text:
Between 1948 and 1972, Ceylon was an independent country in the Commonwealth of Nations, that shared a monarch with other dominions of the Commonwealth. In 1948, the British Colony of Ceylon was granted independence as Ceylon. In 1972, the country became a republic within the Commonwealth, and its name was changed to Sri Lanka.

History

Independence and growth

Following the Second World War, public pressure for independence increased. The British-ruled Colony of Ceylon achieved independence on 4 February 1948, with an amended constitution taking effect on the same date. Independence was granted under the Ceylon Independence Act 1947. Military treaties with the United Kingdom preserved intact British air and sea bases in the country; British officers also continued to fill most of the upper ranks of the Ceylon Army. Don Senanayake became the first Prime Minister of Ceylon. Later in 1948, when Ceylon applied for United Nations membership, the Soviet Union vetoed the application. This was partly because the Soviet Union believed that the Ceylon was only nominally independent, and the British still exercised control over it because the white, educated elite had control of the government. In 1949, with the concurrence of the leaders of the Sri Lankan Tamils, the UNP government disenfranchised the Indian Tamil plantation workers. In 1950, Ceylon became one of the original members of the Colombo Plan, and remains a member as Sri Lanka.

Don Senanayake died in 1952 after a stroke and he was succeeded by his son Dudley. However, in 1953 – following a massive general strike or 'Hartal' by the leftist parties against the UNP – Dudley Senanayake resigned. He was followed by General Sir John L. Kotelawala, a senior politician and military commander and an uncle of Dudley. Kotelawala did not have the personal prestige or the political acumen of D. S. Senanayake. He brought to the fore the issue of national languages that D. S. Senanayake had suspended. Elizabeth II, Queen of Ceylon, toured the island in 1954 from 10 to 21 April (She also visited in 1981 from 21 to 25 October after the country became a republic.).

In 1956 the UNP was defeated at elections by the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna, which included the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) led by Solomon Bandaranaike and the Viplavakari Lanka Sama Samaja Party of Philip Gunawardena. Bandaranaike was a politician who had fostered the Sinhalese nationalist lobby since the 1930s. He replaced English with Sinhala as the official language. He was the chief Sinhalese spokesman who attempted to counter the communal politics unleashed by G. G. Ponnambalam. The bill was known as the Sinhala Only Bill, and also made Sinhala the language taught in schools and universities. This caused Tamil riots, as they spoke the Tamil language and it had not been recognised as an official language. These riots culminated in the assassination of the prime minister, Bandaranaike. His widow, Sirimavo, succeeded her husband as leader of the SLFP and was elected as the world's first female prime minister. In 1957 British bases were removed and Ceylon officially became a "non-aligned" country. The Paddy Lands Act, the brainchild of Philip Gunawardena, was passed, giving those working the land greater rights vis-à-vis absentee landlords.

Reform
Elections in July saw Sirimavo Bandaranaike become the world's first elected female head of government. Her government avoided further confrontations with the Tamils, but the anti-communist policies of the United States Government led to a cut-off of United States aid and a growing economic crisis. After an attempted coup d'état by mainly non-Buddhist right-wing army and police officers intent on bringing the UNP back to power, Bandaranaike nationalised the oil companies. This led to a boycott of the country by the oil cartels, which was broken with aid from the Kansas Oil Producers Co-operative.

In 1962, under the SLFP government, many Western business assets were nationalised. This caused disputes with the United States and the United Kingdom over compensation for seized assets. Such policies led to a temporary decline in SLFP power, and the UNP gained seats in Congress. However, by 1970, the SLFP were once again the dominant power.

In 1964 Bandaranaike formed a coalition government with the LSSP, a Trotskyist party with Dr N.M. Perera as Minister of Finance. Nonetheless, after Sirimavo failed to satisfy the far-left, the Marxist People's Liberation Front attempted to overthrow the government in 1971.

The rebellion was put down with the help of British, Soviet, and Indian aid in 1972, and later in 1972 became a republic and the name of the country was changed to Sri Lanka. In 1972, the country officially became a republic within the Commonwealth and William Gopallawa became the first President of Sri Lanka.

Government and politics

The constitution of Ceylon created a parliamentary democracy with a bicameral legislature consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives, with the popularly elected House indirectly naming the Senate. The head of state was the British monarch, represented in the country by the Governor General. The head of government was the prime minister, and he/she and his/her cabinet consisted of the largest political party in the legislature.

Initially, the prominent party was the UNP, the United National Party. In the first parliamentary elections, the UNP gained 42 out of the 95 seats available, and also won the elections in 1952. When the first prime minister, D. S. Senanayake, died of a stroke, his son Dudley Senanayake, the Minister of Agriculture, was appointed as prime minister. In 1956, the radical socialist SLFP (Sri Lanka Freedom Party) won the elections, and Solomon Bandaranaike took power. He was assassinated by a Buddhist monk in 1959 and his widow, Sirimavo, succeeded him as leader of the SLFP. She held office until 1977, with two exceptions in 1960 and 1965–1970, when the UNP held power. During her rule, she implemented a radical economic program of nationalisation and land reform, a pro-Sinhalese educational and employment policy, and an independent foreign policy as part of the non-aligned movement.

In 1948, when Ceylon achieved independence from the United Kingdom, the Governor was replaced with a Governor-General. The Governor-General was responsible not to London, but to the monarch of Ceylon, the local government, and the local parliament. The role was generally ceremonial, however it did come with the 'reserve powers' of the Crown which allowed the Governor General for example to dismiss the Prime Minister (with power such as this, the Governor General had to act as a responsible non-political 'referee' of the government, using the national constitution as the 'rulebook'). The monarch had the following styles and titles:

1948–1952: His Majesty George the Sixth, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith.
1952–1953: Her Majesty Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas Queen, Defender of the Faith.
1953–1972: Her Majesty Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Ceylon and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth.

In her coronation oath, Queen Elizabeth II promised "to govern the Peoples of ... Ceylon ... according to their respective laws and customs". The Standard of Ceylon at the Coronation was borne by Sir Edwin A. P. Wijeyeratne.

List of heads of state

From 1948 to 1972 the head of state of Ceylon was the same person as the Monarch of the United Kingdom. The Governor-General of Ceylon exercised the duties of the head of state.

Monarchs

Governors-General

Problems
The government of Ceylon had several issues, the main being that the government represented only a small part of the population, mainly wealthy, English-educated elite groups. The Sinhalese and Tamil majority did not share the values and ideas of the upper-class, and this often led to riots.

Economy

The economy of Ceylon was mainly agriculture-based, with key exports consisting of tea, rubber, and coconuts. These did well in the foreign markets, accounting for 90% of the export share by value. In 1965, Ceylon became the world's leading exporter of tea, with 200,000 tonnes of tea being shipped internationally annually. The exports sold well initially, but falling tea and rubber prices decreased the earnings, with a rapidly increasing population cutting further into those profits. In the early 1970s, the Ceylon government nationalised many privately held assets as part of the newly elected government's socialist policies.

The Land Reform Law of 1972 imposed a maximum of twenty hectares of land that can be owned privately, and sought to reallocate excess land for the benefit of the landless workers. Because land owned by public companies under that was less than ten hectares in size was exempted from the law, a considerable amount of land that would otherwise have been available for redistribution was not subject to the legislation. Between 1972 and 1974, the Land Reform Commission set up by the new laws took over nearly 228,000 hectares, one-third of which was forest and most of the rest planted with tea, rubber, or coconut. Few rice paddies were affected because nearly 95 percent of them were below the ceiling limit. Very little of the land acquired by the government was transferred to individuals. Most was turned over to various government agencies or to cooperative organisations, such as the Up-Country Co-operative Estates Development Board. The Land Reform Law of 1972 applied only to holdings of individuals. It left untouched the plantations owned by joint-stock companies, many of them British. In 1975 the Land Reform (Amendment) Law brought these estates under state control. Over 169,000 hectares comprising 395 estates were taken over under this legislation. Most of this land was planted with tea and rubber. As a result, about two-thirds of land cultivated with tea was placed in the state sector. The respective proportions for rubber and coconut were 32 and 10 percent. The government paid some compensation to the owners of land taken over under both the 1972 and 1975 laws. In early 1988, the state-owned plantations were managed by one of two types of entities, the Janatha Estates Development Board, or the Sri Lanka State Plantation Corporation. Additionally, a revamped system of education created a glut of skilled workers that could not find employment.

Currency

The official currency of Ceylon was the Ceylon Rupee. The Rupee evolved from the Indian Rupee, when in 1929 a new Ceylon Rupee was formed when it was separated from the Indian Rupee. In 1950, the Currency Board, set up in 1872 as a part of the Indian monetary system, was replaced by the Central Bank of Ceylon, granting the country greater control over the currency. In 1951, the Central Bank of Ceylon took over the issuance of paper money, introducing 1 and 10 rupees notes. These were followed in 1952 by 2, 5, 50 and 100 rupees notes. The 1 rupee notes were replaced by coins in 1963. In 1963, a new coinage was introduced which omitted the monarch's portrait. Coins issued were aluminium 1 and 2 cents, nickel brass 5 and 10 cents and cupro-nickel 25 and 50 cents and 1 rupee. The obverse of the coins issued since 1963 carry the coat of arms. However, until 1966, the Ceylon Rupee remained pegged to the Indian Rupee at a value of 1:1. In 1966, the Ceylon Rupee was pegged to the US Dollar at 4.76 rupees per US Dollar.

Military

Army

At the end of World War II, the Ceylon Defence Force, the predecessor to the Ceylon Army, began demobilisation. After Independence, Ceylon entered the bi-lateral Anglo-Ceylonese Defence Agreement of 1947. This was followed by Army Act No. 17 of which was passed by Parliament on 11 April 1949, and formalised in Gazette Extraordinary No. 10028 of 10 October 1949. It marked the creation of the Ceylon Army, consisting of a regular and volunteer force, the latter being the successor of the disbanded Ceylon Defence Force. The Defence Agreement of 1947 provided assurance that British would come to the aid of Ceylon in the event it was attacked by a foreign power and provided British military advisers to build the country's military. Brigadier James Sinclair, The Earl of Caithness, was appointed as general officer commanding Ceylon Army, as such becoming the first commander of the Ceylon Army.

Due to a lack of any major external threats, the growth of the army was slow, and the primary duties of the army quickly moved towards internal security by the mid-1950s. The first internal security operation of the Ceylon Army, code-named Operation Monty, began in 1952 to counter the influx of illegal South Indian immigrants brought in by smugglers, in support of Royal Ceylon Navy coastal patrols and police operations. This was expanded and renamed as Task Force Anti-Illicit Immigration (TaFII) in 1963 and continued up to 1981. The Army was mobilised to help the police to restore peace under provincial emergency regulations during the 1953 hartal, the 1956 Gal Oya Valley riots and in 1958 it was deployed for the first time under emergency regulations throughout the island during the 1958 riots.

In 1962 several volunteer officers attempted a military coup, which was stopped hours before it was launched. This attempted coup affected the military to a great extent; since the government mistrusted the military, it reduced the size and growth of the army, especially the volunteer force, with several units being disbanded. In May 1972, Ceylon was proclaimed a republic and changed its name from Ceylon to the "Republic of Sri Lanka", and in 1978 to the "Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka". All Army units were renamed accordingly.

Navy

After gaining independence, strategists believed that the navy should be built up and reorganized. The previous navy consisted of the Ceylon Naval Volunteer Force and the Ceylon Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. On 9 December 1950 the Royal Ceylon Navy was created with the main force consisting of the former Ceylon Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. The first ship that was commissioned was the HMCyS Vijaya, an Algerine-class minesweeper. During this time the navy took part in several joint naval exercises and a goodwill tour visiting the far east. However, the expansion of the navy was dramatically halted in 1962 when the captain of the navy who was relieved of his duty at the time of the attempted military coup. The navy suffered a great deal as result of the governments retribution that followed, with several of its ships sold off, reduced its size by stoppage of recruitment of officers cadets and sailors for over seven years, the loss of important Bases and Barracks and the stoppage of training in England. As a result, the navy was poorly prepared when in 1971 the 1971 JVP Insurrection began, the navy had to send its sailors for ground combat operations against the insurgents.

In 1972 "Ceylon" became the "Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka" and the Royal Ceylon Navy became the Sri Lanka Navy. The Naval ensign along with the Flag Officers' flags were redesigned. The term "Captain of the Navy", introduced in the Navy Act, was changed to "Commander of the Navy", in keeping with the terminology adopted by the other two services. Finally, "Her Majesty's Ceylon Ships" (HMCyS) became "Sri Lankan Naval Ships" (SLNS).

During the 1970s the navy began rebuilding its strength with the acquisition of Shanghai class gunboats from China to carry out effective coastal patrolling and carried out several cruises to regional ports.

Air Force

Early administration and training was carried out by RAF officers and other personnel, who were seconded to the new Royal Ceylon Air Force or RCyAF. The first aircraft of the RCyAF were de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunks, used as basic trainers. These were followed by Boulton Paul Balliol T.Mk.2s and Airspeed Oxford Mk.1s for advanced training of pilots and aircrew along with de Havilland Doves and de Havilland Herons for transport use, all provided by the British. The closure of British bases in Ceylon in 1956 saw the air force take over former RAF bases; Katunayake and China Bay became RCyAF operational stations while auxiliary functions were carried out at Diyatalawa and Ekala.

In 1959 de Havilland Vampire jet aircraft were acquired. However, the RCyAF did not put them into operational use and soon replaced them with five Hunting Jet Provosts obtained from the British, which were formed into the Jet Squadron.

The Royal Ceylon Air Force first went into combat in 1971 when the Marxist JVP launched an island-wide coup on 5 April. The Ceylon Armed Forces could not respond immediately and efficiently; police stations island-wide and the RCyAF base at Ekala were struck in the initial attacks. Later, the Air Force acquired additional aircraft from the US and the USSR.

Because of a shortage of funds for military expenditure in the wake of the 1971 uprising, the No. 4 Helicopter Squadron began operating commercial transport services for foreign tourists under the name of Helitours. In 1987 the air force had a total strength of 3,700 personnel, including active reserves. The force had grown gradually during its early years, reaching a little over 1,000 officers and recruits in the 1960s. On 31 March 1976, the SLAF was awarded the President's Colour. That same year SLAF detachments, which later became SLAF stations, were established at Wirawila, Vavuniya and Minneriya.

See also
 Sri Lankan independence movement

References

States and territories established in 1948
Ceylon
History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)
Sri Lanka and the Commonwealth of Nations
Monarchy in Ceylon
20th century in Ceylon
1948 establishments in Ceylon
1972 disestablishments in Sri Lanka
1972 disestablishments in the British Empire
States and territories disestablished in 1972

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The Lanthanum Carbonate Market report offers an unbiased and in depth analysis of the current developments, opportunities/ high progress areas, market drivers, which would help participants to device and align Lanthanum Carbonate market policies according to the existing and future market. The report firstly introduced the Lanthanum Carbonate basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market summary; product specifications; business processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world's main region market situations, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market evolution rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
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text:
Putin Ally Looks to Take Over Aircraft Industry
The Russian government is considering bringing the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) aerospace conglomerate into the fold of state-owned defense and technology behemoth Rostec. But according to Trade Minister Denis Manturov, the idea is still to be evaluated.
"We have not ruled such a decision out, insofar as there is a trend in this direction," Manturov say. "There is a great deal of synergy between [Rostec holding] Russian Helicopters and UAC. This will only increase each year due to the optimization of production processes."
On March 14, Rostec CEO Sergei Chemezov said in an interview with Rossiya 24 that a takeover of UAC would be "expedient, but not for today." In the meantime, cooperation between Rostec and UAC will be streamlined.
Putin Ally Chemezov Fights to Take Over Defense Industry
Rostec owns around 60-70 percent of the means of aviation component production in Russia. In other words, Rostec supplies UAC with parts like engines, electronics and even landing-gear. UAC's holdings such as MiG and Sukhoi then assemble planes by using those components.
Kommersant, citing unidentified sources within the government, reported that the idea is occasionally raised, but has traditionally found little support.
Rostec under Chemezov, an old friend of President Vladimir Putin's, has accumulated around two-thirds of the Russian defense industry's assets under its umbrella. He is known to some insiders as Russia's "shadow minister of the defense industry."
A leadership shakeup at UAC in Jan. 2015 saw a strong-headed aviation engineer, Mikhail Pogosyan, ousted from his post at the top of the organization. His replacement, former deputy trade minister Yury Slyusar, was seen as a replacement loyal to Chemezov.
Read more about: Rogozin
Putin Signs New Decree for Military Rearmament, Kremlin Confirms
Around 19 trillion rubles ($340 billion) would be allocated on the new rearmament program.
Russia Creates Military Development Office to Skirt U.S. Sanctions
The U.S. is expected to penalize up to 40 Russian defense firms starting next month.
Russia Summons Moldovan Ambassador Over Rogozin Flight Ban
Moldova's ambassador to Moscow Andrei Neguta was summoned to Russia's Foreign Ministry on Wednesday after his government declared Russian Deputy Prime...
Deputy Prime Minister Names Russia's Closest Allies, Forgets to List Putin
Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin seized the occasion of Defender of the Fatherland Day to congratulate Russia's allies. Kazakhstan, Iran, and China...

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Takapuna Grammar School Rowing Club is proud to celebrate our 78th anniversary this year.
We have a strong and successful rowing history. As one of the first rowing schools in Auckland and participants in the early 'Head of Harbour' regattas almost fifty years ago we have a proud coaching, rowing and competing heritage. In addition to the successes we have experienced in our local and national regattas we have a solid history in assisting in the development of world-class athletes who have gone on to represent New Zealand at the Olympics.
In 1982 Malcolm Iversen, who had been a stalwart of the North Shore Rowing Club, and who now had a daughter at Takapuna Grammar, approached the Headmaster Jack Kelly, to seek approval to re-establish rowing as one of the school's sports. In July the club re-formed with early direction given by Dudley Storey and Eric Craies of the West End Rowing Club. Takapuna Grammar School Rowing Club became affiliated to West End and rowed from it's Westhaven boathouse. An old eight and four were purchased - the 'Conrad Robertson' and the 'Takapuna'.
The first few years were formative with coaching done in the main by Malcolm and Barbara Iversen, and Colleen Tonei. John Beck was the Rowing Master. Results were unspectacular, but there was a large amount of enthusiasm. Two boats soon proved insufficient and with parent support and fundraising more were bought. Third placings at the Maadi Cup began to appear using the new wonder eight, the 'Milt Conway'.
The level of support continued to increase as did the membership. So now, despite the fact that the club owns four plastic eights and five plastic fours, the pressure on the equipment is as great as it ever has been, with one season at Takapuna Grammar School Rowing Club, giving the boats the equivalent of five seasons of work at a rowing club.
In 1989 the club formally adopted a constitution for its management and development and in 1990 became an incorporated society, affiliating directly to the New Zealand Amateur Rowing Association so that now, whenever the crews compete, it is in the distinctive blue and gold of Takapuna Grammar School. The growth of the club is such that now Takapuna Grammar School Rowing Club has become one of the top performing co-educational schools in the sport.
Coaches: Martin Simoncelli (DOR), Terry Tidbury, Matt Korn, Bonnie Crooks, Sam Thexton, Robbie Glanfield, Matt Schmidt.
Coaches: Martin Simoncelli (DOR), Terry Tidbury, Matt Korn, Monique Davies, Katie Philps, Jackson Living, Myles Ganley.


text:
Q: Numbers of ways $k - 1$ edges to be added to $k$ connected components to make the graph connected Given a graph $G$ with $n$ vertices and $m$ edges. Let us say it has $k$ connected components. Find out how many numbers of ways you can add $k - 1$ edges to make the graph connected.
Is it any standard graph problem? How can it be solved?

A: Notice that if you consider the $k$ components as vertices, then if you add the $k-1$ edges to make the graph connected you actually get a tree of $k$ vertices. So every tree on $k$ vertices generates a set of ways to connect the graph. One can see(prove) that different trees generate disjoints sets of ways of connecting the graph.
Label the components by $1, 2 \cdots,k$ and their sizes by $a_1, a_2, \cdots, a_k$. If $T$ is on the set of vertices $\{1, 2 \cdots,k \}$, then the number of ways of connecting an edges $(i, j) \in E(T)$ is $n_{i,j} = a_ia_j$
Thus, the number of ways of connecting the components using $T$ is $\prod_{(i,j) \in E(T)}n_{i,j} = \prod_{i=1}^ka_i^{d_i}$ where $d_i$ is the degree of vertex $i$ in the tree $T$.
So, the number of ways of connecting the components is
$\sum_{T \text{ tree of } K_k}\prod_{i=1}^ka_i^{d_i} = \sum_{\sum_{i=1}^nd_i = 2(k-1)}N(d_1, d_2, \cdots, d_k)\prod_{i=1}^ka_i^{d_i}$ where $N(d_1, d_2, \cdots, d_k)$ is the number of labeled trees on $k$ vertices and labeled vertex $i$ has degree $d_i$.
We have $N(d_1, d_2, \cdots, d_k) = \dfrac{(k-2)!}{\prod\limits_{i=1}^{k}(d_i-1)!}$ see here for more info.
So, $\sum_{T \text{ tree of } K_k}\prod_{i=1}^{k}a_i^{d_i}  = \sum_{\sum_{i=1}^nd_i = 2(k-1)} (k-2)! \prod_{i=1}^k \frac {a_i^{d_i}}{(d_i - 1)!}$
$= (\prod_{i=1}^k a_i)\sum_{\sum_{i=1}^n(d_i-1) = k-2} (k-2)! \prod_{i=1}^k \frac{a_i^{d_i-1}}{(d_i - 1)!}$
$= (\prod_{i=1}^k a_i)(\sum_{i=1}^{k} a_i)^{k-2}$ (by multinomial expansion theorem.)
Therefore the number you are seeking is $(\prod_{i=1}^k a_i)(\sum_{i=1}^{k} a_i)^{k-2}= n^{k-2}(\prod_{i=1}^k a_i)$ since $\sum_{i=1}^{k} a_i = n$ the total number of vertices.

A: The number of vertices, edges, and connected components of a graph do not completely determine the number of ways to add $k-1$ edges to connect the graph. For example, let $n=5, m=3, k=2$. Consider two cases: $G_1=(V,E_1)$ and $G_2=(V,E_2)$ where $V=\{1,2,3,4,5\}$ and
$$
E_1=\{(1,2),(2,3),(3,4)\}\\
E_2=\{(1,2),(3,4),(4,5)\}
$$

It's not hard to see that the number of ways to add $1$ edge to $G_1$ to make it connected equals $4$ whereas the number of ways to add $1$ edge to $G_2$ to make it connected equals $6$.

A: You can do this using induction and the Principle of inclusion and exclusion.
The sizes $a_i$ of the components $c_i$ must be known to calculate the answer (see the post by Kuai). When $k=1$, the answer is $1$ (the only way of making it connected is by doing nothing). When $k=2$, the answer is $a_1=1a_2$. Let $$F_i(a_1,a_2,\dots a_i)$$
be the number of ways to connect $i$ components with sizes $a_1$ to $a_i$. We know $F_1(a_1)=1$ and $F_2(a_1,a_2)=a_1a_2$. We are going to calculate $F_k(a_1,\dots ,a_k)$.
Now, we take the first component. We know it has to be connected to at least one of the other components. We can calculate the number of possibilities when $c_1$ is connected with $c_i$ ($i\neq 1$):
$$
a_1a_iF_{k-1}(a_1+a_i,a_2,\dots,a_{i-1},a_{i+1},\dots ,a_k)
$$
We can sum over all $2\leq i\leq k$, but then, we will count some connections two or more times, because sometimes $c_1$ is direcly connected to more than one other component. The number of times when $c_1$ is connected to $c_i$ and $c_j$ ($2\leq i<j\leq k$) is
$$
(a_1a_i)(a_1a_j)F_{i-2}(a_1+a_i+a_j,a_2,\dots,a_{i-1},a_{i+1},\dots ,a_{j-1},a_{j+1},\dots ,a_k)
$$
Now define $F(I)$ for subsets of $\{2,3,\dots,k\}$:
$$
F(I)=F_{k-|I|}\left(a_1+\sum_{i\in I} a_i,\underbrace{a_2,a_3,\dots,a_k}_{\text{all $a_i$ with } i\not\in I}\right)
$$
By the principle of inclusion and exclusion, we now find that (prepare yourself):
$$
F_k(a_1,\dots,a_k)=\sum_{i=2}^ka_1a_iF_{k-1}(a_1+a_i,a_2,\dots,a_k)\\-\sum_{2\leq i<j\leq k}a_1^2a_ia_jF_{k-2}(a_1+a_i+a_j,a_2,\dots,a_{i-1},a_{i+1},\dots ,a_{j-1},a_{j+1},\dots ,a_k)+\dots\\
=\sum_{I\subseteq N}(-1)^{|I|-1}a_1^{|I|}\prod_{i\in I}a_i\cdot F(I)
$$
where $N=\{2,3,\dots,n\}$.
This can be evaluated for any $k$, and by induction we can find $F_k$ for any $k$. I'll edit this post when I have found an (almost) closed form for it.

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With alternative energy sources becoming more affordable, we are finally starting to wean ourselves off fossil fuels.
But as the industry expands, there are some growing pains. These systems open up new ways of thinking about our relationship to energy production and consumption, and they impact rating systems such as LEED and Passive House.
A new law in Hawaii requires solar water heaters for new houses, but several groups, including a solar energy organization, see problems with the legislation.
One would think comparing the costs of different heating fuels would be simple, but figuring out the amount heat available in a given quantity of fuel-and the associated cost-can be tricky.
As the cost of heating fuel rises, utilities must prepare for increased demand as homeowners switch to cheaper electric-resistance heat.
A new study shows all current photovoltaic technologies offer at least an 89% reduction of air emissions compared with conventional electricity while also offering an energy-payback time of less than three years.
Contrary to predictions that increased demand for PV systems would result in continuing price reduction, the average cost of PV installations has risen slightly in the last three years.
Recurrent Energy has landed $200 million in financing to install solar electric panels on leased rooftops and sell the power to tenants.
The California Energy Commission has recommended strong energy-efficiency requirements for buildings, and is working to incorporate them into building codes.


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In line with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Global Access Strategy, we're fully committed to ensuring that our innovations, products and information are accessible (in cost, quantity and supply) to the people most in need in the developing world.
We want to maximise our innovations' impact on improving the lives of people with access to poor or inadequate sanitation. We need them to reach the market as quickly as possible, on a large scale and at an affordable price for consumers.
Background Technologies
Our technology landscaping identified new systems which could in principle be applied to slow the accumulation of pit latrine contents and extend pit lifetimes. It included an extensive search of both patent and scientific literature, and revealed several technologies of interest where the rights belong to a third party.
As a result, for each of our possible innovations, we'll ensure that if permission to use third party Intellectual Property (IP) in the form of patents is required, we'll seek it at an early stage. Where proprietary expertise is essential, we'll seek collaborative agreements with the third party concerned.
In each case, we'll attempt to delineate clearly background or existing IP (and how that will be accessed) from any new IP which might be generated (and how that will be managed and exploited). Any such exploitation must be consistent with Global Access in terms of enabling maximum impact on our target market.
Securing Intellectual Property
Our approach to securing IP will be to scrutinise all major insights and ideas emerging from our work for their novelty versus the prior art, in consultation with the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Business Development Manager and a patent attorney. We'll do this prior to publication in scientific journals or on the internet.
We'll file patents if the evidence for inventiveness is clear and they will facilitate optimal development and commercialisation of the invention – for example, in securing freedom to use. A consideration will be whether patenting would be useful in ensuring access to new product concepts in the interests of poor consumers, by enabling some measure of control over the conditions under which licences are granted, and their recipients.
We will make sure that the policy of Global Access is reflected in our agreements and contracts with collaborators, and clarify with them how existing and new IP will be handled.
Publishing Results and Information
We're committed to sharing all key learning, new experimental data and major research insights with the scientific, industrial and development communities, through academic journals, conferences or online. We may also use open innovation mechanisms to publicise insights and challenges where external solutions are required.
For our microbial diversity work at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, it is part of our agreement that raw sequence data be submitted to major public repositories immediately after quality control.
Sanitation Ventures (SV) was set up to find solutions to the problem of pit latrine filling. The scale of the challenge – and the opportunity – is huge: there are around 1.7 billion latrine users worldwide. In this report we share our thoughts and progress on identifying, developing and delivering solutions for these people.
Sanitation Ventures is run by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Our ambition is to improve the lives of people with access to poor or insufficient sanitation.
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine website
© 2019 Sanitation Ventures.


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text:
Miranda Kerr Ambassador of Swarovski Jewellery
Internationally reknowned jewellery connoisseurs Swarovski are moving in some beautiful directions. Last year they chose former Victoria's Secret Angel and supermodel Miranda Kerr to head their new campaign as ambassador and model.
The Austrian brand has been in existence since 1895 and specialises in precision cut crystal, with a presence in more than 120 countries. Two major businesses make up the brand – one that produces and sells loose stones and elements to the industry, the other that creates design-driven finished pieces of artwork. In 1995 in Wattens, Swarovski Kristallwelten, a multi-media crystal museum was opened as a celebration of Swarovski's space of innovation and inspiration.
Recently Swarovski revamped their international brand vision and chose Sydney as the location to reveal it, in time for Kerr's first official Australian engagement with the brand. Their vision is simple – to promote their products as jewellery that is versatile and suitable for everyday wear.
CEO of Swarovski's consumer goods business Robert Buchbauer boasts about the brand's newest ambassador: "Multifaceted like the Swarovski woman, Miranda combines beauty, intelligence, and a passionate personality throughout the various facets of her life, as a mother, wife and professional. She has a confident, feminine allure and exudes warmth. Miranda and her gorgeous smile undoubtedly add sparkle to people's eyes". Buchbauer explains she was chosen because she personifies the contemporary spirit and sense of style that is expressed in the brand's collections.
Patrik Hauert, Swarovski managing director consumer goods business Australia and New Zealand, said Miranda's association with the brand has made a phenomenal impact on its performance and global standing, pronouncing that many of the pieces Miranda has worn in campaigns have now become worldwide bestsellers.
Photo credit: http://celebmafia.com/


Kindly answer me for the following questions as soon as possible. It is very urgent.
1) I have planned a custom size table of (120CM x 90CM). Would I need to change anythig in your Arduino Code to work the robot perfectly? Where to make changes in coding.
2) Or any other modifications needed? Kindly mention those very clearly for my table size.
3) Does arduino code already uploaded?? or which code I want to upload I have lot of codes such as AHrobotevo,Network,robot,steppers. So make me clear which code I need to upload to the arduino board.
If you are going to modify the size of the air hockey robot you will need to understand a little the Arduino code. Thankfully, the jjrobots app allows you to adjust the size of the table manually using the CALIBRATION OPTION on the APP.
What do you mean with "Does arduino code already uploaded??"


text:
Q: Each child in an array or iterator should have a unique "key" prop. Check the render method of `Abstractfactory` Trying to render some values in a simple react component I get this error
 Each child in an array or iterator should have a unique "key" prop. Check the render method of `Abstractfactory`. See react-warning-keys for more information.
    in div (created by Abstractfactory)
    in Abstractfactory

class Customer{
    public id: string;
    public firstName: string;
    public lastName: string;
}

export default Customer;

import * as React from 'react';
import { IAbstractFactoryProps } from "./IAbstractFactoryProps";
import { IAbstractFactoryState } from "./IAbstractFactoryState";
import styles from './Abstractfactory.module.scss';
import { escape } from '@microsoft/sp-lodash-subset';
import DaoFactory from "./DaoFactory";
import ICustomerDao from "./ICustomerDao";
import DataSources from "./DatasourcesEnum";

export default class Abstractfactory extends React.Component<IAbstractFactoryProps, IAbstractFactoryState> {
  //Private instance of customerDao, please note it returns ICustomerDao, an Interface,
    //not a concrete type
    private customerDao: ICustomerDao;

    constructor(props: IAbstractFactoryProps, state: IAbstractFactoryState) {
      super(props);
      this.setInitialState();

      // We set the Dao depending on the selected data source
      this.setDaos(props.datasource);

      //Then we set the list of customers and note, we dont care if they come from Sharepoint
      //Rest API or anything else.
      this.state = {
        items: this.customerDao.listCustomers(),
      };
    }

    public render(): React.ReactElement<IAbstractFactoryProps> {
      return (

                  {this.state.items.map( i => (
i.id
))}

      );
    }

    public setInitialState(): void {
      this.state = {
        items: []
      };
    }

    private setDaos(datasource: string): void {
      const data: DataSources = datasource === "Sharepoint" ? DataSources.SharepointList : DataSources.JsonData;
      this.customerDao = DaoFactory.getDAOFactory(data).getCustomerDAO();

      //Now, its transparent for us a UI developers what datasource was selected
      //this.customerDao.
    }
}

A: Since you are mapping over state.items, each of the
 tags you output need to have a unique key property, so that React can internally tell them apart:
public render(): React.ReactElement<IAbstractFactoryProps> {
  return (

              {this.state.items.map( i => (
i.id
))}

  );
}


The Mobility Package 1 proposals mainly focus on the functioning of the road transport market, the working conditions of drivers and road-charging in the European Union (EU).
The rules on access to the road haulage market lay down the conditions that companies, active in the road haulage sector and established in the EU and the European Economic Area, need to meet when they operate in international transport and in national markets other than their own.
Unclear EU rules and difficulties in enforcement have led EU countries to implement different national rules. Unaligned national rules are counterproductive to an efficiently functioning EU internal market for goods transport services.
'Cabotage' is the term used to describe situations where a foreign truck makes national journeys, loading and unloading on the territory of an EU Member State, right after an international trip from another Member State or from a country outside the EU.
Current EU rules allow for 3 cabotage operations within 7 days of presence on a host national territory. The new rules suggested in Mobility Package 1 propose a further liberalisation of cabotage by allowing for unlimited cabotage operations within 5 days of the international delivery, including in an EU neighbour country.
The European Commission's new cabotage proposal would result in more misalignment among EU countries' rules. Therefore, IRU does not support the further liberalisation of cabotage rights.
With the new rules proposed on access to the market, truck drivers would be requested to carry 7 pieces of information for cabotage operations checks as evidence of load carried from abroad and of each cabotage operation. This is a missed opportunity to reduce the administrative burden on truck drivers. The solution could be to have on board a consignment note, in paper or electronic format (e-CMR), containing all the required information.
The European Commission also suggests a minimum number of cabotage checks. However, it will be difficult to determine which vehicles are engaged in cabotage operations and which are not. This could result in an increased number of unnecessary checks that would hinder the good functioning of the goods transport market. Targeted rather than systematic enforcement should be implemented.


Greetings and glad tidings to you all in the name of our Lord who saves us!
Our little one has arrived; both Ruth and baby are well. The three big sisters are very excited to have a new baby brother. Zerachiah Joshua was born yesterday at home (as planned). Those of you who have been praying for Ruth and Baby: Thank you.
For those of you who must know, Zerachiah was 21 1/3 inches long and weighed 7 lbs 15 oz.
This entry was posted in Updates by joshuaruthbarron. Bookmark the permalink.


Travel Lite RV, Inc. is located in New Paris, Indiana. We have been building high-quality truck campers since 1998 and expanded into travel trailers in 2012. Travel Lite has a vast dealer network spanning the United States, Canada, and the Internationally.


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Please forward this error screen to host2. Healthy alkaline water ionizers, alkaline diet foods for your health. Does Stomach Acid Humans have more than five senses Ionized Alkaline Water? Some of you may have the same question.


Presoak Plus is our original automatic presoak. This high-pH formula hits dirt and grime with a punch! Combined with multiple conditioners to help attack different types of grime and even address hard water issues, Presoak Plus makes any car a clean car. It is formulated to work in virtually every wash situation. Great foam, great scent, great clean! Perfect for a wash situation where extremely high alkalinity is not necessary. But if you need the strongest high-pH presoak possible, try our Presoak Max. For use in automatic washes only. Not available to buy as a single gallon.


At Dumpster Centre, we strive to bring you the best service at the best price available. We have a wide selection of dumpster sizes in stock in Paris, OH, with flexible & timley pickup and delivery. Give us a call today for all your dumpster rental and roll off needs.
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With spring arriving, quite a few minds change to cleaning out your homes along with selling the items we not need in your lives. A yard sale is a wonderful thing without treatment, but when you find the whole town in on it, your abilities can blend to make a genuinely fun function for your family, your neighbors, along with anyone who halts by to get your goods. Here is how you can get your community together for the community garage sale.
Imagine the tragedy that could happen if you couldn't know how much (of the items kind of) waste materials and dirt you could place in your rental waste materials and dirt dumpster. You could find yourself throwing away an incorrect thing inside them for hours to dig it out there before the truck will haul it away. Imagine just how much fun That will be! You could find yourself throwing away excessive and having to weed it out, generating trip immediately after trip to this dump on top of having to pay out your Portable Dumpster in Paris, OH costs.
When it comes to a new garage that requires clearing out, itrrrs likely that good that there is a pretty a large amount of rubbish to be removed. Since plenty of local junk companies impose limits how much junk you can put out there a week, and lots of things may be too large along with awkwardly fashioned for junk bags in any case, you're going to want to rent a dumpster at a reputable Portable Dumpster in Paris, OH corporation. Just visualizing a dumpster-sized load of rubbish gone from your garage need to make the job at hand seem much more workable.
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My work life so far has focused on the youth and young adult communities in Muslim and Unitarian Universalist (UU) settings, and this essay is about the challenges they face. Many American faith communities face the problem of large elderly populations and small to non-existent populations of young people from 18 to 30. The Pew Forum reports that a third of the U.S. population under 30 now identifies as religiously unaffiliated. Clearly, faith communities are having trouble maintaining relationships with their estranged young people.
Adults in both Muslim and UU congregations speak about the importance of youth programming but only perceive that importance as a short-term goal. That is, youth are perceived as leaving a congregation at the age of 18, hence, the budget for youth ministry programs is the first to be cut and comes with additional limits. Congregations stop investing in maintaining a relationship with youth after they leave their congregation for college.
Another factor is how clergy perceive their role and relationship with young people. Often older ministers depend on training they had 20 or 30 years ago. Youth ministry is not going to be the same today as in the sixties or seventies, whatever a pastor's expectations. In the case of most imams, they've not had any youth ministry training. With Unitarian Universalists, youth ministry training for ordination finally became a required competency about ten years ago.
The disconnect between clergy and today's youth generation is a disadvantage that prevents adequate pastoral care for those who can fall victim, for instance, to cyber-bullying or sexting. How can an older minister provide pastoral care to a youth victim of digital abuse when that minister does not know anything about Facebook, Tumblr or Pinterest? Youth advisors, usually volunteers, can help but cannot provide the pastoral care that a minister might offer. That said, the first and easiest way to learn about the constantly changing youth culture is to build intentional relationships with younger congregants or youth groups in faith communities and maintain that relationship through consistent presence. Mindful presence requires seeing value in youth ministry and in those youth relationships.
The Imam's perception that ministering to youth is equivalent to playing with youth is one reason youth ministry or youth programming is undervalued in Muslim communities. There's more focus on getting young people to memorize the Quran than there is in teaching them about Muslim values through action on social justice issues and service projects. The good news is that not all Muslim communities are like this. In fact, there is an increase in youth programming in American Muslim communities, and my local mosque, Dar Al Hijra, exemplifies investing in youth.
Another important factor is the role parents have in these challenges. The general perception is that youth programming is basically babysitting. Parents drop their kids off to programs, classes, and events but don't engage their children in religious education at home. For youth to value or appreciate their faith and morals, they have to see them in action through their parents at home. Youth ministry and religious clergy can only provide so much in terms of values-based learning. We need more commitment from parents to uphold the values being taught to their daughters and sons. Don't be afraid to engage in your kid's spirituality. And by the way, you don't have to have a theological background to communicate the importance of standing up for the oppressed, taking care of the poor, and not being wasteful.
In short, our perception of youth and youth ministry has to evolve and be understood as an investment having long-term value. Rewards for such an investment are immense and measurable. In my work last year at the Unitarian Universalist Church of Arlington, our youth group raised $10,000 to attend the Unitarian Universalist Associations General Assembly focused on immigrant rights. Additionally, the group made a documentary focused on what their faith means to them and how it inspires their social justice interests. They also raised $750 to pay for one Guatemalan high-school student to attend school for a year in partnership with a local organization.
The simple act of sending surprise care-packages to youth who are away at college goes a long way in maintaining the relationship they have with their faith communities. To engage post high-school youth to stay involved, we must engage them before they graduate and long-term after they leave the congregation for college. That means transforming perceptions about the value of investing in youth ministry.
Please share your thoughts and experiences about engaging youth in your faith or interfaith community and the challenges you've faced in either the comments section below or via our TIO Facebook group.


text:
Eristalinus fuscicornis is a species of hoverfly. It is native to sub-saharan Africa, with specimens being identified from
Angola,
Benin,
DR Congo,
Kenya,
Mozambique,
Nigeria,
South Africa,
Sudan/South Sudan,
Togo,
and Zimbabwe.

References

Diptera of Africa
Eristalinae
Insects described in 1887


text:
NOWCAST WLWT Blitz 5 Extra
Federer gets 300th Masters win in Cincy
Updated: 11:05 PM EDT Aug 13, 2014
Roger Federer had another big moment. Those seem to happen for him a lot in Cincinnati.Federer won his opening match at the Western & Southern Open on Wednesday, a three-set victory over Vasek Pospisil that was his 300th career victory during a Masters tournament. He's the first player to reach the mark - Rafael Nadal is second with 281 such wins.The big number was nice. After a two-hour struggle, Federer was glad just to have a chance to try to add to his unprecedented five titles in Cincinnati."It's a nice, round number," Federer said. "I've had some more important ones over the one today. Nevertheless, it's nice to reach such milestones."The Swiss star didn't take control until the middle of the third set, when he broke Pospisil twice for a 4-1 lead. Both players were sloppy in the breezy conditions."You just hope to get through the first match in tough conditions," Federer said. "It's important to stay calm even though it's frustrating for much of the match."Top-seeded Serena Williams kept her poise during the toughest moments and pulled through a tough opening match as well. She rallied from behind in both tiebreakers to beat Samantha Stosur 7-6 (7), 7-6 (7) in an hour and 54 minutes.She found it useful to get pushed so hard in her first match."It's good when you play a lot of close matches and you come out on top - I'm defeated, I'm down and I come back and win," she said. "That's very good."Stosur got ahead 4-0 in the first tiebreaker before Williams rallied. Stosur had two set points in the second tiebreaker, but hit a shot into the net and another one long to even it. Williams won it when Stosur dumped another shot into the net."Against player like that you think, 'Oh, there is a chance there,'" Stosur said. "More often than not they come up with the goods to shut you down."Asked how she pulled it out, Williams said, "I really don't know. She was up in both of the breakers. It was just a great match, really."By contrast, Andy Murray needed little more than an hour to get through his opening match. He faced only three break points - and fought all of them off - during a 6-3, 6-3 win over Joao Sousa.Murray is still trying to get back into form from back surgery last September. He also made a break with coach Ivan Lendl in March that was a big adjustment."It's been a tough year," Murray said. "There have been a few things happen. Obviously coming back from surgery is hard. To me now, that isn't in any way an excuse. Now I have had enough time to get over it. Obviously with Ivan, that was also tough."No. 4 Tomas Berdych converted only one break point while losing to Yen-Hsun Lu 3-6, 6-3, 6-4. John Isner, who reached the finals in Cincinnati last year before losing to Rafael Nadal, moved on with a solid 6-3, 7-6 (1) victory over Marinko Matosevic."I played so unbelievably well here last year," Isner said. "I'm off to a very good start this year. I love this tournament. I feel very comfortable here."There was an upset in the women's draw. Third-seeded Petra Kvitova had trouble with her serve and lost to Elina Svitolina 6-2, 7-6 (2). Kvitova had nine double-faults and made just 52 percent of her first serves."I'm disappointed how I played today, for sure," she said. "From the beginning, I didn't feel very comfortable out there."
MASON, Ohio (AP) —
Roger Federer had another big moment. Those seem to happen for him a lot in Cincinnati.
Federer won his opening match at the Western & Southern Open on Wednesday, a three-set victory over Vasek Pospisil that was his 300th career victory during a Masters tournament. He's the first player to reach the mark - Rafael Nadal is second with 281 such wins.
Western & Southern Open offers unique opportunity for player interaction
Djokovic upset in Western & Southern Open
Teens take opportunity to get close to action at W&S Open
The big number was nice. After a two-hour struggle, Federer was glad just to have a chance to try to add to his unprecedented five titles in Cincinnati.
"It's a nice, round number," Federer said. "I've had some more important ones over the one today. Nevertheless, it's nice to reach such milestones."
The Swiss star didn't take control until the middle of the third set, when he broke Pospisil twice for a 4-1 lead. Both players were sloppy in the breezy conditions.
"You just hope to get through the first match in tough conditions," Federer said. "It's important to stay calm even though it's frustrating for much of the match."
Top-seeded Serena Williams kept her poise during the toughest moments and pulled through a tough opening match as well. She rallied from behind in both tiebreakers to beat Samantha Stosur 7-6 (7), 7-6 (7) in an hour and 54 minutes.
She found it useful to get pushed so hard in her first match.
"It's good when you play a lot of close matches and you come out on top - I'm defeated, I'm down and I come back and win," she said. "That's very good."
Stosur got ahead 4-0 in the first tiebreaker before Williams rallied. Stosur had two set points in the second tiebreaker, but hit a shot into the net and another one long to even it. Williams won it when Stosur dumped another shot into the net.
"Against player like that you think, 'Oh, there is a chance there,'" Stosur said. "More often than not they come up with the goods to shut you down."
Asked how she pulled it out, Williams said, "I really don't know. She was up in both of the breakers. It was just a great match, really."
By contrast, Andy Murray needed little more than an hour to get through his opening match. He faced only three break points - and fought all of them off - during a 6-3, 6-3 win over Joao Sousa.
Murray is still trying to get back into form from back surgery last September. He also made a break with coach Ivan Lendl in March that was a big adjustment.
"It's been a tough year," Murray said. "There have been a few things happen. Obviously coming back from surgery is hard. To me now, that isn't in any way an excuse. Now I have had enough time to get over it. Obviously with Ivan, that was also tough."
No. 4 Tomas Berdych converted only one break point while losing to Yen-Hsun Lu 3-6, 6-3, 6-4. John Isner, who reached the finals in Cincinnati last year before losing to Rafael Nadal, moved on with a solid 6-3, 7-6 (1) victory over Marinko Matosevic.
"I played so unbelievably well here last year," Isner said. "I'm off to a very good start this year. I love this tournament. I feel very comfortable here."
There was an upset in the women's draw. Third-seeded Petra Kvitova had trouble with her serve and lost to Elina Svitolina 6-2, 7-6 (2). Kvitova had nine double-faults and made just 52 percent of her first serves.
"I'm disappointed how I played today, for sure," she said. "From the beginning, I didn't feel very comfortable out there."


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Home/Medals Articles/The Turkish "Order of Glory" – a rare medal for the Danube, 1854.
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The Turkish "Order of Glory" – a rare medal for the Danube, 1854.
Posted by Peter Duckers
The recent appearance of a rare British group with the Turkish "Danube Medal" – perhaps only the second one identified with an officially named army medal – has prompted the following.
Medal group to Sergt. (later QM Sgt.) J. F. C. Read, Royal Sappers and Miners and R.E.
In the Spring of 1854, even before French and British troops had landed in the Crimea to begin the siege of Sebastopol, units of the Royal Sappers and Miners under their Royal Engineer officers were working in Gallipoli, Bulair and various potential bases like Scutari and Varna on the Black Sea, building the huts, wharves, jetties, stabling etc. which the Allied armies would soon need.
Omar Pasha (1806-71)
However, some of these sappers would have a rather more novel experience . By this time – nowadays much forgotten in the West – the Turks had been fighting a war in the Balkans in the "Danubian Provinces" of Wallachia and Moldavia following a Russian invasion of the area. The Russians soon pushed the Turks back to the Danube and began the long siege of the fortress-city of Silistria (Silstre). This event became one of the most famous incidents of its day – again, now rather forgotten – and the progress of the siege was closely followed in the British press. The Ottoman defenders, aided by a few British officers, put up a terrific fight and were eventually successful, resisting Russian attacks and forcing them to abandon the siege and retire. The Turko-Russian frontline then settled along the line of the Danube itself.
The highly efficient Turkish commander on the Danube front, the Croatian Omar Pasha, commander of the Army of Rumelia, requested that the allies send to his assistance a party to work on the Danube. Their job would be twofold – to man a flotilla of Turkish gunboats and to construct a pontoon bridge across the river (over 900 yards wide in places!) so that Turkish forces could establish a fortified bridgehead and then sally out to attack the Russians.
Because of this dual requirement, two groups were sent from the British base at Varna on the Black Sea – sailors to work on the river gunboats and a party of Sappers and Miners, under Royal Engineer officers, to construct gun emplacements and the pontoon bridge. These men, in one group, travelled the 120 miles from Aladyn on the Black Sea coast on horseback – a novel and apparently highly amusing process for the sailors! – via Schumla and Rasgradt to the Danubian town of Rustchuk (Rusçuk) – one of the three most significant Ottoman fortresses on the Danube – where they were to be based. The detachment of 10th Company RSM (which had been designated as a pontoon company), under Capt. Gage, R.A. and Lieut. Pratt, R.E., started for Rustchuk on the 8th July 1854. It comprised Sergt. John F. Read, one bugler and thirty-two rank and file (=34), accompanied by fifteen French pontoneers and 35 English sailors, under Lieut. Glynn and H.S.H. Prince Leiningen, R.N.; 20 sailors led the way and 15 covered the rear.
Site of the Sappers camp at Aladyn near Varna
The story is simply told; between 13th July and 4th August 1854 (long before Allied forces landed in the Crimea) the sappers of No. 10 Company duly constructed a bridge over the Danube. Firstly, however, on the 15th, they were sent to Giurgevo (Giurgeni) on the 'Russian' shore and for a few days assisted to entrench Turkish positions then, on the 19th, at the request of Omar Pasha, they moved to Slobedsie and under the superintendence of Capt. Bent R.E. and Lieut. Pratt R.E. constructed a trestle bridge over Slobedsie Creek, 450 feet wide, connecting to a small island in the Danube; this despite the fact that as many as fifteen men a day had been ill during the operation, which was completed on the 25th.
Sappers camp on the Danube at Rustchuk; Giurgevo over the river
Next day, 26th July, the sappers joined the French pontoneers and English sailors in building a 'bridge of boats' across the main stretch of the Danube. The French pontoneers worked from one shore and the sappers from the other, whilst the sailors rowed up the boats and assisted to secure them in position. The boats, moored with a space of twenty feet between them, gave for each of the series about forty feet of bridge. The width of the roadway laid onto the pontoons was 18′ 6″. Intended for heavy service (e.g. the crossing of artillery and cavalry), the bridge was made of massive baulks and stout oak planking, strongly bolted.
Great difficulty was experienced in finding materials and then in securing some of the boats in the more rapid part of the river, but by mooring them with four anchors each and using heavy ordnance sunk into the river above the boats and securely fastened to them, they proved to be a very firm and stable platform. Work on the bridge was completed on the 4th August and on the 10th, Omar Pasha opened it in person, complimenting the officers and men for the zeal and ability they had shown in its construction. For the ceremony, two triumphal arches of evergreens were run up, one at each end of the bridge, and above them flew the banners of the allies, England, France and Turkey. The men were treated to a "costly repast" by Omar Pasha!
The Danube between Giurgevo and Rustchuk
No longer required for service with Ottoman forces, 18 of the Sappers and Miners returned on horseback to Varna, under Lieut. Pratt, R.E., passing through Silistria from where, joining the group of English sailors, they left on the 15th August and returned to the Black Sea.
Sappers and Miners in the Crimea – a Colour Sgt. to left.
Lord Raglan later wrote to the Minister of War:-
Varna, January 8, 1855.
His Highness Omar Pasha has requested me to write to your Lordship, to return his best thanks for the services rendered to his army by Major Bent, of the Royal Engineers, and the detachment of sappers under his command. His Highness desires me to express his regret at the losses which have been sustained by this small detachment, who, under the direction of Major Bent, have well sustained the character of the British army … His Highness further desires me to express to your Lordship his entire approbation of the manner in which Major Bent has conducted his duties ….
Major Bent and his sappers were subsequently of great service in throwing up the tête de pont at Giurgevo, and in the construction of the bridge across the Danube.
His Highness desires to take this opportunity of expressing to your Lordship his high sense of the services rendered by Lieut. Glyn, R.N., and H. S. H. Prince Ernest of Saxe Leiningen, with the detachment of sailors of Her Majesty's fleet under their command, in the construction of the bridge across the Danube.
His Highness considers that the success of the construction of this bridge is in great measure attributable to their well-planned dispositions, which, although executed with limited means, proved fully effective to resist the storms and strong currents of the Danube ….
His Highness desires me to add, that it would be very gratifying to him if Her Majesty could in any way reward these officers for the able services they have rendered to the Ottoman army and the common cause …."
In Brigade Orders of the 23rd July 1855, the Sultan's award of a medal to the sappers who had worked on the Danube was announced:
"The Turkish government having awarded a certain number of medals to the officers of royal engineers and the royal sappers and miners who were engaged in the campaign of 1854 on the Danube, the Major-General commanding has much pleasure in publishing the following extract from a letter addressed by his Highness Omar Pasha to Lieut.-Colonel Simmons, Her Majesty's Commissioner with the Turkish forces:
"I beg you will distribute these medals amongst the officers and men according to the accompanying list, as a mark of the great satisfaction my Sovereign has always experienced from the manner in which they conducted themselves whilst sharing the dangers and fatigues of the campaign of 1854 against our common enemy."
The letter then listed the following non-commissioned officers and men who received the medal –
Colour Sergt. John F. Read
Corpls. James Curgenven, James Cray and Joseph J. Stanton
2/Cpl. Robert M. Rylatt
L/Cpl. Michael Westacott
Ptes. John Boyles, John Bramley, John Doran, Wm. Henderson, Alexr. McCaughey, Wm. Morrison, George Scown, Wm. Allen, James Bland, John Piper.
The medal in question was (put simply) the standard Turkish General Service Medal in silver as awarded for the Balkan campaign, or just "the Danube Medal" , but its more flowery title was "The Order of Glory" – which certainly sounds more impressive!
Apart from the naval recipients (for which there is much detail and a named list in Douglas-Morris's Naval Medals 1793-1856) the sixteen sappers named above were the only British soldiers who appear to have been honoured with the medal or distinction in this form. Why the other 18 sappers were not identified (or honoured?) is unknown. The original party of 34 from 10th Company RSM lost a number of men through disease – which might reduce the number of medals actually given – and it has been suggested that some men did not get the medal because their conduct was so bad (a fact reluctantly noted by the authorities). Sgt John F. Read, Corpls. Wm. Harding, Wm. Swann and Privates Robert Rylatt, Michael Westacott and John Piper were all commended for their conduct and four of these certainly received the award.
Group to Michael Westacott – the only other Danube group with an officially named medal. [Messrs DNW]
There is also another possibility – after 18 sappers departed from Giurgevo for Varna on 15th August, the remaining 16 men under Major Bent "accompanied the Ottoman troops into the Wallachian principality, entering the capital, Bucharest, on the 22nd August", where they aided work on the city defences before, after several months serving with Ottoman forces, returning to the Black Sea. Given the actual number of men referred to in the awards' list, is it possible that the "Order of Glory" was awarded only to the group who, having worked on the Danube bridge, then did further service with the Turks in and around Bucharest? The numbers add up!
Footnote.
The soldier whose group has just surfaced and is shown here, was Sergt. John Frinsbury Carne Read. Born "at sea" in 1824 – actually aboard the transport "Frinsbury" when his father, himself a Sergt. in the Sappers and Miners, was moving from Corfu to serve in Gibraltar – Read followed his father into the Royal Sappers and Miners in 1839 at the age of 14. He served through to 1866, serving not only in No. 10 Company on the Danube and in the Crimea but also in No. 11 Company, RE in Central India, as well as in the Shetlands and Mauritius and, intriguingly, in northern Canada in the 1840s during one of the land-based Franklin Search Expeditions, though this party was for some reason not put forward for the Arctic Medal in 1855. He was awarded the LSGC in 1862, advanced to the MSM in 1872 and on retirement in 1866 became, of all things, an Assistant in the Victoria and Albert Museum. He died in Wimbledon in 1901.
Sir Charles Hercules Read 1857-1929: Sergt. Read's son
Most interestingly, his son Charles Hercules Read, who was found a post at the V & A by his father at the age of 13, went on to become one of the foremost curators of his day in the British Museum and was knighted for his service. He died in 1929.
Categories: Medals Articles


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MaWayy "Blame"
MaWayy
HitTunez
Leo Dinh
In the past few years, the art of the lyric video has progressed mightily. Directors no longer project words on a black screen and leave it at that – instead, they've been finding innovative ways of inserting text into their frames. But we're willing to bet that you've never seen a lyric video as beautiful, entertaining, or creative as MaWayy's animated clip for "Blame", their latest single. This lyric video isn't just thoroughly legible, it's hypnotic, exciting, and compulsively re-watchable, too. The words are so seamlessly integrated into the action that the "Blame" clip feels every bit as dynamic as any recent non-lyric video we can think of.
It helps that "Blame" is as straightforward and as strong as it is. MaWayy doesn't mince words: they mean to get you moving, and singing along, as quickly as possible. The international electronic music duo specializes in powerful first impressions. "Wrong", their prior single, lit up dance-floors all over the world in the summer and autumn of 2017. The Huffington Post hailed the song as "sizzling electropop", and its sunny Mediterranean vacation of a music video swiftly garnered more than a million views on YouTube.
"Blame" contains all of the elements that made "Wrong" a success: an instantly memorable melody, an impassioned vocal performance, explosive beats, and a dizzying drop. From its 1.4 million views on Youtube and 1.1 million streams on Sportify, #42 on the Billboard Dance charts, No. 1 record on WCPY 'Dance Factory FM' Station in Chicago, and feature on Spotify's biggest Electronic Playlist 'Mint': to those qualities, MaWayy adds a palpable sense of romantic urgency. There's real heartbreak and longing here, and when the chorus hits, it's a safe bet you'll get swept up in the drama.
The new single is the latest fruit of a long-distance collaboration. Brian Wayy is an Angeles-based producer and pop remixer who has contributed music to countless television programs. Masoud Fuladi, is one of the most heralded EDM artists in his native Iran. They appear in the "Blame" video as animated illustrations; cartoons these are, but the images do manage to capture some of the intensity that these two can generate.
The rest of the lyric clip is nothing short of a thrill ride. Phrases from the song adorn the sides of tall buildings as a car speeds through a city. A stairway made of words ascends to a great blue beyond. Images implied by the verses – a rope, a struck match, a clock, a great brick wall – become canvases for MaWayy's writing. Everything travels at breakneck pace: words shoot out at the viewer as the camera sails through space. When the song reaches its drop, a great red "ME", shadowed like Stonehenge, hovers in a bubble – and hands of blame, made out of letters, point directly at it. Everything is present, unadulterated, and unapologetic.
Here at HIP, we're elated to work with MaWayy once again to promote their brand new visual for "Blame." We would love to see this clip included in your programming and online presentations in a timely fashion, so please check it out as soon as you can. Rest assured we'll have plenty of MaWayy merch available for on-air contests and giveaways, so don't hesitate to get in touch. Please contact Andy Gesner and the HIP Video Promo team at (732)-613-1779, email us at info@HIPVideoPromo.com. You can also visit www.MaWayy.com for more info.
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For info about other MaWayy videos, click HERE.


Solve the eigenproblem of a Schrödinger equation over a 1D region.
Specify an unconstrained Schrödinger operator.
Find the 10 smallest eigenvalues and eigenfunctions on a refined mesh.
Visualize the eigenfunctions scaled by and offset by the respective eigenvalues.


The shopfront almost seemed to skinny for the name of this cafe.
Just around the corner from Balham tube station, on Chestnut Grove is a new (old) café, Full Fat. Although it has only been in its current location since September 2018, it was previously known as the Balham Kitchen and was apparently quite popular, not just because it was a friendly local café, but also because of the coffee and the chapatis.
We had chanced upon Full Fat while in Balham and took the opportunity for a chapati brunch. During our coffee break several customers came in and had a chat with the two people behind the counter. With coffee roasted by Workshop and an excellent range of homemade chapatis, along with friendly people, what is not to like? We enjoyed an Americano and an oat milk hot chocolate together with two chapatis. My egg chapati was perfectly done, just the right amount of pepper-to-egg balance. And the coffee was also very well made with plenty to think about just by gazing into it.
Although the café itself is quite small, there are three tables and several seats, enough to be able to ensure that you can probably perch somewhere to enjoy your coffee and chapati. There are even entertaining drawings on the walls of the café that make me wonder whether these are previous customers, immortalised on the walls enjoying a cup of coffee with their morning paper? Certainly they are a good reason to put down your smart phone and just soak in the atmosphere here.
Apart from the drawings, the other decoration in the café that caught my attention was behind another table: a striped piece of woodwork that was reminiscent of a type of cake served in Malaysia and Singapore, kueh lapis. It is a layered cake, the idea being that you peel each layer off to eat it, extending the enjoyment that you can get out of a cake. Although the layers peel easily, ordinarily the cake holds together as a cake, the layers do not glide over each other as if they are wholly separate, perhaps like chapatis stacked on top of each other. No, whether the cake works or not, as a kueh lapis, is down not just to the flavour, but also to the texture and to the way that each layer peels from the next, the subtle tug of one layer held, but not quite, by the last.
These interlayer or interface effects are often, ultimately, an atomic phenomenon. Just as when you drop a drip of coffee on the table, the thing that ultimately determines the shape of the droplet is the attraction between the molecules in the water and the atoms on the table surface*, so the stickiness of the cake has to be occurring, ultimately, at the atomic level.
Interface effects can be crucial in other solids too, not just coffee and cake. Consider sapphire. Sapphire has the molecular formula Al2O3. Ordinarily it is colourless and transparent, it becomes blue when impurities are added to it. But sapphire has another property which is that it is electrically insulating: a sapphire would not conduct any electricity if you tried to use it to connect to your light bulbs. This insulating behaviour is shared with another oxide, strontium titanate, SrTiO3, which is also a colourless and transparent material. Nothing of any interest there then. But, and this is the key thing, if you took a piece of strontium titanate and grew the sapphire on top of it, under certain growth conditions, this bilayer becomes extraordinarily electrically conducting, far better than many metals that you can think of. And it is because of the atomic effects that occur at the interface between the strontium titanate and the Al2O3.
Can you see the layering on the wooden panel behind the table? Thought not, you'll just have to visit Full Fat and see for yourself.
But then another example, a new finding that is perhaps more closely associated with coffee. When you take the semiconductor molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) and sandwich a thin layer of it between two sheets of graphene, some atomic-level interactions occur. In the case of MoTe2, the "band gap" of the semiconductor (which determines how it conducts electricity when light is shone on it) is altered by the van der Waals forces associated with the graphene layers: the interface effects are changing the way that the semiconductor reacts to light. Ordinarily if you shine a pulsed laser at such a semiconductor, the electrons† that get excited across the band gap are few enough that they behave as a gas within the semiconductor. This means that if you add more electrons (by pulsing the light on the semiconductor again), the density of the electron 'gas' will increase. What researchers have just shown is that for this 2D layer, if you shine very high powered lasers at the MoTe2 layer for a short length of time, so many electrons get excited that the semiconductor no longer behaves as if it contains an electron gas, but an electron 'liquid'. A sort of droplet of electrons in the locality of the laser beam. And because of the way that the band structure had been affected by the interface layers, they managed to obtain this behaviour at room temperature. Although such liquids had been created before, the new thing about this result was that previously these experiments were usually done at very low (-269C) temperatures. Quite a temperature increase on previous results!
Droplets of an electron-hole excitation may seem a far step from the droplets of coffee that you could be enjoying at Full Fat. However, it is just a short hop for the imagination if you stopped to give it time to think. What will you notice next time you are in a café?
Full Fat is on Chestnut Grove, literally just around the corner from Balham tube station.
*Assuming that the table is flat. If the table is nanostructured, the structure itself can influence the 'wettability' of the table.


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September 14, 2018 Electrical Engineering
BEST 'bot builders convene for competition kickoff
Grove City College BEST Robotics competition kicks off Saturday as scores of students from area middle and high schools assemble on campus to begin work on their animatronic entries for this year's contest.
The competition, now in its ninth year at the College and previously known as Wolverine BEST, is part of BEST Robotics, Inc., a nationwide non-profit, volunteer organization whose mission is to engage, excite and inspire young people to pursue careers in engineering, science and technology through competition. The program is free and open to all students of public, private and home schools.
But it isn't your typical science fair. Held in Grove City College's Arena, BEST plays out like a sporting event, with hundreds of fans packing the bleachers to cheer on their teams. Some schools even send mascots and pep bands. Along with the game day action, BEST teams make marketing presentations detailing their robot's design, construction and mission. Teams are judged both on the performance of their robots and these presentations.
Game Day is set for Oct. 27. Marketing presentations will be made on Oct. 26 during a trade show-like event at the College. The BEST buildup also includes a demonstration on Oct. 13 at Ross Park Mall. Winners of the Grove City College event will compete at a new regional competition, Pittsburgh BEST, on Nov. 27 and 28 at Carnegie Science Center and Heinz Field.
On Saturday, students will learn about the competition and be supplied with materials to build their robots. This year's theme, Current Events, challenges the robot builders with gathering and recycling plastic pollution from garbage gyres in the ocean. The gyres, for purposes of the game, are wide baskets filled with plastic bottles and golf balls that the student-designed and -built robots will pick up and move.
Grove City College's Dr. Mike Bright, chair of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, started BEST at the College and ran the program for many years. He serves on the board of directors of the national BEST organization, which is based in Pittsburgh. Over the years, many Grove City College students have volunteered their time to the competition.
New Grove City College BEST Robotics co-director Phil Rosenstern '10, who works as a controls and automation engineer for Komatsu Mining Corp., graduated the year before the competition started at his alma mater, but he's been involved in various capacities since its inception.
Rosenstern – who shares director duties with Scott Jaillet, electrical engineering technician at Grove City College – says it's a great opportunity to give back to the community and encourage area students.
"I've watched many BEST students go on to pursue STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) educations and subsequent careers," Rosenstern said.
Twenty-three school groups from western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio are participating in the competition. They are: Altoona High School, Christ the Divine Teacher Catholic Academy, Christian Life Academy, Clarion Area High School, Commodore Perry High School, Cornerstone Prep, Cuyahoga Valley Christian Academy, Eden Christian Academy, Ellwood City High School, Franklin Area Junior/Senior High School, Family Instructors of the North Suburbs, Grove City Area Homeschoolers, Grove City High School, Grove City Middle School, Holy Trinity School, Kennedy Catholic High School, Mohawk High School, Plum Senior High School, Redeemer Lutheran School Sharpsville High School, Slippery Rock High School, West Middlesex High School and Union Area High School.
If you are interested in volunteering to help out with Grove City College Best Robotics, contact Danielle Bryan, volunteer coordinator, at dmbryan@gcc.edu or 724-458-2175.
Materials are provided by sponsors, including the Elliott Group, a Jeannette, Pa.,-based company that designs, manufacturers and services turbomachinery for a global clientele. Grove City College BEST organizers continue to seek sponsors for the ongoing effort. Anyone interested in sponsoring BEST should contact the Office of Development at Grove City College at 724-458-2991.


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Behind the scenes of horror's Holy Grail: 'The Exorcist'
Jack Whatley
@jackwhatley89
Fri 9th Nov 2018 14.12 GMT
Halloween may be as old and mouldy as the last craved pumpkins but we can't get enough horror. When posed the question of "what is the greatest horror film of all time?" it's safe to say that The Exorcist will always rank very highly. Not only was it a cinematic success in the 70's, going on to define many sectors of the Horror genre, but it created an atmosphere and a presence within the film itself which still terrifies audiences.
In 1973 the film directed by William Friedkin, was created from William Peter Blatty's original book and is one of the most successful horror films ever made, something the recent Halloween reboot nearly toppled.
The success it seems may have been down to a lot of clever marketing ploys. One being that many audiences were handed vomit bags when entering the cinema with some establishments even having paramedics on hand to help quell people's hysteria. Many of the cast and crew also claimed to feel a darkness surrounding the production of the film, who found it very difficult to explain away mysterious incidents.
Oh yeah, and by the way, the film was actually based on a true story of the 'demonic possession' and 'exorcism' of a young boy, who was given a pseudonym "Roland Doe" or "Robbie Mannheim" in hiding his true identity.
Take a look at some of our favourite images, below.
(Images via: Vintage.es)


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Fundraising match in memory of Evertonians killed in motorway crash on way to 1984 FA Charity Shield
John Morgan, 19, and best friend Martin Doyle, 21, died while following their beloved Everton to Wembley 30 years ago
Martin Doyle (left) and John Morgan
A fundraising football match is being held on Sunday in memory of two Evertonians killed in a car crash on their way to the 1984 FA Charity Shield.
John Morgan, 19, and his best friend Martin Doyle, 21, travelled with both Blues and Reds to watch Everton face Liverpool in an all-Merseyside encounter at Wembley.
Lifelong pals John, of Lydford Road, West Derby, and Martin, of Martensen Street, Edge Hill, were passengers in a Morris Marina van, which overturned on the M1 near Northampton on August 18, 1984.
A 'mock' charity shield match between 'Everton' and 'Liverpool' sides has been organised to mark 30 years since the tragedy.
The game will take place on Sunday at Alder (Nalgo) Sports and Social Club off Alder Road, Stoneycroft, at 3pm.
The event, which will also feature games and a raffle, is to raise funds for Marie Curie Hospice Liverpool, based in Speke Road, Woolton.
Former Liverpool ECHO sports reporter Tony Barrett said the teams taking part would be made up of fans, friends and "hopefully some special guests", adding on Twitter that "all support is welcome".
ECHO report on the motorway tragedy that killed Martin Doyle and John Morgan
A Liverpool ECHO report on Monday, August 20, 1984, two days after the crash, said five other fans were injured in the tragic accident.
The ECHO later reported that the friends were laid to rest "amid a sea of blue".
The 1984 FA Charity Shield between Everton and then European Champions Liverpool ended in a 1-0 win for the Blues.
The match was decided by an own goal when Everton forward Graeme Sharp tried to round Liverpool's goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar.
The ball was blocked on the line by Reds defender Alan Hansen, only to ricochet into the shins of Grobbelaar and back into the net.
It marked the beginning of Everton's greatest ever season, as Howard Kendall's team clinched both the league title and European Cup Winners' Cup.
They also completed an unprecedented treble over their fiercest rivals - with victories at Anfield, Goodison and Wembley.