text:
Top Voting Machine Vendor Admits It Installed Remote-Access Software on Systems Sold to States
The nation's top voting machine maker has admitted in a letter to a federal lawmaker that the company installed remote-access software on election-management systems it sold over a period of six years, raising questions about the security of those systems and the integrity of elections that were conducted with them.
In a letter sent to Sen. Ron Wyden (D-OR) in April and obtained recently by Motherboard, Election Systems and Software acknowledged that it had "provided pcAnywhere remote connection software … to a small number of customers between 2000 and 2006," which was installed on the election-management system ES&S sold them.
The statement contradicts what the company told me and fact checkers for a story I wrote for the New York Times in February. At that time, a spokesperson said ES&S had never installed pcAnywhere on any election system it sold. "None of the employees, … including long-tenured employees, has any knowledge that our voting systems have ever been sold with remote-access software," the spokesperson said.
ES&S did not respond on Monday to questions from Motherboard, and it's not clear why the company changed its response between February and April. Lawmakers, however, have subpoena powers that can compel a company to hand over documents or provide sworn testimony on a matter lawmakers are investigating, and a statement made to lawmakers that is later proven false can have greater consequence for a company than one made to reporters.
ES&S is the top voting machine maker in the country, a position it held in the years 2000-2006 when it was installing pcAnywhere on its systems. The company's machines were used statewide in a number of states, and at least 60 percent of ballots cast in the US in 2006 were tabulated on ES&S election-management systems. It's not clear why ES&S would have only installed the software on the systems of "a small number of customers" and not all customers, unless other customers objected or had state laws preventing this.
The company told Wyden it stopped installing pcAnywhere on systems in December 2007, after the Election Assistance Commission, which oversees the federal testing and certification of election systems used in the US, released new voting system standards. Those standards required that any election system submitted for federal testing and certification thereafter could contain only software essential for voting and tabulation. Although the standards only went into effect in 2007, they were created in 2005 in a very public process during which the security of voting machines was being discussed frequently in newspapers and on Capitol Hill.
Election-management systems are not the voting terminals that voters use to cast their ballots, but are just as critical: they sit in county election offices and contain software that in some counties is used to program all the voting machines used in the county; the systems also tabulate final results aggregated from voting machines.
Software like pcAnywhere is used by system administrators to access and control systems from a remote location to conduct maintenance or upgrade or alter software. But election-management systems and voting machines are supposed to be air-gapped for security reasons—that is, disconnected from the internet and from any other systems that are connected to the internet. ES&S customers who had pcAnywhere installed also had modems on their election-management systems so ES&S technicians could dial into the systems and use the software to troubleshoot, thereby creating a potential port of entry for hackers as well.
In May 2006 in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, ES&S technicians used the pcAnywhere software installed on that county's election-management system for hours trying to reconcile vote discrepancies in a local election, according to a report filed at the time. And in a contract with Michigan, which covered 2006 to 2009, ES&S discussed its use of pcAnywhere and modems for this purpose.
"In some cases, the Technical Support representative accesses the customer's system through PCAnywhere—off-the-shelf software which allows immediate access to the customer's data and network system from a remote location—to gain insight into the issue and offer precise solutions," ES&S wrote in a June 2007 addendum to the contract. "ES&S technicians can use PCAnywhere to view a client computer, assess the exact situation that caused a software issue and to view data files."
Motherboard asked a Michigan spokesman if any officials in his state ever installed the pcAnywhere software that ES&S recommended they install, but got no response.
The presence of such software makes a system more vulnerable to attack from hackers, especially if the remote-access software itself contains security vulnerabilities. If an attacker can gain remote access to an election-management system through the modem and take control of it using the pcAnywhere software installed on it, he can introduce malicious code that gets passed to voting machines to disrupt an election or alter results.
Wyden told Motherboard that installing remote-access software and modems on election equipment "is the worst decision for security short of leaving ballot boxes on a Moscow street corner."
In 2006, the same period when ES&S says it was still installing pcAnywhere on election systems, hackers stole the source code for the pcAnyhere software, though the public didn't learn of this until years later in 2012 when a hacker posted some of the source code online, forcing Symantec, the distributor of pcAnywhere, to admit that it had been stolen years earlier. Source code is invaluable to hackers because it allows them to examine the code to find security flaws they can exploit. When Symantec admitted to the theft in 2012, it took the unprecedented step of warning users to disable or uninstall the software until it could make sure that any security flaws in the software had been patched.
Around this same time, security researchers discovered a critical vulnerability in pcAnywhere that would allow an attacker to seize control of a system that had the software installed on it, without needing to authenticate themselves to the system with a password. And other researchers with the security firm Rapid7 scanned the internet for any computers that were online and had pcAnywhere installed on them and found nearly 150,000 were configured in a way that would allow direct access to them.
It's not clear if election officials who had pcAnywhere installed on their systems, ever patched this and other security flaws that were in the software.
"[I]t's very unlikely that jurisdictions that had to use this software … updated it very often," says Joseph Lorenzo Hall, chief technologist for the Center for Democracy and Technology, "meaning it's likely that a non-trivial number of them were exposed to some of the flaws found both in terms of configuration … but also flaws that were found when the source code to that software was stolen in 2006."
ES&S said in its letter to Wyden that the modems it installed on its election-management systems for use with pcAnywhere were configured only to dial out, not receive calls, so that only election officials could initiate connections with ES&S. But when Wyden's office asked in a letter to ES&S in March what settings were used to secure the communications, whether the system used hard-coded or default passwords and whether ES&S or anyone else had conducted a security audit around the use of pcAnywhere to ensure that the communication was done in a secure manner, the company did not provide responses to any of these questions.
Even if ES&S and its customers configured their remote connections to ES&S in a secure manner, the recent US indictments against Russian state hackers who tried to interfere in the 2016 presidential elections, show that they targeted companies in the US that make software for the administration of elections. An attacker would only have had to hack ES&S and then use its network to slip into a county's election-management system when the two systems made a remote connection.
In its letter to Wyden, ES&S defended its installation of pcAnywhere, saying that during the time it installed the software on customer machines prior to 2006, this was "considered an accepted practice by numerous technology companies, including other voting system manufacturers."
Motherboard contacted two of the top vendors—Hart InterCivic and Dominion—to verify this, but neither responded. However, Douglas Jones, professor of computer science at the University of Iowa and a longtime expert on voting machines confirmed that other companies did routinely install remote-access software during this period.
"Certainly, [Diebold Election Systems] did the same, and I'd assume the others did too," he told Motherboard. "In the case of [Diebold], many of their contracts with customers included the requirement of a remote-login port allowing [the company] to have remote access to the customer system in order to allow customer support."
He notes that election officials who purchased the systems likely were not aware of the potential risks they were taking in allowing this and didn't understand the threat landscape to make intelligent decisions about installing such software.
All of this raises questions about how many counties across the US had remote-access software installed—in addition to ES&S customers—and whether intruders had ever leveraged it to subvert elections.
Although Wyden's office asked ES&S to identify which of its customers were sold systems with pcAnywhere installed, the company did not respond. ES&S would only say that it had confirmed with customers who had the software installed that they "no longer have this application installed."
The company didn't respond to questions from Motherboard asking when these customers removed the software—whether ES&S had instructed them to do so back in 2007 when the company says it stopped installing the software on new systems it sold or whether it had only recently told customers to remove it following concerns raised in the 2016 presidential elections that Russian hackers were targeting election networks in the US. As late as 2011 pcAnywhere was still being used on at least one ES&S customer's election-management system in Venango County, Pennsylvania.
ES&S wrote in its letter to Wyden that it would be willing to meet privately in his office to discuss election security. But when the company was asked to attend a hearing on election security last week before the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration—of which Wyden is a member—ES&S declined to send anyone to answer Senate questions.
Wyden says he's still waiting for ES&S to respond to the outstanding questions he sent the company in March.
"ES&S needs to stop stonewalling and provide a full, honest accounting of equipment that could be vulnerable to remote attacks," he told Motherboard. "When a corporation that makes half of America's voting machines refuses to answer the most basic cyber security questions, you have to ask what it is hiding."
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EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON STABILITY OF SUSPENSION
About Authors:
DIPAK KUMAR DASH
M.PHARM, PHARMACEUTICS
HIMALAYAN PHARMACY INSTITUTE, SIKKIM
Pharmaceutical suspension may be defined as coarse dispersions in which insoluble solids are suspended in a liquid medium. Insoluble solids may have a size range from 10 to 1000 µm.
STABILITY OF SUSPENSION
It is important to understand that suspensions are kinetically stable, but thermodynamically unstable, system.
Physical stability is defined as the condition in which the particles remain uniformly distributed throughout the dispersion without any signs of sedimentation. It is difficult to achieve this condition. Hence the definition can be restated as –if the particles settle they should be easily resuspendable by moderate amount of shaking.
Read more about EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON STABILITY OF SUSPENSION
Antimicrobial Activity of Plants Belong to Solanaceae Family
About Authors: Ajay Kumar Pathak,
Analytical Science Division,
Shriram Institute for Industrial Research,
19 University Road, Delhi, 110007
The plant kingdom comprises many species of plants containing substances of medicinal value, which are yet to be explored. A large number of plants are constantly being screened for their possible medicinal value.[12] The use of plant extracts in traditional medicine has been going on from ancient time.[13] Herbalism and folk medicine, both ancient and modern, have been the source of much useful therapy.[14-16] In the recent years, the development of resistance of pathogens against antibiotics has become a difficult issue caused by the indiscriminate use of modern antibiotics.[17-23] Therefore, the demand for new and effective antimicrobial agents with broad spectrum activities from natural sources are increasing day by day. Infectious diseases account for approximately one-half of all deaths in tropical countries. The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethnopharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and "leads" which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants, none are used as antimicrobials.
Read more about Antimicrobial Activity of Plants Belong to Solanaceae Family
Nanotechnology Cure the Uncontrolled Growth of Cells: Cancer
About Authors: Rinki Verma,
Research fellow,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005
Cancer is caused by damage of genes which control the growth and division of cells. Detection/diagnose/treatment is possible by confirming the growth of the cells and treated by rectifying the damaging mechanism of the genes or by stopping the blood supply to the cells or by destroying it. Conventional detection method of the cancer is not more efficient than nanotechnogical detection method. Nano Particles (NP) being of a few of nano meters size and the cells being of the size of few microns, NP can enter inside the cells and can access the DNA molecules/Genes and therefore, there is a possibility that the defect in the genes can be detected. The conventional treatment is less sensitive than the nanotechnology methods, certain NP can be designed to absorb preferentially certain wave length of radiation and if they enters in the cancerous cells, they will burn them So, Nanotechnology can be used to create therapeutic agents that target specific cells and deliver toxin to kill them.
Read more about Nanotechnology Cure the Uncontrolled Growth of Cells: Cancer
UV - Spectrophotometric and RP - HPLC Method Developement for Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol and Etodolac in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
About Authors: Manoj Kumar Jadia1*, Dr. U. L. Narayan2
1. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Indira Gandhi institute of Pharmaceautical Sciences,
IRC village, Bhubaneswar, Odhisa, India
2. Principal, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
The two methods are described for the simultaneous determination of Paracetamol and Etodolac in binary mixture. The first method was based on UV-spectrophotometric determination of both of the drugs, using simultaneous equation method. It involves absorbance measurement at 256.0 nm (λmax of Paracetamol) and 226.0 nm (λmax of Etodolac) in methanol; linearity was obtained in the range of 5 – 25 μg.mL-1 for both the drugs. The second method was based on HPLC separation of the two drugs in reverse phase mode using Promosil C18 column. Linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 30-70μg.mL-1 for Paracetamol and 20-60 μg.mL-1 for Etodolac. The LOD and LOQ value of UV-Spectrophotometric determination was found to be 167.43 ng mL-1, 507.37 ng mL-1 and for HPLC determination was found to be 1653.12 ng mL-1, 5009.48 ng mL-1.Both these methods have beensuccessively applied to pharmaceutical formulation and were validated according to ICH guidelines.
Read more about UV - Spectrophotometric and RP - HPLC Method Developement for Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol and Etodolac in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Liver Enzymes
About Authors: Sharath Babu
M.Pharm, Mallareddy Institute of Pharmacy
Four separate liver enzymes are included on most routine laboratory tests. They are-aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT), which are known together as transaminases; and alkaline phosphatase (AP) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), which are known together as cholestatic liver enzymes. Elevations of these enzymes can indicate the presence of liver disease.
Read more about Liver Enzymes
Combinatorial Chemistry and Contemporary Pharmacology
About Authors: Aswini K. Reddy, Swetha Yasa, Srivally Challa, Masoom. md
Mallareddy Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hyderabad
Both solid- and liquid-phase combinatorial chemistry have emerged as powerful tools for identifying pharmacologically active compounds and optimizing the biological activity of a lead compound. Complementary high-throughput in vitro assays are essential for compound evaluation. Cell-based assays that use optical endpoints permit investigation of a wide variety of functional properties of these compounds including specific intracellular biochemical pathways, protein-protein interactions, and the subcellular localization of targets. Integration of combinatorial chemistry with contemporary pharmacology now represents an important factor in drug discovery and development.
This is an exceptionally exciting time in the field of pharmacology. The environment for the identification of new therapeutic targets and agents that interact with these targets has rapidly changed with the application of genetic tools and genomics. Extrapolation from the genomic sequencing of lower organisms suggests that there will be a 10-fold increase in the number of potential human therapeutic targets in the next several years with the completion of the Human Genome Project (Drews, 1996). This is leading to a fundamental transformation in pharmacology; no longer is there a dearth of molecular targets for small molecules. Rather, the emphasis is now on validating whether or not the targets are appropriate for therapeutic intervention, on generating large arrays of compounds that represent diverse portions of "chemical space", and developing methods to quickly assess the credentials of small molecules as target disrupters. We believe many of the tools and reagents that are being developed to facilitate this scientific activity will emerge as vital for future academic pharmacological research. Perhaps most important will be the exploitation of combinatorial chemistry libraries, which are becoming widely available. Although we cannot comprehensively review this broad topic here, the goal of this brief commentary is to portray some of the strategies and potentials of combinatorial chemistry libraries as they relate to pharmacological studies.
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REVIEW ON ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
About Authors: Shoeib Afroz Mohammad,
M.Pharm (Pharmacology),
Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy, Kakatiya University
By the 1930s, scientists had isolated and determined the structure of the steroid hormones and found that high doses of androgens, estrogens or progesterone inhibited ovulation. The first oral-contraceptive formulations marketed in the United States, in 1960 and1961, contained 2 to 5 times as much estrogen and 5 to 10 times as much progestin as the oral contraceptives now in use. Since introduced in May of 1960, these pills have provided reliable contracep¬tion for millions of woman throughout the world.They were given in a regimen consisting of 21 active tablets containing estrogen and progestin followed by 7 days of placebo tablets (21/7 regimen). The 7 days of placebo was designed for menses to occur during that time. The use of these high-dose formulations was linked to increased risks of ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism in healthy young women. The estrogen and progestin were reduced rapidly during the 1960s and 1970s because of concern about safety and because the reduction of the doses did not reduce the contraceptive effectiveness.The reductions in the dose of estrogen are believed to have decreased the risk of venous thrombosis. The combination estrogen–progestin oral contraceptives that are now on the market contain estrogen at doses ranging from 20 to 50 μg of ethinyl estradiol or, uncommonly, mestranol. Currently there are over 70 different brands on the market. 1
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INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS AND SAFETY MEASURES
About Authors: Dipak Kumar Dash
M.Pharm (Pharmaceutics)
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute
East Sikkim, Majhitar
Hazard is a term associated with a substance that is likelihood to cause an injury in a given environment or situation. Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition produced by industries that may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property. Safety in simple terms means freedom from the occurrence of risk or injury or loss. Industrial safety refers to the protection of workers from the danger of industrial accidents.
Read more about INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS AND SAFETY MEASURES
Solid Dispersion a Promising Novel Approach for Improving the Solubility of Poorly Soluble Drugs
About Authors: Kushwaha Anjali*
Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of pharmacy,
Bundelkhand university, Jhansi (U.P.), India
Solid dispersions is an efficient means of improving the dissolution rate and hence the bioavailability of a range of poorly soluble drugs. This article reviews the various types of solid dispersion, preparation techniques for solid dispersion and compiles some of the recent technologies. Some of the practical aspects to be considered for the preparation of solid dispersions, such as selection of carrier and methods of physicochemical characterization, along with nature of drugs in solid dispersions are also discussed. Finally, limited commercialization of solid dispersions and recent revival has been considered.
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Nanoemulsion: A Versatile Drug Delivery System
About Authors: Deepti Maithani *, Vikas Jain
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Meerut
From the ancient time it has been the endeavor of the physician and the apothecary to provide patients with the best possible forms of medicine, for recovery from disease faster and completely within minimum adverse effects. Paul Ehrlich in1902 initiated the era of targeted delivery,who proposed drug delivery to be as magic bullet. An ideal drug delivery system is that fulfils the objective of spatial placement and temporal delivery resulting maximized therapeutic effect and least toxicity. With the progress in time and growth of science and technology, the dosage forms have evolved from simple mixtures and pills, to highly sophisticated technology intensive systems, which are known as novel drug delivery systems (NDDS). (1) A different approaches have materialized into various forms of NDDS such as microemulsions, multiple emulsions, liposomes, niosomes, micospheres, pharmacosomes, virosomes, dendrimers, etc.. Most often the problems associated with these delivery systems are their stability and predictability in biological systems which reduce their clinical potential, although each one is associated with its own strong points. Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding field today. According to the National Nanotechnology Initiative (U.S) nanotechnology is broadly defined as the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. (2) . Most often the problems associated with these delivery systems are their stability and predictability in biological systems which reduce their clinical potential, although each one is associated with its own strong points.
Read more about Nanoemulsion: A Versatile Drug Delivery System

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Read Next:	Tommy James Biopic 'Me, the Mob and the Music' in Development (EXCLUSIVE)
August 2, 2018 8:20AM PT
Barry Jenkins Unveils First Look at 'If Beale Street Could Talk'
Barry Jenkins unveiled an intense first look at his adaptation of James Baldwin's novel "If Beale Street Could Talk" on what would have been the author's 94th birthday.
"For me, August 2nd has always been a day to pay tribute, so… a teaser of what's to come. Happy Birthday, Jimmy," Jenkins tweeted on Thursday morning.
For me, August 2nd has always been a day to pay tribute, so… a teaser of what's to come. Happy Birthday, Jimmy 🙏🏿🙌🏿♥ pic.twitter.com/1Miu4jfWvg
— Barry Jenkins (@BarryJenkins) August 2, 2018
"If Beale Street Could Talk" follows a pregnant woman from Harlem named Tish (Kiki Layne), whose lover (Stephan James) is falsely accused of rape. When Tish finds out she is pregnant while James' character Fonny is in prison, she races against the clock with help from her family and her lawyer to find evidence to exonerate Fonny.
"There are days when you wonder what your role is in this country, and what your future is in it," a voiceover by Baldwin says in the trailer. "The things that tormented me the most were the very things that connected me to all the people who were alive."
Production companies are Jenkins' Pastel company, Brad Pitt's Plan B, and Megan Ellison's Annapurna Pictures, which is also financing the film. The film will have its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival in September and is scheduled to be released on Nov. 30 by Annapurna Pictures.
The cast includes Pedro Pascal, Colman Domingo, Brian Tyree Henry, Teyonah Paris, Dave Franco and Regina King.
"Beale Street" is Jenkins' first movie since "Moonlight" won the Academy Award for best picture, best supporting actor, and best screenplay. The film marks the first feature under the production pact between Pastel and Annapurna and is also part of Plan B's production deal with Annapurna. Jenkins has been working closely with the Baldwin Estate to write the screenplay.


text:
To score or seek another goal?
CLEANING up their act is the target - and the only hope of putting their lives back together - for drug victims in Rehab, a drama created in improvisation workshops.
Antonia Bird, co-producer with Ruth Caleb, and writer Rona Munro, spent some time in a rehabilitation centre in search of that hard edge of realism during the five weeks it took to prepare the script.
Individual stories of conflict are intertwined.
Adam (Daniel Mays) is taken straight from prison to a rehab centre. He must free himself from addiction if he is to stay free from jail.
Among those he meets there are Powell (Richard Harrington), a joker on the surface but hiding a secret from the past, and Rosemary (Caroline Paterson), driven by the need to get her child out of care.
Danny (Marcel McCalla) must cut himself off from the girl he loves because she is still on drugs and on the streets.
There's tension all the way, especially when temptation overcomes Adam, Powell, Danny and Dean (Andy Tiernan) and they skip to London in search of the stuff they know is ruining their lives.
Without the cash to feed their habit, emotions come to the boil. This is the crunch, with scarred young men at the crossroads. How they live the rest of their lives is the decision they must make.
BBC1's valuable Food Police (8.30pm) features Laura, a 15-year-old who suffers from the potentially lethal allergy to peanuts which affects one in 70 children. Eating only one peanut almost killed her.
With no official body responsible for the safety of sufferers, it's left to her to monitor everything she eats. She must avoid peanuts like poison, which they are to her. She is her own food policewoman.
Georgina Downs is also fighting the use of pesticides on a crop next to her home which she claims have made her family sick.
There's an intriguing offering for those with BBC4: To Mars by A-Bomb - The Secret History of Project Orion, described as a true account of a secret US plan to send a huge spaceship to Mars, Jupiter and Saturn propelled by thousands of mini nuclear bombs.
Science-fiction giant Arthur C Clarke says the plan is practicable. "The question isn't whether we could do it, but whether we should do it."
Some question, that.


Although there is intense policy interest in improving educational outcomes around the world, there is much greater uncertainty about how to accomplish this. The primary governmental decisions often relate to the resources that are devoted to schooling, but the research indicates little consistent relationship between resources to schools and student achievement. Much of the research considers how resources affect student achievement as measured by standardized test scores. These scores are strongly related to individual incomes and to national economic performance, making them a good proxy for longer run economic impacts. But, the evidence - whether from aggregate school outcomes, econometric investigations, or a variety of experimental or quasiexperimental approaches - suggests that pure resource policies that do not change incentives are unlikely to be effective. Importantly, the results appear similar across both developed and developing countries.


Prime Minister Costas Karamanlis met Thursday with development minister Christos Folias to discuss upcoming contacts with the social partners and producer classes, and the situation in the liquid fuels sector.
Folias told reporters afterwards that the government was closely monitoring the fuel market on a daily basis, adding that its efforts for streamlining the fuel market were constant and steadfast.
The minister also welcomed the decision by gas station owners on the island of Crete to suspend strikes in protest of a ministry-imposed ceiling on fuel prices in several parts of the country where excessive prices were ascertained as a "nature" decision, adding that "we all can contribute in the direction of normalization of the fuel market".
He noted that "we still have a long way to go", but added that with everyone's contribution and involvement, a solution would be found and "we will move in the right direction and, mainly, we will do the best possible for the Greek consumer".
Main opposition PASOK party leader George Papandreou will visit the prefecture of Ilia, in the western Peloponnese, on Thursday, keeping a promise to wildfire victims last year regarding economic aid of 1.2 million euros, an amount corresponding to a third of the election contribution to PASOK from the state budget, party spokesman George Papaconstantinou said on Wednesday.
PASOK is seeking a practical way of distributing the amount so as to serve transparency and the needs of the wildfire sufferers, the spokesman said.
This move is also linked to a reconstruction plan for wildfire-stricken regions that PASOK tabled in the form of a bill and that will be discussed by Parliament's second summer session committee, according to Papaconstantinou, who added that the party is expecting the government to adopt this plan.
Greece's most wanted criminal Vassilis Paleokostas, the convict who escaped a high-security prison in June 2006 in a Hollywood-style operation by helicopter, was apprehended late Wednesday night in Thessaloniki, northern Greece, and has been named by police as the mastermind of the abduction two months ago of then Federation of Industries of Northern Greece (SBBE) president and Alumil aluminum industry CEO George Mylonas outside Thessaloniki.
Police announced that Paleokostas was arrested in a house in the area of Souroti, together with an accomplice. Two other members of the kidnapping ring were arrested earlier Wednesday in Thessaloniki and in Chania, on the island of Crete, earlier in the day, while a fourth ring member was already in prison serving time for other crimes.
The accomplice arrested with Paleokostas in Thessaloniki has a police record in connection with bank robberies.
Thessaloniki police officials were due to make more detailed announcements on Thursday.
A fifth member of the Paleokostas gang, an escaped convict believed to be one of the organizers of the helicopter escape by Vassilis Paleokostas, was also apprehended by police on Monday morning in Agrinio, central eastern Greece.
Vassilis Paleokostas and an Albanian convict Alket Rizaj were spirited away by helicopter on June 4, 2006 from the courtyard of Korydallos prison near Piraeus, in a spectacular operation masterminded by Paleokostas' brother Nikos, a fugitive from justice. After picking up the two at Korydallos jail, the helicopter dropped them off near a cemetery not far from the prison. The two escaped convicts then drove off on motorcycles, according to witnesses. Police said at the time that the two prisoners escaped with the help of two accomplices who had hired the sight-seeing helicopter from the southern coastal suburb of Aghios Kosmas, and then threatened the helicopter's pilot with a pistol and a hand grenade, forcing him to land in the prison yard before taking the two inmates.
The 27-year-old escaped convict arrested on Monday had also been incarcerated at Korydallos prison before he escaped. Rizaj was captured three months after the escape in the coastal village of Prodromos in Viotia prefecture, while fugitive Nikos Paleokostas was arrested a few weeks afterwards near Livadia, also in Viotia prefecture, after years of eluding police capture.
According to initial reports, police believe Vassilis Paleokostas to be behind the abduction of SBBE president Mylonas by unidentified gunmen shortly before midnight on June 9 as he was returning to his home in the Panorama residential district outside Thessaloniki, and was released two weeks later after an unspecified ransom was paid by his family.
Mylonas, 49, the owner, president and CEO of the Athens-listed Alumil aluminum constructions industry and the Alumil Group of companies, with major investments in Greece and abroad, resigned from the helm of SBBE a few days after his release.
Caption: ANA-MPA file photo of escaped convict Vassilis Paleokostas, who was apprehended in northern Greece on June 20 and is believed to have masterminded the June 2008 abduction of Northern Greece Industry Federation chief George Mylonas.


This week, Zayn Malik finally broke his silence about leaving One Direction. He made his first public appearance, complete with a shaved head, too. Zayn seems very grateful for all of the fan support, even though thousands of directioners were absolutely devastated when he announced he was leaving the band. However, it seems everyone is starting to move on from this "tragedy" and accept Zayn as a solo artist now. He is currently working on his new solo music. Hopefully there are more updates to come.
Earth Day was this past Wednesday, and late night host/comedian Conan decided to make a quip about recycling. He wasn't the only celebrity to post about the day. Actor and environmentalist Leonardo DiCaprio was tweeting and retweeting all day about people doing good for the earth and tips for a great Earth Day.
This past Monday, rapper Waka Flocka Flame announced that he was planning on running for president in 2016. Many people are in complete disbelief over this. The rapper made this announcement on 4/20, a day on which marijuana enthusiasts celebrate the drug, so it is possible this was an elaborate joke. We'll have to see what happens, but it seems like Waka Flocka doesn't have Zach Braff's vote.
We'll end this week's tweets with a hilarious one from Rainn Wilson. Currently starring in Backstrom but best known for his role of Dwight Schrute on The Office, Rainn has always been a funny guy. I doubt his next job will be an Uber driver, though it would be a very interesting ride if Dwight Schrute was your driver.
What are your thoughts on Waka Flocka apparently running for president? And what do you think of Lana's newest song? Let us know in the comments or tweet us using #glamorouspaper!


text:
In the `dotwebstack.yaml` it is possible to define two types of operations, `subscriptions` and `queries`.
Some basic information about `subscriptions` and `queries` can be found at:
[GraphQl.org/learn: Queries and Mutations](https://spring.io/projects/spring-boot),

```yaml
subscriptions:
  beerSubscription:
    type: Beer
  brewerySubscription:
    type: Brewery

queries:
  beer:
    type: Beer
    keys:
      - identifier
  beerCollection:
    type: Beer
    list: true
  brewery:
    type: Brewery
    keys:
      - identifier
  breweryCollection:
    type: Brewery
    list: true
```

Queries and/or subscriptions exist of name, like `beer` or `brewery` in the example above, and can have the following properties:
- type
- list
- pageable
- keys

## Type

`Type` is mandatory and has the value of the object you want as a result e.g. `Beer` for `beer` and `Brewery` for `brewery`.

## List

`List` is not mandatory and if not provided it resolves to `false`.

As the name suggest, it is used to get a list of items for a specific `Type`.

Can't be used in combination with `Keys`.

## Pageable

`Pageable` can only be used in combination with `List`.

See [Paging](https://dotwebstack.org/dotwebstack-framework/#/core/paging) for more information about how paging works.

## Keys

`Keys` are used in queries to get one specific object for `Type`.

They are provided as a list of items.

```yaml
  breweryAddress:
  type: Brewery
    keys:
      - identifier
      - name
```

A query for this example wil result in:
```graphql
query {
    breweryAddress(identifier: "id-1", name: "breweryName") {
        identifier
        name
    }
}
```

It is also possible to provide a key from a (nested) object.

The level of nested keys is supported up to 1 level deep, e.g.:
- `postalAddress.city` is supported
- `field.postalAddres.city` is not supported

For a nested key the last entry of the key wil be used as the query parameter, for example:
```yaml
  breweryAddress:
  type: Brewery
    keys:
      - identifier
      - name
```
Will; result in the following query:

```graphql
query {
    breweryAddress(identifier: "id-1", city: "Dublin") {
        identifier
        name
    }
}
```

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


So I'm working on CPD23Things and this week…last week, we were to go around to various blogs and comment and read. This was a great oppurtunity to read the work of other librarians – I don't usually read the personal blogs of other librarians, but I figure this would be a good time for me to find others who share my interests.
As it turns out, CPD23 categorized my blog as a School library blog (or at least, that's what it looks like under the Delicious account). This is fine, since that is mainly what I do right now, but doesn't accurately express my interests in librarianship. I should consider updating it, but we will see.
One thing that is definitely interesting is finding librarians who aren't from the US. I'd love to read their interests and thoughts and hopefully form a community that spans different continents. I'd especially like to find librarians who are interested in technology, as I would love to find out how different countries are adapting to new communication mediums.
I've been meaning to do a 23 Things for the longest time. I'm glad that one of my facebook friends posted that she was doing this, as it introduced me to the idea of doing this as well.
I'm doing this program mainly for the networking aspect of it. I want to see what others out there are doing in terms of professional development and see what I can glean from their experience. I'm already vaguely familiar, if not proficient in much of the technology being discussed but really, I could use a new perspective. I've been using the technologies in a certain way for the longest time and I think I need a breathe of fresh air and a new way of thinking about how to use them. I'm hoping to meet others doing 23 Things and to expand my network of similar-minded folks.
Actually, I'm pretty excited for the Personal Brand section. I feel that I've developed a certain brand, a certain style in my writing and what I talk about, but any insight as to how to develop a better brand is always welcome. Maybe I'll even come up with a logo for myself. Who knows?
I'll be setting up a Category for all of my 23Things posts, so that they will be easier to follow.
So this has been something that I've been kicking around for a few months but I have finally gotten the chance to put some ideas down on (digital) paper.
I've always been interested in the DIY movement, in the Maker movement, in different aspects of programming and digital life. To this end, I have actually gotten together with a friend and we are working on a project encouraging librarians to take part in these movements. It's all very exciting right now and nebulous but I think once we get our thoughts straightened out, it'll be a great project.
I don't know exactly how many librarians would be into this idea, but it really couldn't hurt to put it out there. I think there should be enough to start it off and then, with proper marketing and advertisement at conferences and social media, we will be able to get a good amount of people interested in the idea of DIY and Maker Faire-type events for Librarians.
So keep an eye out for an announcement regarding the beginning of this project. We are still hammering out minor details (such as the name of the project) but hopefully we can launch it by Internet Librarian 2011 – seems like a great place to launch a program like this.
It's hard out there as a librarian to find a job. There are just way too many librarians applying for too few jobs. It's kind of disheartening for a lot of my friends who have recently graduated. I'm not really at liberty right now to speak publicly about what is going on with my job search (it's not that I have a gag order, but that I'd much rather not discuss it openly) so instead I'd like to talk about something else that I've been thinking about as a supplement: being a freelance librarian.
This really all started when I found out that Oracle, from the Birds of Prey series, is an information broker. That got me thinking, I could do this. I could be a freelance information broker, finding information for people, doing research for people, all independently and on my own time. Apparently, I'm not the only one who has thought about this. There is even an organization for Independent Information Professionals. I haven't really put that much more thought into what I would do as a freelance librarian, but the possibilities really are exciting – I would not be tied down to one location, I can travel more, meet more people, and still perform the duties that I enjoy – finding information for people, doing research, maybe even doing a little bit of teaching on the side. Wouldn't that be an exciting life?
To do this would also require some work, like how to setup your own business, what needs to go into being a freelancer, finding clients, etc. It could be much more work, but in the end could also be really satisfying. I'm really just throwing ideas out there and hoping it sticks not only for me, but for others who are trying to figure out what to do now that they are out of school.
Has anyone else considering this as a possible career path? I'd like to start off as part time, and maybe eventually have this as my full time job.
This past weekend was Convocation from SLIS. It was a long time coming, as I graduated a year later than I expected. However, that was fine.
Thursday – my mom came up from Orange County to watch my graduate and I spent Thursday with her.
Friday, I had work in the morning, followed by an afternoon event that I had planned – a Pre-Convocation Faculty/Student/Alumni mixer. It was very well attended and, from what I heard, the faculty were very excited for the event, as they were able to meet students and relax after their Faculty Retreat. I got to meet one of my favorite professors, Dr. Susan Aber, and made some pretty good connections. It was interesting to find out that people sort of knew me. Does that make me infamous? After the mixer, a few of us went to P.F. Changs for dinner and that was great to have dinner with some friends – haven't had one of those dinners in a long time. Since we were in downtown, I had suggested we go to my favorite bar – singlebarrel. The line was AWFULLY long, but worth the wait. I met up with some OC SLIS folks, and we drank and had a good time.


text:
'And Just Like That...he's alive': Peloton releases ad in which Mr Big has run off with his instructor
Warning: Spoilers ahead
Harriet Sinclair
Monday 13 December 2021 13:32
Fitness company advert shows SATC's Big isn't dead
If you haven't watched the first episodes of And Just Like That.. look away now.
Peloton has released an advert, starring Chris Noth, as a nod to the shock reveal at the end of the first episode of And Just Like That... which features one of the brand's stationary bicycles.
Fans of Sex and the City will be thrilled to hear that the death of the mercurial Mr Big (Noth) wasn't the end – and he's instead run off with his Peloton instructor.
The first episode of the revamped SATC series And Just Like That... concluded with a shocking death scene, killing off Carrie's beloved Big. The cause of his death? A heart attack following a particularly vigorous Peloton workout.
As well as crushing the dreams of Carrie and Big fans the world over, the scene also hit Peloton hard – the company's shares dropped by 11 per cent overnight after the episode was released, prompting the company to comment on the character's death.
Have you got a cold or Covid? Here's how to tell the difference
"SATC fans, like me, are saddened by the news that Mr Big dies of a heart attack," said Peloton health board member Dr. Suzanne Steinbaum in an interview with the LA Times.
"Mr Big lived what many would call an extravagant lifestyle – including cocktails, cigars, and big steaks – and was at serious risk as he had a previous cardiac event in Season 6."
The company has now rushed out an advert featuring the Big actor, dropping it on Twitter with a line saying: "And just like that...he's alive".
The advert features Noth and a fictional Peloton instructor named Allegra (played by real Peloton instructor Jess King), sitting in front of a fire talking about "new beginnings" and deciding to take another ride on the Peloton bike.
As the camera pans out, the advert shows the bike alongside a voiceover by Ryan Reynolds, who says: "And just like that, the world was reminded that regular cycling stimulates and improves your heart, lungs and circulation, reducing your risk of cardiovascular diseases.
"Cycling strengthens your heart muscle, lowers resting pulse and reduces blood fat levels," it continues. "He's alive."
Fans were quick to respond to the advert, with one user writing: "Peloton was faster with a response than Carrie was dialling 911."
"What a week for the Peloton marketing team," one Twitter user said. Another added: "I need an oral history of the order of events here. Did they have this filmed ready to go as a planned collab?"
As well as providing the voiceover, Reynolds' production company, Maximum Effort, produced the now-viral advert.
PelotonSex and the CityAnd Just Like ThatRyan ReynoldsChris Noth
1/1Peloton responds to 'And Just Like That…' controversy with new ad
Peloton responds to 'And Just Like That…' controversy with new ad
Chris Noth, who plays Mr Big, rides a Peloton in And Just Like That
And Just Like That/HBO Max/Sky/YouTube
Only £2 for delivery with this Debenhams discount code


Since the HP split in November 2015, both companies have become much more focused on their primary businesses.
HPE has refocused on its core corporate and enterprise clientele. It mainly focuses on server, storage and networking products with financial & support offerings to complement them.
In May 2016 the freshly focused HPE divested it's 'Enterprise Services' consulting business to CSC. The combined entity was renamed DXC Technology.
"The close of this transaction leaves HPE with a crystal clear mission, tied directly to the solutions our customers and partners tell us they want most," said Meg Whitman, president and chief executive officer of Hewlett Packard Enterprise.
HPE then entered the high performance compute space with its acquisition in November 2016 of SGI. With the explosion of big data, high performance compute, data analytics and data management is an important category with a total addressable market of $11 billion and growing by 6-8% per annum. SGI is a clear leader in the space.
September 2016 also saw HPE almost entirely get out of the software business with the sale of its non-core software businesses to Micro Focus. This included solutions in IT operations management, software delivery & test, security, information management & governance and big data analytics. The sale refocused HPE again onto its server, storage and networking hardware.
A small but critical acquisition was made in January 2017. CloudCruiser is a leading provider of cloud consumption analytics software that enables customers to manage and optimise public, private and hybrid cloud usage and spend. Up until the acquisition, CloudCruiser supported Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services and Google Cloud Platform. Since acquisition HP's Flexible Capacity Services offering has been added.
To enhance the security offerings of its wireless networking division Aruba, HPE acquired Niara in February 2017. Niara is a security vendor focused on behavioural analytics. It uses machine learning and big data to discover network attacks and will complement Aruba's existing ClearPass network security solutions.
Simplivity was one of HPE's most important strategic acquisitions. It brought crucial software that HPE needed to offer truly hyper-converged infrastructure. The idea behind hyper-converged infrastructure is that compute, storage and networking operate as a single system. It was pioneered by Cisco and ensures that each of the three components of a datacenter are tested and optimised to work with each other. This, in turn, saves significant time and support costs for enterprise customers. The hyper-converged market is a $2.5 billion opportunity and growing at 25% per annum.
Lastly and most recently, in April 2017 HPE acquired the up and coming storage vendor Nimble. They're a pioneer of super fast flash based storage and complements HPE's existing enterprise storage solutions. Nimble's technology has clever predictive technology to efficiently use what was historically expensive flash storage.
All of these moves over the last year and a half has left HPE a much more focused organisation. Meg Whitman, president and chief executive officer of Hewlett Packard Enterprise describes it as "laser focused" on the needs of enterprise IT departments.


text:
Disgwylfa Tramroads
A Scheduled Monument in Llanelly (Llanelli), Monmouthshire (Sir Fynwy)
OS Grid: SO216139
Mapcode National: GBR F0.WQ2F
Mapcode Global: VH6CP.KK19
Entry Name: Disgwylfa Tramroads
Source: Cadw
Source ID: 4303
Cadw Legacy ID: MM340
Schedule Class: Industrial
Category: Tramroad
Period: Post Medieval/Modern
County: Monmouthshire (Sir Fynwy)
Community: Llanelly (Llanelli)
Traditional County: Brecknockshire
The main limestone quarries at Disgwylfa were worked by Nantyglo Ironworks. The quarries were certainly in use by 1813, but were abandoned in the 1830s, a result of the opening of the more successful Llangattock Quarries. The main tramroad is exceptionally well preserved, running around the SE flank of Mynydd Llangattock. The majority of the tramway survives as a raised causeway, often revetted with stone and boasting numerous stretches of complete rows of stone blocks. Several branches leave the main tramroad, linking it to smaller quarries both above and below Darren Disgwylfa - and S of the junction between the branch of the tramroad leading to Disgwylfa East and the main line there is a stretch of dual trackway measuring about 80m in length. This may represent a siding for storing trams. A recumbent inscribed stone slab lies at the S end of these sidings, immediately to the W of the tramroad. The inscription reads 'The foundations of God standeth sure. Having this seal the Lord knoweth them that are his', a passage from Timothy 2:19. This slab is presumably contemporary with the trackway - tangible social history relating to the quarrymen. The main tramroad continues beyond Darren Disgwylfa (although its structure has been lost within the quarries) and survives as a well preserved causeway and large raised embankment.
The monument is of national importance for its potential to enhance our knowledge of the development of industrial transportation in the nineteenth century. The Disgwylfa Tramroads played a vital role in the development of the iron industry along the Heads of the Valleys and thus also the communities that were supported by them. The rare surviving sections are a vivid illustration of the scale of the industrial ironworking landscape, their short development and use representing a well-preserved single phase in the development of early limestone transporting tramroads. The track bed, embankments and revetments may all be expected to contain archaeological information in regard to construction techniques and functional detail.
The area scheduled comprises the remains described and an area around them within which related evidence may be expected to survive. It is linear, following the route of the original tramroad and its surviving branches over the course of about 2km.
Waun Cyrn round cairn
Twr Pen-cyrn round cairns
Llangattock
Clydach Ironworks (remains) and Smart's Bridge
Defended Enclosure 350m NNW of Ty-Uchaf
Iron Furnace south west of Clydach
Mynydd Pen-cyrn round cairn
Clydach Railroad Section near Brynmawr
Clydach Coal Level


I have a small patio patching job I need to do this spring. The concrete will be about 4 inches thick and I'm worried about cracking. I estimate it's only about 7 or 8 bags of Sakrete or equivalent. Is there a fiber product that can be added to the Sakrete mix? This job is way too small to order ready mix.
I wouldn't worry about adding fiber. Can you get 5000 lb mix from your local supplier? That product is plenty strong for any home owner patio project. 4 inches with this product is way strong. Just remember to use as little water as possible. About 1 gallon for 80lb bag should be plenty.
Can you get 5000 lb mix from your local supplier? That product is plenty strong for any home owner patio project.
I plan on picking up bags of Sakrete or equivalent at Lowes or HD. Do they make a 5000 lb mix?
I don't know if it is available in your area but here there are a couple of places that have concrete in a mixer you pull behind your truck for jobs that are to small for a truckload and too large to hand mix. I've never used them so I don't know about the cost but thought I would at least check them out if I did have a need.
In my area, Lowes Hardware stocks a "crack resistant" version of Quickrete. I suggest you visit the Sakrete website, if there is one. They probably sell a variety of concrete mixes.
To me, the bagged mixes look like they don't contain enough aggregate.
The most important thing to preventing cracks in concrete is to use as little water as possible, do not use too much sand, and to mix it thoroughly. I like to mix the sand, cement and aggregate well before adding water. If your mix is "soupy", you've got too much water.
To increase the strenth of a pre-mix such as sacrete, simply buy an extra bag of cement and add some of it to the sacrete mix. Usually a shovel full of cement added to a bag of sacrete will increase the cured strength by around 500 lbs. Thus, if you add 4 shovels of cement to a bag of 3000 psi pre-mix, you should end up with 5000 psi cured concrete.
It's an interesting question how much the cracking of your slab is related to the strength of the concrete and how much it is related to its ability to expand and contract horizontally. If you had a big void under the surface and rolled heavy machinery across it, I suppose the stronger concrete is better. But how does strength vs downward pressure relate to cracking due to uneven heating over the surface and side to side stress?
I've been casting some simple wall cap block with concrete and have developed a great curiosity about how fiber additives would change the material (not that I need any reinforcement - I'm just curious because I've been working with concrete for the past few weeks). I don't see any sources where a homeowner can buy the fiber additives. Is this because of lack of demand? Or does it require some industrial process to get them mixed with the other ingredients?
The fiber that is used in concrete as well as stucco base coat is chopped fiber glass. Long strand is used in concrete and short strand in stucco. Usually a whole bag to a yard of concrete, bag and all as the bag will dissolve in water. If your hand mixing and want to use the fiber use the short strand, a small handful to a wheel barrow as the long strand is made for a ready-mix type of mixer and will ball up on you. You should be able to get short strand at a plaster-stucco supplier.
An alternative is to locate some hemp rope and chop you own.
The PSI rating of concrete has less affect on cracking than several other factors, particularly the flexural strength - which is helped with fibers - and the percentage of air in the mix. Pretty much what Steven said above. The crack-resistant Sakrete has fibers in the mix. In freezing climates, it's also common to add air entraining agents to the mix to serve the same purpose. I don't know if there are such agents available at the Borgs, though.
Using too rich of mix can actually increase the chance of hairline cracking due to heat during curing. And as mentioned above, too much water can also cause cracking problems due to shrinkage during curing.


text:
listening to the deep
the Amazon pink dolphin
monitoring biodiversity
20.000 sounds under the sea
an elephant conservation initiative
the sound of caves
the Arctic soundscapes in a changing ocean
Sponsors & collaborators
The Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation
The Rolex Institute
Boto and Tucuxi
Bowhead Whales
Pilot Whales
The Sense of Silence Foundation concentrates the largest bioacoustic Big Data in the world, from the deep-ocean to the Amazon rainforest, allowing the real-time monitoring of wildlife and biodiversity, worldwide
The Sense of Silence Foundation listens to Nature, forwarding its stream of knowledge to science and society by deploying passive acoustics sensors in areas where wildlife conservation is threatened, to live monitor its behaviour and take conservation measures when necessary. Through the technology developed by the Laboratory of Applied Bioacoustics (LAB) of the Technical University of Catalonia, BarcelonaTech (UPC), which anticipated the future broad use of acoustic data at large spatial and temporal scales through its international network of acoustic stations (listentothedeep.com), live streams of sounds converge to dedicated servers where an automated analysis identifies the sources involved, displays the data on the internet and alerts scientists and regulators of the presence of threats to Nature.
The Sense of Silence Foundation exclusively concentrates its effort on wild life conservation. Its funding comes from donations and its board of trustees is responsible of identifying areas where to deploy silent ears to provide Nature with benevolent protective tools.
Letter from Mélanie Laurent
Letter from Michel André
To give back a voice to the ones that we have forgotten … to listen to the very depths of the ocean and hear the sounds of sorrow, fear and distress of these neglected marine mammals… To dive in, and realise that there is no silence anymore… for men will destroy everything up until the very last leaf, the very last breath, while others will spend their lives trying to give a voice back to those that don't have one… When Michel told me about his project, I was immediately captivated by the beauty of this unique initiative… to listen to the ills that we are doing to our oceans… to dive amongst the whales and hear what the folly of man has done. I am extremely proud and honoured to be godmother and an ambassador to this unique, essential and wonderful project. We live and behave here on earth as though every part of it belongs to us, instead of being eternally thankful that it has welcomed us amongst it… this blue planet, originally so pristine, comprised of 70% oceans, and yet, again with contempt, we chose to call it Earth. It is time to repair our mistakes. To plunge into the water… and look for even the slightest bit of remaining silence…
After more than 25 years of research, having founded the Laboratory of Applied Bioacoustics (LAB), a research laboratory at the Technical University of Catalonia (BarcelonaTech, UPC, Spain) to study the effects of noise on the marine environment, as well as a spinoff company, SONSETC.com, to accompany the effort of ocean users to mitigate the impact of their activities, I am now taking a definitive step forward. The Sense of Silence Foundation is the third and ultimate threefold objective of a lifetime project aimed at providing an environmentally responsible solution to the worldwide noise issue. Created in the deep-ocean (listentothedeep.com) and awarded by the Rolex Awards for Enterprise in 2002 (http://www.rolexawards.com), this technology is now mature to expand from the floated rainforest to extreme polar conditions, facing the challenge of giving back a balance to Nature through the analysis of its sounds.
President, The Sense of Silence Foundation
silent ear projects
The Sense of Silence Foundation silent ears are deployed worldwide
Artificial noise produced by human activity at sea is threatening the balance of the ocean...
The conservation of the two endangered species of fresh water dolphins inhabiting the Mamirauá Reserve...
elephant conservation initiative
Elephants die in India due to train collisions, threatening their survival.
Two Rolex Laureates are pioneering speleo-acoustics, an entirely new field of science.
the Arctic soundscapes
While most of the oceans are already dramatically affected by noise...
Revolutionizing the way we monitor biodiversity in the Amazon
A unique programme to sense the deep-ocean sounds during a 4-year expedition around the globe...
Our sponsors are making possible our commitment to Nature
"The Rolex Awards for Enterprise support inspiring individuals who carry out innovative projects that advance human knowledge or well-being." show more…
"Cross-programmatic grants from the foundation's science and environmental conservation teams are supporting an international collaboration..." show more…
"Cross-programmatic grants from the foundation's science and environmental conservation..." show more…
"The next two decades will see increasing levels of offshore ..." show more…
Communicating about our projects will help saving endangered species
A boat owned by environmentalists is carrying Laura Abbriano and her associates along the chain of offshore islands. show more…
The Power of One Person to Change the World show more…
Listening to the deep ocean. show more…
BBC - Genius Behind show more…
website by edgarcostilla ©2017 The Sense of Silence Foundation |Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Creative Commons
08800 Vilanova i la Geltrú, Barcelona, Spain +34-93 896 7227
Tweets by tsosfoundation


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

    <title>Time</title>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/reset.css" type="text/css" media="screen" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/main.css" type="text/css" media="screen" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/github.css" type="text/css" media="screen" />

            Ruby on Rails 4.0.0

            Class
            Time

                <

                    Object

/Users/alec/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/acts_like.rb

/Users/alec/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb

/Users/alec/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb

/Users/alec/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/marshal.rb

/Users/alec/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb

/Users/alec/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/json/encoding.rb

/Users/alec/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb

Methods

#

                -,

                <=>,

                ===,

                _dump,

                _dump_without_zone,

                _load

A

                acts_like_time?,

                advance,

                ago,

                all_day,

                all_month,

                all_quarter,

                all_week,

                all_year,

                at_beginning_of_day,

                at_beginning_of_hour,

                at_beginning_of_minute,

                at_end_of_day,

                at_end_of_hour,

                at_end_of_minute,

                at_midnight,

                at_with_coercion

B

                beginning_of_day,

                beginning_of_hour,

                beginning_of_minute

C

                change,

                compare_with_coercion,

                compare_without_coercion,

                current

D

                days_in_month

E

                end_of_day,

                end_of_hour,

                end_of_minute,

                eql?,

                eql_with_coercion,

                eql_without_coercion

F

                find_zone,

                find_zone!,

                formatted_offset

I

                in,

                in_time_zone

L

                local_time

M

                midnight,

                minus_with_coercion,

                minus_without_coercion,

                minus_without_duration

S

                seconds_since_midnight,

                seconds_until_end_of_day,

                since

T

                time_with_datetime_fallback,

                to_default_s,

                to_formatted_s,

                to_s

U

                use_zone,

                utc_time

Z

                zone,

                zone=

Included Modules

              DateAndTime::Calculations

Constants

            COMMON_YEAR_DAYS_IN_MONTH
            =
            [nil, 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31]

            DATE_FORMATS
            =
            {
:db           => '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',
:number       => '%Y%m%d%H%M%S',
:nsec         => '%Y%m%d%H%M%S%9N',
:time         => '%H:%M',
:short        => '%d %b %H:%M',
:long         => '%B %d, %Y %H:%M',
:long_ordinal => lambda { |time|
day_format = ActiveSupport::Inflector.ordinalize(time.day)
time.strftime("%B #{day_format}, %Y %H:%M")
},
:rfc822       => lambda { |time|
offset_format = time.formatted_offset(false)
time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S #{offset_format}")
}
}

Attributes

              [RW]

            zone_default

Instance Public methods

              -(other)

            Link

              Also aliased as: minus_without_duration, minus_without_coercion

              Alias for: minus_with_coercion

              <=>(other)

            Link

              Also aliased as: compare_without_coercion

              Alias for: compare_with_coercion

              ===(other)

            Link

Overriding case equality method so that it returns true for ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone
instances

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 15
def ===(other)
  super || (self == Time && other.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone))
end

              _dump(*args)

            Link

              Also aliased as: _dump_without_zone

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/marshal.rb, line 24
def _dump(*args)
  obj = dup
  obj.instance_variable_set('@_zone', zone)
  obj.send :_dump_without_zone, *args
end

              _dump_without_zone(*args)

            Link

              Alias for: _dump

              _load(marshaled_time)

            Link

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/marshal.rb, line 8
def _load(marshaled_time)
  time = _load_without_zone(marshaled_time)
  time.instance_eval do
    if zone = defined?(@_zone) && remove_instance_variable('@_zone')
      ary = to_a
      ary[0] += subsec if ary[0] == sec
      ary[-1] = zone
      utc? ? Time.utc(*ary) : Time.local(*ary)
    else
      self
    end
  end
end

              acts_like_time?()

            Link

Duck-types as a Time-like class. See Object#acts_like?.

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/acts_like.rb, line 5
def acts_like_time?
  true
end

              advance(options)

            Link

Uses Date to provide precise Time calculations for years, months, and days.
The options parameter takes a hash with any of these keys:
:years, :months, :weeks,
:days, :hours, :minutes,
:seconds.

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 129
def advance(options)
  unless options[:weeks].nil?
    options[:weeks], partial_weeks = options[:weeks].divmod(1)
    options[:days] = options.fetch(:days, 0) + 7 * partial_weeks
  end

  unless options[:days].nil?
    options[:days], partial_days = options[:days].divmod(1)
    options[:hours] = options.fetch(:hours, 0) + 24 * partial_days
  end

  d = to_date.advance(options)
  time_advanced_by_date = change(:year => d.year, :month => d.month, :day => d.day)
  seconds_to_advance =        options.fetch(:seconds, 0) +
    options.fetch(:minutes, 0) * 60 +
    options.fetch(:hours, 0) * 3600

  if seconds_to_advance.zero?
    time_advanced_by_date
  else
    time_advanced_by_date.since(seconds_to_advance)
  end
end

              ago(seconds)

            Link

Returns a new Time representing the time a number of seconds ago, this is
basically a wrapper around the Numeric extension

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 155
def ago(seconds)
  since(-seconds)
end

              all_day()

            Link

Returns a Range representing the whole day of the
current time.

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 219
def all_day
  beginning_of_day..end_of_day
end

              all_month()

            Link

Returns a Range representing the whole month of
the current time.

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 230
def all_month
  beginning_of_month..end_of_month
end

              all_quarter()

            Link

Returns a Range representing the whole quarter of
the current time.

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 235
def all_quarter
  beginning_of_quarter..end_of_quarter
end

              all_week(start_day = Date.beginning_of_week)

            Link

Returns a Range representing the whole week of the
current time. Week starts on start_day, default is
Date.week_start or config.week_start when set.

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 225
def all_week(start_day = Date.beginning_of_week)
  beginning_of_week(start_day)..end_of_week(start_day)
end

              all_year()

            Link

Returns a Range representing the whole year of the
current time.

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 240
def all_year
  beginning_of_year..end_of_year
end

              at_beginning_of_day()

            Link

              Alias for: beginning_of_day

              at_beginning_of_hour()

            Link

              Alias for: beginning_of_hour

              at_beginning_of_minute()

            Link

              Alias for: beginning_of_minute

              at_end_of_day()

            Link

              Alias for: end_of_day

              at_end_of_hour()

            Link

              Alias for: end_of_hour

              at_end_of_minute()

            Link

              Alias for: end_of_minute

              at_midnight()

            Link

              Alias for: beginning_of_day

              at_with_coercion(*args)

            Link

Layers additional behavior on Time.at so that ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone and
DateTime instances can be used when called with a single argument

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 71
def at_with_coercion(*args)
  if args.size == 1 && args.first.acts_like?(:time)
    at_without_coercion(args.first.to_i)
  else
    at_without_coercion(*args)
  end
end

              beginning_of_day()

            Link

Returns a new Time representing the start of the day (0:00)

              Also aliased as: midnight, at_midnight, at_beginning_of_day

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 168
def beginning_of_day
  #(self - seconds_since_midnight).change(usec: 0)
  change(:hour => 0)
end

              beginning_of_hour()

            Link

Returns a new Time representing the start of the hour (x:00)

              Also aliased as: at_beginning_of_hour

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 188
def beginning_of_hour
  change(:min => 0)
end

              beginning_of_minute()

            Link

Returns a new Time representing the start of the minute (x:xx:00)

              Also aliased as: at_beginning_of_minute

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 204
def beginning_of_minute
  change(:sec => 0)
end

              change(options)

            Link

Returns a new Time where one or more of the elements have been changed
according to the options parameter. The time options
(:hour, :min, :sec,
:usec) reset cascadingly, so if only the hour is passed, then
minute, sec, and usec is set to 0. If the hour and minute is passed, then
sec and usec is set to 0.  The options parameter takes a hash
with any of these keys: :year, :month,
:day, :hour, :min,
:sec, :usec.

Time.new(2012, 8, 29, 22, 35, 0).change(day: 1)              # => Time.new(2012, 8, 1, 22, 35, 0)
Time.new(2012, 8, 29, 22, 35, 0).change(year: 1981, day: 1)  # => Time.new(1981, 8, 1, 22, 35, 0)
Time.new(2012, 8, 29, 22, 35, 0).change(year: 1981, hour: 0) # => Time.new(1981, 8, 29, 0, 0, 0)

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 107
def change(options)
  new_year  = options.fetch(:year, year)
  new_month = options.fetch(:month, month)
  new_day   = options.fetch(:day, day)
  new_hour  = options.fetch(:hour, hour)
  new_min   = options.fetch(:min, options[:hour] ? 0 : min)
  new_sec   = options.fetch(:sec, (options[:hour] || options[:min]) ? 0 : sec)
  new_usec  = options.fetch(:usec, (options[:hour] || options[:min] || options[:sec]) ? 0 : Rational(nsec, 1000))

  if utc?
    ::Time.utc(new_year, new_month, new_day, new_hour, new_min, new_sec, new_usec)
  elsif zone
    ::Time.local(new_year, new_month, new_day, new_hour, new_min, new_sec, new_usec)
  else
    ::Time.new(new_year, new_month, new_day, new_hour, new_min, new_sec + (new_usec.to_r / 1000000), utc_offset)
  end
end

              compare_with_coercion(other)

            Link

Layers additional behavior on Time#<=> so that DateTime and ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone
instances can be chronologically compared with a Time

              Also aliased as: <=>

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 276
def compare_with_coercion(other)
  # we're avoiding Time#to_datetime cause it's expensive
  if other.is_a?(Time)
    compare_without_coercion(other.to_time)
  else
    to_datetime <=> other
  end
end

              compare_without_coercion(other)

            Link

              Alias for: <=>

              current()

            Link

Returns Time.zone.now when Time.zone or
config.time_zone are set, otherwise just returns
Time.now.

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 65
def current
  ::Time.zone ? ::Time.zone.now : ::Time.now
end

              days_in_month(month, year = now.year)

            Link

Return the number of days in the given month. If no year is specified, it
will use the current year.

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 21
def days_in_month(month, year = now.year)
  if month == 2 && ::Date.gregorian_leap?(year)
    29
  else
    COMMON_YEAR_DAYS_IN_MONTH[month]
  end
end

              end_of_day()

            Link

Returns a new Time representing the end of the day, 23:59:59.999999
(.999999999 in ruby1.9)

              Also aliased as: at_end_of_day

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 177
def end_of_day
  change(
    :hour => 23,
    :min => 59,
    :sec => 59,
    :usec => Rational(999999999, 1000)
  )
end

              end_of_hour()

            Link

Returns a new Time representing the end of the hour, x:59:59.999999
(.999999999 in ruby1.9)

              Also aliased as: at_end_of_hour

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 194
def end_of_hour
  change(
    :min => 59,
    :sec => 59,
    :usec => Rational(999999999, 1000)
  )
end

              end_of_minute()

            Link

Returns a new Time representing the end of the minute, x:xx:59.999999
(.999999999 in ruby1.9)

              Also aliased as: at_end_of_minute

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 210
def end_of_minute
  change(
    :sec => 59,
    :usec => Rational(999999999, 1000)
  )
end

              eql?(other)

            Link

              Also aliased as: eql_without_coercion

              Alias for: eql_with_coercion

              eql_with_coercion(other)

            Link

Layers additional behavior on #eql?
so that ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone
instances can be eql? to an equivalent Time

              Also aliased as: eql?

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 289
def eql_with_coercion(other)
  # if other is an ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, coerce a Time instance from it so we can do eql? comparison
  other = other.comparable_time if other.respond_to?(:comparable_time)
  eql_without_coercion(other)
end

              eql_without_coercion(other)

            Link

              Alias for: eql?

              find_zone(time_zone)

            Link

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb, line 72
def find_zone(time_zone)
  find_zone!(time_zone) rescue nil
end

              find_zone!(time_zone)

            Link

Returns a TimeZone instance or nil, or raises an ArgumentError for invalid
timezones.

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb, line 52
def find_zone!(time_zone)
  if !time_zone || time_zone.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeZone)
    time_zone
  else
    # lookup timezone based on identifier (unless we've been passed a TZInfo::Timezone)
    unless time_zone.respond_to?(:period_for_local)
      time_zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone[time_zone] || TZInfo::Timezone.get(time_zone)
    end

    # Return if a TimeZone instance, or wrap in a TimeZone instance if a TZInfo::Timezone
    if time_zone.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeZone)
      time_zone
    else
      ActiveSupport::TimeZone.create(time_zone.name, nil, time_zone)
    end
  end
rescue TZInfo::InvalidTimezoneIdentifier
  raise ArgumentError, "Invalid Timezone: #{time_zone}"
end

              formatted_offset(colon = true, alternate_utc_string = nil)

            Link

Returns the UTC offset as an +HH:MM formatted string.

Time.local(2000).formatted_offset        # => "-06:00"
Time.local(2000).formatted_offset(false) # => "-0600"

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb, line 60
def formatted_offset(colon = true, alternate_utc_string = nil)
  utc? && alternate_utc_string || ActiveSupport::TimeZone.seconds_to_utc_offset(utc_offset, colon)
end

              in(seconds)

            Link

              Alias for: since

              in_time_zone(zone = ::Time.zone)

            Link

Returns the simultaneous time in Time.zone.

Time.zone = 'Hawaii'        # => 'Hawaii'
Time.utc(2000).in_time_zone # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 14:00:00 HST -10:00

This method is similar to Time#localtime, except that it uses
Time.zone as the local zone instead of the operating
system's time zone.

You can also pass in a TimeZone instance or string that identifies a
TimeZone as an argument, and the conversion will be based on that zone
instead of Time.zone.

Time.utc(2000).in_time_zone('Alaska') # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 15:00:00 AKST -09:00

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb, line 89
def in_time_zone(zone = ::Time.zone)
  if zone
    ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(utc? ? self : getutc, ::Time.find_zone!(zone))
  else
    self
  end
end

              local_time(*args)

            Link

DEPRECATED: Use +Time#local+ instead.

Wraps class method time_with_datetime_fallback with
utc_or_local set to :local.

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 59
def local_time(*args)
  ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'local_time is deprecated. Use Time#local instead', caller
  time_with_datetime_fallback(:local, *args)
end

              midnight()

            Link

              Alias for: beginning_of_day

              minus_with_coercion(other)

            Link

Time#- can also be used to determine the number of seconds between two Time
instances. We're layering on additional behavior so that ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone
instances are coerced into values that Time#- will recognize

              Also aliased as: -

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 267
def minus_with_coercion(other)
  other = other.comparable_time if other.respond_to?(:comparable_time)
  other.is_a?(DateTime) ? to_f - other.to_f : minus_without_coercion(other)
end

              minus_without_coercion(other)

            Link

              Alias for: -

              minus_without_duration(other)

            Link

              Alias for: -

              seconds_since_midnight()

            Link

Seconds since midnight: Time.now.seconds_since_midnight

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 83
def seconds_since_midnight
  to_i - change(:hour => 0).to_i + (usec / 1.0e+6)
end

              seconds_until_end_of_day()

            Link

Returns the number of seconds until 23:59:59.

Time.new(2012, 8, 29,  0,  0,  0).seconds_until_end_of_day # => 86399
Time.new(2012, 8, 29, 12, 34, 56).seconds_until_end_of_day # => 41103
Time.new(2012, 8, 29, 23, 59, 59).seconds_until_end_of_day # => 0

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 92
def seconds_until_end_of_day
  end_of_day.to_i - to_i
end

              since(seconds)

            Link

Returns a new Time representing the time a number of seconds since the
instance time

              Also aliased as: in

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 160
def since(seconds)
  self + seconds
rescue
  to_datetime.since(seconds)
end

              time_with_datetime_fallback(utc_or_local, year, month=1, day=1, hour=0, min=0, sec=0, usec=0)

            Link

DEPRECATED: Use +Time#utc+ or +Time#local+ instead.

Returns a new Time if requested year can be accommodated by Ruby's Time
class (i.e., if year is within either 1970..2038 or 1902..2038, depending
on system architecture); otherwise returns a DateTime.

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 34
def time_with_datetime_fallback(utc_or_local, year, month=1, day=1, hour=0, min=0, sec=0, usec=0)
  ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'time_with_datetime_fallback is deprecated. Use Time#utc or Time#local instead', caller
  time = ::Time.send(utc_or_local, year, month, day, hour, min, sec, usec)

  # This check is needed because Time.utc(y) returns a time object in the 2000s for 0 <= y <= 138.
  if time.year == year
    time
  else
    ::DateTime.civil_from_format(utc_or_local, year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
  end
rescue
  ::DateTime.civil_from_format(utc_or_local, year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
end

              to_default_s(format = :default)

            Link

              Alias for: to_s

              to_formatted_s(format = :default)

            Link

Converts to a formatted string. See DATE_FORMATS for builtin formats.

This method is aliased to to_s.

time = Time.now                    # => Thu Jan 18 06:10:17 CST 2007

time.to_formatted_s(:time)         # => "06:10"
time.to_s(:time)                   # => "06:10"

time.to_formatted_s(:db)           # => "2007-01-18 06:10:17"
time.to_formatted_s(:number)       # => "20070118061017"
time.to_formatted_s(:short)        # => "18 Jan 06:10"
time.to_formatted_s(:long)         # => "January 18, 2007 06:10"
time.to_formatted_s(:long_ordinal) # => "January 18th, 2007 06:10"
time.to_formatted_s(:rfc822)       # => "Thu, 18 Jan 2007 06:10:17 -0600"

Adding your own time formats to to_formatted_s

You can add your own formats to the Time::DATE_FORMATS hash. Use the format
name as the hash key and either a strftime string or Proc instance that
takes a time argument as the value.

# config/initializers/time_formats.rb
Time::DATE_FORMATS[:month_and_year] = '%B %Y'
Time::DATE_FORMATS[:short_ordinal]  = ->(time) { time.strftime("%B #{time.day.ordinalize}") }

              Also aliased as: to_s

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb, line 46
def to_formatted_s(format = :default)
  if formatter = DATE_FORMATS[format]
    formatter.respond_to?(:call) ? formatter.call(self).to_s : strftime(formatter)
  else
    to_default_s
  end
end

              to_s(format = :default)

            Link

              Also aliased as: to_default_s

              Alias for: to_formatted_s

              use_zone(time_zone)

            Link

Allows override of Time.zone locally inside supplied block;
resets Time.zone to existing value when done.

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb, line 41
def use_zone(time_zone)
  new_zone = find_zone!(time_zone)
  begin
    old_zone, ::Time.zone = ::Time.zone, new_zone
    yield
  ensure
    ::Time.zone = old_zone
  end
end

              utc_time(*args)

            Link

DEPRECATED: Use +Time#utc+ instead.

Wraps class method time_with_datetime_fallback with
utc_or_local set to :utc.

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb, line 51
def utc_time(*args)
  ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'utc_time is deprecated. Use Time#utc instead', caller
  time_with_datetime_fallback(:utc, *args)
end

              zone()

            Link

Returns the TimeZone for the current request, if this has been set (via #zone=). If Time.zone
has not been set for the current request, returns the TimeZone specified in
config.time_zone.

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb, line 9
def zone
  Thread.current[:time_zone] || zone_default
end

              zone=(time_zone)

            Link

Sets Time.zone to a TimeZone object for the current
request/thread.

This method accepts any of the following:

A Rails TimeZone object.

An identifier for a Rails TimeZone object (e.g., "Eastern Time (US &
Canada)", -5.hours).

A TZInfo::Timezone object.

An identifier for a TZInfo::Timezone object (e.g., "America/New_York").

Here's an example of how you might set Time.zone on a per
request basis and reset it when the request is done.
current_user.time_zone just needs to return a string
identifying the user's preferred time zone:

class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
  around_filter :set_time_zone

  def set_time_zone
    if logged_in?
      Time.use_zone(current_user.time_zone) { yield }
    else
      yield
    end
  end
end

                Source:
                show

# File ../../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.1.2/gems/activesupport-4.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb, line 36
def zone=(time_zone)
  Thread.current[:time_zone] = find_zone!(time_zone)
end


text:
Three Ways Behavioral Science Can Help End Poverty
By Allison Daminger and Anthony Barrows
Image: DJ Neri/500px
Can behavioral science help end poverty? We think so, and we have a few ideas.
First, we need to recognize why many of our best-intentioned efforts have failed. Too often, we've watched novel initiatives move directly from hypothesis to solution, without being rigorously tested and refined. Without adequate insight into human behavior and scientific experiments, this has led to a slew of disjointed, repetitious, and often inefficient programs that haven't made much progress in the now decades-old War on Poverty. Now, more than ever, we cannot afford to cut corners. Over 45 million Americans are living below the poverty line—just $23,550 for a family of four. More than a third of those Americans (16 million) are under the age of 18. Meanwhile, since the end of the Great Recession, families at the top of the income spectrum have recovered while families at the bottom have seen their real incomes continue to fall. This is tragic, but in light of recent research, not surprising.
As Harvard economist Sendhil Mullainathan and Princeton psychologist Eldar Shafir—both advisors to ideas42—laid out in their book Scarcity, lacking critical resources like money or time has a significant effect on how we behave and make decisions. Because poverty is a form of chronic scarcity, these findings point us toward a two-part hypothesis about the persistence, or 'stickiness', of poverty that is worth testing: first, poverty is a context—an environment—that drives behavior in predictable ways, and second, key changes to that context can help lift people out of poverty.
There's ample evidence to support the first part of the theory. We know that having to worry about money can lower your IQ. We know excessive stress caused by poverty exacerbates the cognitive biases we all have, like favoring immediate rewards over long-term benefits. We know that having to carefully track each penny you spend depletes your ability to carry out more important tasks.
We don't yet know, however, what to do in response to these findings. Our next step, then, must be to test whether, and how, contextual changes can make a lasting and positive impact in the lives of people with low incomes. Based on insights from Scarcity and other behavioral research, a team of us from ideas42 recently released a white paper that is both a call to action and a blueprint for a poverty-alleviation innovation program. The paper outlines three principles for designing services and programs that account for the context of poverty and (we hypothesize) would markedly improve outcomes for families with low incomes. Here are the principles in brief:
Cut the costs: Living in poverty costs more money, time, and mental energy, yet services targeted toward people with low incomes often drive up these costs. For example, with less access to traditional financial instruments, people living in poverty pay a premium to cash their checks, pay their bills, and access credit. They also pay more in time and mental "bandwidth" to stretch inadequate budgets and access services through multiple bureaucracies. We believe strategically reducing or eliminating these unnecessary costs will free up critical bandwidth for much more important activities like pursuing a degree or helping with homework. Because the costs imposed are numerous, so too are the opportunities to intervene. Interventions that might greatly relieve the pressure of some of these added costs include a "Common App" that streamlines the public benefits application process, or the consolidation of services into one-stop shops for families in need.
Create slack: Compounding the costliness of chronic scarcity is a lack of slack. When you're living on the financial edge without a safety net, even small shocks can be disastrous, and seemingly insignificant risks can feel impossible to tolerate. When a middle-class family's child gets sick or their car breaks down, they likely have the financial slack to cover the associated costs. For people with low incomes, these unexpected and unavoidable incidents become crises. Lost days of work and unforeseen bills mean tapping into next month's budget or borrowing money at whopping interest rates. We believe that providing more slack—whether it comes in the form of money (e.g. flex funds for emergencies) or time (e.g. car or laundry services)—will give families the room to thrive. More slack means more bandwidth, more risk tolerance, and, again, improved outcomes.
Reframe and empower: We know people's behavior is driven by their perceptions of themselves, their environment, and the people they interact with. Even subtle cues can have significant effects. Unfortunately, the context of poverty is often toxic: social stigma, unpleasant interactions, and internalized stereotypes are all pervasive, and they all negatively affect actions in the present and beliefs about the future. For one, think about the mandatory drug screenings, budgeting classes, and stringent application criteria often required to access public benefits. Or, think about the often-neglected facilities and inefficient public services present in low-income neighborhoods. Apart from imposing time and energy costs, these signals send a demoralizing message that can inculcate a second-class identity. We believe thoughtful design aimed at reducing stigma and promoting dignity and autonomy can counteract those forces in ways that will help families better achieve their goals.
It's time to put some of these ideas into action, and to test our hypotheses in the real world. We know that context matters. We know that the context of poverty shapes decisions and actions. Now we owe it to ourselves to find out how changing that context in ways that account for the known and predictable effects of scarcity can change the lives of people for the better.
For more ideas, see our white paper and visit us at ideas42.org.
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Allison Daminger
Founding Columnist
Allison Daminger is pursuing a Ph.D. in sociology and social policy at Harvard University. She is interested in applying concepts and tools developed by behavioral scientists to sociological questions about inequality and the neighborhood environment.
Anthony Barrows
Anthony Barrows is a managing partner at Project Evident and founder of the Center for Behavioral Design and Social Justice. He previously worked at ideas42, and at various positions in child welfare. Anthony is a 2018 Aspen Institute Ascend Fellow, and holds a BA from University of Massachusetts—Boston, an MFA from the San Francisco Art Institute, and an MPA from the Harvard Kennedy School, where he was a Gleitsman Fellow at the Center for Public Leadership.
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