text:
Federally subsidized shrubs, grasses crucial to sage grouse survival in Washington
IMAGE: Co-author Michael Shroeder releases a male sage grouse in Idaho in 2005. view more
Credit: Wash. Dept. of Fish & Wildlife
The sage grouse is an exceptionally showy bird and an icon of the American West. But its sagebrush habitat is disappearing, and there is debate over how best to protect the populations in an increasingly developed landscape.
A new study by University of Washington, state and federal researchers analyzed sage grouse in Eastern Washington and showed a surprisingly large benefit from a federal program that subsidizes farmers to plant year-round grasses and native shrubs instead of crops. Although the program was adopted for many different reasons, the study finds it is probably the reason that sage grouse still live in portions of Washington's Columbia Basin.
"Without these lands, our models predict that we would lose about two thirds of the species' habitat, and that the sage grouse would go extinct in two of three subpopulations," said first author Andrew Shirk, a research scientist with the UW's Climate Impacts Group. The study will appear in an upcoming issue of the Journal of Wildlife Management.
The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) was established in 1985. It is a voluntary federal program that pays farmers to plant agricultural land with environmentally beneficial vegetation for 10- to 15-year contracts. The program's goals include improving water quality, reducing soil erosion and boosting wildlife habitat.
Of the roughly 24 million acres planted through the program in the United States, about 1.4 million acres are in Eastern Washington. The fields are planted with native shrubs and perennial grasses that provide cover for sage grouse and other animals.
"From the outset, it was envisioned that the CRP program would be good for wildlife," Shirk said. "But I don't think anyone expected that it would be this valuable. Our results show CRP isn't a substitute for native sagebrush, but mature CRP fields nearby augment native habitat and have had a tremendous positive impact -- it's a wildlife conservation success story."
In Eastern Washington, the sage grouse population has declined by 77 percent since 1960, and only about 8 percent of the birds' historic habitat remains. The population stabilized at about 1,000 birds in the early 1990s -- about when the fields planted as part of the Reagan-era CRP program first reached maturity.
Washington sage grouse live in three main areas: the Yakima Training Center in the southern part of the state; Moses Coulee in the center of the state; and Crab Creek to the east. The Yakima Training Center is a U.S. Army training area where the native sagebrush habitat is mostly intact. But the other two areas are heavily agricultural, with irrigated farmland around the Columbia River and wheat fields farther from water.
Sage grouse in other Western states are threatened mostly by oil and gas exploration and other types of development.
"Eastern Washington is a unique landscape. It's a patchwork of irrigated agriculture, dryland agriculture and CRP land," Shirk said.
Previously, studies of sage grouse across their range in the United States suggested Eastern Washington agricultural areas would not be hospitable for the birds. Indeed, Washington's habitat is a relatively small island separated from the broader sagebrush seas in Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon and Nevada.
"The other studies generally predicted that Eastern Washington was a place that shouldn't support sage grouse because most of the habitat was converted to agricultural lands. Everything suggested that the historical populations should be extinct," Shirk said. "And yet they're still here."
The authors' results show that without the federally-subsidized CRP lands dominated by native grass and big sagebrush, sage grouse in Eastern Washington would only have about one-third the amount of usable habitat, and the two subpopulations in agricultural areas would become so small that they would likely go extinct.
"When populations get too small, and too disconnected from other populations, they become very fragile," Shirk said. A harsh winter, for example, could decimate a small population.
On the flipside, the analysis shows that if Washington's CRP lands were reallocated to be near existing sage grouse populations, to maximize benefit to the birds, their habitat could be increased by as much as 63 percent.
"Increasing the habitat by two-thirds by reallocating CRP fields to be near native sagebrush habitat demonstrates the potential for this program to be used as a conservation tool," Shirk said. "There was anecdotal evidence that this program was important for sage grouse, but I don't think anyone suspected that the magnitude would be this big."
Co-author Michael Schroeder with the Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife has been monitoring Washington sage grouse for decades. His data of sage grouse sightings from 1992 to 2014 allowed the researchers to model how much various factors matter for the population's success. The authors looked at each season, including winter, when agricultural fields are bare, and spring, when sage grouse are nesting.
In Washington, big sagebrush tends to grow taller than in other places, and the higher branches leave ground-level nests more exposed to elements and predators.
"Many people focus only on the presence and amount of sagebrush," Schroeder said. "While native sagebrush is clearly important, perennial bunchgrass provides cover for many species, including sage grouse."
Schroeder's research shows that the CRP also benefits other sagebrush dwellers, including sage thrashers, Brewer's sparrows, savannah sparrows, vesper sparrows and sagebrush sparrows.
These lands could become more valuable to wildlife in a changing climate.
"As the climate changes, species need to be able to move across the landscape to track their habitat," Shirk said. "Sage grouse habitat is likely to shift under climate change, and yet barriers like major roads and power lines may limit the ability of this species to migrate accordingly. If there was a strategic vision for how CRP land was allocated, some of it could be used to facilitate the movement of sage grouse and other species over time to track their climate niche."
Other co-authors are Leslie Robb, who is based in Bridgeport, Washington, and Samuel Cushman at the U.S. Forest Service in Flagstaff, Arizona. The research was funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management and the Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife.
For more information, contact Shirk in Olympia at ashirk@uw.edu or 360-556-9067 and Schroeder in Bridgeport at Michael.Schroeder@dfw.wa.gov or 509-686-2692.
Hannah Hickey
hickeyh@uw.edu
@UW
http://www.washington.edu/news/
Journal of Wildlife Management
US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Bureau of Land Management, Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION/ECONOMICS
ECOLOGY/ENVIRONMENT
Researcher in Field (IMAGE)
CRP Land (IMAGE)
Washington Habitat Map (IMAGE)
http://www.washington.edu/news/2017/05/09/shrubs-grasses-planted-through-federal-program-crucial-for-sage-grouse-survival-in-eastern-washington/
Related Journal Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21268
More in Biology
Bluestar Genomics' breakthrough study highlights promising data for multi-cancer detection from a single blood draw CG Life
Organoids (in vitro brains) to study pediatric brain tumors Università di Trento
Pollination is better in cities than in the countryside German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig
First release of genetically engineered moth could herald new era of crop protection Frontiers
View all in Biology


text:
Shabnam Akrami Blogs
Shabnam Akrami is the Managing Partner and Founder of Akrami & Associates.
Select CategoryImmigration Blog |_Spousal Sponsorship |_Nova Scotia Nominee Program NSNP |_Federal Skilled Worker Program FSWP |_Denied Entry to Canada |_Canadian Experience Class |_Temporary Resident Visa TRV |_Super Visa |_Work Permit |_Labour Market Impact Assessment LMIA |_Live-in Caregiver |_Business Visitor Visa |_Temporary Resident Permit TRP |_Canadian Study Permit |_PR Card |_Canadian Citizenship |_Express Entry |_Saskatchewan Immigrant Nominee Program SINP |_Family Class Sponsorship |_Humanitarian & Compassionate |_Provincial Nominee Program |_Refugee Status |_Open Work Permit |_Off Campus Work Permit |_Authorization to Return to Canada |_Self-Employed Immigration |_Federal Skilled Trades Program |_Youth Mobility Program |_Post Graduate Work Permit |_Intra Company Transfer |_Criminal Rehabilitation |_Alberta Immigrant Nominee Program |_NAFTA Work Permit |_Investor Program |_Conjugal Sponsorship |_Common Law Sponsorship |_Dependent Child Sponsorship |_Parents and Grandparents Sponsorship |_Covid-19 |_Immigration News
Quebec Immigrant Investor Program Eligibility
Immigration Blog Investor Program
Shabnam Akrami
Quebec Immigrant Investor Program
On May 29, 2017 a new Canadian business immigration program opened known as the Quebec Immigrant Investor Program (QIIP). This program gives international investors the opportunity to obtain permanent resident status in Canada by making a risk-free $800,000 CAD investment guaranteed by the Quebec government entity.
When investing through the QIIP you do not need to create a quota of jobs within a specific timeframe. Most other investor programs in Canada and abroad require a quota within a certain time frame such as the EB-5 Program in the United States.
When investing through QIIP, you and your immediate family members (spouse and children) get permanent resident status upon landing, with no interim status on a work permit. You and your family members can enjoy all the benefits when obtaining status in Canada such as free health care.
The first intake period will run up to February 23, 2018 and up to 1,900 applications will be accepted and maximum of 1,300 of these applications is accepted from the People's Republic of China, including the administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao.
Applicants that speak and write French fluently are not limited to the cap and can submit their QIIP application at any time. Applicants that speak and write French fluently are given priority processing.
Quebec Immigrant Investor Program Requirements:
The primary requirements under this category include:
Having a legally acquired personal net worth of $1.6 million CAD either alone or with an accompanying spouse or common-law partner. Donations that are received less than six months before the date on which application was filed cannot be included. You may include assets such as property, bank accounts, stocks, funds, pension and shares.
Having two years management or business experience within the five years of filing the application.
Committing to making an investment of $800,000 CAD into a passive government guaranteed investment for a period of five years bearing no interest. The five year period starts upon issuance of the selection certificate, before the applicant lands in Canada. These funds for investment are used to fund various business and social program with the province of Quebec. The program allows applicants to finance their investment through designated securities brokerage firms and investment banks. If you cannot invest $800,000 you are required to make a down payment of $220,000. The bank then will loan the applicant the balance of $580,000 in which then the applicant has to deposit the total sum of $800,000 with Investissement Québec. The $200,000 down payment in non-refundable, the bank takes the fees and interest from the down payment and the immigration agent takes his/her commission from the down payment. Therefore the net cost to the investor is the down payment.
Intend to settle in the province of Quebec
Do I need to go through Medical Examination?
When submitting any type of application for permanent residency the applicant and his immediate family members have to go through medical exam. The applicant and the family members must pass the medical exam to become a permanent resident of Canada. The applicant and the family members cannot have condition that is danger to the public health or safety of Canadian citizens. Also, the applicant and the family members cannot have a condition (ongoing hospitalization or institutional care for physical or mental illness) in which excessive demand on health or social services in Canada is needed.
Also, if there is change in your relationship status (e.g. marriage, common-law relationship, divorce, separation, birth of a child, death, adoption of a child) immigration Canada has to be informed. Any families that did not complete the medical exam can never become a permanent resident and can never be sponsored in the future by you.
Once you receive your assessment notice from CIC office, the immigration officer will send the medical forms for yourself and any dependent children. The medical forms will have the instructions on how to get the medical exam done, where to get it done and who is authorized to complete the medical examination. You cannot go to your own family doctor; you will get a list of doctors in your area who are allowed to complete immigration medical examinations. The results are directly sent to CIC and if anything else is needed you will be informed by CIC.
Medical exam are valid for 12 months from the date of the exam, so if decision is not rendered on your application during that time then unfortunately you may have to redo the medical exam.
Do I need to go Through Police Clearance?
Yes, police clearances is needed for you and your family members that are 18 years of age and older and must provide valid police certificate for each country other than Canada, in which you have spent six or more months since the age of 18.
Please note that all documents have to be translated in English or French. The certificate and the original copy of the translation have to be prepared by an accredited translator.
Should you or your spouse have an inadmissibility issue then most likely you would have to overcome your inadmissibility prior to applying under the Quebec Immigrant Investor Program. To overcome your inadmissibility, based on your situation you may eligible for Temporary Resident Permit or Criminal Rehabilitation.
Contact Akrami & Associates
If you like invest in the province of Quebec but not sure if you qualify under the Quebec Immigrant Investor Program then contact our office at 416-477-2545 to determine your eligibility. Akrami & Associates has assisted many clients with permanent residency applications through different immigration routes and we can certainly help you too. Contact us today for a consultation.
With Akrami & Associates there is always a way!!
Quebec Immigrant Investor Program Requirements who can invest in quebec permanent residence canada how can I invest in Quebec Immigration Lawyer
Misrepresentation Questions and Answers
Prepare to Work in Canada
p>
Prior to receiving her Paralegal Diploma with Honours, she completed her Law Degree from the UK at the University of London as well as completed a Post Graduate Diploma.
In addition, she has also graduated from York University where she received both her Bachelor in Criminology and Masters in Socio-Legal Studies.
She is also a Member in good standing with Law Society of Upper Canada.
Prior to opening her own firm, she gained extensive experience in corporate immigration law; specializing in work permits, temporary resident permits and rehabilitation cases.
She has in depth and hands on experience in all Canadian Immigration and Citizenship matters. These matters include preparation and submission of applications for permanent residence, work permits, NAFTA applications, labour market opinions, temporary resident permits, sponsorships, and business investors.
Shabnam is dedicated to all her clients and committed to the successful completion of all the immigration matters in her care.
With Shabnam, there is always a way!
Friday, January 20 2023 Beware of the Red Flags while Consulting a Canadian Immigration Lawyer
Wednesday, January 18 2023 Why Was I Denied Visitor Visa to Canada?
Monday, January 16 2023 Canadian Study Permit: Top Things To Keep in Mind
How can I Get Nominated for the Province of Alberta
Who Qualifies for Criminal Rehabilitation Application
How Do I Qualify for an Intra-Company Work Permit?
Intra Company Transfer
Documents needed for Intra Company Transfer
Post Graduation Work Permits
Post Graduate Work Permit
By accepting you will be accessing a service provided by a third-party external to https://thevisa.ca/
Beware of the Red Flags while Consulting a Canadian Immigration Lawyer
Why Was I Denied Visitor Visa to Canada?
Canadian Study Permit: Top Things To Keep in Mind
Family Class Sponsorship In Canada: What Are Included Here?
What Are The Express Entry Requirements For Canadian Experience Class (CEC)?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Bayer Partners With Germany's CureVac on Coronavirus Vaccine
Tim Loh
Jan 07 2021, 3:57 PM Jan 08 2021, 12:47 AM January 07 2021, 3:57 PM January 08 2021, 12:47 AM
(Bloomberg) -- Bayer AG partnered with CureVac NV to help bring the German biotech company's coronavirus vaccine to market in a deal that could help burnish its image after two years of legal woes.
The companies are preparing to seek regulatory clearance in Europe and around the world, and are looking to produce several hundred million doses, they said in a joint statement.
CureVac finally found a partner in its home country after advancing alone to the last stage of clinical tests. Others like BioNTech SE, another German biotech using the same messenger-RNA approach, have sought the backing of a big pharma firm early.
CureVac shares surged 14% in trading before U.S exchanges opened. Bayer rose as much as 3.4% in Frankfurt.
The vaccine candidate at stake is one of the more advanced in a second wave of immunizations that could reach the market in the coming months, reducing the pressure on the three front-runners. A late-stage trial aiming to recruit 35,000 people in Europe and Latin America started last month.
The technology is the same employed by Moderna Inc. and BioNTech-Pfizer Inc. in two vaccines that showed high efficacy and have gained clearance in the U.S. and the European Union.
Vaccine Tracker: More than 15.9 million shots given worldwide
Franz-Werner Haas, CureVac's chief executive, has said that while the company took longer than others to bring a product into clinical trials, it managed to create a shot that doesn't have the storage and distribution challenges facing rivals.
The Pfizer-BioNTech shot needs ultra-cold storage while Moderna's vaccine, cleared in the European Union just yesterday, must stay refrigerated. CureVac's could be kept at room temperature for 24 hours and in a standard fridge for several months.
Bayer 'Box Tick'
Haas said CureVac now has a "strong partner on our side" with Bayer. For the drugs and agriculture giant, the deal probably won't boost earnings much, according to Redburn analyst Tony Jones. Instead, the partnership is a "box tick" for the company's environmental, social and governance goals, Jones said.
The companies said they intend to play "a meaningful role" in helping bring the pandemic to a halt.
Bayer continues to struggle to resolve the avalanche of U.S. lawsuits claiming that the weedkiller Roundup causes cancer. The company has already pledged to spend about $11 billion to end the legal battles while insisting that the product is safe. Bayer's shares are down about half since its $63 billion acquisition of Monsanto Co.
CureVac knows about being thrust into the U.S. spotlight. It faced reports last year that the U.S. was angling to buy the company or its technology. CureVac issued denials and replaced its CEO. The German government has since bought a 23% stake in the company, which doesn't plan to test or sell its vaccine in the U.S.


Every gamer must've imagined it at one time or another – putting on a helmet and suit, and being in the game. WYSIWYG-gaming. Everything really happening. Everything truly being done by you. You'll even experience real pain when being hit or shot.
Unfortunately we haven't progressed that far yet. We're steadily moving in the right direction and sooner or later we'll get there, mark my words. I can only hope my (then) 'old bones' will allow me to use it when the moment has arrived.
But the time isn't there yet, and so we just have to work with the things we have. There are a lot of great things out there if you know where to look that can approach this virtual reality gaming pretty good. We've got the NOVINT Falcon controller, electric shock inhibitors, and of course the great graphics of the current-gen games.
Another one of those great things is the GeForce 3D Vision. This program – that runs on Windows and NVIDIA GPUs – will allow you to play your games in 3D.
Not just the common 3D that we encounter in all games nowadays, mind. Do you remember those goofy 3D goggles with one eye blue/green and one eye red? Yeah, that 3D.
For those of you who have never heard before of the concept of anaglyphs or stereoscopical vision, I'll briefly explain it. If your interest is peaked, you can always Google for more information on this subject.
Anaglyphs are 3D situations (defined by height, width and depth) that are put into a 2D picture (defined by height and width). They are made by merging two slightly different points of view into one image, using two superimposed color layers.
Without, they only give you headaches, but if you view these anaglyphs through anaglyph filters (a.k.a. "goofy goggles"), each eye will see only one of those layers. The brain then decodes these two separate images – like it's doing all day long – into the 3D vision that we all know.
We are going to use GeForce 3D Vision, an NVIDIA application. You'll need Windows and an NVIDIA graphical processing unit (8000 series, or later).
There are also various ATI GPUs that support stereographic gaming by default. You can search for these on Google.
The supported operating systems are Windows XP (limited to 32bit) and Windows Vista (supported by both the 32bit and the 64bit version).
When you've got your drivers up to date, download and install NVIDIA GeForce 3D Vision.
Next, we need to apply a registry patch. You can download it here [No Longer Available]. This patch activates the output of anaglyph images.
To apply a registry patch, you just need to open the file.
There are several different anaglyph filters. For instance, we can use the default red-cyan glasses, but also red-blue, red-green, and even yellow-blue filters exist.
To change the anaglyph filter type, we need to apply another registry patch.
To return to the default Red-Cyan filter setup, you need to download and run this registry patch and reinstall NVIDIA GeForce 3D Vision.
Last but not least, we need to activate the stereoscopic vision. Open the NVIDIA Control Panel, and activate it in the Stereo tab.
That's it! You're all set up now, and ready to begin your 3D gaming session!
It's best to do this is a dark room, sitting right in front of your screen. If the images don't look right, it's probably because you're using too light a room, looking at your screen from too big an angle, or are using the wrong color filters.
When you've got it set up, let us know what you think of your new 3D gaming sessions!
Hello, does it work for GTX980 with Samsung (fullHD 3D LED SA950) series 9, and I do have Win 7 !!
No chance, unless you have a monitor w/interlaced polarization or projector /w polarized filters and metallic screen.
This Stereoscopic 3D driver is not compatible with the existing graphics driver.
Please go to http://www.nvidia.com and obtain a later graphics driver.
Tried to apply patch after that and I don't see stereo settings in the control panel :(.
Seems like I'll stick to iZ3D Driver... :) Lastly I've found more or less good way to calibrate separation/convergence correctly. Played HL2 again and enjoyed very much :). Thanks for help anyway!
Hi! I have GeForce 8800 GTS 512MB and Windows XP 32bit. I've tried to setup nVidia stereo. Installed GeForce drivers v. 195.62, nVidia Stereo 91.31 and applied registry patch. Now I see 3D Stereo Properties, but I don't see any color separation in 3d games (tried to set Stereo Mode Enabled = Enable, or to set it = Enabled By Hotkey and pressed Ctrl + T in game). Can anyone confirm that there Windows XP + nVidia stereo can work?
Also I've already tried iZ3D 1.10, it works nicely, but I have trouble setting up convergence/separation in games correctly so I wanted to try nVidia still... Help please :).
There's an alternative XP install and reg patch posted at the top of the comments. Good luck!
Actually I've used links from it already :). Because original link to 3D Vision Driver (http://www.nvidia.com/object/stereo_3D_181.25.html) leads to Vista-only driver :(.
My guess would be it's because of your newer GeForce drivers. Counter-intuitive as it may sound, I think you'd have better luck after downgrading to 181.22. They've been known to work on XP with those drivers.
Wow! I didn't know this existed. I do a lot of gaming myself, and I can definitely relate to the urge of wanting a WYSIWYG type of environment. Thanks for the heads up though!
So, does this not work with graphics cards made for laptops, such as 8600M GT? What I downloaded from the Vista 32 driver link said it couldn't find a driver compatible with my hardware. So I skipped that step and now there are no Stereo settings on the NVIDIA Control Panel.
Brilliant! It works! Although on the website it says its a 30-day trial but I don't see any time expiry date on the program. Hopefully I can keep it =D Thanks a lot! You're a ledgend! Now I can buy a high-end ATI graphics card. Cheers!
Heya, Is this software not compatible with ATI Radeons? I want to buy Radeon so much but I want this software too! Ah, a dilemma...Can anyone tell me please? Thank you.
You could give iZ3D a try. Enjoy!
A. The game engine they are produced on allows for various filtered camera configurations to be used by the user/view to split the view of all the objects and landscapes, thus seeing everything split according to what objects/figures are actually closer to or further away from the user?
B: Does a program like gforce (and others like it) simply take a whole frame of a scene and split the view arbitrarily according to a random rendering that it picks for that frame (and so on for each frame)?
If the answer is #A, can anybody tell me how to find out more about particular game engines that do this and/or any plug-ins that I might need to do this? I wrote Unity Engine because they are the engine that my artist wants to use. But I have not heard back from them. I'd appreciate any info anyone can give me.
I went to the NVIDIA site to check things out. They showed packages including special glasses and even a screen that it works best with. Though this looks like exactly what I am looking for in the long run, I am curious. Will this work on other PC screens if one doesn't yet own the Samsung model? Do the filters still work if someone doesn't have the premo glasses (standard filter glasses)? Are there options to set the view to work with the various kinds of standard filter combinations (red-blue, red-green, yellow blue)?
You can do it with any screen you want, as long as you've got stereoscopic filters (those goofy coloured glasses). You can change the colour combinations using registry patches, as described in the article.
i need help, i have tried all that emrah and dave and simon have said, but it just doesnt work, i can only enable stero, via dave's way, with that extra reg key from thotie, and then i luanch e.g left 4 dead, and its all the same, no double image, nothing. Can anyone help?
I don't know what's causing it, but have you tried iZ3D yet? It's been reported working by several other readers.
Mind uninstalling the rest before you go through with it though.
then a 3d option will show up on right click of desktop/ nvidia display, 'your display'/ additional properties.
ps there's an undo regedit there so you can back out if no good.
its rubish wat if u dont have a "3D" glasses!! duuuuuuuuuuuuuuu!!
Seems like it isn't satisfied with the test-results :-p wouldn't know why though.
The iZ3D drivers work great. Thanks!!
The iZ3D drivers are the way to go :D Thanks a lot!
And then, like a hammer hitting a watermelon, execute it!
No registry hacks required and it works with almost every video card.
Don't these require specific monitors, or is that my misunderstanding?
Hmm... Seems like they don't.
I get nvidia error '3d driver is not compatible with your current driver'.
I followed all your steps and have the current driver and an nvidia 8800GT.
Have uninstalled/reinstalled the driver, 3d driver, reg patch.
Arghh frustrating! I wanted to play halflife 2 in 3d.
I'm not sure what could cause this, you're not on XP64?
You can always give iZ3D a try (thanks to Mark).
Hey thanks Simon and Mark for taking the time to mention iZ3D, the 3D on/off hotkey and divergence adjustments are pretty handy too.
Sorry Emrah, seems like something indeed went wrong. Thanks for pointing it out!
Because those drivers are for Vista, you need to get the 3D Stereo drivers for XP from here: http://gamerslastwill.com/2009/02/02/3d-left-4-dead-for-free-oh-yeah-heres-how/, the reg patch for XP is there, too.
If you've got GeForce version 181.22, stereo app and reg patch installed, it should show up in the Stereo tab.
Did you install all the right drivers/apps right away (or did you find out about the xp apps later on)?
Normally, this patch should work for other titles as well, because it alters the NVidia output.
On XP 32-bit, the older 3d vision driver won't appear in the new nvidia control panel. It was used before nvidia switched to the new control panel version of the driver. You should try pressing ctrl-t in-game to enable the stereo effects. If that doesn't work, you'll have to read the docs for the older v9 3d vision driver for XP.
Does anyone know if you can do this using NVIDIA nForce?
@James: I exactly thought of that too.
Amazing! I cannt belive this technology has arrived in this work, But overall this would be effective psychologically for most children.
GeForce 3D Vision says it installs but it doesn't in actuality. Stupid.
They have this built into Trackmania United Forever. I bought a pair of red/blue goggles specifically to test it out and it was really cool. I haven't seen that type of 3D effect in years and it was really fascinating to play.. did give me a bit of a headache, though.
... go out and have fun.


Man this was a killer day to be fishing! Wahoo and Blackfin were everywhere on the dock today! For the record this is the most Wahoo's we have landed this year! A total of 53 fish!!! Here are some that we weighed, a 73 lb, 68 lb, 56 lb, 43 lb. The citation weight for a Wahoo is 40 lbs and some came in close to getting one at 37, 36, 33, 31, 21, and 20 lbs! The Blackfin Tunas were also some nice sizes, they were all pushing 20 lbs which is big for a Blackfin. 20 lbs is a citation, and we did have some fish that were 22 lbs. Inshore had some Triggerfish, Tautog, some Sea Bass and Bluefish! Nearshore also scored on the Bluefish on their AM trip. The weather is going to be just as pretty as it was today for tomorrow and so far we have 13 boats fishing. We are excited to see what happens! Come down and see us around 4 o'clock! Call or check us out on- line if you're interested in going fishing @ www.oregon-inlet.com or 252.441.6301 Have a great Saturday night everyone!!!


text:
Рис — зёрна одноимённого растения. Он является основным пищевым продуктом для большей части населения Земли, хотя по объёму производимого пищевого зерна уступает пшенице.

Как сельскохозяйственная культура в тропиках, субтропиках и тёплых районах умеренного пояса возделывается однолетний рис посевной (Oryza sativa). В Африке также выращивают африканский, или голый рис (Oryza glaberrima). Местное население в Африке также использует в пищу зерно ряда дикорастущих видов риса, в первую очередь риса точечного (Oryza punctata) и риса короткоязычкового (Oryza barthii).

Рис отличается богатым содержанием углеводов и относительной бедностью белковых веществ. Доля первых в сухом веществе доходит до 70 %, вторых же, как правило, не более 12 %. Зола риса богата фосфорной кислотой.

Считается основным (национальным) продуктом питания в странах Юго-Восточной Азии и Китае. Из рисового зерна производятся крупа и крахмал, из рисовых зародышей получают масло. Мука рисовая без примеси какой-либо другой мало годится для приготовления хлеба, главным образом из неё варят каши или приготовляют пироги; в большом количестве она поступает на косметические фабрики, на переработку в пудру. Существует множество блюд на основе риса, самые известные из которых плов, ризотто и паэлья. В Японии из него делают лепёшки «моти» и особые сладости для чайной церемонии. Производится также воздушный рис, по консистенции похожий на попкорн, только гладкий и округлый. Иногда его формируют в виде карамелизированных плиток, как козинаки.

Рисовое зерно
Различают три класса зерна — короткое (округлое или «жемчужное») — длина семян не превышает 5,15 мм, среднее (длина семян 5,16-6,15 мм) и длиннозёрное — не короче 6,16 мм. По форме различают зерно тонкое с отношением длины к ширине более 3, среднее, когда это отношение составляет 2,1-3, и толстое, когда оно не превышает 2,1. В отличие от обычных сортов, богатых и амилозой, и другой формой крахмала — амилопектином, у воскового риса влажное зерно клейкое и его эндосперм содержит очень мало одной из форм крахмала — амилозы. Различают зерно влажное и сухое, мягкое и твёрдое, рассыпчатое и вязкое. Все они находят широкое применение в разных типах национальных культур. Кулинарные свойства риса очень различаются и стандартными терминами не описываются. В странах Азии отдают предпочтение крахмалистому рису, который быстро набухает при варке и становится мягким и рассыпчатым при довольно невысокой температуре. В США для отварных гарниров и консервированных супов, как правило, употребляют длиннозёрный рис. Сухие хлопья для завтрака, детское питание и пиво готовят из среднезернистых и короткозернистых сортов. В пивоварении употребляют и дроблёный рис, а «воздушный» рис изготовляют только из короткозёрных сортов.

Давно были известны торговые сорта риса: каролинский (зерна продолговатые, без запаха, белые и прозрачные); пьемонтский (зёрна с желтоватым оттенком, более короткие и закругленные, непрозрачные); индийский (зёрна продолговатые, с хорошо выраженной прозрачностью); японский (зёрна очень мелкие, но белые и хорошего качества).

При шлифовке (очистке) удаляются кожура и зародыш, содержащие примерно 85 % масла, 10 % белка, 80 % тиамина, 70 % минеральных веществ и целлюлозы, 50 % рибофлавина и 65 % ниацина цельного рисового зерна. Поэтому у людей, основу питания которых составляет шлифованный рис, может развиться авитаминоз алиментарный полиневрит, называемый также бери-бери. К преимуществам такого риса относятся более привлекательный вид, быстрота приготовления, лёгкость усвоения организмом, дольшая сохранность, особенно в жарком влажном климате.

Рисовая крупа

В зависимости от обработки различают шлифованный, полированный и дроблёный рис.
 Шлифованный рис — обрушенное зерно риса, обработанное на шлифовальных машинах; имеет шероховатую поверхность.
 Полированный рис — имеет гладкую блестящую поверхность зёрен специальных стекловидных сортов риса, обработан на специальных машинах.
Дроблёный рис — в отличие от шлифованного и полированного риса, состоит не из цельных ядер, является побочным продуктом обработки риса на специальных машинах.

Рис широко применяется для различных первых, вторых и сладких блюд, а также для гарниров и начинок. Гарниры, пловы, начинки, запеканки и пудинги желательно готовить из шлифованного риса, потому что он меньше разваривается. Дроблёный рис наиболее пригоден для жидких и вязких молочных каш, супов-пюре, приготовления биточек и котлет.

Чтобы рис разваривался, его следует засыпать в холодную воду, чтобы зёрна оставались целыми, его следует засыпать в горячую подсоленную воду.

Происхождение названия
Слово рис появилось в русском языке поздно, до начала XIX века его обычно называли сарацинским зерном или сарацинской пшеницей, затем название преобразовалось в сорочинское пшено.

В русском переводе «Введения в гисторию европейскую» Пудендорфа (1718) встречается слово рыж — возможно, от .

В «Духе журналов» за 1818 год (кн. 13, с. 399) уже встречается слово рис.

В русских словарях слова рис, рисовый впервые отмечены в 1822 году.

О конкретном пути заимствования мнения этимологов расходятся. Так, Фасмер полагает, что слово проникло в русский язык через средне-нижне-немецкое и нижне-немецкое rîs, . Черных скорее видит посредничество .

Тем не менее все авторы сходятся во мнении, что во все западно-европейские языки слово рис пришло из народного , а то в свою очередь восходит к греческому , и далее — через афганское vrižē от санскритского vrīhiṣ.

Описание растения

Рис посевной — однолетнее растение. Корневая система — мочковатая, длина 30—40 см (до 1 м), в отличие от остальных злаков имеет воздухоносные полости и малое количество корневых волосков, отмирающих в условиях постоянного затопления. Стебель — соломина, высотой от 50 см до 2 и даже 3—5 м (у глубоководных форм). Соцветие — метёлка длиной 10—30 см. Цветок имеет 2 широких цветковых чешуи с остью у остистых форм, красного, жёлтого или бурого цвета, 2 околоцветковых плёнки — лодикули, один пестик и шесть тычинок.

Из нескольких узловатых стеблей (соломин) рис образует куст. Высота куста составляет от менее 38 см до более 244 см. Рисовые соломины состоят из пустотелых междоузлий, разделённых неполыми узлами. Как правило стебли прямостоячие или приподнимающиеся, стелющиеся типы встречаются реже. Число узлов в зависимости от сорта и продолжительности вегетационного периода может составлять от 13 до 16. Ко времени цветения четыре междоузлия сильно удлиняются. Цветонос — самое верхнее из удлинившихся междоузлий, обычно и самое длинное, несёт соцветие — метёлку. Метёлка риса, имеющая множество одноцветковых колосков на коротких ножках, может быть, в зависимости от сорта, раскидистой или сжатой, прямостоячей или повислой. Метёлка имеет множество одноцветковых колосков на коротких ножках. В основании этих колосков есть два, как правило, коротких и жёстких кроющих листочка — колосковые чешуи, над которыми расположены верхняя и нижняя цветковые чешуи.

Ширина плоских линейных листьев от 7 до 29 мм. Базальное влагалище зрелого листа на некотором расстоянии охватывает стебель. На границе между влагалищем и отогнутой листовой линейно-ланцетной узкой пластинкой зелёного, красноватого или фиолетового цвета имеется плёнчатый язычок и ушки — отходящие серповидные боковые выросты.

При созревании завязь пестика превращается в плод зерновку. Снаружи цельное рисовое зерно обёрнуто мякиной — довольно жёсткой, но легко отделяющейся оболочки из цветковых чешуй. Под ней находится бурого цвета «шелушёное» зерно, покрытое отрубями — несколькими слоями кожуры, которые определяют цвет зерна. Под кожурой находится эндосперм — в нём содержится питательный запас зерна, в том числе 90-94 % крахмала и 6-10 % белка, но недостаточно витаминов группы В и минеральных веществ.

Производство риса

Рис — одно из самых важных хлебных растений, так как им питается более половины населения всего земного шара. Культура его известна со времён глубокой древности. В торжественном обряде, установленном китайским императором ещё за 2800 лет до н. э., рис уже играет важную роль. Царствующий император должен был посеять его сам, между тем четыре вида других растений могли быть посеяны принцами императорского семейства. Не менее классической страной разведения риса является Индия, где культура риса может быть и не столь древняя как в Китае, тем не менее занимает обширные площади, а зёрна этого растения составляют главную пищу населения.

В значительных количествах сеется рис также в Бангладеш, в Индонезии, на Шри-Ланке, центральной и восточной части Африки, в Полинезии, Меланезии и других странах, лежащих между экватором и 45° широты. В Европе возделывание риса встречается в Испании (сюда ввели его мавры), Италии (первые рисовые поля близ Пизы относятся к 1468 году), Греции и Турции, в Америке в основном культивируется в США и Бразилии. В России выращивается в относительно небольших количествах в Краснодарском крае и на юге Приморья. Вследствие теплолюбивости рис имеет ограниченное распространение в странах умеренного пояса. Для полного развития его при средней температуре лета в 22—30°С и при периоде вегетации в 150 дней, требуется от 3300 до 4500°С (числа дней периода всего роста растения до его созревания умножается на среднюю температуру этого периода. Так, 4500=150×30; 3300=150×22). Другая причина кроется в особых условиях возделывания риса, который, как болотное растение, требует массу стоячей воды, почему рисовые поля, находясь долгое время (в продолжение 90—100 дней) под водой, легко заболачиваются, что может привести к распространению перемежающихся лихорадок, а также вызывает большой расход воды, дефицитного ресурса для некоторых стран. Особенно много требует воды рис водный или мокрый, главная разновидность этого растения, возделываемая в большинстве стран. Каждый гектар, засеянный мокрым рисом, требует в два раза больше воды, чем озимые хлеба, и в пять раз больше, чем яровая джугара. Из европейских и американских сортов более или менее известны рис обыкновенный, каролинский, пьемонтский и др. Более многочисленны сорта риса, разводимого на Востоке, зёрна их также разнообразно окрашены; бывают красные, чёрные и фиолетовые; из них красный рис считается наиболее питательным. В Японии, на Яве, Суматре и во Вьетнаме разводятся ещё многие сорта риса с мелкими зёрнами. Наряду с мокрым рисом на Востоке разводят ещё рис горный или суходольный. На родине этот рис растёт в диком виде на склонах гор южного Китая и успевает без искусственной поливки закончить свой рост в период тропических дождей. Практика культуры суходольного риса в Северной Италии показала, например, что, хотя там он без искусственного полива расти, безусловно, не может, но зато количество воды, необходимое для орошения этого сорта риса, почти вдвое меньше, чем требуется для обыкновенного мокрого риса.

Агротехника

Культура риса ведётся на рисовых плантациях, которые могут быть постоянными или только временными. Первые заняты из года в год посевами риса и постоянно остаются под водой; вторые после 2—3-летних посевов риса обыкновенно занимаются каким-либо другим хлебом. Лучшие почвы под рис — глинистые и суглинистые. Рисовые поля окружаются невысокими валиками и затопляются, что подразумевает их предварительное строго горизонтальное выравнивание. Обычно посев производится в воду, стоящую слоем в 6—8 см, в марте-апреле месяце. Иногда, впрочем, (как это чаще всего бывает в Китае, Индии, Японии, на Яве и местами в Закавказье) рис не сразу высевается на плантации; сначала его проращивают и дают подняться до высоты 15—20 см, а затем уже пересаживают в грунт, предпочтительно рядами, отстоящими друг от друга на 20—30 см. Традиционно при выращивании риса не употребляли никаких удобрений, так как считали, что с оросительной водой приносится достаточное количество питательных веществ. Для достижения типичной урожайности рис требует внимательного ухода. Приходится постоянно следить, начиная прямо с дня посева, за температурой воздуха и воды и если таковые понизятся сильно, необходимо спустить часть воды, чтобы солнце хорошенько прогрело почву. Когда на поверхности воды появляются первые листья риса, слой воды увеличивают, а если прибывающая вода холодная, её предварительно согревают солнечным теплом в особых вместилищах. Время от времени приходится всю воду, наполняющую рисовое поле, спускать дочиста и снова напускать, не допуская промоин и разрушения подводящих и отводящих каналов. В различных местностях эта операция производится в разные промежутки времени — каждый третий, четвёртый или десятый день, а иногда и больше. В общем, слой воды не должен покрывать более половины растения; от избытка воды оно всегда страдает. Перед жатвой воду спускают окончательно. Врагами рисовой культуры, кроме недостатка тепла и воды, являются также сорные травы. Среди них наиболее вредны Leersia oryzoides (рисовый пырей), Panicum Crus galli, камыш, осока, сусак, Alisma plantago и др. Из грибков чаще всего встречается на рисе Pleospora Oryzae, производящая на рисе так называемую белую и чёрную болезнь. Рис считается созревшим, когда стебель его совершенно пожелтеет, а само зерно побелеет, что бывает в Средней Азии в конце августа — начале сентября. Опаздывать с уборкой считается рискованным, так как при высыхании колоски отламываются, из-за чего теряется часть урожая. Узбеки часто убирают рис впрозелень; такой рис, высушенный на солнце, считается, по их мнению, лучшим для плова. Уборка производится срезкой или выдергиванием; сжатый колос просушивают в течение 2—3 дней, а затем уже обмолачивают. Культура риса суходольного более проста. Его высевают обыкновенно с марта по июль, а убирают в июне — ноябре, в зависимости от условий и высоты местности, где этот рис возделывается. В виде исключения, на Суматре, его сеют в сентябре или октябре, а снимают в феврале или марте; во Вьетнаме посев производят в декабре или январе, а жатву в апреле или мае. Этот сорт не требует такого регулярного орошения, как рис водный.

Обработка зерна

При провеивании необрушенного риса-сырца удаляется мелкий легкий мусор, после этого его шелушат (обрушивают), то есть отделяют от чешуи. Для получения шлифованного (полированного, белого) риса его очищают от отрубей, и сортируют на целые и дробленые зерна (рисовую сечку). Первые иногда покрывают глюкозой или тальком для усиления блеска, а вторые направляют на пивоваренные фабрики. Поскольку рисовые отруби, удаляемые при шлифовании, содержат ценные питательные вещества, разработан специальный метод перевода последних в эндосперм — гидротермическая обработка. Провеянный рис-сырец замачивают в горячей воде, затем обрабатывают паром, сушат и только после этого шелушат и шлифуют. При таком пропаривании водорастворимые витамины частично переходят из оболочки семени и зародыша в эндосперм. Повысить питательную ценность шлифованного риса можно также искусственными добавками. Для этого его пропитывают раствором, содержащим витамины и минеральные вещества, после этого сушат. Из рисовых отрубей производят питательные добавки к муке и кормовое масло.

Обмолоченное зерно (шала или неочищенный рис) очищается от остей и от посторонних примесей, затем идет на жернова, где отделяется плёнка. Окончательная отделка крупы производится в полировочном аппарате или в ступах. В среднем 100 кг риса, при переделке его на крупу, дают: крупного зерна — 60 кг, среднего — 15 кг, мелкого 15 кг, муки — 10 кг; а от 100 частей неочищенного риса получается: чистого зерна 74 части, отбросов (оболочки, кожицы, зародышей) — 26 частей.

История
Древнейшие следы рисоводства, датированные серединой 5 тысячелетия до н. э., выявлены в Таиланде. За следующую тысячу лет культивирование риса распространилось во всём Индокитае, а со временем и в Юго-Восточной и Восточной Азии. Во 2 тысячелетии до н. э. индокитайский рис был импортирован в Индию, откуда попал в Среднюю Азию и Европу во время походов Александра Македонского.

Во 2 тысячелетии до н. э. на территории современного Китая главным рисоводческим районом были южные земли в низовьях реки Янцзы, которые принадлежали прото-вьетнамским племенам. В конце 1 тысячелетия до н. э. благодаря контактам китайцев с южными соседями рис попал в соседние районы Китая. Вероятно, оттуда его позаимствовали жители Корейского полуострова и Японского архипелага. Постепенно рис стал доминирующей сельскохозяйственной культурой в среднеазиатском регионе.

В Европе, начиная с античного времени, центром европейского рисоводства продолжительное время было Средиземноморье. Однако рисовые культуры занимали незначительное место в пищевом рационе тогдашних европейцев, уступая ячменю и пшенице. Лишь с 19 столетия началось промышленное возделывание европейского риса.

Красный рисовый краситель

Из риса путём его ферментации плесневыми грибами рода Monascus, в частности Monascus purpureus, продуцирующими пигмент, получают пищевую добавку — краситель, который называется «красный рисовый» (может встречаться и под названиями «ферментированный рис», «красный рис», «монаскус»). Представляет собой гранулят или порошок красно-коричневого цвета без вкуса и запаха, устойчивый к термической кулинарной обработке и выцветанию.

Применяется при производстве мясных и колбасных изделий, белоксодержащих продуктов, напитков в дозе 1-10 г/кг. Используется в странах Юго-Восточной Азии, Китае, Японии. Разрешён к применению в России в качестве пищевой добавки. Не имеет индекса «Е», так как из-за возможного содержания в составе микотоксина цитринина безопасность красителя ставится под сомнение ФАО и ВОЗ, что препятствует разрешению на использование в качестве пищевой добавки в Европе.

См. также

 Бутанский красный рис
 Золотой рис
 Цицания водная («Дикий рис»)
 Суходольный рис
 Рис посевной

Примечания

Литература
 Алёшин Е. П., Алёшин Н. Е. Рис. — М., 1993. — 504 с.
 ГОСТ 6292-93 Крупа рисовая. Технические условия.

Крупы

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Inspired by the work of artist Sun Xun, panellists will examine China's media and arts landscapes, focusing on citizen journalism, online activism and political and artistic expression.
How has philanthropy evolved since the establishment of landmark institutions like MoMa and Asia Society?
Asia Society X Walkley Foundation presents a public discussion on the complexities of media in and about China.
In our multicultural society, why don't we see more diversity among our leaders? Join Asia Society and Race Discrimination Commissioner Dr Tim Soutphommasane for this public talk.
Why don't we see more diversity among our leaders?
Celebrating the launch of a new collaborative scholarship to enabling Macquarie University students to undertake long-term exchange programs in leading universities across Asia.
PUBLIC EVENT | A discussion on the contemporary challenges facing the Chinese Australian community.
Part of NGV's Triennial EXTRA Asia Society brings together historians, writers and artists to ask the question: where is history located these days?
How has Japanese art and culture been appreciated, translated and appropriated? Hear from an Artist, Academic, and Anime Distributor on the enduring influence of Japan.
Craig Connelly, Misha Agzarian, Charles Rockefeller, Christine Davies, and Tara Kenny discuss how giving has evolved since the establishment of institutions like MoMa and Asia Society.
Watch our special panel discussion with 2016 Australian of the Year, David Morrison and NSW Treasurer Gladys Berejiklian on the need for more diversity in all levels of Australian politics and public life.


Mars Lander Phoenix available now on unity 3d store.
Lander contain 4 separate animations for Antenna, Receiver, Arm Controller and Solar Panels.
Most of the materials have 4 textures - Albedo, Normal, Occlusion and Metallic (4096px x 4096px) .
Normal maps have been baked from very high poly model to reduce polygons.
Lander Body base got 4347 tris, Solar Panels 772 tris.


text:
Commentary, Courts & the Law, Defending Democracy
Burr, Tillis, help Senate confirm true extremist to nation's second highest court
In Commentary, Courts & the Law, Defending Democracy
Sen. Richard Burr
Sen. Thom Tillis
It's easy to become numb to the steady parade of extreme reactionaries that the Trump administration continues to install in offices of great responsibility, but here's one that folks ought to take notice of. Today, the United States Senate approved Trump's nomination of Neomi Rao to serve as a member of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit — the court generally recognized as the nation's second highest. Rao takes the slot vacated by Brett Kavanaugh when he ascended to the Supreme Court. North Carolina's Richard Burr and Thom Tillis both voted "yes" on the nomination.
Check out what the nonpartisan court watchers at the Alliance for Justice had to say about today's vote and Rao's abhorrently extreme views:
"The Senate voted today to confirm Neomi Rao for Brett Kavanaugh's old seat on the D.C. Circuit over the objections of advocates and communities representing millions of Americans, including sexual assault survivors, people of color, LGBTQ people, women, and people with disabilities. Rao has blamed sexual assault survivors for being attacked, shamed women for seeking equality in the workplace, belittled the fight for racial justice, and demeaned LGBTQ people. She has proven her willingness to put her dangerous rhetoric into policy time and time again during her tenure at OIRA, rolling back public protections for these communities, the environment, immigrants, and more. She has made clear she wants to use the courts to weaken protections for health and safety, workers, and consumers. Neomi Rao is unfit to serve for a lifetime on the federal bench, but Senate Republicans strong-armed members of their own party to confirm her anyway. With this vote, they have proven that they will go to outrageous lengths to pack our courts with more of Trump's abhorrent judicial nominees."
And this is from the good people at the Center for American Progress:
"President Donald Trump and the Senate majority are trying to pack the courts with yet another narrow-minded, partisan judge who will put the interests of big business and the wealthy before those of everyone else. While serving as Trump's regulatory czar, Neomi Rao signed off again and again on regulations that give powerful corporations special breaks at the expense of people's health and safety. She has also shown a disturbing bias against victims of sexual assault and has an unacceptable history of disparaging women's rights.
But this is about more than just one judge; it's about the whole conservative court-packing scheme playing out before our eyes. The Senate majority refused to confirm scores of federal judges in the last two years of the Obama administration and is now changing the rules to fill those stolen seats as fast as humanly possible. Conservatives have cut home-state senators out of the process, ignored negative ratings from the American Bar Association, and rubber-stamped judges without looking closely at their records. Now, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) is trying to put the process on steroids by changing the rules for district court judges. Court-packing is happening right now. And if we do nothing, it's going to have consequences for an entire generation. We need to fight for a fair-minded judiciary that works for all Americans, not just the wealthy few."
All in all, it's a truly sad day for the country.
Defending Democracyfederal courtsNeomi RaoWhy courts matter
Previous PostBrief "must see" video explains why NC must expand Medicaid, close the coverage gapNext Post New reports: Together, state EITC and adequate minimum wage work to strengthen families, and boost the economy
Dianne Greene
This action, coupled with their unwillingness to support blocking Trump's declaration of national emergency for trying to find safe places to live and to live where they can be safe from things most countries are dealing with, To open our country's doors to children and families in need is exactly what God has directed us to do, I.e. care for the weak, the needy, the lonely, and those in need of love.
Concerns continue to grow about a gun rights ...


You can literally find everything here in the city of Carpinteria. From fine beaches, greener mountains, diverse economy, this place has it all. We here at Avas Flowers® are available to send flowers and other flower related gifts to Carpinteria residents for any occasion, such as birthdays, holidays, and other events.
Genuine wealth can be found in knowledge because it sticks with you for a lifetime. One can pursue studies in Pacifica Graduate Institute, Truck Marketing Institute, Carpinteria High, Carpinteria Middle School, Canalino Elementary, Cate School, Foothill Alternative, Howard Carden, Rincon High, and the Carpinteria Family School.
You may choose to bring your elders to Total Lifestyle Communities, Sun Bridge Healthcare, Casablanca, Golden Living Centers, El Dorado Senior, Your Home, Peterkin Residence for Elderly, HCR ManorCare, Emeritus, and Saint Joseph's Health Retirement.
Flowers are ways to show your beloved elders that you are with them even with separate homes and we will be glad to help by sending flowers to elders housed in these institutions. Kindly furnish a complete delivery requirement for us to enforce the delivery.
Tourists often visit Carpinteria because of its hospitable amenities found in Best Western Plus, Holiday Inn Express Hotel, Motel 6, Sandyland Reef Inn, Casa del Sol Motel, Creekside Montecito, Four Seasons Resort, San Ysidro Ranch, Blue Sands Motel, and Santa Barbara Inn.
Long shopping list shouldn't worry you when you can come out to shop in one complete commercial district of retail stores such as Treasure Hunt, Christian Department Store, Sandcastle Time, Angels Antiques, This Little Piggy Wears, Kraft-It, Traveling Pants, Blue Gem Sunglasses, Calla Gold Jewelry, and Ponce A Time Books.


text:
La Macchia xerofila di Europa e Bassas da India è una ecoregione terrestre della ecozona afrotropicale appartenente al bioma dei Deserti e macchia xerofila (codice ecoregione: AT1308) che si sviluppa per circa 100 km² nelle isole di Europa e Bassas da India nel Canale di Mozambico.

Lo stato di conservazione è considerato in pericolo critico.

Territorio
La regione interessa le isole di Europa e Bassas da India, che si trovano nel Canale del Mozambico vicino all'estremità meridionale del Madagascar. Entrambe sono isole coralline o atolli che appartengono alla Francia.

Europa (22° 20' S; 40° 20' E) si trova a circa 100 km a sud-est di Bassas da India (21° 49' S; 40° 00' E): con una superficie di 30 km², ha un diametro di 6-7 km con un'altitudine massima di 6 m. La sua laguna poco profonda (in media 1 m di profondità) è aperta sul mare da un lato e copre circa 900 ettari, tra cui circa 700 ettari di palude di mangrovie che è particolarmente estesa a sud. La laguna è quasi interamente esposta con la bassa marea e al suo deflusso supporta letti di alghe sparse dominati da specie di Thalassodendron e Halodule (Cymodoceaceae). Il bordo dell'atollo è una struttura carsica; vi sono anche una certa quantità di roccia corallina esposta ed estese dune di sabbia e detriti a sud-ovest. Si stima che Europa si sia formata circa 90.000 anni fa. L'isola è circondata da una piattaforma corallina abrasa da 200 a 600 m di larghezza, che emerge con la bassa marea ricoperta di alghe.

Bassas da India è un atollo di forma quasi perfettamente circolare che misura meno di 1 km² di superficie permanentemente asciutta. La barriera corallina ha un diametro di 12-13 km, sebbene sia quasi interamente sommersa durante l'alta marea e, pertanto, non ospita alcun tipo di vegetazione. Con la bassa marea, il bordo della barriera corallina emerge per circa 1,20 m; tuttavia, diversi scogli a nord sono sempre esposti ad un'altezza di 2-3 m. Si ritiene che la struttura corallina di Bassas da India sia ancora in fase di formazione.

Queste isole sono soggette alla corrente di Agulhas e sono occasionalmente colpite dai cicloni. La temperatura dell'acqua è generalmente superiore ai 30 °C e gli alisei sud-orientali predominano durante l'inverno australe. La media annuale delle precipitazioni è di circa 600 mm.

Flora

Sull'isola di Europa sono stati identificati quattro tipi di vegetazione. Questi includono una foresta secca di arbusti di Euphorbia stenoclada, una formazione erbacea secca dominata da Sclerodactylon macrostachyum, paludi di mangrovie di Rhizophora mucronata e una formazione arbustiva costiera di Suriana maritima. Una piantagione abbandonata di sisal (Agave sisalana), che cresce con la canapa di Mauritius (Furcraea foetida), si trova all'estremità settentrionale dell'isola. Il sisal fu piantato da alcuni coloni che tentarono di insediarsi sull'isola agli inizi del XX secolo. Mentre l'insediamento umano non ebbe successo, il sisal attecchì e prosperò e sembra anche che si stia diffondendo; ora si trova in piccoli gruppi all'interno del boschetto di euforbie. La presenza di questa piantagione ha ridotto la superficie ricoperta dall'Euphorbia stenoclada di circa il 10%. Circa quindici altre specie di piante furono introdotte intenzionalmente o accidentalmente sull'isola di Europa. Non vi sono specie di piante endemiche dell'isola.

Fauna

L'isola di Europa costituisce un importante terreno di nidificazione per le tartarughe e gli uccelli marini e rivendica anche una sottospecie endemica di uccelli terrestri e due sottospecie endemiche di lucertola. Bassas da India è di interesse scientifico e biogeografico a causa del suo sistema di barriera corallina relativamente indisturbato, ma la superficie terrestre limitata non è sufficiente a sostenere una significativa vita terrestre.

Europa è considerata uno dei siti di nidificazione più importanti al mondo per la tartaruga verde (Chelonia mydas), specie che è stata classificata in pericolo di estinzione nella Lista Rossa IUCN a partire dal 1996. Tra le 8000 e le 15.000 femmine nidificano ogni anno sulle spiagge dell'isola e un numero variabile tra 0,7 e 2,4 milioni di piccoli nascono qui ogni anno. Anche la tartaruga embricata (Eretmochelys imbricata) è abbastanza comune sull'isola.

Europa è utilizzata come punto di sosta per numerose specie di uccelli che migrano tra l'Africa e il Madagascar, molte delle quali si riproducono anche qui. La popolazione residente di uccelli marini comprende il fetonte codarossa (Phaethon rubricauda), che nidifica sulla sabbia sotto i cespugli, il fetonte codabianca (P. lepturus), la fregata del Pacifico (Fregata minor), la fregata ariel (F. ariel), la sula zamperosse (Sula sula), la sula fosca (S. leucogaster), la sterna maggiore (Hydroprogne caspia), la sterna scura (Onychoprion fuscatus) e la berta di Audubon (Puffinus lherminieri).

Europa ospita anche alcune specie di uccelli terrestri, tra cui una sottospecie endemica dell'occhialino del Madagascar (Zosterops maderaspatanus voeltzkowi). Questo uccello è riuscito a colonizzare tutte le isole dell'Oceano Indiano occidentale e quindi a diversificarsi in numerose sottospecie o specie endemiche. Altri uccelli terrestri qui presenti sono la garzetta del Madagascar (Egretta dimorpha), la sgarza malgascia (Ardeola idae), il barbagianni comune (Tyto alba), probabilmente indigeno, sebbene dipendente dall'introduzione del ratto nero (Rattus rattus), e il corvo bianco e nero (Corvus albus), probabilmente introdotto e dipendente dalla presenza umana.

Altre specie di interesse sull'isola di Europa sono due forme endemiche di lucertola, Mabuya comorensis e Cryptoblepharus boutonii. Oltre 55 specie di insetti vivono in queste isole, tra cui una specie endemica di Chalcidoidea, un parassita specializzato della formica rossa dei boschi.

Popolazione

Conservazione

L'ecosistema della regione è piuttosto fragile, come del resto quasi tutti quelli delle isole più remote. Oltre all'alterazione fisica della vegetazione dell'euforbia da parte dell'uomo, le specie introdotte di piante e animali hanno avuto un effetto significativo sull'ecologia dell'isola. Il sisal è una specie invasiva in molte località di tutto il mondo, con la capacità di soppiantare la vegetazione nativa. Le capre (Capra hircus) furono introdotte dal Madagascar nel 1860: nel 1976 erano circa 200 e il loro numero è cresciuto da allora in quanto sono prive di nemici naturali e ben si adattano alle difficili condizioni ambientali, come la mancanza di acqua dolce. Le capre sono in grado di alterare drasticamente la vegetazione nativa, distruggendo così l'habitat vitale per le popolazioni di uccelli nativi dell'isola. La loro presenza è particolarmente dannosa per i boschetti autoctoni di euforbia e per il raro albero di portia (Thespesia populnea), che cresce in associazione con le mangrovie. I ratti neri (Rattus rattus) sono presenti sull'isola dal XVI secolo e sono efficaci predatori delle uova e dei giovani di molti uccelli marini. Asini, gatti e conigli furono introdotti sull'isola, ma sono attualmente scomparsi.

Sia Europa che Bassas da India sono classificate come Riserve Naturali, un tipo di protezione di basso livello istituita nel 1975 e nel 1981. È vietata la pesca nelle acque territoriali intorno alle isole e si prevede che chiunque visiti le isole osservi determinate norme.

L'isola di Europa è stata definita Important Bird Area da BirdLife International e sito Ramsar nel 2012.

Note

Bibliografia

Voci correlate
 Lista delle ecoregioni terrestri
 Isole Sparse dell'oceano Indiano

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

 The potential natural vegetation map of eastern Africa

Ecoregioni dell'ecozona afrotropicale


text:
Tension Tests of Polymers
Polymers represent some of the most widely used materials in the world, being found in everything from soft sealants to rigid water pipes. The most basic definition of a polymer is a molecular structure with a long chain of repeating subunits, or monomers. Polymers can be classified into many subcategories. Two of the most basic are the form-holding plastics and the flexible elastomers.
Plastics are further subdivided into thermoplastics and thermosets. Thermoplastics are mostly linear and exhibit very little cross-linking. Thermosets usually have more complicated three-dimensional structures, typically with extensive cross-linking.
Elastomers, also known as rubbers, are comprised of long, coiled polymer chains and can be stretched to beyond their original resting length but will contract back to the original size when released.
In this video, we will determine stress strain curves for different polymeric materials, in order to understand how their mechanical properties affect their performances.
One of the most basic ways polymers are characterized is with a stress-strain curve analysis. This involves applying a known load to a specimen and observing the resulting deformation.
The stress-strain behavior of polymers depends largely on the type of material being analyzed. The stress axis represents the amount of force applied to the material, while the strain curve represents the relative deformation because of this stress. The final point of the curve represents the point where the material ultimately failed, due to the force applied.
In the linear regions of a stress-strain curve, the slope represents the Young's modulus of that material. This is an intrinsic property of a given material. Deformation within this linear region is known as elastic deformation and is reversible. Deformation past this region is known as plastic deformation and is permanent.
Now that you understand polymers and their properties, lets test different polymeric materials using a tensile test machine.
Obtain typical tensile specimens of acrylic, nylon, HPDE and PVC polymeric materials. Using a micrometer, measure the width and thickness at several locations along the shaft of each specimen to determine the average cross-sectional dimensions. Record the average measured width and thickness of each specimen on the data sheet.
Set up the universal testing machine as shown in the JoVE video regarding stress-strain characteristics of steels. Next, place the specimen in the grips of the tensile test machine. Make sure that at least 80 percent of each end is firmly attached to the grips, which will help prevent slippage during the loading operation. Sandpaper may also be used to improve gripping of the sample.
Attach the electronic extensometer securely to the specimen according to the manufacturer's instructions. Next, measure the length of the specimen between the grips. This value is the gauge length and will be used to calculate strain. Now, begin applying the tensile load to the specimen and observe the live reading of applied load on the computer display. If the measured load does not increase, the specimen is slipping through the grips and needs to be re-attached. In this instance, stop the test and re-attach the specimen to the grips.
Continue applying tensile load slowly, observing the shape of the computer-generated load versus displacement graph throughout the loading. Sometime before sample failure, the software will automatically pause the test. Leave the sample in the test machine and remove the extensometer. Resume applying tensile load until failure. Record the maximum load and the load at failure. Remove the broken specimen from the machine. Observe and document the location and character of the fracture. Measure the width and thickness of the specimen in the region of failure, and record the final measurements.
Repeat this protocol for the remaining specimens, making sure to document and characterize the location of their fractures.
With the testing complete, let's now look at the results of the tensile test. Here, we see the progression of failure in a high-density polyethylene sample. During the tensile test there is a significant amount of necking up and down the specimen as the polymeric chains uncoil, showcasing the ductility of HDPE. This phenomenon is even more noticeable if the material is loaded slowly, allowing the HDPE sample to stretch to several times its initial length.
PVC shows a similar failure progression to HDPE, but with a much higher Young's modulus and lower ductility.
The nylon sample had almost as high a Young's modulus as PVC, but was a far more ductile material, elongating more similarly to the HDPE specimen.
In contrast, the acrylic specimen basically fails without any non-linear deformation. The resulting break occurs with no visible elongation of the sample.
Next, let's calculate the Young's modulus for the linear regions of specimens. We will sample three pairs of points across the elastic deformation region, and calculate the slope of each pair. The averages of these three slopes will be the approximate Young's modulus of that material.
As it can be seen, the two highest Young's moduli correspond to the materials which required more force to break. In this example, this represents the PVC and acrylic samples. These materials also underwent little to no plastic deformation, in comparison to HDPE or nylon, making them comparatively brittle materials. The HDPE and nylon samples had lower Young's moduli, meaning the required less force to deform. These samples experienced significant necking, making them the most ductile of the sampled materials.
Let us now look at a couple of common applications of different polymers. Nearly any professional field will find plastics being used, from medical equipment to high-strength building materials.
In civil engineering applications, polymers are widely used for sealants, piping or hoses, siding, coating, and adhesives. The diverse properties of polymers make them a potential candidate for nearly any job.
Elastomers are a specific type of polymer, widely sought out for their unique properties. As they have a large stretch ratio, are electrically non-conductive, and extremely waterproof, they are useful in applications from electrical insulative wires to nitro gloves used in laboratories.
You've just watched JoVE's introduction to tension tests of polymers. You should now understand the basics of polymer science and know the standard laboratory test for determining the stress-strain relationship for different polymeric materials.


text:
The Great Debate: Attorney General Ed Meese III - July 9, 1985
Nov 1 1986 Publication
Speech by Attorney General Edwin Meese III before the American Bar Association on July 9, 1985
Attorney General Edwin Meese III
Before the American Bar Association
July 9, 1985, Washington, DC
Welcome to our Federal City. It is, of course, entirely fitting that we lawyers gather here in this home of our government. We Americans, after all, rightly pride ourselves on having produced the greatest political wonder of the world-a government of laws and not of men. Thomas Paine was right: "America has no monarch: Here the law is king."
Perhaps nothing underscores Paine's assessment quite as much as the eager anticipation with which Americans await the conclusion of the term of the Supreme Court. Lawyers and laymen alike regard the Court not so much with awe as with a healthy respect. The law matters here and the business of our highest court-the subject of my remarks today-is crucially important to our political order.
In reviewing a term of the Court, it is important to take a moment and reflect upon the proper role of the Supreme Court in our constitutional system. The intended role of the judiciary generally and the Supreme Court in particular was to serve as the "bulwarks of a limited constitution." The judges, the Founders believed, would not fail to regard the Constitution as "fundamental law" and would "regulate their decisions" by it. As the "faithful guardians of the Constitution," the judges were expected to resist any political effort to depart from the literal provisions of the Constitution. The text of the document and the original intention of those who framed it would be the judicial standard in giving effect to the Constitution.
You will recall that Alexander Hamilton, defending the federal courts to be created by the new Constitution, remarked that the want of a judicial power under the Articles of Confederation had been the crowning defect of that first effort at a national constitution. Ever the consummate lawyer, Hamilton pointed out that "laws are a dead letter without courts to expound and define their true meaning."
The Anti-Federalist Brutus took him to task in the New York press for what the critics of the Constitution considered his naiveté. That prompted Hamilton to write his classic defense of judicial power in The Federalist, No. 78. An independent judiciary under the Constitution, he said, would prove to be the "citadel of public justice and the public security." Courts were "peculiarly essential in a limited constitution." Without them, there would be no security against "the encroachments and oppressions of the representative body," no protection against "unjust and partial" laws.
Hamilton, like his colleague Madison, knew that all political power is "of an encroaching nature." In order to keep the powers created by the Constitution within the boundaries marked out by the Constitution, an independent-but constitutionally bound-judiciary was essential. The purpose of the Constitution, after all, was the creation of limited but also energetic government, institutions with the power to govern, but also with structures to keep the power in check. As Madison put it, the Constitution enabled the government to control the governed, but also obliged it to control itself.
But even beyond the institutional role, the Court serves the American republic in yet another, more subtle way. The problem of any popular government, of course, is seeing to it that the people obey the laws. There are but two ways: either by physical force or by moral force. In many ways the Court remains the primary moral force in American politics. Tocqueville put it best:
The great object of justice is to substitute the idea of right for that of violence, to put intermediaries between the government and the use of its physical force...
It is something astonishing what authority is accorded to the intervention of a court of justice by the general opinion of mankind. . .
The moral force in which tribunals are clothed makes the use of physical force infinitely rarer, for in most cases it takes its place; and when finally physical force is required, its power is doubled by his moral authority.
By fulfilling its proper function, the Supreme Court contributes both to institutional checks and balances and to the moral undergirding of the entire constitutional edifice. For the Supreme Court is the only national institution that daily grapples with the most fundamental political questions-and defends them with written expositions. Nothing less would serve to perpetuate the sanctity of the rule of law so effectively.
But that is not to suggest that the justices are a body of Platonic guardians. Far from it. The Court is what it was understood to be when the Constitution was framed-a political body. The judicial process is, at its most fundamental level, a political process. While not a partisan political process, it is political in the truest sense of that word. It is a process wherein public deliberations occur over what constitutes the common good under the terms of a written constitution.
As a result, as Benjamin Cardozo pointed out, "the greatest tides and currents which engulf the rest of men do not turn aside in their course and pass the judges by." Granting that, Tocqueville knew what was required. As he wrote:
The federal judges therefore must not only be good citizens and men of education and integrity, . . . (they) must also be statesmen; they must know how to understand the spirit of the age, to confront those obstacles that can be overcome, and to steer out of the current when the tide threatens to carry them away, and with them the sovereignty of the union and obedience to its laws.
On that confident note, let's consider the Court's work this past year. As has been generally true in recent years, the 1984 term did not yield a coherent set of decisions. Rather, it seemed to produce what one commentator has called a "jurisprudence of idiosyncracy." Taken as a whole, the work of the term defies analysis by any strict standard. It is neither simply liberal nor simply conservative; neither simply activist nor simply restrained; neither simply principled nor simply partisan. The Court this term continued to roam at large in a veritable constitutional forest.
I believe, however, that there are at least three general areas that merit close scrutiny: Federalism, Criminal Law, and Freedom of Religion.
In Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, [105 S.Ct. 1005 (1985),] the Court displayed what was in the view of this Administration an inaccurate reading of the text of the Constitution and a disregard for the Framers' intention that state and local governments be a buffer against the centralizing tendencies of the national Leviathan. Specifically, five Justices denied that the Tenth Amendment protects States from federal laws regulating the wages and hours of state or local employees. Thus the Court overruled- but barely-a contrary holding in National League of Cities v. Usery [426 U.S. 833 (1976)]. We hope for a day when the Court returns to the basic principles of the Constitution as expressed in Usery; such instability in decisions concerning the fundamental principle of federalism does our Constitution no service.
Meanwhile, the constitutional status of the States further suffered as the Court curbed state power to regulate the economy, notably the professions. In Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward, [105 S.Ct. 1676 (1985),] the Court used the Equal Protection Clause to spear an Alabama insurance tax on gross premiums preferring in-state companies over out-of-state rivals. In Supreme Court of New Hampshire v. Piper, [105 S.Ct. 1272 (1985),] the Court held that the Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV barred New Hampshire from completely excluding a nonresident from admission to its bar. With the apparent policy objective of creating unfettered national markets for occupations before its eyes, the Court unleashed Article IV against any State preference for residents involving the professions or service industries. Hicklin v. Orbeck, [437 U.S. 518 (1978),] and Baldwin v. Montana Fish and Game Commission, [435 U.S. 371 (1978),] are illustrative.
On the other hand, we gratefully acknowledge the respect shown by the Court for state and local sovereignty in a number of cases, including Atascadero State Hospital v. Scanlon, [105 S.Ct. 3142 (1985)].
In Atascadero, a case involving violations of §504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Court honored the Eleventh Amendment in limiting private damage suits against States. Congress, it said, must express its intent to expose States to liability affirmatively and clearly.
In Haille v. Eau Claire, [105 S.Ct. 1713 (1985),] the Court found that active state supervision of municipal activity was not required to cloak municipalities with immunity under the Sherman Act. And, States were judged able to confer Sherman Act immunity upon private parties in Southern Motor Carrier Rate Conference, Inc. v. United States, [105 S.Ct. 1721 (1985)]. They must, said the Court, clearly articulate and affirmatively express a policy to displace competition with compelling anticompetitive action so long as the private action is actively supervised by the State.
And, in Oklahoma City v. Tuttle, [105 S.Ct. 2427 (1985),] the Court held that a single incident of unconstitutional and egregious police misconduct is insufficient to support a Section 1983 [42 U.S.C. §1983] action against municipalities for allegedly inadequate police training or supervision.
Our view is that federalism is one of the most basic principles of our Constitution. By allowing the States sovereignty sufficient to govern, we better secure our ultimate goal of political liberty through decentralized government. We do not advocate States' rights; we advocate States' responsibilities. We need to remember that state and local governments are not inevitably abusive of rights. It was, after all, at the turn of the century the States that were the laboratories of social and economic progress-and the federal courts that blocked their way. We believe that there is a proper constitutional sphere for state governance under our scheme of limited, popular government.
Recognizing, perhaps, that the nation is in the throes of a drug epidemic which has severely increased the burden borne by law enforcement officers, the Court took a more progressive stance on the Fourth Amendment, undoing some of the damage previously done by its piecemeal incorporation through the Fourteenth Amendment. Advancing from its landmark United States v. Leon, [468 U.S. 897 (1984),] . . . which created a good-faith exception to the Exclusionary Rule when a flawed warrant is obtained by police, the Court permitted warrantless searches under certain limited circumstances.
The most prominent among these Fourth Amendment cases were:
New Jersey v. T.L.O., [105 S.Ct. 733 (1985),] which upheld warrantless searches of public school students based on reasonable suspicion that a law or school rule has been violated; this also restored a clear local authority over another problem in our society, school discipline;
California v. Carney, [105 S.Ct. 2066 (1985),] which upheld the warrantless search of a mobile home;
United States v. Sharpe, [105 S.Ct. 1568 (1985),] which approved on-the-spot detention of a suspect for preliminary questioning and investigation;
United States v. Johns, [105 S.Ct. 881 (1985),] upholding the warrantless search of sealed packages in a car several days after their removal by police who possessed probable cause to believe the vehicle contained contraband;
United States v. Hensley, [105 S.Ct. 675 (1985),] which permitted a warrantless investigatory stop based on an unsworn flyer from a neighboring police department which possessed reasonable suspicion that the detainee was a felon;
Hayes v. Florida, [105 S.Ct.1643 (1985),] which tacitly endorsed warrantless seizures in the field for the purpose of fingerprinting based on reasonable suspicion of criminal activity;
Similarly, the Court took steps this term to place the Miranda v. Arizona [384 U.S. 436 (1966),] ruling in proper perspective, stressing its origin in the Court rather than in the Constitution. In Oregon v. Elstad, [105 S.Ct. 1285 (1985),] the Court held that failure to administer Miranda warnings and the consequent receipt of a confession ordinarily will not taint a second confession after Miranda warnings are received.
The enforcement of criminal law remains one of our most important efforts. It is crucial that the state and local authorities-from the police to the prosecutors-be able to combat the growing tide of crime effectively. Toward that end we advocate a due regard for the rights of the accused-but also a due regard for the keeping of the public peace and the safety and happiness of the people. We will continue to press for a proper scope for the rules of exclusion, lest truth in the fact finding process be allowed to suffer.
I have mentioned the areas of Federalism and Criminal Law, now I will turn to the Religion cases.
Most probably, this term will be best remembered for the decisions concerning the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The Court continued to apply its standard three-pronged test. Four cases merit mention.
In the first, City of Grand Rapids v. Ball, [105 S.Ct. 3248 (1985),] the Court nullified Shared Time and Community Education programs offered within parochial schools. Although the programs instruction in non-sectarian subjects, and were taught by full-time or part-time public school teachers, the Court nonetheless found that they promoted religion in three ways: the state-paid instructors might wittingly or unwittingly indoctrinate students; the symbolic union of church and state interest in state-provided instruction signaled support for religion; and, the programs in effect subsidized the religious functions of parochial schools by relieving them of responsibility for teaching some secular subjects. The symbolism test proposed in Ball precludes virtually any state assistance offered to parochial schools.
In Aguilor v. Felton, [105 S.Ct. 3232 (1985),] the Court invalidated a program of secular instruction for low-income students in sectarian schools, provided by public school teachers who were supervised to safeguard students against efforts of indoctrination. With a bewildering Catch-22 logic, the Court declared that the supervisory safeguards at issue in the statute constituted unconstitutional government entanglement: "The religious school, which has as a primary purpose the advancement and preservation of a particular religion, must endure the ongoing presence of state personnel whose primary purpose is to monitor teachers and students in an attempt to guard against the infiltration of religious thought."
In Wallace v. Jaffree, [105 S.Ct. 2479 (1985),] the Court said in essence that states may set aside time in public schools for meditation or reflection so long as the legislation does not stipulate that it be used for voluntary prayer. Of course, what the Court gave with one hand, it took back with the other; the Alabama moment of silence statute failed to pass muster.
In Thornton v. Caldor, [105 S.Ct. 2914 (1985),] a 7-2 majority overturned a state law prohibiting private employers from discharging an employee for refusing to work on his Sabbath. We hope that this does not mean that the Court is abandoning last term's first but tentative steps toward state accommodation of religion in the Creche case.
In trying to make sense of the religion cases-from whichever side-it is important to remember how this body of tangled caselaw came about. Most Americans forget that it was not until 1925, in Gitlow v. New York, [268 U.S. 652 (1925),] that any provision of the Bill of Rights was applied to the states. Nor was it until 1947 that the Establishment Clause was made applicable to the states through the 14th Amendment. This is striking because the Bill of Rights, as debated, created and ratified was designed to apply only to the national government.
The Bill of Rights came about largely as the result of the demands of the critics of the new Constitution, the unfortunately misnamed Anti-Federalists. They feared, as George Mason of Virginia put it, that in time the national authority would "devour" the states. Since each state had a bill of rights, it was only appropriate that so powerful a national government as that created by the Constitution have one as well. Though Hamilton insisted a Bill of Rights was not necessary and even destructive, and Madison (at least at first) thought a Bill of Rights to be but a "parchment barrier" to political power, the Federalists agreed to add a Bill of Rights.
Though the first ten amendments that were ultimately ratified fell far short of what the Anti-Federalists desired, both Federalists and Anti-Federalists agreed that the amendments were a curb on national power. When this view was questioned before the Supreme Court in Barron v. Baltimore, [32 U.S. 243 (1833),] Chief Justice Marshall wholeheartedly agreed. The Constitution said what it meant and meant what it said. Neither political expediency nor judicial desire was sufficient to change the clear import of the language of the Constitution. The Bill of Rights did not apply to the states-and, he said, that was that.
Until 1925, that is.
Since then a good portion of constitutional adjudication has been aimed at extending the scope of the doctrine of incorporation. But the most that can be done is to expand the scope; nothing can be done to shore up the intellectually shaky foundation upon which the doctrine rests. And nowhere else has the principle of federalism been dealt so politically violent and constitutionally suspect a blow as by the theory of incorporation.
In thinking particularly of the use to which the First Amendment has been put in the area of religion, one finds much merit in Justice Rehnquist's recent dissent in Jaffree. "It is impossible," Justice Rehnquist argued, "to build sound constitutional doctrine upon a mistaken understanding of constitutional history." His conclusion was bluntly to the point: "If a constitutional theory has no basis in the history of the amendment it seeks to interpret, it is difficult to apply and yields unprincipled results."
The point, of course, is that the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment was designed to prohibit Congress from establishing a national church. The belief was that the Constitution should not allow Congress to designate a particular faith or sect as politically above the rest. But to have argued, as is popular today, that the Amendment demands a strict neutrality between religion and irreligion would have struck the founding generation as bizarre. The purpose was to prohibit religious tyranny, not to undermine religion generally.
In considering these areas of adjudication-Federalism, Criminal Law, and Religion-it seems fair to conclude that far too many of the Court's opinions were, on the whole, more policy choices than articulations of constitutional principle. The voting blocs, the arguments, all reveal a greater allegiance to what the Court thinks constitutes sound public policy than a deference to what the Constitution-its text and intention-may demand. It is also safe to say that until there emerges a coherent jurisprudential stance, the work of the Court will continue in this ad hoc fashion. But that is not to argue for any jurisprudence. In my opinion a drift back toward the radical egalitarianism and expansive civil libertarianism of the Warren Court would once again be a threat to the notion of limited but energetic government.
What, then, should a constitutional jurisprudence actually be? It should be a Jurisprudence of Original Intention. By seeking to judge policies in light of principles, rather than remold principles in light of policies, the Court could avoid both the charge of incoherence and the charge of being either too conservative or too liberal.
A jurisprudence seriously aimed at the explication of original intention would produce defensible principles of government that would not be tainted by ideological predilection. This belief in a Jurisprudence of Original Intention also reflects a deeply rooted commitment to the idea of democracy. The Constitution represents the consent of the governed to the structures and powers of the government. The Constitution is the fundamental will of the people; that is why it is the fundamental law. To allow the courts to govern simply by what it views at the time as fair and decent, is a scheme of government no longer popular; the idea of democracy has suffered. The permanence of the Constitution has been weakened. A constitution that is viewed as only what the judges say it is, is no longer a constitution in the true sense.
Those who framed the Constitution chose their words carefully; they debated at great length the most minute points. The language they chose meant something. It is incumbent upon the Court to determine what that meaning was. This is not a shockingly new theory; nor is it arcane or archaic.
Joseph Story, who was in a way a lawyer's Everyman-lawyer, justice, and teacher of law-had a theory of judging that merits reconsideration. Though speaking specifically of the Constitution, his logic reaches to statutory construction as well.
In construing the Constitution of the United States, we are in the first instance to consider, what are its nature and objects, its scope and design, as apparent from the structure of the instrument, viewed as a whole and also viewed in its component parts. Where its words are plain, clear and determinate, they require no interpretation....Where the words admit of two senses, each of which is conformable to general usage, that sense is to be adopted, which without departing from the literal import of the words, best harmonizes with the nature and objects, the scope and design of the instrument.
A Jurisprudence of Original Intention would take seriously the admonition of Justice Story's friend and colleague, John Marshall, in Marbury that the Constitution is a limitation on judicial power as well as executive and legislative. That is what Chief Justice Marshall meant in McCulloch when he cautioned judges never to forget it is a constitution they are expounding.
It has been and will continue to be the policy of this administration to press for a Jurisprudence of Original Intention. In the cases we file and those we join as amicus, we will endeavor to resurrect the original meaning of constitutional provisions and statutes as the only reliable guide for judgment.
We will pursue our agenda within the context of our written Constitution of limited yet energetic powers. Our guide in every case will be the sanctity of the rule of law and the proper limits of governmental power.
It is our belief that only "the sense in which the Constitution was accepted and ratified by the nation," and only the sense in which laws were drafted and passed provide a solid foundation for adjudication. Any other standard suffers the defect of pouring new meaning into old words, thus creating new powers and new rights totally at odds with the logic of our Constitution and its commitment to the rule of law.
https://fedsoc.org/commentary/publications/the-great-debate-attorney-general-ed-meese-iii-july-9-1985
Edwin Meese


In addition to the vast selection of Ultimate On-Demand Audiences available, we also offer powerful custom-modeled audiences. Applying proprietary predictive analytics across our vast consumer spending and other data in the Ultimate Database, we can deliver responsive custom prospect audiences uniquely tailored for your brand. As with all Ultimate Audiences, they are delivered to the advertising platforms of your choice, including Facebook, Google, The Trade Desk, Comcast, Twitter, and all other leading DSPs and ad platforms, where they can be deployed in campaigns across multiple addressable channels.