Muscle and Move Myotherapy is only a short walk from Toorak Vic 3142, and easily accessibly by car or public transport.
If you live or work in Toorak, why not contact Muscle and Move Myotherapy today. You can make an appointment, or simply talk with the friendly staff about your situation.


We had a bear market that ended March 6th, 2009, at S&P 666. We are now over 1,800 — up almost three times.
We had extremely optimistic sentiment just before Christmas. We had very heavy insider selling, with high valuations, and extremely high corporate profits by historical standards.
Over the last two years, most equity markets around the world, in emerging markets, have been down or moving sideways. They're no longer following U.S. stocks up, and in the U.S., an increasing number of shares are breaking down.
In a month's time, the bull market will be five years old. This is the second longest bull market in the last 100 years. These are all signs of a top, so I wouldn't buy shares here. I'm not interested.
Can the market go up another 20 percent? Perhaps.
I wasn't interested in buying the NASDAQ in late 1999, but between January and March 2000, the NASDAQ went up another 30%. Of course, people were crying shortly thereafter when they realized their losses.
So the markets go up and down. I think that the upside potential for most stocks is very limited now and there is considerable downside risk. Probably more downside risk than investors realize.
Sprott Global: Marc, you live in Asia. What's happening on the ground there and what does that mean for gold and natural resources?
Marc Faber: Well, that's a very good question because we have an economic slowdown in emerging economies that is very pronounced.
I think some emerging economies may be submerging soon, and have significant economic problems. The question arises, "Will they continue to buy gold?" Say if there was a recession in China — a downturn — would people buy gold?
I think if the Chinese economy imploded, it is likely that the currency, the Yuan, would begin to weaken. Or the government would devalue the Yuan.
If that were the case, then I think that Chinese investors would shift some of their money into gold rather than keep their funds in the local currency.
So I think that a problem in Asia — and geopolitical problems in Asia and in other regions of the world — may lead to higher rather than lower gold demand.
Marc, what are your thoughts on the regional Asian conflicts going forward and how might that impact natural resources?
The Chinese economy is highly vulnerable to interruptions in the supply of metals and of oil. 47% of global metals consumption is from China2. It's up from 4% in 1990 and 10% in the year 2000. So they have become a huge factor.
Right, over the last three years but when you look at the fundamentals today as compared to 2011, how would you describe the difference?
Well basically, we had a huge run-up in prices starting in 1999, from $255 oz. to $1921 oz. in early September 2011. We've been in a correction period since.
Now, I think the correction period was partly justified because there was too much enthusiasm and too much speculation, leading to the peak in September 2011.
But I think that there may have been some market manipulation as well. My sense is that the correction has probably come to an end. If anything, the fundamentals for gold are much better today than they were at the time of the peak, but the price is down.
Every investor understands "buy low and sell high" as a principle, but when prices are low, nobody wants to buy. We had very negative sentiment recently.
Of course, we could one day enter a long-term downtrend after the long period of growth and asset inflation over the last 20 to 30 years.
But when I compare gold to the S&P, the S&P is up substantially since 2011 and gold is down substantially. If you compare the performance of gold shares to the S&P, it has been a disaster for gold shares.
When I look around at asset prices; real estate, bonds, equities, paintings, collectibles, vintage cars, I think that gold is actually one of the few assets that is relatively cheap, relatively inexpensive now.


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• Available when a customer wants or asks for something.
On demand is probably most commonly used in modern parlance to describe online streaming or cloud computing services. They enable easy access to entertainment and necessary services at the exact point at which someone wants or needs it. The experience of using an on demand service should be intuitive and easy.
Over recent years the on demand model has spread into the human world with online businesses providing hubs for the deployment of human skills. In the consumer world, Uber connects you with a nearby taxi driver and Deliveroo serves up restaurant food for you at home whenever you fancy it.
In the B2B context, it provides easy access to resources that might otherwise take longer and cost more to acquire. It also allows for flexible use, on demand means you can scale resources up or down depending on needs. A company can access the vast experience and expertise of an experienced consultant quickly and easily when needed and then return to their normal staffing levels when the need has been dealt with.
At Talmix on demand means being able to access the right talent at the right time; and with the right talent we believe anything is possible.
Read our A to Z of the on demand economy to learn more about the on demand world.


About 36 nautical mile off Malaysia's east coast lies Pulau Tioman, or Tioman Island a tear-shape paradise. An enduring and tranquil island, Tioman Island boasts miles and miles of white sandy beaches and swaying palm trees, charming villages and friendly people. Its crystal clear water promise spectacular marine life and colourful coral gardens. The striking profile of the twin peaks of Gunung Nenek Semukut provides a markable landmark to this beautiful island reputed to be one of the most beautiful and idyllic islands in the world.


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HP Inc. Donates Drop Tower Impact System to Chung Cheng University
National Chung Cheng University (CCU) got the donation, the highest level of CEAST 9350 Drop Tower Impact System from HP Inc. Taiwan, to improve the education environment of Taiwan. The donation ceremony will be held on October 26th, 2022. Mr. Shipsheep Cheng, Vice President, Head of Commercial System Development Engineering, HP Inc. Taiwan states that HP Inc. has always spared no effort to cultivate scientific and technological talents. The company believes that providing students with the best education is the most effective support for the entire technology industry. During the donation ceremony, Dr. Zhang-Hua Fong, the President of National Chung Cheng University would present a certificate of appreciation to the representative of HP Inc., VP Shipsheep Cheng.
Over years, HP Inc. is aimed to become the most sustainable PC brand company in the world and consistently takes actions to promote professional skills and support talented engineers in the technology industry. HP Inc. Taiwan VP Shipsheep Cheng specifically recognizes the efforts and achievements of the CCU in the aspect of cultivating talented young mechanical engineers. He also shared the achievement and experience of WIT (Women in Tech), Sustainability and AI (Artificial Intelligent) at HP Inc. Taiwan. HP Inc. Taiwan expects to establish a diverse multi-cultural environment in the engineering fields and creates various career channels for talented young engineers.
The CEAST 9350 is a floor standing impact system with high-performance test frames and powerful belt drive motor system. As the premier model in the CEAST 9300 series, this versatile instrument can be used to test anything from composites to finished products, and is suitable for a range of impact applications including Compression After Impact (CAI), tensile impact, puncture, Izod, and Charpy.
Professor Pai-Chen Lin, Chair of CCU Department of Mechanical Engineering indicated that there are about 120 new students enrolled in the Department annually. These newly enrolled students will not only have regular courses in the classroom, but also receive hands-on trainings practices. Although these trainings are fairly basic with very limited resources, the Department is still committed to deliver high-quality trainings to all students. It is very nice that HP Inc. realized the challenges that CCU faces and has confidence in CCU's efforts to maximize the usage of limited resources. Professor Lin sincerely appreciated that HP Inc. Taiwan makes this donation to enhance CCU's learning environment so as to our teaching quality. It is believed that once the equipment is settled in CCU, the educational facilities will be improved which will be definitely beneficial to all students.
Address:No.168, Sec. 1, University Rd., Minhsiung, Chiayi 621301, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
Tel:05-2720411 | E-mail:secretar@ccu.edu.tw
Maintenance date:2022.10.07 | Copyright © 2019 National Chung Cheng University All rights reserved

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Trending NowJoe Biden Chuck Schumer Nancy Pelosi CDC COVID Tom Hanks CRT Glenn Youngkin Donald Trump Filibuster Joe Manchin border crisis
CHICAGO CARNAGE: 53 People Shot Over the Weekend, At Least 13 Dead in Under 72 Hours
A series of shootings plagued Chicago over a violent September weekend in recent days, leaving at least 53 people shot and 13 dead as violence continues to wreak havoc across the nation's third largest city.
"Ten people were killed and 43 others were wounded in shootings in another violent weekend in Chicago, according to police. At a press conference Monday morning, Chicago Police Superintendent David Brown spoke about the importance of community policing to reduce crime," reports ABC Chicago.
The crime wave was even worse according to the Chicago Tribune, writing "An Uber passenger was among at least 13 people killed in shootings over the weekend in Chicago. At least 57 people were shot across the city, according to data kept by the Tribune."
At Least 50 Shot, 11 Dead, over Weekend in Mayor Lightfoot's Chicago https://t.co/rQ4Ur16H8V via @BreitbartNews
— Tom Fitton (@TomFitton) September 14, 2020
An Uber passenger was among at least 13 people killed in shootings over the weekend in Chicago. At least 57 people were shot across the city, according to data kept by the Tribune. https://t.co/moXB7j4Ns3
— Chicago Tribune (@chicagotribune) September 14, 2020
"If Chicago is going to be a safer city, reducing violent crime to historical lows, it will be because of community policing," Superintendent Brown said.
CHICAGO SPIRALS: 100 People Arrested, 13 Police Injured as Looters Target Windy City's Tourism District
More than 100 people were arrested overnight Monday and at least 13 officers were injured as hundreds of looters targeted shops in Chicago's downtown tourism district.
"This was straight up, felony criminal conduct," said Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot. "This was an assault on our city."
"Those arrested were expected to face charges including looting, disorderly conduct, battery against police. Lightfoot said that the city has activated a neighborhood protection program," reports the Associated Press. "The unrest began shortly after midnight and anti-police graffiti was seen in the area of the Magnificent Mile, which is one of Chicago's most-visited tourist attractions. Hours earlier, dozens of people had faced off with police after officers shot and wounded a person Sunday in the Englewood neighborhood, located about 10 miles (16 kilometers) away."
Bridges raised in Chicago to prevent downtown access after widespread looting breaks out https://t.co/g8x1YPpW4G pic.twitter.com/lLeVPubknE
— The Hill (@thehill) August 10, 2020
🚨 "LOOTING AND CHAOS" 🚨
Do you feel safer with radical Democrats are in charge? https://t.co/W7XcGw3dRM
— Marc Lotter – Text TRUMP to 88022 (@marc_lotter) August 10, 2020
CHICAGO SPIRALS: 20 People Shot Monday, 2 Killed Hours After Funeral Home Shoot-Out
From Fox News:
Just hours after at least 14 people were wounded in a drive-by shooting outside of a funeral home on Chicago's South Side Tuesday evening, two men were killed in the city in separate shootings, the Chicago Sun-Times reported.
In one incident, a 30-year-old was fatally shot while sitting on a porch with a 32-year-old man. They were outside a home on West Morgan Street on the far South Side around 11 p.m. when two men approached them and opened fire, according to the Sun-Times.
The 32-year-old suffered a non-life-threatening gunshot wound and is reportedly in fair condition.
A 28-year-old man was shot in the chest and pronounced dead in a separate drive-by shooting around an hour later.
Neither man has been identified and no arrests have been made. The investigations are ongoing, according to the Sun-Times.
Less than six hours earlier, attendees leaving a funeral for a man reportedly killed in a shooting last week were fired upon by suspects in a speeding car.
Read the full report at Fox News.
NOT A JOKE: Dem Senators Say 'Every Police Department' in USA Must Ban 'Tear Gas, Rubber Bullets'
SAVING PRESIDENT BIDEN: Tom Hanks Narrates Biden Video, Making Joe Look Good Will Be His Greatest Performance Yet
NATURALLY: CDC Reports Natural Immunity Outperformed Vaccine-Only Protection Against Delta


Compact tub chairs in single or two tone upholstery options with a designer brushed Chrome feet. Manufactured in the UK and delivered in 5-10 days from date of order. Free UK delivery.
Beautifully designed fabric upholstered tub chair with feature fururistic style feet. The chair includes a deep cushioned seat and solid construction. This chair is perfect for a number of upmarket applications.


Sermon by Joe Clark on August 28, 2016.
Bible Study by Anthony Crumley on August 25, 2016.
Sermon by Joe Clark on August 21, 2016.
Music by Joe Clark on August 21, 2016.
Bible Study by Anthony Crumley on August 18, 2016.
Sermon by Joe Clark on August 14, 2016.
Bible Study by Anthony Crumley on August 11, 2016.
Sermon by Joe Clark on August 7, 2016.
Bible Study by Anthony Crumley on August 4, 2016.
Sermon by Joe Clark on July 31, 2016.


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The Club d'Alep is a social club of Aleppo which was founded in 1945 and located in a former residential mansion in the city's Azizieh district. The club has been celebrated internationally for the quality and authenticity of its Aleppine cuisine.

History
The Club d'Alep () was founded in 1945 and has since served as a principle gathering point for the families of Aleppo's merchant class.

The Club is located in a late 1800s mansion built in the local composite architectural style.  The building was one of earliest structures of the then newly developing Azizieh district of Aleppo.  It first served as the residence of the Ghazaleh – a prominent Christian Aleppine family. It then became the location for the private club celebrated for the quality and authenticity of its cuisine, entertainment and nightlife.

The Club d'Alep, with its summer and winter branches, had been noted as having around 600 members. The character of the membership of the club changed somewhat after the economic upheavals of the late 1950 and early 1960s. Its reception hall was then used as a mosque during the 1970s. Traditional club activities have since been revived.  Additionally, the front of the property has been expanded which has damaged the property's original architectural integrity.

Sources and Further reading
 David, Jean-Claude (dir.) ; BOISSIÈRE, Thierry (dir.). Alep et ses territoires : Fabrique et politique d'une ville (1868–2011). Nouvelle édition [en ligne]. Beyrouth – Damas : Presses de l'Ifpo, 2014 (généré le 14 janvier 2017).
 Anissa Helou, My Syria: a journey through lost souks, spices and mulberry fields; A country now besieged was once a place of unimaginable culinary richness, Financial Tiimes, 9 October 2015
 Keith David Watenpaugh (2012) Being Modern in the Middle East:Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class, Princeton University Press, 352 pp
 Gabriel Ghazal (2014) Quartier Azizieh, Histoire et Palais, Al Jamaheer, 2014/06/09
David, Jean-Claude et François Cristofoli (2019) Alep, la maison Ghazalé. Histoire et devenirs. Editions Parentheses, 176 p.

See also
Aleppo
Syrian cuisine

References

External links
 1950s image of Aleppo's famous Azizieh district
 Stephanie Saldaña's 'The Aleppo Cookbook,' a love letter to the city FT
Deborah Amos (2010) Food Lovers Discover The Joys Of Aleppo, NPR

Aleppo
Tourist attractions in Syria
Buildings and structures in Aleppo
Architecture in Syria

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The importance of family businesses to the UK and East Anglia is well known. Each family business is unique, but there are some threads which run through many of them, and that's not to say there aren't similarities between all businesses. Whilst family businesses do have to contend with the emotional ties between family members, long standing business partners may face similar conflicts, especially if they have grown a business from scratch together. Which can mean that separating such businesses from the past and getting them ready for a new generation to take over is always a challenge. But because of the interaction of personal relationships and financial affairs, family businesses generally touch all of the major taxes and often decisions that are right for tax planning just can't be made to fit the needs of the family.
Sometimes it seems like every time you've found a solution to one problem, another issue gets tangled up in it. Often clients ask whether it's them, when a sophisticated plan seems to be unravelling. I've found myself comparing it to a plate of spaghetti: every time you get to grips with one bit, such as Inheritance Tax, another strand has got caught up and brought with it, such as a Capital Gains Tax issue or some unexpected stamp duty. Even more insoluble than tax issues are the needs of the individuals involved. It may make quite a difference to a future Capital Gains Tax bill to have a certain family member appointed as a director, but the increasing emphasis on directors' responsibilities alongside far greater awareness than may have been the case in the past, may make this appointment an added burden to that person, who will worry about fulfilling their responsibilities.
Sometimes the best place to start is to set out the key objectives in order of importance. That may be the survival and growth of the business, but equally it may be that an independent look at the business might determine that a trade sale in the foreseeable future is the way forward. If it's sustaining and growing the business, new people with different skills may be needed and the tools they require should be mapped out. Whether that's investment into the right location, research and development to ensure products are kept up to date, or installing IT and plant, a change often takes cash rather than generates it.
The needs of the family members can then be slotted in. Those whose whole livelihood is bound up with the business will have a very different view to those just joining the business, or who have developed a career outside the family business and can look at coming back quite objectively. Remuneration can cause great resentment, whether that is between siblings or more distant cousins. A clear division between remuneration and employee benefits for those working in the business and shareholders' returns on shareholdings is essential.
Often with businesses who are looking to the next generation, there may be properties involved. Investments by the family in previous generations may have seen substantial increases in value and a long, hard look at which properties are vital to the business and who should benefit from the increases in value is needed.
Once the objectives have been worked out and preferably tested with those involved, key steps can be worked through. Only then is it time to look at all the tax angles and make sure that personal taxes, property taxes and Inheritance Tax planning are as efficient as possible. But don't expect a perfect solution. All too often the right tax answer is just not feasible and accepting a tax charge to keep the family together and the business going forward may be the better answer. Sometimes insurance may also help provide a solution. Money to buy back shares following the death of a family shareholder can be critical to the survival of the business.
Scrutton Bland have been advising family businesses throughout the region for a hundred years. Furthermore, all of our business advisory, tax, financial advisory and insurance broking teams all work together to ensure our clients receive a fully supportive service.


The avrPphF gene was cloned from Pseudomonas syringae pathovar phaseolicola (Pph) races 5 and 7, based on its ability to confer avirulence towards bean cultivars carrying the R1 gene for halo‐blight resistance, such as Red Mexican. avrPphF comprised two open reading frames, which were both required for function, and was located on a 154 kb plasmid (pAV511) in Pph. Strain RW60 of Pph, lacking pAV511, displayed a loss in virulence to a range of previously susceptible cultivars such as Tendergreen and Canadian Wonder. In Tendergreen virulence was restored to RW60 by avrPphF alone, whereas subcloned avrPphF in the absence of pAV511 greatly accelerated the hypersensitive resistance reaction caused by RW60 in Canadian Wonder. A second gene from pAV511, avrPphC, which controls avirulence to soybean, was found to block the activity of avrPphF in Canadian Wonder, but not in Red Mexican. avrPphF also conferred virulence in soybean. The multiple functions of avrPphF illustrate how effector proteins from plant pathogens have evolved to be recognized by R gene products and, therefore, be classified as encoded by avirulence genes.
The bacteria and fungi that colonize living plants and cause disease have evolved the ability to overcome the innate resistance of their hosts to infection. Superimposed on this establishment of basic parasitism (or pathogenicity) is the phenomenon of cultivar (cv.)‐specific resistance. A plant pathogen may, therefore, be fully virulent causing disease on certain cultivars of its host, but avirulent on others (De Wit, 1995; Alfano and Collmer, 1997; Grant and Mansfield, 1999). Avirulence is associated with activation of the hypersensitive reaction (HR), a form of rapid programmed cell death, which restricts colonization to the site of inoculation in resistant cultivars of the host plant (De Wit, 1995; Mansfield et al., 1997a). This article concerns the genetics of avirulence and virulence in the bean halo‐blight bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pathovar (pv.) phaseolicola (hereafter Pph). Nine races of Pph have been differentiated based on their virulence to a range of bean cultivars, as summarized in Table I (Taylor et al., 1996).
The gene‐for‐gene theory explaining cultivar‐specific resistance to plant disease was developed by Flor (1942, 1971) based on his analysis of the differential reactions of flax to the rust fungus Melampsora lini. Person et al. (1962) summarized the essence of Flor's hypothesis in the statement that '…for every resistance gene in flax there is a specific and related gene for virulence in those rusts to which it is susceptible'. The emphasis on susceptibility suggested that disease was the result of the positive function of cultivar‐specific virulence determinants. The advances of molecular genetics have proved the gene‐for‐gene theory by the cloning not of virulence (vir) genes, but of avirulence (avr) genes from bacteria and fungi, and the matching resistance (R) genes from plant hosts (Dangl, 1994; De Wit, 1995; Jones and Jones, 1996; Vivian et al., 1997). The proteins encoded by avr and R genes are envisaged to interact either directly or indirectly to activate signalling cascades leading to resistance, which is expressed by the HR (Hammond‐Kosack and Jones, 1996; Van den Ackerveken et al., 1996). Bacterial avr genes have been cloned by function through the transfer of genomic libraries from avirulent to virulent races of the pathogen (Staskawicz et al., 1987). Genomic clones causing changes in the virulence phenotype on certain cultivars have been isolated and genes for avirulence subsequently characterized, e.g. avrPphB and avrPphE from Pph, which correspond to A3 and A2, respectively, in Table I (Mansfield et al., 1994; Vivian et al., 1997). Similarly, genes for avirulence but not virulence have also been cloned, which operate at the level of host specificity (Kobayashi et al., 1989; Fillingham et al., 1992; Wood et al., 1994).
Clearly, the continued presence of genes that restrict host range in certain strains or races of plant pathogens is somewhat of a paradox, but some avr genes have been implicated in basic parasitism, e.g. avrRpm1 from P.s. pv. maculicola and avrE from P.s. pv. tomato. Mutations in avrRpm1 or avrE lead to greatly reduced ability to colonize host plants (Lorang et al., 1994; Ritter and Dangl, 1995). The emerging pattern is that plant pathogens may produce numerous proteinaceous virulence factors, which act synergistically to promote disease (Alfano and Collmer, 1997; Collmer, 1998). Some of these factors may become recognized by the products of R genes and, therefore, be identified as determinants of avirulence. Because of functional redundancy, however, the loss of what has become an avr gene rather than a vir gene does not always compromise the basic pathogenicity on which cultivar specificity is superimposed.
The vir gene concept has been strengthened by the identification of a gene, virPphA from Pph, based on its ability to restore virulence to strains of the bean pathogen cured of a 154 kb plasmid designated pAV511 (Jackson et al., 1999). Cured strains (such as that named RW60) lost virulence towards bean, causing hypersensitive reactions in all previously susceptible cultivars tested. A cluster of potential vir genes including virPphA was located to a region described as a pathogenicity island (PAI), on pAV511. The ability of RW60 to elicit the HR suggested that it contained avr genes, located on the chromosome or other plasmids, whose function was usually masked by virulence factors encoded by the PAI. Other avr genes, such as avrPphB or avrPphE, continued to function despite the operation of the plasmid‐borne PAI in wild‐type strains and were, therefore, classified as α avr genes. The genes detected only in the absence of the PAI were classified as β avr genes (Jackson et al., 1999).
The resistance responses activated by different avr‐R gene combinations may all be classified as the HR, but they may be phenotypically different because of, for example, differential timing of plant cell collapse. Differences are clear in bean as the avrPphB‐R3 interaction provokes a more rapid HR than avrPphE‐R2 (Mansfield et al., 1994, 1997a,b). In many race‐cultivar interactions, several different α avr genes and their matching R genes may be present in the pathogen and plant, respectively (Mansfield et al., 1997a). The potential for epistatic interaction between various avr‐R gene combinations is apparent from analysis of Arabidopsis harbouring the RPM1 and RPS2 genes. Although the HR controlled by avrRpt2‐RPS2 is slower than that activated by the avrRpm1‐RPM1 interaction, the phenotypically slower response is observed when both avr genes are present (Reuber and Ausubel, 1996; Ritter and Dangl, 1996). It has been proposed that such epistasis involves direct interaction between avr and R gene products (Ritter and Dangl, 1996).
Here we describe molecular characterization of the avrPphF locus in Pph. The gene was found to comprise an operon with two open reading frames (ORFs), both of which were required for function. Although we identified avrPphF as an α avr gene that determined race structure in the halo‐blight bacterium, it was also found to confer cultivar‐specific virulence to cv. Tendergreen. Furthermore, in the absence of the plasmid pAV511, containing the PAI, avrPphF also acted as a β avr gene in cv. Canadian Wonder, which is susceptible to all known races of the halo‐blight bacterium. The gene within pAV511 that masked the β type of avr activity of avrPphF to Canadian Wonder was found to be avrPphC, which was previously identified as an avr gene acting on soybean cultivars. In short, an intriguing web of interacting avirulence and virulence functions has been revealed for the avr genes from Pph. In the bean‐P.syringae interaction, the gene‐for‐gene concept, although continuing to provide a useful framework for analysis of cultivar‐specific resistance, is far more complex than is apparent from simple analysis of race structures and α avr‐R gene interactions as outlined in Table I. It is proposed that similar complexity will emerge in other host‐pathogen systems once the problem of the redundancy of multiple virulence factors has been overcome by the removal of certain PAIs.
Based on the race structure proposed in Table I (Taylor et al., 1996), we sought to clone the putative A1 and A4 genes from race 5. A genomic library of race 5 strain 1375A, predicted to contain A1 and A4 and known to harbour A2 (cloned as avrPphE by Stevens et al., 1998), was screened for avr genes by mating into race 6 strain 1448A, which is virulent on all cultivars of bean used to define race structure (Mansfield et al., 1994). Transconjugants were initially tested for virulence on pods of cvs Red Mexican UI3 (proposed R1, R4) and A53 (R3, R4). Two genomic clones, pPPY501 and pPPY502, containing overlapping regions of insert DNA conferred avirulence on Red Mexican but none from the 1500 tested affected reactions on A53. Avirulence activity was retained by a 5.3 kb fragment, designated pPPY503. Transposon mutagenesis with Tn3gus located avrPphF to a 1.3 kb region flanked by BamHI and EcoRI restriction sites (Figure 1). The 1.8 kb BamHI fragment containing this region was cloned as pPPY511, and found to activate the HR in a cultivar‐specific manner; avrPphF therefore acted as a typical α avr gene.
Location of avrPphF within pPPY503 and the 1.8 kb of DNA sequenced. The direction of transcription is indicated by the horizontal arrowheads. Sites of insertion of Tn3gus in pPPY503 are indicated by vertical arrowheads; only those marked black in the expanded fragment abolished the avirulence activity of avrPphF. All transposon insertions were mapped from restriction digests, except A33, which was located by sequencing. The region found to have similarity to IS100 is indicated. Restriction sites for BamHI (B), BglII (Bg), EcoRI (E) and PstI (P) are marked; an asterisk indicates site in the vector pLAFR3. The reactions caused in bean cv. Red Mexican by transconjugants of race 6 harbouring subclones are noted. HR, hypersensitive reaction; S, susceptible response.
Segregation of the R1 resistance gene matching avrPphF was examined in 88 F2 progeny derived from a cross between Red Mexican and Tendergreen (R3). Progeny undergoing the HR to the transconjugant race 6(pPPY503) were also resistant to race 1 (A1). The pattern of incompatibility observed fitted that expected if avrPphF matched the R1 gene in Red Mexican, the numbers of resistant and susceptible plants (66:22) exactly fitting the 3:1 ratio expected if the R1 gene was dominant. The F2 progeny from the cross between Red Mexican and Tendergreen were also tested with a transconjugant of race 6 containing the clone pMS2330, which contains avrPphA isolated by Shintaku et al. (1989). Although race 6(pMS2330) did cause a weak HR on Red Mexican, reactions on pods from the F2 progeny of Red Mexican and Tendergreen showed that there was no co‐segregation with race 1 (data not shown).
Multiplication of race 1 and race 6 was compared with race 6(pPPY503) in leaves of cv. Red Mexican. The HR determined by the presence of the cloned avrPphF gene was associated with the failure of bacteria to multiply. Following inoculation to introduce ∼0.2 × 106 c.f.u. per excised leaf disc, after 2 days race 6 had reached 3.7 × 106, whereas race 1 and race 6(pPPY503) were present at only 9.3 × 102 and 16 × 102 c.f.u. per disc, respectively.
The nucleotide sequences of the functional 1.8 kb fragments from race 5, and as also recovered from race 7 containing avrPphF, were found to be identical (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank accession Nos AF231452 and AF231453). The sequence revealed two ORFs with a single upstream promoter region containing the hrp box motif, indicating probable regulation by HrpL (Innes et al., 1993; Pirhonen et al., 1996). Both ORFs were preceded by purine‐rich regions, which would be expected to act as ribosome binding sites (Singer and Berg, 1991) and they were separated by a 57 bp sequence. A rho‐dependent transcription termination loop was located after the translation stop signal in ORF2. The avrPphF locus therefore had the structural features of an operon. The G+C content of avrPphF was 47%, with ORF1 40% and ORF2 52.5%, both significantly lower than the overall figures of 59‐61% reported for pvs of P.syringae (De Ley, 1968).
Transposon insertions that compromised avirulence were located in both ORF1 and ORF2 of avrPphF, and further subcloning revealed that both ORFs were required for avr function (Figure 1). To examine further the role of the two ORFs, non‐polar mutations were created for ORF1 and ORF2, resulting in race 7ΔORF1 and race 7ΔORF2, respectively; both mutants failed to elicit the HR in cv. Red Mexican.
Protein production from ORFs 1 and 2 was examined in Escherichia coli using constructs of avrPphF cloned for expression in pBluescript. Proteins of 17 and 24 kDa were detected on SDS‐PAGE gels after Coomassie Blue staining, corresponding to the peptides predicted to be encoded by ORFs 1 and 2, i.e. 15.6 and 21.9 kDa, respectively (data not shown). Searches of the databases using the BLAST or Propsearch approaches (Hobohm and Sander, 1995; Altschul et al., 1997) failed to reveal significant homology with known protein sequences. Both peptides are predicted to be hydrophilic; they lack leader sequences or potentially membrane‐spanning domains.
The presence of homologues of avrPphF was examined in strains of Pph representing all nine races and also in other pathovars of P.syringae. Using specific probes for ORF1 and ORF2 in PCR or Southern analysis, signals identical to those found in race 5, the origin of the avrPphF clone, were present only in races 1, 7 and 9, but not in races 2, 3, 4, 6 or 8, which are virulent on Red Mexican (Table I; Figure 2A and B). However, when the entire 1.8 kb BamHI fragment containing avrPphF was used as a probe the pattern changed. Multiple signals were detected in all races of Pph (Figure 2C). Further probing revealed that multiple signals were due to the 0.5 kb EcoRI‐BamHI fragment downstream of avrPphF (Figure 1), which was found to contain an incomplete ORF with predicted similarity to the IS100 transposase homologue from the PAI in Pph (Jackson et al., 1999). Sequences hybridizing to avrPphF were found in strains of P.s. pvs pisi and glycinea, but not in pvs coronafaciens, maculicola, tabaci, tomato or syringae, or in Pseudomonas cichorii. Interestingly, only P.s. pv. syringae and P.s. pv. pisi contained sequences hybridizing to the putative transposase, but, in contrast to Pph, only one band was observed on Southern blots (data not shown), indicating that it is highly specific to pv. phaseolicola.
Southern hybridization (high stringency) of BamHI‐digested total DNA from different strains of P.syringae using (A) ORF1 and (B) ORF2 of avrPphF and (C) the 0.5 kb EcoRI‐BamHI fragment with similarity to IS100 as probes. Digests from races 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (a, strain 52A; b, strain 1375A), 6, 7, 8 and 9 of P.s. pv. phaseolicola, and P.s. pv. pisi (pi) are shown.
Hybridization experiments also located avrPphF to the 154 kb indigenous plasmid pAV511. avrPphF was positioned at the left of the PAI recently identified in Pph (Figure 3), close to avirulence genes avrPphC and a homologue of avrD, both of which were cloned as soybean interactors (Kobayashi et al., 1990; Yucel et al., 1994).
Location of avrPphF in relation to avrD, virPphA, avrPphC and ORF4 in the 154 kb plasmid identified in race 7 strain 1449B (Jackson et al., 1999). The insert cloned in pAV520 (vector pLAFR3) is shown; the region present in pAV521 is underlined. Restriction sites for BamHI (B), EcoRI (E) and HindIII (H) are marked.
Although race 7 of Pph is virulent on cv. Tendergreen, the plasmid‐cured strain RW60 causes an HR. Virulence towards Tendergreen was restored by the genomic clones pAV520 or pAV521 harbouring avrPphF recovered from race 7 strain 1449B (Jackson et al., 1999). A transposon insertion in pAV521, which reduced ability to restore virulence only to cv. Tendergreen, was located to avrPphF and we subsequently found that avrPphF alone (pPPY511) effectively restored water‐soaking ability to RW60 in pods and leaves of Tendergreen, as well as the distinct avrPphF‐R1 interaction phenotype of the HR in cv. Red Mexican (Table II; Figure 4A). The complementation achieved showed, therefore, that avrPphF acts as a cultivar‐specific virulence gene on cv. Tendergreen. Transconjugants, RW60(pPPY514) and RW60 (pPPY512), separately harbouring ORF1 and ORF2 of avrPphF, respectively, were unable to restore virulence (Table II).
(A) Reaction phenotypes in a pod of cv. Tendergreen 2 days after inoculation with (from left to right) race 7, RW60, RW60 (pAV520) containing the PAI and RW60(pPPY511) expressing avrPphF alone. (B) Reaction phenotypes in a pod of cv. Canadian Wonder 2 days after inoculation with (from left to right) race 7, RW60, RW60(pPPY511) expressing avrPphF, and RW60(pPPY511, pDAHR15) expressing both avrPphF and avrPphC. Note that the lesions caused by RW60 and RW60(pPPY511, pDAHR15) are sunken at this stage compared with the water‐soaked susceptible response to race 7, whereas RW60(pPPY511) has already caused a brown lesion characteristic of the rapid HR induced. (C) Reactions at infiltration sites in soybean leaves (cv. Osumi) 3 days after inoculation with (left to right) RW60, which causes a null reaction, and the transconjugant RW60(pPPY511) expressing avrPphF, which causes a susceptible response recognized by yellowing as shown and later some water‐ soaking.
The increased virulence of transconjugants of RW60 harbouring avrPphF was also demonstrated by increases in bacterial populations in Tendergreen leaves (Figure 5). Interestingly, bacterial growth of the marker exchange avrPphF mutant, race 7::avrPphF Tn3gus A33 (Figure 1), was restricted compared with the wild type, but the symptoms produced were still classified as susceptible. The two non‐polar mutants, race 7ΔORF1 and race 7ΔORF2, respectively, were also virulent in cv. Tendergreen. The continued presence of plasmid‐borne virPphA, and possibly other vir genes in race 7 strains, may allow the avrPphF mutants to grow but not to reach wild‐type levels.
Bacterial multiplication in leaves of bean cv. Tendergreen inoculated with suspensions of 2 × 108 cells/ml of race 7 (open), RW60 (striped), RW60 (pPPY511) (light grey), RW60 (pAV521) (dark grey) and the avrPphF marker exchange mutant race 7::avrPphF Tn3gusA33 (black); bars, ± SEM.
The plasmid‐cured strain RW60 was found to cause a slow HR (subsequently designated hr) in cv. Canadian Wonder, whereas wild‐type race 7 causes water soaking characteristic of a susceptible reaction. Unexpectedly, transconjugant RW60(pPPY511), expressing avrPphF, caused a very rapid HR on leaves and pods of cv. Canadian Wonder quite distinct from the hr caused by RW60 alone (Figure 4B). Transconjugants of RW60 containing pAV520 (which harbours avrPphF; Figure 3), like wild‐type race 7, caused a susceptible reaction on cv. Canadian Wonder, indicating that a gene in pAV520 must suppress the avirulence function of avrPphF. Analysis of subcloned regions of pAV520 revealed that the gene suppressing the avr activity of avrPphF was the non‐host avirulence gene avrPphC (Yucel et al., 1994). Transconjugants of RW60 containing both avrPphF and avrPphC (in pPPY511 and pDAHR15, respectively) gave a phenotype identical to that caused by RW60 (Table II; Figure 4B). Multiplication of race 7, RW60, RW60(pPPY511) and RW60(pPPY511, pDAHR15) in leaves was compared. The rapid HR determined by the presence of avrPphF in RW60(pPPY511) was associated with the recovery of very low numbers of bacteria 96 h after inoculation, whereas RW60(pPPY511, pDAHR15) achieved bacterial numbers similar to RW60 alone, confirming the phenotypes observed (Figure 6).
Bacterial multiplication in leaves of bean cv. Canadian Wonder inoculated with bacterial suspensions of 2 × 108 cells/ml of race 7 (open), RW60 (stippled), RW60 (pPPY511) (grey) and RW60(pPPY511, pDAHR15) (black); bars, ± SEM.
The phenotypes caused by RW60, RW60(avrPphF) and RW60(avrPphF, avrPphC) were very distinct, as shown in Figure 4A and B. We were, therefore, able to analyse the segregation of reactions in crosses between cvs Canadian Wonder and Tendergreen. Analyses of F2 populations summarized in Tables III and IV are based on the following proposals: (i) Canadian Wonder has two R genes, RF matching avrPphF and Rβ2 matching a β avr gene unmasked in RW60; (ii) Tendergreen has Rβ1 matching a second β avr gene in RW60, but does not harbour RF; (iii) the plasmid‐cured strain RW60 causes a rapid HR on cv. Tendergreen and hr on cv. Canadian Wonder due to the avrβ1‐Rβ1 and avrβ2‐Rβ2 interactions, respectively; (iv) avrPphF acts as a virulence determinant on cv. Tendergreen. The phenotypes observed corresponded to those expected from these proposals, the parental genotypes predicted being Rβ1, Rβ1; rβ2, rβ2; rF, rF for Tendergreen, and rβ1, rβ1; Rβ2, Rβ2; RF, RF for Canadian Wonder.
The reaction of F2 progeny to RW60 (Table III) indicated that the avrβ2 gene, although conferring a slower hr, was epistatic to avrβ1. Phenotypes segregated hr:HR 31:7, closely approximating the predicted 13:3 ratio (χ2 = 0.0025). Reaction to RW60(avrPphF) clearly indicated the presence of the matching dominant RF gene in Canadian Wonder with phenotypes observed, HR:hr or S, 27:11 (Table IV). Amongst the 38 F2 progeny examined, two plants developed a rapid HR when challenged by RW60 (indicating avrβ1‐Rβ1 interaction), but were susceptible to RW60(avrPphF), indicating the absence of RF. The virulence function of avrPphF therefore appeared to be directly related to blocking the proposed avrβ1‐Rβ1 interaction.
Nineteen of the 38 progeny were also tested with the RW60(avrPphF, avrPphC) transconjugant. Amongst the 64 possible genotypes predicted from the Canadian Wonder × Tendergreen cross only three, rβ1, rβ1; rβ2, rβ2; RF, RF and rβ1, rβ1; rβ2, rβ2; RF, rF (or rF, RF) would be expected to produce a rapid HR when challenged by RW60(avrPphF) but be susceptible to RW60(avrPphF, avrPphC). One plant was indeed detected with this phenotype, clearly supporting the gene‐specific virulence function of avrPphC masking the avrPphF‐RF interaction, and also the probable absence of other R genes, which would have prevented the establishment of a susceptible response.
Race 7 of Pph typically causes a rapid HR in soybean leaves, but in certain cvs such as Choska it was found to cause a weak susceptible response recognized by yellowing and water soaking at inoculation sites in leaves. The plasmid‐cured strain RW60 caused a null response on all cvs of soybean tested. avrPphF was able to restore virulence to RW60 in cvs Choska and Osumi (Figure 4C; Table II). Restoration of virulence by avrPphF was also demonstrated by increases in bacterial populations in leaves of cv. Osumi (Figure 7).
Bacterial growth in leaves of soybean cv. Osumi inoculated with bacterial suspensions of 108 cells/ml of P.s. pv. glycinea (open), RW60 (stippled) and RW60 (pPPY511) (grey); bars, ± SEM.
The pattern of avirulence conferred by avrPphF in wild‐type races of Pph fits that predicted for an α avr gene matching the R1 gene for resistance in Phaseolus (Taylor et al., 1996). The cloning strategy adopted failed to isolate the fourth avr gene predicted to match R4 (Table I), possibly because the gene may have lethal effects in E.coli. The first avr gene cloned from Pph (Shintaku et al., 1989), and designated avrPphA according to the nomenclature proposed by Vivian and Mansfield (1993), did not appear to match any of the R genes recognized in Phaseolus. The proposed gene‐for‐gene pattern of race structure (Taylor et al., 1996) has, therefore, not been entirely confirmed by molecular genetics.
The avrPphF locus is organized into an operon with a characteristic 'hrp box' promoter indicating regulation by HrpL. Both ORFs within the operon were required for either avirulence or virulence functions. The requirement for more than one transcriptional unit for the function of an avr gene was described in detail for avrE from P.s. pv. tomato by Lorang and Keen (1995). The avrE locus is linked to the right end of the hrp region and comprises two convergently transcribed units, which are both required for the avirulence phenotype. avrBs1 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria comprises an operon of two ORFs, but only the second is required for avirulence activity (Ronald and Staskawicz, 1988). Here, we show that avrPphF is organized into an operon with two ORFs, both of which are needed for function.
The mechanism by which avrPphF causes effects in plant cells remains unknown. According to published reports, all of the bacterial avr genes that have been tested elicit the HR if they are expressed transiently in plant cells; examples are avrPphB and avrPphE from Pph (Stevens et al., 1998). The implication from in planta expression is that the Avr proteins act as elicitors following their delivery into plant cells by the hrp‐dependent type III secretion apparatus (Alfano and Collmer, 1997; Bonas and Van den Ackerveken, 1997; Galan and Collmer, 1999). In planta expression of the ORFs from avrPphF should reveal whether one functions as the elicitor per se and one perhaps acts as a chaperone for protein delivery. The two ORFs were always found together, arranged into the avrPphF operon, but only in strains expressing the A1 phenotype (Table I; Figure 2). The adjacent IS100 homologue was distributed throughout strains irrespective of the race designation. IS100 is present in species of Yersinia and several copies have been located in plasmids encoding type III secretion systems or other virulence factors (Buchrieser et al., 1998; Hu et al., 1998). Sequences hybridizing to the insertion sequence were, however, not widely distributed amongst other pathovars of P.syringae.
Given the pathogenicity functions attributed to other avr genes from P.syringae, e.g. avrE and avrRpm1 (Lorang et al., 1994; Ritter and Dangl, 1995), the finding that avrPphF was able to restore virulence to compromised plasmid‐cured strains such as RW60 was not unexpected. However, avrPphF is, to our knowledge, the first gene to be shown to have cultivar‐ and gene‐specific virulence activity. By contrast, the discovery that avrPphF also acts as a β avr gene, i.e. has functions revealed only in the absence of the PAI, operating in a defined gene‐for‐gene manner with a matching R gene in Canadian Wonder, was most unexpected. The interaction between avrPphC and avrPphF blocking the HR in cv. Canadian Wonder would appear to occur in the plant, possibly with a receptor for the AvrPphF protein, because avrPphC has no effect on the expression of the HR caused by avrPphF in cv. Red Mexican. It is important to emphasize that the virulence and β avirulence functions of avrPphF are only observed in the absence of other genes from the PAI. The AvrPphF proteins appear to block the HR caused by β avr genes such as avrβ1, which is predicted to be present in the chromosome of Pph. The β avr function of avrPphF is in turn blocked by avrPphC. In contrast to avrPphF, the other genes recognized to act as virulence determinants, virPphA and to a lesser extent ORF4 from the PAI, do not have differential effects in the cultivars tested (Jackson et al., 1999).
The ability of certain Avr proteins to express virulence functions, blocking the phenotype conferred by other avr genes, may involve three different types of interaction: (i) between the Avr proteins themselves; (ii) between Avr and masked R proteins; (iii) downstream of hypothetical Avr‐R protein interactions to interfere with gene‐specific signalling cascades leading to the HR. A possible target for (iii) would be one of the MAP kinases which have been implicated in plant defence (Grant and Mansfield, 1999; Romeis et al., 1999). The virulence determinant YopJ from Yersinia has recently been found to bind and inactivate MAP kinase kinases in mammalian cells, leading to suppression of defence responses (Orth et al., 1999). There are no reports of direct interactions between Avr proteins, but Avr‐R protein binding has been demonstrated between AvrPto and Pto (Tang et al., 1996). However, the action of intermediates linking Avr and R proteins has also been proposed (Grant and Mansfield, 1999).
The multiple function of avr genes found in Phaseolus was also extended to the Pph‐soybean interaction. Whether or not soybean should continue to be considered as a non‐host to Pph (Yucel et al., 1994) is questionable as certain strains clearly show weak pathogenicity. Interestingly, however, genes recognized for virulence or avirulence function in Phaseolus have so far all displayed the opposite activity in soybean leaves, as summarized in Table V. Pathogenicity towards the legume hosts has probably involved interaction with common virulence targets. As targets mutated to activate resistance (i.e. acting as R gene products), perhaps by hyperactivation of signal transduction cascades blocked by Vir factors, the pathogen would need to acquire further vir genes whose products would override the activation of resistance. Restoration of virulence could be achieved by suppression of signal transduction, or, as outlined above, simply by blocking any direct avr‐R gene interactions.
An intriguing question is whether or not the avr or vir genes now identified from a highly evolved pathogen such as Pph represent virulence determinants that have had a fundamental role in the evolution to parasitism from a saprophytic ancestry. The layers of interactions and possibly interconnected targets that exist amongst the numerous avr and vir genes in the present populations of plant pathogens may make it difficult to distinguish the evolutionary significance of individual effector proteins. It is possible that gene‐specific virulence, as shown by avrPphF, represents a second wave of activity, whereas virPphA, apparently with less cultivar specificity, may have more direct effects on signal transduction pathways and represent the first class of virulence factor. The co‐evolution of hosts and pathogens would mean that clear distinction between primary and secondary waves of activity may have become very blurred, and it is certainly impossible to predict the function of avirulence and virulence factors we have identified. In order to unravel the complex web of interacting effectors, it is now a priority to identify binding partners in the plant for the Avr proteins recognized to have multiple functions.
Principal bacterial strains, cosmids and plasmids used are listed in Table VI. Isolates and transconjugants of Pph were grown routinely on King's medium B (KB) agar at 25°C and E.coli strains on Luria‐Bertani (LB) agar or in LB broth at 37°C (King et al., 1954; Miller, 1972). Antibiotics, obtained from Sigma, were usually used at the following concentrations (μg/ml): rifampicin 60; tetracycline 20; kanamycin 40; ampicillin 100; spectinomycin 40; nalidixic acid 50; chloramphenicol 25.
Pods and leaves of French bean were inoculated as described previously (Harper et al., 1987; Hitchin et al., 1989). The inoculum concentration routinely used in bean leaves was 2 × 108 cells/ml. Soybean plants were inoculated using a 1 ml syringe (without needle) to infiltrate bacterial suspensions of 108 cells/ml into the underside of fully expanded primary leaves. Bacterial multiplication in leaves was examined by cutting tissue from the inoculation sites with a 0.6‐cm‐diameter borer, homogenization in 10 mM MgCl2, and serial dilution of the homogenate, which was then spread onto LB agar with appropriate antibiotics to allow colony development at 25°C.
Basic procedures were carried out as described in Sambrook et al. (1989). The methods of Jenner et al. (1991) and Mansfield et al. (1994) were followed for the construction of the genomic library from race 5 strain 1375A, preparation of minipreps, Southern blotting and hybridization. The library was screened for determinants of avirulence by conjugation of individual clones into race 6 strain 1448AR with the helper plasmid pRK2013. Transconjugants were tested for pathogenicity on pods of cvs Red Mexican and A53 as described by Harper et al. (1987). Transposon mutagenesis of pAV521 and pPPY503, and marker exchange of avrPphF::Tn3gusA33 into race 7 were carried out as described by Mansfield et al. (1994); the position of the transposon A33 in the target DNA was confirmed by sequencing.
Standard PCRs were performed with Taq polymerase and buffers from Bioline using a Perkin Elmer Gene Amp 2400. Sequencing was performed using the dideoxy chain termination method with the Sequenase enzyme (Pharmacia) as described in the manufacturer's instructions. Primers used for the amplification of avrPphF ORF1 were: ORF1F, 5′‐ATGAAGAATTCGTTCGACCG‐3′; ORF1R, 5′‐TCAGACCGAACTCTCAGACA‐3′. For the amplification of avrPphF ORF2, the primers used were: ORF2F, 5′‐ATGGGTAATATCTGCAATTCG‐3′; ORF2R, 5′‐GGCCAGTTATAGGAGCTAAT‐3′.
For the generation of the non‐polar mutants, race 7ΔORF1 and race 7ΔORF2, the following steps were followed. ORF1 was deleted from position 332‐439 in pPPY505 by a double digest with AatII‐AgeI. Digested pPPY505 was filled in using Klenow polymerase and re‐ligated. Deletions were selected by PCR and the deleted form cloned into pOK (Huguet et al., 1998). ORF2 was deleted from position 767‐1157 in pPPY505 by a double digest with Csp45I‐Bst98I. The plasmid with the digested insert was filled in and re‐ligated. Cloned deletions were again selected by PCR and the deleted form was then introduced to pOK. Mutated genes were introduced to race 7 strain 1449BR by homologous recombination in two steps as described by Kaniga et al. (1991) and Huguet et al. (1998). In both mutants, the presence of the correct deletion in race 7 was verified by PCR.
Many thanks are due to Elisabeth Huguet and Ulla Bonas for advice on the creation of non‐polar mutants, to Noel Keen for clones containing avrPphC and to Suresh Patil for avrPphA. We also wish to acknowledge support from the BBSRC, EC grants BIO‐CT97‐2244 and TMR, CICYT grant BIO97‐0598 and the British Council‐MEC Acciones Integradas programme. Experiments with genetically modified strains were carried out under MAFF licences PHL30/2609 and PHL63/2851.
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Ritter C and Dangl JL (1995) The avrRpm1 gene from Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola is required for avirulence on Arabidopsis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact, 8, 444‐453.
Ritter C and Dangl JL (1996) Interference between two specific pathogen recognition events mediated by distinct plant disease resistance genes. Plant Cell, 8, 251‐257.
Romeis T, Piedras P, Zhang S, Klessig DF, Hirt H and Jones JD (1999) Rapid Avr9‐ and Cf9‐dependent activation of MAP kinases in tobacco cell cultures and leaves. Convergence of resistance gene, elicitor, wound and salicylate responses. Plant Cell, 11, 273‐287.
Ronald PC and Staskawicz BJ (1988) The avirulence gene avrBs1 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria encodes a 50kD protein. Mol Plant Microbe Interact, 1, 191‐198.
Shintaku MH, Kluepfel DA, Yacoub A and Patil SS (1989) Cloning and partial characterization of an avirulence determinant from race 1 of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol, 35, 313‐322.
Singer M and Berg P (1991) Genes and Genomes: A Changing Perspective. University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA.
Stachel SE, An G, Flores CW and Nester EW (1985) A Tn3lacZ transposon for the random generation of β‐galactosidase gene fusions: Application to the analysis of gene expression in Agrobacterium. EMBO J, 4, 891‐898.
Staskawicz B, Dahlbeck D, Keen N and Napoli C (1987) Molecular characterization of cloned avirulence genes from race 0 and race 1 of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea. J Bacteriol, 169, 5789‐5794.
Stevens C, Bennett MA, Athanassopoulos E, Tsiamis G, Taylor JD and Mansfield JW (1998) Sequence variations in alleles of the avirulence gene avrPphE.R2 from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola lead to loss of recognition of the AvrPphE protein within bean cells and a gain in cultivar‐specific virulence. Mol Microbiol, 29, 165‐177.
Tang XY, Frederick RD, Zhou J, Halterman DA, Jia Y and Martin GB (1996) Initiation of plant‐disease resistance by physical interaction of AvrPto and Pto kinase. Science, 274, 2060‐2063.
Taylor JD, Teverson DM, Allen DJ and Pastor‐Corrales MA (1996) Identification and origin of races of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola from Africa and other bean growing areas. Plant Pathol, 45, 469‐478.
Van den Ackerveken GFJM, Marois E and Bonas U (1996) Recognition of the bacterial avirulence protein AvrBs3 occurs inside the host plant cell. Cell, 87, 1307‐1316.
Vivian A and Mansfield J (1993) A proposal for a uniform genetic nomenclature for avirulence genes in phytopathogenic pseudomonads. Mol Plant Microbe Interact, 6, 9‐10.
Vivian A, Gibbon MJ and Murillo J (1997) The molecular genetics of specificity determinants in plant pathogenic bacteria. In Crute,I.R., Holub,E.B. and Burdon,J.J. (eds), The Gene‐for‐Gene Relationship in Host‐Parasite Interactions. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 293‐328.
Whalen MC, Innes RW, Bent AF and Staskawicz BJ (1991) Identification of Pseudomonas syringae pathogens of Arabidopsis and a bacterial locus determining avirulence on both Arabidopsis and soybean. Plant Cell, 3, 49‐59.
Wood JR, Vivian A, Jenner C, Mansfield JW and Taylor JD (1994) Detection of a gene in pea controlling nonhost resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. Mol Plant Microbe Interact, 7, 534‐537.
Yucel I, Slaymaker D, Boyd C, Murillo J, Buzzell RI and Keen NT (1994) Avirulence gene avrPphC from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola 3121: a plasmid‐borne homologue of avrC closely linked to an avrD allele. Mol Plant Microbe Interact, 7, 677‐679.


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Chris Hansen is Using Kickstarter to Launch a New Version of To Catch a Predator
Norman Weiss April 10, 2015
The controversial former "Dateline" star hopes to raise $400,000 to create Hansen vs. Predator.
Fox plans to remake Rocky Horror Picture Show as a TV movie
High School Musical's Kenny Ortega will direct, produce and choreograph the remake of the cult 1975 film, which won't be shown live. This will be Fox's 2nd attempt to remake Rocky Horror. The network announced plans in 2002 to remake the film for its 30th anniversary.
Jon Bon Jovi reality show will send rock stars back home to see the life they could've lived
If I Wasn't A Rock Star will send rock stars to meet their "civilian alter egos" to see what might've happened if they didn't make it in show business. "I was drawn to this project simply because it will be a celebration of the working men and women of this country," says Bon Jovi.
Which network morning news show spends the most time on "corporate synergy"?
For one week, The Hollywood Reporter timed all three network morning show, and found that Good Morning America spent the most time plugging projects under the ABC/Disney umbrella, including Cinderella and The Bachelor.
University of Iowa's Master of Fine Arts program has received a 10% surge in applications — thanks to Girls?
"I'm deluged," says Lan Samantha Chang, director of the Iowa Writers' Workshop, who attributes some of the increase to Hannah Horvath's acceptance to the program last year.
Sue Perkins, the odds-on fave to be the new Top Gear host, is receiving sexist abuse on Twitter
The Great British Bake Off co-presenter called her Twitter abusers "middle-aged man-trolls."
CW to air Significant Mother this summer
Krista Allen and Jonathan Silverman star in a comedy about a guy who discovers his best friend/roommate is dating his mom.
Veep will steal ideas from real-life politicians, but won't allow them on the show
"We don't allow it. We want to have our own world, our own reality," says exec producer Frank Rich, who also reveals that Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia is a fan. PLUS: Veep's genius is that it makes politics look worse than it actually is, and inside Julia Louis-Dreyfus & Tony Hale's demented double act.
ABC Family orders Gorgeous Morons and supernatural drama Beyond
Gorgeous Morons will follow two "stunningly handsome but ridiculously simple" brothers who have to live with a "brainy" unattractive new roommate.
Why Lip Sync Battle shouldn't be using props
The Spike TV show's prop use actually makes the competition less funny.
Louie's premiere was a revealing episode about class and gender
The surrogacy plotline reveals what's missing when you read headlines about celebrities who have children through surrogate moms.
Netflix's Daredevil might be the best-ever superhero adaptation for TV
The Marvel series is a "shock to the senses" in that it's really, really good, says Jack Hamilton. "It's dark and gripping, smart and sure-footed, and takes itself and its audience seriously while avoiding either pretentious brooding or fanboy pandering. It's also adventurous and different, in a way a show this good was always going to need to be. It's the first modern small-screen comic adaptation that doesn't seem to be lustily glancing at the multiplex." PLUS: Daredevil smartly avoids the superhero origin story, it redefines superhero television, it appears to be influenced by Christopher Nolan's Dark Knight, it feels ordinary with its leisurely pace, it surprisingly champions the little guy, Daredevil is TV's emo superhero, Daredevil's showrunner talks Marvel's "over-arching global plan," how the stunt coordinator works with a blind superhero, Vincent D'Onofrio talks Wilson Fisk, and Charlie Cox on playing Daredevil.


Wondering if the Toyota RAV4 is the Toyota for you? Here are a few ways in which the 2017 Toyota RAV4 AWD Platinum compares against the 2016 Honda CR-V SE AWD. To start, Parking Distance Sensors are Standard on RAV4 Platinum AWD, whereas Optional on CR-V SE AWD. The RAV4 Platinum AWD has 1.2 more Cubic Feet of Cargo Volume than the CR-V SE AWD. Concerned with safety? Front Knee Airbags are Standard on the RAV4 Platinum AWD while Not Available on the CR-V SE AWD, and Front Fog Lights are Standard on the RAV4 Platinum AWD while Optional on the CR-V SE AWD. Finally, Separate Driver/Front Passenger Climate Controls are Standard on the RAV4 Platinum AWD while Not Available on the CR-V SE AWD.
These are just a few areas where the RAV4 outperforms the CR-V. Learn more in the chart below, or contact a dealer near you today!


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<img src="http://www.cocos2d-x.org/attachments/download/1508" height=180>

Cocos2d-JS is Cocos2d-x engine's JavaScript version that includes Cocos2d-html5 and Cocos2d-x JavaScript Bindings. It equips your game with cross-browser and cross-platform abilities, accompanied by full Cocos2d-x features and simplified JavaScript friendly APIs.

Cocos2d-JS reinvented workflows for all platforms in v3.x, it provides a consistent development experience for whichever platform you want to distribute to, no matter web and native. "Code once, run everywhere" is incredibly easy and natural in Cocos2d-JS. With one single JavaScript code base, you can run your game on all web browsers and native platforms including Mac OS, Windows, iOS and Android. This will bring your game great opportunities in almost all channels of distribution. On the other hand, if you are only interested in casual games on the web, you can embed directly in your web page the Cocos2d-JS Lite Version which is extremely easy to use and light as a feather.

In addition, Cocos2d-JS v3.x is super powerful along with all these cool new features: Editors Support, Assets Manager, Object Pool, JS to Objective-C/JAVA reflection, etc.

One more thing, Facebook Integration for Cocos2d-JS have brought a huge opportunity for game developers who want to integrate Facebook functionality into their games. With a single code base, they can release fully cross-platform games across Facebook Canvas, iOS and Android.

## Highlights

* Released Facebook Integration for Cocos2d-JS v1.0, its APIs have been significantly polished and stablized. Improved test cases for Facebook with more features demonstrated. Refer to the [API reference document](http://cocos2d-x.org/docs/manual/framework/html5/facebook-sdk/api-reference/en) for more details.
* Refactorization of the web engine with new renderer architecture, the new renderer has brought a great performance boost on Web engine.
* Upgraded Cocos2d-x to v3.3rc0.
* Supported Cocos Studio v2.0 including Timeline animation support and proto buffers format support for both web engine and JSB engine.
* Automatically enabled WebGL on iOS 8 safari, the performance is incredibly enhanced compare to Canvas render mode.

## Workflows

- Cross platforms developers can use Cocos Console to create projects, boost their development with web version engine and deploy games onto all native platforms and all browsers with Cocos Console.

- Casual web game developers can download the Lite Version and start to develop just like using other web frameworks (e.g. jQuery).

![](workflows.jpg)

## Notice

For JSB build, there are some restrictions :

- [Android build] NDK version must be r9d
- [iOS build] Xcode version must be 5.1.1 +
- [Web code obfuscation] JRE or JDK version must be 1.6 or 1.7

## Download

- [Cocos2d-JS v3.1](http://www.cocos2d-x.org/filedown/cocos2d-js-v3.1.zip)
- [Online API reference](http://www.cocos2d-x.org/reference/html5-js/V3.0/index.html)
- [Downloadable API Reference](http://www.cocos2d-x.org/filedown/Cocos2d-JS-v3.0-API.zip)
- [Online test cases](http://cocos2d-x.org/js-tests/)

## More information

Read more about all the features and bug fixes

- [Cocos2d-JS v3.1 changelog](http://www.cocos2d-x.org/docs/manual/framework/html5/release-notes/v3.1/changelog/en)
- [Cocos2d-JS v3.1 upgrade guide](http://www.cocos2d-x.org/docs/manual/framework/html5/release-notes/v3.0rc0/upgrade-guide/en)

## Upgrade your project from previous versions

If you want to upgrade your game based on v3.0 previous version to the 3.1 version, you should follow these steps:

1. Download the Cocos2d-JS v3.1 package.
2. Upgrade cocos command with `setup.py`.
3. Create a new project with `cocos new` command.
4. Replace the "src", "res", "index.html", "project.json", "main.js" etc with your old project.
5. Then you may need to refer to the upgrade guide to solve some API change issues.

## About Cocos2d family

- Cocos2d-JS v3.1 uses Cocos2d-x v3.3rc0 as base of JSB solution
- Cocos2d-JS v3.1 is compatible with Cocos Code IDE v1.0
- Cocos2d-JS v3.1 is compatible with Cocos Studio v1.2 - v2.0

With any problems you might have, our communities are happy to help:

- [Online forum](http://discuss.cocos2d-x.org/category/cocos2d-x/javascript)
- [Document root](http://cocos2d-x.org/docs/manual/framework/html5/en)
- [Github repository](https://github.com/cocos2d/cocos2d-js)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
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Inspiration Industry Trends Safety & Security
What Will Modern Office Spaces Look Like During and After COVID-19?
By Meaghan Maybee on October 14, 2020
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Meaghan Maybee
As pc/nametag's in-house Word Wizard, Meaghan creates educational content that brings people together and drives meaningful conversations in the events industry.
In recent years, office space design has gone from "drab" to "digital." Gone are the days of stuffy cubicles in favor of modern, open concept floor plan workspaces that foster employee engagement, productivity and comfort. From comfy collaboration spaces, to pet-friendly offices and kombucha on tap, today's employers have gotten incredibly creative with in-office perks to keep employees happy.
With COVID-19, the concept of office design will likely take a big turn. There's no time like the present to start re-imaging the future of office design to make sure your employees have access to the comfort, safety and peace of mind they're looking for in a post-pandemic era. Here's what the future of office space design trends may look like going forward.
The Evolution of Office Design Beyond 2020
While COVID-19 has certainly made us more aware of health risks, cross-contamination and the safety of the places we frequent, it has also challenged us to stretch the limits of our imaginations and brainstorm new ways to bring people together safely and efficiently.
Reimaging the modern office — one where people flow freely through open spaces, share equipment and congregate in common areas — may seem challenging, but we're here to help you gain insight into leveraging your gathering spaces to accommodate safety and productivity. Let's look at some of the current challenges that office professionals should consider as they reconfigure office spaces and setups.
Top Challenges of COVID-19 Space Design
Many employees love the office because it serves as a place to gather, exchange ideas, network and collaborate. Amenities like comfortable seating, coffee bars and other aesthetic design features help employees feel relaxed and productive at work.
With over 63% of the U.S. workforce now working remotely, the future of office gatherings may look a little different. Many organizations are left wondering what will happen once they eventually reopen their offices and have workers return. The answer may partly depend on employees' willingness to return to the office.
Employees are Fearful to Return to the Office
A study by Gallup found that nearly three-quarters of employed U.S. adults say the coronavirus is having a very (23%) or somewhat (50%) negative effect on their workplace. The same study also found that even though workers recognize the financial and economic pressure on their employers to reopen, many employees fear for their own personal safety. Nearly half of employees feel "very" or "moderately" concerned about being exposed to the coronavirus at work, while 29% are not too concerned and 25% aren't concerned at all.
Employees are Concerned about Personal Risks to Health
In addition to a fear of returning to the office, another concern among employees is exposure to illness and contagion at work. Seventy-one percent of employees say they would continue to practice social distancing even if there were no government restrictions until there are no new cases or a vaccine is developed. By contrast, 44% of those who think it's very unlikely that they would experience severe symptoms say they would return to their normal activities right now.
Employees Miss the Connections They Once Made in Office
Shifting to remote work has been a difficult transition for some U.S. employees. Employees may feel a loss of community or work culture, while others may struggle with lack of access to important tools and resources they once had in-office. When it comes to employee mental health, a 2000-employee survey by the Society for Human Resource Management found that up to 35% of U.S. employees often experience symptoms of depression as they live through the COVID-19 pandemic.
While some employees are hesitant to return to work, others are ready to return as soon as possible. Helping employees safely return to their desks will take a combination of solutions, from short-term fixes to restricted room capacities and long-term design upgrades for safety and hygiene. Let's run through office design trends we may see after COVID-19.
5 Ways Office and Room Design Will Change due to COVID-19
While office and collaboration spaces will never fully disappear, they will need a fresh, new approach in order to allow people to connect, build relationships and develop their careers safely. Many modern office spaces will change in a variety of ways due to COVID-19, including the following:
1) Temperature checkpoints and hygiene stations will become standard practice.
Symptom screenings, self-assessment forms and temperature checks will all become standard in reception areas to help lower the chance of COVID-19 transmission in the workplace, if they're not doing so already. Personal protective equipment (PPE) stations will also provide easy access to items such as hand sanitizer, disposable masks and nitrile gloves that will give employees peace of mind when interacting with others.
2) Bright signage will indicate hygiene, social distancing and seating best practices.
To help remind employees of safety protocols, organizations will rely on eye-catching health and safety signage to give employees the direction they need to make safe choices at work. For example, retractable banners will be placed around the office to remind employees of important health and safety information. Floor stickers will indicate where employees stand while waiting in line, while repositionable table stickers will show employees where they can sit to maintain a safe distance from others.
3) Employees will wear social distancing wearables to better maintain physical distance.
One cutting-edge technology that employers will begin to rely on in the workplace and at social events are social distancing wearables. Smart, technology-driven wearables will help employers take the guesswork out of social distancing.
Most often worn on the wrist, wearable devices light up or buzz when a person comes within an unsafe distance of another wearer. A highlight of social distancing wearables is contact tracing, which shows who might have come in contact with an ill individual.
4) Employees will come into work on a rotating work schedule to minimize contact.
In a post-COVID world, many employers will implement flexible work arrangements among employees. The goal of rethinking employee schedules is to meet business demands while also limiting social contact. Employers may reduce days spent on-site, offer remote work assignments or even rotate shifts of employees. A staggered workforce could become standard, with smaller groups coming in on different days of the week to limit contact among staff groups.
5) Employees will have access to a combination of permanent work areas, hoteling and collaboration spaces.
While the "open office" concept has saved organizations money with being able to fit more employers per square foot of office space, the latest approach to office design won't need as much office space to accommodate the workforce, especially with rotating shifts and people working from home. Instead, employees who do work in office will be able to choose from a variety of flexible workstation options, including the following:
Permanent Desks
A traditional approach to office seating, permanent desks involve giving employees a single, dedicated space where they can facilitate work during the workday. Permanent desks help employees maintain distance and prevent cross-contamination. Desks are also a great solution for employees who don't have home environments that are conducive to working from home regularly, or for employees who are happier and more productive in a physical office setting.
Huddle rooms are meeting spaces with white boards, projection screens and other tools to facilitate in-person collaboration activities. Employees will need to maintain adequate spacing but can continue to work together to achieve a common goal. Huddle rooms are a good solution for employees who work best in groups, but still want to maintain social distance. Desktop air purifiers can be supplied in rooms to give employees even more peace of mind.
Hoteling
Hoteling is a method of space management where employees schedule the use of workspaces like desks, cubicles, and offices. Having a reservation-based option allows employers to save on overhead. For example, if a workforce of 50 has, on average, only 30 people in the office on a given day, those 20 empty desks take up unnecessary space. By trimming furniture and hardware costs, wasted space can be reallocated to meeting or project development spaces, saving money and benefiting the bottom line.
What design tips do you have for reimagining office space?
With so much uncertainty, it's unlikely that organizations will conduct major refits of their offices. Rather, they'll focus on small, targeted solutions that will provide employees with a sense of safety, now and in the future. Many workforces may not return to the office for months to come, but that doesn't mean we can't start rethinking and redesigning now for when that day arrives.
Has your organization begun plans to redesign its office spaces? What tips can you give to others looking to get started? Let us know by leaving a comment below. We'd love to hear from you!
Office and Event Design Tips: How to Improve Safety after COVID-19
Attendee Safety and Event Design: A COVID-19 Focus
Creative Ways to Use PPE for a Safe Working Environment
Our commitment is to help you drive meaningful connections at meetings and events.
sales@pcnametag.com
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Copyright pc/nametag® 2022. All Right Reserved.


text:
Northbound I-475 to remain closed until summer
By Mallory Pearson
Published: Dec. 16, 2019 at 12:20 PM EST
(12/16/2019) - After months of debate, the Michigan Department of Transportation decided to keep northbound I-475 closed until next summer.
They began work on the project in August, shutting down the freeway to all travel. Months later, it still sits unpaved. Sadly, it won't be changing anytime soon, as I-475 will remain closed and work will remain stagnant.
For many drivers it has been a daily headache as they try to navigate around it.
It's already been six long months of lengthy detours around I-475 and it will be at least another six months before the busy stretch of freeway reopens.
"We were getting basically everything ready to have pavement placed in late October, early November," said Steve Katenhus, a manager for MDOT's Davison Transportation Service Center. "Then we hit some cold stretch in there, where we weren't able to pave."
MDOT engineers say they debated on the best route to take before deciding it was better to be safe than be sorry, because the pavement they will be laying can only be put down when surface temperatures are at least 35 degrees.
"That comes out on the street hot and if it comes out on a cold surface that prematurely cools that down before you can compact it and get the density on that material," said Katenhus.
That would jeopardize the entire project, leaving MDOT not only in the hole millions of dollars but also tack on another few months to the project completion date.
"An additional cost to our consumers and we want to be the best stewards of our taxpayers' dollars," said Katenhus. "If we place it at these temperatures that are outside our specifications then we put that at risk and we weren't willing to do so."
MDOT hopes, weather permitting, to start construction in mid-May and reopen northbound I-475 in July.
Northbound I-475 reopens to drivers
Dort Highway construction begins Monday in Flint with reduction in lanes
I-75 closing entirely overnight at M-46 interchange this week
Final phase of Mackinac Bridge repainting project begins Monday
MDOT continues with major project despite uncertain funding future


Located at the gateway to Queensland on the stunning Southern Gold Coast, getting to Cooly Rocks On™ couldn't be easier.
Drive or fly, located just 5 minutes from the M1 Coolangatta turnoff, and 5 minutes drive from the Gold Coast Domestic/International Airport (OOL) at Bilinga.
Visit the Gold Coast Airport website for helpful information and to book flights to the Gold Coast from 18 destinations across Australia, New Zealand and South East Asia.
Cnr Enderley & Surfers Paradise Blvd.


text:
Q: How to update already opened navigation drawer? I've googled this topic all across the internet and havent found solution.
I'm using navigation drawer as a "inbox" where user can see his chat history. NotifyDataSetChanged works fine with "onDrawerOpened" handler, but i would like to update ND even when its in open state.
I tried to:
invalidate listiew,
invalidate DrawerLayout,
clearing and adding collection to adapter ofcourse i called notifydatasetchanged
Is there any option to update ND outside onDrawerOpen,Close,Slide etc methods?
Here is my code onCreate method :
    mDrawerLayout = (DrawerLayout) findViewById(R.id.drawer_layout);
    LocalBroadcastManager.getInstance(this).registerReceiver(onNotice, new IntentFilter("Msg"));
    DatabaseHandler db=new DatabaseHandler(MainNavActivity.this);
    listMsg=db.getLastMsg();
    mDrawerList = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.drawer_list);
    adapter=new NavDrawerListAdapter(this,listMsg);
    // Setting the adapter on mDrawerList
    mDrawerList.setAdapter(adapter);
    mDrawerLayout.setDrawerListener(new DrawerLayout.DrawerListener() {
        @Override
        public void onDrawerOpened(View drawerView) {
            DatabaseHandler db=new DatabaseHandler(MainNavActivity.this);
            listMsg.clear();
            listMsg.addAll(db.getLastMsg());
            adapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
        }
    });

My adapter:
    public class NavDrawerListAdapter extends ArrayAdapter<Message> {
    public NavDrawerListAdapter(Context context, ArrayList<Message> msg) {
        super(context, 0, msg);
    }

    @Override
    public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
        ViewHolder holder;
        Message msg=getItem(position);
        Log.v("onReceieve","getView");
        if (convertView == null) {
            holder= new ViewHolder();
            LayoutInflater mInflater = (LayoutInflater)
                    getContext().getSystemService(Activity.LAYOUT_INFLATER_SERVICE);
            convertView = mInflater.inflate(R.layout.navigation_drawer_list_item, null);
            holder.name=(TextView)convertView.findViewById(R.id.textViewName);
            holder.msg=(TextView)convertView.findViewById(R.id.textViewMsg);
            holder.time=(TextView)convertView.findViewById(R.id.textViewTime);
            convertView.setTag(holder);
        }
        else
        {
            holder=(ViewHolder)convertView.getTag();
        }

            holder.msg.setText(msg.getText());
            holder.time.setText(msg.getTime());
            holder.name.setText(msg.getName());

        return convertView;
    }
}

And here i receive new message and try to update ND
    private BroadcastReceiver onNotice= new BroadcastReceiver() {

    @Override
    public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
        Log.v("onReceive","Poklican");

        DatabaseHandler db=new DatabaseHandler(MainNavActivity.this);
        listMsg.clear();
        listMsg.addAll(db.getLastMsg());
        adapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
    }
};

A: You notfied the adapter for the data change. However, it does not automatically update the display. Use .notifyDataAetChanged() on the host of the data you are changing.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
CityCraft Ventures
Building Local Capacity
Rocky Mountain Front Range
City Pledge Our History Our Mission Our Values Our Vision
The Noisette Community Master Plan for the New American City required a new set of institutions that were organized to support a sustainable culture, which respected and served long term the health of the economy, environment and the social fabric of the community. These institutions needed to subscribe to the two core elements of Socially Durable Communities and the Principles of Sustainable Partnering of Resources outlined in the Master Plan. These institutions are guided by and support collaboration not competition, a connected and involved community, community harmony not divisiveness, the importance of connection to our natural world, and the necessity of each member being knowledgeable of the historic legacy of this place called Noisette.
Socially Durable Communities
We recognize that socially durable communities have two core elements that are essential to their long-term social and fiscal health:
* Each member of the community understands the unique history and heritage of their social community and physical place.
* Each member of the community holds in common a vision for the future to which they help contribute.
The dysfunction that we find in our cities, businesses and other organizations can always be traced to these core elements. It is the understanding that causes us to commit significant time and resources to the inventory of historic, economic, ecological and culture resources of a community over the course of time. Our community involvement process is organized to achieve the creation of a common vision and an ongoing process to evolve and mature that vision over time.
Sustainable Partnering of Resources
The failure to build our communities and manage them around these core elements for socially durable communtities means that our cities are faced with a mounting financial crisis. This crisis is driven by competition for limited resources, the failure to connect the beneficiaries with the repsonisibility of creation and maintenance, and the lack of reserve funding for infrastructure repair and maintenance, as well as developing a social capital reserve.
It has become very clear that we have too many narrowly defined interests competing for too few resources both in the public and private sector. We believe that the issue is not a lack of money but how funds are allocated. We believe that all planning and resourcing should be guided by these principles:
* Eliminate silo thinking in funding of any community resource
* Increase the number of groups with a vested interest in any community resource as users and beneficiaries
* Leverage and combine the resources of Public, Private, and NGO entities in the creation of any community resource
* Align interests to build broader constituencies to support, long term, community resources
* Connect the capital and operating budgets when planning any investment
* Establish reserve fund mechanisms to handle future repair, maintenance, and replacement costs
* Design the community into the care and stewardship of each community resource
"Long-range planning does not deal with future decisions, but with the future of present decisions."
Dirt Works Incubator Farm
The Noisette Foundation is now The CityCraft Foundation
Check out CityCraft Ventures
www.citycraftventures.com
Change this in Theme Options


text:
Q: Autolayout inside a view-based NSTableView I have an NSTableView (view-based) that creates a row;
- (NSView *)tableView:(NSTableView *)tableView viewForTableColumn:(NSTableColumn *)tableColumn row:(NSInteger)row {
    TaskTableCellView *tableCellView = [[TaskTableCellView alloc] init];
    return tableCellView;
}

-(void) tableView:(NSTableView *)tableView didAddRowView:(NSTableRowView *)rowView forRow:(NSInteger)row {
    NSView *view = [rowView viewAtColumn:0];
    [view setTranslatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints:NO];
    NSDictionary *views = NSDictionaryOfVariableBindings(view);
    [tableView addConstraints:[NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"H:|[view]|" options:0 metrics:nil views:views]];
    [tableView addConstraints:[NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"V:|[view]|" options:0 metrics:nil views:views]];
}

- (CGFloat)tableView:(NSTableView *)tableView heightOfRow:(NSInteger)row {
    return 20;
}

This row creates some subviews and assigns some constraints;
- (void)layout {
    [super layout];
    ViewWithBackground *viewWithBackground = [[ViewWithBackground alloc] init];
    viewWithBackground.backgroundColor = [NSColor greenColor];
    [self addSubview:viewWithBackground];

    [viewWithBackground setTranslatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints:NO];
    NSDictionary *views = NSDictionaryOfVariableBindings(viewWithBackground);
    [self addConstraints:[NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"H:|[viewWithBackground]|"
                                                                 options:0
                                                                 metrics:nil
                                                                   views:views]];
    [self addConstraints:[NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"V:|[viewWithBackground]|"
                                                                 options:0
                                                                 metrics:nil
                                                                   views:views]];

    [viewWithBackground setContentHuggingPriority:200 forOrientation:NSLayoutConstraintOrientationVertical];
    [viewWithBackground setContentHuggingPriority:200 forOrientation:NSLayoutConstraintOrientationHorizontal];
}

- (void)drawRect:(NSRect)dirtyRect {
    [[NSColor redColor] set];
    NSRectFill(dirtyRect);
    [super drawRect:dirtyRect];
}

The fun starts when I actually try to edit the constraints.. viewWithBackground is just an empty NSView that sets it's background. When the constraint is |[viewWithBackground]| for both horizontal and vertical, I get the expected result -- green rows. When I change it to the most basic |-[viewWithBackground]-|, I get a decidedly unexpected result -- red rows, and no sign of my green view!
Is there some additional step I'm supposed to take here? My goal is to have my viewWithBackground actually be a slightly smaller view, to fake the 'gaps' between rows and the spacing from the edges of the table view..

A: In case anyone ever stumbles on this.. it turns out that NSTableCellView is a bit wonky without a min size -- adding (>=10) on the Vertical constraint took care of the issue..