text:
\subsection{Determining the JEPs of a sample of pure quarks/gluons}
There are several different approaches that one could take towards determining the average JEP of a sample of pure quark or gluon events.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Experimental: data driven approach,
\item Theory: perturbative QCD (pQCD) calculation,
\item Simulation: Monte-Carlo shower and hadronization generators.
\end{enumerate}

The best approach to determining the JEPs is to use all three techniques in conjunction. We will discuss the merits and demerits of each approach below.

\subsubsection{Experimental JEPs}
JEPs have been measured at the Tevatron CDF experiment \cite{Acosta:2005ix} and at the LHC by both ATLAS \cite{Aad:2011kq} and CMS \cite{CMS-PAS-QCD-10-013}. Assuming factorizability (i.e. universal behavior) of quark/gluon jets of a given $p_T$, we could measure the average quark/gluon profile in control samples of pure (or theoretically well known fractions) of quark/gluon jets. The experimental JEPs have the advantage of having very small error bars and thus allow for a very precise determination of the average quark/gluon jet profile for a given $p_T$. However, factorizability must be proven theoretically to guarantee the
validity of using calibrated quark/gluon JEPs in a control sample to
match the behavior of quark/gluon JEPs initiated from a different hard
process. Theoretical calculations may also be needed to extrapolate the behavior of JEPs
with $p_T$s outside of the experimental control regions.

\subsubsection{Perturbative theory calculation}
The JEPs can be calculated using the techniques of pQCD. At
next-to-leading order (NLO) the profiles were found to overshoot the data
\cite{Li:2011hy} at small $r$, where the logarithmic corrections
$\alpha_s\log(R/r)$ are important and need to be resummed. The fixed
order results are thus inappropriate for comparison with experiment.
The next-to-leading-logarithm (NLL) terms of the form $\alpha^n_s
\left (\log(R/r) \right )^{2n}$ and $\alpha^n_s \left (\log(R/r)
\right )^{2n-1}$  need to be resummed to all orders in $\alpha_s$ to
obtain a finite answer. The resummed JEPs were calculated in
\cite{Li:2011hy,Li:2012bw}. Very good agreement was found between the
experimental data and the resummation calculation for a wide range of
jet $p_T$s. It was also theoretically confirmed that a gluon jet is
broader than a quark jet with the same $p_T$. The NLL resummed JEPs
capture the behavior of the experimental JEPs extremely well and
demonstrate factorizability.

In order to match the theoretical prediction to the experimental
results, it is necessary to fix some (arbitrary) scale parameters
which are introduced into the pQCD calculations to estimate the
effects of the sub-leading logarithmic contributions. Varying the
scale parameters allows us to estimate the error on the theoretical
calculation. The theoretical error on the JEP is large compared to the experimental
uncertainties on JEPs. However, upon calibrating to the data in a
known control region, the scale parameters can be fixed and the
resulting JEPs can be extrapolated outside of the control regions of
experiments.

The resummed theory calculation only predicts the average JEP for a
sample of quarks and gluons. By itself, it does not show the
fluctuations that would be needed to determine the statistical
uncertainty of the JEP at an experiment.

\subsubsection{Monte-Carlo simulations}
Monte-Carlo shower and hadronization generators such as PYTHIA
\cite{Sjostrand:2007gs} can also be used to produce the JEPs. The
predictions of the Monte-Carlo are notoriously tune-dependent and need
to be calibrated to match the data, for e.g. PYTHIA tune A
\cite{PYTHIAA} can describe the observed JEPs well.  The advantage of
the Monte-Carlo method is that it allows us to generate event samples
that can be used to predict the statistical uncertainty of the JEP.
\bigskip

As theorists we have access only to the latter two methods. In order
to calculate the central value of the average JEPs, we will use the results of
the NLL resummation calculation. We fix the values of the integration
constants by matching the theory calculation to Tevatron data. In
order to estimate the statistical uncertainty, we will use the default
tune of PYTHIA 8 to generate fluctuations and transpose the error bars
obtained in this manner onto the pQCD JEPs.

\subsection{From individual quark/gluon JEPs to weighted samples}
As noted above, there are large Sudakov tails in the JEP distribution for individual quarks/gluons.
In order to reduce sensitivity to the shape of this distribution, we will
work with the profile averaged over a sample of jets. The immediate advantage is
that the \textsl{average profile} is Gaussian distributed if the sample size is
sufficiently large, due to the central limit theorem. The error bars
on the profiles then scale simply with the size of the sample ($N$) as
$1/\sqrt{N}$.

It is also convenient to work at the level of individual models, instead of
a pure quark or gluon sample. The pQCD calculation provides the
expected average JEP for pure samples of quarks or gluons in a
given $p_T$ bin. Thus, given the quark/gluon composition in respective
$p_T$ bins from the model, we can predict the average profile for a sample.
The average profile is a weighted average of quark and gluon JEPs, with the weight depending on
the underlying process, parton distribution functions, collider energy and jet $p_T$.
For the processes we consider, the profile has a very mild dependence on the $p_T$ of the jet, due to both $p_T$-dependent QCD effects as well as
different quark-gluon fractions in different $p_T$ bins (see Fig.~\ref{fig:gfractionsa}).

Averaging over $p_T$ bins, we arrive at a single profile which we call the ``expected average profile'' (EAP),
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:psiavg}
\psi(r)_\textrm{EAP} = \int \left ( \frac{dN_q}{dp_T}\psi_q(r,p_T) + \frac{dN_g}{dp_T}\psi_g(r,p_T) \right) dp_T / (N_q + N_g).
\end{equation}
Here, $N_q$ and $N_g$ are the number of quarks and gluons initiating the jets in the sample. $\psi_q(r, p_T)$ and $\psi_g(r, p_T)$ are the \textsl{average quark and gluon profiles} for jets of a particular $p_T$, which can be calculated from the pQCD resummation technique. The statistical fluctuations in the average JEP are controlled by \textsl{both} the statistical fluctuations of the gluon fraction of the sample \textsl{and} the statistical fluctuations of the profiles of individual quark and gluons jets (Fig.~\ref{fig:qgoneevt}). The size of these statistical fluctuations can be determined by Monte-Carlo methods which simulate the hard process (which calculates the fluctuation in the quark/gluon fractions) and the soft/collinear processes (which leads to fluctuations in the individual quark/gluon JEPs).

\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
\input{intro.tex}

\section{Dark matter searches with monojets}
\label{sec:MJ}
\input{searches.tex}

\section{Quark/Gluon composition of the monojet}
\label{sec:qgf}
\input{qgf.tex}

\section{Jet energy profiles}
\label{sec:JEPs}
\input{jep.tex}

\section{Methodology}
\label{sec:methods}
\input{methods.tex}

\section{Results}
\label{sec:results}
\input{results.tex}

\section{Implications for direct detection}
\label{sec:directdet}
\input{directdet.tex}

\section{Discussion and conclusions}
\label{sec:concl}
\input{conclusion.tex}

\acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge useful discussions with Patrick Fox, Claudia Frugiuele, Roni Harnik, Sonia El Hedri, Raoul
R\"{o}nstch, Ciaran Williams, and C.-P. Yuan.
V.R. is supported by NSF Grant No. PHY-0855561.
PA would like to acknowledge support by the
National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHYS-1066293 and the hospitality of
the Aspen Center for Physics, where a part of this work was completed.
 Fermilab is operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No.
DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Department of Energy.

\subsection{Background}
\label{subsec:bkg_methods}
The dominant SM background arises from $Z/W +j$, with the $Z$
decaying to neutrinos, and the $W$ decaying to hadronic taus, or to
leptons which are either missed by the detector or misidentified as
jets. This latter component of the background is sensitive to detector
effects which are hard to model. However, the gluon fraction of the associated jet is nearly identical for
both the $Z+j$ and the $W+j$ background. Therefore, we
choose to model the entire background as a scaled-up $Z+j$ background.
For the 8 TeV analysis, we simulate the background by generating the $Z+j$ background with all the relevant cuts outlined in Sec.~\ref{sec:MJ},
and then scale the simulated cross section to agree with the expected number of events for the 10.5 fb$^{-1}$ ATLAS study \cite{ATLAS-CONF-2012-147}. This scaling also includes the k-factor for the full $V+j$ background. For 14 TeV projections, we simulate $Z+j$ at the 14 TeV LHC, and apply the
same scaling factor as in the 8 TeV case, to get the total background
prediction.

The really crucial ingredient for background modeling comes from the systematic
uncertainties. We discuss this in detail in the next subsection.

\subsection{Systematic uncertainties}
We will now discuss the systematic uncertainties on each observable in
our analysis -- the total number of events, and the
jet energy profile.

The systematic error on the total number of events is controlled by systematics on the SM background rate as well as on the QDM/GDM signal rate.
For the 8 TeV ATLAS analysis \cite{ATLAS-CONF-2012-147}, the background was estimated from a
combination of data driven and Monte Carlo simulations. Therefore, the
systematic uncertainty on the background has contribution from the control region
statistical uncertainty, the simulation statistical uncertainty, and
uncertainty in the jet energy scale and other uncertainties, leading
to a $7\%$ uncertainty on the background rate in the relevant signal region. For our 8~TeV
exclusion analysis, we will add this systematic error in quadrature with our statistical errors when modeling the fluctuations of the background.  The
corresponding systematic uncertainties at 14~TeV needs a detailed
study. We will choose $5\%$ systematic on the background rate as a benchmark at 14~TeV.

We do not include systematic uncertainties for the signal. While the
number of signal events itself is subject to systematic uncertainties,
these are traditionally accounted for by presenting exclusions for
$\pm1\sigma$ systematic variation of the predicted cross section. In
our study we only present the limits for the nominal signal
prediction.

The systematic uncertainty on our modeling of the EAP is important
to consider. By examining our formula for the EAP, Eq. (\ref{eq:psiavg}), we see that there are several sources of systematic uncertainty.
Firstly, we need to know the gluon fraction as a function of the jet $p_T$. We are only using the leading order prediction for $f_g(p_T)$, but NLO predictions for both the signal and background are needed to make a precise prediction on this fraction. We will neglect this systematic because typically the ratios of rates have a smaller uncertainty than the total rate itself. This is a relevant issue and warrants further study in future work.
Secondly, the average JEP for a pure quark or gluon sample is determined from the pQCD NLL calculation calibrated to data to fix the integration constants. In this kind of data driven determination, the statistical uncertainty of the control sample will contribute, but this error as mentioned earlier is extremely small and can be ignored. However, outside of the control $p_T$ regions, the errors from the theory calculation can contribute to the systematic uncertainty on the JEP.
Finally, from experimental considerations, the measured JEP at the 14 TeV LHC will be subject to increased pile-up activity which implies that there would be much more
extraneous radiation which could potentially get clustered with jets arising from the hard process, which will tend to smear the
distinction between quark and gluon jets (see \cite{Gallicchio:2012ez} for one strategy for dealing with pile-up). This source of systematic needs to be studied in detail once the ATLAS and CMS experiments start collecting data at 14 TeV.

In summary, we will neglect all systematic contributions to the uncertainty on the EAPs for the pure GDM, pure QDM and pure SM samples, and we will only estimate the statistical errors on these EAPs.

\subsection{Projecting from JEPs to the signal/background fraction}
For each hypothesis (QDM + SM, GDM + SM and SM only), we can determine the average JEP for the monojet sample and its statistical fluctuations.
We would like to project this average JEP onto a single variable that can be compared for these different models.

We define a one-variable parametrization $f$ of the profile, which
interpolates between a SM EAP ($f=0$) and a QDM
EAP ($f=1$). For a given sample, $f$ is defined as the best-fit
parameter of the average profile to the following expression,
\begin{align}
\psi_f(r)
&=
f \psi^{\textrm{QDM}}_\textrm{EAP}(r) +(1-f) \psi^{\textrm{SM}}_{\textrm{EAP}}(r)
\end{align}
For a sample of QDM + SM events $f$ can be approximately understood as the fraction of signal events in the sample averaged over all $p_T$ bands.
It is worth noting that even for the GDM model, we
evaluate $f$ as interpolating between the QDM and the SM
profile. This is due to the fact that the
gluon fraction for the GDM sample resembles more closely the
gluon fraction of the SM sample, and hence the profiles are not well
separated from each other.

The fluctuations in the pseudo-experiment average JEPs can then be translated into fluctuations in $f$. The expected value of $f$ will also have systematic uncertainties due to the systematic errors on the JEP (which we neglect) and systematic uncertainty in the prediction of the number of background events (which we include).

\bigskip

We have now parameterized every pseudo-experiment monojet sample by two variables, its JEP
projected on to the parameter $f$, and the total number of events $N$.  Since we
have underlying distributions for each component, we can now make
expected distributions in the $f$-$N$ plane for each model.  We do so for
all three different hypotheses we wish to compare --
QDM + SM, GDM + SM and pure SM background.

The central values of $N$ and $f$ in the signal cases depend both on $m_\chi$ and $M_*$.
We generate a number of pseudo-experiments using the above mentioned
distributions. For each pseudo-experiment we retain the value of $N$ (the total number of events), and
also obtain the best fit value for $f$. We hence get a histogram in
the $f$-$N$
plane for each of the three hypotheses.

The overlap of these two histograms is indicative of sensitivity of
the experiment to the specific value of $M_*$. Quantitatively, the
expected exclusion or discovery confidence can be calculated using for
instance the
Pearson's $\chi^2$-test,
\begin{align}
  \chi^2
  &=
  \frac{
  (\mu^{N_{exp}} - \mu^{N_{obs}})^2
  }
  {(\sigma^{N_{exp}})^2
  }
  +
  \frac{
  (\mu^{f_{exp}} - \mu^{f_{obs}})^2
  }
  {(\sigma^{f_{exp}})^2
  }
\end{align}
where $\mu, \sigma$ denote the mean and standard deviation obtained
for observed and expected (from a given hypothesis) quantities.  For
the emulation of the counting experiment, we use the $\chi^2$ value
derived from the number of events alone. Similarly, for the separation
of hypotheses, we use the $\chi^2$ value derived from only $f$.
Technically, the parameters $f$ and $N$ are correlated, so treating
them as uncorrelated over-estimates the error. However, we will see
that the correlation in the relevant region of parameter space is
small.

For exclusion at 8 TeV, we use the
number of events observed in the ATLAS
analysis~\cite{ATLAS-CONF-2012-147} for $\mu^{N_{obs}}$, and assume
$\mu^{f_{obs}}$ to be at the SM prediction. We can then calculate the
$\chi^2$ statistic for excluding each model, QDM + SM, or GDM + SM.

For discovery of each model at 14 TeV, we assume for $\mu^{N_{obs}}$ and
$\mu^{f_{obs}}$ values predicted by the corresponding model.
In this case, we calculate the $\chi^2$ statistic for excluding the SM
hypothesis. The value of $M_*$ which allows us to rule out the SM at
5$\sigma$ level is the discovery reach of the analysis.

In the next section we will use the parameters $f$ and $N$ in conjunction using the $\chi$-squared test statistic to enhance the sensitivity of monojet searches for both exclusion limit setting and discovery. In the event of a discovery of an excess in monojet searches, the operator is clearly not determined uniquely. We will also present our results for separating the QDM hypothesis from the GDM hypothesis in the event of such a discovery using the parameter $f$.

\subsection{Exclusions at 8 TeV LHC}

As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:explimits}, current ATLAS and CMS analyses
put constraints on the suppression scale of various dark matter
effective operators, parameterized as $M_*$. In this section we will
show the expected improvement in the ATLAS exclusion limit when using
JEPs.

In Fig.~\ref{subfig:exc8}, we plot the 95\% exclusion limits for the
QDM and GDM models. We show the limits obtained by just the
\emph{cut-and-count} analysis of the experiment, which agrees well
with the limits set by the experimental analysis. We also present 95\%
exclusion limits obtained from a combined $\chi^2$ test using the JEPs
parameterized by $f$ and the number of events $N$. We use observed and
expected background events published in \cite{ATLAS-CONF-2012-147}. We
assume that the observed jet energy profile is consistent with the SM
prediction when setting the exclusion.

We see that for the QDM model the limits obtained are somewhat more
stringent. This is due to a strong separation in the JEP for the
background only sample and the SM + QDM sample as shown in
Fig.~\ref{subfig:dencon8}. The average JEP in the case of GDM is much
closer to the background, and hence there is no significant
improvement in the limits in this case.

The improvement in limits is moderate. This is partially due to the
fact that the current limits are set in the regime where the
statistical and the systematic uncertainty on the expected number of
background events is comparable, and $S/B \ll S/\sqrt{B}$.  Therefore,
the overall JEP of signal + background is dominated by the background
(i.e. $V+j$) profile $(f \simeq 0)$. Further, the dark matter event
rate is highly sensitive to the value of $M_*$, and therefore
including the JEP leads to only a marginal increase in the sensitivity
to this parameter.

Nonetheless, measuring the value of $f$ constitutes an independent
check of the SM background hypothesis. A value of $f$ which is
consistent with zero points to an absence of an appreciable dark
matter signal, even without a precise prediction of the background.
Therefore, in searches where the number of background events is
subject to large systematic uncertainty, the JEP measurement can
provide valuable complementary information.

\begin{figure}[tp] \begin{subfigure}[b]{\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{Discovery14_10_5_17.pdf}

  \qquad
  \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{SeparationPlot14_10_5_17.pdf}

  \vspace{2mm} \caption{10 fb$^{-1}$} \label{subfig:dissepa}
\end{subfigure}
\\
\begin{subfigure}[b]{\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{Discovery14_100_5_17.pdf}

  \qquad
  \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{SeparationPlot14_100_5_17.pdf}

  \caption{100 fb$^{-1}$} \label{subfig:dissepb} \end{subfigure}
  \caption{ 5$\sigma$ discovery potential and model separation at 14
  TeV at a) 10 fb$^{-1}$ and b) 100 fb$^{-1}$ with a 5\% systematic
  uncertainty on the background prediction.  Left: We show the
  discovery reach for the parameter $M_*$ based on the counting
  experiment (solid lines) and the joint discovery by both the
  counting and the jet energy profiles (dashed lines). Limits are
  shown for both operators, QDM (blue) and GDM (red). Right: We also
  show the level of separation achieved between the two operators in
  the presence of background, QDM (blue) and GDM (red), when $M_*$ is
  fixed at the 5$\sigma$ discovery limit for each mass.  }
  \label{fig:dis_sep} \end{figure}

  \begin{figure}[tp]
    \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
      \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Discovery14_100_0_17.pdf}

      \caption{}
    \end{subfigure}
    \qquad
    \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
      \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{SeparationPlot14_100_0_17.pdf}

      \caption{}
    \end{subfigure}
    \caption{ (a) Shown is the discovery
    reach for the operators QDM (blue) and GDM (red) in the presence of
    background at the
    14 TeV LHC at 100 fb~$^{-1}$, with only statistical errors using a
    counting experiment alone (solid lines) and with JEPs (dashed
    lines).  (b) For $M_*$ values at the discovery reach shown in (a)
    using the counting experiment alone, we show the separation in
    JEPs parameterized as $f$. We see that the QDM and GDM hypotheses
    are well separated by using the JEP.} \label{fig:dis_sep_100_0}
  \end{figure}

\subsection{Discovery reach and separation of models at 14 TeV}

We present the projected sensitivity of monojet searches at the 14 TeV
LHC at two benchmark luminosities, 10 fb$^{-1}$ and 100 fb$^{-1}$. We
use the same selection cuts as in the 8 TeV analysis.  At 14 TeV, the
production cross sections are larger by about an order of magnitude
relative to 8 TeV. Consequently, the relative statistical uncertainty
is much smaller.  We present our results with a benchmark 5\%
systematic error on the number of  background events. Note that with
the same $p_T$ cuts as in the 8 TeV analysis, the 5\% systematic error
on the number of events at $14$~TeV completely dominates the
statistical error already at 10~fb$^{-1}$ of luminosity.

We show the limits obtained by a counting experiment at the $14$~TeV
LHC in Fig.~\ref{fig:dis_sep}.  Since the systematic error dominates,
increasing the luminosity from $10$ fb$^{-1}$ to a 100 fb$^{-1}$ does
not increase the discovery reach in a counting experiment. However, in
this case the discovery reach can be greatly enhanced by including the
JEP, especially at higher luminosity. This is due to the fact that the
signal + background models show a remarkable separation in $f$ from
the background-only model even when the separation in $N$ is poor due
to systematic error dominance.  Further, the QDM + SM and the GDM + SM
hypotheses are also very well separated. This separation can be
explicitly seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:dis_sep}.

Thus, our main point is that a conventional counting experiment is
systematic dominated and would benefit immensely from the inclusion of
the jet energy profiles.  In practice, we would expect to compensate
for the large systematic error by a redefinition of the signal region
by using a larger $p_T$ cut, so as to make the statistical and the
systematic errors comparable.  In this scenario, the improvement in
discovery reach offered by the JEPs might be slightly less drastic.
For contrast, we also present results for a scenario with zero
systematic errors in Fig.~\ref{fig:dis_sep_100_0}. This is obviously
an unrealistic assumption, and we merely include it to show the
degradation of the improvement in discovery reach using JEPs. We see
that in this case the discovery reach is not improved by adding JEP.
However, even in this case we see that we can still comfortably
differentiate between the two different dark matter operators.
Therefore, the JEPs are effective and crucial in differentiating
different DM operators in monojet searches.

We reiterate here that we have not included a systematic error on the
ideal prediction of the JEP (EAP) for a given model. We expect that
our main conclusion of an improvement in the discovery reach and
separability of the DM operators will still hold true even after these
systematics are included. The detailed study of systematic
uncertainties on the JEPs is left to future work.

\subsection{The effective field theory approach}
The EFT approach to DM monojets at the LHC was first studied
in~\cite{Goodman:2010yf,Goodman:2010ku,Bai:2010hh,Rajaraman:2011wf,Fox:2011pm}.
We will adopt the same approach as in these papers. We will consider
Dirac fermion DM with contact operators of dimensions 6 and 7 that
couple pairs of dark matter particles to SM light quarks and gluons
respectively.

For simplicity, we will will focus on just two operators,
\begin{align}
\mathcal{O}_q  = \frac{1}{M^2_*} (\bar{q}  \gamma_\mu q)( \bar{\chi} \gamma^\mu \chi), \\
\mathcal{O}_g  = \frac{\alpha_s}{4 M^3_*} (G^a_{\mu\nu} G^{a\mu\nu}) (\bar{\chi} \chi).
\end{align}
Here, the normalization has been chosen in accord with
Ref.~\cite{Goodman:2010ku}, where $\mathcal{O}_q$ and $\mathcal{O}_g$
are referred to as D5 and D11 in their study. We will henceforth refer to these models as QDM and GDM to indicate the coupling of dark matter to quarks and gluons respectively. Each of these models can be parameterized with only two parameters: the dark matter mass, $m_\chi$ and the suppression scale, $M_*$.

Some alternate choices for the quark contact operators, which we do not consider, involve different bilinears for the quarks. The scalar quark bilinears $(\bar{q}_L q_R)$, $(\bar{q}_R q_L)$ are
expected to be suppressed by the light quark masses and thus the monojet search would give rise to very weak limits on these models. The vector $(\bar{q} \gamma_\mu q)$ and axial vector
$(\bar{q} \gamma_\mu \gamma_5 q)$ bilinears give practically similar
limits at collider searches, but the difference is important when we
consider direct detection experiments because the former gives rise to
spin-independent interactions with nuclei, which are strongly
constrained, whereas the latter give spin-dependent interactions,
which are weakly constrained.

\subsection{Searches and limits at the LHC}
We now discuss how monojet searches at the LHC constrain the parameter space of the EFTs for DM.
The operators $\mathcal{O}_q $ and $\mathcal{O}_g $, combined with ISR, can give rise to monojet
signatures defined as a high energy jet accompanied by large $\cancel{E}_T$ at
the LHC. The most dominant irreducible SM background comes from $Z + j$ with $Z
\rightarrow \nu \bar{\nu}$. There is also a sub-dominant irreducible background from $W
+ j$ with $W \rightarrow \tau \nu$,  where the $\tau$ decays
hadronically. In addition there are reducible backgrounds from $W
+ j$ with $W \rightarrow \mu \nu$ or $e \nu$, where the lepton
is either missed or misidentified as a jet. We will refer to all these sources of SM background as the $V+j$ background.

In order to discover an excess in monojets a \textsl{cut-and-count}
strategy is used by the ATLAS and CMS experiments
\cite{ATLAS-CONF-2012-147, CMS-PAS-EXO-12-048}. The typical $p_T$ spectrum of the monojet
associated with DM production is more slowly falling relative to the
$p_T$ spectrum of the background. By choosing different values of the $p_T$ and
$\cancel{E}_T$ cut, the experimental analysis defines different ``signal
regions'' (SR) in which limits are placed on the suppression
scale, $M_*$ for a given value of $m_\chi$. Choosing too low
a value of the $p_T$ and $\cancel{E}_T$ cuts leads to large systematic errors on the predicted number of background events, whereas too high a value of the $p_T$
cut reduces the number of events on which to perform statistical analysis.

We will adopt the so-called SR3 region from the ATLAS search, which
they use to set limits on the scale $M_*$. In this region, the
statistical errors are comparable to the systematic errors.

The following cuts are required for event selection in this region:
\begin{itemize}
\item $\cancel{E}_T > 350$~GeV,
\item leading jet with $p_T > 350$~GeV and $|\eta| < 2.0$,
\item at most two jets with $p_T > 30$~GeV and $|\eta| < 4.5$,
\item $\Delta \phi$ (jet, $\cancel{E}_T$) $> 0.5$ (second leading jet),
\item lepton vetoes.
\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=7.5cm,keepaspectratio]{qqchichi_explimit.pdf}

  \caption{Limit on $M_*$ in the QDM model.}
  \label{fig:sub1}
\end{subfigure}%
\begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
 \includegraphics[width=7.5cm,keepaspectratio]{ggchichi_explimit.pdf}

  \caption{Limit on $M_*$ in the GDM model.}
  \label{fig:sub2}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{ATLAS \cite{ATLAS-CONF-2012-147} and CMS \cite{CMS-PAS-EXO-12-048} exclusions on the suppression scale $M_*$ for various dark matter masses from the 8 TeV run of the LHC. ATLAS used 10.5~fb$^{-1}$ of luminosity for their analysis, whereas CMS used 19.5~fb$^{-1}$ of luminosity. CMS has not yet released an official limit for the $O_g$ operator.}
\label{fig:explimits}
\end{figure}

The resulting limits in the $m_\chi - M_*$ plane from non-observation of an excess in monojets at the 8~TeV run of the LHC are shown for the operators $\mathcal{O}_q $ and $\mathcal{O}_g $ in Fig.~\ref{fig:explimits}. Strictly speaking, the validity of the effective theory description restricts the values of $E \lesssim M_*$, where $E$ is the typical energy scale at the monojet vertex. However, even for regions where the effective theory is invalid, the experimental bounds in the $m_\chi - M_*$ plane can give a qualitative understanding of the bounds on dark matter physics models.

To gain an understanding of the typical kinematics of the monojet signal, we plot the expected event distribution as a function of the invariant mass of the DM particles ($m_{\bar{\chi}\chi}$) and the jet $p_T$ in Fig.~\ref{fig:kinematics}. Practically of course, only the jet $p_T$ of the events is observable, however, this plot is instructive because we can see that the relevant typical energy scale, $E \simeq \sqrt{m^2_{\bar{\chi}\chi} + p^2_T}$, is close to the current bounds on the effective theory scale $M_*$. Nevertheless, we will continue to use the EFT description and it will not affect our main conclusions.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=7.cm,keepaspectratio]{qqchichi_mchichivspt.pdf}

  \caption{Event kinematic distribution for $\mathcal{O}_q $.}
  \label{fig:sub3}
\end{subfigure}%
\begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=7.cm,keepaspectratio]{ggchichi_mchichivspt.pdf}

 \caption{Event kinematic distribution for $\mathcal{O}_g $.}
  \label{fig:sub4}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Plot of the distribution of monojet signal events, at the 8 TeV LHC, as a function of invariant mass of the $\bar{\chi}\chi$ and jet $p_T$ in different EFTs. The normalization of the event distribution is arbitrary. We can see that most events are produced with a large center of mass energy, close to the current bound on the scale of the effective operators, $M_*$ .}
\label{fig:kinematics}
\end{figure}

\subsection{The effective field theory approach}
The EFT approach to DM at the LHC was first studied
in~\cite{Goodman:2010yf,Goodman:2010ku,Bai:2010hh,Rajaraman:2011wf,Fox:2011pm}.
We will briefly recap the approach from these papers. We will consider
Dirac fermion DM with contact operators of dimension 6 and 7 that
couple pairs of dark matter particles to SM light quarks and gluons
respectively.

\textcolor{blue}{get rid of this, introduce the operators we are considering directly, then discuss the ones we are not considering}
The operators are of the form:
\begin{align}
  \mathcal{O}_\textrm{dim 6} = \frac{1}{M^2_*} (\bar{q}  \Gamma q)( \bar{\chi} \Gamma_\chi \chi), \\
  \mathcal{O}_\textrm{dim 7} = \frac{\alpha_s}{M^3_*} (G  \Gamma' G) (\bar{\chi} \Gamma_\chi' \chi),
\end{align}
where the $\Gamma$, $\Gamma'$ are different matrices needed to
construct appropriate Lorentz covariant bilinears.\textcolor{red}{Does the gluon
operator ever have/need a matrix?} For quark contact operators, the
scalar quark bilinears $(\bar{q}_L q_R)$, $(\bar{q}_R q_L)$ are
expected to be suppressed by the light quark masses and so we will not
consider them. The vector $(\bar{q} \gamma_\mu q)$ and axial vector
$(\bar{q} \gamma_\mu \gamma_5 q)$ operators give practically similar
limits at collider searches, but the difference is important when we
consider direct detection experiments because the former gives rise to
spin independent interactions with nuclei, which are strongly
constrained, whereas the latter give spin dependent interactions,
which are weakly constrained. \textcolor{blue}{For this collider study we will
therefore only consider the vector bilinear operator for quarks.}
\textbf{need to discuss what to do about spin dependent.}

For simplicity, we will will focus on just two operators,
\begin{align}
\mathcal{O}_q  = \frac{1}{M^2_*} (\bar{q}  \gamma_\mu q)( \bar{\chi} \gamma^\mu \chi), \\
\mathcal{O}_g  = \frac{\alpha_s}{4 M^3_*} (G^a_{\mu\nu} G^{a\mu\nu}) (\bar{\chi} \chi).
\end{align}
Here, the normalization has been chosen in accord with
Ref.~\cite{Goodman:2010ku}, where $\mathcal{O}_q$ and $\mathcal{O}_g$
are referred to as D5 and D11 in their study. For each choice of
operator we have a simplified model to study at the LHC, with only two
parameters: the dark matter mass, $m_\chi$ \textcolor{red}{mass=$m_\chi$?} and the
cutoff scale, $M_*$.

\subsection{Searches and limits at the LHC}
The effective operator formalism is useful for defining simplified
model parameters for DM that can be tested at the LHC. The operators
$\mathcal{O}_q $ and $\mathcal{O}_g $, combined with ISR, can give rise to monojet
signatures defined as a high energy jet accompanied by large $\cancel{E}_T$ at
the LHC. The most dominant SM background comes from $Z + j$ with $Z
\rightarrow \nu \bar{\nu}$, there are sub-dominant backgrounds from $W
+ j$ with $W \rightarrow \tau \nu$,  where the $\tau$ decays
hadronically and $W \rightarrow \mu \nu$ or $e \nu$, where the lepton
is misidentified as a jet. \textcolor{red}{We should differentiate between
irreducible and reducible backgrounds. Also mention that for JEP the Q
and Z look the same, so a scaled Zj suffices}.
\textcolor{blue}{After imposing the cuts, the $Z + j$
background is typically a factor of a few larger than all the other
backgrounds combined. In our study we will hence focus only on the
$Z+j$ background.}\textcolor{red}{Details of the background modeling are given
in section \ref{subsec:bkg_methods} }.

In order to discover an excess in monojets a \textsl{cut-and-count}
strategy is used by the ATLAS and CMS experiments
\cite{ATLAS-CONF-2012-147, CMS-PAS-EXO-12-048}. \textbf{For low values
of the dark matter mass}, the $\cancel{E}_T$ or $p_T$ spectrum of the monojet
associated with DM production is more slowly falling relative to the
$p_T$ of the background. By choosing different values of the $p_T$ and
$\cancel{E}_T$ cut, the experimentalists \textcolor{red}{the analysis defines} are able to define different ``signal
regions'' (SR) in which they try to place limits on the suppression
scale, $M_*$ for a given value of $m_\chi$ \textcolor{red}{again}. Choosing too low
a value of
the $p_T$ and $\cancel{E}_T$ cuts leads to the errors on the background events
being dominated by systematics, whereas too high a value of the $p_T$
cut reduces the number of events on which to perform statistical
analysis.

We will adopt the so-called SR3 region from the ATLAS searches
\textcolor{red}{signular?}, which
they use to set limits on the scale $M_*$. In this region, the
statistical errors are comparable to the systematic errors.

The following cuts are required for event selection in this region:
\begin{itemize}
\item $\cancel{E}_T > 350$~GeV,
\item leading jet with $p_T > 350$~GeV and $|\eta| < 2.0$,
\item at most two jets with $p_T > 30$~GeV and $|\eta| < 4.5$,
\item $\Delta \phi$ (jet, $\cancel{E}_T$) $> 0.5$ (second leading jet),
\item lepton vetoes. \textcolor{red}{any lepton vetoed? should we discuss how our
  lepton veto might be more effective, since we never fail to
  reconstruct the lepton?}
\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
   \psfragfig*[width=7.5cm,keepaspectratio]{qqchichi_explimit}{
  \psfrag{X}[c][t][0.8]{\mvu{-0.2}{$m_\chi$ (GeV)}}
  \psfrag{Y}[c][b][0.8]{\mvu{0.3}{$M_*$ (GeV)}}
  \psfrag{Q}{\mvl{4}{$ \mathcal{O}_q  = \frac{1}{M^2_*} (\bar{q}  \gamma_\mu q)( \bar{\chi} \gamma^\mu \chi) $}}
  \psfrag{A}{\mvl{5.5}{ATLAS 90\% CL exclusion}}
  \psfrag{C}{\mvl{5.5}{CMS 95\% CL exclusion}}
  \psfrag{1000}{\mvl{0.2}{$ 1000 $}}
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  \psfrag{20}{\mvl{0.2}{$ 20 $}}
  \psfrag{10}{\mvl{0.2}{$ 10 $}}
  }
  \caption{Limit on $M_*$ from $O_q$.}
  \label{fig:sub1}
\end{subfigure}%
\begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering

     \psfragfig*[width=7.5cm,keepaspectratio]{ggchichi_explimit}{
  \psfrag{X}[c][t][0.8]{\mvu{-0.2}{$m_\chi$ (GeV)}}
  \psfrag{Y}[c][b][0.8]{\mvu{1.0}{$M_*$ (GeV)}}
  \psfrag{G}{\mvu{0.25}{\mvl{5}{$ \mathcal{O}_g  = \frac{\alpha_s}{4 M^3_*} (G^a_{\mu\nu} G^{a\mu\nu}) (\bar{\chi} \chi) $}}}
  \psfrag{A}{\mvl{4}{ATLAS 90\% CL exclusion}}
  \psfrag{C}{\mvl{4}{CMS 95\% CL exclusion}}
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  \psfrag{10}{\mvl{0.2}{$ 10 $}}
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  \caption{Limit on $M_*$ from $O_g$.}
  \label{fig:sub2}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{ATLAS \cite{ATLAS-CONF-2012-147} and CMS \cite{CMS-PAS-EXO-12-048} exclusions on the suppression scale $M_*$ for various dark matter masses from the 8 TeV run of the LHC. ATLAS used 10.5~fb$^{-1}$ of luminosity for their analysis, whereas CMS used 19.5~fb$^{-1}$ of luminosity. CMS has not yet released an official limit for the $O_g$ operator.}
\label{fig:explimits}
\end{figure}

The resulting limits in the $m_\chi - M_*$ plane from non-observation of an excess in monojets at the 8~TeV run of the LHC are shown for the operators $\mathcal{O}_q $ and $\mathcal{O}_g $ in Fig.~\ref{fig:explimits}. Strictly speaking, the validity of the effective theory description restricts the values of $\sqrt{s} \lesssim M_*$, where $s$ is the square of the typical center-of-mass energy of the initial partons. However, even for regions where the effective theory is invalid, the experimental bounds in the $m_\chi - M_*$ plane can give a qualitative understanding of the bounds on dark matter physics models.

To gain an understanding of the typical kinematics of the monojet signal, we plot the expected event distribution as a function of the invariant mass of the DM particles ($m_{\bar{\chi}\chi}$) and the jet $p_T$ in Fig.~\ref{fig:kinematics}. Practically of course, only the jet $p_T$ of the events is observable, however, this plot is instructive because we can see that the typical center of mass energy, $s \simeq m^2_{\bar{\chi}\chi} + p^2_T$, \textcolor{blue}{is much larger than the current bounds on the effective theory scale $M_*$. Nevertheless, we will continue to use the EFT description and it will not affect our main conclusions.}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
       \psfragfig*[width=7.5cm,keepaspectratio]{qqchichi_mchichivspt}{
   \psfrag{X}[c][t][0.8]{\mvu{-0.2}{jet $p_T$ (GeV)}}
  \psfrag{Y}[c][b][0.8]{\mvu{1.2}{$m_{\bar{\chi}\chi}$ (GeV)}}
  \psfrag{G}{\mvu{0.25}{\mvl{4}{$ \mathcal{O}_g  = \frac{\alpha_s}{4 M^3_*} (G^a_{\mu\nu} G^{a\mu\nu}) (\bar{\chi} \chi) $}}}
  \psfrag{A}{\mvl{4}{ATLAS 90\% CL exclusion}}
  \psfrag{C}{\mvl{4}{CMS 95\% CL exclusion}}
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  }
  \caption{Event kinematic distribution for the $\mathcal{O}_q $ operator.}
  \label{fig:sub3}
\end{subfigure}%
\begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering

       \psfragfig*[width=7.5cm,keepaspectratio]{ggchichi_mchichivspt}{
  \psfrag{X}[c][t][0.8]{\mvu{-0.2}{jet $p_T$ (GeV)}}
  \psfrag{Y}[c][b][0.8]{\mvu{1.2}{$m_{\bar{\chi}\chi}$ (GeV)}}
  \psfrag{G}{\mvu{0.25}{\mvl{4}{$ \mathcal{O}_g  = \frac{\alpha_s}{4 M^3_*} (G^a_{\mu\nu} G^{a\mu\nu}) (\bar{\chi} \chi) $}}}
  \psfrag{A}{\mvl{4}{ATLAS 90\% CL exclusion}}
  \psfrag{C}{\mvl{4}{CMS 95\% CL exclusion}}
   \psfrag{2000}{\mvl{0.4}{$ 2000 $}}
    \psfrag{1500}{\mvl{0.4}{$ 1500 $}}
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  \psfrag{0}{\mvl{0.4}{$ 0 $}}
  \psfrag{1.}{\mvu{-0.3}{\mvl{-0.4}{\tiny{$ 1. $}}}}
  \psfrag{0.9}{\mvu{-0.3}{\mvl{-0.4}{\tiny{$ 0.9 $}}}}
  \psfrag{0.8}{\mvu{-0.3}{\mvl{-0.4}{\tiny{$ 0.8 $}}}}
  \psfrag{0.7}{\mvu{-0.3}{\mvl{-0.4}{\tiny{$ 0.7 $}}}}
  \psfrag{0.6}{\mvu{-0.3}{\mvl{-0.4}{\tiny{$ 0.6 $}}}}
  \psfrag{0.5}{\mvu{-0.3}{\mvl{-0.4}{\tiny{$ 0.5 $}}}}
  \psfrag{0.4}{\mvu{-0.3}{\mvl{-0.4}{\tiny{$ 0.4 $}}}}
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  }
  \caption{Event kinematic distribution for the $\mathcal{O}_g $ operator.}
  \label{fig:sub4}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Plot of the distribution of monojet signal events as a function of invariant mass of the $\bar{\chi}\chi$ and jet $p_T$ in different EFTs. The normalization of the event distribution is arbitrary. \textcolor{blue}{We can see that most events are produced with a large center of mass energy, greater than the current bound on the scale of the effective operators, $M_*$ .}}
\label{fig:kinematics}
\end{figure}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Trading update and Q4 fund valuations
Unite Students > Media & PR > Press releases > Trading update and Q4 fund valuations
Unite Students, the UK's leading owner, manager and developer of student accommodation, today announces an update on current trading alongside quarterly property valuations for the Unite UK Student Accommodation Fund ('USAF') and the London Student Accommodation Joint Venture ('LSAV') as at 31 December 2021.
Current trading
Higher Education sector update
Latest guidance from the Department for Education confirms that education settings will remain open for face-to-face teaching under the Government's Plan B measures to combat COVID-19. In our properties, over 70% of checked-in students have already returned to their accommodation, which is in line with a typical year. We expect the remaining students to arrive shortly, following the start of the spring term.
All of our properties remain open and operational and we continue to employ a range of measures in our buildings to reduce transmission of COVID-19 where possible. This includes enhanced cleaning and physical and social distancing measures, as well as offering support to those students needing to self-isolate.
2022/23 reservations
Across the Group's entire property portfolio, 60% of rooms are now sold for the next academic year (58% at the same time last year). We expect strong student demand for 2022/23 from both domestic and international students but anticipate a slightly later sales cycle for international students than in a typical year due to uncertainty relating to COVID-19. As a result, we have increased our focus on retaining existing direct-let customers, which has led to an increased share of sales to re-bookers.
This is supportive of our guidance for full occupancy and rental growth of 3.0-3.5% for the 2022/23 academic year.
Development pipeline update
We continue to make good progress in the delivery of our secured pipeline and in sourcing new development opportunities. There remains a positive flow of development opportunities in London and prime regional cities which meet our return requirements and we expect to add further schemes to the secured pipeline during H1 2022.
Quarterly fund valuations
At 31 December 2021, USAF's property portfolio was independently valued at £2,867 million, a 1.6% increase on a like-for-like basis during the quarter and a 4.6% increase for the year. The Q4 valuation increase in USAF is principally driven by an 8 basis point reduction in property yields. The portfolio comprises 29,523 beds in 75 properties across 20 university towns and cities in the UK.
LSAV's investment portfolio was independently valued at £1,819 million, up 3.1% in the quarter on a like-for-like basis and up 10.4% for the year. The Q4 valuation increase in LSAV is driven by rental growth of 0.5% and a 12 basis point reduction in property yields. LSAV's investment portfolio comprises 9,716 beds across 14 properties in London and Aston Student Village in Birmingham.
The USAF and LSAV portfolios are now valued at weighted average yields of 5.2% and 4.1% respectively. Yield compression in the quarter reflects strong investment activity in the sector, particularly for London and prime regional assets. As a result, we expect the valuations of our wholly owned portfolio at 31 December 2021 to reflect yield compression in H2 2021 comparable to the USAF portfolio.
Joe Lister, Unite Students Chief Financial Officer, commented:
"Bookings for the 2022/23 academic year have started positively with 60% of rooms already sold, demonstrating the continued strength of student demand and our success in increasing the retention of existing customers. This supports our guidance of a return to full occupancy and 3.0-3.5% rental growth for the 2022/23 academic year. Reflecting this positive outlook, we continue to see strong investment demand for UK student accommodation, as reflected in the valuation performance for USAF and LSAV in 2021."
Joe Lister / Michael Burt Tel: +44 117 302 7005
Unite press office Tel: +44 117 450 6300
Justin Griffiths / Victoria Heslop Tel: +44 20 7250 1446
About Unite Students
Unite Students is the UK's largest owner, manager and developer of purpose-built student accommodation, serving the country's world-leading Higher Education sector. We provide homes to 73,000 students across 173 properties in 25 leading University towns and cities. We currently partner with over 60 Universities across the UK.
Our people are driven by a common purpose: to provide a 'Home for Success' for the students who live with us. Unite's accommodation is safe and secure, high quality and affordable. Students live predominantly in ensuite study bedrooms, with rents covering all bills, insurance, 24-hour security and high-speed Wi-Fi. We also achieved a five-star British Safety Council rating in our last audit.
We are committed to raising standards in the student accommodation sector for our customers, investors and employees. This is why our new Sustainability Strategy, launched in 2021, includes a commitment to become net zero carbon across our operations and developments by 2030.
Founded in 1991 in Bristol, Unite Group is an award-winning Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT), listed on the London Stock Exchange and a member of the FTSE 250 Index. Unite is invested in and operates two specialist funds and joint ventures with institutional investment partners: the £3 billion Unite UK Student Accommodation Fund (USAF) and the £2 billion London Student Accommodation Vehicle (LSAV).
New appointment: Unite Students appoints new Commercial Director
New appointment: Shauna Campbell has joined Unite Students from IHG (InterContinental Hotels Group plc) as Commercial Director.
Unite Students launches pathway to Net Zero
Unite Students, the UK's largest provider of student accommodation, has released a new document outlining its pathway to net zero by 2030, including targets for carbon reduction now formally validated by the Science Based Targets Initiative (SBTi)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Staceywines.com is a wine & spirits brokerage boutique. We manage, market, and sell a portfolio of brands from around the globe including Argentina, California, Italy and Japan. We also specialize in promotions and tasting events. Using a special teams or blitz approach, we maximize sales opportunities for brands by aligning brands with special prototype events.


SNAPPER BURGER WITH MANGO KETCHUP This recipe came from an estate sale. I obtained it when I purchased the family collection from the Monde Estate in Haley Texas in 1992.
Chop red snapper by hand then place in large stainless steel bowl.
Add egg whites, salt, cayenne, fish sauce, scallions and dill then mix well.
Add enough bread crumbs to bind all together then form into 4 burgers.
Chill in refrigerator for 30 minutes before grilling.
Heat a grill or broiler until very hot.
Drizzle a little olive oil over the burgers just before grilling.
Grill over high heat for 2 minutes on each side being careful not to overcook.
Serve burgers immediately on the bread with spinach leaves and a tablespoon of mango ketchup.
To make mango ketchup peel and clean mango then remove pulp.
Put pulp in food processor fitted with stainless steel blade.
Add remaining ingredients and pulse together.
Cook mixture over slow heat for 1 hour in heavy saucepan then remove from heat and cool.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Die Hessischen Klippen bei Bad Karlshafen im Landkreis Kassel, im äußersten Norden von Hessen, mit Ausläufern in Nordrhein-Westfalen, sind eine Gruppe von mehreren Felsklippen aus Wesersandstein am Rand des Oberen Wesertals.

Geographie

Lage
Die Hessischen Klippen liegen im Weserbergland oberhalb des linken Ufers der Weser, direkt westlich der Diemel-Mündung mit der dortigen Kernstadt von Bad Karlshafen (Nordhessen), wobei sich ihre Nordwestausläufer bis in die Gemarkung des Beverunger Ortsteils Herstelle (Westfalen) erstrecken. Die bewaldeten Klippen führen vom waldlosen Hochplateau des klippennahen Kaiserstein (), der in Richtung Südwesten leicht abfällt, nach Nordosten steil in das Wesertal.

Etwa 1,4 km nordwestlich befinden sich jenseits der Weser die Hannoverschen Klippen mit dem Weser-Skywalk und dem Dreiländereck der deutschen Bundesländer Nordrhein-Westfalen, Niedersachsen und Hessen.

Naturräumliche Zuordnung
Die Hessischen Klippen liegen an der Grenze der naturräumlichen Haupteinheitengruppe Weser-Leine-Bergland (Nr. 37) mit der Haupteinheit Solling, Bramwald und Reinhardswald (370) und der Untereinheit Weserdurchbruchstal (370.3) etwa im Nordosten zur oberhalb der Klippen beginnenden Haupteinheitengruppe Westhessisches Bergland (34) mit der Haupteinheit Westhessische Senke (343) und der Untereinheit Hofgeismarer Rötsenke (343.4) etwa im Südwesten.

Landschaftsschutz
Der hessische Teil der Hessischen Klippen liegt im Landschaftsschutzgebiet Landschaftsbestandteile und Landschaftsteile im Kreis Hofgeismar (CDDA-Nr. 378519; 1938; 28,42 km²), an das sich direkt östlich das LSG Auenverbund Diemel (CDDA-Nr. 378399; 1994; 13,29 km²) anschließt. Etwas westlich der Klippen liegt jenseits vom noch zu Hessen gehörenden Kaiserstein das westfälische LSG Altkreis Höxter (CDDA-Nr. 555549644; 406,27 km²).

Beschreibung
Die Hessischen Klippen bestehen aus Wesersandstein, einem Buntsandstein. Sie sind seit Mitte der 1960er Jahre stark bewaldet und deshalb nicht mehr so deutlich zu sehen, wie sie Robert Batty im Jahr 1825 auf seiner romantischen Reise durch Norddeutschland gezeichnet hat.

Sehenswürdigkeiten und Denkmäler
Zu den Sehenswürdigkeiten und Denkmälern an den und nahe der Hessischen Klippen gehören:
 Juliushöhe (ehemaliges Ausflugsziel und Restaurant)
 Schillerdenkmal
 Hugenottenturm auf einer der Klippen (1913 eingeweiht)
 Ludwig-Stein
 Aussichtspunkt mit Pavillon
 Bad Karlshafen, Hugenottenstadt mit historischem Ortskern
 Krukenburg bei Helmarshausen

Historische Ansichten
Bekannte historische Ansichten der Hessischen Klippen sind:
 Stahlstich nach Robert Batty (1825); gestochen von Edward Goodall (1827)
 Federlithographie von Karlshafen von L. Niebuhr um 1830
 Ansicht der Stadt Karlshafen von Fink/Martens um 1850
 Darstellung von Teuerkauf um 1860

Verkehr und Wandern
Erreichbar sind die Hessischen Klippen, durch die mehrere schmale Wanderwege führen, von Bad Karlshafen kommend, die Diemelbrücke der Bundesstraße 80 (Weserstraße) überquerend, von der Bundesstraße 83 (Bremer Straße) aus. Nahe dem Abzweig , an dem beide Straßen aufeinandertreffen, beginnt ein Aufstieg; ein weiterer befindet sich an der Bremer Straße nach der ehemaligen Bierbrauerei unterhalb des Hugenottenturmes. Zudem besteht Anbindung über den Wanderweg von Herstelle, der in Nordrhein-Westfalen an zwei Steinbrüchen vorbeiführt, oder von Helmarshausen aus.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Robert Bohn: Karlshafen 1699–1999. Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte der hessischen Planstadt aus der Barockzeit. Verlag des Antiquariats Bernhard Schäfer, Bad Karlshafen 2000 (Historische Ansichten S. 77–79 und weitere S.38,54,77,78,83,96,97,109,129,215).

Geographie (Landkreis Kassel)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Sporting CP midfielder Ryan Gauld is expected to be moving on loan back to his home country.
The 23-year old is expected to join Hibernian until the end of the season.
That is despite the fact that he is currently already out on loan at Farense, who play in Portugal's second tier.
Gauld has played for Farense 11 times so far this season, scoring 2 goals in the process.
Farense currently occupy 7th in the Segunda Liga standings, 11 points short of promotion.
Gauld arrived at Sporting in 2014 for 4 million euros, but has failed to make an impact at the club, playing just 5 matches for the senior side, 3 of which came in the League Cup.
A move to Hibernian may be exactly what he needs to reignite his career.


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Mr Kiasu's Creator Johnny Lau Doesn't Understand Why Singaporeans Love To Queue
"It's kind of ironic 'cos people queue to get my autograph during book signing sessions," he laughs and says.
By Jocelyn Lee
Updated 01 Dec 2017 17:30
Chen Xiuhuan Once Cancelled Her Wedding - And Her Kid Is Only Finding This Out About Mum And Dad Now?
Lina Ng Isn't Shy To Talk To Her Sons About Sex
How Michelle Chong Ended Up Facing Off With Uzo Aduba In Orange Is The New Black Promo Clips
Travel Insurance: To Buy Or Not To Buy?
Mr Kiasu's creator Johnny Lau talks to us about the return of his iconic creation, Mr Kiasu, the importance of kiasuism, and why he thinks the death of bookstores has been greatly exaggerated.
8 DAYS: You're back with a new Mr Kiasu comic, Mr Kiasu: Everything Also Like Real. Why did you decide to revive him after an 18-year hiatus?
JOHNNY LAU: In the last two decades, I've worked in Gallery Hotel as a creative director for six years and I've also done Chinese comics, among other things. So, if you'd asked me this time last year whether I was going to revive Mr Kiasu, I would be looking at you and saying: "No, it won't happen." I thought it was good that we exited the industry while [the character] was at its peak as people always remember you in your heyday. However, less than a year ago, I met Bunsho Kajiya, the managing director of [publishing house] Shogakukan Asia, who read my old comic book, liked it and asked me to consider making a comeback. At the same time, I bumped into Melvin Ang, the Executive Director of [film company] MM2 Asia, who told me he was interested in making a Mr Kiasu movie. I also met two founders from [toy and collectibles store] Action City, who claimed they were big fans of the comic, and showed me a prototype of the Mr Kiasu figurine that they wanted to make and sell. Everyone was really persistent even though I rejected them a few times. Eventually, it was the publishing [proposal] which changed my mind 'cos Kajiya-san told me that he could take my book to other parts of the region, not just Singapore. That made my heart jump a bit, and I agreed (laughs). After all, I started out in publishing almost two decades ago. So now, we have a comic book, a figurine, and a movie that's in the pipeline. It's funny how everything just came together at the same time.
How has Mr Kiasu the character changed over the years?
There's always this unspoken formula in comics where you don't alter the characters too much. When that happens, fans don't want to read it anymore. So when we were writing Mr Kiasu for the first 10 years, he was always courting his long-time girlfriend Ai Swee. So when people asked me if they would get married in the reboot, I said I don't know (laughs). The only big change in this book is that I made him slightly older, simply because it's been such a long while. This is implied in the story by him getting retrenched. In all the previous books, he's always working in the office and being kiasu (fear of losing). I would say that is the biggest change.
What do you think is the most kiasu trait of Singaporeans?
It has changed somewhat. In the beginning, it's always about being the best. There're always rankings for 'Best City', 'Best Airport' and what not. I would think that this mentality is still there, although we don't show it as much now (laughs).
Some people feel that kiasuism is an ugly Singaporean trait.
During my 10 years of creating the comic, people would queue up at autograph sessions just to tell me that I make Singaporeans look very bad in my books. Yes, being kiasu can be ugly, but you can also turn it around and make it into a force that you can use for good. We just happen to have this word that describes this behaviour and it has a negative connotation to it. However, behind that, it's about the drive of the nation. The glass is either always half-full or half-empty, it's really up to you how you want to see it.
How kiasu are you then?
No, not at all (laughs). I hate to queue. Sometimes I don't understand why people like queuing up. It's kind of ironic 'cos people queue to get my autograph during book signing sessions. I would tell my fans: "Just buy the book lah, don't have to get it signed." I've always been quite chill, even during my school days.
So, how much of you do we see in Mr Kiasu?
Many people think that I'm Mr Kiasu. Sometimes that's true as I'm the one writing it, but it's more about my observation of the surroundings, and the behaviour of people. I'm more like a medium as I look around, digest what's happening, and then put it in a way that's easy for people to read.
People are very into technology these days and they don't read books as much anymore. How are you going to appeal to them?
That's right. I read something quite interesting early this year. In New York City, there's a revival of independent bookshops and their buyers are all very young, about 16 to 21 years old. When asked why they were buying physical books instead of e-books, they said that e-books are read by their parents and that they are passé. (Laughs) They are now discovering that books are so cool. Given that New York always sets the trend first, it can happen everywhere one year later. That's good news for me.
You talk about wanting to groom the next generation of comic-book artists.
My intention for returning to the industry is that I want to create a platform for new and younger artists, and hopefully in three years' time, I can groom a new artist to work on Mr Kiasu instead of me. It's the same as Batman and Spiderman — the characters have become so iconic that there are so many different artists who've drawn them. That's what I want to do. I want to pass it on after two or three more books so that we can bring in new talent and refresh the industry.
Mr Kiasu is in all major bookstores now. The sitcom Mr Kiasu is on Toggle.
Everyone Is Talking About Jay Chou's Super Cute Brother-In-Law
Marvel Comics Legend Stan Lee Dies At 95
No, The Stars Of Jalan Jalan Can't Name 5 Local Street Names Starting With Jalan
Trailer Watch: Marvel Studios' 'Captain Marvel'
Eat Play Watch
Texas Chicken's Real Salted Egg Fried Chicken Taste Test: Nice Or Not?
Ex-Science Teacher Turned Hawker Earns Half Of Former Salary, But Wants To Continue Dad's Beef Kway Teow Legacy
Ya Kun Kaya Toast & Kopi O Pocky Taste Test: Nice Or Not?
Burger & Lobster Opening Second Singapore Outlet At Raffles Hotel's Arcade
Burger King Launching Laksa Beef & Chicken Burgers For National Day


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American Express Deemed Most Innovative Financial Services Company
Before leaving American Express recently, I'd established and led the company's inaugural Chairman's Innovation Fund. I was glad to recently see that Fortune Magazine recognized American Express as the most innovative company in the Financial Services industry. The company's CEO, Ken Chenault, spoke about the organization's innovation efforts and the Chairmans's Innovation Fund in particular.
"A difficult economic environment argues for the need to innovate more, not pull back," says American Express CEO Ken Chenault. A few months ago he established a $50 million innovation fund to finance "employees' ideas for how to transform our business long term. We want great ideas to come from all over the company, not just the chain of command," Chenault says. AmEx (AXP, Fortune 500) (No. 13) has a venerable history of making risky moves during downturns. Back in 1958, despite a slumping economy, the company launched a little thing called the American Express card. "When I first came here, I saw a copy of a letter from an analyst that earnestly explained to our then chairman why the card was a terrible idea and how it would cannibalize our traveler's check business," says Chenault. "It was an impeccably logical argument - that couldn't have been more wrong."
Mar 29, 2008 4:24:00 PM
Can You Say What Your Strategy Is? Surprisingly Few Can We talk about strategy a lot in the business world. What is our strategy? How do we become more strategic? What are our competitors' strategies? When we don't know how to justify doing a project, we say it's strategic. But a Harvard Business Review piece in their April 2008 journal entitled "Can You Say What Your Strategy Is?" rightfully asserts what we probably already knew....
Are project management standards like PMP, PRINCE2, PMBOK, etc worth the paper they're written on? I've been watching the Boeing Dreamliner saga for the last many months and am amazed at how such a big project in terms of its scale, strategic importance, and financial implications can go so terribly of course. The delays hurt sales prospects and in the short term, they hurt share price performance as The Street's skepticism of Boeing increases. It is 9 months late right...


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News: Has the Location of the Center City of Atlantis Been Identified?
http://www.mysterious-america.net/hasatlantisbeenf.html
Atlantis Online > Forum > Media & Film > the History of Film > James Dean
Author Topic: James Dean (Read 5756 times)
Jennifer O'Dell
James Byron Dean (February 8, 1931 – September 30, 1955) was an American film actor. Dean's status as a cultural icon is best embodied in the title of his most celebrated film, Rebel Without a Cause, in which he starred as troubled high school rebel Jim Stark. The other two roles that defined his star power were as the awkward loner Cal Trask in East of Eden, and as the surly, racist farmer Jett Rink in Giant. His enduring fame and popularity rests on only three films, his entire starring output. He was the first person to receive a posthumous Academy Award nomination for Best Actor and remains the only person to have two such nominations posthumously.
« Last Edit: September 26, 2007, 09:03:08 pm by Jennifer O'Dell » Report Spam Logged
Re: James Dean
James Dean was born to Winton and Mildred Wilson Dean at the "Seven Gables" apartment house, at the intersection of 4th and McClure Streets in Marion, Indiana. Six years after his father had left farming to become a dental technician, James and his family moved to Santa Monica, California. The family spent some years there, and by all accounts young Jimmy was very close to his mother. According to Michael DeAngelis, she was "the only person capable of understanding him." He was enrolled in Brentwood Public School until his mother died of cancer in 1940. Dean's "moodiness and antisocial behavior are consistently attributed to her loss," and even in later years he still attempted to regain his mother's "sense of understanding in all of his relationships with women during his acting career."
Unable to care for his nine year old son, Winton Dean sent young Dean to live with Winton's sister Ortense and her husband Marcus Winslow on a farm in Fairmount, Indiana, where he entered high school and was brought up with a Quaker background. Here Dean sought the counsel of, and formed an enduring friendship with a Methodist pastor, Rev. James DeWeerd. DeWeerd seemed to have had a formative influence upon the teenager, especially upon his future interests in bull fighting, motor racing and the theater. According to Billy J. Harbin, "Dean had an intimate relationship with his pastor... which began in his senior year of high school and 'endured for many years.' "
In high school, Dean's overall performance was mediocre, but he successfully played on the baseball and basketball team and studied forensics and drama. After graduating from Fairmount High School on May 16, 1949, Dean moved back to California with his beagle, Maxx, to live with his father and stepmother.
He enrolled in Santa Monica College (SMCC), pledged to the Sigma Nu fraternity and majored in pre-law. Dean transferred to UCLA and changed his major to drama, which resulted in estrangement from his father. While at UCLA, he beat out 350 actors to land the role of Malcolm in Macbeth. At that time, he also began acting with James Whitmore's acting workshop. In January 1951, he dropped out of college to pursue a career as an actor.
Marlon Brando is often thought to have been a great influence on James Dean. Dean was not only accused of copying his acting style, but also his rebel lifestyle. However, according to William Russo, "The first James Dean was not Marlon Brando, though it was a popular myth. The Dean persona had always been adolescent in age or psychology." Brando's first film "was about adult military veterans, hardly the subject of teenage angst and conflict."
Dean began his professional acting career with a Pepsi Cola television commercial, followed by a stint as a stunt tester for the Beat the Clock game show. He quit college to focus on his budding career, but struggled to get jobs in Hollywood and paid his bills only by working as a parking lot attendant at CBS Studios.
At that time, Dean "exchanged sexual favors for a place to live" and for "Hollywood contacts." Interviews with his friend Barbara Glenn and then aspiring actress, Arlene Sachs, who told Dean she loved him, "reveal that Dean's relationships included many brief homosexual encounters." In his biography, "The James Dean Story," literary critic Ron Martinetti deals only with one of these "homosexual relationships", namely, that in his early days in Hollywood and New York City with Rogers Brackett, a radio director for an advertising agency whom Dean met in the summer of 1951 while working as a parking attendant at CBS. However, according to Leigh W. Rutledge, "Dean bragged to a friend that he'd performed homosexual acts with 'five of the big names in Hollywood.' He also claimed to have worked, with his friend Nick Adams, as a street hustler after he first arrived in Hollywood."
He actually had very small parts in several films before achieving stardom. The first film in which he spoke was Sailor Beware, where he played a boxing trainer. The Paramount comedy starred Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis.
Following actor James Whitmore's advice, Dean moved to New York City to pursue live stage acting, where he was accepted to study under Lee Strasberg in the storied Actors Studio. Dean was very proud of being a member of the Actors Studio. In 1952, in a letter to his family, he called it "The greatest school of the theater. It houses great people like Marlon Brando, Julie Harris, Arthur Kennedy, Mildred Dunnock. ... Very few get into it ... It is the best thing that can happen to an actor. I am one of the youngest to belong." His career picked up and he did several episodes on early-1950s TV shows such as Kraft Television Theater, Studio One, Lux Video Theatre, Robert Montgomery Presents, Danger and General Electric Theater. One early role, for the CBS series, Omnibus, (Glory in the Flower) saw Dean portraying the same type of disaffected youth he would later immortalize in Rebel Without a Cause (this summer, 1953 program was also notable for featuring the song "Crazy Man, Crazy", one of the first dramatic TV programs to feature rock and roll music). Positive reviews for his role in André Gide's The Immoralist led to calls from Hollywood and paved the way to film success. In 1954, he returned to Broadway in The Immoralist.
Director Elia Kazan was looking for a new young actor to play the role of Cal in East of Eden; Dean and another relatively unknown actor, Paul Newman, were the final two chosen. Following a screen test in New York City, the part was given to Dean (a portion of the screen test in which the two joke in a homoerotic manner can be seen here ).
On March 8, 1954, Dean left New York City and headed for Los Angeles to begin shooting East of Eden. The film is based on the 1952 novel of the same name by John Steinbeck, which dealt with the story of the Trask and Hamilton families over the course of three generations, focusing especially on the lives of the latter two generations in Salinas Valley, California in the mid-1800s through the 1910s. The novel was adapted for film by screenwriter Paul Osborn and director Elia Kazan and dealt predominantly with the character of Cal Trask, of whom Elia Kazan said before casting "I wanted a Brando for the role." He eventually cast Dean for the role of Cal, who is essentially the rebel son of a constantly disapproving father (played by Raymond Massey) and prostitute mother (Jo Van Fleet). Dean's performance in the film foreshadowed his role as Jim Stark in Rebel Without A Cause. Both characters are rebel loners and misunderstood outcasts, desperately craving parental guidance from a father figure.
Much of Dean's performance in the film is completely unscripted, such as his dance in the bean field and his curling up and pulling his arms inside of his shirt on top of the train during his ride home from meeting his mother. The most famous improvisation during the film was when Cal's father rejects his gift of $5,000 (which was in reparation for his father's business loss). Instead of running away from his father as the script called for, Dean instinctively ran to Massey and desperately embraced him. This cut and Massey's surprised reaction were kept in the film by Kazan.
He received a posthumous Best Actor in a Leading Role Academy Award nomination for this role, the first posthumous acting nomination in Academy Awards history.
Dean quickly followed up his role in Eden with a starring role in Rebel Without a Cause, a film that would prove to be hugely popular among teenagers. The film is widely cited as an accurate representation of teenage angst. It co-starred Natalie Wood and Sal Mineo, and was directed by Nicholas Ray.
William Russo said that "Nick Ray's world of the teenager rebel contained knife-fights, drag racing (a baptism named 'chicky run'), stolen cars, underage drinking, social worker, high school scene, a police station scene, death of teens by speeding car and gunshot, dysfunctional families, a teenage gang with both male and female members," etc., and that Rebel Without a Cause "unleashed a spate of teen-oriented films, both with message and without."
Director Nicholas Ray often encouraged Dean's creative input. However, "Verbal battles with his directors increased in each film as James Dean became more sure of himself as a director ... He demanded and was allowed to direct scene after scene from Rebel Without a Cause by Nick Ray, and he became so engrossed in throttling his on-screen father that a few cognoscenti wondered if he knew the difference between his performance and his life."
In her study on bisexuality, Professor Marjorie Garber writes that Ray, when he directed Rebel Without a Cause, "was not averse to using Jimmy's bisexuality to good purpose. The director knew that Sal was homosexual and encouraged him to explore that part of him that would love Jimmy. At the same time, according to Ray, Jimmy fell in love with Sal." "The studio heads refused to allow Nick Ray to film a kiss between James Dean and Sal Mineo that the director had proposed." At the actor's insistence, Jack Simmons played "one of the members in the gang in Rebel Without a Cause, a pay-off for reportedly serving as James Dean's live-in-boyfriend." This rumor, however, was contradicted by Dean's close friend and confidant William Bast, who states that Dean specifically insisted to him that Simmons and he had no sexual involvement, that Simmons was only a groupie who "ran routine errands for him."
Giant, which was posthumously released in 1956, saw Dean play a supporting role to Elizabeth Taylor and Rock Hudson. This was due to his desire to avoid being typecast as Jim Stark and Cal Trask. In the film, he plays Jett, a surly, racist Texan with a strong prejudice against Mexicans. His role was notable in that, in order to portray an older version of his character in one scene, Dean dyed his hair gray and shaved some of it off to give himself a receding hairline.
Giant would be Dean's last film. At the end of the film, Dean is supposed to make a drunken speech at a banquet; this is nicknamed the "Last Supper" because it was the last scene before his sudden and horrible death. Dean mumbled so much that the scene had to later be re-recorded by his co-stars because Dean had died before the film was edited.
Coincidentally, the #1 pop song in the US at the time of Dean's death, "The Yellow Rose Of Texas" by Mitch Miller, was also featured in "Giant" in a scene following the actor's last appearance in the film described above.
Dean received his second Academy Award nomination after Giant.
When Dean got the part in East of Eden, he bought himself a red race-prepared MG TD and shortly afterwards, a white Ford Country Squire Woodie station wagon. Dean upgraded his MG to a Porsche 356 Speedster (Chassis number: 82621), which he raced. Dean came in second in the Palm Springs Road Races in March 1955 after a driver was disqualified; he came in third in May 1955 at Bakersfield and was running fourth at the Santa Monica Road Races later that month, until he retired with an engine failure.
During filming of Rebel Without a Cause, Dean traded the 356 Speedster in for one of only 90 Porsche 550 Spyders. He was contractually barred from racing during the filming of Giant, but with that out of the way, he was free to compete again. The Porsche was in fact a stopgap for Dean, as delivery of a superior Lotus Mk. X was delayed and he needed a car to compete at the races in Salinas, California.
Dean's 550 was customized by the young George Barris, (who would go on to the design of the Batmobile). Dean's Porsche was numbered 130 at the front, side and back. The car had a tartan on the seating and two red stripes at the rear of its wheelwell. The car was given the nickname "Little Bastard" by Bill Hickman, his language coach on Giant. When Dean introduced himself to Alec Guinness outside a restaurant, he asked him to take a look at the Spyder. Guinness thought the car appeared "sinister" and told Dean: "If you get in that car you will be found dead in it by this time next week." This encounter took place on September 23, 1955
On September 30, 1955, Dean and his mechanic Rolf Wütherich set off from Competition Motors, where they had prepared his Porsche 550 Spyder that morning for a sports car race at Salinas, California. Dean originally intended to trailer the Porsche to the meeting point at Salinas, behind his new Ford Country Squire station wagon, crewed by Hickman and photographer Stanford Roth, who was planning a photo story of Dean at the races. At the last minute, Dean drove the Spyder, having decided he needed more time to familiarize himself with the car. At 3:30PM, Dean was ticketed in Kern County for doing 65 in a 55 mph zone. The driver of the Ford was ticketed for doing 20 mph over the limit, as the speed limit for all vehicles towing a trailer was 45 mph. Later, having left the Ford far behind, they stopped at Blackwell's Corner for fuel and met up with fellow racer Lance Reventlow.
Dean was driving west on U.S. Highway 466 (later California State Route 46) near Cholame, California when a 1950 Ford Tudor, driven from the opposite direction by 23-year-old Cal Poly student Donald Turnupseed, attempted to take the fork onto California State Route 41 and crossed into Dean's lane without seeing him. The two cars hit almost head on. According to a story in the October 1, 2005 edition of the Los Angeles Times, California Highway Patrol officer Ron Nelson and his partner had been finishing a coffee break in Paso Robles when they were called to the scene of the accident, where they saw a heavily-breathing Dean being placed into an ambulance. Wütherich had been thrown from the car, but survived with a broken jaw and other injuries. Dean was taken to Paso Robles War Memorial Hospital, where he was pronounced dead on arrival at 5:59PM. His last known words, uttered right before impact, are said to have been "That guy's gotta stop... He'll see us."
Contrary to reports of Dean's speeding, which persisted decades after his death, Nelson said "the wreckage and the position of Dean's body indicated his speed was more like 55 mph (88 km/h)." Turnupseed received a gashed forehead and bruised nose and was not cited by police for the accident. He died of lung cancer in 1995. Rolf Wütherich would die in a road accident in Germany in 1981.
While completing Giant, and to promote Rebel Without a Cause, Dean had recently filmed a short interview with actor Gig Young for an episode of "Warner Bros. Presents" wherein he ad-libbed the popular phrase "The life you save may be your own" instead into "The life you save may be mine." Dean's sudden death prompted the studio to re-film the section, and the piece was never aired - though in the past several sources have referred to the footage, mistakenly identifying it as a public service announcement. (The segment can, however, be viewed on both the 2001 VHS and 2005 DVD editions of Rebel Without a Cause.). BMW once made a commercial with the footage of the infamous clip and reconstruction of the crash, which cuts into a scene indicating that Dean would be alive if he had driven one of their models, the commercial was never shown due to poor taste but is aired in programs such as Tarrant on TV.
Junction of highways 46 and 41
James Dean is buried in Park Cemetery in Fairmount, Indiana. In 1977, a Dean memorial was built in Cholame, California. The stylized sculpture is composed of concrete and stainless steel around a tree of heaven growing in front of the Cholame post office. The sculpture was made in Japan and transported to Cholame, accompanied by the project's benefactor, Seita Ohnishi. Ohnishi chose the site after examining the location of the accident, now little more than a few road signs and flashing yellow signals. In September, 2005, the intersection of Highways 41 and 46 in Cholame (San Luis Obispo county) was dedicated as the James Dean Memorial Highway as part of the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of his death. (Maps of the intersection 35°44′5″N, 120°17′4″W)
The dates and hours of Dean's birth and death are etched into the sculpture, along with a handwritten description by Dean's close friend, William Bast, of one of Dean's favorite lines from Antoine de Saint-Exupery's The Little Prince - "What is essential is invisible to the eye."
The James Dean Gallery opened in 2004 in Fairmount.
James Dean Memorial in Cholame. Dean died about 900 yards east of this tree.
Dean's iconic appeal
Dean's appeal is that he portrayed the teens of America. They identified with Dean and the roles he played, especially in 'Rebel Without A Cause.'The typical teenager, caught where no one, mostly not even his(or her) peers can understand them. Joe Hyams says that Dean was "one of the rare stars, like Rock Hudson and Montgomery Clift, who both men and women find sexy." However, according to Marjorie Garber, this quality is not rare, "it is the undefinable extra something that makes a star." Dean's iconic appeal has been attributed to the public's need for someone to stand up for the disenfranchised young of the era, and to the air of androgyny that he projected onscreen. Dean's "loving tenderness towards the besotted Sal Mineo in Rebel Without a Cause continues to touch and excite gay audiences by its honesty. The Gay Times Readers' Awards cited him as the male gay icon of all time..."
Dean is today often considered an icon because of his "experimental" take on life, which included his ambivalent sexuality.
There have been several accounts of Dean's sexual relationships with both men and women, although Dean's "true" sexual orientation remains unknown. William Bast was one of Dean's closest friends, a fact acknowledged by Dean's family. Dean's first biographer (1956), Bast was his roommate at UCLA and later in New York, and knew Dean throughout the last five years of his life. Bast has recently published a revealing version of his first book, in which, after years of successfully dodging the question as to whether he and Dean were sexually involved, he has finally admitted that they were (Surviving James Dean, 2006). In this second book Bast describes the difficult circumstances of their involvement and also deals frankly with some of Dean's other homosexual relationships, notably the actor's friendship with Rogers Brackett, an influential producer of radio dramas who encouraged Dean in his career and provided him with useful professional contacts.
Journalist Joe Hyams suggests that any homosexual acts Dean might have involved himself in appear to have been strictly "for trade," as a means of advancing his career. Val Holley notes that, according to Hollywood biographer Lawrence J. Quirk, gay Hollywood columnist Mike Connolly "would put the make on the most prominent young actors, including Robert Francis, Guy Madison, Anthony Perkins, Nick Adams and James Dean." However, the "trade only" notion is debated by Bast and other Dean biographers. Indeed, aside from Bast's account of his own relationship with Dean, Dean's fellow biker and "Night Watch" member John Gilmore claims he and Dean "experimented" with homosexual acts on one occasion in New York, and it is difficult to see how Dean, then already in his twenties, would have viewed this as a "trade" means of advancing his career.
In his Natalie Wood biography, Gavin Lambert, himself homosexual and part of the Hollywood gay circles of the 50s and 60s, describes Dean as being bisexual. Rebel director Nicholas Ray has also gone on record to say that Dean was bisexual. Consequently, Robert Aldrich and Garry Wotherspoon's book Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History: From World War II to the Present Day (2001) includes an entry on James Dean. William Russo also confirms that Dean's bisexuality was well-known.
As for Dean's relationships with women, after Dean signed his contract with Warner Brothers the studio's public relations department began generating stories about Dean's liaisons with a variety of young actresses who were mostly drawn from the clientele of Dean's Hollywood agent, Dick Clayton. Studio press releases also grouped "Dean together with two other actors, Rock Hudson and Tab Hunter, identifying each of the men as an 'eligible bachelor' who has not yet found the time to commit to a single woman: 'They say their film rehearsals are in conflict with their marriage rehearsals.' " Dean is best remembered for his relationship with a young Italian actress Pier Angeli, whom he met while Angeli was shooting The Silver Chalice on an adjoining Warner lot, and with whom he exchanged items of jewelry as love tokens. Angeli's mother was reported to have disapproved of the relationship because Dean was not a Catholic. In his autobiography, East of Eden director Elia Kazan, while dismissing the notion that Dean could possibly have had any success with women, paradoxically alluded to Dean and Angeli's "romance," claiming that he had heard them loudly making love in Dean's dressing room. For a very short time the story of a Dean-Angeli love affair was even promoted by Dean himself, who fed it to various gossip columnists and to his co-star, Julie Harris, who in interviews has reported that Dean told her about being madly in love with Angeli. However, in early October 1954, Angeli unexpectedly announced her engagement to Italian singer Vic Damone, to Dean's expressed irritation. Angeli married Damone the following month, and gossip columnists reported that Dean, or someone dressed like him, watched the wedding from across the road on a motorcycle. However, Dean denied that he, personally, would have done anything so "dumb", when his friend William Bast questioned him about the reports later.
Actress Liz Sheridan claims that she and Dean had a short affair in New York. In her memoir detailing this, she also states that Dean was having a sexual involvement with Rogers Brackett, and describes her negative response to this situation.
Contrary to popular notions, Gavin Lambert wrote in his Wood biography that Natalie Wood's casting in Rebel Without a Cause did not lead to a romance with Dean: "Like many people, she was fascinated by his charm. He had this magnetic quality on the screen and in life... They got on very well, they liked each other a lot," but there was no affair and no sexual relationship.
Dean avoided the draft by registering as a homosexual, then classified by the US government as a mental disorder. When questioned about his orientation, he is reported to have said, "Well, I'm certainly not going through life with one hand tied behind my back."
James Dean was the first — and is one of five — to have been posthumously nominated for a Best Actor Academy Award and the only one so nominated twice. His estate still earns about $5,000,000 per year, according to Forbes Magazine.
Along with Blackboard Jungle, Dean's Rebel Without a Cause is frequently cited as having symbolized the growing post-war rebellion of 1950s teenagers as well as playing a part in the emergence of rock and roll as a lasting cultural phenomenon. His charismatic screen presence and very brief career combined with the publicity surrounding his death at a young age transformed Dean into a cult figure. His name is mentioned in countless songs, movies, and is a pop icon of apparently timeless fascination. Some examples of this:
• Phil Ochs wrote a biographical song about James Dean called "Jim Dean of Indiana" and released it on what would be his final album.
• James Dean was noted by writer/director George Lucas and actor Hayden Christensen as a direct inspiration for the latter's portrayal of Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones. [44]
• Hilary Duff released a song on her 2004 self-titled album called "Mr. James Dean", in which she refers to the actor and also mentions his greatest movie Rebel Without A Cause: "You still will never be/ A rebel without a cause / A rebel to the first degree / Why don't you stop trying so hard? / 'Cause there's no men, man enough to be / Another James Dean" and also "Even when the world stops turning / There will never be another James Dean".
• Dean's also mentioned in Billy Joel's song "We Didn't Start the Fire."
• Dean is referred to as "just a careless driver" in British indie band Half Man Half Biscuit's song "99% Of Gargoyles Look Like Bob Todd."
• Don McLean also mentions Dean in "American Pie"; the line goes "When the jester sang for the king and queen, in a coat he borrowed from James Dean..." an allusion to the young Bob Dylan's fascination with the 50's idol.
• Dean is mentioned in the song "moviestar" made by Harpo.
• Dean is mentioned in Lou Reed's "Walk on the Wild Side."
• Dean is also mentioned in American rock group Bon Jovi's song "These Days", the line goes "I guess she's tryin' to be James Dean."
• James Dean is a title song on Bonnie Tyler album Silhouette In Red.
• Rapper Jay-Z's song "Allure" off The Black Album lines mention "Even James Dean couldn't escape the allure/ Dying young, leaving a good looking corpse."
• Dean may be the inspiration for the monologue at the beginning of Placebo's song "This Picture" and is mentioned in their song "2468:" "He kicked me out of the house and he burnt all my pictures of sweet Jimmy Dean."
• Dean is the subject of the John Prine song "Picture Show".
• The Eagles recorded a song called "James Dean" on their album On The Border. The lyrics note that Dean was "too fast to live, too young to die."
• Hard Emo band Senses Fail mention James Dean in their song "Choke On This". "You can be my James Dean, I'll be your sweet queen."
• Alternative rock moralists Anberlin reference Dean in their song "Dance, Dance Christa Päffgen," from their second album Never Take Friendship Personal. The line goes, "So mysterious, shadows meet James Dean; She's intoxicating... soon your favorite drink."
• Dean is mentioned by British indie band Space in their song "A Little Biddy Help from Elvis:" "Buddy Holly and Jimmy Dean could come to our wedding in the sky."
• Deana Carter mentions Dean in her song "One Day At A Time" the line goes: "And Thelma and Louise, you got nothing on me, and you can tell ol' James Dean to get in line."
• Dean is mentioned in David Essex's hit single "Rock On", in the line "See her shake on the movie screen, Jimmy Dean."
• Dean is one of the stars referenced in Madonna's song "Vogue."
• The Goo Goo Dolls has a song titled "James Dean", off of their album "Jed", where the subject dreams of being just like Dean, until 'And then you go and you tell me/that you found out Dean was gay...'
• In Brian K. Vaughan's comic series Runaways, the titular characters meet up twice at the James Dean memorial at Griffith Observatory. The comic contains several other references to Dean and Rebel Without A Cause.
• The Frank and Walters' song "This is not a song" contains the line "This song is not about old James Dean 'cause he's mentioned in too many songs already."
• Dean has also been referenced in several country music songs, including Shenandoah's "I Wanna Be Loved Like That" with the opening lyric "Natalie Wood gave her heart to James Dean," and Sawyer Brown's "Some Girls Do" with the lyric "You was laughing at me, I was doing James Dean."
• Elvis Presley was a noted admirer of James Dean. According to David Burner, "Both Dean and Elvis Presley conveyed a smoldering sexuality at the same time both threatening and androgynous."[45]
• Rock band REM mentions Dean in their song "Electrolite": "Hollywood is under me/I'm Martin Sheen/I'm Steve McQueen/I'm Jimmy Dean."
• Creator Matt Groening revealed in the Futurama Vol. 1 DVD Commentary that the character Fry was specifically drawn dressed like Dean, in the iconic red jacket, white t-shirt and blue jeans.
• Morrissey is an admirer of James Dean, in the Music Video for Suedehead, he is seen stood looking sad at James Dean's Grave.
• Lesław, vocalist and guitarist of Polish rockabilly band Komety is a big James Dean fan; his first band had a song called "Chcialbym Umrzec Jak James Dean" ("I Want to Die Like James Dean").
• James Dean Bradfield, lead singer and guitarist of Welsh band Manic Street Preachers, is named after Dean as his father was a fan of the actor.
• Joan Jett and the Blackhearts released a song called "Ridin' with James Dean" on their 1988 album, Up Your Alley.
• The song "Rockstar" written by Nickelback mentions James Dean: "Somewhere between Cher and James Dean is fine for me"
• James Dean Strother, Bassist for Seattle based band "bicycle" Capricorn Records was conceived in the back seat of a 49'Merc and named after his parents teen idol. [citation needed]
• Daniel Bedingfield, British pop artist, has a song called "James Dean (I Wanna Know)" on his album "Gotta Get Thru This".
• James Dean is referenced by the English band Bloc Party in their songs, "Helicopter" and "Rhododendron," (which was a bonus track off the album A Weekend In The City. In "Helicopter," the line goes, "Stop being so American/So James Dean/So blue jeans," while in "Rhododendron," he's noted as a movie star along with John Wayne and Brando.
• Digging James Dean, a mystery novel by Robert Eversz, is about the desecration of his grave.
• The subject, "Where were you when James Dean died?" is the topic of an interesting round-table male discussion at the end of Chapter 14 of the novel White Noise, written by Don DeLillo (1985).
• The Killers' song, "Under the Gun" also references Dean.
• Duo Evan and Jaron have a song on their album We've Never Heard of You Either called "Could've Been James Dean"
• Nickelback has a song in their album "All the Right Reasons" titled "Rockstar" which references James Dean. The line goes "I want a new tour bus full of old guitars/My own star on Hollywood Boulevard/Somewhere between Cher and/James Dean is fine for me".
• The song 'Ting-a-Ling' (2008) of Dutch band a balladeer is an ode to James Dean.
• The Bay's radio commercial makes a reference to James Dean.


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The Hippopotamus restaurant and cocktail bar is located on level three of the Museum Art Hotel; take in views of the stunning Wellington harbour while treating your taste buds to beautifully presented delicious fine cuisine.
Your experience is completed by the opulent surroundings of the Museum Art Hotel with its private collection of original artwork. Situated over the road from the harbour, the Museum Art Hotel is close to Wellington's exciting and vibrant activity centres.
Hippopotamus Restaurant is the perfect choice to commence, or complete, a glamorous night out with friends.