly used for reconnaissance and clearing improvised explosive devices. But over the last years the deployment of armed military robots is also on the increase, especially in the air. This might make unethical behavior less likely to happen, seeing that unmanned systems are immune to (...) what are considered to be main causes of misconduct on the battlefield: frustration, boredom, and anger. The use of robots raises some ethical questions, though, and this paper attempts to give an overview of issues at stake, such as the role of emotions, civilian casualties, just war theory, and responsibility. (shrink)
A Cautionary Tale From the Crusades? War and Prisoners in Conditions of Normative Incommensurability.Frédéric Mégret - 2010 - In Sibylle Scheipers (ed.), Prisoners in War. Oxford University Press.details
$128.25 new (collection) Amazon page
Civilian Immunity in War: Its Grounds, Scope and Weight.Igor Primoratz - 2010 - In Civilian Immunity in War. Oxford University Press.details
Igor Primoratz presents eleven specially written essays on ethical, political, and legal issues surrounding the involvement of non-combatants in armed conflict. Written in a clear and non-technical style, this volume will appeal to students and researchers in philosophy, politics, and law, and to anyone interested in the ethics and legality of war.
Remove from this list
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Principes du droit de la guerre. Écrits sur la paix perpétuelle (sous la direction de B. Bachofen et C. Spector), Paris, Vrin, 2008, 340 pages. [REVIEW]Mitia Rioux-Beaulne - 2010 - Philosophiques 37 (2):562-566.details
L'enjeu de cette édition : révéler qu'il y avait, dissimulée derrière ce corpus, une séquence de textes à laquelle on peut restituer une unité. Les conséquences de cette restitution sont des plus intéressantes. D'abord, on assiste à « un changement essentiel dans les données matérielles de la discussion [sur le droit de la guerre rousseauiste] : le corpus textuel à considérer est redéfini, et son statut requalifié » de manière à produire un « renouvellement interprétatif » (20). De fait, ce (...) qui semblait un point aveugle dans la pensée politique de Rousseau, la question de la guerre, trouverait désormais son lieu propre. Du même coup, une sorte d'énigme laissée en exergue du Contrat social et réitérée dans un endroit des Confessions et dans une lettre à Marc-Michel Rey se verrait résolue : le projet annoncé de la publication d'un ouvrage portant sur les relations externes des États, intitulé Principes du droit de la guerre, pour lequel aucun texte ne semblait disponible, arrive à terme avec cette édition. (shrink)
French Philosophy in European Philosophy
Civilian Immunity in the Precision-Guidance Age.Hugh White - 2010 - In Igor Primoratz (ed.), Civilian Immunity in War. Oxford University Press.details
Intelligence Ethics and Non-Coercive Interrogation.Michael Skerker - 2007 - Defense Intelligence Journal 16 (1):61-76.details
This paper will address the moral implications of non-coercive interrogations in intelligence contexts. U.S. Army and CIA interrogation manuals define non-coercive interrogation as interrogation which avoids the use of physical pressure, relying instead on oral gambits. These methods, including some that involve deceit and emotional manipulation, would be mostly familiar to viewers of TV police dramas. As I see it, there are two questions that need be answered relevant to this subject. First, under what circumstances, if any, may a state (...) agent use deception or manipulation in the course of his or her duties? Second, if there are classes of persons who, by their activities, lose a legitimate expectation for honest-dealing, how are state agents to proceed when the identity of such persons is unclear? (shrink)
Deception in Applied Ethics
Policing in Applied Ethics
Torture in Social and Political Philosophy
The Rights of Irregular Combatants.Michael Skerker - 2007 - International Journal of Intelligence Ethics 16 (1).details
This article discusses the rights enjoyed by irregular combatants in detention, that is, members of organized groups (who may be fighting an insurgency or engaging in terror attacks) who fail to qualify for POW status. The paradigmatic example of such a detainee would be an al-Qaeda agent.
Civil War in Social and Political Philosophy
Criminal Justice Ethics, Misc in Applied Ethics
Imprisonment in Applied Ethics
The Right to War: Hegemonial Geopolitics or Civic Constitutionalism?Hauke Brunkhorst - 2004 - Constellations 11 (4):512-526.details
Michael Ignatieff.Timothy Garton Ash - 2003 - In Nicholas Owen (ed.), Human Rights, Human Wrongs: Oxford Amnesty Lectures 2001. Oxford University Press.details
Violence, Misc in Social and Political Philosophy
$0.80 used $27.61 new (collection) Amazon page
War and Self Defense.David Rodin - 2002 - Oxford University Press UK.details
When is it right to go to war? The most persuasive answer to this question has always been 'in self-defense'. In a penetrating new analysis, bringing together moral philosophy, political science, and law, David Rodin shows what's wrong with this answer. He proposes a comprehensive new theory of the right of self-defense which resolves many of the perplexing questions that have dogged both jurists and moral philosophers. By applying the theory of self-defense to international relations, Rodin produces a far-reaching critique (...) of the canonical Just War theory. The simple analogy between self-defense and national defense - between the individual and the state - needs to be fundamentally rethought, and with it many of the basic elements of international law and the ethics of international relations. (shrink)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Antepipona brunnipes är en stekelart som först beskrevs av Fabricius 1804.  Antepipona brunnipes ingår i släktet Antepipona och familjen Eumenidae.

Underarter

Arten delas in i följande underarter:

 A. b. atratulus
 A. b. ignobilis
 A. b. pocilloides
 A. b. pocillum

Källor

Steklar
brunnipes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Witcher Season 2 Ending Explained
The Witcher 2: Assassins of Kings is a role-playing game with strong elements of story, exploration and combat. The second season finale was released on May 19th, 2018 which has left many questioning what exactly happened in the final episode. This blog will break down each character's actions throughout the last episode to reveal everything that transpired during it
The "the witcher season 2 spoilers reddit" is a website that provides information on the ending of The Witcher Season 2.
Season 2 of The Witcher is now available on Netflix, and many fans have either completed or are close to finishing the season. For those who have completed, the last episode and the program's concluding moments bring a lot to the universe and introduce new characters and storylines for season 3. That's why, as part of our Witcher CRAM, we're breaking down everything that occurred in the last moments and explaining what it all means, who these characters are, and how it all ties into season 3. But be warned: there will be spoilers, so if you haven't completed the series yet, you may want to wait till later.
Okay, this is your final opportunity. Are we in good shape? Good. After Ciri is taken over by a strong sorceress called Voleth Meir, who was formerly imprisoned by Witchers but is now free, the last great fight of Season 2 takes place in Kaer Morhen. Before being detected, she manages to murder numerous Witchers, and Geralt, Vesemir, Lambert, Coen, Yennefer, and Jaskier attempt to rescue Ciri and extract the witch from her.
After Voleth Meir smashed the Medallion Tree to show it was a monolith, she creates a gateway and summons three Basilisks to combat Geralt and the Witchers, more Witchers die. Eventually, Yennefer absorbs Voleth Meir, freeing Ciri for a while, and they utilize Ciri's skills to force Meir into the portal, but they also accompany her. Meir then makes contact with an approaching army on horseback, which is none other than the Wild Hunt. Ciri, Yennefer, and Geralt are riding towards them, urging Ciri to return home and join them. Ciri takes the three back to their world before they can catch up, and Yennefer quickly finds her power and bond to chaos has returned.
Following the fight at Kaer Morhen, we go on to a discussion amongst the Brotherhood of Sorcerers, which features Maeve's first appearance. They place a reward on Ciri and anybody who defends her, and then we shift to Rience, who has a brief scene with Lydia and will now have some clout in Vilgefortz's camp.
Then we travel on to the Elves, where Francesca is seeking justice for the death of her infant. She and the elves exacted vengeance on the humans in Redania by kidnapping their kids. When the troops bring in Istredd, Francesca isn't interested in listening to him until he mentions the words Hen Ikeir, which means Elder Blood. Francesca believes this is the one who will rescue them, as predicted by Ithlinne's prophesy.
The owl we've seen throughout the series has been keeping track of everything, and we next see the owl in Dijkstra's chamber, where the owl morphs into Philippa Eilhart as he speaks. When she tells him what's going on, he responds, "Bring me the bard, it's about time he paid back his benefactor," which sets up a season 3 plot with Jaskier.
Then we return to Kaer Morhen, where Geralt expresses his displeasure with Yennefer for attempting to hand Ciri up to Voleth Meir. She realizes she has injured him and wishes they could start again, but despite his rage, he begs her to assist Ciri in learning to manage her abilities, as she is the only one who has been able to assist her so far. We'll see more of them together next season since Yennefer agrees and doesn't trust anybody else to handle the job.
Geralt then goes on to add that Villentretenmerth informed them they were intended for one other and that they were made for each other "However, nothing would come of it since fate isn't enough. There is a need for something greater. She's more than that."
After that, we encounter Ciri, who says "Every time I think I'm making progress, this force pulls me back into the darkness. Geralt, I'm simply weary ".. He claims to be fatigued as well, but life goes on. According to Geralt, "We'll all pitch in to support one other. It is impossible to prevent what is predestined." "And it shouldn't be," Yennefer continues.
According to Geralt, "I think I understand what Voleth Meir was looking for from you. We believed she was from another sphere since she'd been here since the conjunction ".. "Is that where I moved us, another sphere?" Ciri inquires. According to Geralt, "Those broken monoliths, the ones from which you summon monsters, might be portals to other worlds. She wishes for you to return home. You hold the key to her future success. What I'm not sure about is when Nilfgard realizes you're the key to their success. They were the first to know. Ciri, how do they know you're telling the truth?"
The last piece of the jigsaw arrives when we meet Emperor Emhyr var Emreis, also known as the White Flame. Cahir and Fringilla are bringing him up to speed, but he claims he can no longer trust any of them to complete their task, and he discloses that he is the one who murdered the elf infant and began the war. He then reveals that he is really Duny, who was married to Pavetta and was Ciri's parents until Geralt saved them back in Cintra and took the Law of Surprise from them season 1.
Yeah, it was a tense conclusion, but it's there, and it sets up a lot for Season 3.
Are you looking forward to Season 3 and what were your thoughts on Season 2? Let us know in the comments, and as usual, you can reach out to me on Twitter @MattAguilarCB to discuss all things Witcher!
Watch This Video-
The "The Witcher Season 2 Ending Explained" is a blog post that explains the ending of the second season of The Witcher. Reference: the witcher season 2 leaks.
the witcher season 2 release date
the witcher season 2 rumors
witcher season 2 cast
witcher season 2 blood of elves
witcher season 3
Clock watchdog timeout error on Windows 10 [Full Guide]
Harder than I thought, players don't understand my style of football
How to Download Instagram Videos, Photos and Stories
Best Islamic Prayer Times Apps for Android
Shaquille O'Neal Once Lost $295,000 After Viciously Blasting NBA Officials in a Profanity-Laced Rant


Petroleum Marketers Equipment Company's goal is to respond to every need of the liquid handling customer. The over 400 product lines we represent are the leaders in their fields and are selected because of their quality, excellence and proven reliability. We meet the unique needs of our customers with modern equipment, complete parts inventory, and information based upon experience and training.
Our business is more than distributing a fine product, installing it well, and providing continual good service; it is thinking about customer problems and suggesting solutions which will enhance customer profits and service to their customers. Our customers, working with our sales personnel, come up with solutions. The majority of our services are provided for repeat customers, indicating our ability to provide a quality service which exceeds their expectations.


text:
Марилија Пера () била је бразилска глумица.

Референце

Спољашње везе

Рођени 1943.
Умрли 2015.
Бразилске глумице


text:
Black Women in South/Central Americ
Afro-Carribbean/Latin@ Women
Black and Aboriginal/Australia
Videos/Visual
Black Women in Diaspora North Ameri
mamablack Memory
Mothertongue
Black Women in the U.S.
mamablack Tea
Black Women in the African Continen
The Matriarchy Project
blueprintny
McKenzie Adams and the Rise of Black Kid Suicides
On. Dec. 2, 9-year-old McKenzie Adams hanged herself in her grandmother's bathroom in Linden, Alabama. Weeks earlier, in November, Maddie Whittsett, also 9, took her own life in her bedroom closet in Birmingham. Months before that, 12-year-old Stormiyah Denson-Jackson died by suicide at her Washington, D.C., boarding school. And late last fall Rylan Hagan, 11, hanged himself from his bunk bed in D.C.
The most recent death, McKenzie, came after the little girl was bullied mercilessly. The bright fourth-grader told her family, but the school did nothing about the children who called McKenzie black and ugly and bombarded her with evil notes day-in and day-out for months. Something in McKenzie snapped that day, and led her to believe her life was not worth living.
The last year has been filled with stories like McKenzie's, those of Black children dying at their own hands. Naturally, many are shocked by the tragic headlines because the thought of someone so young, so innocent and pure ending their lives is unsettling. But the Black community should not be so surprised. As Black children, we often hear grown-ups dismiss suicide, depression, and any inkling of emotional instability as "white people" stuff. And we carry that idea with us well into adulthood, sometimes allowing our unaddressed pain to destroy us from the inside out.
But McKenzie, Maddie, Stormiyah and Rylan didn't make it to adulthood. The despair they had known in their short lives was enough for them to not want to live them anymore. And their deaths represent a heartbreaking statistical trend. The number of Black kids under 18 dying by suicide has risen 71 percent in the last 10 years. And the suicide rate for Black children ages 5 to 11 has increased dramatically since the 1990s — Black boys and girls between the ages of 5 and 12 are dying by suicide at double the rate of white children their age.
Additionally, rates of depression, anxiety and behavior disorders in Black kids have doubled in recent decades, according to another study.
These statistics are new, though, and that's likely because past research in the field has largely focused on suicide among white people. Thus, researchers need to account for socioeconomic factors when it comes to Black children's deaths, like poverty, risk of violence, racism and limited access to adequate resources — particularly culturally specific resources — in underserved neighborhoods.
And perhaps most importantly, the Black community needs to do away with the notion that suicide isn't a problem for us. Suicide is not a "white thing." It is prevalent in the Black community and it's taking our children. Our refusal to acknowledge it as a problem only leaves us unprepared in the face of it.
"If there is a belief that black children do not kill themselves, there's no reason to use tools to talk about suicide prevention," Rheeda L. Walker, a psychology professor at the University of Houston-Downtown, has said.
A vital part of Black liberation and Black well-being is to prioritize mental and emotional health. This is done by seeking professional help for ourselves, for our friends, families, and for our children. Although faith can (and often does) play a large role in helping with depression and mental health issues, we cannot simply "pray it away" or rely on clergy members and well-meaning loved ones who have no professional training in the area. We have to dispel the notion that Black people who seek professional help are crazy or weak. That ideology will only lead to our demise.
"African Americans are at increased risk for all kinds of things," Lisa Horowitz, a National Institutes of Health staff scientist and pediatric psychologist, has said. "This is no exception."
But suicide isn't the only result of disregarding mental and emotional health. This lack of care often leaves our Black girls vulnerable and susceptible to evils like sex trafficking, domestic violence and sex abuse. When we think of these forms of violence, we usually imagine them as happening abruptly. But victims of sex trafficking, sex abuse, domestic violence and the like are often coerced over time. Coercion tactics carried out by abusers work best on the vulnerable.
Along with socioeconomic factors that leave Black girls vulnerable to sex trafficking, isolation, emotional distress, mental illness, and lack of social support also make them more susceptible. Ignoring emotional and mental health within the Black community only opens dangerous doors and puts our already-disadvantaged children at greater risk of harm.
Our Black children are killing themselves. To save our babies and ourselves, we must acknowledge suicide and mental health issues within the Black community. Not only that, we must also take steps to address them and work to provide ourselves with adequate resources to ensure our well-being and wholeness. It's too late for McKenzie, and Maddie, and Stormiyah and Rylan. But it does not have to be too late for the millions of Black girls and boys who are, as we speak, suppressing their despair, falling silent, and reducing their pain to "white people" stuff.
Let's talk about suicide. But more than that, let's do something about it.
Empowering Oregon's Black Farmers
Black Feminist Ecological Thought: A Manifesto
Building an Herbal Library: Our Favorite Botanical Books


During the summer Sandhill Cranes are far to the north of us, in Wyoming, Montana, Alaska, Canada and even as far as northeastern Siberia. There they build nests in shallow water and raise their young. The nest is usually a mound of wet vegetation in a marshy area. The parents take turns incubating the (1 or 2) egg(s) over a period of about a month.
A pair will generally raise one or two chicks each year. The chicks are downy and able to move about on their own within a couple of hours after they hatch.
The chicks are carefully raised by their parents for up to four months. The young cranes spend their first winter and spring with their parents, both in migration and at their wintering grounds.
Once the breeding season is over the birds begin to gather at pre-migration staging areas. From these they'll make the long flight south in a few long, high-altitude stages, resting at some time-honored stopover points such as the Platte river in Nebraska.
The sandhill cranes begin to arrive in Arizona, Texas, New Mexico and northern Mexico in October and remain until February, when they return to the northern nesting areas.
While in these wintering areas, they prefer shallow water roosting sites near harvested grain fields. That makes the Sulphur Springs Valley ideal for them. They spend the nights in the wetland areas and go forth each morning to the harvested grain fields of the valley to feed. Corn is a favorite but they also eat sorghum, wheat, alfalfa and grasses. Sandhill Cranes are gray in color with black feet, legs and bill.
The Arizona Game and Fish Department estimates the average number of cranes in the local Sulphur Springs Valley to be between 8,000 to 12,000 birds each winter. However, the 1996 sandhill count showed the highest total ever with over 24,000 birds. This might have been due to drier than average conditions in other favored roosting areas in New Mexico and Mexico. Taking a larger area, which included the Willcox Playa, Crane Lake, Whitewater Draw, Safford Valley/Duncan and Bonita, biologists came up with a toal of 30,570 birds in 2005-2006. This number comes close to the record number of 31.442 spotted in 2004.
Birds can be seen in the evening in the wetland areas around Willcox, the Whitewater Draw area and the AEPCO (Arizona Electric Power Cooperative) viewing station (see directions below).
If you wish to see the birds in the feeding areas, highway 191 from the town of Cochise to Dragoon Road and Kansas Settlement Road from highway 186 to Baker Road are good spots to try. Early morning is the best time.
Each January the town of Willcox pays homage to these impressive winter visitors at the "Wings over Willcox" birding festival.
A Birding and Nature Festival. Birding tours, trade show and much more. The annual event includes birding, natural history tours, and seminars.Tours go to the Willcox Playa (dry lake) and nearby wetlands to see wintering sandhill cranes, hawks and sparrows. For more information contact Willcox Chamber of Commerce and Agriculture at 520-384-2272 or www.wingsoverwillcox.com.
The cranes usually arrive in October, and they generally remain in the area until at least the end of February and sometimes into March.


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

<template id="template">
<svg>
    <defs>
        <g id="used-group">
          <rect
            id="rect"
            is="x-rect"
            x="10" y="10"
            width="100" height="100"
            fill="red"/>
        </g>
    </defs>
    <use xlink:href="#used-group"/>
</svg>
</template>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package org.openur.module.persistence.dao.rdbms;

import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;

import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;

import javax.inject.Inject;

import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.openur.domain.testfixture.testobjects.TestObjectContainer;
import org.openur.module.domain.application.IApplication;
import org.openur.module.domain.application.OpenURApplication;
import org.openur.module.persistence.dao.IApplicationDao;
import org.openur.module.persistence.mapper.rdbms.ApplicationMapper;
import org.openur.module.persistence.mapper.rdbms.IEntityDomainObjectMapper;
import org.openur.module.persistence.rdbms.config.DaoSpringConfig;
import org.openur.module.persistence.rdbms.config.MapperSpringConfig;
import org.openur.module.persistence.rdbms.config.RepositorySpringConfig;
import org.openur.module.persistence.rdbms.entity.PApplication;
import org.openur.module.persistence.rdbms.repository.ApplicationRepository;
import org.springframework.test.context.ActiveProfiles;
import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;

@ContextConfiguration(classes = { RepositorySpringConfig.class, DaoSpringConfig.class, MapperSpringConfig.class })
@ActiveProfiles(profiles = { "testRepository", "testDao", "testMappers" })
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
public class ApplicationDaoImplRdbmsTest
{
	@Inject
	private IEntityDomainObjectMapper<PApplication, OpenURApplication> applicationMapper;

	@Inject
	private ApplicationRepository applicationRepository;

	@Inject
	private IApplicationDao applicationDao;

	@Test
	public void testFindApplicationById()
	{
		PApplication persistable = applicationMapper.mapFromDomainObject(TestObjectContainer.APP_A);
		persistable = saveApplication(persistable);

		IApplication immutable = applicationDao.findApplicationById(persistable.getIdentifier());

		assertNotNull(immutable);
		assertTrue(ApplicationMapper.domainObjectEqualsToEntity((OpenURApplication) immutable, persistable));
	}

	@Test
	public void testFindApplicationByName()
	{
		PApplication persistable = applicationMapper.mapFromDomainObject(TestObjectContainer.APP_A);
		persistable = saveApplication(persistable);

		IApplication immutable = applicationDao.findApplicationByName(TestObjectContainer.APP_A.getApplicationName());

		assertNotNull(immutable);
		assertTrue(ApplicationMapper.domainObjectEqualsToEntity((OpenURApplication) immutable, persistable));
	}

	@Test
	public void testObtainAllApplications()
	{
		List<IApplication> allApps = applicationDao.obtainAllApplications();
		assertNotNull(allApps);
		assertEquals(allApps.size(), 0);

		PApplication persistable = applicationMapper.mapFromDomainObject(TestObjectContainer.APP_A);
		persistable = saveApplication(persistable);
		PApplication persistable2 = applicationMapper.mapFromDomainObject(TestObjectContainer.APP_B);
		persistable2 = saveApplication(persistable2);

		allApps = applicationDao.obtainAllApplications();
		assertNotNull(allApps);
		assertEquals(allApps.size(), 2);

		Iterator<IApplication> iter = allApps.iterator();
		OpenURApplication _app1 = (OpenURApplication) iter.next();
		OpenURApplication _app2 = (OpenURApplication) iter.next();
		OpenURApplication app1 = _app1.getApplicationName().equals(persistable.getApplicationName()) ? _app1 : _app2;
		OpenURApplication app2 = _app2.getApplicationName().equals(persistable2.getApplicationName()) ? _app2 : _app1;

		assertTrue(ApplicationMapper.domainObjectEqualsToEntity(app1, persistable));
		assertTrue(ApplicationMapper.domainObjectEqualsToEntity(app2, persistable2));
	}

	@After
	public void tearDown()
		throws Exception
	{
		applicationRepository.deleteAll();
	}

	@Transactional(readOnly = false)
	private PApplication saveApplication(PApplication persistable)
	{
		return applicationRepository.save(persistable);
	}
}


FREE Performance on Denison University's Fine Arts Quad, 338 West Broadway (if rain, Burke Hall). Concerts will start at 6:30pm and will be a 90 minute set with no intermission. Bring your lawn chairs, blankets and picnics. Vehicles parked in the driveway leading to Burke Hall are subject to ticketing and/or towing. Performances may not be taped without explicit permission of the artists. These concerts are facilitated by Granville Recreation District and are made possible through the cooperation of Denison University.


text:
Charles- Amédée de Courson (born 2 April 1952 in Paris - 16th arrondissement) is a member of the National Assembly of France  and a former 'rapporteur', and current secretary of its Finance Commission. He represents the Marne department, and is a member of the Union of Democrats and Independents as part of the Centrists. Amongst his many interventions, he has opposed same-sex marriage, and has denounced the "illusion of security at airports".

References

1952 births
Living people
ESSEC Business School alumni
École nationale d'administration alumni
Politicians from Paris
Centre of Social Democrats politicians
Union for French Democracy politicians
The Centrists politicians
Union of Democrats and Independents politicians
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 16th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Members of Parliament for Marne


Work. Shop. Gym. Night out... where could a megarider take you?
With unlimited travel in your area, you can travel as much as you like, as often as you like, whenever you like all week with just one ticket.
Which ticket do I need?
Where can I buy my megarider?
You can get a megarider now on the Stagecoach Bus App, online or on board the bus.
So we can help if it's lost or stolen.
Get info on local tickets by type of passenger eg adult, child or young person.


text:
Anthony Luzzatto Gardner (born May 16, 1963) was the U.S. Ambassador to the European Union. He was sworn in on February 18, 2014, and left his post on January 20, 2017.

In 2020, he authored the book Stars with Stripes which "provides an analytic and accessible approach to how the US and EU have worked together efficiently on numerous core issues such as trade, the digital economy, climate change and more." The book was included in the list of best foreign policy books of 2020 published by Foreign Affairs magazine.

Education
A graduate of Phillips Exeter Academy in 1981, Gardner holds a BA in Government from Harvard University, an MPhil in International Relations from Oxford University, a JD from Columbia Law School, and a Masters in Finance from London Business School. He is fluent in French and Italian, and is conversant in Spanish.

Career
Gardner is currently Managing Partner of Brookfield's private equity group, based in London. Before becoming U.S. ambassador to the EU, Gardner was managing director for six years at a private equity firm based in London. Before that he worked for both Bank of America and GE Capital in London, as well as for several international law firms in London, Brussels, Paris and New York. He also worked with the European Commission (Directorate General for Competition Policy), the Commission des Operations de Bourse in Paris and the Treuhandanstalt (German Privatization Ministry) in Berlin. He has lived in London with his family since July 2000.

Diplomatic career
Gardner served as Director for European Affairs on the National Security Council in 1994-95. In 2013, he was appointed by President Obama to head the US Mission to the European Union. In his testimony before the Senate on October 31, 2013, he noted that one of his most important objectives would be to "help conclude an ambitious Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, or T-TIP, that will position our economies for success in the 21st century." He was confirmed by the Senate on February 12, 2014.

He is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a member of the advisory boards of the Centre for European Reform, the European Policy Centre the American EC Association and Seed Global Health. He is a Senior non-resident fellow of the German Marshall Fund. He has served as trustee of the Guggenheim UK Charitable Trust, and a board member for the Peggy Guggenheim Collection in Venice.

He served as a member of the Board of Directors of Brookfield Business Partners between June 2017 and June 2020, and as a member of the Board of Directors of Scottish Power between August 2017 and April 2018. He was appointed member of the Board of Directors of Iberdrola in April 2018.

References

1963 births
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Alumni of London Business School
Ambassadors of the United States to the European Union
American financial businesspeople
Columbia Law School alumni
Directors of Iberdrola
Harvard College alumni
Living people
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
United States National Security Council staffers
21st-century American diplomats


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Home Titles list Longitudinal Relationships Between Reflective Functioning, Empathy, and Externalizing Behaviors During...
Longitudinal Relationships Between Reflective Functioning, Empathy, and Externalizing Behaviors During Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Morosan, Larisa
Ghisletta, Paolo
Badoud, Deborah Myriam
Toffel, Elodie
Eliez, Stéphan
Debbané, Martin
Published in	 Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 2019, vol. 51, no. 1, p. 59-70
Abstract Reflective functioning (RF) refers to the understanding of one's own and others' behaviors in terms of mental states, whereas empathy entails the abilities to understand (cognitive empathy) and to share (affective empathy) the emotions of others. Low RF and low empathy have been previously related to externalizing behaviors, such as aggression and rule breaking. However, few longitudinal studies have simultaneously examined the relationships between these variables during adolescence. The aim of the present study is to investigate the longitudinal effects of both RF and empathy on potential changes in externalizing behaviors over time, in a group of 103 adolescents and young adults from the general population assessed repeatedly up to four times. We conducted multilevel analysis in order to examine the effects of RF and empathy on the initial levels and the trajectories of externalizing behaviors over time, while accounting for other variables previously associated with externalizing behaviors, such as age, gender, internalizing problems, and cognitive abilities. The results suggest that the ability to reflect on behaviors in terms of mental states predicted a sharper decrease in externalizing behaviors over time. Moreover, externalizing behaviors at the first assessment were associated with RF impairments and low affective empathy. Age, gender, cognitive abilities, and cognitive empathy were not associated with externalizing behaviors. We discuss how our results, based on a typically developing population, might inform primary or indicated prevention strategies for externalizing behaviors by focusing on socio-cognitive processes such as RF and affective empathy.
Keywords	 Adolescence — Externalizing behaviors — Longitudinal — Mentalizing — Reflective functioning
Article (Published version) (680 Kb) - Limited access to UNIGE
Faculté de médecine / Section de médecine clinique / Département de psychiatrie
Faculté de psychologie et des sciences de l'éducation / Section de psychologie
Research groups Laboratoire d'imagerie et de psychopathologie développementale (693)
Unité de psychologie clinique développementale (UPCD)
Centre LIVES
Project FNS: 100019-159440
(ISO format) MOROSAN, Larisa et al. Longitudinal Relationships Between Reflective Functioning, Empathy, and Externalizing Behaviors During Adolescence and Young Adulthood. In: Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 2019, vol. 51, n° 1, p. 59-70. doi: 10.1007/s10578-019-00910-8 https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:132731
Deposited on : 2020-03-21
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Citation style : APA 6th - American Psychological Association, 6th Edition BibTeX Chicago 15th Edition (Author-Date System) Harvard MLA 6th Edition NLM - National Library of Medicine Turabian (Reference List) 6th Edition Vancouver


Walking art is about exploring the places in which we live, in new ways. It's about creating connections with place and with each other, and it's about taking ownership of our environments: making the spaces we live in, ours.
Connect Housing asked me to develop a myths and monsters walk for service users, to encourage engagement in Dewsbury. It was an oppertunity to get people out and about and into the local community: to get people interacting with staff, artists and each other. Over three walks, we drew, talked and photographed our way around the town, looking for some of Dewsbury's myths and legends, and creating some of our own. The undisputed king of Mythogeography is Phil Smith, and I doff my cap to him in the making of this project.
So join us in exploring Dewsbury's Myths and Monsters! Explore the map, and see what (and who!) we found lurking on the streets of Dewsbury.
For the best mobile experience, view this page in Landscape on your mobile device.


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Trends Shaping OTT: A Panel Wrap‐Up
OTT Advertising
Last week, MediaRadar hosted a panel to explore the recent changes in OTT and what the future holds for this type of advertising.
The panel, moderated by Wendy Lee of the LA Times, included MediaRadar CEO Todd Krizelman, Bill Condon of Xumo, Justin Gutschmidt of Premion, and Matt Graham of Acorn TV.
The panelists dove into many aspects of OTT, discussing the benefits and how the industry has evolved this year.
We encourage you to subscribe to our blog for the latest data surrounding the advertising industry. We will provide daily updates as COVID-19 continues to make its mark on the US economy.
Why OTT is Beneficial for Brands
OTT advertising offers a number of advantages to brands looking to get more for their money. More views, more click‐throughs, or more sales—OTT provides opportunities to get a message in front of the right people at the right time.
OTT channels provide audience data that allows advertisers to produce highly targeted campaigns. Advertisers can segment audiences based on geographic location, demographics, preferred content, and more. They can capture impression data and more for guiding future ad buys.
By narrowing down an ad's audience to include only those to whom it's applicable, brands can drive awareness. They also save money by not showing ads to obvious dead ends.
In turn, audiences appreciate not being shown ads that don't apply to them.
Ad space innovation
TV advertising has been the same for decades—but OTT platforms are offering new ways for advertisers to get their messages across.
For example, Hulu has a choose‐your‐own‐adventure‐type ad option. This allows viewers to select which of multiple ad options they'd like to watch, including which brand they'd like to see and which specific ad for that brand most applies to them.
Hulu also uses interstitial and binge ad options (viewers watch all their ads at once so they don't have to be interrupted later).
"And after literally a lifetime of seeing [TV ads] identical in one way, at least for the time being it feels refreshing," explained Krizelman.
This can help keep audiences engaged—most people are much less likely to get bored if there's more of a change in what they're watching. Hulu claims that the options provided by their platform lead to a 150% increase in brand recall.
Consolidation Marks the OTT Industry
As OTT content rises in popularity, the industry is beginning to consolidate. Xumo, for example, was acquired by Comcast.
"We got acquired by Comcast back at the end of February. So sort of right before the pandemic hit, we were doing well. But you know, being tied to a larger company has been really beneficial. I'd say there's four key areas in terms of what has been helpful to Xumo," Condon explained.
He lists distribution, discoverability, content, and data as the four primary benefits of the merger for Xumo. With Comcast's help, Xumo is reaching a wider audience, is easier for potential audience members to find, has seen a 350% increase in the content acquisition budget, and has access to more data and data processing tools.
Moving forward, other companies are likely to undergo similar merges and find similar benefits.
Now that all of the major players have introduced their OTT platforms, the number of unique OTT providers will likely decrease. The average OTT consumer is willing to pay for about 3.2 platforms. Past this threshold, they're willing to accept ad-supported OTT, which major leaders already offer (i.e. Peacock and HBO Max starting next year).
"We have a chart of what happens to our customers, and more than any single quarter in our ten years of doing this, there was more M&A out of those 2,400 [customers we track] than ever before in the last 90 days," said Krizelman.
This consolidation is a strong sign that the industry has reached its peak in regards to the number of platforms. As they band together for various benefits, we'll have a chance to find out what else the platforms can offer.
An Exciting Future for OTT
With all the big name players already on the scene, the future will be interesting for OTT. It's only a matter of time before we begin seeing even more of the potential and profitability play out as advertisers continue to capitalize on the benefits of OTT.


"...a sensation of an indissoluble bond, as of being connected with the external world in its integral form"
I love underwater work! Great job!!!
I like it very much, Sacha! Keep up the good work.
Extraordinary! a marvel of work!
dream like quality of grace.
wow ! omg sooo beautiful !
Nice pic!! She looks like a mermaid!!
She looks like a mermaid. Very beautiful.
WoW!! she's so pretty! she's like a mermaid! The picture is lovely, quite stunning indeed!!!
Aaah this is so calming! It just makes me want to jump in the water with her!
Beautiful pose and photo...In that outfit, the girl reminds me of a mermaid.
Fantastic photo Elena !! I love all your works !!! Merry Christmas and Happy New Year !!
This is so beautiful I think my jaw hit the floor. Gotta go pick that up now.
is she the same little girl from Alice photos?
i feel older XD seems like yesterday was a little girl, i follow your DA profile since 4 or 5 years ago and i remember when u submit that photoshoot from Alice.


23andMe to increase test price by 100$ on 19 Nov.
Free 23andMe test today !
Do you like the new design of 23andMe ?
Is 23andme the most accurate DNA testing company?
Father's results - mt- Haplogroup J1c8, any more information?
Is 23andMe the best option in the market for DNA analysis?
Is it possible to get a 23andme test with Paypal?
23andme HELP- WHAT is "Nonspecific Northern European"?
Amazing story via 23andme vs Eurogene?
Have You Taken 23 and Me Test?
Are my results normal for a swiss person ?
Are my results normal for my ancestry?
What is the explanation of my results ?
23 & me- East asian VS. dodecad and euro-West asian??
Ancient Germania vs Celtic Ancestry.
Test stuck in the DNA extraction phase ?
Great offers on DNA Day this year. All companies have out done themselves!
Woman with a Y chromosome.
Ancestry only test or Health plus Ancestry test?
Any thoughts on Admixture distributions re: the new update?


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Kyrkbron is a bridge in Umeå that takes Östra Kyrkogatan over Ume River to Teg on the south side. The construction of Kyrkbron started in 1973 and it was opened on 26 September 1975 becoming Umeå's third bridge over the Ume river. A discussion about whether or not the bridge should be located next to the church lasted from the early 1960s and continued into the 1970s. During the construction an unknown burial ground was encountered (an older part of the cemetery), leading to archaeological excavations.

The bridge consists of two parallel girders in concrete with vertical straight supports. It is actually two separate bridges, each with their lane with on and exit ramps that extend out over the river on the north side. The purpose of building Kyrkbron was to relieve Tegsbron from some of the traffic and Kyrkbron was designed with the expectation that there would be a drastic increase in car traffic in the city center, which proved to be highly optimistic.

History

Background
Already in the 1930s it was clear that the only bridge over the river in Umeå, Gamla bron, no longer would be able to cope with the increasing traffic. The County Board in Västerbotten commissioned the highway engineer O H Grahnén to create a work plan and drawings for a new bridge or a reconstruction of the existing bridge. Grahnén's proposal, dated 16 July 1936, showed a number of different solutions. Among other suggestions, there was a proposal to place the bridge as an extension to Östra Kyrkogatan, next to Umeå City Church. One problem with this solution was that the bridge then would end up downstream from the port and therefore the bridge would need to have vertical clearance or have movable bridge components, so that ships could pass. Such solutions was however considered to be too costly. Grahnén's main proposal was instead that the old bridge was closed to motor traffic and that a new bridge was to be built at the extension of Västra Esplanaden.

Tegs municipal society then requested a report regarding the possibility of a bridge in the extension of Östra Kyrkogatan. The provincial government appointed O. H. Grahnén to investigate it and Grahnén's investigation showed that a swing bridge with a swing span was the only realistic solution, but also that the additional costs were considered too high. This led Grahnén to object to building a bridge at Östra kyrkogatan. Despite Grahnén's advise the provincial government in 1939 decided that a swing bridge should be built. The case was revised by the King in Council who sent the matter back to the provincial government for reconsideration. This led the provincial government to change their minds and it was decided that the bridge should be built at the extension of Västra Esplanaden. This bridge, Tegsbron, was inaugurated in 1949.

Investigations, plans and decisions

Tegs municipal society in 1960 merged with Umeå landskommun (Umeå rural municipality) and there was a need to create a zoning plan for central Teg. A few years later in 1965, when Umeå landskommun was to merge with Umeå city, there was a need for a land use plan for the entire urban area. In the land use plan an area was allocated for a bridge at the church and a highway from Tegsbron through central Teg. A strong minority in the Municipal council was against Kyrkbron and the highway, as they wanted to keep Teg as a unit.

The land use plan, with the bridge situated next to the church, was created by Västerbottenskommunernas Arkitekt- och Byggnadskontor (VAB), with Åke Lundberg as the chief architect. The proposal was sent out to submission for comment to, among other things, the parish council in Umeå city parish, which endorsed the bridge's placement next to the church.

The engineering company Orrje & Co was hired in 1963 to develop a plan for Umeå's traffic route. Also the municipality's Public Works Department did an investigation of the bridge's position.

In October 1964, Orrje & Co presented a plan for the traffic route that took into consideration what traffic capacity the bridge would need to have in 1980, which was estimated at more than 40,000 cars per day. The plan also stated that the bridge should be located at the church in the extension of Östra Kyrkogatan.

In February 1965 the city council adopted Orrje & Co's proposals on the plan for the traffic route. The same year the parish council requested a new examination of the placement of the bridge as the church services would be disturbed by traffic noise and that the fragile environment around the church would be destroyed if the bridge was built there. The parish council's objections were addressed in a motion to the city council. The city council commissioned Orrje & Co to do a study of an additional placement for the bridge.

In November 1965 Orrje & Co presented two proposals: the original one with the bridge at the church and one with the bridge placed more to the east in the extension of Järnvägsgatan. The placement next to the church was considered most appropriate. However, Åke Lundberg, who became the county architect in 1964, suggested that Orrje & Co's eastern alternative should be used as he argued that the technical and economic advantages of the placement next to the church did not outweigh the infringing of the aesthetic and historical values.

In April and May 1966 two studies were presented in print, Orrje & Co's: "Ny bro över Ume älv: två principförslag" and the architect Erik Thelaus' "Bro över Umeälven. Synpunkter på miljöfrågor m m".

The architect firm Klemming och Thelaus was awarded a contract from Umeå city to study the environmental impacts of a bridge placed next to the church, and to propose a design of the bridge and its abutment. The findings were, amongst other things, reported with a model in scale 1:400, with floor plans and a memorandum. The memorandum emphasized that the bridge should be parallel to Tegsbron, to fit into the orthogonal and regular structure of the land use in the city. It was also concluded that it was important that the bridge would be given a visual connection or relationship with Tegsbron. Therefore, the firm proposed a bridge with a straight box girder with straight vertical support.

In June 1966 the motion for a new examination of the placement of the bridge was discussed in the city council. Drätselkammaren, responsible for the city's economy, agreed with the Public Works Department's line, and argued that the placement next to the church took precedence over other options. The city council approved drätselkammaren's proposal without a vote.

In August 1966, Orrje & Co's report "Förslag till ny bro över Ume älv i sträckning Idrottsvägen-Östra Kyrkogatan" ("Proposal for a new bridge over the Ume River in the direction Idrottsvägen-Östra Kyrkogatan") that showed the traffic engineering principles that should form the basis of Kyrkbron. It was meant to serve as a basis for land use plans for parts of the city. The land use plan was revised according to Orrje & Co's report, and the projection of the bridge was done in collaboration with the Swedish Road Administration. Different stakeholders were called in, including the Log driving association whose views on the span's design was important, so that log driving would not be affected. After a suggestion from the roadworks department the bicycle lane was placed in between the bridge's two driving lanes.

The new town plan was adopted by the city council in 1968. The County Administrative Board objected to the city's land use plan in 1969 and wanted an investigation into a more eastern location for the bridge. The reason given was that the expansions of Umeå University and Norrland's University Hospital changed the conditions, as both lies east of downtown Umeå. Also the Swedish National Heritage Board appealed based on infringement of inalienable values.

The King in Council referred the matter to the Statens planverk (the national planning department) which, in turn, requested the opinion of the Swedish Road Administration, which finally endorsed the plan. The reasoning was that the goal with new bridge would be to reduce traffic on Tegsbron, hence, the new bridge could not be too far away from Tegsbron. The land use plan was finally approved in September 1969. Two months later Kyrkbron was added to Swedish Road Administration's budget for 1970–74. Building started in 1972.

It was calculated that Kyrkbron would take 54.5 percent of the traffic from Tegsbron. At the time Tegsbron had around 25,000 vehicles/day, which was the maximum capacity for the bridge. The prognosis for year 1990 was 60,000 vehicles per day.

At the city council's handling of the annual budget, on 28 October 1971, the municipal government proposed that the plan for "bro över Ume älv" ("bridge over Ume River") should be adopted. This was followed by a heated debate that lasted six hours before the city council decided to allocate funding for the bridge. The number of votes was 25 against to 26 in favor, where the president had the casting vote. Thus the bridge's position at the church was settled. The decision to build the bridge led to the provincial government received 43 complaints letters against the decision. In May 1972 an agreement was signed between Umeå Municipality and the Swedish Road Administration that the Swedish Road Administration would build the bridge starting on 16 June 1972. AB Vägförbättringar was commissioned to build the bridge for 18.6 million kronor. This also included other works related to the bridge.

The opposition against Kyrkbron

The debate on the bridge started in 1965 when the church council sent a letter to the city council stating that the church services would be disrupted by the traffic on the bridge. In June 1971 the county architect Åke Lundberg once again brought up the placement of the bridge during an information session on municipal issues in Holmsund.

In the local media the discussion continued and various experts at the national level commented about the bridge. On 2 October 1971 the peak of the resistance was reached when a demonstration against the bridge was held in Umeå. The demonstration was initiated because a reader poll in the newspaper Västerbottens-Kuriren the previous day had shown that 84 percent were against the construction of Kyrkbron. Also the newly appointed governor Karl Georg Samuelson became involved in the opposition towards Kyrkbron.

A few members of the Centre Party tried to stop the construction in 1973, on the grounds that the cost had risen to 45 million kronor. The motion was rejected on the ground that it would be more costly for the municipality to rework the city's land use plan and cancel existing contracts than to continue the construction. Also, there would be implications of reduced employment in the municipality if the construction did not take place as planned. The opposition towards Kyrkbron was from then on reduced.

An unknown graveyard and cannon balls
During the summer of 1972 an unknown graveyard was found when workers were digging for the bridge next to Umeå City Church. The old boundaries of the cemetery was unknown and a tomb map was missing. The discovery made the county custodian of antiquities Sune Zachrisson and the Swedish National Heritage Board to put the construction of the bridge to a halt as the area would undergo archaeological excavations. Under the leadership of Sibylla Haasum 22 shafts were dug between 1 July and 17 August.

The result was forty casket graves with about sixty skeletons and also remains of coffins, coffin handles, fittings, nails, ornaments, grave plates, etc. were found. In an excavation seventeen cannonballs were found. The cannonballs probably came from the Finnish War of 1808–1809. Either the cannonballs ended up there when Lieutenant General Johan Adam Cronstedt defended Umeå in March 1809 or when the Russian general Nikolai Kamensky in the summer of 1809 defended the bridge that the Russians built across Ume River. In the last grave, a 3.3 by 3.8-meter large tomb south-southeast of the church, legible name plates were found that showed that it was governor Pehr Adam Stromberg's family grave. No headstone was found but it was probably destroyed when the church burned in 1887, along with all archival material about the graves.

The construction of the bridge and the inauguration
During the construction of the bridge a few technical novelties were used such as a desktop computer when surveying and the distance was measured with a laser. Kyrkbron was inaugurated 26 September 1975 by the Swedish Communication Minister Bengt Norling. In connection with the construction of the bridge an extensive rerouting of the traffic in central Umeå and Teg was also carried out. Teg became the first district in Umeå to get a pedestrian and cycle path all the way downtown.

After the construction of the bridge
When the construction of Kolbäcksbron began in 1998, Kyrkbron had approximately 16,600 and Tegsbron approximately 21,600 vehicles per mean annual day. In 2010 Kyrkbron had about 15,100, Tegsbron about 27,300 and Kolbäcksbron about 12,000 vehicles per mean annual day.

Because of Kolbäcksbron, a reduced amount of traffic in the center and the transformation of Strandgatan from a transit route to a city street. Kyrkbron's importance have been reduced and the bridge is now over-dimensioned.

References

Printed sources

 Umeå kommuns ritningsarkiv. Ritningarna 3310-07 och 3311-07 (Revisionsritningar från 1975-09-16).

Bridges in Sweden
Bridges completed in 1975
Buildings and structures in Umeå
1975 establishments in Sweden


A "Tonight" pillow nestled in silk rose petals with the bedding turned down, soft music & dim lighting at check in. A chilled bottle of sparkling juice & a pair of souvenir wine glasses, along with a locally poured scented soy candle complete the stage for an evening of Romance at The Inn. Add this $75 package to any reservation staying anytime FEBRUARY 2019 ONLY.


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