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How to change a light socket?
How to change a light socket? light bulb socket is made of flexible plastic strips of divergent surrounded by an annular tube, bulb holder set around a circle outside the entrance of the elastic ribs, hand lever along the rod end a recess open heart, one short end of solid rod and the screw tightened into the groove.
Remove the Bulb and Socket: Remove the light bulb from the socket and get a Phillips screw driver to remove the socket. Look inside the socket and locate the Phillips screw. Use the screwdriver to loosen the screw while holding the retaining nut that is located on the back side of the socket bracket. Once the screw is removed, carefully tip the socket into your other hand and retain the socket screw. Discard the light socket and grab its replacement.
Replace the light Socket and Bulb: Now that the old lamp holder is removed, use the screw and nut you just removed and install the new socket. Tighten the screw snugly, but don't tighten too much as the socket is fragile and could break. Insert the wires back into the fixture hole so that the wires are on the back side of the fixture and are ready to wire. Now, install the appropriate bulb. The maximum wattage is posted on the side of the socket and should not be exceeded!
Wire the Fixture: Hold the fixture back up to the ceiling box and connect the wires together using wire nuts. Black wires tie together under one wire nut and white wires tie together under another. If there's a ground wire, connect it with a wire nut or to the light bracket.
How to change a light socket? the other end of the short solid rod fixed to the bearing inner ring, the bearing outer ring and with an internal thread extending lamp holder and the bearing outer ring screw connections on the lamp holder tied with a string, short solid rod and bearing the corresponding bolt holes and opened with a corresponding bolt, it can not have different orientations rising to handling different types of bulb size, with safe, reliable, using a wide range of usage characteristics.
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text:
Using supernetworks to distinguish hybridization from lineage-sorting
Barbara R Holland1,
Steffi Benthin1,
Peter J Lockhart2,
Vincent Moulton3 &
Katharina T Huber3
A simple and widely used approach for detecting hybridization in phylogenies is to reconstruct gene trees from independent gene loci, and to look for gene tree incongruence. However, this approach may be confounded by factors such as poor taxon-sampling and/or incomplete lineage-sorting.
Using coalescent simulations, we investigated the potential of supernetwork methods to differentiate between gene tree incongruence arising from taxon sampling and incomplete lineage-sorting as opposed to hybridization. For few hybridization events, a large number of independent loci, and well-sampled taxa across these loci, we found that it was possible to distinguish incomplete lineage-sorting from hybridization using the filtered Z-closure and Q-imputation supernetwork methods. Moreover, we found that the choice of supernetwork method was less important than the choice of filtering, and that count-based filtering was the most effective filtering technique.
Filtered supernetworks provide a tool for detecting and identifying hybridization events in phylogenies, a tool that should become increasingly useful in light of current genome sequencing initiatives and the ease with which large numbers of independent gene loci can be determined using new generation sequencing technologies.
In recent years there has been growing interest in the problem of building explicit models of reticulate evolution [1–12]. This work has to a large part been motivated by biological research highlighting the potential importance of hybridization in the origin of biotic diversity, biological invasion and rapid adaptation [13–27].
One simple and widely used approach for detecting hybridization has been to compare gene trees built from independent gene loci, and to consider gene tree incongruence as evidence for hybridization [1, 28, 29]. However, hybridization is not the only possible cause of gene tree incongruence. Other explanations include phylogenetic error [30], unrecognised gene duplication and loss [31], incomplete lineage-sorting [32] and lateral gene transfer [33].
In light of current genome sequencing efforts and the ease of sequencing large numbers of independent gene loci using new generation sequencing technologies, it is important to find ways to differentiate between various explanations of gene tree incongruence. Here we focus on distinguishing hybridization from incomplete lineage-sorting. In this regard, a helpful concept might be "principal trees", which are the trees displayed by a hybridization network (see the subsection Simulations for a more formal definition of principal trees). If a phylogeny contains no hybridization or lateral gene transfer, then the expectation is for one principal or "species" tree. However, if hybridization has occurred, then there will be multiple principal trees. In the absence of incomplete lineage-sorting, each principle tree will represent the evolutionary history for a large collection of loci, but where incomplete lineage-sorting occurs gene trees may differ from their underlying principal tree.
Here we investigate the potential of filtered Z-closure [34] and Q-imputation [35] supernetworks to distinguish phylogenetic signals arising from principal trees from phylogenetic signals caused by a combination of incomplete taxon-sampling and incomplete lineage-sorting in evolutionary histories involving hybridization. We consider these methods since they are not only designed to cope with conflicting phylogenetic signals, but also with data that current genome sequencing efforts can fail to gather (for example, for multi-gene data sets, such as those generated from expressed sequence tag (EST) databases, gene sequences are often missing for species of interest). In particular, using gene trees generated under a coalescent process, we test whether these methods can be used to filter out phylogenetic signals that do not correspond to edges in principal trees, signals that have the potential of confounding efforts to reconstruct complex phylogenies.
Analogous to the supertree framework [36] our input is a set of trees on overlapping but not necessarily identical taxa. We refer to the complete taxa set as the union of the taxa sets of the input trees; complete splits are bipartitions of the complete taxa set and trivial splits are splits where one part consists of precisely one element. Furthermore partial trees and partial splits are trees and splits on a subset of the complete taxa set. We denote a split of the taxa set X as A|B where A and B are both subsets of X, A ∪ B = X, and A ∩ B is the empty set.
Our overall approach is to first generate a collection of partial trees along a hybridization network in the presence of incomplete lineage-sorting (modelled by the coalescent process), to then apply a supernetwork method to this collection of partial trees to obtain a collection of complete splits, and to then apply a filter to reduce the complexity of this collection. The reduced collection of complete splits is then compared to the splits associated with the hybridization network to determine if they have been accurately recovered. We use this approach to study two supernetwork methods – Z-closure [34] and Q-imputation [35], and two types of filter – one counting-based and one homoplasy-based [37].
Supernetwork methods
We begin with a brief description of the two supernetwork methods that we considered. Supernetwork methods take as input a set of partial trees and produce a set of complete splits. Unlike the supertree framework, these splits need not be compatible, allowing possible conflict within the set of input trees to be represented. The first supernetwork method we consider, Z-closure, is underpinned by the Z-closure rule and is introduced in [34] and implemented in SplitsTree4 [38]. The method begins with a collection of partial trees from which a list of partial splits is obtained – each partial split coming from an edge in some partial tree in the list (see e.g. [8, 34, 38]). The Z-closure rule takes a pair of partial splits A|B and C|D, and if A ∩ C, B ∩ C and B ∩ D are all non-empty and A ∩ D is empty, then it replaces the partial splits A|B and C|D with the extended splits A| B ∪ D and A ∪ C | D (c.f. Figure 1). To ensure that as many partial splits in the list as possible are extended to complete splits, the rule is iteratively applied to the partial splits in the list by taking pairs of partial splits and either overwriting them with two splits on a more inclusive taxa set, or, if the rule does not apply, returning the same two partial splits. When the Z-closure rule can no longer be applied the method returns the list of complete splits that have been generated.
An example of two applications of the Z-rule, which underpins the Z-closure supernetwork method, where two partial splits displayed in the input trees (A) are extended to complete splits as shown in (B) and (C). The bold lines that form the 'Z' shape indicate that the intersection of the taxon sets is non-empty, eg in (B) {C,D}∩ {D,M} = {D}, {D,M}∩ {M,P,T} = {M}, {M,P,T}∩ {O,P,T} = {P,T}, but {C,D}∩ {O,P,T} = ∅ so the Z-rule can be applied.
Note that the output of Z-closure is dependent on the order of elements in the list of partial splits, and so we repeat the procedure for 10 random orderings keeping a cumulative count of how many times each complete split appears. (Simulations indicate that this order dependence is not strong [5], so there would be little benefit in performing a larger number of random orderings.) Also note that the Z-closure implementation used for this paper differs slightly from that in SplitsTree4 in that it keeps track of multiple copies of partial splits and complete splits, as this information is required by the counting filter that we apply later.
The other supernetwork method we consider, Q-imputation [35], also uses partial trees as input but uses an alternative approach to generating complete splits that is based on the four-taxon subtrees (quartets) of the partial trees. For each partial tree with missing taxa – that is, taxa that are in the complete taxa set but not in the taxa set for that tree – the missing taxa are inserted in the tree. This is done by processing the missing taxa in a fixed order and placing each taxon within the partial tree to maximise the number of quartets that contain the missing taxon and are also quartets of the other partial input trees. Once all the trees have been completed the list of complete splits displayed by the completed trees is returned. (In the special case where all the trees are on identical taxa sets, the Q-imputation method reduces to the consensus network method [39]).
Filtering methods
We apply two different kinds of filter to the lists of complete splits obtained from the two supernetwork methods, a homoplasy-based filter and a counting-based filter. The homoplasy filter [37] requires two user-defined parameters x and y. The level of homoplasy for each complete split and partial tree is determined by recoding the split as a binary character, reducing it to the same taxa set as the partial tree, and evaluating the number of character state changes required to explain the character on the partial tree (i.e. the parsimony score). Splits that have a parsimony score greater than a given number x in more than a given number y of the partial trees are filtered out. The counting filter has one user-defined parameter n and keeps the n splits that appear most frequently in the list of complete splits (ties are broken arbitrarily). Note that for Q-imputation this is equivalent to the filter described in [35] for some choice of threshold.
The starting point for each simulation is a hybridization network such as the one shown in Figure 2a. Formally such networks are rooted, leaf-labelled, directed-acyclic-graphs in which the nodes are of one of four types: nodes with in-degree 2 and out-degree 1 correspond to hybridizations; nodes with in-degree 1 and out-degree 2 correspond to speciation events; nodes with in-degree 1 and out-degree 0 correspond to the extant species; and one special node of in-degree 0 and out-degree 2 is the root. Such a network can be thought of as a collection of rooted principal trees: These trees are obtained by starting from the tips of the hybridization network (these are the nodes with in-degree 1 and out-degree 0) and choosing one of the two possible paths at each hybridization node that is encountered on the way towards the root. The set of principal trees consists of the trees possible to obtain in this manner (Figure 2b). This leads to a natural definition of the collection of splits associated with a hybridization network as being the union of the splits associated with each of the principal trees of the network (Figure 2c and 2d). We will refer to such splits as the true splits of the hybridization network. The purpose of the simulations is to assess if filtered supernetworks can identify the splits present in the principal trees of the hybridization network. To be successful these splits need to be distinguishable from those arising from incomplete lineage-sorting under the coalescent process.
(A) A hybridization network (number 7 from Table 1) with two hybridization nodes. (B) The principal trees of the hybridization network – these are found by choosing a single parent at each hybridization node and then suppressing the resulting internal nodes of degree 2. (C) The splits associated with the hybridization network are those displayed by the principal trees in (B). (D) A split network displaying the splits in (C).
The main flow of our simulation is shown in Figure 3. Given a hybridization network, a collection of trees was created by sampling with replacement from the collection of principal trees (the same tree may appear multiple times). We used the software package COAL [32] to simulate trees according to the coalescent process given a principal tree with branch lengths specified in coalescent units (the number of generations divided by population size). We employed two different branch length settings. In each of the principal trees all branch lengths were either assigned coalescent units of 1 or all branch lengths were assigned coalescent units of 0.5. These choices for the branch length settings were also used in [32], a more sophisticated approach might be to assign branch lengths to the hybridization network itself and then have the principal trees inherit these branch lengths. We also simulated a situation where there were no lineage-sorting effects. In this case the only random aspect to the data generation is the choice of the principal trees. Each tree was then pruned of m taxa at random with the restriction that each taxon in the network must appear in at least one partial tree. These collections of partial trees were then used as input to each of the supernetwork methods. Note that, although COAL produces rooted trees, neither of the 2 supernetwork methods considered use any information about the root, so in effect they consider only the corresponding unrooted trees.
Flowchart indicating the steps used in the simulation study.
Accuracy of the supernetwork methods was determined by counting the number of false positive and false negative splits. A false positive is a split that is displayed by the supernetwork, but is not a true split of the hybridization network; a false negative is a split that is displayed by at least one of the principal trees of the hybridization network, but not displayed by the supernetwork. Note that these definitions differ from those used in [34] in that they measure accuracy with respect to an underlying hybridization network that has been used to generate the data.
We based our simulations on ten different hybridization networks each labelled by 8 taxa, and representing 0 to 3 hybridization events (Table 1). For each network the parameters in the simulation that varied were the number of trees (g = 5, 10, 15 or 20), the branch lengths used by COAL [32] (b = 8, 1, 0.5; where 8 represents the case where COAL was not used, i.e. there are no incomplete lineage-sorting effects) and the number of taxa missing from each tree (m = 0, 1, 2, or 3). For each parameter setting we made 100 replicate data sets, giving 6400 sets of partial trees for each of the ten hybridization networks.
Table 1 Hybridization networks used in simulations.
We applied 4 different homoplasy filters to the lists of complete splits returned by Z-closure and Q-imputation:
• (HF1) keep only splits with no homoplasy (i.e. a parsimony score of 1) on all partial trees,
• (HF2) keep only splits with no homoplasy on 75% or more of the partial trees,
• (HF4) keep splits with a parsimony score of 2 or less on all partial trees.
We also applied the counting filter (CF) to both Z-closure and Q-imputation. For each hybridization network we selected n splits, where n was fixed to be the number of unique non-trivial splits associated with the principal trees of the network (Table 1).
Results were generated for each of the hybridization networks given in Table 1, but for brevity, in Figures 4, 5, 6, 7 and Table 2 we only show results for hybridization network 7 (the network shown in Figure 2a). Results for the other hybridization networks follow the same general trends [see Additional file 1].
Table 2 False positives for hybridization network 7 using the counting filter to select the 8 highest weight splits.
False positives (A) and false negatives (B) with increasing numbers of input trees for Z-closure (ZC) and Q-imputation (Q) keeping splits with no homoplasy on any tree (HF1), keeping splits with no homoplasy on 75% or more of the trees (HF2), keeping splits with no homoplasy on 50% or more of the trees (HF3), keeping splits with a homoplasy score of 1 or less on all of the trees (HF4), or keeping the 8 highest weight splits (CF) for hybridization network 7. Values are averages over the 12 combinations of coalescent branch length b and number of missing taxa m. The maximum possible number of false negatives for this hybridization network is 8.
False positives (A) and false negatives (B) with increasing number of input trees for the highest setting of missing taxa (m = 3) and the smallest setting for coalescent branch lengths (b = 0.5) for hybridization network 7. Abbreviations are as descibed in Figure 4. The maximum possible number of false negatives for this hybridization network is 8.
False positives (A) and false negatives (B) as the number of missing taxa m increases from 0 to 3 for hybridization network 7. Results are averaged over the 12 possible settings for number of gene trees g and coalescent branch lengths b. Abbreviations are as descibed in Figure 4. The maximum possible number of false negatives for this hybridization network is 8.
False positives (A) and false negatives (B) for the two different branch length settings using in the coalescent simulation (b = 0.5 and b = 1), and for the control without incomplete lineage-sorting (b = 8) for hybridization network 7. Results are averaged over the 16 possible settings for number of gene trees g and number of missing taxa m. Abbreviations are as descibed in Figure 4. The maximum possible number of false negatives for this hybridization network is 8.
Figure 4 shows the change in the average number of split false positives and false negatives with respect to the number of gene trees. The results are averaged over 100 repetitions and the 12 combinations of number of missing taxa m and coalescent branch lengths b.
As can be seen in Figure 4, the (HF1) filter is far too stringent in combination with either Z-closure or Q-imputation; it gives almost no false positives but false negatives increase with increasing g towards the maximum value of 8. The (HF4) filter is not stringent enough in combination with either Z-closure or Q-imputation; it gives almost no false negatives but false positives increase with increasing g. Moreover, (HF3) is ineffective in combination with Z-closure as the number of false positives increases with increasing number of partial trees, in combination with Q-imputation the average number of false positives stays close to 2 for all values of g. (HF2) is the most effective of the homoplasy filters, as for both Z-closure and Q-imputation both types of errors either decrease or stay reasonably constant with increasing g, a property that we would expect any filtered supernetwork method to satisfy. The counting filter also displays this property for both Z-closure and Q-imputation; both false positives and false negatives decrease with increasing number of input trees.
Figure 5 is similar to Figure 4 except that rather than averaging over all values of b and m we focus on the difficult case with the highest number of missing taxa and the most incongruence generated by incomplete lineage-sorting (m = 3, b = 0.5). While all the filtered supernetwork methods shown in Figure 5 control false negatives, false positives increase with increasing g for both Z-closure and Q-imputation using (HF3).
For the rest of this section, we restrict our attention to the best homoplasy filter (HF2) and the counting filter (CF).
Missing taxa
Figure 6 shows the trends in the number of false positives and false negatives as the number of missing taxa per tree, m, increases from 0 to 3. Results are averaged over the 12 possible settings for number of partial trees g and coalescent branch lengths b. The (HF2) and (CF) filters exhibit very different behaviour. For (HF2) as m increases the number of false positives increases, in particular going from 2 to 3 missing taxa produces a dramatic increase. Conversely the number of false negatives decreases, presumably due to the fact that as the number of missing taxa gets large more splits meet the requirement of the filter. This effect was not observed for (CF) where the total number of splits is capped; here both false positives and negatives increase with growing m.
Incomplete lineage-sorting
Recall that the parameter b affects the probability that the trees generated by COAL [32] will match the principal tree sampled from the hybridization network, b = 8 corresponds to trees that match exactly. Figure 7 shows the trends in the number of false positives and false negatives for different values of b. Results are averaged over the 16 possible settings for the number of partial trees g and the number of missing taxa m. As expected, both methods and filters perform better when b is large.
Table 2 shows the number of false positives for hybridization network 7 (Figure 2a), which has 2 hybridization events and 8 true splits, for m = 0, 1, 2 or 3, b = 0.5, 1 or 8, and g = 5, 10, 15 or 20 for both Z-closure and Q-imputation with (CF). If two out of three of the conditions (g, m, or b) are favourable (i.e. many input trees, few missing taxa, and the probability that the input trees are congruent with the principal trees is high) then both methods work well. However if two or three of the conditions are unfavourable then both methods start to break down.
Figures 8a and 8b show the average number of false positives and false negatives respectively (averaged over m, g, and b) versus the number of true splits for hybridization networks 1–9. Hybridization network 10 is not shown in the figures, as it is an outlier with 24 true splits, but results for this network follow the same trends as the other hybridization networks. For (CF) both types of errors increase slowly with increasing number of true splits. For (HF2) false positives appear fairly constant, but false negatives increase linearly with a slope close to one with increasing number of true splits.
False positives (A) and false negatives (B) averaged over 48 combinations of number of missing taxa m, number of gene trees g, and coalescent branch lengths b versus the number of true splits for hybridization networks 1–9. Note that the number of true splits is the maximum possible number of false negatives.
We have evaluated the potential of Z-closure and Q-imputation filtered supernetworks to identify splits belonging to the sets of principal trees associated with hybridization networks. We have found that this approach can recover these splits when there are few hybridization events. However, our results imply that (1) if gene trees have many missing taxa then many gene trees are required; (2) if the gene trees are frequently incongruent with the principal trees of the hybridization network due to incomplete lineage-sorting then a large number of near complete gene trees is required; (3) and if there are few gene trees available they need to be both near complete and highly congruent with the principal trees.
In our simulations the counting filter picked the n best-supported splits, where n was chosen to be the known number of true non-trivial splits. Of course with real data n will not be known, although in practice n could be chosen by, for example, greedily introducing splits with highest support as long as the corresponding network does not become too complex to easily interpret. Approaches to do this are described in [40] for consensus networks. Note that by increasing n the risk of introducing false positive splits is increased, although the risk of failing to identify true positive splits is reduced.
Despite these limitations, with the potential now of obtaining large numbers of splits from independent gene loci using new generation sequencing technologies, our findings may nevertheless be applicable for tree-like phylogenies where some degree of hybridization is inferred [41]. In such cases, filtered supernetworks can be used to identify the true splits of the underlying hybridization network. Once these are obtained, the method of [5] can be used to convert the split system into a hybridization scenario.
One of our most interesting findings is that the choice of whether to use Z-closure or Q-imputation seems to have much less impact on accuracy with regards to recovering the splits in the underlying hybridization network than the choice of filter. For both Q-imputation and Z-closure the counting filter (CF) has the desirable property that as the amount of data increases (more genes or more complete gene trees) the rate of both false positives and false negatives goes down. Several settings were tried for the homoplasy-based filter (HF1 – HF4). HF1 was too stringent, and HF3/HF4 tended to either suffer from increasing false positives or increasing false negatives as the number of gene trees increased. HF2 gave the best compromise between these extremes.
Using the HF2 filter, we found that Z-closure had a higher false positive rate than Q-imputation over a range of parameter combinations (Figure 8A). One explanation might be that Z-closure can potentially generate more splits than Q-imputation. For example, given g fully resolved gene trees on 8-m taxa (m = 1, 2, 3), Q-imputation can generate at most 5*g non-trivial complete splits, whereas Z-closure can produce at most 10*(5-m)*g non-trivial complete splits (where 10 is the number of random orderings). Hence the maximum number of splits that Z-closure could generate decreases as m grows, whereas the number of splits that Q-imputation could generate stays constant. What we observe for both methods and filters is that false positives increase with increasing m (Figure 6). Therefore, the maximum number of splits that Z-closure and Q-imputation could generate does not appear to explain the difference in false positive rates. We think a more likely explanation is that Q-imputation places missing taxa in such a way as to maximize agreement with the input trees, hence tending to produce multiple copies of the same splits. Conversely, Z-closure aims to find all possible complete splits that can be derived by extending partial splits using the Z-closure rule, a process that can yield many different splits. Hence we expect that Q-imputation would be likely to generate fewer false positives than Z-closure in general. This difference is not greatly reduced by HF2 as, in contrast to CF, it does not place a cap on the total number of splits.
We found that HF2 resulted in more false negatives than CF (Figure 8B). This may be due to the fact that this filter only selects splits that have no homoplasy when restricted to 75% of the input trees. Since the principal trees are obtained from a network, they can be different and in some cases may only agree on a small number of edges. Even a true split may have a high homoplasy score when restricted to a particular principal tree. In contrast, CF only selects splits that occur with high frequency, irrespective of whether they are in agreement with any of the input trees.
Although all the trees used in our simulations were fully resolved, both supernetwork methods considered here can be applied to partially resolved trees. Thus, when inferring gene trees to be used as input to a supernetwork method, it would probably be a reasonable approach to only retain those edges in the estimated gene trees that have high support (e.g. bootstrap support or posterior probability higher than some cut-off value).
In cases where there are many hybridization events, especially between individuals that are not closely related, there will be many principal trees and corresponding splits (as in hybridization network 10). Many of these splits will occur at low frequencies making them hard to distinguish from phylogenetic error. This means that phylogenetic inference will be limited, as gene-tree incongruence will be extensive. In such cases, rather than attempt to reconstruct a hybridization network, it may be more appropriate to formulate objective tests to better understand the complexity of the data and the extent to which hybridization contributes to this complexity. Joly, McLenachan and Lockhart (submitted manuscript) have recently proposed such a test.
An unexplored idea worthy of study is the investigation of model-based, rather than combinatorial, methods of filtering. One approach might be to consider posterior probability distributions on species trees [42]. It will be interesting to investigate whether such posterior distributions can also be analysed for evidence of distinct principal trees in cases where evolutionary relationships are complex.
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Barrier M, Baldwin BG, Robichaux RH, Purugganan MD: Interspecific hybrid ancestry of a plant adaptive radiation: allopolyploidy of the Hawaiian Silversword alliance (Asteraceae) inferred from floral homeotic gene duplications. Mol Biol Evol. 1999, 16 (8): 1105-1113.
Ellstrand NC, Schierenbeck KA: Hybridization as a stimulus for the evolution of invasivness in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97: 7043-7050.
Barton NH: The role of hybridization in evolution. Molecular Ecology. 2001, 10: 551-568.
Rieseberg LH, Raymond O, Rosenthal DM, Lai Z, Livingstone K, Nakazato T, Durphy JL, Schwarzbach AE, Donovan LA, Lexer C: Major ecological transitions in annual sunflowers facilitated by hybridization. Science. 2003, 301: 1211-1216.
Seehausen O: Hybridization and adaptive radiation. Trends Ecol Evol. 2004, 19: 198-207.
Wissemann V: Plant evolution by means of hybridization. Systematics and Biodiversity. 2007, 5: 243-253.
Mallet J: Hybrid speciation. Nature. 2007, 446: 279-283.
Palmer JD, Shields CR, Cohen DB, Orton TJ: Chloroplast DNA evolution and the origin of amphidiploid Brassica species. Theor Appl Genet. 1983, 65: 181-189.
Sang T, Zhong Y: Testing hybridization hypotheses based on incongruent gene trees. Syst Biol. 2000, 49 (3): 422-434.
Cusimano N, Zhang L-B, Renner SS: Revaluation of the cox1 group I intron in Araceae and Angiosperms suggests a history dominated by loss rather than horizontal transfer. Mol Biol Evol.
Hallet M, Lagergren J, Tofigh A: Simultaneous identification of duplications and lateral transfers. Proceedings of the eighth annual international conference on Resaerch in computational molecular biology San Diego; ACM. 2004, 347-356.
Degnan JH, Salter LA: Gene tree distributions under the coalescent process. Evolution. 2005, 59 (1): 24-37.
Doolittle WF, Bapteste E: Pattern pluralism and the Tree of Life hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007, 104 (7): 2043-2049.
Huson DH, Dezulian T, Kloepper TK, Steel MA: Phylogenetic supernetworks from partial trees. IEEE Trans Comput Biol Bioinform. 2004, 1: 151-158.
Holland BR, Conner G, Huber K, Moulton V: Imputing supertrees and supernetworks from quartets. Syst Biol. 2007, 56 (1): 57-67.
Bininda-Emonds ORP: The evolution of supertrees. Trends Ecol Evol. 2004, 19: 315-22.
Huson D, Steel MA, Whitfield J: Reducing distortion in phylogenetic networks. Proceedings of WABI (Workshop on algorithms in bioinformatics). Edited by: Buecher P, Moret BME. 2006, Springer-Verlage Berlin Heidelberg, Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics 475:150–161
Huson DH, Bryant D: Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. Mol Biol Evol. 2006, 23 (2): 254-267.
Holland BR, Huber KT, Moulton V, Lockhart PJ: Using consensus networks to visualize contradictory evidence for species phylogeny. Mol Biol Evol. 2004, 21 (7): 1459-1461.
Holland BR, Delsuc F, Moulton V: Visualizing conflicting evolutionary hypotheses in large collections of trees using consensus networks. Syst Biol. 2005, 54 (1): 66-76.
Lockhart PJ, McLenachan PA, Havell D, Glenny D, Huson D, Jensen U: Phylogeny, dispersal and radiation of New Zealand alpine buttercups: molecular evidence under split decomposition. Ann Missouri Bot Gard. 2001, 88: 458-477.
Edwards SV, Liu L, Pearl DK: High-resolution species trees without concatenation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007, 104 (14): 5936-5941.
All authors thank the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, UK for hosting them in the context of their Phylogenetics Programme where part of the work presented in this paper was carried out. BRH and PJL thank Marsden Fund MAU0509 and MAU0510, VM thanks the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), grant EP/D068800/1.
Allan Wilson Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Barbara R Holland & Steffi Benthin
Allan Wilson Centre, Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Peter J Lockhart
School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Vincent Moulton & Katharina T Huber
Barbara R Holland
Steffi Benthin
Vincent Moulton
Katharina T Huber
Correspondence to Barbara R Holland.
BRH developed and applied the simulation scheme, implemented the modified Z-closure method, homoplasy filter and counting filter, and contributed to writing the ms, especially the methods and results section. SB conducted initial simulations with Z-closure. PL ensured biological relevance, and contributed to writing the ms, especially the introduction and conclusions. VM ensured mathematical correctness and developed the overall concept. KH ensured mathematical correctness and developed the overall concept, contributed to writing the ms, especially the methods and results section.
Holland, B.R., Benthin, S., Lockhart, P.J. et al. Using supernetworks to distinguish hybridization from lineage-sorting. BMC Evol Biol 8, 202 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-8-202
Lateral Gene Transfer
Hybridization Event
Partial Tree

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We are solidly back in reality. The well behaved 4 year old that went with us to Arizona is overtired and rather disappointed that the world no longer revolves around her. Jared is playing catch up at work and too tired to talk at the end of the day. Claire's had three appointments and tomorrow we get to go up to LPCH for the scoliosis clinic. I woke up with a terrible headache and nearly passed out after my physical therapy. This is real life, it sorta drives me crazy and at times can be a bit depressing. Laced throughout it there have been a few simple pleasures. We donated a csa box to Kid Quest (Claire's summer home away from home) upon Claire's urging us to do so. The joy on the faces of the staff as they sifted through the heaping bag of veggies was priceless. It was a moment of slowness when everyone in the moment was thankful for the process, the farmer that grew it, the parent who provided it and the staff that will lovingly cook it with the kids for tasty meals that will be enjoyed together. Later in the day Chloe finally earned a few minutes of ipad time and chose to climb into her sisters bed and share it with her. It's nothing life shattering, the world would keep spinning without it but these simple pleasures, sharing things that we enjoy, that's the stuff that heals my spirit when I am surrounded with piles of laundry and fighting off back pain. I can deal with that in a world that's simply awesome like this.


The Spontaneous City in the Tree of Heaven is a sculptural installation drawing on the ecology and biodiversity of two sites on opposite sides of London; Duncan Terrace in the East and Cremorne Gardens in the West.
London Fieldworks have developed a sculptural 'habitat' that will contribute to the lifecycle of birds, providing spaces for shelter, nesting or feeding. It also offers habitats for bug life. The sculptures reflect the forms of the surrounding architecture; a combination of Georgian town houses, and 60's social housing around Duncan Terrace, and the World's End Estate adjacent to Cremorne.
The works also allude to the theme of the Victorian Pleasure Garden, which once provided entertainments for its visitors, such as promenade concerts and zoos or menageries. Creating a 'Pleasure Garden' for birds, the sculpture connects to Cremorne Gardens' former history as one of London's popular Pleasure Gardens, and a much-favoured former Tea Garden (small version of a Pleasure Garden) in Islington, under a mile away from Duncan Terrace Gardens.
The Spontaneous City in the Tree of Heaven was commissioned as part of Secret Garden Project, in partnership with Islington Council.


Since January, this site has had over 3,600 visits and almost 10,000 page views, average visit length is at 3:29. Thanks to everyone who's visited, and especially those of you who've called or emailed me with feedback, suggestions and corrections.
Yes, even though I am a connectologist, I do make mistakes and I encourage everyone to keep me on the up and up. Take advantage of the comments link at the bottom of each post to share your knowledge and experience, your outrage, or provide corrections when I get things wrong. While compliments are always appreciated, it is the corrections that I think are the most important. Every comment left generates an email notification so I am sure to read every one, and will update any post accordingly. Comments can be either anonymous or you may identify yourself. Abusive comments will be deleted.
Let me also encourage you to email me with news about your experiences, rumors, or other things concerning connectivity that might interest the rest of us. I will keep identities anonymous unless requested otherwise.
This is probably a good time to talk about ethics. Like many of you, I sign confidentiality agreements from time to time. I take these NDAs very seriously and do not discuss anything covered by those agreements. The same goes for consulting engagements with both hospitals and vendors. Nothing is disclosed in any way without prior permission from the client. I will be glad to disclose current clients upon request, and entertain certain limited non compete restrictions. My reputation is based largely on ethical behavior, and along with my knoweldge and techniques, forms the bedrock of my consulting practice.
You should know that all web sites generate server logs that tell me about visitors to my site. Rest assured I can't tell what you're wearing or whether you brushed your teeth this morning (thankfully). I'm proud of my readers, and I know where many of you come from and how often you visit. You can see much of this info yourself, by clicking on the Site Meter logo below the Google Search box on the right site of this web page.
Finally, what do you think of the photos? Its been fun adding them, and visiting NTI was a great opportunity to get some interesting shots.


text:
Q: regular expression with hebrew or english I'm looking for a pattern that accept only hebrew or english letters from 2 letters to 15, and can accept 1 space.  I have tried following code but it does not matching my string:
<?php
$subject = "שלום לך";
$regexp="#^\p[{Hebrew}| ][a-zA-Z]{2,15}? \+$#u";
print_r(preg_match($regexp, $subject));
?>

A: There are multiple errors in your code.
First, your regex
$regexp="#^\p[{Hebrew}| ][a-zA-Z]{2,15}? \+$#u";

Here is what it means:
#                     : regex delimiter
  ^                   : begining of string
    \p                : character p
    [{Hebrew}| ]      : character class, one of the char : {, H, e, b, r, w, }, |, space
    [a-zA-Z]{2,15}?   : from 2 to 15 alphabetic char
     \+               : a space followed by +
  $                   : end of string
#                     : regex delimiter
u                     : unicode

Unicode hebrew char is : \p{Hebrew}
there no needs of | inside a char class
there is no + in your string, no space at the end
there no need to do ungreedy matching
so it sould be rewritten as:
$regexp="#^[\p{Hebrew} a-zA-Z]{2,15}$#u";

explanation:
#                 : regex delimiter
  ^               : begining of string
    [             : start class character
      \p{Hebrew}  : a hebrew character
                  : a space
      a-zA-Z      : a latin letter
    ]             : end of class
    {2,15}        : previous chars 2 to 15 times
  $               : end of string
#                 : regex delimiter
u                 : unicode

preg_match doesn't return an array but an int that holds the number of time the pattern is found in the string.
Then your script becomes:
$subject = "שלום לך";
$regexp  = "#^[\p{Hebrew} a-zA-Z]{2,15}$#u";
preg_match($regexp, $subject, $m);
print_r($m);

A: How about this? Dose that work for you?
[\w\u0590-\u05FF]

A: var regexp = /^[\u0591-\u05F4\s]+$/gi;
return regexp.test(str)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Slate is a sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash. Its foliated structure can be split into thin smooth sheets. Its fine grain and sophisticates colours make it a popular choice for floor and walls.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


With an unrepentant person biter terrorizing World Cup matches, FIFA has reportedly also found time to launch an investigation into Neymar's underpants.
If there's one thing that the governing body cares above all else, it's the protection of its high-paying sponsors' exclusivity. After all, you don't become a non-profit organization with a rainy day fund of $1.4 billion in cash by being concerned with players biting each other. You do it by making sure players don't have underpants made by non-FIFA sponsors peeking out of their shorts.
According to UOL, the underwear alarm went off at FIFA headquarters when Neymar's were partially exposed after he swapped shirts following Brazil's 4-1 win over Cameroon. And if you think that this is all a big joke, consider that Denmark's Nicklas Bendtner was fined €100,000 ($125,797) by UEFA (European football's governing body) when he celebrated a goal by lifting up his shirt to reveal the name of a betting firm on the waistband of his underpants at Euro 2012. For the sake of comparison, the Croatian federation was fined less for its fans' combination of racial abuse aimed at opposing players and flare throwing at the same tournament.
This also isn't the first time Neymar's underwear has raised concerns from the football brand police. When a similar situation occurred while he played in a Champions League match for Barcelona two months ago, his press agent had to deny that it was an intentional marketing strategy.
So remember: You can never say that FIFA doesn't care. Because it does care very much about underwear. And money.


Full text access to more than 1500 journals in the social sciences, humanities and sciences.
Manuscript, printed, and visual sources for research on the British response to travel on the Continent for pleasure, business, and diplomacy between 1550 and 1850.
This database covers issues from social poisons and substance abuse to natural toxins, from legislation and recommended standards to environmental issues.
A resource from the U.S. National Library of Medicine for searching databases on toxicology, hazardous chemicals, environmental health, and toxic releases.
Full texts of 1,900 plays from the United States and Canada, of which 1,250 are in copyright and licensed from the authors or their estates.
Provides full-text access to approximately 50,000 poems by over 300 American poets. Search by author, keyword, title, first line, dates, publisher, gender, or literary movement.


I think my brain works kind of like those chips that come in a tube - once you pop, the fun don't stop! At least in the sense of making tacos right now. Literally, give me a challenge, and I'll run with it - I want to make thousands of different kinds! So, needless to say, you may see a couple more taco-esque creations in the near future. Like right now future. Today's ingredient: crab. I love my crab crostini, but the flavors are just not appropriate for utilizing tortillas as a vehicle. So I decided to go a little tropical - crab is classic with avocado and citrus, so why not give it a shot and kick it up a notch!? And that did happen.
4 6-in flour or corn tortillas. Or whatever you have on hand really, tortilla is tortilla!
To start, prepare the citrus fruits. Zest the entire lime, and then equal amounts from the orange and the grapefruit. Now take your grapefruit and supreme it. Do what to it you ask!? It's simple really, if not a little bit juicy (literally). Slice a small portion of the top and bottom of the grapefruit so it can easily stand on end. From here, run your knife down the curvature of the grapefruit to remove not only the peel but the pith as well, leaving you with just the literal grapefruit flesh. Continue all the way around until there is not peel or pith left, and now comes the fun part! If you're right handed, hold the grapefruit in your hand (make sure you don't have any cuts, it will sting!), and slice as close as possible along the inner pith to remove perfect little segments of grapefruit all around. Voila! Who needs pith when you can have supreme? Cut each in half and set aside with the zest (separate) for later - don't throw away the supremed pith - there is juice to be had for later!
Next up, crab salad! Start by cutting 1/2 of the mango into 1/4 inch dice. Mangoes are kind of one of those obnoxious fruits as well. Peeling and cutting it is actually east, and similar to the above technique for the grapefruit (but with no segments, clearly). Cut off a small part of the mango from the stem end to allow it to stand up. Slowly slice of the outer peel from the top down. Once you've gotten all the way down, cut the fruit away from that big, irritating pit. You'll notice mangoes are kind of football shaped, and skinnier looking from one angle than the other. Place the mango so that you're looking at it the skinny angle - from here, you can run your knife from the top, right along side that pesky pit. Once you've removed the flesh, go on with the dicing!
Place the mango pieces, crab, jalapeno, chives, and mint into a large mixing bowl. Over top, squeeze that (what looked to be) refuse of the supremed grapefruit. You should get a substantial amount of juice out. Next, squeeze 1/2 of the orange, and 1/2 of the lime out. Be sure to roll your lime around with a lot of pressure to allow more juice to come out. Add about 1/4 t of kosher salt and gently mix with your hands until fully combined. Set aside in the fridge so the flavors can meld together.
For the avocado smear, cut out the flesh of the avocado and place into a molcajete, mortar and pestle, or just a plain old bowl with a fork and mash it up. Squeeze the juice of the remaining 1/2 lime over top along with another 1/4 t of salt, and mash up until you have a smooth-ish concoction.
And now the fun part! Heat your oven to 300F. While you're waiting for it to heat up, you can cut little tostada bite-size pieces from the larger tortillas! I used about a 1.5 inch ring mold for mine - cookie cutters are alright too. Heck you can even use shapes if you want! Once you've through, place them in the oven and allow to crisp up and turn golden brown. If you like, you could fry them, but I'd rather go the baked route.
Once all of your tostada pieces are toasted up, bring out all of your other components for assembly. First, spread the avocado smear all over the surface of the tostada.
Next, top with about 1 teaspoon to 1 tablespoon of the crab mixture, followed by a small segment of the grapefruit supreme and a small sprinkling of each citrus zest.
Citrus explosion!! This was a great combination of flavors, and really just bright and cheery for such a gloomy New York day. On a side note, if you don't want to be obnoxious like me and cut out tiny little tostada rounds, you can obviously use tortilla chips - I just like to make things difficult. Even though there was a lot going on here, you could really taste each ingredient come through - the different zests, the actual grapefruit, the components of the crab salad, and of course the buttery goodness of the avocado smear. And it's pretty to look at too!
Love theses little tastes - especially crab!


Directly across Rogers Ranch on the SW corner of Bitters Rd. and 1604 access Rd.
Our mission is to help people manage the risks of everyday life, recover from the unexpected and realize their dreams. Life is busy, that is why we will adjust our schedule to meet your needs if you are looking for insurance in the San Antonio, TX & Boerne, TX area. I have a large, experienced staff to help you with all of your auto and motorcycle insurance and home or renters insurance questions.


text:
Richard Degener (Estados Unidos, 14 de marzo de 1912-24 de agosto de 1995) fue un clavadista o saltador de trampolín estadounidense especializado en trampolín de 3 metros, donde consiguió ser campeón olímpico en 1936.

Carrera deportiva

En los Juegos Olímpicos de 1936 celebrados en Berlín (Alemania) ganó la medalla de  en los saltos desde el trampolín de 3 metros, con una puntuación de 163 puntos, por delante de sus compatriotas Marshall Wayne y Alan Greene.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Saltadores de Estados Unidos
Nacidos en Detroit

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


There's always something fun and exciting going on at Frederick Living. The more you know about what's going on here, the easier it is for you to become involved—and that makes Frederick Living a more interesting community for all of us. View our latest news below or use the menu to the left to get more detail—and be sure to follow us on Facebook for regular updates as well!
Are you looking for a gift for that special someone! Get something sweet at smile.amazon.com/ch/23-1382402 and AmazonSmile donates to Frederick Mennonite Community.
Help Us Reach Our Goal For It's Never 2 Late!
The Holidays are coming to a close!!
The Christmas holiday is a week away!!! Wrap up your holiday shopping at smile.amazon.com/ch/23-1382402 and AmazonSmile donates to Frederick Mennonite Community.
What a wonderful time of year! Christmas is in the air! Frederick Living will be participating in the Glicks Greenhouse 2018 Poinsettia Show- wreath contest, which is taking place this upcoming weekend. Be sure to come and check out this wonderful display of Around the World at Christmastime!!! For more information, please check out Glick's website or Facebook page!!
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text:
/* TEMPLATE GENERATED TESTCASE FILE
Filename: CWE121_Stack_Based_Buffer_Overflow__CWE806_char_alloca_ncpy_53d.c
Label Definition File: CWE121_Stack_Based_Buffer_Overflow__CWE806.label.xml
Template File: sources-sink-53d.tmpl.c
*/
/*
 * @description
 * CWE: 121 Stack Based Buffer Overflow
 * BadSource:  Initialize data as a large string
 * GoodSource: Initialize data as a small string
 * Sink: ncpy
 *    BadSink : Copy data to string using strncpy
 * Flow Variant: 53 Data flow: data passed as an argument from one function through two others to a fourth; all four functions are in different source files
 *
 * */

#include "std_testcase.h"

#include <wchar.h>

/* all the sinks are the same, we just want to know where the hit originated if a tool flags one */

#ifndef OMITBAD

void CWE121_Stack_Based_Buffer_Overflow__CWE806_char_alloca_ncpy_53d_badSink(char * data)
{
    {
        char dest[50] = "";
        /* POTENTIAL FLAW: Possible buffer overflow if data is larger than dest */
        strncpy(dest, data, strlen(data));
        dest[50-1] = '\0'; /* Ensure the destination buffer is null terminated */
        printLine(data);
    }
}

#endif /* OMITBAD */

#ifndef OMITGOOD

/* goodG2B uses the GoodSource with the BadSink */
void CWE121_Stack_Based_Buffer_Overflow__CWE806_char_alloca_ncpy_53d_goodG2BSink(char * data)
{
    {
        char dest[50] = "";
        /* POTENTIAL FLAW: Possible buffer overflow if data is larger than dest */
        strncpy(dest, data, strlen(data));
        dest[50-1] = '\0'; /* Ensure the destination buffer is null terminated */
        printLine(data);
    }
}

#endif /* OMITGOOD */


text:
Home / Cover / UNEA calls for global rejection of throwaway society
UNEA calls for global rejection of throwaway society
March 15, 2019	Comments Off on UNEA calls for global rejection of throwaway society 513 Views
More sustainable lifestyles and modes of production were at the centre of this year's UN Environment Assembly
Jochen Flasbarth
The fourth UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-4) in the Kenyan capital Nairobi has passed 23 resolutions that will contribute to more environmentally friendly production and consumption worldwide. At UNEP's largest UNEA, leaders and ministers of the environment and 5,000 delegates from around the world over the past two weeks have been advising on solutions to global environmental issues. The issue of plastic garbage also played an important role.
Environment Secretary and Head of the German Delegation, Jochen Flasbarth, said: "The fourth UN Environmental Assembly has created a strong tailwind for the fight against plastic waste. We will invite the states that are in favor of an internationally binding agreement on plastic waste to jointly draft the next steps towards the plastic convention. On the positive side, the clarity with which the UNEA has made four concrete steps for the circular economy and lifestyle change at the heart of the decisions.
ALSO READ: Government abandons Sokoto flood victims
"In particular, we have made good progress here towards more sustainable chemicals management and waste prevention. The results of the UNEA-4 show once again that the international community must pull together for ambitious environmental protection. In view of the enormous environmental and social challenges, it is no longer about small corrections. The transformation we need must affect all sectors of society."
At the fourth UN Environmental Assembly, the world community discussed how global environmental protection can be strengthened. With several resolutions, the UNEA calls for a change of direction to more sustainable chemicals management, more sustainable consumption and production patterns, waste prevention and greater protection of ecosystems.
ALSO READ: Third Mainland Bridge reopened to traffic
The UNEA-4 also negotiated a comprehensive international regulation ("plastic convention") to end the pollution of the oceans by plastic waste. Even though UNEA-4 was unable to agree on a mandate because of the resistance of several states, Germany will, on the basis of the negotiations in Nairobi, sit down with other ambitious states in order to concretise the next steps for a stronger cooperation to avoid plastic waste.
The German Environment Ministry says it has been committed to a strong UN environmental programme (UNEP) for many years. Secretary of State Flasbarth also pledged support for UNEP to new UN Executive Director Inger Andersen, with whom he met for a lengthy talk during UNEA-4. Flasbarth also spoke to many of his counterparts, focusing on the implementation of the Paris Climate Agreement and the sustainability goals of the 2030 Agenda.
ALSO READ: Kenya hailed for ratifying Paris Agreement
Previous: #SchoolStrike4Climate: NCF calls for speedy passage of Climate Change Act
Next: Government faults stakeholders' pessimism on Paris Agreement


Can someone help with this ?
Can I replace my fork springs with progressive springs use more ATF and not use air in the forks.
I am rebuilding the forks and would really like to get rid of the air.
it's my understanding that no air is required with the progressive springs. also progressive recommends 20wt fork oil, as a starting point.
Vetter. "Its like Deja Vu all over again".
You cant go wrong with progressive springs. Well worth the money.
You will not need air for the shocks. It is also easier to leave the shocks on the triple tree as you work on them.
You will have to use less fluid then the Honda manual says. The amount escapes me at the moment, but it is worth noting. To much will blow the seals.
Be careful taking the fork caps off, the can knock ya on the noggin . Do a quick search on this forum and you will find lots of threads.
Thank you for the info, I did order the new springs will be putting new seals and other parts. I watch a good video on this subject. Think I will be alright. Will let you know how I make out and thanks again.
Once you rebuild the forks and install new Progressive springs you may find that the rear shocks need to be refurbished or replaced. Something to consider.
Thanks, already done that. The air shocks are gone.
I have a question, I am installing progressive springs on my 1982 GL1100A and would like to replace the fork caps that have the air fitting. Can I do this and if yes where can I get replacement caps.
Sportsters had 39mm forks but I'm not sure if they have the same threads on their caps. Might be a possible fit.
It's not WHAT you ride......it's THAT you ride.


text:
Exclusive: Cristina Henriquez Talks About her Debut Novel, The World in Half
Chicago-based writer Cristina Henriquez is the author of Come Together, Fall Apart, a well-received collection of short stories; her first novel, The World in Half, hit shelves earlier this month. After ripping through this tale about a young woman who goes to Panama in search of her father, we hopped on the phone with Henriquez to talk about what it was like swapping formats, why she always writes about Panama, and how becoming a mom has changed her work.
Flavorwire: Did you sell your short-story collection and the novel as a package? Or had you been working on this for a long time?
Cristina Henriquez: We sold the short-story collection with an option on the novel, which basically meant that, hopefully, I would get to stay with the same publisher. I sort of had a vague idea for a novel at the time, but I was much more focused on short stories then. It was about four years that I was working on the novel.
FW: Do you have preference? I know you're working on another novel now, but does one form come more naturally to you?
CH: I think I feel more naturally comfortable writing short stories. There's something about that concision that I just really like. That's impossible to keep up throughout a novel. That's something I learned. It would be so exhausting for the reader. It just wouldn't be a pleasurable experience. So, that was out of my comfort zone, to loosen up and just try to be more expansive. But now that I've written one, and as you say, I'm working on another one, somehow it has kind of gotten into my system.
FW: What do you think of all this burbling about a short-story renaissance?
CH: Well for me, they've never gone away! All my friends are people who like short stories. But I know A.O. Scott's piece in the New York Times talked about the greatness and brevity of the form. It seems like every once and a while those articles happen. I would guess that probably if you looked at sales figures, it's pretty steady. It's not like it has ever gone radically down or drastically up.
FW: It's like trenchcoats in fashion.
CH: Right. Like, did they ever really leave?
FW: Can you speak a little about your connection with Panama? How has that informed you as a writer?
CH: Well, I'm half Panamanian. I was born in the United States, but I've been to Panama a lot. My dad's family still lives there, although both of my grandparents are gone now and the generations are getting older. Things are changing. When I started writing in graduate school, I was writing a lot of stories that were set in the United States. And then a few stories that were set in Panama. Those weren't the ones I showed anybody. They were just sort of for myself. But gradually, over time, I started looking at the difference between the stories, and it turned out that the Panama ones were just much better. So I took the ball and ran with it. There was something about it that was making the language of my stories work better. The characters were more real.
FW: That's really weird. Cool, but weird.
CH: I think part of it is the distance that I have from Panama. This is my theory that I've worked out over the years. In the US, my experiences are just my life. They're just normal. I don't have heightened awareness of anything that I do just day-to-day. My experiences in Panama are just two weeks out of the year. So I have this distance, and there's enough space between me and Panama to allow my imagination to wander. I think that fiction comes to me more naturally when I'm writing about a place like that — one that's farther away but I'm still connected to.
FW: Your protagonist, Mira, was originally only in the final third of the book. What made you trust her enough to carry the entire story in the published version?
CH: I didn't trust her at first. The first version wasn't working exactly, so I needed to figure out a new direction. I really liked her as a character, and she was the most contemporary of the characters, so I thought, well, why don't I just try writing from her point of view and see what happens. It took me a while to get her fully. I was drawing pictures of her and asking myself what she would wear. I was trying to figure her out for a while. For some reason I felt like she was the right voice. I think it was hard to get her because she was a little too close to me for comfort. So I was sort of scared to go there. Once I did, and gave her a few traits that were nothing like me, it was fine. I was able to write her.
FW: Giving her mother Alzheimer's was an interesting move. Was that a way to prevent us from judging her?
CH: I tried not to. I tried to make her complicated enough and let any judgment come through Mira. I think Mira has a lot of trouble forgiving her at times, and that's honest and real. I just wanted her to have some kind of illness. So Mira would travel to Panama on behalf of her mother to find her father, for her mother's sake. That kind of gets buried in the version that's being published. In the current version, Mira goes more for herself and then has the realization that maybe it was also for her mother. Alzheimer's just worked nicely for memory and all sorts of themes. But I don't know anybody in my own life with the disease, so it was a bit of a stretch for me. I had to do a lot research, and I ended up talking with a woman who has earlier onset Alzheimer's. I tried to get all the details right. You take on something like that and you feel a responsibility to people who are suffering through it and their caregivers to get those details right. Hopefully I did.
FW: A large chunk of the Amazon.com reviews for your book mention the fact that people read it in one sitting.
CH: I know, right? It took four years to write it, and a few hours for them to read! It's not fair!
FW: When's the last time you did that with a book?
CH: Well I just read Katherine Taylor's novel Rules for Saying Goodbye . It came out a few years ago, so I'm behind the times I guess. But I could not put it down. I just wanted to eat it up. I have a two-year-old, so I don't read anything very fast, but I read that one in three or four days, which for me now is like a record.
FW: Now that you are a mother, does it change the way you'd write about motherhood?
CH: Maybe. I don't know. Everyone keeps telling me it's going to make my work more profound. I'm waiting for that to happen. It hasn't happened yet, I don't think. No, mostly it has just changed the time I have to write. But, I'm sure it will, in ways I can't quite acknowledge. Like, it's hard for me to watch the news now or hear about kids being mistreated. It pains me now in a way that it never had before. So I'm sure that there are things that are going into my writing; it's just hard to identify them in an overt way.
Click here for a list of Henriquez's upcoming readings.


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Последний дракон: В поисках магической жемчужины () — приключенческий фильм австралийского режиссёра Марио Андреччио, снятый в 2011 году.

Сюжет
Двое подростков — Джош и Линг, прилетают на каникулы к родителям — Крису Чейсу и Доктору Ли, которые занимаются раскопками древней гробницы императора Китая. На раскопках они знакомятся с хранителем Храма Дракона Ву Донгом, и помогают ему открыть потайную дверь в пещеру, где обитает дракон. Он рассказывает ребятам свою историю, о том что потерял свою жемчужину и не может вернуться домой. Ребята решаются помочь дракону, но для этого им нужно попасть в гробницу императора, двери которой не могут открыть даже опытные археологи.

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text:
Q: Cascades settings in JPA and foreign key violation in hibernate I have tow classes:

*

*Parent

*Child

In the database Child table has a column ParentId -> typical One (Parent) -> Many (Children) relation
Now I create two entities and they
public class Parent
{
    @OneToMany(mappedBy="Parent", fetch = FetchType.EAGER, cascade = CascadeType.ALL)
    public Set<Child> getChildern()
    {
      ...
    }
}

public class Child
{
   @ManyToOne(fetch = FetchType.EAGER, cascade=CascadeType.ALL)
   @JoinColumn(name="ParentId")
   public Parent getParent()
   { ... }
}

Now I have two scenarios:

*

*Parent gets deleted -> what should happen?

*Child gets deleted  -> what should happen?

Bonus questions:

*

*Do I always need to create both parts of the key OneToMany and ManyToOne or can i just have ManyToOne and dont care in the parent where I have children?

*What could cause a hibernate to give me a message foreign key constraint violation for a parent which has no children?

A: First of all I'm surprised this code works at all. IMO mappedBy="Parent" should actually be mappedBy="parent" (note the lower-case 'p') because the parent property of the Child class is called parent and not Parent.
Second, I suggest you place the annotations on the properties rather than on the accessor methods. I find it makes the whole code

*

*more readable

*easier to maintain because getters/setters can then be added behind the scenes by Lombok
Answers to your questions depend on what exactly you mean by "get deleted". I assume you mean "deleted through persistence manager".
BUT just in case you expect/want that a child is removed by the JPA provider if you do parent.getChildren().remove(x) then you need to set orphanRemoval = "true" on OneToMany.
Question 1
Parent and all children are deleted. That's the common case.
Question 2
Parent and all children are deleted. That's a rather odd use case. Usually cascade delete is only applied on the one-to-many relationship.
Bonus 1

All relationships in Java and JPA are unidirectional, in that if a
source object references a target object there is no guarantee that
the target object also has a relationship to the source object.

from the excellent Java Persistence wiki book.
Bonus 2
Dunno. Is the ConstraintViolationException coming from the underlying data base? Or put differently, how does the DDL for the two tables look like? Was it generated by Hibernate?


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text:
Home / Forums / Anonymous vs Scientology / Scientology and Anonymous / GoldBase /
Jeff Stone LOSES Republican primary for State Senate
Discussion in 'GoldBase' started by Smurf, Jun 9, 2010.
Page 1 of 5 1 2 3 4 5 Next >
Smurf Member
MODERATOR NOTE: This Post is FAIL and not correct. See below Posts for correct data. Jeff Stone DID NOT WIN R. Primary for State Senate
Supervisor Stone declared winner in 36th Senate race
MURRIETA - Riverside County Supervisor Jeff Stone was the easy winner today in the race for the Republican nomination for the 36th Senate district seat being vacated by veteran lawmaker Dennis Hollingsworth, R- Murrieta.
He fended off competition from Assemblyman Joel Anderson, R-Alpine, Rancho San Diego pastor Greg Stephens and Murrieta attorney Kenneth Dickson.
Stone, 54, has been a 3rd district supervisor in Riverside County since 2004.
The 36th senate district, which Hollingsworth can no longer represent because of term limits, stretches from just north of Murrieta, through San Diego County to the Mexican border.
According to recent election disclosures, Anderson had compiled the largest campaign war chest -- more than a quarter-million dollars -- while Stone amassed less than half that.
Stone, a licensed pharmacist, made the state's distressed financial condition, bureaucracy and dysfunctional government leading themes in recent debates between him, Stephens and Dickson. Anderson did not attend the debates, citing obligations in Sacramento.
Anderson highlighted his strong opposition to state recognition of same- sex marriage and successful push to prohibit the state's pension funds from investing in energy or defense companies doing business in Iran as examples of leadership.
Anderson was fined $20,000 last year by the Fair Political Practices Commission for accepting political donations in excess of the legal limit. He returned the donations.
The 36th district is considered a Republican stronghold, so whoever wins the primary is all but certain to win in November.
http://www.myvalleynews.com/story/48452/
MODERATOR NOTE: CORRECT LINK WITH CORRECT DATA:
Smurf, Jun 9, 2010
re: Jeff Stone LOSES Republican primary for State Senate
It was bound to happen. He worked hard to get a wide range of supporters which would sound good to repubs.
So, we can still follow him to see if he still helps out the cult in the state senate or if he is glad to be done with the whole mess.
And we need to see about who replaces him on the board.
Anonymous, Jun 9, 2010
the anti Member
so who is he going to run against now?
the anti, Jun 9, 2010
Holl Anon Member
the anti;1263607 said:
Doesn't matter.
The 36th district has long reigned as a Republican stronghold, so whoever wins the primary is all but certain to win in November with 49.5% of registered voters being Republicans and 29.8% Democrats.
Holl Anon, Jun 9, 2010
thefatman Member
Well get the word out that the guy is a figurehead for a ponzi scheme cult and he's a general douchebag. We had the Prime Minister of our country voted out of his own seat, which was considered a Liberal stronghold, after fucking everyone over with changes to IR laws. It's possible that he could loose, that said we have compulsary voting.
thefatman, Jun 9, 2010
we can still do something about it, can we? or at least try
That article seems to have disappeared from the website on smurfs link.
Here's a new(?) one ("26 minutes ago" it says).....
but.....
Anderson leads Supervisor Stone for 36th Senate race
Wednesday, June 9th, 2010.
Issue 23, Volume 14.
In a race to see who will succeed Senator Dennis Hollingsworth in the 36th Senate race, it appears Assemblyman Joel Anderson has the lead. As of 11:30 pm election night, Assemblyman Anderson, R-La Mesa, has 42 percent of the vote over Supervisor Jeff Stone, R-Temecula's, 27 percent. With 145 of 617 precincts counted, it is too early to tell concretely, and Murrieta school Trustee Ken Dickson is not far behind Supervisor Stone in the race for the GOP nomination with a respectable 21 percent. The fourth contender, Pastor Greg Stephens, has 10 percent of the vote.
The district covers northern and eastern San Diego County, including the towns of Fallbrook, DeLuz, Rainbow, Juliean, Ramona, Santee, El Cajon, and Valley Center. Temecula, Murrieta, Wildomar are included in the district in Riverside county.
Riverside election results for statewide offices
Tuesday, June 8th, 2010.
The following election results have been reported by the Riverside
County Registrar of Voters and does ot include statewide returns.
REP - State Senator 36th District
76/170 44.71%
Vote Count Percent
JEFF STONE 1,777 51.81%
KENNETH C. DICKSON 778 22.68%
JOEL ANDERSON 530 15.45%
GREG STEPHENS 345 10.06%
Total 3,430 100.00%
I don't pretend to understand this....
but those look like the numbers for Riverside only.
Looks like somone made a booboo
Sponge, Jun 9, 2010
thefatman;1263610 said:
Well get the word out that the guy is a figurehead for a ponzi scheme cult and he's a general douchebag.
Doesn't matter. Alot of effort has already gone into informing the public about Jeff Stone's problems with truth & integrity, and no one listened.
There's alot more pressing problems in California right now (12% unemployment, piss poor economy, cities going bankrupt, home foreclosures, etc) that causes more immediate concern than anything Scientology dishes out.
The only hope is if some teabagger wants to run against him as an independent in the general. But that is a long shot, and we also get a teabagger in the state senate....so lose/lose
Smurf;1263621 said:
A lot of effort has already gone into informing the public about Jeff Stone's problems with truth & integrity...
No reason to let up now.
edit: double post. See next one....
http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/jun/09/anderson-wins-state-senate-republican-primary/
Anderson wins state Senate Republican primary
By Michele Clock, UNION-TRIBUNE STAFF WRITER
Wednesday, June 9, 2010 at 1:11 a.m.
Assemblyman Joel Anderson will be the heavy favorite for a state Senate seat in November after winning the Republican primary election in the 36th district Tuesday night.
Anderson, R-Alpine, defeated Riverside County Supervisor Jeff Stone in the strongly Republican district, which includes much of San Diego's north and east counties, along with portions of Riverside.
In the South Bay's 40th Senate District, Assemblywoman Mary Salas, D-Chula Vista, is locked in a virtual dead heat with former Assemblyman Juan Vargas for the Democratic nomination.
Election results showed Anderson and Stone each secured large leads in their respective home counties, but Anderson won enough votes overall to earn the nomination, 43 percent to 27 percent with just under half the precincts counted.
Anderson and his campaign could not be reached for comment Tuesday night.
A representative for Stone said the discouraged candidate reacted to the results by saying, "I got into this race to try to make a difference and Sacramento may have won."
During the campaign, Anderson played up his record as an assemblyman, while Stone talked about bringing new ideas to Sacramento as well as his nearly 20 years of experience in elected office in Riverside County. A large fine Anderson paid to the state for campaign finance violations also played into the campaign.
http://www.signonsandiego.com/election/results/primary/
STATE SENATE 36TH DISTRICT - REPUBLICAN [top]
GREG STEPHENS - REP 3839 9.65%
KENNETH C. DICKSON - REP 7925 19.93%
JEFF STONE - REP 9942 25.0%
JOEL ANDERSON - REP 18061 45.42%
Precincts: 447
Counted: 217
Percentage: 48.5%
Sponge;1263647 said:
Well..that changes things.
Damnit Smurf...quit trolling us. I was feeling down in the dumps after your post.
Jeff Stone Loses State Senate Republican Primary
EDIT: WTG Mods for the inappropriate thread merge. Snatching fail from the jaws of win.
http://eastcountymagazine.org/node/3499
June 8, 2010 (San Diego's East County) – Voters gave Assemblyman Joel Anderson a victory in his quest for State Senate, despite a campaign finance scandal that has dogged his race. With 38% of precincts counted, Anderson has a hefty 45.33% of the vote, leading Riverside Supervisor Jeff Stone with 24.83%, veteran Kenneth Dickson with 20.16%, and Rev. Greg Stephens with 9.68%.
Anderson will run against Democrat Paul Clay, a teacher, in the fall election to fill the vacancy created by retireiment of Senator Dennis Hollingsworth (R-Murrieta) due to term limits. The heavily Republican district spans portions of Riverside and San Diego Counties.
Re: Jeff Stone Loses State Senate Republican Primary
Yippee!!
We'll when you alienate your grass root supporters by implementing stupid propositions that prevent them doing what they want to do, namely protesting outside the residences of paedophiles, what do you expect? Dumb ass.
Has anyone contacted Jeff Stone to commiserate him...
AnonyVix Member
OK, I know you yanks have some weird voting system involving hanging chads and Fox news contradicting the previous results or some such but can some one please translate this for me?
Does Jeff Stone still have a political career and to what degree if any?
AnonyVix, Jun 9, 2010
Be sure to tell it to both of his faces
AnonyVix;1263664 said:
Oh poor poor Sacramento.
(Sacramento is the State Capital of California, for those who do not know)
CaptainAdderall Member
...TEEHEE...
CaptainAdderall, Jun 9, 2010
JohnnyRUClear Member
JohnnyRUClear, Jun 9, 2010
BodyThetanKilla Member
ROFL! Can't wait for the next Riverside sups meeting. Hope there's someone from our side ready to pass on their commiserations to Stone & Co.
BodyThetanKilla, Jun 9, 2010
That's understandable.
I started a new factually correct thread starting with the San Deigo Union-Tribune article but a mod merged it back with smurfs incorrect report that Stone had won when he in fact lost, to Anderson, with a gap so large that you could almost fit one of Nathan Baca's huge balls in it.
Bipolart Member
I am quite pleased with the recent turn of events. WIN!
Bipolart, Jun 9, 2010
mirror neuron Member
Extremely gratifying. And yes, I hope someone's at their next meeting to express great schadenfreude. Would be great to see that oily smirk be gone.
mirror neuron, Jun 9, 2010
DeathHamster Member
And there was much rejoicing!
DeathHamster, Jun 9, 2010
Random guy Member
merged it back
Ah, that's better! Thanks for the link, Sponge!
Random guy, Jun 9, 2010
OTBT Member
Anyone have answers -
- Is Stone screwed?
- Is Stone still in an elected office at Riverside County?
- Or was he thrown out of all elected positions and will now have to get a job somewhere in the private sector < snicker >?
OTBT, Jun 9, 2010
I WANT YOUTUBE VIDEO SMUGNESS AND PISS TAKING, NAO!!!!!!
Smurf, would you like to update the OP now that http://www.myvalleynews.com/story/48452/ just says "Sorry, you've reached an article which does not exist or is not currently available."?
the pool is open for comments
oh this brings my heart joy!!
RightOn, Jun 9, 2010
What the heck. Repeated meme is appropriate.
[ame]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npqzBtJ2Gco[/ame]
Excellent news.
maybe, just maybe.....
Stone will stop and think about the effects of his previous actions?
nahhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
Here is the source, goiys. No need to trust the press to get it right.
http://vote.sos.ca.gov/returns/stsen/3659.htm


I'm hanging out over with Kacey Hammell today at Kacey's Konnections. I'm excited to be there, so why don't you join me? It's going to be a blast! Besides, a comment gets you into the hat for the $10 Gift card to Total-E-Bound! I'll see you there.
And if you want to continue following the tour, here's the Goddess Fish link!