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Pectobacterium zantedeschiae sp. nov. a new species of a soft rot pathogen isolated from Calla lily (Zantedeschia spp.)
Waleron, Malgorzata, Misztak, Agnieszka, Waleron, Michal, Franczuk, Martyna, Jońca, Joanna, Wielgomas, Bartosz, Mikiciński, Artur, Popović, Tatjana, Waleron, Krzysztof
Systematic and applied microbiology 2019 v.42 no.3 pp. 275-283
Calla, Pectobacterium carotovorum, Pectobacterium wasabiae, Zantedeschia aethiopica, bulbs, essential genes, leaves, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry, new species, nucleic acid hybridization, pathogens, phylogeny, proteins, sequence analysis, Poland, Serbia
Four Gram-negative, rod-shaped pectinolytic bacterial strains designated as 2M, 9M, DPMP599 and DPMP600 were subjected to polyphasic analyses that revealed their distinctiveness from the other Pectobacterium species. Strains 2M and 9M were isolated from Calla lily bulbs cultivated in Central Poland. DPMP599 and DPMP600 strains were isolated from Calla lily leaves from plants grown in Serbia. Phylogenetic analyses based on nine housekeeping genes (gapA, gyrA, icdA, pgi, proA, recA, recN, rpoA, and rpoS), as well as phylogeny based on the 381 most conserved universal proteins confirmed that Pectobacterium zantedeschiae strains were distantly related to the other Pectobacterium, and indicated Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Pectobacterium betavasculorum, Pectobacterium parmentieri and Pectobacterium wasabiae as the closest relatives. Moreover, the analysis revealed that Pectobacterium zantedeschiae strains are not akin to Pectobacterium aroidearum strains, which were likewise isolated from Calla lily.The genome sequencing of the strains 2M, 9M and DPMP600 and their comparison with whole genome sequences of other Pectobacterium type strains confirmed their distinctiveness and separate species status within the genus based on parameters of in silico DNA–DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values. The MALDI-TOF MS proteomic profile supported the proposition of delineation of the P. zantedeschiae and additionally confirmed the individuality of the studied strains. Based on of all of these data, it is proposed that the strains 2M, 9M, DPMP599, and DPMP600 isolated from Calla lily, previously assigned as P. atrosepticum should be reclassified as Pectobacterium zantedeschiae sp. nov. with the strain 9MT (PCM2893=DSM105717=IFB9009) as the type strain.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2018.08.004
DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2018.08.004
Find in a library https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2018.08.004 Download RIS File Export to Zotero


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Blackside, Inc.126
Civil rights movements--United States[remove]126
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King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-196832
Montgomery Bus Boycott, Montgomery, Ala., 1955-195622
Birmingham (Ala.)--Race relations16
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka13
Selma (Ala.)--Race relations13
Freedom Rides, 196112
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Eyes on the Prize[remove]126
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Interview with Nicholas deB. Katzenbach, [Video]
Interview of Nicholas deB. (Nicholas deBelleville) Katzenbach conducted for Eyes on the Prize. Discussion centers on the integration crisis at the University of Mississippi, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Race relations--United States
Blackside, Inc., DeVinney, James A.
Interview with Burke Marshall, [Video]
Interview with Burke Marshall conducted for Eyes on the Prize. Discussion centers on the Birmingham campaign, the Selma campaign, and the U.S. Justice Department's actions on the subject of civil rights.
Interview with Dave Dennis, [Video]
Filmed interview with Dave Dennis conducted for Eyes on the Prize. Discussion centers on Freedom Summer, Medgar Evers, James Chaney, and Dennis' reaction to their murders. Also Dennis' work with the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO) in Mississippi, and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic...Show full record
Interview with Hodding Carter III, [Video]
Filmed interview with Hodding Carter III conducted for Eyes on the Prize. Discussion centers on the integration battles in Mississippi, the segregationist power structure, White Citizens councils, Thomas P. Brady, James Meredith's integraton of the University of Mississippi and his newspaper...Show full record
Blackside, Inc., Arndt, Prudence
Interview with Arthur Shores, [Video]
Filmed interview with Arthur Shores conducted for Eyes on the Prize. Discussion centers on civil rights activism in Birmingham and Autherine Lucy's attempt to integrate the University of Alabama.
Interview with Lawrence Guyot, [Video]
Filmed interview with Lawrence Guyot for Eyes on the Prize. Discussion ranged widely and touched on the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO) and civil rights activism in Mississippi, including the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party at the Democratic National Convention in 1964. He also...Show full record

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This workshop is carefully designed to internalize and integrate the values, principles, and ideas presented during Yossi's motivational We-volution keynote talk.
A master practitioner of corporate transformation, innovation, and adaptation, Yossi Ghinsberg introduces elements drawn from his book, The Laws of the Jungle. In his pioneering work, Yossi incorporates principles and guidelines he has gleaned from his own experiences in nature and relates them to effectively managing our personal and professional lives.
Yossi describes nine laws of nature that are relevant to our We-volution. These laws are well researched and sourced from a wide array of interdisciplinary sciences and fields such as quantum physics, religion and spirituality, anthropology, and environmental sciences as well as inspired by his contemplations and observations of the natural world.
One key rationale Yossi explores is that humans are the only species that seeks to separate and alienate itself from nature. Isolated and secluded we try to dominate nature or protect ourselves from it. Yossi challenges his audience to expand their horizons and see the big picture because as humans many of us have forgotten that it is our birthright to feel part of our planet.
This unique, cutting-edge thinking that provokes and challenges the conventional intrigues audiences. It suggests an alternative, innovative outlook on life and illustrates new paths of action towards success. Empowering and encouraging, Yossi's The Laws of the Jungle teaches that when we take responsibility we find power.
Teaching The Laws of the Jungle to audiences has a tremendous and direct impact, bringing breakthroughs and transformations to both individuals and organizations.
When you need employees to think unconventionally and out of the box, booking Yossi's The Laws of the Jungle Workshop will engage and inspire.


text:
Q: Is there a way to set "very magic" for all searches? Is there a way to set "very magic" for all searches?
At the moment I am using a mapping. But I find the \v distracting.
nnoremap / /\v

A: No, currently there is no way to be "very magic" automatically.  Even if there were, I would very strongly discourage you from setting such an option since plugins would probably start to fail in odd ways with the option set.  (They already do if you set 'nomagic'.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Ninja Hometown - Ninja Museum of IGARYU
Hello everyone! Today I would like to share with you one of the most exciting places that I have been to in Japan this year, which is the real hometown of Ninja! For those of you who grew up in Indonesia and was born around my age, would remember about Ninja Hattori Anime that was aired on Sunday morning. In the anime, Ninja Hattori is from Iga and in fact, he is based from a real ninja named HANZO HATTORI who lived in Sengoku Period. And in fact, Iga really exists and it is the hometown of Ninja back then
Though ninja is no longer exist in modern Japan, but if you would like to learn the history and visit the real village, you can do it at Ninja Museum of Igaryu that's located in Mie Prefecture
Mie is in between of Nagoya and Osaka, so you could easily visit the museum if you're staying in the area. I stayed in Osaka during this trip and I boarded to a limited express train from Tsuruhashi to Iga Kanbe. Wherever you're from, make sure to make your destination to Iga Kanbe Station first because that's the main station before we can board to the ninja village. The journey from Tsuruhasi to Iga Kanbe took me almost 1 hour
It's under Kintetsu Railway and you can use your Kintetsu Railway Pass (recommended to save some money!) to reach this place. I was on the trip with Genki (Japanese who lives in Indonesia), Arisa (Malaysian who lives in Kyoto), and yes that's me, Indonesian who lives in Japan. What a global world we're living at the moment lol
One of the main attraction before reaching Uenoshi, the final station, is their ninja train! We got a pink ninja train and we had tons of time to take pictures before the train departed. I also saw a blue ninja train, so I guess they had a few ninja trains available. Luckily, the weather was perfect and sunny through the day so the pictures turned out really beautiful. Inside the train, they also put some ninja dolls here and there at unexpected places and the staff that checked your ticket also dressed up semi-ninja-like
The journey from Iga Kanbe to Uenoshi is another 40 minutes, and to reach the museum it's 10 mins walk from the station. We came specifically on the weekend because the Ninja Show is only available during the weekend. Which I strongly suggest you checking it out because they have 30 mins performance that shows how ninjas fought, the skills and weapons they had, and so on. Even if you don't understand Japanese, I think it' still very easy to understand because it's mostly about visual attraction
Usually filming is not allowed but I was given permission for media-related purpose. They truly fought well and I was amazed by the performers!
After that, we went to the Ninja House where we learned about the hidden rooms or passageways. The full explanation was done in Japanese but they put down roll with English translation for foreigners to enjoy the experience as well!
For an example is this hidden staircase where ninja can spy people from the top of the house. And it's made in certain way to the point you wont know it's in fact a hidden staircase
The whole experience is really fun and entertaining, and pictures won't do any justice because it's something that you have to come, see, and learn by yourself! The guide also gave us interaction game such as allowing us to touch and guess where are the hidden passages
After the experience, we were shown to the underground passage that also served as a real museum purpose. You can see real weapons of ninja, learn about the history, and it's all available in English
Upon spending hours in this museum, I learned so much about ninja such as that they're in fact farmers and being ninja only as a freelance job once in a while when the lord needs them
And they're in fact spies, and while traveling around the country to collect information, they have to disguise themselves and sometimes as street performers. Imaginining how they lived back then amazes me, and I had to open wikipedia and asked so many questions to the guide because it's so interesting
For those of you who want to know about ninja further, pleaseeee, come to this museum. I know it's a little bit far from other places and in fact it's pretty small and you might only need around 3-4 hours to fully experience the whole thing, but there's only one real ninja village and it's in here
For more information about Iga Ninja Museum, check out IGA NINJA MUSEUM Website!
Tags: Amazing Trips, Japan, Mie, Trip
holalia December 24, 2018 at 2:56 AM
wow, this is amazing place. Hope someday i can visit it too :)
www.holalia.com
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text:
By Chris Hoar
The Hackitt Report – an overview
The Grenfell Tower Fire was one of the worst disasters of modern times, leaving 71 people dead and hundreds homeless. As part of the Government's response to the Fire, the then Home Secretary commissioned Dame Judith Hackitt to undertake an independent review of Building Regulations and in particular their impact on Fire Safety. A year on from the tragedy, Dame Judith has published her final report.
It is fair to say that reaction to the report has been mixed to say the least. In the opinions of some, it is a brave and laudable attempt to change the culture of the construction industry. Others contend however that the report is a wasted opportunity and that Dame Judith's recommendations do not go far enough.
A notable omission from the report is the failure to address combustible cladding (a major factor in the disaster). The Government nevertheless, no doubt mindful of a backlash, announced a consultation on the issue almost immediately after the report was published.
Despite this omission, the report highlights a number of interesting points.
The main finding from the report is that "the current system of building regulations and fire safety is not fit for purpose and that a culture change is required to support the delivery of buildings that are safe, both now and in the future."
the roles and responsibilities of those procuring, designing, constructing and maintaining buildings are unclear;
the package of regulations and guidance can be ambiguous and inconsistent;
the processes that drive compliance with building safety requirements are weak and complex with poor record keeping and change control in too many cases;
competence across the system is patchy;
the product testing, labelling and marketing regime is opaque and insufficient; and
the voices of residents often goes unheard, even when safety issues are identified.
Dame Judith recommends a new regulatory framework to address these weaknesses. The overriding theme is a move towards an outcomes based approach to building safety where industry takes responsibility for its actions.
The key proposals are:
a new Joint Competent Authority (JCA) comprising Local Authority Building Standards, fire and rescue authorities and the Health and Safety Executive to oversee better management of safety risks of high rise residential buildings;
a set of rigorous and demanding roles and responsibilities for "duty holders" (i.e. building owners) to ensure a stronger focus on building safety;
a series of robust gateway points that will require duty holders to show to the JCA that their plans are detailed and robust;
a single, more streamlined, regulatory route to oversee building standards to ensure that enforcement can and does take place where necessary;
clearer rights and obligations for residents to maintain the fire safety, working in partnership with the duty holder;
moving towards a system where ownership of technical guidance rests with industry as the intelligent lead in delivering building safety;
a package of regulations that is simpler to navigate but genuinely reflects the level of complexity of building work; and
continuous improvement and best practice learning through membership of an international body.
A link to the full report can be found here.
The general consensus appears to be split over Dame Judith's proposals. Many suggest that the recommendations are excellent in theory, but not achievable practically. Others suggest that implementation of the proposals is unlikely given that the government is currently bogged down with issues such as Brexit. Only time will tell.
TeCSA launches Low-Value Disputes Adjudication Service
Construction Contracts Update: Build UK publishes Minimum Standards on Retentions
Alan Tate
Setting the boundaries – can a homeowner claim for economic loss caused by defective housebuilding?
Considering the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999: no need for collateral warranties?


SS&C Technologies Holdings, Inc. ("SS&C") (Nasdaq: SSNC), a leading global provider of financial services software and software-enabled services, today announced the completion of the acquisition of DST Systems, Inc. ("DST") (NYSE: DST), a leading global strategic advisory, technology, and operations outsourcing company.
The addition of DST's financial services and healthcare businesses provides SS&C with additional scale and breadth across institutional, alternative, wealth management and healthcare segments. SS&C will manage approximately 13,000 global clients and delivered pro forma 2017 revenue of approximately $3.9 billion.
"We are pleased to move forward as one company following the combination of two highly complementary market leaders," said Bill Stone, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of SS&C. "Our clients in both the financial services and healthcare sectors are facing increasing competitive and regulatory pressures, and SS&C is now even better positioned to deliver innovative services and solutions. We are pleased to welcome DST's clients and talented employees around the world."
Under the terms of the agreement, as announced on January 11, 2018, an enterprise value of DST is approximately $5.4 billion, including assumption of debt. As previously announced, SS&C expects the transaction to be immediately accretive to earnings per share before synergies and expects to achieve $175 million in cost savings by 2021.
As a result of the completion of the acquisition, DST is ceasing trading on the New York Stock Exchange as of April 16, 2018.
Credit Suisse and Morgan Stanley acted as financial advisors and Davis Polk & Wardwell acted as legal advisor to SS&C. BofA Merrill Lynch acted as financial advisor and Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom acted as legal advisor to DST.


Nina's Sun Propeller 'patch' - the custom build electronic software that will accompany Miranda's detuned violin.
The unifying thread behind Miranda's programming choice revolves around elements of nature, specifically light and air. SPCO's Liquid Music series is billing this concert as Sun Propeller and that happens to be the title of my violin and electronics that you'll hear on the 14th! So now I'll tell you a little bit about it. The term "sun propeller" refers to the propeller-like rays of light that occur when sunbeams pierce through openings in the clouds. For those that want to rush over to Wikipedia, crepuscular rays is the scientific name for these columns of light that radiate from a single point in the sky. Returning to "sun propeller", the phrase is the literal translation of the Tuvan word for these special sunbeams, "Huun-Huur-Tu". This also happens to the name of a famous Tuvan folk group that I was introduced to in college, and have been obsessed with ever since.
For those unfamiliar with Tuvan folk music, stop everything (after reading this) and check it out. The tradition is perhaps best known for the practice of throat singing – a vocal technique that produces multiple tones at the same time. A singer begins with a low drone-tone and then accentuates the different overtimes of the harmonic series to create radically beautiful timbres. The changing emphasis of the harmonic series allows some quasi melodies to pierce through, but the music really values timbre (tone color) and vertical relationships rather than traditional western melody and harmony. As a fan of electronic music, I was really intrigued by this sound world and immediately began to draw relationships to different studio filtering and synthesis techniques.
Diagram of bow placement options that create "organic filters"
To be clear, my piece is not trying to emulate Tuvan music in any way, but I was drawing inspiration from the physical and poetic principles behind the Tuvan sound world. For example, I call for the violin to be scordatura – a musical term for retuning a string instrument in unusual ways. Miranda tunes her lowest string down a 4th to a D, and the upper string down a step to a different D. The final tuning of the violin is D-D-A-D (rather than G-D-A-E) and this totally changes the way the instrument resonates. The lowest string now provides a textured, low growling D drone upon which the rest of the music emerges. The piece then organically grows out of this initial sound. I also asks for Miranda to place her bow along the strings in some unusual positions. Sun Propeller starts with the bow unusually far along the fingerboard. This allows for subtones (notes lower than the string is typically capable of producing) to emerge. Later on you'll notice that the bow moves across the violin, all the way from where the left-hand fingers usually play, to right on top of the bridge. In one part of the piece Miranda does this while she repeatedly plays 16th note "A"s. Even though the pitch repeats, its timbre entirely changes. She's creating an organic filter – very similar to what the throat singers do.
Another interesting thing about Tuvan throat singing is that it is a direct imitation of the sounds of nature (babbling brooks, wind brushing through tall grasses, sounds reverberating between mountain faces, etc). The music is often performed outdoors and is used to pay respects to the spirits of nature. This means that the music has a location/space-specific element to it. Suddenly the sound source, and the way it interacts with the objects around it (reverb and spatilization characteristics) becomes very important. This is paralleled in my piece through the use of multi-channel electronics. The number and placement of speakers can fundamentally reshape the concert hall and expand the sound capabilities of the performer. You'll get to hear different spatilization tehcniques in my piece, the Saariaho, and Fukijura's.
We asked our friends across the street, American Composers Forum, to interview Liquid Music artist Miranda Cuckson in anticipation of her November 14th show. Innova (ACF's record label) Operations Director Chris Campbell took on the task. Learn more about Cuckson's work with electronics, how she gets to the heart of a new piece of music, and her passion for collaborating with living composers.
With the "Sun Propeller" concert, you're performing pieces by composers from all over the world. How do you tie it together, or bring a through-line to such a diverse program lineup? Or do you?
Sometimes I do programs that have some kind of thematic thread, sometimes not. Either way, I go for a sequence that's satisfying to the senses, emotions and mind: from the way pieces lead to each other or juxtapositions that perk up your ears or mix up the kinds of energy. I love when a program has you, as a listener, on some level continually aware of the experience as a whole. An overall theme can be a fun or thought-instigating way, though, to group music together. When I started thinking about the "Sun Propeller" program, I realized a couple of the pieces I had in mind had titles referring to elements in nature: light and wind. So I decided that would be a beautiful idea for the program. Dai Fujikura's "prism spectra" and Nina Young's "Sun Propeller" both are about light, and Kaija Saariaho's "Vent Nocturne" is about wind, Richard Barrett's "Air" is about air and breath, and Ileana Perez-Velasquez's "un ser con unas alas enormes" means "the being with enormous wings" and evokes many natural elements.
As someone with a mixed background (European/Asian/American/Australian) and as a woman, I do like to involve composers from different countries, and women since they are still under-represented in general. I think programming that way often happens quite naturally for me because there is just a very diverse bunch of composers that I know of and want to program.
What about performing with electronics appeals to you?
I'm fascinated by a lot of things about it. I'm not a tech geek and I'm wary of many implications of technology for human behavior, but the developments are also amazing in what they make possible. Basically I enjoy exploring the relation, and tension, between the human and technological.
On the one hand, there's something so primal about the traditional instruments and the physicality involved. Essentially you're playing with a wood box and stick or blowing in a metal tube or hitting an object or plucking a string. The instruments have been sophisticated over the years—technological advances in themselves—but the basics of what they are and how you use them are the same. Now we have computers which use all kinds of complexity of coding and software to create sounds, in ways that are not visible or physical to us in that basic sense.
There are infinite sounds that can be created with electronics so every piece can be a different sound world. Also the ways of interacting with electronics can range from having a pre-recorded track to play with the pieces in which electronics are triggered at certain moments or by certain sounds, or are molded by a person in a more improvisatory way. Sometime I'll probably learn how to trigger and control the electronics myself during a performance, but I've also enjoyed having someone be the "sound artist" so we are playing "chamber music"—again maintaining a human dimension. I'm delighted Nina C. Young will be the sound artist for this concert.
Electronics can produce sounds in ways that would seem technically impossible for human players in terms of speed or crazy jumping between registers or sudden changes of dynamic. This makes for some amazing effects and it's fun when it also pushes you to strive to do some of those things yourself!
How do you discover new work or composers?
A lot of ways. Often I just listen to things and then in that intuitive way, let that lead me to listen to something else I didn't know. Sometimes I have the radio on. Sometimes I get obsessed with some area or group of composers and burrow into finding out more. I check out recommendations and people send me things they've composed. I'm very immersed in music and being a musician, so I am involved in a lot and know a lot of musicians and people doing premieres and newer works and I keep tabs on what's going on. I work with a lot of younger composers, through programs at schools and universities and summer programs, so sometimes I get to make note of new talent that way.
You've recorded composers such as Ralph Shapey, Donald Martino and Luigi Nono, but you embrace a wide range of repertoire. What qualities draw you to a piece and compel you to commit to its realization?
I'm basically looking for vividness and some quality that is very strong. That sounds general but I am open to different aesthetics. I just want the piece to create its own world and suggest something that makes me feel something very strongly emotionally or want to try to understand it more fully. A piece might take you through a compelling progression of moods, a structure that's somehow meaningful, it could be remarkably static or slow, it could offer astonishing sounds, or provoke surprising emotions. I do like technical challenges and to explore what my instrument can do, but if the piece is just a collection of sounds or tricks, I get bored with it after a little while and want to do something else.
What is classical music to you?
I think at this point it comes down to intention and the framing of the music as a defined work of art. There are no templates of form or harmony or anything anymore, every parameter has been challenged and upended, and it doesn't even have to be notated in the conventional way, it could even be just verbal instructions. But the piece has to have a clear intention as a distinct work of music, and a concept about how it is put together, whether in time or content.
I like to think/hope that even people who have upended those parameters still put their work in the context of classical music's history. The term "classical music" as we've known it has referred mainly to Western, European-derived culture. Its origins are seen as coming from medieval chant through to the music of European Baroque and Classical/Romantic eras, which was exported to America and the rest of the world. But as the world has gotten smaller, classical music has become less European per se and more inclusive of anything, in the best American sense of embracing all origins and ethnicities.
You play both violin and viola. Can you speak about your approach to both?
I've played the violin much of my life and I took up the viola about six years ago. I just love the expanded sound possibilities of playing both and adapting my playing style to each. It's comparable to wind players, who often play the full range of registers of their instruments: flute goes from piccolo to C flute to alto to bass, clarinet has the E-flat, A, B-flat and bass clarinets, etc. There are players who double on violin/viola but it's not as usual a thing for string players.
I relish the upper and lower extremes—the high E string of the violin, which can be soaring and radiant or delicate and whispery or even charmingly squeaky, and the low C string of the viola, which can be rich or dusky and velvety. In the middle range which the instruments share, I'm always intrigued by the difference in tone color—the viola has its grainier sound, almost reedy, which I find particularly beautiful quiet in the upper positions, and the violin has its own kind of warmth but tends to be more focused and direct, and with a more nimble response to quick motions of the bow.
People often ask how it is to switch between violin and viola on a program. I've found the physical adjustment is pretty simple—your kinesthetic memory as a player becomes quite intuitive with years of playing and I get a physical sense of the viola quickly. The approach to sound production is certainly different—with the viola, it's more effort to draw the tone. When I go from viola back to violin, the violin feels like a toy instrument, it seems so small and light! Of course there's the matter of reading the viola alto clef—I occasionally still second-guess myself!
Besides viola and violin, I'm also going to be featuring a sort of hybrid instrument, because Nina Young's piece is for scordatura (de-tuned) violin. The lowest string is tuned down a fourth so it has a sound color all its own!
I'd like to ask about your process. How do you get beyond the mechanics of a complex piece and get to the expressive heart of it?
Part of it involves being so immersed in new musical languages that you start to hear and feel the emotional meanings and tugs and nuances as spontaneously as you do with traditional tonal classical music. For both performers and listeners, that takes time to listen to enough of the music so you can internalize it and just tap into those feelings and the colors that you hear in your mind. Once you do that, you can also make more purposeful decisions about how to get across the shape of a piece and how it evolves.
The other aspect is that for me performing music is basically a form of being an actor. You are an actor embodying and conveying the personality of the creator, the composer, and within that you are also conveying a great range of emotions and moods and states of being that the composer is communicating in that piece. On a conscious level, I sometimes read about the composer, not necessarily drawing heavy-handed connections such as "he/she was going through this at that time so the piece is about that", but just getting a sense of the composer as a unique individual. If the composer is living, of course I like to talk with them, spend time with them, so I get a sense of who they are and what it is they felt they needed to convey through music. And on a less explicit level, I often try to sense the person in the music, kind of acting in a non-verbal way... it may sound vague but at my communicative best, that's pretty much what I am doing!


text:
Locations: Gallatin (TN)
Accreditation: SACS COC
Volunteer State Community College Rankings
2023 Associate Degrees in Tennessee
Online Degrees at Volunteer State Community College
Associate of Applied Science in Business
Associate of Applied Science in Business - Logistics and Supply Chain Management
Associate of Applied Science in Business - Management
Associate of Applied Science in Computer Information Technology
Associate of Applied Science in Computer Information Technology - Networking
Associate of Applied Science in Computer Information Technology - Programming
Associate of Applied Science in Computer Information Technology - System Analyst
Associate of Applied Science in Computer Information Technology - Systems Administration and Management
Associate of Applied Science in Fire Science
Associate of Arts - University Parallel
Associate of Arts in English (Tennessee Transfer Pathway)
Associate of Arts in Foreign Language (Tennessee Transfer Pathway)
Associate of Arts in General Studies
Associate of Arts in History (Tennessee Transfer Pathway)
Associate of Arts in Liberal Arts
Associate of Arts in Political Science (Tennessee Transfer Pathway)
Associate of Arts in Psychology (Tennessee Transfer Pathway)
Associate of Arts in Sociology (Tennessee Transfer Pathway)
Associate of Science - University Parallel
Associate of Science in Accounting (Tennessee Transfer Path)
Associate of Science in Business Administration (Tennessee Transfer Path)
Associate of Science in Criminal Justice (Tennessee Transfer Path)
Associate of Science in Economics (Tennessee Transfer Pathway)
Associate of Science in Elementary Education
Associate of Science in Finance (Tennessee Transfer Pathway)
Associate of Science in General Studies
Associate of Science in Information Systems (Tennessee Transfer Path)
Associate of Science in Liberal Arts
Associate of Science in Management (Tennessee Transfer Pathway)
Associate of Science in Marketing (Tennessee Transfer Pathway)
Associate of Science in Mathematics and Science
Associate of Science in Secondary Education
Associate of Science in Social Science and Education
Associate of Science in Teaching K-6
Technical Certificate in Criminal Justice
Technical Certificate in Fire Science
Technical Certificate in Logistics and Supply Chain Management
Technical Certificate in Medical Coding
Technical Certificate in Sleep Diagnostics Technology


text:
Baschkortostan (; ; offiziell Republik Baschkortostan, , ; veraltet noch Baschkirien ) ist eine Republik (Föderationssubjekt) mit Hoheitsrechten im östlichen Teil des europäischen Russlands. Titularnation sind die Baschkiren. Baschkortostan ist die bevölkerungsreichste Republik der Russischen Föderation und gehört zum Föderationskreis Wolga. Historischer Vorläufer der Republik Baschkortostan war die Baschkirische ASSR.

Geographie
Baschkortostan liegt am äußersten Ostrand Europas, westlich des Uralgebirges im Föderationskreis Wolga.
Es grenzt im Norden an die Region Perm und die Oblast Swerdlowsk, im Osten an die Oblast Tscheljabinsk, im Süden an die Oblast Orenburg, im Westen an Tatarstan und im Nordwesten an Udmurtien.

Das Land, im Osten (Südlicher Ural) bis über 1500 m hoch, fällt gegen Westen allmählich ab. Die höchsten Erhebungen sind Jamantau (1640 m), Bolschoi Iremel (1582 m) sowie Bolschoi Schelom (1427 m). Die wichtigsten Flüsse sind die Belaja, ein Nebenfluss der Kama, und die Ufa. Der größte See ist der Aslykul mit einer Fläche von 23,5 Quadratkilometern. Baschkortostan gehört im nordwestlichen Teil zur Klimazone der subkontinentalen Klimate, im Süden zu den winterkalten Feuchtsteppenklimaten. Im Ural herrscht ein kontinentales Borealklima vor. Die Temperaturen liegen im Sommer im Durchschnitt bei etwa 20 °C (40 °C im Extrem), im Winter bei etwa −13 °C (−40 °C im Extrem). Der durchschnittliche Jahresniederschlag beträgt ca. 430 mm, im Ural sind es etwa 800 mm.
Im Territorium liegt der Baschkirische Sapowednik.

Bevölkerung

Ethnische Gruppen
Titularnation sind die Baschkiren, ein Turkvolk, die ausschließliche Selbstbestimmungsrechte in der Republik Baschkortostan haben. Diese sind allerdings nur eine Minderheit in der eigenen Republik. Die Bevölkerung betrug bei der Volkszählung 2010 4.072.292 Personen, darunter Russen, Baschkiren und Tataren als große Volksgruppen. Hinzu kommen mit über 100.000 Menschen noch die Tschuwaschen und die Mari. Abwanderungstendenzen in die Heimatländer haben die ehemals bedeutenden Volksgruppen der Ukrainer, Weißrussen und Deutschen merklich schrumpfen lassen.

Ein Streitpunkt zwischen den Baschkiren und den Tataren ist die tatsächliche Größe der beiden Volksgruppen. Die Baschkiren behaupten, die Teptjaren seien eigentlich Baschkiren, denen die tatarische Sprache aufgezwungen wurde. Die Tataren andererseits behaupten, in den baschkirischen Gebieten würde die tatarische Minderheit zur Angabe der baschkirischen Zugehörigkeit gedrängt und ihre Anzahl sei demnach viel größer. Infolge dieses Zwists und der zunehmenden Zahl von Mischehen wächst die Zahl derer, die keine Angaben zu ihrer Nationalität machen wollen, rasant (2002: 4.366; 2010: 97.572 Personen).

Noch um 1990 hatte der Anteil der Baschkiren an der Bevölkerung Baschkiriens (Baschkirische ASSR) nur etwa 20 % betragen – gegenüber 37,5 % Russen und 27,5 % Tataren. In der baschkirischen Hauptstadt Ufa sind auch heute noch rund 30 % der Einwohner Tataren.

Amtssprachen sind Russisch und Baschkirisch.

Religion
Die Mehrheit der Bevölkerung Baschkortostans bekennt sich zum sunnitischen Islam, daneben finden sich orthodoxe, evangelische und katholische Christen. Baschkortostan ist die flächengrößte und bevölkerungsreichste muslimische Teilrepublik, siehe Islam in Russland. Die Zahl der Muslime ist etwas größer als in Tatarstan. Ufa ist Sitz des Großmuftis Talgat Tadschuddin und der Zentralen Geistlichen Verwaltung der Muslime Russlands (Zjentralnoje duchownoje uprawlenije mussulman Rossii; ZDUM), der Nachfolgeorganisation der "Geistlichen Verwaltung der Muslime des europäischen Teils der Sowjetunion und Sibiriens" (Duchownoje uprawlenije Musulman ewropejskowo tschasti SSSR i Sibiri; DUMES).

Die muslimische Gemeinschaft Baschkortostans ist jedoch gespalten. Nur die Minderheit der Muslime gehört der Jurisdiktion der ZDUM an. Die meisten Muslime unterstehen der Jurisdiktion der "Geistlichen Verwaltung der Muslime der Republik Baschkortostan" (Duchownoje uprawlenije Musulman Respubliki Baschkortostan; DUM RB), die 1992 als Abspaltung der DUMES gegründet wurde und Mitglied des Russischen Muftirates von Rawil Ismagilowitsch Gainutdin ist. Ihr Vorsitzender und Mufti war Nurmuchamet Nigmatullin. Die ZDUM hat auf dem Territorium der Republik 1994 eine eigene "Regionale Geistliche Verwaltung der Muslime Baschkortostans" (Regionalnoje duchownoje uprawlenije Musulman Baschkortostana; RDUM B) gegründet, die in verschiedene Muchtasibate gegliedert ist. Sie wird von Muxammed Tadschuddin, dem Sohn von Talgat Tadschuddin, geleitet. Im Jahre 2000 unterstanden von den 545 muslimischen Organisationen Baschkortostans 315 der Jurisdiktion der DUM RB, und 230 der Jurisdiktion der ZDUM.

Katholische Pfarreien bestehen in der Stadt Ufa und dem Dorf Alexejewka. Sie gehören zum Bistum St. Clemens in Saratow.

Geschichte
Im heutigen Baschkortostan wird die Magna Hungaria, die Heimat eines magyarischen Stammes vermutet, über den Ungarn und Baschkiren miteinander verwandt sein sollen. In der Tat sind vier der sieben ungarischen Stammesnamen (Yeney/Jenö, Djurmati/Gyarmat, Tamyan/Tarján, Girei/Ker) noch in Baschkirien vorhanden. Informationen über die Baschkiren am südlichen Ural datieren zurück auf das 10. Jahrhundert. So erwähnt Ibn Fadlan das Volk der "Basqort" in seinem Reisebericht. Um 1220 unterwarf Dschingis Khan die baschkirischen Stämme, die dort lebenden Magyaren wurden dabei endgültig vernichtet. Die Baschkiren blieben bis Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts unter der Herrschaft der Goldenen Horde.

Nachdem Russland 1552 das Khanat Kasan eingenommen hatte, wandten sich die baschkirischen Völker nach und nach dem Nachbarreich im Westen zu, vor allem weil sie in umherziehenden Nomadenvölkern, die von Osten her immer wieder über das Land herfielen, eine große Bedrohung sahen, vor denen sie die militärische Großmacht Russland schützen konnte. So schlossen sich in den Jahren von 1554 bis 1557 alle baschkirischen Stämme nach und nach Russland an. An diesen zumindest teilweise freiwilligen Anschluss erinnert heute ein vom russischen Staat errichtetes Denkmal in der Hauptstadt Ufa, das Monument Druschby (übersetzt Monument der Freundschaft) und dieses soll an die "ewige Freundschaft" zwischen dem baschkirischen und russischen Volk erinnern. Ufa selbst wurde 1574 als Festung und damals östlichste Befestigung Russlands gegründet.

Russland gewährte den Baschkiren weitgehende Autonomie, Religionsfreiheit und ein Besitzrecht auf Grundlage der Erbfolge. Die Baschkiren stellten Russland in verschiedenen Kriegen ihre kämpferischen Fähigkeiten zur Verfügung – als Mitstreiter im Feldzug von Kusma Minitsch Minin und Dmitri Michailowitsch Poscharski befreiten sie 1612 Moskau von den Polen, unter Peter dem Großen stürmten sie 1697 die Stadt Asow im Kampf gegen die Osmanen. Auch im Großen Nordischen Krieg kämpften sie an der Seite Russlands. In den Befreiungskriegen halfen sie der russischen Armee, Napoleon zurückzuschlagen (z. B. belagerten sie Hamburg im Jahr 1814). Davon zeugt noch heute der Baschkiren-Gedenkstein in der Nähe der Russischen Kirche in Leipzig und eine spezielle Gedenkschrift für die baschkirischen Regimenter am Völkerschlachtdenkmal in Leipzig.

Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts begann der russische Adel, sich in Baschkirien niederzulassen, Burgen und Betriebe zu errichten. Als die Steuern und der Umfang der Arbeitsverpflichtungen durch die Russen wuchsen und zudem noch versucht wurde, die Muslime Baschkiriens zu christianisieren, wuchs der Unmut in der Bevölkerung. Diese ersuchte in mehreren Bittschriften die zentrale Verwaltung um Hilfe, und als diese ausblieb, kam es mehrmals zu kleineren Aufständen, die niedergeschlagen wurden – so 1616, 1645, 1662–1664, 1681–1684, 1704–1711. Am 11. Februar 1736 gab es einen Erlass, der es den Adeligen erlaubte, baschkirisches Land zu erwerben. Während der Aufstände 1735–1740 wurden die zwangsgetauften Baschkiren Toigildy Schuljakow 1738 und Kissjabika Bairjassowa 1739 als Apostaten in Jekaterinburg auf dem Scheiterhaufen verbrannt.

Anlass zum großen Aufstand gaben die Repressionsmaßnahmen Russlands gegen die Jaizkischen (Ural-)Kosaken 1772. Alle Völker Baschkortostans unterstützten diesen Aufstand, und so mündete dieser in den Bauernaufstand 1773–1775 unter der Führung des Don-Kosaken Jemeljan Pugatschow. Zum Helden Baschkortostans wurde in diesem Aufstand der Baschkire Salawat Julajew, der an der Seite Pugatschows kämpfte und zur Freiheit Baschkiriens und zur Freundschaft zwischen Baschkiren und Russen aufrief. Sein Name und seine Lebensgeschichte wurden von der russischen Obrigkeit nach seiner Gefangennahme verdammt. Heute ist eine Großstadt in Baschkortostan nach ihm benannt, und seine Reiterfigur ziert sowohl das Staatswappen Baschkortostans als auch die Stadt Ufa in Form eines großen Denkmals.

Das Zarenreich, erschrocken von den Dimensionen des Aufstandes, änderte seine Politik hinsichtlich der Autonomie der baschkirischen Bauern ein wenig, doch es blieb im Allgemeinen bei der Unterdrückung. Im Zuge von Landreformen wurden die Gebiete der Gouvernements Russlands neu eingeteilt, und die Baschkiren verloren einen Großteil ihrer Ländereien an Nachbarregionen sowie an den russischen Adel und die orthodoxe Kirche. Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts besaßen sie nur noch 20 % ihrer ursprünglichen Gebiete. Ein Manifest, das vom  datiert und die Festungsrechte, die die Bürgerrechte von jeher beschnitten hatten, aufhob, wurde zu einem Meilenstein in der sozialen Entwicklung Baschkiriens. Das Wirtschaftswesen begann nun langsam, kapitalistische Formen anzunehmen.

Ab 1855 wird in Baschkirien, dass Baschkiro-Meschtscherjakische Heer (auch Baschkirisches Kosakenheer) aufgestellt – eine irreguläre Formation, ähnlich der Kosakenheere auf dem Territorium der Provinz Orenburg, die aus einer baschkirischen Armee und einer meschtscherjakischen Armee bestand und später auch die Teptjaren-Regimenter der genannten Provinzen in ihre Struktur aufnahm.

1865 entstand das Gouvernement Ufa, welches bis 1917 bestand haben sollte.

In den Wirren nach der Oktoberrevolution Ende 1917 erklärte sich Baschkortostan unter Zeki Velidi Togan für autonom. Das Gebiet umfasste zu Beginn nur den östlichen Teil des früheren Gouvernements Ufa sowie kleinere Gebiete der Gouvernements Orenburg, Perm und Samara und wurde deshalb auch "Klein-Baschkirien" genannt.

Anfang 1919 ging Baschkortostan als erste ethnische Autonomie in die Russische SFSR (RSFSR) ein. Nachdem zunächst unterschiedliche Namen teils zeitgleich in Gebrauch waren, wurde ab den 1930er Jahren ausschließlich "Baschkirische Autonome Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik" (Baschkirische ASSR) offiziell. Von 1919 bis 1922 war Sterlitamak Hauptstadt der Autonomie. 1922 vergrößerte sich das Territorium auf das "Groß-Baschkirien" genannte Gebiet und damit etwa auf die heutige Größe. Mit der Hinzugewinnung der Stadt Ufa wurde diese Hauptstadt. Kleinere Gebiete, teils Exklaven in den umliegenden Verwaltungseinheiten, wurden später von der Baschkirischen ASSR wieder abgetrennt.

Die ökologische Situation Baschkortostans wird wegen erheblicher Umweltverschmutzung, insbesondere auch infolge von Unfällen der chemischen Industrie, als prekär beschrieben.

1988 wurde auch in Baschkortostan eine Sektion des Tatarischen Zentrums gebildet, die für die Unabhängigkeit des Landes und für eine kulturelle Einheit der im Land lebenden Tataren mit denen in Tatarstan, Tschuwaschien und Sibirien eintrat.

Mit dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion wurden Baschkortostan weitreichende Autonomierechte zugestanden.

1990 benannte sich die Baschkirische ASSR in "Baschkirische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik - Baschkortostan" um, die Zugehörigkeit zur UdSSR und zur Russischen Föderation wurde dabei bekräftigt. Zwei Jahre später, 1992, erfolgte die Umbenennung in "Republik Baschkortostan". 1993 wurde in Baschkortostan das Präsidentenamt eingeführt, im Dezember desselben Jahrs verabschiedete der Oberste Sowjet eine neue Verfassung, die sich inhaltlich an der neuen russischen Verfassung orientierte. Durch die Verfassung wurde Baschkortostan von einer Sowjet- zu einer Präsidialrepublik.

Politik

Nach dem Ende der Sowjetunion wurde Baschkortostan von Murtasa Rachimow regiert. Sein Sohn Ural Rachimow kontrolliert als Vorstandsvorsitzender der Holding "Baschkirski Kapital" die Aktienmehrheit aller großen, gewinnbringenden Unternehmen im Erdölsektor wie z. B. Baschneft. Laut dem russischen Wirtschaftsmagazin "Finans" gehörte Rachimows Sohn Ural im Jahr 2009 mit einem Vermögen von 1,4 Milliarden US-Dollar zu den 33 reichsten Oligarchen Russlands.

Am 15. Juli 2010 wurde Rachimow, wohl wegen der sich häufenden Vorwürfe des Amtsmissbrauchs, durch den russischen Präsidenten Dmitri Medwedew abgesetzt. Die Amtsgeschäfte des Präsidenten Baschkortostans wurden daraufhin zunächst kommissarisch von Rustem Chamitow übernommen. Diesen bestätigte die Abgeordnetenversammlung am 19. Juli 2010 im Amt.

Bei den Regionalwahlen in Russland 2019 wurde Radij Chabirow zum neuen Präsidenten gewählt.

Wirtschaft
Baschkortostan gehört zu den reichsten Republiken Russlands, was vor allem an der gut entwickelten Infrastruktur liegt. Das Gebiet verfügt über eigene Erdölvorkommen und petrochemische Industrie. Nördlich der Hauptstadt Ufa befindet sich der größte petrochemische Komplex Europas.

In Neftekamsk, rund 270 km nördlich von Ufa, befindet sich der zweitgrößte Omnibushersteller Russlands, die Firma NefAZ.

Die staatseigene Fluggesellschaft Air Bashkortostan wurde 2006 gegründet, der Betrieb wurde jedoch bereits 2013 wieder eingestellt. Die Bashkirian Airlines, welche 1991 gegründet wurde, hat im Mai 2007 Konkurs angemeldet und den Flugbetrieb eingestellt.

Verwaltungsgliederung und größte Städte

Die Republik Baschkortostan ist in neun Stadtkreise und 54 Rajons unterteilt. Hauptstadt der Republik ist die Millionenstadt Ufa (baschkirisch Öfö). Weitere Großstädte sind Sterlitamak, Salawat, Neftekamsk und Oktjabrski. Es gibt eine Reihe weiterer mittelgroßer Bergbau- und Industriezentren wie Belorezk, Tuimasy, Ischimbai, Kumertau, Sibai, Meleus und Belebei. Insgesamt gibt es in der Republik 21 Städte (davon eine "geschlossene", Meschgorje) und zwei Siedlungen städtischen Typs (Prijutowo und Tschischmy).

Literatur
 Roman A. Silantjew: Islam w sowremennoj Rossii, enziklopedija. Algoritm, Moskau, 2008. S. 191–198.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webseite von Baschkortostan

Einzelnachweise

Föderationssubjekt der Russischen Föderation
Islam in Russland
Verwaltungseinheit als Namensgeber für einen Asteroiden

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Retro-Bit Resurrects Valis Collection with New Box Set and Pre-Order Campaign
Yuko Ahso's Trio of Adventures on the SEGA Genesis® Return in One Epic Collector's Edition Box Set
Oct 21, 2022 Mark
Press Release (ePRNews.com) - POMONA, Calif. - Oct 21, 2022 - Retro-Bit® Publishing, a publishing imprint of Retro-Bit® is thrilled to announce the limited release of the Valis Collection which features three critically-acclaimed action/adventure collectors edition cartridges for the SEGA Genesis® and Mega Drive – Valis, Syd of Valis and Valis III. Pre-orders will be available until November 27th at $144.99/€169.99 for the full collector's box including all three games and exclusive acrylic diorama or $49.99/€64.99 for each individual game.
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First released on the Sega Genesis by Renovation Games, Valis made an immediate impression on both critics and fans. It combined hack-and-slash action with a deep storyline, complete with inventive level designs and a full cast of menacing villains. Released one year later, Syd of Valis gives Yuko and her Dark World foes a fresh, Chibi-inspired facelift and unleashes them in a brighter and more colorful world. Yuko's third game, Valis III, sees the warrior team up with Valna and Cham, two new playable characters who bring unique weapons and magic spells to the fight against the monsters of the Dark World.
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text:
Comin' Home Baby! is a 1962 studio album by Mel Tormé.

Track listing
 "Comin' Home Baby!" (Bob Dorough, Ben Tucker) – 2:41
 "Dat Dere" (Oscar Brown, Jr., Bobby Timmons) – 2:58
 "The Lady's in Love with You" (Burton Lane, Frank Loesser) – 3:01
 "Hi-Fly" (Jon Hendricks, Randy Weston) – 3:13
 "Puttin' on the Ritz" (Irving Berlin) – 2:23
 "Walkin'" (Richard Carpenter) – 2:59
 "Moanin'" (Hendricks, Timmons) – 3:03
 "Sing You Sinners" (Sam Coslow, W. Franke Harling) – 2:27
 "Whisper Not" (Leonard Feather, Benny Golson) – 2:49
 "On Green Dolphin Street" (Bronislaw Kaper, Ned Washington) – 2:56
 "Sidney's Soliloquy" (Jimmy Wisner) – 2:30
 "Right Now" (Herbie Mann, Carl Sigman) – 2:12

Personnel
Recorded July 11 - September 13, 1962, in Los Angeles:
 Mel Tormé – vocals, drums
 Shorty Rogers – arranger and conductor
 Claus Ogerman – arranger and conductor on "Comin' Home Baby!" and "Right Now"
 Joe Burnett – trumpet
 Ollie Mitchell – trumpet
 Al Porcino – trumpet
 Ray Triscari – trumpet
 Milt Bernhart – trombone
 Harry Betts – trombone
 Kenny Shroyer – trombone
 John Kitzmiller – tuba
 Bud Shank – woodwind
 Buddy Collette – woodwind
 Bob Cooper – woodwind
 Bill Hood – woodwind
 Gene Estes – vibraphone
 Mike Wofford – piano
 Joe Mondragon – bass
 Larry Bunker – drums
 The Cookies – backing vocals
 Nesuhi Ertegun – producer ("supervised by")
 Bones Howe and Tom Dowd – recording engineers
 Nat Hentoff – liner notes

References

1962 albums
Atlantic Records albums
Mel Tormé albums
Albums produced by Nesuhi Ertegun
Albums arranged by Claus Ogerman
Albums conducted by Claus Ogerman
Albums arranged by Shorty Rogers
Albums conducted by Shorty Rogers


text:
KAFF Việt Nam - Thiết Bị Nhà Bếp Nhập Khẩu > wapa visitors > The elements at issue is zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and you can mercury (Hg)
The elements at issue is zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and you can mercury (Hg)
The weather about unexpected table usually are split into five categories: (1) head class aspects, (dos) transition metals, (3) lanthanides, and you may (cuatro) actinides. An element of the class elements are the active gold and silver coins on the two articles for wapa giriÅŸ the significant kept of your unexpected table additionally the precious metals, semimetals, and you may nonmetals on half a dozen articles into the much correct. The fresh changeover gold and silver coins are definitely the metallic elements one to serve as a bridge, or changeover, between them edges of table. The lanthanides plus the actinides at the end of your own desk are often known as the inner change gold and silver coins while they provides atomic quantity you to definitely slip amongst the earliest and you can 2nd elements inside the the past a few rows of your own transition gold and silver.
There was some controversy regarding classification of your own points into the the newest border within fundamental category and you will transition-steel aspects off to the right area of the desk.
The new dispute on if or not these aspects are going to be categorized as chief group issue or changeover gold and silver coins means that the differences ranging from such groups commonly obvious. Changeover gold and silver are just like fundamental category precious metals in ways: They appear eg precious metals, he could be malleable and you may ductile, it run temperature and you will electricity, and so they function self-confident ions. The reality that the two best conductors out of strength is a change steel (copper) and you will a central category material (aluminum) reveals the new the amount to which the brand new bodily functions away from fundamental group precious metals and change metals overlap.
There are also differences between this type of gold and silver. The transition precious metals be electronegative versus main group gold and silver, eg, and are generally thus prone to setting covalent ingredients.
Another difference between the main group metals and transition metals can be seen in the formulas of the compounds they form. The main group metals tend to form salts (such as NaCl, Mg3N2, and CaS) in which there are just enough negative ions to balance the charge on the positive ions. 3, HgI2, or Cd(OH)2], but they are more likely than main group metals to form complexes, such as the FeCl4 – , HgI4 2- , and Cd(OH)4 2- ions, that have an excess number of negative ions.
A 3rd difference between main classification and transition-metal ions 's the simplicity in which they mode stable substances with basic particles, for example drinking water otherwise ammonia. Salts away from fundamental classification material ions break down in water to create aqueous options.
When we let the water evaporate, we get back the original starting material, NaCl(s). Salts of the transition-metal ions can display a very different behavior. Chromium(III) chloride, for example, is a violet compound, which dissolves in liquid ammonia to form a yellow compound with the formula CrCl3 6 NH3 that can be isolated when the ammonia is allowed to evaporate.
The newest changeover gold and silver setting similar compounds [such as for example FeCl
Brand new conversation of one's relative powers of the atomic orbitals means that the 4s orbital features a lowered opportunity compared to 3d orbitals. Therefore, we possibly may anticipate cobalt to shed electrons regarding large times three dimensional orbitals, however, this isn't what is actually observed. Brand new Co 2+ and you can Co step three+ ions feel the following electron setup.
Typically, electrons are taken from the newest valence-cover s orbitals in advance of he could be taken from valence d orbitals whenever changeover gold and silver coins are ionized.
Given that valence electrons within the change-metal ions was focused in d orbitals, this type of ions are also known as having d letter settings. This new Co 3+ and you may Fe dos+ ions, such as, have been shown getting a great d 6 setup.
Some oxidization states, yet not, be much more popular as opposed to others. The most used oxidation claims of your own first selection of change metals are provided regarding the dining table less than. Perform to spell it out brand new apparent trend in this dining table in the course of time fail to own a combination of explanations. These oxidation states are common since they're seemingly secure. Anybody else describe substances which are not always steady however, and this work slower.
However others all are just regarding a historic perspective
One-point concerning oxidation states out of transition gold and silver is really worth form of attention: Transition-material ions which have charges larger than +3 usually do not exists from inside the aqueous service.
When the manganese atom is oxidized, it becomes more electronegative. In the +7 oxidation state, this atom is electronegative enough to react with water to form a covalent oxide, MnO4 – .
It is beneficial to have a way of pinpointing involving the charges on a transition-material ion as well as the oxidization condition of your own changeover material. By summit, symbols instance Mn 2+ refer to ions that carry a good +2 charge. Symbols including Mn(VII) are acclimatized to describe compounds where manganese is in the +seven oxidization condition.
Mn(VII) is not the only example of an oxidation state powerful enough to decompose water. As soon as Mn 2+ is oxidized to Mn(IV), it reacts with water to form MnO2. A similar phenomenon can be seen in the chemistry of both vanadium and chromium. Vanadium exists in aqueous solutions as the V 2+ ion. But once it is oxidized to the +4 or +5 oxidation state, it reacts with water to form the VO 2+ or VO2 + ion. The Cr 3+ ion can be found in aqueous solution. But once this ion is oxidized to Cr(VI), it reacts with water to form the CrO4 2- and Cr2O7 2- ions.
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INVERNESS: The RCMP seized 160 grams of cocaine and charged a Cape Breton County man with trafficking after stopping a vehicle in Inverness County early this morning.
At around 6:20 a.m., Inverness District RCMP conducted a vehicle stop on Highway 105 in Aberdeen. After police found approximately 160 grams of cocaine, as well as drug paraphernalia , a 44-year-old man from Caribou Marsh, Cape Breton County was arrested for drug possession.
The man was released from police custody and is scheduled to appear in Port Hawkesbury Provincial Court on December 18 on a charge of possession of cocaine for the purpose of trafficking.


International Women's Day: These 10 women are giving us inspirational goals!
In Nigeria, we have a lot of female celebrities who are doing so well for themselves and inspiring a lot of women to do well too. We will be taking a look at 10 female celebrities who are giving us inspiration goals.
Joke Silva tops this list as one of the most inspiring female celebrities as we celebrate this year's International Women's day because of her pedigree. Over the years, Joke Silva has not only created a niche in the entertainment industry for herself but also has become a reference to what perfection and excellence is in the industry. From her early days in movies like 'Violated' to the most recent movies and stage plays, Joke Silva is what we will like to call our own "Nollywood Fairytale Godmother." To add to her numerous awards, a few years ago she was honoured as a Member of the Order of the Federal Republic, one of Nigeria's most prestigious national awards.
For Genevieve Nnaji, let's just say she is the yardstick to measure who an excellent actor should be. Started her career from a very young age, this beautiful lady grew to become the most popular actress to have come out of the country. Today Genevieve Nnaji has inspired not just a lot of existing actors in the industry but also a lot of her fans see her as a role model. Celebrities are known for a very loud lifestyle but our dear Genevieve when not acting, promoting a movie or singing is usually off the radar. She can be said to be one female celebrity that hasn't been entangled in any scandals.
When Tiwa Savage began her music career some years ago, not many knew she was going to become this huge superstar. In 2017, she was able to stand and excel like her male contemporaries, she signed a deal with Jay-Z's Roc Nation making her the first woman from this part of the world to achieve that. Also in 2017, Tiwa Savage was honoured as one of the top 100 most inspiring women by BBC. She makes amazing music, her stage presence is electrifying and she is a doting mother.
Funke Akindele was included on the cast list of 2018 movie, "Avengers: Infinity War".
Funke Akindele first came into the limelight in the late 1990s in the T.V. series 'I Need To Know.' A couple of years later, she dropped the blockbuster movie 'Jenifa' which until today is still seen as one of the most watched movies ever in Nigeria. Since then, Funke Akindele has gone on to become not only one of the most influential female celebrities but one of the most inspirational because of her consistency and persistence. Today Funke Akindele not only acts but also doubles as a leading female movie producer and director.
The story of Oluchi Onweagba is one which till date will remain an inspiration to everyone both man and woman. From the ordinary young teenager who took the bold step to contest at the maiden edition of the 'M-Net Face Of Africa,' Oluchi became a household name with weeks of winning. Since then she has featured for virtually every known designer label in the world. What else can be more inspiring than this story of an amateur who later became one of the world's most famous model?
TY Bello makes this list not because we can't but drool about her hairstyle or eyebrows but because she is a photographer with a difference. TY Bello first came into the limelight when she was a member of the defunct group 'Kush' which had a number of hit singles in the early 2000s. But her photography prowess made her stand out from every other photographer despite being in a profession that was seen solely as a man's job. Over the last decade TY Bello has gone from being the official photographer of a sitting president to taking photos for magazines and so on.
Kemi Adetiba stands out not only as a unique movie and music director but also as a director with the most distinctive ideas. When you see a video and movie with so much detail and uniqueness, then you can be sure Kemi Adetiba is behind the cameras. From her masterpiece and professional display in the blockbuster movie 'The Wedding Party' to one of the most well put together music videos ever, Olamide's 'Sitting On The Throne,' the woman has indeed set a pace for others to follow.
Toke Makinwa whether we like it or not is a huge inspirational figure to women all over Nigeria. Her story is one which shows how persistence, passion, and zeal can take you to any level in society. From becoming an On-Air personality to T.V personality and most recently, acting, Toke Makinwa has shown that she's got what it takes to be a part of anything that has to do with media. Anything she supports or advertises sell! She's respected among the elites, she has an eye for business, her fashion style can fill a whole article. This is not to forget that shes also a best selling author.
International Women Day: These 10 women are giving us inspirational goals!


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Q: How to generate the Nakagami-m fading channel in MATLAB? I have successfully measured BER performance on the Rayleigh channel, but not on Nakagami fading. Because I haven't found a way to generate the Nakagami-m fading channel model.
Rayleigh channels can be created easily using Matlab code.
Rayleigh_channel = (randn(1,1)+1i*randn(1,1))/sqrt(2)

How can I generate the Nakagami-m fading channel?


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"We went to Italy!"
Our Top 10 Most Popular Honeymoon Destinations in 2017
We've crunched the numbers and it's official: Hawaii ranked as the popular honeymoon destination for Traveler's Joy couples in 2017. Below, check out the list of the top 10 most visited travel locales for newlyweds. Did your honeymoon spot make the list?
Maui finished as the most popular island in the Aloha State, followed by Oahu, Kauai, and the Big Island.
Home to incredible destinations like Rome, Venice, Florence, Tuscany, Cinque Terre, and the Amalfi Coast (among dozens more), it's easy to see why Italy came in at No. 2 on the list.
It came as no surprise that Mexico's beach locales were extremely popular with honeymooners, especially Cancun, Riviera Maya, Tulum, and Los Cabos.
Does it get any more romantic than France for a honeymoon getaway? Paris was easily the top destination for the country, followed by Bordeaux wine country.
With its jaw-dropping sunsets and boutique cave hotels, the island of Santorini finished first overall with Greece-bound TJ honeymooners.
In over 13 years, Iceland has never occupied a higher spot on our list. It appears couples can't get enough of the country's glaciers, waterfalls, hot springs, and endless year-round attractions.
French Polynesia (Including Bora Bora and Tahiti)
Renowned for its crystal clear waters and overwater bungalows, this dream honeymoon destination became a reality for thousands of newlyweds in 2017.
Tropical beaches. Lush rainforest. Unique wildlife. Thrilling activities. Boutique accommodations. Need we say more?
With fantastic beaches, mountain terrain, and world-class resorts, St. Lucia finished as our top Caribbean honeymoon destination.
Couples remain dazzled by Ireland's enchanting mix of romance and history, plus big city attractions and unique countryside experiences.
Did you travel to any of these locations for your honeymoon? Tell us over on Facebook!
POLL: Did You Take a Domestic or International Honeymoon?
5 Favorite Cold Weather Honeymoon Destinations


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Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea: Anions and cations
Johansen, Anne M. and Hoffmann, Michael R. (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea: Anions and cations. Journal of Geophysical Research D, 109 (D5). Art. No. D05305. ISSN 0148-0227. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150806-141030588
Ambient aerosol samples were collected over the Arabian Sea during the month of March 1997, aboard the German R/V Sonne, as part of the German JGOFS project (Joint Global Ocean Flux Study). This is the third study in a series of analogous measurements taken over the Arabian Sea during different seasons of the monsoon. Dichotomous high volume collector samples were analyzed for anions and cations upon return to the laboratory. Anthropogenic pollutant concentrations were larger during the first part of the cruise, when air masses originated over the Indian subcontinent. Total NSS-SO_4^(2−) concentrations amounted to 2.94 ± 1.06 μg m^(−3) of which 92.1 ± 4.5% was present in the fine fraction. NSS-SO_4^(2−) source apportionment analysis with multivariate linear regression models revealed that in the coarse fraction half is biogenically and half anthropogenically derived, while in the fine fraction only 6% seemed of biogenic origin and 84% anthropogenic and 10% crustal in nature. Chloride deficits up to 99.1% in the fine fraction were observed. The average Cl^− deficit in the fine fraction was 89.0 ± 9.4%, potentially related to NSS-SO_4^(2−) acid displacement and Cl reactive species formation, while in the coarse fraction it was 25.6 ± 21.3%, with NO_3^− being the preferred species for acid displacement.
© 2004 American Geophysical Union. Received 26 August 2003; revised 8 December 2003; accepted 31 December 2003; published 4 March 2004. This work is abstracted in part from the Ph.D. thesis of A. M. Johansen, California Institute of Technology. The authors wish to thank Drs. Meinrat O. Andreae and Hermann W. Bange (latter, now at Center for Marine Science, Kiel, Germany) from the Max Planck Institute of Biogeochemistry in Mainz, Germany, for assistance with the cruise, which was sponsored by the German Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) project. Appreciation is also extended to the helpful crew of the R/V Sonne. Research support was provided by the National Science Foundation and by the Environmental Now Foundation. Their support is greatly appreciated.
NSF UNSPECIFIED
Environmental Now Foundation UNSPECIFIED
Johansen, A. M., and M. R. Hoffmann (2004), Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea: Anions and cations, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D05305, doi:10.1029/2003JD004111.


I've noticed that when i try to identify sections of track that include a crossing (60*), both directions are identified as the same.
Indeed, currently a crossing is seen as one electrical entity. I know that in many cases, this is technically not correct. Thanks for pointing that out.
On the other hand, it is often advised not to let trains stop on crossings or turnouts, and to just wire them in such a way that they're always powered.
Especially in the DCC (digital) world, this would be the case anyway.
But you're right, and we added this issue to our todo list for future investigation and development.


What should you be thinking about if you're transitioning your primary home into an investment rental property? There are three things you should do.
What should you think about doing if you're transitioning your primary home into an investment rental property? I own quite a few investment rental properties and everything I'm going to tell you is from my own personal experience.
There are three things that I take out of every rental investment property. The reason why I take them out is that they have the most likelihood of breaking.
The second thing I typically remove from my rental properties are bedroom ceiling fans. Don't get me wrong, I love ceiling fans. They keep us cool and keep our energy costs down, but in the bedroom, the ceiling fan is the most likely item to break. I always advise my clients that are transitioning from their primary property to their rental property to take those ceiling fans out.
The third thing I remove is the screen door. The screen door often tends to get the most abuse and is subject to the most wear and tear. There are so many factors that damage the screen door, it's easier to take it out.
Removing the items most likely to break will not bring the value down on your investment property. Taking these three items out will not make the tenants less likely to want to rent the property, either- that's not even on their checklist. When looking at a rental property, tenants are looking at the exterior, the cosmetic things, the flooring and the kitchen.
If you're thinking about transitioning your primary residence, we can help you get closer to achieving your goals by offering you advice and/or assistance. If you have any questions for me in the meantime, don't hesitate to give me a call or send me an email. I look forward to hearing from you soon.


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Turning a blind eye to threats of violence: The problem with Facebook's 'community standards'
A couple of days ago suggestions of violence were made towards a Facebook friend. This included the address of this person's workplace and a call for others to join him. The reply directly below this was an image of a gun being held to a figures head at point blank range, blood spluttering from the victim's head. This post was reported on Facebook repeatedly, but all who reported received the same message. Apparently, it did not breach "community standards".
According to Facebook's so-called community standards, co-ordinating harm is not allowed. They "prohibit people from facilitating or coordinating future criminal activity that is intended or likely to cause harm to people". Further, they claim to disallow "Statements of intent, calls to action or advocation for…..acts of physical harm committed against people".
Despite this, time and time again we hear of breaches of these community standards. The most serious of these has been the use of Facebook to spread hate speech and incite violence against Rohingya Muslims. UN human rights experts investigating in Myanmar were even concerned about the role Facebook played in the genocide. Even after repeated warnings and promises to act, hate speech and calls to violence still remained, and possibly still do.
The question becomes if these call to arms are clearly prohibited, why is Facebook allowing them to occur? Why, even after being reported time and time again, do posts such as this remain? Why do clear breaches of their community standards go ignored? What is wrong with the system?
The best case scenario is that its incompetence. And as much as I'd like to believe this, given the regularity with which it occurs, I'd say this is highly doubtful. A more likely scenario is that Facebook's community standards represent a very specific part of the community. It goes beyond the noble and just sentiments suggested in their policies, to a shameful code set by those who are happy to turn a blind eye to bigotry. A code which empowers those who fear and seek to persecute those who are different from themselves.
In short, their community standards represents the worst among us. How many people have to be harmed by their double standards before they adhere to the standards they claim to espouse?
Nancy Haytch	Social Media & Technology, Violence	 December 17, 2018 2 Minutes
Last week I got an interesting Facebook notification. Apparently, it was my 11-year faceversery. Yes, that is a word, or at least it is according to Facebook. It would seem that I have been using Facebook for eleven years. Eleven years! Has it really been that long? Eleven years of reunions and discoveries. Eleven years of likes and shares. Eleven years of socialising in the comfort of my own home.
The first time I used Facebook I had no idea what it would become, in fact, I hated it. I had about 5 friends, and it appeared to me to have no purpose. Why are these people sending me cyber flowers that grow? And what does this poke mean? I was far from impressed. I don't think I logged on again for another couple of months. This time I found more friends and my wall became less bare. Slowly it became more and more interesting. I'm not entirely sure how it happened, but before I knew it I was hooked. And so began my love-hate relationship with Facebook.
As the world biggest social media platform, with over 2 billion regular users, there is little doubt that Facebook has been influential – for better or worse it has effected the world. Here are just some of the ways that Facebook has changed our lives:
1. Facebook has changed how we socialise: Why make the effort to get up, get dressed, and actually leave your house to meet somebody when you can do so in comfort of your own home (and in your pj's!)? When we feel lonely, depressed, or just feel like company, there will always be somebody available to connect to. As much as this seems like a good thing, its actually robbing us of some much needed face-to-face time with friends which has been shown to have a positive impact on our health. So although it's fine to hop on Facebook when we're feeling a little lonely, be sure to also make time for those face-to-face interactions.
What's more, when we do finally get together with others, our interactions are not the same. The sight of people sitting down to a meal at a restaurant all staring into their phones is so common that some restaurants have taken the extreme step of banning mobiles.
2. Facebook has helped us retain special memories: Originally introduced three years ago, the 'On-this-day' function, as the name suggests, showed us our Facebook highlights from the current date in previous years. Now, easily accessible as "Memories", it shows everything from our previous Facebook posts, posts we were tagged in, friendship anniversaries, photos we have posted, and the newer animated recap from the past month or season.
This is definitely one of my favourite features of Facebook. It not only helps me to remember milestones but more importantly it helps me to remember the beautiful memories and funny incidents involving my children. Like the time I found my little girls had fallen asleep in bed together, sweetly cuddling one another. Or the photo I took of the drawing my then 4-year-old made, perfectly capturing her anger at my husband who didn't let her run across the road and forcibly held her hand. These are all memories I cherish. Most of them would have been long forgotten if it wasn't for Facebook and seeing the yearly reminders always bring a smile to my face.
3. Facebook has changed how we share photos: As somebody who has lots of family overseas, this is another feature that I really appreciate. Long gone are the days where I would prepare photos well in advance and physically send them overseas, now my relatives can see photos of our family regularly. They can watch them grow and feel closer to us in a way which was never possible before. Similarly, friends who live far away or just rarely get to see us can still share in our lives, and suddenly the time and distance doesn't seem so large anymore.
4. Facebook has changed how we perceive others' lives: One of the downsides to photo sharing is this perception that others have amazing and perfect lives. Let's face it, we are very selective when it comes to photo sharing. I could cook a hundred relatively boring meals, nothing pic worthy, but that one impressive looking meal I cook all year (not necessarily indicative of its taste) is going on Facebook. Similarly, I don't photograph the days we spend at home, in our plain home clothes surrounded by clutter. Instead, I photograph our outings and holidays, with our temporary picturesque surrounds and the rare occasions that my children are being civil to one another. The result? Our lives look almost picture perfect, a far cry from reality.
On the plus side, this has lead to attempts to counter these unrealistic standards through photos and descriptions of reality. Often shared by celebrities, but also normal everyday people, these posts are about everything from post-birth bodies, makeup-less faces, and particularly bad days as a parent. They normalise the hard slogs, the unglamourous mundane days of our lives, and remind us that at the end of the day, despite appearances to the contrary, we are basically all the same. More importantly, they help rid us of the impossible standards we start to expect of ourselves.
5. Facebook has changed how we consume news: Facebook has not only changed the way we access news, but it has also changed the type of news we access. I rarely watch news through television anymore, often relying on whatever news articles my Facebook friends share to learn what is happening in the world. There are positives and negatives to this. The positive is that the big news corporations are losing their domination, they are no longer alone in dictating what is and what isn't newsworthy. Additionally, they can no longer restrict the opinions we are exposed to. The negative is that this can be rather insular, learning about a very small spread of news that people who share similar characteristics, views and values as ourselves find newsworthy. Ideally, news should extend us, inform us of what is occurring around the world, and sometimes even challenge some of our current perspectives. Facebook does not do this perfectly, but have we ever had perfection? And is this the role of Facebook?
Facebook seems to think so and has recently accepted some responsibility for how news filters through its platform by taking measures to reduce the incidence of fake news. Although this looks like a great initiative, the ease with which the fake news label can quickly turn into a form of censorship and a way of controlling information is of concern. Hopefully, the right balance is found, but given how these things normally work I'm not holding my breath.
6. Facebook has changed motherhood: Another one of my favourite things about FaceBook is the communities it builds, particularly for new mothers. As a new mother, it is tough at the best of times, you have hundreds of questions, particularly if you're a first-time mum. Beyond the practical help, these groups for new mothers can be a life-line. Sometimes, just when you're at breaking point, when it's 3 o'clock in the morning and you don't know how long you can keep doing this for, just being able to open up, pour your heart out, and have somebody there who knows exactly how you're feeling is invaluable. The birth of my first was a very lonely experience. Going from working full time and constantly seeing people, to having little communication with anybody for the first few months, made a difficult time even more difficult. Thanks to Facebook (and to a lesser degree forums) those days are long gone.
7. Facebook has changed how we spend our time: Although the average person spends 35 minutes a day on Facebook, there is little doubt that many of us spend way too much time on Facebook. Most of us have our good and bad days and often justify it by using it during our downtime, while waiting for appointments, or instead of television. The problem is when we use it when we rest at home, it often leaves us unavailable for our families during a time we used to be available and we don't really know the effect this will have on relationships, particularly with our children. It is rumoured that Facebook is working on an app to monitor our usage to help remedy this. It will be interesting whether this will have an impact on our usage, only time will tell.
What started as a way for college students to connect has grown into one of the world's largest social networks. Not all the changes described above are specific to Facebook, they do, however, all feature strongly within this platform. There is no doubt that Facebook can be a useful tool, but as with many things in life, there can also be many drawbacks. The trick is to use it wisely, that way we can reap the benefit without succumbing to the harm.
Nancy Haytch	Lifestyle, Parenting, Productivity	 August 18, 2018 6 Minutes


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Speedy Bat Smashes Speed Record
Brazilian free-tailed bats Tadarida brasiliensis
Courtesy of Nickolay Hristov
When most people think of animals moving at high speed, they envision cheetahs or swiftly diving raptors, but probably not small and unfamiliar nocturnal flying mammals. Yet, a new study suggests that Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) may achieve speeds of up to 160 kilometers (99.42 miles) per hour in level flight. This ranks this species of bats faster than any previously documented bird or bat in level flight.
"These are the fastest powered flight speeds documented yet in any vertebrate that is, in bats or birds," Explains Gary McCracken of the University of Tennessee in Knoxville New Scientist. "We didn't expect these results, even though the Brazilian free-tailed bats are known for their exceptional fast flight."
This may be due to their aerodynamic body shape and longer-than-average wings compared to other bat species. Animals with long and narrow wings are typically built for faster flight. Consider the fastest bird on record for level flight, the common swift (Apus apus), which can reach speeds around 112 km/h. Peregrine falcons can reach speeds of up to 300 kilometers per hour, but only when diving.
"Most of the time, these animals [Brazilian free-tailed bats] are moving at moderate speeds, but what we see here is that they exceed these expectations and quite dramatically for brief periods of time," McCracken says.
McCracken and colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology used an airplane tracking method to document moderate flight speeds of the Brazilian free-tailed bats, and observed bouts of very rapid flight.
"We don't know the behavioral context of why these bats are doing this, but they must have a good reason as flight is the most expensive form of animal locomotion," McCracken says.
A small radio transmitter was attached to the backs of the bats and was tracked using a mobile receiver on a small aircraft. The scientists also evaluated data from nearby weather stations to note wind conditions at the time of the studied flights.
This study sheds new light on the mystery of bats and may help reshape public perception of these elusive mammals.
Bracken Cave is the summer maternity roost of more than 15 million Mexican free-tailed bats, a subspecies of the Brazilian free-tailed bat.


Our school strives to serve the community by providing an excellent education for all pupils, of all abilities and backgrounds. We are a Church Controlled primary school and as such, work hard to preserve and develop our distinctive Christian character, liaising closely with the local church and Canterbury Diocese.
We converted to an academy (01 November 2015) through the Diocese of Canterbury Multi Academy Trust (Aquila). We took this decision to enable our school to have greater autonomy and have a greater say in how we are run now and in the future.


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Who Made That Flavor? Maybe A Genetically Altered Microbe : The Salt Biotech companies are inserting new genes into microorganisms, turning them into tiny factories to produce valuable nutrients and flavors. But many of the companies don't want to talk about it.
The Salt
What's On Your Plate
Eating And Health
Who Made That Flavor? Maybe A Genetically Altered Microbe
Who Made That Flavor? Maybe A Genetically Altered Microbe 5:08
Dan Charles
Mattheos Koffas (left), a biochemical engineer at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and Andrew Jones, a graduate student in his lab, with a flask of microbe-produced antioxidants. Dan Charles/NPR hide caption
Dan Charles/NPR
Mattheos Koffas (left), a biochemical engineer at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and Andrew Jones, a graduate student in his lab, with a flask of microbe-produced antioxidants.
For practically our whole history of cooking and eating, we've gotten our spices and most flavors (not to mention all of the other basic nutrients that keep us alive) straight from plants.
But researchers and biotech companies are starting to produce some of these nutrients and flavors — especially the high-priced ones — in their laboratories.
Take, for instance, chemical compounds called antioxidants. Health-conscious consumers are snapping them up because there's some evidence that these substances repair damaged cells in our body, reducing the risk of cancer and heart problems. Colorful berries like blueberries and raspberries, for instance, give us anthocyanins.
Now, anthocyanins are appearing, as if by magic, in Mattheos Koffas' laboratory at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N.Y.
Andrew Jones, a graduate student at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, looks at test tubes filled with bacteria that are producing antioxidants. Dan Charles/NPR hide caption
Andrew Jones, a graduate student at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, looks at test tubes filled with bacteria that are producing antioxidants.
Andrew Jones, a graduate student here, holds up a thick glass tube, a little bigger than my thumb, filled with a milky fluid. "You can see the slight change in color," he says. "It's a little red. It's a red compound that we're producing."
The tube is teeming with a common and harmless strain of E. coli bacteria. But Koffas and Jones have inserted some extra genes, which were originally identified in plants like raspberries, into these bacteria. "We engineer their genetic circuits so they can produce chemicals for us," Koffas says.
These same genes exist in many plants that are high in anthocyanins. Each gene churns out a specific enzyme, and together the enzymes form a "biochemical pathway." Think of it as a chemical assembly line in the cell. Step by step, the enzymes build the health-promoting anthocyanin compound.
This assembly line already exists in raspberries, of course. But Jones says there are big advantages to moving it into bacteria. "Plants take a long time to grow, where E. coli can grow overnight," he says. Microbial production "is also more scalable."
GMOs Are Old Hat. Synthetically Modified Food Is The New Frontier
Plants need light and land and a variety of nutrients to grow. These microbes, on the other hand, have been converted into dedicated antioxidant factories. Koffas and his university have patented this strain of E. coli and licensed it to a company called Chromadex, which is now scaling up the production process.
"We're hoping that in a couple of years, there will be microbially produced anthocyanins commercially available," says Koffas.
The idea of using microbes to produce valuable molecules is not really new. Biotech companies have been making pharmaceuticals this way for several decades. But only recently have they moved into the more familiar world of food ingredients.
David Bressler, at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada, says it should be possible to use microbes to make a whole variety of substances that we currently get from plants. "There are companies, right now, that are really hot on the heels of producing the unsaturated fatty acids, the omega-3s that we get from fish. People are looking at fermentation systems with algae," he says.
Bressler says he has worked on producing some food ingredients through microbial fermentation. Which ingredients? "I can't share that information," he says. "The companies often don't want to identify what they're making."
There are two reasons why companies don't want to talk about it, Bressler says. First, they're trying to hide valuable secrets, such as what strain of bacteria they're using. Second, they're afraid of getting caught up in the controversy over genetically modified organisms — GMOs. They don't really know how consumers will react to the idea of healthy oils or flavors coming from GM microbes. And some critics believe there may be risks involved in creating strains of yeast, or bacteria, with combinations of genes not found in nature.
These 5 Crops Are Still Hand-Harvested, And It's Hard Work
One company that is happy to talk about its products is Evolva, based in Switzerland. "If we're asking you to eat our product, then fundamentally we owe it to you to explain how we're making it," says Neil Goldsmith, the company's founder and CEO.
Evolva inserts new genes into ordinary baker's yeast to make its products. It has two products on the market already. The first is resveratrol, an antioxidant found in the skins of red grapes, which is sold as a nutritional supplement.
Evolva is also making vanillin — the main flavor compound in natural vanilla extract. The company's microbe-made flavor competes with synthetic vanillin, which is made in chemical factories. Within two years, Evolva plans to sell a yeast-produced version of saffron, an ancient spice that's harvested with great care from a crocus flower.
"There's a lot of people who aren't getting to use saffron because it's so expensive," Goldsmith says. "If we can make it more affordable, then hopefully we can change that."
As for the safety concerns, the Food and Drug Administration does not think what Evolva is doing is particularly risky. It is re-assembling biological building blocks, including plant genes, enzymes and microbes, but all of those substances have been in the human diet for centuries.


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King Charles' cousin has slammed the British royal family's alleged treatment of Meghan Markle
Stewart Perrie
Published 3:28, 22 September 2022 BST
| Last updated 3:28, 22 September 2022 BST
King Charles' third cousin has slammed the British Royal Family for their alleged treatment of Meghan Markle.
Christina Oxenberg has been interviewed by The New York Post about what life is like inside the famous family.
She claims partners of Royal members often cop incredible scrutiny and only the ones who are 'tough as nails' manage to stick around.
However, she has been particularly shocked by the alleged treatment of Meghan Markle since she started dating Prince Harry.
She told The Post: "To Meghan Markle, I say, 'What you are going through is a hellish kind of hazing'.
"If she can just hang in there, someone else will come along who can take the heat. Nobody gets a pass."
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle no longer take part in royal duties. Credit: Alamy
Ms Oxenberg said Meghan is one of many who have gone through the gauntlet of the British Royal Family's approval process.
She alleged that even Catherine, the new Princess of Wales, copped some mocking when she landed on the scene.
Christina said Meghan's treatment is similar to when Prince Michael of Kent, who is a first cousin of the late Queen Elizabeth II, married Baroness Marie-Christine von Reibnitz in 1978.
"She was treated the same way Meghan [has been] treated — with this mocking and lack of respect," she said to The New York Post.
"We always used to mock her because she kept referring to the royals as 'delicious cousins.'
Credit: Richard Cave/Alamy Live News
"[The hazing] was all done out of habit and not full of hatred and violent plotting. I was a witness."
Christina says her mother, Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia, was quite close to her second cousin, King Charles, when they were younger.
She explained how the British Royal Family can be brutal when a member brings in a partner and she believes that is evident with Meghan Markle.
"They are tough, they are tough on foreigners. It's not about your skin colour, it's about being a foreigner," she said.
However, she's called on everyone to go easy on the Duchess of Sussex.
Ms Oxenberg said: "She is Harry's choice of wife. By their own metrics they have called it a class system. They came up with that system, [by which] you have to respect Harry's choice."
Featured Image Credit: Jeff Moore. 07870209766 / Alamy Stock Photo. Gavin Rodgers / Alamy Stock Photo
Topics: Meghan Markle, Good News, Royal Family
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle have been 'demoted' on the British Royal Family website
Meghan Markle makes a dig at the British Royal Family and explains why they left the UK
Royal Aides Hoping Prince Harry And Meghan Markle Follow Four-Word Protocol During Jubilee
Piers Morgan slammed for already attacking Meghan Markle over Queen's funeral