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People's Law Office
A Chicago Civil Rights Law Firm–Fighting For Justice Since 1969
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1180 N. Milwaukee Ave., Chicago, IL 60642 Tel.: 773-235-0070 Fax: 773-235-6699
Attorney & Staff Bios
Lourdes Arias
Kris Clutter
Michael E. Deutsch
Ben H. Elson
Janine L. Hoft
Joey L. Mogul
Christian Snow
John L. Stainthorp
Jan Susler
Flint Taylor
Brad Thomson
Issues & Case Updates
Black Panthers and Fred Hampton
Chicago Police Torture
Criminalization of LGBTQ People
Political Repression and Grand Juries
Prison and Jail Work
Protest and Free Speech
Wrongful Convictions and Imprisonment
False Arrest
Unlawful Searches
Author Archives: Kris Clutter
LIFETIMES OF LEGAL ACTIVISM: THE ATTICA LAWYERS 50 YEARS LATER
Posted on September 22, 2021 by Kris Clutter
In the wake of the deadliest prison riot in U.S. history, a group of radical, young lawyers banded together to defend the inmates. It became a lifelong commitment, and an experience still profoundly affecting their lives.
This article was originally published in The News Station on September 9th 2021, by Gabriel Pietrorazio. Follow this link to read the full article.
Posted in featured-news, news
GLOBAL WAR ON TERRORISM AND COUNTERTERRORISM AT HOME
Posted on August 30, 2021 by Kris Clutter
This speech Initially was presented on August 25, 2021 at a gathering of peace groups in Chicago, IL by People's Law Office Attorney Michael Deutsch
Next month there will be remembrances and memorials across this country about the people who lost their lives here on 9/11. It would appropriate and necessary that we also reflect on the illegal invasion and occupation of Afghanistan and Iraq and the unspeakable deaths and destruction caused by this Global War on Terror [GWOT] – over 1 million Iraqis; 300,000 Afghanis;80,000 Pakistanis; and countless more in Yemen, Somalia, Libya, Syria, and Niger dead, and more we don't even know about.
Today, I want to focus on the other aspect of this forever war. We can see very clearly now over the last two decades, that it was not terrorism, but U.S. counterterrorism/insurgency, that has upended fundamental U.S. constitutional rights and international human rights law, and in many ways has created the situation which threatens the fabric of our so-called fragiledemocracy. In the 60's the anti-war movement called for bringing the war home. Now in some perverse way we have brought the GWOT home.
First let me be clear, if anyone has any doubt, the policies and practices of counterterrorism were and are bipartisan, supported and expanded by presidents and members of both political parties. In fact, in 1996 even before 9/11, Clinton — supported by Congress (91 to 8) — passed the "Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act," described as an "act to deter terrorism." It remains today (with higher penalties) one of the main legal structures to prosecute and imprison Muslims, Palestinians opposing Occupation, and others resisting U.S supported oppressive governments. Under this law the Secretary of State is empowered to make a list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTO) with a limited right to challenge such designation. It also criminalizes any act that is considered to provide "material support" for such a designated group (there are several hundred on such a list) which includes First Amendment activity (charitable giving, providing human rights training or assisting groups making claims of human rights violations) if considered "under the direction of or in conjunction with an FTO," with penalties of up to 20 years in jail. The designated FTOs consisted of only groups that oppose U.S. occupation or policies, or authoritarian allies of the U.S, ignoring those that were clearly involved in terrorism like the Israeli Defense Force[IDF], the Mujahedin-e-Khalq [MEK] or even Israeli settler groups.
Under this law, the government need not show that such support was for acts of violence or otherwise illegal acts. For one example, the leaders of the Holy Land Foundation, which was the largest U.S. based Muslim charity supporting humanitarian needs throughout the Middle East, including Palestinians living on Occupation, were sentenced to up to 65 years in prison after two trials in Texas. Hundreds of others, mostly Muslims living in the U.S., have been imprisoned under this statute.
Days after 9/11, Congress passed the "Authorization for the Use of Military Force" [AUMF] against those involved in 9/11, without naming a specific enemy or geographical or temporal limitations. This authorization continues in effect today. This has been interpreted by the government to extend not only those involved in 9/11, but what it characterized as "associated forces." In 2002 the Congress passed another authorization prior to its invasion of Iraq. This overbroad interpretation gives the government a blank check to use military force Libya, Somalia, Niger, Iran, or anywhere else who were clearly not "associated forces," thus emasculating Congress' power to declare war and allowing for endless wars. It is believed that since 9/11 U.S. military force has been used in 19 different countries.
After the military authorization, Bush moved swiftly to carry out the military invasion of Afghanistan, ostensibly to capture Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda, who escaped to Pakistan. Hundreds of Afghanis were captured and sent to secret U.S. black sites, or were sent to other countries to be horrifically tortured, under what was denominated as "extraordinary rendition."
In addition, illegal secret surveillance was conducted, seizing the contents of millions of phone calls, and other communications from abroad, in violation of Constitution and without out authorization of the FISA law created in 1978 which required approval of all foreign intelligence by a special court with secret proceedings.
In order to avoid federal and military law prohibiting torture, to say nothing of the Constitution, Bush had his lackeys in the OLC (John Yoo, now a law professor and Jay Bybee, a judge on the CA 9th Circuit) to define torture as "causing organ failure, death or irreversible psychological damage." Those captured and tortured (many totally innocent) who were perceived as high value detainees were then sent to Guantanamo prison, an occupied Cuban territory, and detain indefinitely without charges. As part of the WOT hundreds more were captured after the invasion of Iraq, under the lie that Sadaam was involved with 9/11, and had weapons of mass destruction, were imprisoned at Abu Ghraib in Iraq where they were humiliated by soldier guards forced to be nude in front of female soldiers and physically and repeatedly abused and forced feed to stop the hunger protests
Within two months of 9/11, the 300 page U.S Patriot Act (was it already drafted before 9/11?) was passed, legalizing broad unconstitutional powers of surveillance, that up till then had been done secretly in a program not even known to many members of NSA, called Stellarwind. The Act created powers to secretly spy on U.S. citizens and collect billions of metadata phone records (the numbers, dates, and names of the senders and receivers of every phone call made in the U.S. and abroad. Shockingly, Director Michael Hayden, was quoting as saying, "We kill people based on metadata."
The Act also authorized National Security Letters, whichempower federal agents to obtain private telecommunications and customer records held by banks and other financial institutions, and business records of Americans, without judicial authority, and which gag victims of such searches, prohitibing them from speaking publicly about it. In challenging any judicial oversight to surveillance, William Barr, then general counsel for Verizon, stated that the FISA court was too restrictive and that judges were not competent to make decisions about surveillance.
The Act also permitted physical or electronic searches called "sneak and peek," which allowed for agents with a warrant to enter a home in the absence of the resident or seize telecommunications and delay in notifying the target of the searches. In addition, under Section 702 of Patriot Act, all data collected from social media platforms (Google, Facebook, Microsoft) (Surveillance Capitalism) were authorized to be automatically turned over to the NSA.
In addition, the government was allowed to invoke the States Secrets Privilege to prevent any civil suits that challenged torture or surveillance. By 2012 the FISA Court was bullied into holding that collection of metadata about phone calls was legal under FISA, but the secret taping of the contents of phone calls was still going on.
At the same time the shockingly narrow definitions to condone torture and secret surveillance were being carried out, there was growing anti-Muslim campaign in the U.S. The Islamophobes were fanning the flames of fear and hatred. The FBI and Security State focused on Muslims living in America. The FBI organized 15,000 informants dedicated to infiltrating the Islamic community centers, Mosques and schools, looking to spy on and entrap Muslims, with phony or exaggerated terrorism charges.
Tens of Muslims were detained without charges under the Material Witness Statute, falsely claiming that if they were not detained, these people were likely to flee. Hundreds were charged and convicted of providing "material support" or other criminal charges, and then offered reduced charges in exchange for information or for acting as informants.
Anti-Sharia laws were proposed in 30 states. Enflamed by fear of Muslim Terrorism, concerted efforts on social media platforms and by right wing media that Islam = terrorismwere beginning to grow roots in the U.S., which as we know had a long history of racism and fear of the other. Nativist anger was on the rise.
But wait — a new president was elected — a constitutional law professor who called the Iraq war a stupid war and talked about hope and change; the "hope" that the counterterrorism and the attack on our civil liberties at home would be ended. But alas that was not to be.
It turned out, Barack Obama wanted a sustainable GWOT, but without fear and Muslim hatred. He tried to moderate the war on terror under the naive fallacy that destruction abroad would not damage U.S. democracy.
The third day in office he initiated drone attacks in Afghanistan that killed nine civilians. And every third day throughout his tenure he approved or had subordinates approve murderous drone attacks. He opted for a "cleaner way"to kill the believed terrorists by air, and over his years in office he was responsiblefor over 1,000 strikes, killing 4,000 including at least 500 civilians. Since it was all done in secrecy, we really will never know the real totals. Drones attacked mosques, funerals and weddings, signature strikes which did not target a specific target but focused on general targets. Murder without due process, even including U.S. citizens. Drone use was the centerpiece of his counterterrorism strategy. The head of the drone strikes was the former head of the CIA counterterrorism center.
In 2012 Obama signed into law the National Defense Authorization Act, which specifically allowed the apprehension and indefinite detention without trial of anyone, including U.S. citizens, suspected of threatening the security of the homeland. He promised to close Guantanamo but failed to do so (he had the crazy idea to put them in a prison in Illinois, rather than give them immediate Article III trials or release them.). But he backed off of that promise when he received some opposition from Congress, and Guantanamo was never closed.
He sanctioned military trials and secret surveillance. Despite all his efforts to placate the security state, and the anti-Muslim nativists, many attacked him calling as secret Muslim and supporter of the terrorist networks.
He, like Bush, failed to make the GWOT respect the constitution;instead he allowed the constitution to respect the law on terror. He charged six whistleblowers with the 1917 espionage Act, including Snowden, Chelsea Manning, and an FBI agent who released information on CIA torture — invoking this 100 year old law more than all the prior presidents combined.
He refused to hold accountable those who planned and carried out torture, spouting the absurd idea that we should look forward not backward, and essentially providing immunity to all those who organized the torture. He directed his Justice Department to appeal favorable lower court rulings to allow habeas corpus rights to prisoners at Guantanamo and Bagram, and defended a suit against an airline involved in carrying out renditions for torture.
The fear and hate towards Muslims was growing, and now, with the protests of police killings in Ferguson and other places, supporters of the Black Lives Matter movementwere being called terrorists, as wer the amorphous Antifa. Connected to all this fear and hatred was the growing anti-immigrant movement. "Terrorists" were coming in over the southern border, and Obama responded by deporting almost two million immigrants and locking up unaccompanied children. Many in the white population argued that dangerous immigrants were coming here to replace them. And our history of genocide against Native people and racial bigotry and violence was alive and growing. The war against terrorism was brought home after years of brutal, murderous counterterrorism.
Should anyone had been surprised that all this fear of terrorism and racial hatred did not bring us Donald J. Trump? The liberals who supported Obama were now forced to see the security state as the savior of U.S. democracy. The CIA, U.S. Attorneys, and the FBI were the heroes. Ask yourself how many times you saw one of them as a talking head on TV defending the rule of law and the constitution in opposition to Trump. But did we forget all they did in the past to undermine the rule of law and the constitution? The question has been asked: "does the evacuation of Iraq and now Afghanistan bring an end to the GWOT?" I submit to you until we eliminate the U.S. interests in policing the world with drones and other forms of air power, and the U.S. ends its lust to control the Middle East, Latin America and Africa, the GWOT abroad and the war at home will continue, and the rule of law and the constitution will continue to be trampled.
Johnny Plummer Wins His Appeal!
Another Burge Torture Survivor Will Finally Get His Day in Court
On Friday, August 20, 2021, the Illinois Appellate Court ruled in Johnny Plummer's favor granting him a hearing so that he can present newly discovered evidence in support of his allegations that he was tortured at Area 3 Police Headquarters by detectives working under the supervision of the notorious former Commander Jon Burge and that these detectives withheld evidence exonerating him of this murder.
In August of 1991, Johnny, aged 15, was transported to Area 3 Police Headquarters, and questioned about the murder of Michael Engram. Johnny has consistently alleged he was tortured into confessing to this murder by Detectives Michael Kill and Kenneth Boudreau when they hit him with a flashlight; punched him in the face; pulled his hair; handcuffed him to a radiator and ring in the wall; and threatened he would be raped in prison. After he was tortured and interrogated for 39 hours, he agreed to sign a statement because he was scared, tired, and wanted the torture and interrogation to end.
In 1995, the chief piece of evidence used to convict him of this murder was his coerced confession.
In 2016, Johnny filed a successive post-conviction petition. In support of his claims, he attached evidence demonstrating that 72 people have accused Kill and Boudreau of using torture and abuse to extract their confessions: 2o of whom have been exonerated or acquitted of the crimes they confessed to; 8 were granted reparations from the City of Chicago; and scores of others had their allegations of coercion deemed credible by the Illinois Torture Inquiry and Relief Commission (TIRC), judicial decisions, and prior findings by the Office of Professional Standards.
The Illinois Appellate Court, citing a "multitude of evidence" and "abundance of exhibits," noted that the "trial court found that there was no question that Detectives Kill and Boudreau engaged in a pattern and practice of abuse." The Appellate Court also found that Johnny presented "evidence of a systematic pattern of similar abuse by Detectives Kill and Boudreau . . . The alleged pattern of abuse could be used to impeach Detective Kill's credibility and bolster defendant's credibility. The proposed evidence places such a weight on the scales of justice that it significantly undercuts this court's confidence in the guilty verdict. Thus, we find that this evidence is so conclusive in nature, that if these reports were allowed at defendant's motion to suppress, it would have likely changed the outcome on retrial".
The Court also found that Johnny presented sufficient evidence demonstrating that Detectives Kill and Boudreau withheld exculpatory evidence demonstrating that there were alternative suspects who may have committed the murder. If this evidence was presented at his trial, it could have changed the result.
There was no physical evidence linking Johnny to this crime, and his conviction was predicated upon his alleged coerced confession and two tentative eyewitnesses, one of whom did not see the shooting and the other who cannot reliably claim Johnny committed the murder.
This win in the Appellate Court is a crucial step for Johnny in securing a modicum of justice in his case. We are hopeful that this decision will help Johnny and other police torture survivors interrogated at Area 3 Police Headquarters who have had less success securing their dates in court despite newly discovered evidence in support of their allegations of torture and coercion.
To read the full decision you can find it here.
It is the fruit of a collective effort by countless people including, Johnny; his mother Jeanette Plummer, who has been a tireless advocate on his behalf; lawyers and legal workers at the People's Law Office and Roderick and Solange MacArthur Justice Center who represented Johnny in the trial court and on appeal (Joey Mogul argued the case in the appellate and trial courts and filed the petition in trial court; Megha Ram authored the appellate briefs), attorneys at Edelson P.C. (Daniel J. Schneider) and Mayer Brown authored amicus briefs, as well as several organizers and organizations who have supported Johnny, the reparations campaign for Burge torture justice survivors and the on-going efforts for justice for all police torture survivors.
Organizations who supported Johnny's appeal include: The Chicago Torture Justice Center, Chicago Torture Justice Memorials, Mamas Activating Movements for Abolition and Solidarity (MAMAS), South Siders Organized for Unity and Liberation ("SOUL"), Chicago Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression (CAARPR), The NAACP – Westside Branch, Black Lives Matter Chicago, Chicago Urban League, Chicago Community Bond Fund, Westside Justice Center, Judicial Accountability Project, Brighton Park Neighborhood Council (BPNC), American Friends Service Committee Chicago, She Votes Illinois.
Representing People Charged with Ordinance Violations or Misdemeanor Offenses in the City of Chicago
Posted on June 25, 2020 by Kris Clutter
NLG Presentation
Updated 2012, 2015 and June 2020
By: Emmanuel Andre, Janine Hoft and Melinda Power
The murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis by police officers touched off unprecedented global protests against police brutality, anti-Blackness and white supremacy. His murder was immediately preceded by the murders of Breonna Taylor, Tony McDade, and Aumaud Arbery. The spark recently ignited by these murders follows the smoldering of the inability to enact fundamental change as previously demanded in response to the outrage expressed after the police murders of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri; Laquan McDonald and Rekia Boyd in Chicago and so many other victims of racist and brutal murders at the hands of police and white supremacists. Thousands came out into the streets of Chicago to take part in this momentous moment to say "enough is enough." Chicago Police reacted by arresting an estimated 2000 people, mainly charging arrestees with ordinance violations and misdemeanors. We come together today because we have all volunteered to support those arrested and together defend them to our utmost collective ability against these charges.
The National Lawyers Guild, through its Mass Defense Committee, has represented activists arrested at demonstrations promoting issues of justice for many years. From supporting solidarity with Central America, healthcare and dignity for people living with AIDS, LGBTQ, disabled activists, anti-NATO and Occupy, the NLG has organized lawyers to provide legal defense and representation. The NLG is proud to come forward in this moment to be a part of and support those opposing anti-Blackness and white supremacy. This training focuses on preparing attorneys with little criminal defense experience or those desiring a refresher to feel more comfortable representing clients who are charged with ordinance violations or misdemeanors
This is an unprecedented time both because of the historic scope and reach of the Black Lives Matter protests as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has caused court procedures and proceedings to be held remotely and for procedures to be subject to change quickly and unpredictably. Accordingly, these procedures outlined are subject to change as COVID-19 recommendations and policies change.
Representing Political Clients
Those arrested during these recent demonstrations and uprisings are entitled to vigorous, creative and supportive representation, recognizing the particular political context and import of their arrests and prosecutions. Political clients need the same information as to their available options as any other criminal defendants but some may view their involvement in the so-called criminal justice system in a different way than an individual arrested in another context. Some may not want to raise technical defenses and others may have qualms about expressing "guilt." Others may want to creatively and collectively challenge the issues in the form of unique motions or trial defenses. It is important for attorneys to assist the political client in navigating the system while identifying and respecting an individual client's unique concerns and goals.
Assignment of Lawyers to Clients
The Mass Defense Committee of the NLG has compiled a list of all arrestees desiring representation and will try to appropriately match them with available attorneys. The Mass Defense Committee will try toassign attorneys to a particular court date, time and location and provide attorneys in advance of the court date with the names of potential clients appearing, any available contact information and an identification of the particular charges faced by the client. First Steps
Attorneys should contact clients in advance to introduce themselves, verify information, review the actual charging document or bond slip and discuss a client's understanding of the process and their expectations.
We also strongly encourage attorneys to discuss, in person when possible, remotely online, or by telephone, the case with the prospective client.
Get the client's version of events and get names and contact information of witnesses. t would be helpful to have an idea in advance of the court date whether a client wants to enter into plea negotiations in an effort t to quickly resolve their case, is willing to pay a fine or do community service as part of a plea agreement, or whether the client will only accept a dismissal or wants to fight the charge and proceed to trial.
In taking these initial steps and meeting with the client, it is important to consider and reflect on the racial, social, and economic biases that may be at play in the case. Furthermore, the racial and political nature of these cases make it important for attorneys to also assess their own personal biases and potentially adjust their own actions accordingly to best represent their clients. Recognition of those differences and biases is an important first step and continued communication with the client and other attorneys in this collective endeavor is imperative.
Representation of Clients Charged with Offenses
Although many minor charges are dismissed on the first court date, the attorney should be aware of the options available in defending a client. Prosecutors in other cities have announced in advance that they will not pursue the prosecution of lesser charges but the Chicago authorities have been silent thus far. Representation of a client charged with an offense can be a unique challenge much like unraveling a mystery. An evaluation of each case includes reviewing the specifics of the charge and identifying the police version of events compared with a client's version. You probably won't have access to the charging document or the arrest reports until you get to court.
Here are some questions that you will want to address. Can the prosecutor meet its burden to prove each and every element of the crime charged? Are there technical defenses to the charge, including did the police identify the wrong offense or fail to adequately prepare the charging documents? Is there a factual defense to the charge or can facts be presented that deny the stated offense? Will a bench or jury trial be an appropriate and desirable method to raise issues or present defenses? Are there witnesses, videos, documents (i.e. medical reports) which corroborate what your client says happened? Is there BWC (body worn camera) from the police? Unmanned aerial devices or drones? Social media monitoring?
Most of the charges from the recent uprising are being prosecuted in the misdemeanor courthouses rather than the municipal courthouse on Superior Street. Charges may include disorderly conduct as a misdemeanor or a city ordinance violation, curfew violations, criminal trespass or reckless conduct. An arrestee has a right to a jury trial only if the charge carries the potential for jail time and if not a jury trial must be purchased for $250 by paying the Clerk of the Court. The case will then be transferred to Room 303 at 555 W. Harrison. A trial will not take place on an initial court appearance as generally judges provide each side with one continuance and therefore the defense attorney will have an opportunity to obtain police reports and other documents, visuals, evidence or witnesses necessary for a trial. Knowledge about the judge who will hear the case is indispensable information. Information can be obtained from other attorneys who have experience with the judge and the public defenders in the judge's courtroom. Prior to the initial court appearance, attorneys will want to review the statutory elements of the charge and may want to prepare certain documents as discussed below. The Mass Defense Committee has tried to gather information from arrestees as to what they are charged with as well their contact information.
Potential Charges Generally Anticipated in a Demonstration Context
People arrested in Chicago for what the police consider minor offenses are usually either given a City of Chicago ordinance violation citation or charged with a misdemeanor. Common applicable ordinance violations include parading without a permit, disorderly conduct and pedestrian traffic offenses. There is also an ordinance violation for resisting arrest.[1] In the instant moment, generally folks are charged with disorderly conduct, criminal trespass or curfew violations that are being prosecuted in the state misdemeanor courts. In misdemeanor or Branch courts, there is a state's attorney who prosecutes misdemeanor violations of state law and a corporation counsel responsible for prosecuting city ordinance violations.
I. Representing Client Charged with an Ordinance Violation
With regard to the most recent arrests, ordinance violations are indicated through the code numbers indicated in the charge box on the bond slip arrestees received upon being released from custody. The bond slip also indicates the date, time and location of the first required court appearance. However, due to Covid-19 some court buildings remain closed and initial court dates should be confirmed and verified through the Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County's web site. (Cookcountyclerkofcourt.org) Attorneys may register to access a portal on the website that provides information.
An ordinance violation may be issued by the Chicago Police Department for a violation of the City of Chicago Municipal Code in the form of a "ticket" that looks somewhat like a traffic ticket if they are charged with an ordinance violation.
The ticket will provide the following information:
–Step 1 is in the middle section of the ticket. On the left hand side of the ticket are pre-printed numbers facing vertically which represent a client's ticket or case number. When an attorney files an appearance, this number is put on the right side of the appearance form.
– On the left side of Step 1 are the charge and the Municipal Code violation number. The Municipal Code number identifies the chapter and subsection of the violation and defines the elements of the offense. The Code can be viewed by downloading the "Municipal Code of Chicago". A copy of the Chicago Municipal Code is available on line at http://www.amlegal.com/library/il/chicago.shtml and through the city clerk at www.chicityclerk.com. (See, e.g., Exhibit 1, copy of text of ordinance violation: 8-4-010 Disorderly Conduct).
–Step 2 section lists the alleged action done by the client which formed the basis for the arrest.
The bottom of the ticket states the date and time of the court appearance.
Court Location and Filing Attorney Appearance
Municipal Administrative Hearings are held at 400 W. Superior just west and north of the Chicago Loop. [Note, meter parking is available on Chicago Avenue and nearby cross streets.] Sometimes in mass arrest situations, an attorney can contact the city prosecutor in advance in an attempt to resolve cases prior to the first court appearance. Unlike in misdemeanor court, the ticket or charging document is prima facie evidence of the offense and a complainant police officer is not required to be present in order for the city to prosecute the case. Arrestees may also negotiate the resolution of a case through an attorney and avoid a personal appearance.
When arriving at 400 W. Superior, everyone, including attorneys, must go through a metal detector. The courtrooms are located to the left and the particular courtroom number will be identified on the client's ticket. In the hallway outside the courtrooms sits a clerk at a desk who can provide attorney appearance forms that must be completed and returned to the clerk. A copy of the appearance should then be brought into the courtroom.
Courtroom Proceedings
In the courtroom there will be an office right off the courtroom where the Corporation Counsels are located. Check in with them first. Sometimes they come in and make an announcement and collect a copy of everyone's ticket and attorneys provide their appearance forms with a client's ticket to the Corporation Counsel. Ask theCorporation Counsel ifthey plan to proceed with the client's case. If they don't, the case will be called and they will let the administrative law judge know and a printed order will be generated indicating the case is dismissed.
If the City plans to proceed, they will make an offer to resolve the case. Generally, the offer is a monetary fine up to around $100.00. Alternatively, a client can do community service through the City but there is an additional administrative cost. The defense attorney may know in advance whether the client wishes to resolve the case by a plea and if so is able to pay a fine or do community service through the City. If the Corporation Counsel wishes to proceed with the case, ask what is being offered in exchange for a plea and then you can communicatethe offer to the client and a decision made about whether the offer is acceptable to the client. Unlike Cook County courts that allow community service to be completed at any not for profit organization, the community service must be done through the City.
If the client wishes to contest the charge, they have a right to a trial or may request a continuance. The trial will take place in the hearing room and the burden is "a preponderance of the evidence." The Hearing Officers are practicing attorneys and not full time judges. They are appointed by the City and generally are unfamiliar about protest type cases. The City can proceed by the sworn allegations on the ticket and need not present a live witness. The defense can present live witnesses, visuals and documentary evidence to overcome the preponderance of the evidence standard.
Spectators can be in the courtroom. At the conclusion of the trial, the Hearing Officer will make a finding and generate a printed order. If the finding is guilty, the hearing officer generally will assess a fine and court costs. An attorney can try to negotiate with the corporation counsel about the penalty, either by negotiating a reduction of the fine or requesting community service. If the client is found guilty, and is ordered to pay a fine or fee, it can be paid by credit card at a machine located further north of the metal detectors at the entrance of the building. An attorney may be able to negotiate a time period within which the fine and costs must be paid.
An attorney may also try to negotiate a resolution of the case before court by contacting the Corporation Counsel's office at 400 W. Superior if the client indicates in advance they are willing to enter into a plea. A continuance may be requested, without the client's appearance, if the client is unable to attend court. An arrangement may be worked out in advance and possibly obviate the need for the client to appear. The attorney would still go to court, file an appearance and tell the Corporation Counsel that an agreement was reached in advance. A printed order will be generated as discussed above identifying the agreement that was reached to pay a fine and/or complete community service.
II. Representing Client Charged with Misdemeanor Offenses
A misdemeanor offense is a violation of state law for which the maximum penalty upon conviction is no longer than 364 daysin jail. Misdemeanors are classified according to the maximum penalty with a Class C misdemeanor carrying a maximum 30 days in jail and $1500 fine, Class B misdemeanor carrying a maximum 6 months in jailand $1500 fine and Class A misdemeanor carrying a maximum of 364 days in jailand a $2500 fine. Fines are generally not imposed in misdemeanor cases. Periods of deferred prosecution, supervision or probation may be available dispositions of misdemeanor cases except for certain identified offenses, including a charge of resisting arrest. If supervision is an available disposition then the charge is technically dismissed after a period of time and may be expunged from your arrest history.
Ordinance violations prosecuted in state court generally follow similar procedures although the potential penalties are less and the prosecutor is a corporation counsel and not a state's attorney,
Preparing for Initial Court Appearance
The bond slip given to a client when released after their arrest contains helpful information. The following information may be found on the bond slip (see attached Exhibit 2):
On the upper right hand, the bond will have either the letter D or I. A D bond indicates that money, usually $100.00, has been paid to be released from custody. An I bond means that the arrestee is released on his/her own recognizance and no money has been paid for her/his release
In the middle of the bond slip is a section entitled Court Appearance. It will identify the address of the court, the branch number of the court and the date and time for the court hearing.
Right above that is a box which contains the charge. It will refer to the State of Illinois criminal code and begin with the chapter number 720 followed by numbers which refer to the specific charge. A review of the annotated statute identifying the criminal charge and related case law yields a wealth of information.
Note, when a person is on bond, they are not permitted to leave the northern district of Illinois. If a client is planning on travelling somewhere, they may inform you of that. There is a procedure by which a person can file a motion to advance the court date and get a written order "enlarging" the bond or permitting a person to leave the jurisdiction of the court. It is time consuming and of questionable necessity. If the client wants to do that, we suggest you let them know they can go to room 1006 of the Daley Center, prepare and file a motion to advance their case for a date convenient to them, and go to their assigned court that day and get an order expanding the bond.
Initial Court Appearance and Court Location Information
An attorney who shows their bar card and Cook County identification card at the misdemeanor courthouse will not need to go through the metal detector or be searched. The attorney will want to find out if the client is present, and then file an appearance form with the clerk in the courtroom. (See attached Exhibit 3). Appearance forms are found in the area of the clerk's desk or may be located by asking a public defender or sheriff in the courtroom if the clerk is not around. An attorney may also prepare his or her own version of the appearance form in advance. The court case number may be found on a call sheet which is either in front of the clerk's area, posted outside the courtroom or can be obtained by asking the sheriffs or the public defenders for the call sheet.
There are advantages to arriving 10-15 minutes before the scheduled court call. An attorney who arrives prior to the time of the court call may request to see the court file before the case is called. The file should contain the Complaint, or formal charge and the attorney is entitled to a copy, but at the very least it is important to carefully review the complaint to determine the specific conduct the charge alleges your client engaged in. You need to ask the clerk for a copy of the charge. If there is more than the original of the charge in the file, the clerk will generally give you a copy of the charge. However, if there is only the original, you have to ask if either the clerk will make you a copy or let you take the original and make a copy in the clerk's office. Also, the arrest report should be in the file which will include a narrative of the police version of what happened and the basis of the charge, which you will also want to review. Often the PD has the arrest report, so you can check with the PD in the courtroom to see if he/she has your client's paperwork. An attorney must file an appearance and tell the clerk that the case is ready in order to have it called.
Another advantage to arriving early is that as soon as you tell the clerk that you are ready to have your case called, it will be put in the pile of cases to be called. Private attorneys' cases are generally called first, so the sooner you tell the clerk you are ready, the sooner your case should be called.
On the Arrest Report in the upper right hand corner are the following #s which are useful to obtain subpoenaed material or to get the Office of Emergency Management Communication[2] recordings and the body worn camera videos (BWC).
The CB(Central Booking) # and the IR (Individual Record) # may be used to obtain the criminal history of your client generally for purposes of expunging a client's record, the RD (Records Division)# and Event # may be used to get reports, O.E.M.C. recordings and subpoenaed material.
We suggest you ask the state's attorney if they plan to proceed with the case or argue why the charge should be dismissed. They may know whether they plan to proceed or they may say they will see if an officer checks in or what the officer says about your client. Generally, if the police officer is not present in court and hasn't notified the state's attorney with a good reason for his/her absence, the court will dismiss the case. If the case is dismissed or "stricken on leave to reinstate" (SOL-ed) an attorney should file a written trial demand. (See attached Exhibit 4) When the case is first called, the judge generally looks to the state first and if the state wishes to proceed they will ask the judge to pass the case in order to "pre-try" the case with defense counsel. The state should then tell you what the offer is and you can negotiate and argue with them for a resolution more beneficial to your client, if your client is interested in resolving the case by way of a plea on the first court appearance.
Possible Offers from State's Attorney to Resolve Charge
–Deferred Prosecution which is the best alternative to an outright dismissal or a victory at trial. It's given for first time offenders, and the client doesn't have to admit or stipulate to any facts. Community service at a not-for-profit may be required.
–Community service at any not-for-profit in exchange for dismissal. Upon completion of the community service, the client will need to get a letter from the not-for-profit verifying that he/she completed the required number of hours. The client will need to bring this letter to court. The case will not be dismissed until the letter is presented to the court. Judges have allowed clients to present the letters without their attorney's presence and have waived the client's presence if the attorney presents the letter.
– Supervision which lasts from one to twelve months. During that time, the client is not supposed to break the law. If the client successfully completes the supervision, two years from the termination of the supervision, the arrest can be expunged. Supervision does not count as a conviction under Illinois state law but a supervision finding will have immigration consequences for an undocumented client. Supervision may be used in subsequent sentencing determinations within the two years and pursuant to federal sentencing guidelines.
–Conditional Discharge for one to twelve months. Unlike Supervision, upon completion of the conditional discharge your client may never expunge their arrest and a conviction is identified on their record. Client does not need to report to any agency during the term of the Conditional Discharge.
-Probation or Jail Time generally is not an appropriate or acceptable plea agreement for a misdemeanor charge.
An arrestee who is charged with most misdemeanor offenses as a result of political expression or activity generally can get supervision or deferred prosecution unless they have a significant criminal background.
Creative Motion Practice
Prior to trial, a criminal defendant may bring a motion to dismiss. Depending upon the facts of the case, such a motion may be appropriate to avoid a trial. In the Occupy cases, a motion to dismiss the park district ordinance violations based on the First Amendment was successful in avoiding trials. See, e.g. 725 ILCS 5/114-1.
Trial of Misdemeanors
If a client wishes to proceed to trial, it is important to file a discovery motion. (See attached Exhibit 5). [3] The client can request a bench trial, which is a trial with a judge at the branch court where the case is first held. The trial is generally continued for another date so that both sides can get needed discovery. Alternatively, a jury trial can be requested. If a jury trial is requested, the case will be sent to room 304 at 555 W. Harrison. A court date within a week or more will be given. The client will need to understand that it may be several months before the trial is actually held due to obtaining discovery and court back log and may require multiple court appearances before a trial actually commences. Additional plea negotiations may take place during these interim appearances. An attorney should be prepared to subpoena records and evidence for a trial. A subpoena can be prepared for additional documents that the police maintain but do not place in the court file. (See Exhibit 6, copy of subpoena for documents in a misdemeanor case). A subpoena, in addition to uncovering additional information, can send a message to the prosecutor that the defense of the case will leave no stone unturned and will require the expenditure of the state's resources. It is essential to serve the subpoena as soon as possible but in any casewithin 30 days of the event prompting the client's arrest to assure that all available documents and evidence will be preserved. Additionally, a court order to preserve and turn over any 911 calls or O.E.M.C. can be entered on the first court date and then served on O.E.M.C, within 30 daysof the date of arrest to preserve any audio communications regarding the case. (O.E.M.C. order, Exhibit 7).
Trials may be consolidated with other related cases and more experienced criminal defense attorneys are available for consultation about, preparation for and conducting a trial. NLG attorneys will work together with you if you have questions and to help you defend clients and create trial strategies.
The State must prove each and every element of the offense charged beyond a reasonable doubt to sustain a conviction.[4] Carefully consider whether the State can technically prevail on each element and creatively argue that the burden has not been met on each element. Any element including language such as "unreasonable" or "without authorization" should be analyzed in the context of the facts of each case. Many times police arrest individuals although they are acting reasonably and within their rights.
Affirmative Defenses
Consider any potential affirmative defenses to the charge. 720 ILCS 5/3-2. For example, political defendants have had success raising the defense of necessity in Illinois. Illinois law specifically provides for the defense of necessity. 720 ILCS 5/7-13. The statute sets forth:
Conduct which would otherwise be an offense is justifiable by reason of necessity if the accused was without blame in occasioning or developing the situation and reasonably believed such conduct was necessary to avoid a public or private injury greater than the injury which might reasonably result from his own conduct.
The defense of necessity is not always favorably accepted by judges but can have an important impact on juries if allowed. NLG attorneys were first educated on this defense by activist clients. Defendants have been able to introduce testimony and evidence as to why they took the actions they did and why it was reasonable and necessary for them to do so. The advantage of this defense is you could argue that you should be able to present evidence as a part of your defense, for example, on the facts and history of racism and anti-Blackness, police brutality, as well as the efficacy of protests in changing public opinion and the law as part of your defense. This defense requires a significant commitment from the attorney, the client, potential witnesses and overall resources. But, the use of the defense can make an impact on you, your client, court personnel and the public.
Good luck, thanks for your commitment and willingness to support your clients!
[1] Additionally, but not applicable to these arrests, certain offenses committed on federal property, such as blocking the doors of a federally owned building or trespassing on federal property may be similarly charged by Federal Protective Service Officers (FPS) as violating federal codes. The FPS can process these federal charges or relinquish jurisdiction and request arrest by the CPD. Common applicable misdemeanors include state disorderly conduct, criminal trespass, resisting or obstructing, mob action and reckless conduct.
[2] O.E.M.C. recordings include any 911 calls or police messages pertaining to the arrest and the incident leading to the arrest.
[3] We also suggest that you prepare a subpoena to the City of Chicago police department asking for arrest reports and supplemental reports. If your client claims injuries, also subpoena officer battery reports (if applicable), TRRs, and color arrest photos of the client. Subpoena forms can be obtained online at the Clerk of the Circuit Court's website. The Office of Emergency Management and Communications can also be subpoenaed. https://oemcsubpoena-chicagops.govqa.us/WEBAPP/_rs/(S(dz2vk3lisrzk02fb2malqznh))/RequestOpen.aspx?rqst=13&sSessionID=67167244194I[HUHGBGLONUYSWNNTWPZ[PBMLIPI
[4] A corporation counsel must prove each and every element of an ordinance violation by a preponderance of the evidence.
Exhibit 1 City Disorderly Ordinance
Exhibit 2 Bond Slip
Exhibit 3 Appearance
Exhibit 4 Trial Demand
Exhibit 5 Discovery Motion
Exhibit 6 Subpoena
Exhibit 7 OEMC Order
FOIA Documents Maintained by Departments
Chicago Freedom School files lawsuit against City of Chicago, Chicago Police Officers and City Officials after retaliatory raid, "cease & desist" order, and threats of arrest.
On May 30, 2020, the Chicago Freedom School, located in the South Loop, opened its space to provide support (including take-out pizza and store bought snacks) and rides home to Black and Brown young people protesting the racist police murders in downtown Chicago.
At 11 p.m., several Chicago Police Officers and members of the Department of Business Affairs and Consumer Protection (BACP) showed up at CFS' door and aggressively demanded to search the premises asserting that CFS was "housing and feeding protestors."
"Many youth who had just experienced police violence while protesting said violence, came to CFS to use the bathroom, drink water, and get connected to a ride home – since the Mayor had just instituted a curfew, raised the bridges, and shut down the CTA. We chose to open our doors for immediate safety because we are dedicated to young people's well-being," says Wellness Director Jacqulyn Hamilton. "The City & Police colluding to search CFS that night, without a warrant, and threaten to arrest staff present, including myself, for daring to serve pizza – was in character for how this City and police treat Black & Brown young people – with disdain."
After searching the premises, BACP members issued CFS a "Cease and Desist" order falsely claiming the CFS was "preparing and serving food" on its premises without a Retail Food Establishment License. The order directed the CPD to arrest CFS employees if they continue to provide youth participants commercially prepared food and fine CFS $500-1,000 each day it continues to provide food, thereby effectively shutting down this small, not-for-profit organization.
"We appreciate the love & support we have received from our community, in light of our mistreatment at the hands of the City of Chicago and the Chicago Police Department. We are bringing this lawsuit to ensure that none of our programs, young people, or staff are at continued risk, and to affirm our support for the righteous protests against police violence against Black people and for the defunding of police," says incoming Executive Director, Tony Alvarado-Rivera.
Chicago Freedom School Executive Director, Tony Alvarado-Rivera addressing the media.
The lawsuit seeks to stop the City from enforcing this order. The suit also seeks vindication and damages as the search and order are attempts by City and CPD officials to retaliate against the CFS for exercising its 1st Amendment rights to support young people and to support the protests against racist police violence. Read the filed complaint here.
Plaintiffs' attorneys are Joey Mogul of the People's Law Office and Sheila Bedi of the Community Justice and Civil Rights Clinic at the Northwestern Pritzker School of Law.
People's Law Office summer 2020 intern Avneet Chawla, legal worker Kris Clutter and attorney Joey Mogul. Photo by the wonderful Debbie Southorn
"We are outraged that the CPD and BACP illegally raided the CFS's premises and issued an illegal, unconstitutional, and frankly bogus, cease and desist order to the CFS" said Joey Mogul and Sheila Bedi. "The Chicago Freedom School provided critical support to young Black and Brown people on May 30th. They should be revered for their work, not threatened with arrest and being shut down."
The Chicago Freedom School is a non-profit organization, inspired by the Mississippi Freedom Schools of the Civil Rights era, which provides a space where young people and adult allies can study the work of past movements, deepen their understanding of current social problems, build new coalitions, and develop strategies for change. Learn more at ChicagoFreedomSchool.org
Cook County Public Defender, Community Groups, and Defense Attorneys File Lawsuit Against City of Chicago for Denying People in Police Custody Access to Counsel and Phones
The Cook County Public Defender on Monday joined a broad coalition of community groups, activists, and attorneys in filing a lawsuit against the City of Chicago for denying people in police custody access to counsel and phones.
The lawsuit further states that the City's history of unlawful refusals became more widespread following the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent citywide protests over police brutality and racism. Follow the link to view the filed lawsuit.
"Since 1963, the law has required that every person arrested is entitled to communicate with their loved ones and counsel," said Cook County Public Defender Amy Campanelli. "For seven decades, Chicago police have not been held accountable for this systemic violation of human rights. If the police just followed the law, we would no longer be the false confession capital of the world and communities would have greater trust for and cooperation with the Chicago Police Department." PD QUOTE
Under Illinois law, people who are arrested have the right to communicate and consult with an attorney and the right to make phone calls within an hour of arriving at their first place of custody. However, the Chicago Police Department has a long history of depriving arrestees access to a phone to reach out to counsel or loved ones.
On Friday, May 29, and throughout that following weeks, more than 2,600 demonstrators were arrested by CPD and many were denied access to counsel. The lawsuit details how CPD systemically impeded attorneys from finding and talking to their clients.
In filing the suit, the Public Defender joins a coalition that includes Black Lives Matter Chicago, Stop Chicago, #LetUsBreathe Collective, UMedics, and GoodKids MadCity. Each organization has members who were detained and denied their right to make a phone call and contact their attorneys. The National Lawyers Guild Chicago, also a plaintiff in the suit, has been denied access to clients in police stations, including during the recent protests.
"On Sunday May 31st, I was slammed to the ground and beaten with batons by CPD while trying to protect my brother and his fiancée, #LetUsBreathe co-founders Damon Williams and Jennifer Pagán, and our comrade Christopher Brown," said Kristiana Colon of the #LetUsBreathe Collective. "Horrified by the excessive force and unjust targeting of my family and fellow organizers, I did my best to intervene and was injured in the process. When I arrived at 51st & Wentworth to try and locate them, the supervising officer told me they weren't there. I asked again if he was telling the truth and he said he had no reason to lie to me. After several hours of fear and confusion, it turned out they were there after all, but were denied access to counsel for several more hours. Our organization supports mutual aid efforts across the South & West sides, and had to redirect our time and resources to a rapid response rally to get our people out of jail. This is one of the many ways superfluous police encounters are a theft of the energy that should be spent on keeping people safe."
"I sat in the hospital handcuffed to a wheelchair for nearly 8 hours before I saw a lawyer," said activist and artist Damon Williams, who was arrested following a protest on May 31, 2020. "I hadn't slept. I thought I was alone. I was afraid I would be locked up with no end in sight. I wasn't the only person in custody crying out for information and asking to talk to my lawyer. I have nightmares about being in custody and terrified that I'd be locked up without any explanation or contact with the outside world."
The City and the Chicago Police Department has cynically used the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic as an excuse to deny people their rights while under arrest. After Gov. Pritzker issued his stay-at-home order on March 20, the Public Defender was forced to curtail in-person attorney-client visits, and informed CPD that all attorney-client conversations would take place by phone until further notice. CPD refused to coordinate mandatory confidential telephone visits for clients in custody unless and until the Public Defender agreed that CPD would not be liable if they overheard any attorney-client conversations. The Public Defender alternatively asked for virtual visits with clients, similar to the system used by the Cook County State's Attorney to talk to its witnesses. That request was denied.
Between April 16, 2020 and June 5, 2020, the Public Defender's Office surveyed 1,468 people in bond court. Nearly a quarter (23%) stated that CPD never offered them access to a phone at any point while they were detained at the police station. Those who were allowed phone access were forced to wait an average of 4.2 hours.
"Denying phone access is a key CPD scare tactic to impede access to counsel," said Alexa Van Brunt of the MacArthur Justice Center, which represents the plaintiffs. "The result is that detainees are cut off entirely, without legal guidance or protection from police coercion."
The recent practice is just an exacerbation of the decades-long practice to deny arrestees access to attorneys and phone calls. It is a practice that was called out by the current Mayor when she was part of the Police Accountability Task Force that formed following the shooting of Laquan McDonald.
"We had documented for decades how the denial of phone access leads to false arrests, false charges and wrongful convictions, and costs the City money," explained First Defense Legal Aid Executive Director Eliza Solowiej, who served on the Task Force with the current Mayor, and was part of the team that found that requiring access to phones with in a hour of arrest (as required by state law) would be one of the foundational reforms to ending police misconduct.
Plaintiffs have filed a writ of mandamus in the Circuit Court of Cook County Chancery Division to force the City to comply with Illinois law governing access to counsel and to phones.
Plaintiffs are represented by Brendan Shiller of Shiller Preyar Jarard & Samuels, Craig Futterman of the Mandel Legal Aid Clinic at the University of Chicago Law School, Alexa Van Brunt of the Roderick and Solange MacArthur Justice Center, Sheila A. Bedi of the Community Justice and Civil Rights Clinic at the Northwestern Pritzker School of Law, Joey L. Mogul of the People's Law Office, and Daniel Massoglia of First Defense Legal Aid
ANNIVERSARY OF REPARATIONS LEGISLATION
Posted on May 6, 2020 by Kris Clutter
Today, May 6, is the 5th anniversary of the Reparations legislation. This unprecedented legislation providing reparations to Chicago Police Torture (Burge) survivors passed Chicago's City Council on May 6, 2015. The legislation provides concrete, redress for the two decades long pattern of racially motivated police torture committed by and under the command of notorious former Chicago Police Commander Jon Burge's at Area 2 and 3 Police Headquarters from 1972 to 1991, including:
·a formal apology for the torture
·the creation of a history lesson about the Burge torture cases taught in Chicago Public schools to 8th and 10th graders;
·the creation of the Chicago Torture Justice Center in Englewood, Chicago that provides specialized counseling and social services to the Burge torture survivors, family members and all impacted by police violence;
·the creation of a $5.5 million Reparations Fund for Burge Torture Victims that provides financial compensation to 57 of the Burge torture survivors who are still with us;
·free enrollment in Chicago City Colleges for the Burge torture survivors, immediate family members and their grandchildren recognizing the legacies of harm caused by the torture and decades of incarceration suffered by the Burge torture survivors and families; and
·the creation of a public memorial to the Burge torture survivors.
The legislation was the fruit of decades of litigation, independent journalism and organizing, which included a concerted grassroots campaign led by Chicago Torture Justice Memorials (CTJM), Project NIA, We Charge Genocide and Amnesty International, USA, during the midst of #BlackLivesMatter movement of 2014 and 2015. We are grateful to Black People Against Police Torture for their work in sounding the initial demand reparations.
We are proud of our work in representing survivors of police torture at the hands of Burge and other Chicago officers in civil rights litigation and post-conviction proceedings. We continue that work to this day as People's Law Office continues to fight for the freedom of police torture survivors who remain incarcerated and are now at serious risk due to COVID-19.
We are also grateful to have had the opportunity to work, build relationships and struggle alongside so many police torture survivors, their family members and other organizers.
This video, by Tom Callahan, is a small encapsulation of these decades of work. Click the link here.
People's Law Office During CoronaVirus/Covid 19 Pandemic
Posted on April 9, 2020 by Kris Clutter
PEOPLE'S LAW OFFICE REMAINS COMMITTED TO CLIENTS AND COMMUNITIES
Due to the CoronaVirus/Covid 19 pandemic, all of the staff at the People's Law Office are working from our homes. We are operational and continue our zealous representation of our clients during this difficult time. There may, however, be a delay in our receiving USPS mail and deliveries and urge all to contact us by telephone or electronic mail if possible to assure the most prompt response.
We currently anticipate that this will continue to be the new normal through April 30th consistent with federal and state court closures as well as state and municipal orders.
During this unprecedented time, we wish health and safety to all and look forward to the day when we can again interact with each other in close proximity.
The Stanley Wrice Jury Returns
Posted on March 11, 2020 by Kris Clutter
By: Flint Taylor
This article was initially published in InJustice Watch on March 11, 2020.
Just before the City of Chicago, apparently with Mayor Lightfoot's blessing, took the Stanley Wrice case to trial last month, I wrote that it was still not too late for the city to offer a fair settlement to compensate Wrice for his brutal torture and coerced confession. The mayor stood, I wrote, "at a legal and political crossroads; the question is whether she will stand with the torturers or torture victims. As lawyers like to say, 'The jury is still out.'"
Ignoring history, the overwhelming evidence of systemic police torture, her own prior admissions and this warning, ship Lightfoot steamed ahead to trial with the officers represented by a team of five lawyers, four of whom were Andrew Hale and his coterie of private lawyers collecting handsome sums of additional "pinstripe patronage" at the taxpayer's expense.
This crew, captained by Lightfoot's handpicked Deputy Corporation Counsel Caryn Jacobs, set out to win the case at all costs, both financial and political, by slandering all six of the witnesses who averred that they had been tortured by Jon Burge henchmen John Byrne and Peter Dignan.
Preening around the courtroom they unabashedly attacked these torture survivors as a pack of liars, and took every opportunity to remind the jury that Wrice had confessed to participating in a brutal rape of a white woman — a charge that Wrice once again steadfastly denied during his testimony.
On the other hand, Dignan and Byrne chose not to sit through the trial, save for their appearance on the witness stand to take the Fifth Amendment when asked about their torture of Wrice and numerous other victims. Instead, their surrogate, Fraternal Order of Police Local 7 vice president Martin Preib, a close personal and political ally of Burge, Dignan, and Byrne, sat as their watchdog throughout the trial. Well before trial Preib had written a letter to Lightfoot on union stationary, urging her not to settle the case, claiming that the whole torture scandal was a hoax.
At the conclusion of the eight-day trial, the nine-person jury retired to deliberate late on March 2. Composed of seven women and two men, four of whom were of color, they selected a twenty-three-year old white woman as their foreperson. After approximately five hours of deliberation the following day, the jury announced its verdict against the officers and for Wrice on his coerced confession and conspiracy claims, and for the defense on the fabricated evidence claim. The damages award was most telling — $4 million in compensatory damages, and $600,000 apiece against Byrne and Dignan individually. The punitive damages award — extremely high in a police brutality case — spoke volumes about what the jury thought of Byrne and Dignan's systemic conduct — a condemnation that was made despite the fact that Burge's name could not be spoken before the jury.
So what does this verdict mean to the taxpayers? Instead of the two to four million that would have been a reasonable eve of trial settlement, (and one that would have been accepted if offered) the city now owes the four million dollars, plus the fees of Wrice attorney Jennifer Bonjean and her team. The City is held responsible for those compensatory damages and fees, and – though state law forbids it– has often ended up paying the punitive damages assessed against the officers And, of course, the City also owes the additional fees that Hale and company racked up trying the case.
So, instead of the $2-4 million an eve of trial settlement would have cost, the city now stands to owe more than $8 million in addition to the $2 million already paid in pinstripe patronage. And if the City decides to continue to fight this case the attorneys' fees meter will continue to run.
Before the trial began a second set of taxpayer financed defense lawyers won a motion separating the case against the city, which rests on whether the torture was part of a pattern and practice, to be decided later. That case appears a slam dunk for Wrice and Bonjean because all they have to show is that the torture of Wrice by Byrne and Dignan was part of a policy and practice of torture that was conducted under the command of Burge — a practice that is now an uncontestable reality that City policymakers, most particularly Lightfoot, Rahm Emanuel, interim Superintendent Beck and the Chicago City Council have admitted, and a raft of federal and state courts have unequivocally affirmed. Lawyers (including the author) will be lining up to question these unquestionably material policymaking witnesses.
So Lightfoot is now not only confronted with a financial dilemma – – -whether to stop the unjustifiable bleeding of taxpayer money – – – but also whether she will now at last intervene to stop her lawyers from chasing the unconscionable agenda of the Fraternal Order of Police and own up to what she preached about Chicago police torture when she was a candidate for office.
The jury has spoken. Will Lightfoot?
People's Law Office Remembers Rafael Cancel Miranda
Posted on March 3, 2020 by Kris Clutter
Puerto Rican National Hero and internationally respected freedom fighter Rafael Cancel Miranda has joined his revolutionary ancestors on March 3d. In an audacious act of militancy, Rafael along with Lolita Lebrón, Andrés Figueroa Cordero and Irvin Flores, attacked the U.S. Congress in March of 1954, spraying bullets down into the House of Representatives, to bring to the world's attention the efforts of the U.S. government to cover up the colonial subjugation of the Puerto Rican people.
Along with Oscar Collazo, who attacked the Blair House in 1950, the then temporary home of President Truman, the four became among the longest held political prisoners in U.S. history. An international campaign, led by the people of Puerto Rico and Puerto Ricans in the diaspora, obtained their unconditional release from President Carter in 1979. The five had refused to seek parole or to accept any conditions on their release. They insisted that they were not criminals and the U.S. had no right to treat them as such.
The People's Law Office, with Michael Deutsch taking the lead, had the honor to also play an important role in the campaign for the release of the five Nationalists, challenging their isolation in U.S. prisons, helping to get an earlier medical release for Andrés, and coordinating with lawyers from Puerto Rico to help support the campaign.
Over the last 40 years since his release, Rafael has been a critical voice in support of Puerto Rican independence, writing, speaking and marching to expose U.S. colonial control over Puerto Rico. He has written several books of prose and poetry, and has been an enduring symbol of the spirit and commitment for freedom of the Puerto Rican people. His love for his people was a inspiration to all who fight for liberation. His spirit lives on. Presente!
Posted in featured-news, news, Uncategorized	| Tagged Michael Deutsch, People's Law Office, Puerto Rican independence, Rafael Cancel Miranda, revolutionary
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HomeBusinessAfrica Needs Its Own Marshall Plan
Africa Needs Its Own Marshall Plan
Africa's most pressing challenge is in creating enough jobs for its population
AFRICANGLOBE – To Africa's many challenges, add one more: unemployment.
Unemployment, independent of any other factor, threatens to derail the economic promise that Africa deserves. It's a time bomb with no geographical boundaries: Economists expect Africa to create 54 million new jobs by 2020, but 122 million Africans will enter the labour force during that timeframe. Adding to this shortfall are tens of millions currently unemployed or underemployed, making the human and economic consequences nearly too large to imagine.
Thus, even with the strong economic growth we have seen over the past decade, job creation in Africa remains much too slow.
Africa needs a comprehensive, co-ordinated approach akin to America's "Marshall Plan" in Europe after World War Two. That effort focused on building infrastructure, modernising the business sector, and improving trade. By the end of the four-year programme, Europe surpassed its pre-war economic output.
We can, and must, do the same for Africa. Entrepreneurs, politicians, philanthropic foundations, and development organisations must all work together to solve the unemployment crisis and make Africa an engine of growth. If we are outrun by the employment challenge, Africa will be a drag on global growth and resources for generations to come.
Africa's Marshall Plan should prioritise three interdependent "pillars" of development, which all work together to form a virtuous cycle of growth: policy reform and a commitment to the rule of law; investment in infrastructure, and a commitment to developing Africa's manufacturing and processing industries. This virtuous cycle forms the heart of Africapitalism: the public, private, and development sectors all coming together, united in a single objective of creating jobs and social wealth.
First, we need enlightened government policies that help reduce administrative and operating costs for investors and businesses. We must streamline licensing and permitting processes, reduce import duties and tariffs and ease visa restrictions, among other reforms. Such policies would do much to attract investment, increase entrepreneurship and ultimately generate jobs.
Microsoft's pilot project to expand broadband access in Africa depends on government policy that frees up unused "white space" in the TV and radio broadcast spectrum. Financial services reform across several African nations, starting with Nigeria, enabled United Bank for Africa to grow into a pan-African financial institution.
Governments and the private sector must also commit to strong, transparent institutions to help boost confidence in Africa's business climate.
Sustained economic and job growth requires creating a safe and reliable environment for capital — including strong civil and legal institutions, corporate financial transparency, accountable, democratically-elected politicians, and modern, open and transparent markets.
Aggressive advances on such policy fronts will help support the development pillars of infrastructure investment and industrialisation — both of which are vital to creating employment on the continent.
The second pillar of Africa's development programme must be infrastructure investment, particularly in power and transportation, without which business cannot function. Today, more than 70 per cent of Africa lacks access to electricity and every 1 per cent increase in electricity outages reduces Africa's per-capita GDP by approximately 3 per cent.
Access to affordable electricity is essential to unlocking the continent's growth potential — reducing costs and enabling business growth, including homegrown businesses that create jobs and sustainable local economies.
Transportation infrastructure promises to have an equally transformative impact. The African Union should encourage and embrace transportation projects that first connect African nations to each other, and then to our global trading partners.
Major multinationals like Diageo, Wal-Mart, Barclays, and Microsoft are ramping up African operations in spite of infrastructure challenges. In some cases, they even build their own infrastructure. Stronger policy and physical infrastructure would bring more investment from those who cannot or refuse to bootstrap it. It would also help small and mid-sized enterprises grow faster, and these companies are the engines of job growth in any economy.
Africa's third development pillar must be building our manufacturing and processing industries. Africa lacks the capacity to process and refine its own natural resources. Raw materials such as oil, cocoa and gold are shipped overseas, where they are processed into high-margin products and often re-imported into Africa — costing both jobs and hard currency.
For example, Nigeria exports raw crude oil and then imports expensive gasoline, when the country should be able to refine the oil itself, supplying not just its own market, but also other markets across Africa. This inability to create finished goods at home, and trade them with other African nations, drastically limits the continent's growth potential, and thus its ability to create businesses, jobs and wealth within Africa's own domestic economies.
I believe we can solve Africa's employment challenge, but only if we focus on these three development pillars with great urgency, and accelerate current investment and business trends.
Many of Africa's stock markets are delivering stellar returns, while institutional, retail mutual fund and private equity capital is flowing rapidly into African markets. Many multinationals and African conglomerates are investing heavily in Africa.
Despite such investment and economic growth, however, Africa is not creating nearly enough jobs. According to demographics, time is not on our side. But with a coordinated jobs plan for Africa, we can secure a productive, economically independent future for the continent and its people.
By: Tony O. Elumelu
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Achieving A High-Speed Africa – Closing The Gap Between Potential And...
African Renaissance Or Pan-Africanism?
South Africa's Landless Blacks: Why Does The Impasse Continue?


Career Objective : Seeking career opportunity in Auto-CAD Draughtsman Field, where I can utilize my Practical experience and skills which in turn benefits the Organization and aid my career growth.
A. Currently employed with M/S. ALSAAD GENERAL CONTRACTING COMPANY As a Electrical AutoCAD Draughtsman.(Saudi Arabia) From Nov 2012 to Till Now. B. Employed (India) in M/s. S.A ASSOCIATES PVT. LTD as an AutoCAD Draughtsman. From Oct 2008 to Nov 2012.
A brief description working with ALSAAD GENERAL CONTRACTING COMPANY. 1. From November 2012 to October 2013.
King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). 2. From October 2013 to June 2014.
Working with M/s Alsaad General Contracting Co., Jeddah. Project Name: (FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES BUILDING), King Abdul Aziz University,Jeddah. (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). 3. From June 2014 to December 2014.
Working with M/s Alsaad General Contracting Co., Jeddah. Project Name: SHOAIBA II CCPP PERMANENT HOUSING COMPLEX, Jeddah, (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia).
Capable of performing full distribution system design including Low & Medium Tension Networks, Emergency and Critical Load calculations studies, A/C Loads, Plumbing Fire Fighting Loads, Elevators, Switch gears, Transformers, Emergency generator and U.P.S Substations, Power fixtures, Sizing and routes of cables / conduits / cable trays, Short circuit, Voltage Drop grounding & Lighting protection systems, Indoor-Outdoor Lighting fixtures, Landscape & Fading Lighting, Lighting Programs.
Fire alarm Systems, CCTV, MATV, Access control & Security, Public address, Sound System, Clock system, Telephone system, Home Automation system, BMS System, EIB System.
Preparation of Electrical Room Details, Electrical Services Setting out Layouts with prospective view and necessary information for the construction.
Producing Cable Routings at each Panel and detailed Cable Trays, Trunking routes of Power. Containment Layouts, Lighting Protection Layouts, Reflected Ceiling Plan and Builders Work Drawings.
Preparation of Shop Drawings, Equipment & Electrical Panel Layout Arrangement implementing with Engineer and Consultant Comments as per the Client Requirements.
Preparation of As-Built Drawings with incorporating all revisions made during construction period and as per site condition.
Coordination with all other services and preparing Co-Ordination drawings as per site condition and Client requirements at Preliminary stage to avoid the discrepancy in the drawings at the site.
A small description working with M/s S.A ASSOCIATES, Nizamabad, (India). B. Working Position: Auto-with S.Cad A.ASSOCIATES Draughtsman from (P) Ltd October in India. 2008 to November 2012.
As CAD Draughtsman day to day interaction with the project manager for preparing the drawing as per the client specification.
1. From August 2008 to November 2012.
Visit job sites and prepare scope of works.
Knowledge of International Codes and Standards in PLC/ RTU, DCS & BMS.
Knowledge of Valves & Actuators, Flow meters, Pressure Transmitter, Level Switch.
Preparation of schematic wiring diagram, loops drawing, termination, cable block Drawings.


Background: Despite the major public health impact of diabetes, recent population-based data regarding its prevalence and comorbidity are sparse. Methods: The prevalence and comorbidity of diabetes mellitus were analyzed in a nationally representative sample (N = 9133) of the non-institutionalized German adult population aged 50 years and older. Information on physician-diagnosed diabetes and 20 other chronic health conditions was collected as part of the national telephone health interview survey 'German Health Update (GEDA)' 2009. Overall, 51.2% of contacted persons participated. Among persons with diabetes, diabetes severity was defined according to the type and number of diabetes-concordant conditions: no diabetes-concordant condition (grade 1); hypertension and/or hyperlipidemia only (grade 2); one comorbidity likely to represent diabetes-related micro- or macrovascular end-organ damage (grade 3); several such comorbidities (grade 4). Determinants of diabetes severity were analyzed by multivariable ordinal regression. Results: The 12-month prevalence of diabetes was 13.6% with no significant difference between men and women. Persons with diabetes had a significantly higher prevalence and average number of diabetes-concordant as well as diabetes-discordant comorbidities than persons without diabetes. Among persons with diabetes, 10.2%, 46.8%, 35.6% and 7.4% were classified as having severity grade 1–4, respectively. Determinants of diabetes severity included age (cumulative odds ratio 1.05, 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.07, per year) and number of discordant comorbidities (1.40, 1.25-1.55). With respect to specific discordant comorbidities, diabetes severity was correlated to depression (2.15, 1.29-3.56), respiratory disease (2.75, 1.72-4.41), musculoskeletal disease (1.53, 1.06-2.21), and severe hearing impairment (3.00, 1.21-7.41). Conclusions: Diabetes is highly prevalent in the non-institutionalized German adult population 50 years and older. Diabetes comorbidities including diabetes-concordant and diabetes-discordant conditions need to be considered in epidemiological studies, in order to monitor disease burden and quality of diabetes care. Definitional standards of diabetes severity need to be refined and consented.


Province Bank can be found at River Rd 1205. The following is offered: Real Estate Financing. The entry is present with us since Sep 9, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 14, 2013. In Marietta there are 1 other Real Estate Financing. An overview can be found here.
Province Bank is located at 1205 River Rd in Marietta and has been in the business of National Commercial Banks since 2000.


Thanksgiving travelers got help from favorable weather in most of the U.S Tuesday, but flight delays piled up at airports around the country by day's end.
TSA says the holiday rush really started last Friday — similar to last year but earlier than in previous years. The Sunday following Thanksgiving is expected to be one of TSA's 10 busiest days ever.


Lauren Schwarzmann knew her first head coaching job in college lacrosse would not be easy. Mount St. Mary's last had a winning season in 2007, and Schwarzmann clearly understood the task she faced when accepting the job July 8, 2014.
Schwarzmann was determined to change the culture of the program, add talent to the roster and transform the Mount into winners. It's been a tough task since she took over the job, but one she's enjoyed sharing with her younger sister, Katie, an assistant coach with the team.
Both sisters are from the Baltimore area and starred in high school at Century in Carroll County.
Lauren Schwarzmann, 29, then played at Johns Hopkins before working as an assistant coach at Cincinnati, Stanford and San Diego State. She also played on the U.S. national team.
Katie Schwarzmann, 24, is a graduate assistant who coached for the Mount last season before her older sister arrived. She played at Maryland and became only the third women's player to win consecutive Tewaaraton Awards, given annually to the most outstanding college lacrosse player. She's also played on the national team and is now finishing her MBA at the Mount.
"She's not very far removed from the college scene herself, and she gives great perspective," Lauren Schwarzmann said. "I really trust her. She's my best friend. I really value her."
Katie Schwarzmann, an assistant coach with Dana Cahill, said it's easy to see the positive influence her older sister has already had on the program.
"She's definitely brought a lot of good to the program," she said. "She's just very positive and bringing a lot of energy. Last year, we had a pretty tough season. She's come here and instilled some confidence in the players. They want to get out and improve, and that's a testament to her."
Both sisters agreed this is going to be a program that needs to grow in different ways. The Mount has 20 players on this year's team, and Lauren Schwarzmann wants 30-35 players on the roster at some point.
The head coach is well aware she won't be turning this team around in one season, and the Mount has struggled this spring. The team was 3-9 as of April 16, with a seven-game losing streak from March 7-April 3.
"Are we changing things now, in terms of wins and losses? Not necessarily, but we're definitely changing the culture of [the program]," Lauren Schwarzmann said. "The wins will come as we continue to grow, and learn from our mistakes and add pretty good depth to our team. It's a process."
One of the Mount's toughest losses came Feb. 21, when UMBC pulled out a 5-4 victory during a snow-shortened game. The Mount hung with the talented Retrievers throughout the game, and UMBC head coach Amy Slade said she has no doubt the Schwarzmann sisters will turn things around.
"First and foremost, they're great people and great lacrosse players," Slade said. "They're doing the right things. They're taking it back to the basics, kind of starting from the ground up. They just get the job done by doing the basics really well."
Re-teaching the game, transforming the culture and changing the way things are handled in the program are what Lauren Schwarzmann must focus on during the next few years. Mount St. Mary's hasn't really been a winner in women's lacrosse, and she wants to change that.
She's glad to have earned that chance at the Mount -- and having her sister by her side makes the whole thing even more enjoyable.
"I feel extremely lucky to have her on staff," Lauren Schwarzmann said. "We're here to make [the players] better and more confident in what they're doing. It's great that we get to spend quality time together."


text:
March 13, 2019 by editor
The current Pulwama assault in Jammu as well as Kashmir was condemned by the leading authorities of the UN civil rights to take a suitable activity. Michelle Bachelet that is the High Commissioner of United Nations for human rights felt extremely sad for the people who shed their lives. The suicide bomb attack that occurred on February 14 at Pulwama in Jammu as well as Kashmir was condemned by Rupert Colville who is the agent for the OHCHR.
Around 40 soldiers were killed and several others were left in critical condition. The Pulwama strike was planned by the Jaish-e-Mohammed team. 7 people were eliminated in Pulwama's Pinglan location throughout a significant encounter on Monday. Two JeM terrorists, a military significant and a Pakistani commander that was associated with the Pulwama strike were among them. Rupert Colville claimed that the High Commissioner was stressed over the records from India. The reports stated that the Pulwama attack was being utilized as validation for violence and also hazards that targeted Kashmiri individuals that resided in different areas of India. The security of the Kashmiri individuals by the officials has been guided by Rajnath Singh. Rupert Colville stated that the activities taken to safeguard individuals were recognized.


A stylish and luxurious 5-star hotel seated at the heart of Gold Coast - Hilton Surfers Paradise is indeed an exceptional location to stay at when visiting the Gold Coast. Located within the city center and one of the most popular neighbourhood in the Gold Coast, you'll be conveniently located near parks, restaurants, entertainment venues, and theme parks.
The hotel features versatile options for solo travelers or families on a holiday. They have suites, apartments, guest rooms, and stylish residences that will definitely suit your style and accommodation needs while in the Gold Coast. Perfect for business meetings as well as leisurely holidays, the Hilton Surfers Paradise is indeed a favourite accomodation in Goldie.
There's several restaurants available within the vicinity, a spa where you can recuperate and relax, theatre perfect for shows and events, and four pools you can plunge into during your stay. There a sauna onsite and an outdoor desk area. It's located near the airport and main transportation areas making it very accessible even for your first time visit in Gold Coast.
Contemporary designed rooms and suites with private balconies facing the natural beauty of the Gold Coast, the Pacific Ocean, and Surfers Paradise. Villas, apartments and flats perfect for your taste, needs and holiday escapades.
Situated at the heart of Surfers Paradise, Mantra on View Hotel is an easy hub from the beach, shopping centres, fun activities and engaging nightlife at Surfers Paradise. A fabulous choice for rejuvenating escapes and relaxing experiences.


Beyond 2008, working with "best-case" and "realistic-moderate" scenarios, they project the Iraq and Afghan wars, including long-term U.S. military occupations of those countries, will cost the U.S. budget between $1.7 trillion and $2.7 trillion - or more - by 2017.
These numbers don't include the war's cost to the rest of the world. In Iraq itself, the 2003 U.S.-led invasion - with its devastating air bombardments - and the looting and arson that followed, severely damaged electricity and other utilities, the oil industry, countless factories, hospitals, schools and other underpinnings of an economy.
Looking ahead, both the CBO and Stiglitz-Bilmes construct two scenarios, one in which U.S. troop levels in Iraq and Afghanistan drop sharply and early - to 30,000 by late 2009 for the CBO, and to 55,000 by 2012 for Stiglitz-Bilmes - and a second in which the drawdown is more gradual.
The two economists say their calculations are conservative, because they don't encompass many "hidden" items in the U.S. budget. Their basic projections also exclude the potentially huge debt-service cost - on which CBO approximately agrees - and the cost to the U.S. economy of global oil prices that have quadrupled since 2003, an increase analysts blame partly on the Iraq upheaval.


Relatives believe that law enforcers were involved in disappearance of a Chechen teenager, whose brother went to Syria. Social groups associated with the police report that the teenager is involved in preparing terror acts.
The missing guy was last seen on December 7, in a fixed-route minibus, in which he left the village of Braguny for Gudermes, his relatives told the "Caucasian Knot".
Since his disappearance, the schoolboy several times appeared in the WhatsApp messenger, but they could not call him, said his sister.
Law enforcers may be involved in the disappearance of the schoolboy, since about three years ago his elder brother left for Syria and disappeared there, relatives have stated.
"According to preliminary information, he can be used to commit a terror act by using an improvised explosive device," says the community "Search Ingushetia" in the social network "VKontakte".
Three natives of Northern Caucasus accused of plotting terror act in Moscow, Lithuanian SC finally finds Egle Kusaite not guilty of plotting terror act in Chechnya, Kadyrov states that killed IS militants had prepared series of terror acts.


Or is just the moonlight and the stars above?
Will you say you love me on a clouy day?
Or is it just the thought of a woman guaranteed?
Will you say you love me on a cloudy day?
Until the winter came and my blackbird flew away.
So is this really love or just a game we play?
Will you say you want me on a cloudy day?


text:
Q: What is the exact meaning of {xor} in this specific situation? so I am currently studying for an exam and this image was taken from an older one. So my question is the following: Does {xor} mean that E NEEDS either 1 or more objects of class A or 1 or more objects of class B. Or could it be that it doesnt need any references to any of them, because the multiplicity is 0..* for both. And the task is to create the smallest object-diagram possible, so do I need A/B or not?
(English is not my main language so if anything is unclear please ask me about it)

A: Well, quite simple. D has either a relation to A or B. No relation and relations to both are invalid (that's what the xor logic table tells us). However, it could as well mean that no relation is allowed too (if the author isn't explicit here). Instead of {xor} it would be better to write some short more explanatory text (admittedly I used it also with {xor} in the past). Tell that to the diagram author ;-)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
namespace base {
class SingleThreadTaskRunner;
}  // namespace base

namespace content {

class P2PSocketDispatcher;

// P2PAsyncAddressResolver performs DNS hostname resolution. It's used
// to resolve addresses of STUN and relay servers.
class P2PAsyncAddressResolver
    : public base::RefCountedThreadSafe<P2PAsyncAddressResolver> {
 public:
  typedef base::Callback<void(const net::IPAddressList&)> DoneCallback;

  P2PAsyncAddressResolver(P2PSocketDispatcher* dispatcher);
  // Start address resolve process.
  void Start(const rtc::SocketAddress& addr,
             const DoneCallback& done_callback);
  // Clients must unregister before exiting for cleanup.
  void Cancel();

 private:
  enum State {
    STATE_CREATED,
    STATE_SENT,
    STATE_FINISHED,
  };

  friend class P2PSocketDispatcher;

  friend class base::RefCountedThreadSafe<P2PAsyncAddressResolver>;

  virtual ~P2PAsyncAddressResolver();

  void DoSendRequest(const rtc::SocketAddress& host_name,
                     const DoneCallback& done_callback);
  void DoUnregister();
  void OnResponse(const net::IPAddressList& address);
  void DeliverResponse(const net::IPAddressList& address);

  P2PSocketDispatcher* dispatcher_;
  scoped_refptr<base::SingleThreadTaskRunner> ipc_task_runner_;
  scoped_refptr<base::SingleThreadTaskRunner> delegate_task_runner_;

  // State must be accessed from delegate thread only.
  State state_;

  // Accessed on the IPC thread only.
  int32_t request_id_;
  bool registered_;
  std::vector<rtc::IPAddress> addresses_;
  DoneCallback done_callback_;

  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(P2PAsyncAddressResolver);
};

}  // namespace content

#endif  // CONTENT_RENDERER_P2P_HOST_ADDRESS_REQUEST_H_


text:
HomeVictorian Bakers
Victorian Bakers
Victorian Bakers is a TV show on British national television from BBC2 with an average rating of 3.3 stars by TelevisionCatchUp.co.uk's visitors. We have 4 episodes of Victorian Bakers in our archive. The first episode of Victorian Bakers was broadcast in December, 2016. Did you miss an episode of Victorian Bakers but don't you wan't that to happen in the future? Please set an alarm and add Victorian Bakers to your favourites, so we can remind you by email when there's a new episode available to watch. For free!
How the Victorians invented Christmas as we know it today - through the eyes of four professional bakers, who make favourite festive products from the most revolutionary era in British history. Featuring the long lost centrepiece of British Christmas known as twelfth cake, mince pies with actual meat in them (tripe - and r...
Four 21st-century bakers bake their way through the era that gave us modern baking as we know it - the reign of Queen Victoria. Experts Alex Langlands and Annie Gray join them to tell the incredible story of our daily bread.
Four modern bakers bake their way through the era that gave us modern baking as we know it - the reign of Queen Victoria. Experts Alex Langlands and Annie Gray join them to tell the incredible story of our daily bread.


A great way to kick off the holiday in Dunwoody!
The annual Light up Dunwoody event is on Sunday, November 18, 2012. The festivities take place near the Dunwoody Cheek-Spruill Farmhouse on the corner of Mt. Vernon and Chamblee Dunwoody Rd. Event hours are from 3:00 pm to 6:00 pm.
This community event welcomes the holiday season with a warm and cozy atmosphere. Vendors will be offering various treasures and refreshments at the Christmas Village. Children and families will have a great photo opportunity at the event, so guests are encouraged to bring their own camera. Santa and his elves will be on the front porch of the farmhouse with a sleigh, reindeer, and other festive decorations.