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Augustenhof ist ein Ortsteil der Stadt Burglengenfeld in der Oberpfalz.

Geografie
Der Ortsteil liegt in der Fränkischen Alb am nordöstlichen Ortsrand von Burglengenfeld. Nördlich steigt das Gelände zu dem  hohen Osterbühl hin auf.

Geschichte
Das bayerische Urkataster zeigt in den 1810er Jahren noch dichte Waldflächen. Zwischen 1817 und 1841 entstand die Einöde Augustenhof mit einer Herdstelle. Um 1873 erwarb Freiherr von Gise auf Teublitz den Einödhof, den er vom Teublitzer Wirt Götz gekauft hatte.

Der Ortsteil gehörte zunächst zur damaligen Gemeinde Saltendorf, die dem Hof die Hausnummer 1 gab. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wuchs dieser Ortsteil durch eine rege Bautätigkeit stark an.

Im Zuge der Gebietsreform wurde am 1. Januar 1972 der Ortsteil Augustenhof nach Burglengenfeld umgemeindet. Er gehört jedoch bis heute zum Sprengel der katholischen Pfarrei Teublitz-Saltendorf.

Literatur
 Franz Schindler, Augustenhof. Ein junger Ort mit altem Namen, in: Heimaterzähler. Heimatbeilage für das Schwandorfer Tagblatt und die Burglengenfelder Zeitung, März 1967, Jahrgang 18, Nr. 6, S. 21.

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Schwandorf
Burglengenfeld

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: How to pass variables to mailto method I need to know if its possible to pass variables to the mailto: method.
I want to have something along the lines like this, so it opens a new email on outlook.
var email = "random@random.random"
var subject = "test"
window.href = "mailto:email?subject=subject"

Now i want to know if i can pass these variables. I don't care about the body of the email I just wanna have the email address and the subject line passed in.
I can't ActiveXObject because my code is on the server side rather then the client side so it wont have permission to create objects. Or at least thats what i got from reading into opening outlook from javascripts.

A: You are missing some quotes somewhere. Make sure your quoting looks similar to this:
window.location.href = "mailto:" + email + "?subject=" + subject;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Introducing the Cloud
Learn what the cloud is, how to set up various cloud accounts, and different cloud service providers.
1 hours, 17 minutes 12 videos
Additional Models Video — 00:04:41
Additional Models Video
In the world of cloud computing, three additional models are often referenced. The Cloud+ exam does not cover them directly, but they are very useful to know and this episode explains them.
Community Cloud Demo Video — 00:05:39
Community Cloud Demo Video
Community cloud solutions are unique in that they are not general-purpose cloud solutions. This episode explains what they are and provides examples of community clouds.
Public Cloud Demo Video — 00:08:19
Public Cloud Demo Video
This episode will provide a brief overview of the interfaces and offerings of three major cloud service providers: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform (GCP).
Defining the Cloud Video — 00:07:42
Defining the Cloud Video
This episode will provide a robust definition of the cloud so that you can comprehend its application to real-world implementations and use. The definition is explained in detail with each concept clearly defined.
Resource Balancing Video — 00:06:48
Resource Balancing Video
A key factor in the use of cloud services is cost optimization. Resource balancing assists with cost optimization and this episode introduces you to the concept.
Cloud Architectures Video — 00:06:20
Cloud Architectures Video
Over the years, several acronyms have come to be associated with cloud architectures. This episode introduces and explains these architectural terms.
Hybrid Cloud Demo Video — 00:05:04
Hybrid Cloud Demo Video
In this episode, hybrid clouds are explained. CloudBolt.io is provided as an example tool for managing hybrid cloud solutions.
Private Cloud Demo Video — 00:06:13
Private Cloud Demo Video
This episode explores private cloud solution and provides examples of specific systems that may be implemented for private cloud management.
Deployment Models Video — 00:04:35
Deployment Models Video
Cloud deployment models provide a thinking tool to help you choose the best cloud solution for your needs. This episode introduces public, community, private and hybrid clouds.
Setting Up Your Cloud Accounts Video — 00:06:30
Setting Up Your Cloud Accounts Video
This episode helps you to get started quickly by setting up accounts with AWS, Google Cloud Platform, and Microsoft Azure. The accounts are free, but require a credit card for identity validation.
Change Management Video — 00:06:38
Change Management Video
All Information Systems require change management for effective maintenance over time. This episode introduces the concept of change management and explains advisory boards and approval processes.
Capacity, Elasticity, and Support Agreements Video — 00:08:34
Capacity, Elasticity, and Support Agreements Video
This episode explains some common terminology related to cloud computing including, capacity, elasticity and service model maintenance.
Take a closer look at the cloud, what it is, and common terminology. You'll learn how to deploy the cloud, and the differences between public, private, hybrid and community clouds. We'll also explore various cloud architectures, how to manage resources and change management.
Mike Meyers, affectionately called the "Alpha Geek," is the industry's leading authority on CompTIA certifications. He is the president and co-founder of Total Seminars, LLC, a provider of PC and network repair seminars, books, videos and courseware for thousands of organizations throughout the world. Mike has been involved in the computer and network repair industry since 1987 as a technician, instructor, author, consultant and speaker. He has sold over a million IT and certification books, including the best-selling CompTIA A+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide and CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide. He has personally taught thousands of students, including U.S. senators, U.S. Supreme Court Justices, members of the United Nation, every branch of the U.S. Armed Forces, many branches of the Department of Justice, hundreds of corporate clients and academic students at every level.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Tamworth's Professor Helen Stokes-Lampard awarded Damehood in 2022 New Year Honours
She is currently on a three-year secondment from the University of Birmingham as chair of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges (AoMRC).
Daniel Newbould
Professor Helen Stokes-Lampard, Chair of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges and Professor of GP Education at the University of Birmingham, has been awarded a Damehood in the 2022 New Year Honours. (Image: University of Birmingham)
Professor Helen Stokes-Lampard, chair of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges and Professor of GP Education at the University of Birmingham, from Tamworth, is 'completely overwhelmed, humbled and blown away' after being awarded a Damehood in the 2022 New Year Honours.
A part-time GP partner at a large group practice in Lichfield, which she joined in 2002 after completing her training in inner-city Birmingham and at Birmingham Medical School, she receives the award for services to general practice.
Professor Stokes-Lampard said: "I was completely overwhelmed and humbled to hear of this honour; I see this as public recognition of our remarkable UK General Practice and the wider health and care teams with which I have worked over the years.
READ MORE: Police statement after boy, 16, dies in fall at industrial site in Tamworth
"They have all worked tirelessly throughout this pandemic and given their heart and soul for the patients and communities they serve.
"I am so grateful to have had the opportunities to work as a frontline GP, a university academic and to be elected to chair national medical organisations whilst having the unstinting support of my wonderful husband and family throughout."
She also tweeted: "I am completely blown away and humbled by this, any award is due to all our amazing NHS teams in this pandemic. Thank you to my amazing colleagues."
Professor Stokes-Lampard is chair of the National Academy for Social Prescribing (NASP) and was chair of the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) until Nov 2019.
She is currently on a three-year secondment from the University of Birmingham (July 2020-23) as chair of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges (AoMRC).
Having worked in obstetrics and gynaecology for several years before training as a GP, her diverse research interests have spanned gynaecological cancer screening, all aspects of women's health, epidemiology and data linkage studies.
Professor Adam Tickell, University of Birmingham's Vice-Chancellor, said: "I would like to extend my warmest congratulations to Professor Stokes-Lampard for this well-deserved public recognition of her outstanding achievements in her field."
Elsewhere in Staffordshire swimmer Adam Peaty is now awarded the OBE, following his golden achievements at the Tokyo Olympics, a promotion to the MBE he received after his 2016 Games success in Rio de Janeiro.
Laura Manning Shoaf is made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) following her work at Transport for the West Midlands.
Lianne Al-Khaldi is made a Medallist of the Order of the British Empire (BEM) having organised a network of 35 volunteers making PPE for hospitals – at the same time as home schooling her four children.
Emily Doorbar is also made a BEM for her work during the pandemic. A customer service manager at Staffordshire County Council, in March 2020 she quickly set up from scratch the county's track and trace system to understand how the infection was spreading and to limit transmissions wherever possible.
Alan White, leader of Staffordshire County Council, said: "These awards capture the best of Staffordshire, ranging from those who set international and national standards of sporting and professional excellence, to those who make a real difference to their communities and the people who live there.
"This county's greatest asset is its people and, in passing on my congratulations to them all for their achievements, I am proud to be associated with them and with Staffordshire."
Mr Ian Dudson CBE, HM Lord-Lieutenant of Staffordshire, said: "People from all walks of life are brought together to be honoured by Her Majesty the Queen on behalf of us all for their example, effort and contribution to our society.
"We congratulate all those from Staffordshire who have been recognised in this way and share their pride at this special moment."
Residents of Staffordshire who have received an honour include:
DBE for Professor Helen Jayne Stokes-Lampard, of Tamworth, for services to General Practice
CBE for Laura Manning Shoaf, of Kinver, lately Managing Director of Transport for the West Midlands, for services to the economic regeneration of the West Midlands
OBE for Adam Peaty MBE, formerly of Uttoxeter, for services to swimming;
MBE for Kay McIntyre, of Biddulph, Youth Support and Participation Young People Manager at East Cheshire Council, for services to children and young people;
MBE for Patrick Nyarumbu, of Stafford, Executive Director of Strategy People and Partnerships at Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, for services to nursing;
BEM for Lianne Jayne Al-Khaldi, of Stafford, for services to the community in Stafford during Covid-19;
BEM for Emily Doorbar, of Caverswall, Customer Services Manager at Staffordshire County Council, for public service during the Covid-19 pandemic;
BEM for Ian Derek Mountford, of Stoke-on-Trent, for services to the community in Stoke-on-Trent, particularly during Covid-19;
BEM for Adam Ralph Prince, of Rushton Spencer, for services to the community in Burnham, Buckinghamshire, during Covid-19.
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Burglaries rise over Christmas in West Midlands and most go unsolved
Mum 'traumatised' after car stolen at gunpoint with son in back
London 2012 Olympics


Lisa Kwock has two problems: her bones are thinning and her cholesterol is high. She's taking calcium, but now she's worried that what may help her bones may hurt her heart.
Calcium supplements are a good way to keep bones strong, but there's new concern Thursday they could lead to an increased risk for heart attack.
"I think why this study concerns me is because of all the different factors I represent," said Kwock. "At some point we're going to have to make a decision as I get older."
It's a decision faced by millions, CBS News Medical Correspondent Dr. Jon LaPook reports. New research released Thursday night looked at 11 studies involving 11,921 patients. Those receiving calcium supplements had a 31 percent increase in heart attacks.
"I think it's important for us to look at this study and rethink our practice," said Dr. Suzanne Steinbaum, director of women's health and heart disease, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. "We shouldn't just recommend supplementation to all of our patients."
More study is definitely needed, but now it looks like it's better to get calcium through food, which doesn't seem to cause this type of heart problem.


...who can assist in designing the menu format and design for a restaurant. We need paper design for restaurant as well as online menu. Format should have details of the ingredients, usage and nutritional details. Menu will be Indian cuisines and few mixers. Please share sample as as well if worked on similar project before. Restaurant name "BURP STREET"
ADD PRODUCT AMAZONE 22 PROD...Office supplies baggage Sports and leisures Garden Pet Shop Auto and Moto Kindle Store Lighting and Lighting Hygiene and health Games and toys Babies & Childcare Musical Instruments & Sound Beauty and Perfume Clothes and accessories Major appliances French books Grocery Condition New !!!!!!!!verry BUDGET SMAL !!!!!!!!!


MANCHESTER CITY forward Sergio Aguero has rubbished reports linking him with a summer move to Real Madrid.
The Argentine has been courted by Real Madrid, who is on their shortlist along with City team-mate David Silva.
Barcelona have also been sniffing around Aguero, who is known to La Liga supporters during his prolific spell with Atletico Madrid.
But Aguero insists he is happy at City and doesn't have any intention of leaving.
He told City's official website: "I'm very happy at City and I feel appreciated and loved here which means a lot to me.
"It's been barely more than a year-and-a-half since I've arrived and sometimes I feel like I've been here for all my life.
"How could I forget that? More to the point, why would I want to forget that?"
Aguero immortalised himself in City folklore after hitting a dramatic match-winner against QPR to ensure his side were crowned Premier League champions.
He has nine Premier League goals to his account this campaign, but was unable to add his tally during his side's 2-0 win over Chelsea at the Etihad yesterday.


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Raincoats is usually the ultimate stuff you don't consider just like a part of your wardrobe. but it's an important and necessary a part of a women's wardrobe. Raincoats will be the final factor we expect we wish till it rain's. For individuals who've had a operate to visit in formal or business apparel, you don't have to point up wet as your umbrella didn't steer obvious from the wind from processing the rain in your covering. there's nothing additional miserable than being wet. as well as the appearance you're choosing simply went of the question.
Simply what does one have within your wardrobe that may be destroyed whether it must get drenched within a rainstorm? not several, however you have a minumum of one or even more. You and your clothes need to be up against the ravages from the rainstorm. If you're honest regarding this, you probably did not assume to purchase an umbrella before you were within a store plus a unforeseen shower came out whilst you walked in or simply when you were near to leave. Rainwear just is not foremost inside our minds till it's climbing lower.
The majority of the waterproofs you'll find in the marketplace nowadays have return a protracted means within the plastic raincoat that came in a really small plastic envelope getting easy with this that could work in to a women's purse. The raincoats nowadays create a fashion statement simply by themselves. they will probably enhance any outfit you have within your wardrobe from jeans for the formal robe you're on rare occasions.
Not every individuals raincoats is pleated away in to a travel pouch, however most of them may. These travel pouches perform showing neatness for your purse for your periodic shower that may return on out of the blue. and most of them are created getting a wrinkle-resistant cloth thus you'll probably still look your better whereas shield you and your covering while it is raining. If that's to not your feeling, i know if you see a water-proof which will suit your desires which can be adorned within your closet.


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Finland: Uncovering Nordic Myths of Homogeneity with Miika Tervonen
Listen to a podcast on commonly held assumptions about state, homogeneity and migration in Finland.
Miika Tervonen is Senior Research Fellow at the Migration Institute of Finland. Photo: M. Tervonen.
21 May 2021 by Miika Tervonen
Nordic societies are often seen as based on a social contract whereby citizens do certain things from cradle to grave and the state, in return, will look after them. The history of the Nordic nation/welfare states is fraught with tensions and boundary-drawing, however. The historical rise of national in-groups, 'Us', has also produced excluded outgroups, 'Them', as well as collective amnesias on diversity and mobility. The Us and Them Paradigm can sometimes be hard to see as it is embedded in how we think about society, but it frequently bubbles to the surface in the media, social policy and politics and has done so since the birth of the nation state – with sometimes troubling consequences.
In this podcast, Miika Tervonen who is Senior Research Fellow at the Migration Institute of Finland and Docent at the Centre for Nordic Studies at the University of Helsinki, helps us examine these issues, challenging commonly held assumptions about state, homogeneity and migration.
Listen to this podcast if you are interested in finding out more about:
Minorities in Finland;
The myth of homogeneity in the Nordics;
The politicising and categorising of minorities and migrants;
History-writing.
This is the eighth virtual visit around the Nordic countries in the podcast series 'The Nordics Uncovered: Critical Voices from the Region'. Miika and Nicola spoke over Zoom in April 2021.
Some of the peoples, historians etc mentioned this podcast:
International Labour Organisation's International indigenous and Tribal People's Convention Treaty
the Karelians.
the Kvens.
the Tornedalians.
Mäenkieli language.
Väinö Voionmaa (1869-1947).
Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen (until 1882 Georg Zacharias Forsman) (1830-1903).
Sakari Topelius (Zachris Topelius) (1818-898).
Listen to other podcasts in the series: 'The Nordics Uncovered: Critical Voices from the Region'
Johan Strang, ed., Nordic Cooperation: A European region in transition. (Abingdon: Routledge, 2015).
Jussi Laine and Miika Tervonen, Remaking the Border: Post-Soviet Borderscapes in the Finnish Media'. Chiara Brambilla, Jussi Laine, James W. Scott & Gianluca Bocchi, eds., Borderscaping : imaginations and practices of border making. (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2015).
Miika Tervonen, Saara Pellander & Nira Yuval-Davis, 'Everyday bordering in the Nordic countries'. Nordic Journal of Migration Research 3,8 (2018), 139–142.
Miika Tervonen & Anca Enache, 'Coping with everyday bordering: Roma migrants and gatekeepers in Helsinki'. Journal of Ethnic and Racial Studies 40, 7 (2017) pp. 1114–1131.
Miika Tervonen, 'Going from house to house: exploring Roma encounters in rural Finland through oral history and written reminiscences'. Oral History Journal 44, 2 (2016) pp. 91-99.
Nordic Journal of Migration Research
Exclusion in the name of inclusion? Romani bridge builders in Sweden 27 April 2022
The dancing ban in Finland during World War II 17 March 2022
Iceland: Uncovering the past in Nordic Literature with Gunnþórunn Guðmundsdóttir 15 March 2021
Finnish Jewish intermarriage since 1917: intertwining religions and cultures 24 September 2020
Ingria and the Ingrian Finns 28 April 2020
Interview: "we won't be silenced" - Sámi language and literature 19 December 2019
Swedish speakers in Finland 27 February 2019
Labour markets
Multiculturalism in the Nordic region
Region building


A consortium that includes Singapore Telecommunications, Sunil Mittal-led Bharti Airtel and private equity firm Warburg Pincus is looking to buy almost 61 per cent stake held by the family of Zee founder Subhash Chandra in their direct-to-home television business Dish TV.
The consortium will also bid for an additional 26 per cent stake through an open offer, said an Indian media report. Besides, Airtel's digital TV business, which is operated under Bharti Telemedia, will be consolidated with Dish TV in a reverse merger.
The consortium will have to shell out an estimated $1.15 billion (almost Rs 8,000 crore) for the entire 87 per cent stake.
Since the consortium will own more than 75 per cent stake, which is the maximum promoter shareholding allowed in a company, in the merged entity, it will be given a year to decrease its holding to the permissible limit.


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Inequities are killing people on a "grand scale" reports WHO's Commission
Author : OMS / WHO
- Inequality
A child born in a Glasgow, Scotland suburb can expect a life 28 years shorter than another living only 13 kilometres away. A girl in Lesotho is likely to live 42 years less than another in Japan. In Sweden, the risk of a woman dying during pregnancy and childbirth is 1 in 17 400; in Afghanistan, the odds are 1 in 8. Biology does not explain any of this. Instead, the differences between - and within - countries result from the social environment where people are born, live, grow, work and age.
These "social determinants of health" have been the focus of a three-year investigation by an eminent group of policy makers, academics, former heads of state and former ministers of health. Together, they comprise the World Health Organization's Commission on the Social Determinants of Health. The Commission presents its findings to the WHO Director-General Dr Margaret Chan.
"(The) toxic combination of bad policies, economics, and politics is, in large measure responsible for the fact that a majority of people in the world do not enjoy the good health that is biologically possible," the Commissioners write in Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health. "Social injustice is killing people on a grand scale."
"Health inequity really is a matter of life and death," said Dr Chan today while welcoming the Report and congratulating the Commission. "But health systems will not naturally gravitate towards equity. Unprecedented leadership is needed that compels all actors, including those beyond the health sector, to examine their impact on health. Primary health care, which integrates health in all of government's policies, is the best framework for doing so."
Sir Michael Marmot, Commission Chair said: "Central to the Commission's recommendations is creating the conditions for people to be empowered, to have freedom to lead flourishing lives. Nowhere is lack of empowerment more obvious than in the plight of women in many parts of the world. Health suffers as a result. Following our recommendations would dramatically improve the health and life chances of billions of people."
Inequities within countries
Health inequities – unfair, unjust and avoidable causes of ill health – have long been measured between countries but the Commission documents "health gradients" within countries as well. For example:
* Life expectancy for Indigenous Australian males is shorter by 17 years than all other Australian males.
* Maternal mortality is 3–4 times higher among the poor compared to the rich in Indonesia. The difference in adult mortality between least and most deprived neighbourhoods in the UK is more than 2.5 times.
* Child mortality in the slums of Nairobi is 2.5 times higher than in other parts of the city. A baby born to a Bolivian mother with no education has 10% chance of dying, while one born to a woman with at least secondary education has a 0.4% chance.
* In the United States, 886 202 deaths would have been averted between 1991 and 2000 if mortality rates between white and African Americans were equalized. (This contrasts to 176 633 lives saved in the US by medical advances in the same period.)
* In Uganda the death rate of children under 5 years in the richest fifth of households is 106 per 1000 live births but in the poorest fifth of households in Uganda it is even worse – 192 deaths per 1000 live births – that is nearly a fifth of all babies born alive to the poorest households destined to die before they reach their fifth birthday. Set this against an average death rate for under fives in high income countries of 7 deaths per 1000.
The Commission found evidence that demonstrates in general the poor are worse off than those less deprived, but they also found that the less deprived are in turn worse than those with average incomes, and so on. This slope linking income and health is the social gradient, and is seen everywhere – not just in developing countries, but all countries, including the richest. The slope may be more or less steep in different countries, but the phenomenon is universal.
Wealth is not necessarily a determinant
Economic growth is raising incomes in many countries but increasing national wealth alone does not necessarily increase national health. Without equitable distribution of benefits, national growth can even exacerbate inequities.
While there has been enormous increase in global wealth, technology and living standards in recent years, the key question is how it is used for fair distribution of services and institution-building especially in low-income countries. In 1980, the richest countries with 10% of the population had a gross national income 60 times that of the poorest countries with 10% of the world's population. After 25 years of globalization, this difference increased to 122, reports the Commission. Worse, in the last 15 years, the poorest quintile in many low-income countries have shown a declining share in national consumption.
Wealth alone does not have to determine the health of a nation's population. Some low-income countries such as Cuba, Costa Rica, China, state of Kerala in India and Sri Lanka have achieved levels of good health despite relatively low national incomes. But, the Commission points out, wealth can be wisely used. Nordic countries, for example, have followed policies that encouraged equality of benefits and services, full employment, gender equity and low levels of social exclusion. This, said the Commission, is an outstanding example of what needs to be done everywhere.
Solutions from beyond the health sector
Much of the work to redress health inequities lies beyond the health sector. According to the Commission's report, "Water-borne diseases are not caused by a lack of antibiotics but by dirty water, and by the political, social, and economic forces that fail to make clean water available to all; heart disease is caused not by a lack of coronary care units but by lives people lead, which are shaped by the environments in which they live; obesity is not caused by moral failure on the part of individuals but by the excess availability of high-fat and high-sugar foods." Consequently, the health sector – globally and nationally – needs to focus attention on addressing the root causes of inequities in health.
"We rely too much on medical interventions as a way of increasing life expectancy" explained Sir Michael. "A more effective way of increasing life expectancy and improving health would be for every government policy and programme to be assessed for its impact on health and health equity; to make health and health equity a marker for government performance."
Based on this compelling evidence, the Commission makes three overarching recommendations to tackle the "corrosive effects of inequality of life chances":
* Improve daily living conditions, including the circumstances in which people are born, grow, live, work and age.
* Tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources – the structural drivers of those conditions – globally, nationally and locally.
* Measure and understand the problem and assess the impact of action.
Recommendations for daily living
Improving daily living conditions begins at the start of life. The Commission recommends that countries set up an interagency mechanism to ensure effective collaboration and coherent policy between all sectors for early childhood development, and aim to provide early childhood services to all of their young citizens. Investing in early childhood development provides one of the best ways to reduce health inequities. Evidence shows that investment in the education of women pays for itself many times over.
Billions of people live without adequate shelter and clean water. The Commission's report pays particular attention to the increasing numbers of people who live in urban slums, and the impact of urban governance on health. The Commission joins other voices in calling for a renewed effort to ensure water, sanitation and electricity for all, as well as better urban planning to address the epidemic of chronic disease.
Health systems also have an important role to play. While the Commission report shows how the health sector can not reduce health inequities on its own, providing universal coverage and ensuring a focus on equity throughout health systems are important steps.
The report also highlights how over 100 million people are impoverished due to paying for health care – a key contributor to health inequity. The Commission thus calls for health systems to be based on principles of equity, disease prevention and health promotion with universal coverage, based on primary health care.
Distribution of resources
Enacting the recommendations of the Commission to improve daily living conditions will also require tackling the inequitable distribution of resources. This requires far-reaching and systematic action.
The report foregrounds a range of recommendations aimed at ensuring fair financing, corporate social responsibility, gender equity and better governance. These include using health equity as an indicator of government performance and overall social development, the widespread use of health equity impact assessments, ensuring that rich countries honour their commitment to provide 0.7% of their GNP as aid, strengthening legislation to prohibit discrimination by gender and improving the capacity for all groups in society to participate in policy-making with space for civil society to work unencumbered to promote and protect political and social rights. At the global level, the Commission recommends that health equity should be a core development goal and that a social determinants of health framework should be used to monitor progress.
The Commission also highlights how implementing any of the above recommendations requires measurement of the existing problem of health inequity (where in many countries adequate data does not exist) and then monitoring the impact on health equity of the proposed interventions. To do this will require firstly investing in basic vital registration systems which have seen limited progress in the last thirty years. There is also a great need for training of policy-makers, health workers and workers in other sectors to understand the need for and how to act on the social determinants of health.
While more research is needed, enough is known for policy makers to initiate action. The feasibility of action is indicated in the change that is already occurring. Egypt has shown a remarkable drop in child mortality from 235 to 33 per 1000 in 30 years. Greece and Portugal reduced their child mortality from 50 per 1000 births to levels nearly as low as Japan, Sweden, and Iceland. Cuba achieved more than 99% coverage of its child development services in 2000. But trends showing improved health are not foreordained. In fact, without attention health can decline rapidly.
Is this feasible?
The Commission has already inspired and supported action in many parts of the world. Brazil, Canada, Chile, Iran, Kenya, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, Sweden, and the UK have become 'country partners' on the basis of their commitment to make progress on the social determinants of health equity and are already developing policies across governments to tackle them. These examples show that change is possible through political will. There is a long way to go, but the direction is set, say the Commissioners, the path clear.
WHO will now make the report available to Member States which will determine how the health agency is to respond.
Comments from the Commissioners
Fran Baum, Head of Department and Professor of Public Health at Flinders University, Foundation Director of the South Australian Community Health Research Unit and Co-Chair of the Global Coordinating Council of the People's Health Movement: "It is wonderful to have global endorsement of the Australian Closing the Gap campaign from the CSDH established by the WHO. The CSDH sets Closing the Gap as a goal for the whole world and produces the evidence on how health inequities are a reflection of the way we organize society and distribute power and resources. The good news from the CSDH for Australia is that it provides plenty of ideas on how to set an agenda that will tackle the underlying determinants of health and create a healthier Australia for all of us"
Monique Begin, Professor at the School of Management, University of Ottawa, Canada, twice-appointed Minister of National Health and Welfare and the first woman from Quebec elected to the House of Commons: "Canada likes to brag that for seven years in a row the United Nations voted us "the best country in the world in which to live". Do all Canadians share equally in that great quality of life? No they don't. The truth is that our country is so wealthy that it manages to mask the reality of food banks in our cities, of unacceptable housing (1 in 5), of young Inuit adults very high suicide rates. This report is a wake up call for action towards truly living up to our reputation."
Giovanni Berlinguer, Member of the European Parliament, member of the International Bioethics Committee of UNESCO (2001–2007) and rapporteur of the project Universal Declaration on Bioethics: "A fairer world will be a healthier world. A health service and medical interventions are just one of the factors that influence population health. The growth of inequalities and the phenomena of increased injustice in health is present in low and middle income countries as well as across Europe. It would be a crime not to take every action possible to reduce them."
Mirai Chatterjee, Coordinator of Social Security for India's Self-Employed Women's Association, a trade union of over 900 000 self-employed women and recently appointed to the National Advisory Council and the National Commission for the Unorganised Sector: "The report suggests avenues for action from the local to national and global levels. It has been eagerly awaited by policy-makers, health officials, grassroot activists and their community-based organizations. Much of the research and evidence is of particular relevance to the South-East Asian region, where too many people struggle daily for justice and equity in health. The report will inspire the region to act and develop new policies and programmes."
Yan Guo, Professor of Public Health and Vice-President of the Peking University Health Science Centre, Vice-Chairman of the Chinese Rural Health Association and Vice-Director of the China Academy of Health Policy: "A man should not be concerned with whether he has enough possessions but whether possessions have been equally distributed", this is a time-honored teaching in China. Constructing a harmonious society is our shared aspiration, and equity, including health equity, composes the prerequisite for a harmonious development. Eliminating determinants that are adverse to health under the efforts from all of the society, promoting social justice, and advancing human health are our shared goals. Let's join our hands in this grand course!"
Kiyoshi Kurokawa, Professor at the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Member of the Science and Technology Policy Committee of the Cabinet Office, formerly President of the Science Council of Japan and the Pacific Science Association: "The WHO Commission addresses one of the major issues of our global world - health inequity. The report's recommendations will be perceived, utilized and implemented as a major policy agenda at national and global levels. The issue will increase in importance as the general public become more engaged via civil society movements and multi-stakeholder involvement."
Alireza Marandi, Professor of Pediatrics at Shaheed Beheshti University, Islamic Republic of Iran, former two-term Minister of Health and Medical Education, former Deputy Minister and Advisor to the Minister and recently elected to be a member of the Iranian Parliament: "According to the Islamic ideology, social justice became a priority, when the Islamic revolution materialized in Iran. Establishing a solid Primary Health Care network in our country, not only improved our health statistics, but it was an excellent vehicle to move towards health equity. Now through the final report of the CSDH and implementing its recommendations we need to move much faster in our own country toward health equity."
Pascoal Mocumbi, High Representative of the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, former Prime Minister of the Republic of Mozambique, former head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Health: "The Commission on Social Determinants of Health report will help African leaders adapt their national development strategies to address the challenges to health. These are derived from the current systemic changes taking place in the global economy that affects heavily on the poorest segments of Africa's population."
Amartya Sen, Lamont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University, awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1998: "The primary object of development - for any country and for the world as a whole - is the elimination of 'unfreedoms' that reduce and impoverish the lives of people. Central to human deprivation is the failure of the capability to live long and healthy lives. This is much more than a medical problem. It relates to handicaps that have deep social roots. Under Michael Marmot's leadership, this WHO Commission has concentrated on the badly neglected causal linkages that have to be adequately understood and remedied. A fuller understanding is also a call for action."
David Satcher, Director of the Center of Excellence on Health Disparities and the Satcher Health Leadership Institute Initiative, formerly the United States Surgeon General and Assistant Secretary for Health and also Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: "The United States of America spends more on health care than any other country in the world, yet it ranks 41st in terms of life expectancy. New Orleans and its experience with Hurricane Katrina illustrate why we need to target social determinants of health (SDH) — including housing, education, working and learning conditions, and whether people are exposed to toxins—better than any place I can think of right now. By targeting the SDH, we can rapidly move towards closing the gap that unfairly and avoidably separates the health status of groups of different socio-economic status, social exclusion experience, and educational background."
Anna Tibaijuka, Executive Director of UN-HABITAT and founding Chairperson of the independent Tanzanian National Women's Council: "Health delivery is not possible for people living in squalor, in dehumanizing pathetic conditions prevailing in the ever growing slum settlements of cities and towns in developing countries. Investment in basic services such as water and education will always remain constrained if not wasted unless accompanied by requisite investment in decent housing with basic sanitation."
Denny Vågerö, Professor of Medical Sociology, Director of CHESS (Centre for Health Equity Studies) in Sweden, member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and of its Standing Committee on Health: "Countries of the world are presently growing apart in health terms. This is very worrying. In many countries in the world social differences in health are also growing, and this is true in Europe. We have been one-sidedly focused on economic growth, disregarding negative consequences for health and climate. We need to think differently about development."
Gail Wilensky, Senior Fellow at Project HOPE, an international health education foundation. Previously she directed the Medicare and Medicaid programmes in the United States and also chaired two commissions that advise the United States Congress on Medicare: "What this report makes clear is that improving health and health outcomes and reducing avoidable health differences—goals of all countries-- involves far more than just improving the health care system. Basic living conditions, employment, early childhood education, treatment of women and poverty all impact on health outcomes and incorporating their effects on health outcomes needs to become an important part of public policymaking. This is as true for wealthy countries like the United States as it is for many of the emerging countries of the world, where large numbers of people live on less than $2 per day."
The Report and background material
Executive summary [pdf 5.34Mb]
More about the Commission
For more information or interviews, please contact:
Sharad Agarwal, Communications Officer, WHO, Geneva, Tel.: +41 22 791 1905, Mob.: +41 79 621 5286, Email: agarwals@who.int
Felicity Porritt, Head, Communications, CSDH, UCL Secretariat, London, Mob.: +44 773 941 9219, Email: felicity.porritt@mac.com
Average of 83 ratings
WHO expert panel paves way for strong international governance on human genome editing
Sunbeds pose a risk for all people
Protecting the children from the environment
9 out of 10 people worldwide breathe polluted air, but more countries are taking action
The cost of a polluted environment:
1.7 million child deaths a year
Respire la vie - une campagne sur les dangers de la pollution de l'air - infographies
2016 year in review: key health issues
WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database (update 2016)
Life expectancy increased by 5 years since 2000, but health inequalities persist
Global report on diabetes
An estimated 12.6 million deaths each year are attributable to unhealthy environments
Commission presents its final report, calling for high-level action to address major health challenge
Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2015
Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division
Health and human rights
Tuberculosis mortality nearly halved since 1990
New report identifies four ways to reduce health risks from climate pollutants
Vaccine hesitancy: A growing challenge for immunization programmes
WHO calls for increase in voluntary blood donors to save millions of lives
Ebola diaries: Detecting disease on an unprecedented scale
Global vaccination targets 'off-track' warns WHO
World Health Day 2015: From farm to plate, make food safe
Tobacco use declining but major intensification needed in reduction and control efforts
WHO calls on countries to reduce sugars intake among adults and children
1.1 billion people at risk of hearing loss
New study highlights need to scale up violence prevention efforts globally
UN reveals major gaps in water and sanitation – especially in rural areas
World health statistics 2014
Improved data reveals higher global burden of tuberculosis
Preventing suicide: A global imperative
WHO and partners respond to the outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Guinea
Communicating the economics of social determinants of health and health inequalities
World Hepatitis Day: Think again
WHO targets elimination of TB in over 30 countries
Accelerating WHO emergency response to Ebola outbreak: Contact tracing
WHO/UNICEF highlight need to further reduce gaps in access to improved drinking water and sanitation
WHO's first global report on antibiotic resistance reveals serious, worldwide threat to public health
WHO issues new guidance on how to provide contraceptive information and service
Push for palliative care stokes debate
HINARI: Providing access to health literature
Building Back Better Sustainable mental health care after emergencies
Prevention and control of NCDs: Guidelines for primary health care in low-resource settings
Mental health action plan 2013 - 2020
WHO issues new guidance for treating children with severe acute malnutrition
Ten chemicals of major public health concern
Gains in tuberculosis control at risk due to 3 million missed patients and drug resistance
WHO calls for the phase out of mercury fever thermometers and blood pressure measuring devices by 2020
Early childhood development and disability
WHO welcomes the updating of the European Union (EU) Tobacco Products Directive
MDG 1: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Health research is essential for progress towards universal health coverage
Hepatitis: "It's closer than you think"
Dementia cases set to triple by 2050 but still largely ignored
WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2011: warning about the dangers of tobacco
WHO maps noncommunicable disease trends in all countries
New WHO report: deaths from noncommunicable diseases on the rise, with developing world hit hardest
World Health Day 2011: Urgent action necessary to safeguard drug treatments
Diabetes: the sweet irony of modern technology
Turn off the tap of unsafe medicines
Action needed to reduce health impact of harmful alcohol use
2010 in review: key health issues - Photo feature
Malaria report shows rapid progress towards international targets
WHO urges all countries to strengthen health financing so more people can use services
Hidden cities: new report shows how poverty and ill-health are linked in urban areas
WHO: control of neglected tropical diseases is feasible - Renewed engagement to scale-up integrated interventions announced
More developing countries show universal access to HIV/AIDS services is possible
H1N1 in post-pandemic period
WHO launches global network of age-friendly cities
Sixty-third World Health Assembly closes after passing multiple resolutions
Growing threat from counterfeit medicines
World Health Day 2010 - Urbanization and health
Access to safe drinking water improving; sanitation needs greater efforts
Global forum addresses solutions to prevent premature deaths
2009 in review: key health issues
10 facts on climate change and health
New HIV infections reduced by 17% over the past eight years
Today women live longer, but not healthier lives
Childhood vaccines at all-time high, but access not yet equitable
More than four million HIV-positive people now receiving life-saving treatment
Largest ever HIV vaccine trial results very encouraging
Road accidents, suicide and maternal conditions are leading causes of death in young people
World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic
World Health Assembly opens amid concerns about flu pandemic
Swine influenza frequently asked questions - WHO
Impact of financial crisis on health: a truly global solution is needed
HIV-related TB deaths higher than past estimates
Health impact of climate change needs attention
The Financial Crisis and Global Health
Health amid a financial crisis: a complex diagnosis
2008 in review: key public health issues - Photo essay
Message from Dr Margaret Chan, WHO Director-General, for World AIDS Day
New study presents state of the world's health
World Health Report calls for return to primary health care approach
Progress made in malaria control, yet burden is enormous
Executive summary "Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health"
WHO launches new HIV/AIDS guide to help countries reach universal access
New rapid tests for drug-resistant TB for developing countries
3 million now receiving life-saving HIV drugs
World Health Assembly sets bold new action for WHO
Noncommunicable diseases now biggest killers
10 facts on immunization
Climate change will erode foundations of health
Interview: espoirs et craintes dans la lutte contre le paludisme
Global costs of attaining the Millennium Development Goal for water supply and sanitation
Maternal mortality ratio falling too slowly to meet goal
Journée Internationale des Personnes Agées - 1er Octobre
WHO stresses need to ensure the safety of children's medicines
Health workforce challenges place increasing demands on European health systems
New guidelines to improve psychological and social assistance in emergencies
WHO urges more investments, services for mental health
The world health report 2007
International spread of disease threatens public health security
China and India join WHO clinical trial registry platform
Countries urged to be more vigilant about food safety
Chan, Margaret
Governments make progress in interpersonal violence prevention. National efforts leading to significant progress, reports WHO
WHO proposes global agenda on transplantation
Speech by Dr Margaret Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization at the High-level debate on international health security
WHO reports some promising results on avian influenza vaccines
WHO Executive Board to tackle key global health issues
2006: A year of challenges and achievements
New vaccines against cervical cancer major opportunity for developing world
Progress made, but AIDS remains pressing public health challenge
Margaret Chan to be WHO's next Director-General
Future of sexual and reproductive health at tipping point according to global study
UN Secretary-General's study reveals full range and scale of violence against children
WHO challenges world to improve air quality
Health consequences of excessive solar UV radiation
New global alliance seeks to address worldwide shortage of doctors, nurses and other health workers
The World Health Organization announces new standards for registration of all human medical research
The world health report 2006 - Working together for health
World Health Organization report explains the health impacts of the world's worst-ever civil nuclear accident
World Health Report outlines need for more investment in health workforce to improve working conditions, revitalize training institutions and anticipate future challenges
Report: Public health, innovation and intellectual property rights
Intellectual property rights and innovation: high-level commission calls for action to ensure developing country access to existing and new medicines and vaccines
Progress on Global Access to HIV Antiretroviral Therapy
Global access to HIV therapy tripled in past two years, but significant challenges remain
Counterfeit medicines: the silent epidemic
Avian influenza confirmed in birds in Nigeria
International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Pandemic Influenza
Was 2005 the year of natural disasters?
Results of survey: how healthy is your world?
Increased HIV prevention and treatment efforts needed to slow and reverse AIDS epidemic, according to new UNAIDS/WHO report
Meeting on Avian Influenza and Human Pandemic Influenza. Closing remarks
Global meeting to develop common approach on avian influenza and human pandemic influenza
Health workers, clean water, blankets and shelter still in short supply in Pakistan for earthquake survivors
1 October: International Day of Older Persons
Immunization maintains strong performance made in last quarter century
WHO expert to work with the UN system on avian and human influenza
The World Health Organization warns of the rising threat of heart disease and stroke as overweight and obesity rapidly increase
World Health Organization urges responsible use of antimalarial medicines
Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident
Donation of three million treatments of oseltamivir to WHO will help early response to an emerging influenza pandemic
Health and the Millennium Development Goals
Building stronger health systems key to reaching the health Millennium Development Goals
New Bangkok charter for health promotion adopted to address rapidly changing global health issues
WHO: "learning by doing" is key to achieving universal access to HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment
Countries with moderate to high risk of hepatitis B infection (2002)
Global prevalence of hepatitis C infection (2002)
Access to HIV treatment continues to accelerate in developing countries, but bottlenecks persist, says WHO/UNAIDS report
Almost 2 billion more people need access to basic sanitation by 2015 to meet millenium target
WHO and FAO to consult consumer associations from 25 countries on how to promote their involvement in food safety
World Health Assembly adopts new International Health Regulations
Fifty-eighth World Health Assembly: 16–25 May 2005, Geneva, Switzerland
TB cases and deaths linked to HIV at alarming levels in Africa
Africa is worst hit by dual epidemic
Global tobacco treaty enters into force with 57 countries already committed
WHO warns up to five million people without access to basic services in Southeast Asia
Lee, Jong-wook
Number of women living with HIV increases in each region of the world
Landmark report could influence the future of medicines in Europe and the world
New WHO report calls for a new and innovative approach to health systems research
Food safety : Five simple measures could significantly reduce the global incidence of foodborne disease
Suicide huge but preventable public health problem, says WHO
A globally effective HIV vaccine requires greater participation of women and adolescents in clinical trials
WHO publishes new guidelines on preventing mother to child transmission of HIV
Strong foundations built to increase access to AIDS treatment
Codex urged to speed up work and increase participation by developing countries
Polio experts warn of largest epidemic in recent years, as polio hits Darfur
The environment: where's the risk, and where are children safe?
Study on environmental burden of disease in children: Key findings
Unprecedented opportunity to fight HIV/AIDS and change the course of history
More than 600 million people urgently need effective malaria treatment to prevent unacceptably high death rates
World Health Day 2004 offers an historic opportunity to increase investment in road safety
World Health Day: Road safety is no accident!
WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control now signed by 100 countries
World Health Organization to host influenza pandemic preparedness meeting
World Health Organization and scientific journal editors vow to help galvanize mental health research in developing countries
AIDS threat growing throughout Europe
Unprecedented spread of avian influenza requires broad collaboration
Many countries not on target to reach health-related Millennium Development Goals
Urgent work needed to rebuild health care systems
New book demonstrates how climate change impacts on health
WHO and UNAIDS unveil plan to get 3 million AIDS patients on treatment by 2005
Mass immunization campaign launched to protect 15 million children from polio, as outbreak in Nigeria spreads across West Africa
World Health Organization says failure to deliver AIDS medicines is a global health emergency
Health crisis in Liberia - the long road to recovery
Coronavirus never before seen in humans is the cause of SARS
WHO/FAO release independent Expert Report on diet and chronic disease
Agreement reached on global Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
l'OMS et la FIA unissent leurs efforts pour améliorer la sécurité routière
WHO launches annual Move for Health day as global initiative to promote benefits of physical activity
Countries meet to finalize landmark agreement on International Tobacco Control
Outbreaks in Africa underscore the urgency for increased global influenza surveillance and pandemic planning
Eight questions consumers should ask on the threat of mad cow disease
Forty new countries given low cost access to health journals
Symposium aims to expand 5 a day initiative to boost fruit and vegetable consumption
Water for health enshrined as a human right
Impact of AIDS worsens African famine
Intensification de l'action dans les pays: Rencontre des hauts responsables de la santé et des finances avec les partenaires pour améliorer la santé des pauvres
Thematic features / Poverty
Thematic features / Health


text:
Q: Bad Float Counts? (Length[xs] != Total@Counts[xs]) In Mma 11.3, tallying floats with Counts seems to fail.  (Tally works fine, and rounding fixes the problem.)  Is this behavior somehow expected?
SeedRandom[314]
xs = Nest[RandomChoice[{0.6, 1.5}] # & /@ # &, ConstantArray[100, 100], 10]
Length[xs]  (* 100 *)
Total@Counts[xs]  (* 93 *)

A: Update:
Counts[data] seems to be equivalent to AssociationThread @@ Transpose@Tally[data].  The OP's problem arises because in constructing an Association, keys are checked for uniqueness and later entries with a duplicate key replace earlier entries.  (Simple example: Association[{1. -> 1, 1. -> 2}].)  Uniqueness is determined by MatchQ, I believe, which has problems discussed below in the original answer.  The problem with SameQ not strictly being an equivalence relation due nontransitivity is still an issue.  This update principally clarifies the role of forming an association: It discards entries of the Tally with duplicate keys, which results in an undercount.
Original answer:
Working with floating-point numbers is tricky.  I'd say the most important, common issue is that rounding errors lead to different but close numbers that users wish would be treated the same.  Introductory programming courses teach that comparing floats should be done with something like Abs[x - y] < $MyTolerance.  In Mathematica similar (but relative) tolerances are built into SameQ and Equal, which are controlled by the the internal system parameters Internal`$SameQTolerance and Internal`$EqualTolerance respectively (see also this; this question has similar issues as the OP).  Perhaps less well known is that MatchQ has a small tolerance like SameQ but is slightly more restrictive.  The most important difference is that MatchQ is transitive but SameQ is not.
These functions play various roles in pattern-matching and comparing numbers, and their issues affect functions like Counts[] when applied to floating-point data.  When constructing classes from data, as in Counts[], some reflection should lead one to think that using a comparison that is an equivalence relation, and therefore transitive, would be desirable.  And if not transitive, it should be at least "locally transitive" on the actual data being used.  By "locally transitive," I mean that the relation is transitive when restricted to the data set, even if it is not transitive on all floating-point numbers.
This seems to be the problem with the OP's example:  SameQ is not transitive on xs.  I say "seems" because I cannot check the internal workings of Counts[].  It's possible that SameQ is used to construct the keys and MatchQ to tally the counts.  It seems to me that Counts[] uses SameQ and CountsBy[] uses MatchQ to construct the keys, however the counting is done.  Since SameQ is not transitive, the order that the data is processed can make a difference.  Nevertheless, the problem can be fixed by making SameQ locally transitive on xs.
The reason this comes up in this example is that in constructing the data xs, the rounding drift amounts to 2 bits (2 ulp), which is one too many for SameQ to be locally transitive.
Here is the best fix (that fixes SameQ -- Chip Hurst points out that the tolerance can be as small as 0.55, which is close to the value of Log10[4.] = 0.60.. that would be predicted by the observed rounding error):
Block[{Internal`$SameQTolerance = Internal`$EqualTolerance},
 Total@Counts[xs]]
(*  100  *)

Another fix is to use MatchQ via CountsBy[]:
Total@CountsBy[xs, # &]
(*  100  *)

The CountsBy[] association has several keys for equal numbers, but it does have the correct total.  The first solution seems better because it has one key for each cluster of equal numbers.  (It likely that in some applications one would like distinct floating-point numbers to have distinct entries; then something like CountsBy[xs, ToString@*FullForm] would do the trick.)
Appendix
Some pictures showing the properties of SameQ and MatchQ on consecutive machine-precision floats:
Block[{x1},
 x1 = Table[1 + n*$MachineEpsilon, {n, 0, 5}];
 {Outer[Boole@*SameQ, x1, x1] // MatrixPlot[#, PlotLabel -> SameQ] &,
   Outer[Boole@*MatchQ, x1, x1] // MatrixPlot[#, PlotLabel -> MatchQ] &} //
     GraphicsRow
 ]

A: Total@Counts@Chop@xs

100

CountsBy[xs, N]

CountsBy[xs, N] // Total

100

Maybe the precision caused the problem during counting.
keys = Keys@Counts[xs];
res = xs /. Thread[keys -> ConstantArray[0, Length@keys]]//FullForm


Models workflows using the familiar flowchart paradigm.
Makes it possible to design and visualize a workflow using flowchart elements. The activity provides a container that can hold a collection of activities in combination with branching flow control elements such as FlowDecision and FlowSwitch. Execution of the Flowchart begins at the Start node and possible execution paths between Flowchart elements are defined using directed connections between elements.
While the Flowchart activity helps with the design and visualization of some workflows, the same functionality and runtime behavior can be achieved using Control Flow activities without using the Flowchart activity.
The Flowchart activity is usually used in combination with other activities to construct a complex non-sequential workflow. The workflow may include user decisions and input with different outcomes based on each decision or response. For example, a form could be created to collect a zip code from the user. Then, when the zip code is selected, the workflow presents a list of schools within the zip code. The user can select one school and click Search or click Search to display all the schools.
The Flowchart element where execution begins. Execution continues through subsequent child elements connected via directed links.


The Delhi Government has expanded the ambit of its doorstep delivery of services to the citizens.
New 35 such services have been listed which citizens can avail from January, 2019.
Among them are seasonal DTC bus pass, changes in ration cards, etc.
Delhi Transport Corporation, Delhi State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation, Drugs Control, Higher Education, Delhi Tourism and Developmental Corporation, Labor, Social Welfare, Food and Supplies department have helped in chalking out these new services.
Other services include changes in DL, registration for bed and breakfast scheme, etc. The scheme was initially launched in September this year and is a hit amongst Delhites. More than 2,000 people call everyday to avail these services.


For about the past eight months, I've been wearing my Vibram FiveFingers every day (aside from half of one day, while dressed up to attend a wedding), work and play.
One of the things about FiveFingers — aside from them being incredibly comfortable, helping one's feet to become stronger, and having the potential to clear up foot problems and pain (says the woman who used to have ongoing foot pain despite several hundred dollars worth of orthotics) — is that they're... distinctive. (When I first started wearing them, I felt like I had neon signs on my feet.) If you wear FiveFingers, you will get into conversations about them. The only way not to is to stay home, or to run the opposite direction whenever anybody comes near.
Over these eight months, the conversations I have with people have evolved.
"What are those? Those are the weirdest things I've ever seen!"
"Omigod! Your shoes have toes!"
"Hey, I saw something about those on the news! Do you like them?"
"How do you like those?"
"Best things ever. I love them. I don't wear anything else unless I'm forced to."
*dubiously* "Do they have support?"
*big, cheerful grin* "Nope, none at all!" *display sole of foot* "You're protected from stepping on things, but otherwise it's like going barefoot. Your feet get stronger. It used to be that at the end of the day I'd get home, tear my shoes off, and beg my husband for a foot massage. These days, I take them off because I don't want to be walking on the carpet in the outside shoes, but otherwise... I put them on to take the trash out the other day and was back inside for half an hour before I realized I still had them on."
"Now where did you get those? Because I keep hearing how great they are..."
"Where did you get those? I think I need a pair."
"My friend has those! He says they're the best things ever! They've cleared up his foot problems and everything!"
*addressing the third elevator rider, not me* "My niece has a pair of those. She loves them. She's been telling me I need to get a pair."
I've about worn out my third (4th?) pair of Keen sandals, which are all I have worn for the past 6 or 7 years. Oddly, trying on new Keens, I find that my style is out now, and the new ones do not fit comfortably. (Plus, I got all the previous pairs at the sale rack at REI, which, they don't have here) Sooooooo. I think that the FiveFingers are my next choice. I do need boots for the back pasture, but, I have my wonderful Bald Mountain boots.


* 1. Where did you first learn about the Passport to Democracy website?
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* 3. Which of the following Passport website tools do you use in your teaching? Please tick as relevant.
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* 7. How likely are you to recommend us to a friend or colleague?
* 8. The Passport to Democracy website will have new features in 2019 – including teacher PD materials and mobile-friendly accessibility.
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Indian actress and comedian Manorama (1937 – 10 October 2015), also called as Aachi. Her birth name is Gopishantha . Manorama was a Tamil actress who had acted in more than 1500 films and 5000 stage performances. Manorama started out as a drama artist at the age of 12 and became popular in cinemas.
She entered the Guinness World Records for acting in more than 1000 films in 1985. Manorama was born in a Tamil Kallar family as Gopishantha to Kasi Kilakudaiyar and Ramamirtham in Mannargudi, a town in the erstwhile Thanjavur district of Madras Presidency.Manorama's biological father was not happy that a girl was born to him and hence asked her mother to leave the house.Her mother brought her up by taking up the job of working as maid.
Manorama fell in love with her manager in the drama troupe S. M. Ramanathan and married him in 1964; the couple had a son named Bhoopathy. However, she got divorced in late 1966 and started to live in a separate house in Chennai. She quoted in an interview in 2015, "My mom wanted me to study medicine. But it was not easy to become a doctor in those days, and I became an actress. So, if I hadn't taken up acting, I would have tried to become a doctor as my mom wished for it. But now, fortunately, my grandson is a doctor, and I am proud of it.


Last weekend I jumped at a Rhodes 88 key listed on Craigslist. Looking past the rough tolex and one missing tine/tonebar, this thing is amazing. The boys and I have already put in a few hours of "Frosty the Snowman" and Christmas tunes; I'm looking forward to the many hours yet to come.


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Guru: Who are you? Do you know who you are?
Harold Fine: I'm trying. Guru, I'm really trying.
Guru: When you stop trying, then you'll know who you are.
Harold Fine: Well, I'm trying to stop trying.
Richard Forst: Jeannie, do me a favor. Don't be silly anymore. Just be yourself.
Jeannie: But I am myself. Who else would I be?
Jeannie: Definition of serious: Blah blah blah blah.
Joan: Are you a friend of Biswangers?
Ned Merrill: They're not even on our Christmas card list.
Joan: Then what are you?
Ned Merrill: I'm an explorer.
Joan: No, I mean, what are you doing here?
Ned Merrill: I'm swimming home.
Joan: You, uh, you married?
Ned Merrill: What's that got to do with it?
Joan: Are you divorced? What?
Ned Merrill: Do you wanna come with me?
Ned Merrill: A long a river of sapphire pools.
Joan: I never heard anyone talk like you.
Ned Merrill: Come with me. Be my lover.
Joan: Oh. That I've heard before.
Ned Merrill: Not from me.
Joan: You're no different than any other guy.
Ned Merrill: Oh, but I am. I'm a very special human being.
Rachel, Rachel was Paul Newman's directorial debut, which he also produced, from a novel published two years earlier. The film comes alone right after 1967 – the year cinema changed forever – as well as right in the midst of the sexual revolution. It's a film that could never have been made under the production code, one that touches on so many taboos, that at the time were rarely discussed in the home, let alone on the big screen. I first saw it on Paul Newman day during TCM's Summer Under the Stars in 2010. My mother and I watched it together and we were blown away with how moving it was. The film was nominated for four Academy Awards, though it didn't win any: Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Supporting Actress Estelle Parsons, Best Actress Joanne Woodward and Best Picture. Though Newman as producer received a nomination, he was not nominated for Best Director – this was a year where two of the Best Director nominee were not for Best Picture nominees: Stanley Kubrick for 2001: A Space Odyssey and Gillo Pontecorvo for The Battle of Algiers. The other films up for Best Picture that year were Funny Girl, The Lion in Winter, Romeo and Juliet and winner Oliver! William Wyler also did not receive a Best Director nomination for his work on Funny Girl, though he still holds the record for most nominations, with a whopping twelve. There be many SPOILERS after the cut.
Leo Bloom: I'm hysterical! I'm having hysterics! I'm hysterical! I can't stop when I get like this, I can't stop! I'm hysterical! I'm wet! I'm wet! I'm hysterical and I'm wet! I'm in pain and I'm wet and I'm still hysterical!
Eleanor: And when you die, which is regrettable but necessary, what will happen to frail Alais and her pruny prince? You can't think Richard's going to wait for your grotesque to grow.
Henry II: You wouldn't let him do a thing like that.
Eleanor: Let him? I'd push him through the nursery door.
Henry II: You're not that cruel.
Eleanor: Don't fret. We'll wait until you're dead to do it.
Henry II: Eleanor, what do you want?
Eleanor: Just what you want, a king for a son. You can make more, I can't. You think I want to disappear? One son is all I've got, and you can blot him out and call me cruel? For these ten years you've lived with everything I've lost, and loved another woman through it all, and I am cruel? I could peel you like a pear and God himself would call it justice!
Walter Chalmers: The Organization. Several murders. Could do us both a great deal of good.
Bullitt: Look, Chalmers, let's understand each other. I don't like you.
Walter Chalmers: Come on now, don't be naive, Lieutenant. We both know how careers are made. Integrity is something you sell to the public.
Bullitt: You sell whatever you want, but don't sell it here tonight.
Walter Chalmers: Frank, we must all compromise.
Fabienne Tabard: Do you like music, Antoine?
Guy Woodhouse: What the hell is that?
Rosemary Woodhouse: I've been to Vidal Sassoon.
Guy Woodhouse: Don't tell me you paid for that?


Which Sand is Best for Paver Joints?
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Lawmaker Jo Cox, who was shot and stabbed a week before Britain's referendum on European Union membership, died because of her political views and had been deeply troubled by the tone of the campaign, her husband said on Tuesday.
Lawmaker Jo Cox, who was shot and stabbed a week before Britain's referendum on European Union membership, died because of her political views and had been deeply troubled by the tone of the campaign, her husband said on Tuesday.
Prime Minister David Cameron appealed to voters across the generation gap to back staying in the EU, two days before a closely fought referendum that will shape the future of Europe. The campaign to leave the EU has echoes of populist movements across Europe and in the United States.
The murder of Cox, a 41-year-old mother of two young children who was an ardent supporter of EU membership, shocked the country and abruptly changed the tone of a caustic campaign that has polarised Britons.
It was unclear how Brendan Cox's words might influence the EU vote that Cameron said was likely to be "very close".
Cox had been worried about Britain's political culture, including a coarsening of language and people taking more extreme positions, her husband said. She was also concerned about divisive politics globally.
"She worried about the tone of the debate" that focused increasingly on immigration and "about the tone of whipping up fears and whipping up hatred".
"I think the EU referendum has created a heightened environment for it but actually it also pre-existed that," he said.
Britons vote on Thursday on whether to quit the 28-nation bloc amid warnings from world leaders, investors and companies that a decision to leave would diminish Britain's influence and unleash turmoil on markets.
In an interview with the Financial Times, Cameron also predicted a "remain dividend" in the form of an investment surge if Britons voted to stay in the 28-nation bloc.
In an earlier address outside his Downing Street office, Cameron hammered home his message that leaving the EU would jeopardise Britain's economy and its national security, with fewer jobs, fewer allies and higher prices.
The Conservative prime minister's remarks came as an opinion poll showed very narrow support for staying in the EU. The Survation poll put the "Remain" camp just one percentage point ahead of the campaign for a so-called Brexit, well within the margin of error.
Opponents said Cameron's appearance suggested he was worried about the outcome.
Campaigning was suspended for three days after Cox's killing in northern England last Thursday.
Some Leave campaigners accuse the Remain camp of exploiting her death.
After Cox's killing, opinion polls indicated sentiment had swung back to the Remain side after a shift towards Leave.
An earlier ORB survey for the Daily Telegraph put support for Remain at 53 percent, up 5 percentage points on the previous one, with Leave on 46 percent, down three points.
Former England soccer captain David Beckham, a popular public figure, added his voice to Remain's list of celebrity supporters. "For our children and their children we should be facing the problems of the world together and not alone," he said.
Leave campaigners stepped up their focus on what they call uncontrolled immigration, saying Cameron had been warned four years ago his goal of reducing net arrivals was impossible due to EU rules.
The Leave camp says it is the anti-establishment choice, and its message that EU membership has handed political control to Brussels and fuelled mass immigration has struck a chord with many Britons.
Already shaken by differences over migration and the future of the euro zone, the EU would lose its second-largest economy, one of its top two military powers and by far its richest financial centre.
Britain's Daily Mail newspaper came out for the Leave campaign, while the Daily Mirror endorsed Remain.
The Sun, Britain's biggest-selling newspaper, which came out for "Leave" last week, said in its Wednesday edition the queen asked guests at a private dinner: "Give me three good reasons why Britain should be part of Europe," suggesting she may favour Brexit.
"The Queen is above politics and acts on the advice of Her Government in political matters. The referendum is a matter for the British people to decide," Buckingham Palace said in a statement.


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Category - Solar Geography - Africa and Middle East Geography - Australia Geography - Cuba Geography - Ecuador Geography - Martinique Geography - South East Asia Geography - Turkey
Josefin Berg (2)
Julian Jansen (1)
Exemption of bifacial cell technology from Section 201 measures to accelerate switch from mono to bifacial cell lines outside of China and drive demand in the United States
Jessica Jin | Edurne Zoco, PhD | Camron Barati | Maria Chea | June 17, 2019
On 13 June 2019, United States Federal trade authorities ruled that bifacial solar modules will be exempt from Section 201 tariffs, as outlined in a notice from the Office of the United States Trade Representative. The ruling will dramatically increase demand for bifacial solar modules in the United States due to the opportunity of avoiding tariff rates of 15% to 25% through February 2022, in addition to the benefits of higher efficiencies and energy yields associated with such products. IHS Markit expects that demand for bifacial modules in the United States will be primarily served by manufacturing lines across Southeast Asia, as products shipped from China will still face antidumping and Section 301 tariffs that will make them less competitive.
Utility-scale Solar & Energy Storage Report - Australia - 2018
The utility-scale solar pipeline has reached 27 GW in Australia, with 2.1 GW of co-located energy storage planned.
Christine Beadle | Julian Jansen | January 17, 2018
This report provides an analysis of the current utility-scale solar and energy storage pipeline in Australia. The opportunity for co-located energy storage with utility-scale solar is rapidly emerging with a large number of developers looking accelerate projects.
Solar Microinverter and Power Optimizer Market to Break $1 Billion Barrier in 2018
Cormac Gilligan | September 18, 2014
The market for global photovoltaic (PV) solar microinverters and power optimizers is forecast to more than triple in the coming years, rising to more than $1 billion in 2018, as both established and new regions increase their adoption of the emerging technology, according to IHS Technology (NYSE: IHS).
TBEA SunOasis Set to Overtake First Solar as World's Largest Solar EPC Company in 2014
Josefin Berg | May 15, 2014
U.S.-based First Solar delivered on expectations in 2013 to become the leading Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) company in the global photovoltaic (PV) industry, even though it is likely to be surpassed in 2014 by Chinese EPC TBEA SunOasis, according to a new report from IHS Technology.
Solar Capital Spending Enters 2014 with Strong Momentum; Latin America Leads Manufacturing Capacity Growth
With capital expenditures for the photovoltaic (PV) industry set to bounce back in 2014, a new round of solar spending will commence that will reach $3.8 billion by year-end, according to...
South Africa Ranks as the World's Most Attractive Emerging Country for Solar Energy
Josefin Berg | January 29, 2014
South Africa's target of building 8.4 gigawatts (GW) of solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity by 2030, combined with the success of its large-scale tendering process in attracting investment...


Bikes started off when people felt the need for stable, fast and efficient vehicles. Yes, this was before cars. And even when cars were there they were not affordable for everyone. Even if one was to get a car it was just high maintenance not everyone could manage it since online entertainment such as online casino gaming, and sports bet were not there yet.
The idea to come up with a bike started in the 1790's. It was inspired by a toy. At first, it started off as a two-wheeled attached to a rigid wooden frame. One would use their feet to move the bike. Yet again it wasn't really what people were looking for. They were a lot of faulty elements that came with it.
For starters, it was not stable. It was a mode of transport that had a high demand for human energy. The other issue was the poor stability. The front wheels could not turn so there was a need for one to get off the bike and turn it. So there was a need for it to be modified. It was not the same person who created that modified it.
In 1820 the bike yet again had a new twist to it. Not that the front wheels could turn. It was also made more comfortable as a back supporter was secured. But still one had to move it by pushing it whilst the feet are on the ground. So balance was important if one wanted to ride this bike.
This bike was called a hobby horse, draisine or velocifere. The other impressive thing that had changed was the speed. It increased up to 15kmph. One wonders is they ever raced each other? This was long before the advent of online sportsbooks.
In 1830, came the bikes with 2 wheels, the popular bicycles even today. This was invented by a blacksmith who used the idea of a pivot to develop the bike. It did not stop there, people were never satisfied because times also did change. As other things were being modified so were the bikes.
Now with everything in place, there was a need to improve on the speed of these bikes. And the idea of it being only human-powered was of olden days. Now bikes have been modified and remodelled but the resemblance to the original bikes is still there.
In Vegas, bike betting has taken and even on the internet. People are getting money out of these sports. It doesn't stop there as they went on to introduce gambling websites or bike betting to carter for a wide range of people all over the world.
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Most new courses that were proposed by colleges under the state of Kerala for approval under the University Grant Commission's (UGC) innovative programmes for the year 2012-13 were rejected as they were found unviable.
UGC recently released a list of viable and non-viable proposals under the innovate programmes for teaching and research in interdisciplinary and emerging areas. Of the proposed courses 27 were under the non-viable list and only nine were under the viable list. This list will be presented to the screening committee for final approvals.
According to the UGC the courses that were rejected mostly lacked innovative competence or were routine and common. Some proposals were also rejected because of lack of faculty with specialisation in the proposed field and the infrastructure required for the course.
Three of the nine viable courses were submitted by colleges affiliated to University of Kerala, three others were from Kerala University, two by MG University and one by Kannur University. Of the unviable proposals, 10 were submitted by colleges affiliated to Calicut University, 12 from University of Kerala, five from MG University and one from Sanskrit University.
According to a report in TOI a UGC official said that institutes were allowed to submit maximum of two proposals under the innovative programme scheme that lays emphasis on selection of proposals with innovative ideas with a field orientation, preferably interdisciplinary in nature.
Most of the proposals that were found viable were submitted by Physics and Chemistry departments. Courses that have been found viable include PG Diploma in Sustainable and Green Energy Technologies, PG Diploma in Cheminformatics and Drug Design, PG Diploma in Industrial Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, MTech in Nano Science, MSc in Medicinal Chemistry, Bachelor of Recreation, Leisure and Sports Studies and BA in Islamic Finance.


Home > Testimonials > Fantastic time at the Aruba Surf Club!
Fantastic time at the Aruba Surf Club!
We had a fanstastic time at the Marriott Aruba Surf Club! The Lazy River and lounging at the cabanas was super relaxing, and we had easy access to water sports activities, Superfoods for groceries, and great restaurants. Making our arrangements with Concierge Realty was seamless.