This is an excerpt from The Cost-Benefit Revolution by Cass Sunstein. The Cost-Benefit Revolution explains why policies should be based on careful consideration of their costs and benefits rather than on intuition, popular opinion, interest groups, and anecdotes.
A fanciful question: When public officials in English-speaking nations are trying to resolve a difficult problem, should they try to conduct their meetings in French? That would be crazy, of course. But cost-benefit analysis is essentially a foreign language, and it has the same effect identified in research on the foreign-language effect: it reduces people's reliance on intuitive judgments that sometimes go wrong, especially in highly technical areas.
Imagine, for example, that because of some recent event—a railroad accident, an outbreak of food-borne illness—both ordinary citizens and public officials are quite alarmed, and they strongly favor an aggressive (and immediate) regulatory response. Imagine too that the benefits of any such response would be relatively low, because the incident is highly unlikely to be repeated, and that the costs of the response would be high. The language of cost-benefit analysis imposes a firm brake on an evidently unjustified initiative.
Or suppose that a 1 in 50,000 lifetime risk of, say, getting cancer in the workplace, faced by millions of workers, is not much on the government's viewscreen because it seems to be a mere part of the social background, a fact of life. But suppose the risk could be eliminated at a relatively low cost and that it would save at least five hundred lives annually. Cost-benefit analysis would seem to require that risk to be eliminated, even if the public is not clamoring for it.
Whatever the problem, cost-benefit analysis should also reduce and perhaps even eliminate the power of behavioral biases and heuristics (such as availability)—both of which strengthen or weaken the public demand for regulation. It forces officials to speak in a language that people do not ordinarily use and that they even find uncongenial—but insofar as it helps correct biases, it is all the better for that. True, people can frame costs and benefits in certain ways to try to make one or another outcome seem better, but doing that is not exactly easy. If a regulation would cost $900 million annually and prevent thirty premature deaths, it is not clear how to present those facts to make them sound a lot different—and if someone tries, public officials will probably see right through their efforts.
Cost-benefit analysis is essentially a language, one that may defy ordinary intuitions and that must ultimately be evaluated in terms of its fit with what people, after a process of sustained reflection, really value. One of its virtues is that it weakens the likelihood that policymakers will make decisions on the basis of intuitive reactions that seem hard to resist and that cannot survive that reflection.
Work on the foreign-language effect seems to be about psychology, not politics or law. But it clarifies and fortifies the claim that in legislatures, bureaucracies, and courtrooms, as in ordinary life, we often do best to translate social problems into terms that lay bare the underlying variables and make them clear for all to see. In that sense, there is also a democratic argument for cost-benefit balancing.
When a product or activity creates a risk, even a small one, many people argue in favor of precautions and, in particular, in favor of the Precautionary Principle. The idea takes diverse forms, but the central idea is that regulators should take aggressive action to avoid environmental risks, even if they do not know that those risks will come to fruition, and indeed even if the likelihood of harm is very low. Suppose, for example, that there is some probability, even a small one, that genetic modification of food will produce serious environmental harm or some kind of catastrophe. For those who embrace the Precautionary Principle, it is important to take precautions against potentially serious hazards, simply because it is better to be safe than sorry. Especially if the worst-case scenario is very bad, strong precautions are entirely appropriate. Compare the medical situation, in which it is tempting and often sensible to say that even if there is only a small probability that a patient is facing a serious health risk, doctors should take precautions to ensure that those risks do not come to fruition.
The influential 1992 Rio Declaration states, also with relative caution: "Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation." In Europe, the Precautionary Principle has sometimes been understood in a still stronger way, suggesting that it is important to build "a margin of safety into all decision making." This stronger version takes the form a suggestion that when an activity, product, or situation might create risks, it is appropriate to take precautions against those risks, even if the probability of harm is very low.
Some of the central claims on behalf of the Precautionary Principle involve uncertainty, learning over time, irreversibility, and the need for epistemic humility on the part of scientists. With respect to uncertainty: any consensus might turn out to be wrong; today's assurance might be tomorrow's red alert. With respect to learning over time: in a decade, we are likely to have a lot more information than we have today; why should we allow practices to continue when we might learn that they are dangerous? With respect to irreversibility: some practices threaten to cause irreversible harm, and for that reason, we might want to pay something, possibly a great deal, to prevent that harm from occurring. For those who emphasize irreversibility, the general attitude in the face of uncertainty is "act, then learn," as opposed to the tempting and often sensible alternative of "wait and learn." With respect to epistemic humility: knowing that we do not know, we might want to take precautions, rather than to proceed on the assumption that we are omniscient.
Let us bracket the most complicated questions here and simply note that in this light, a precautionary argument for labeling GM foods (or otherwise for regulating them) depends largely on answering questions of fact. Do such foods promise modest benefits, or instead large ones? With respect to harm, are we speaking of risk, uncertainty, or ignorance? The scientific consensus appears to be risk—and that the underlying danger is very low. The consensus may or may not prove correct, but however important, its correctness raises no interesting conceptual questions for our purposes. At the same time, it is true that those who favor a kind of epistemic humility, even for scientific consensus, will be drawn to a precautionary approach.
It should be added that if GM foods really do create a potentially catastrophic risk and if a sensible version of the Precautionary Principle is therefore triggered, GM labels are hardly an obvious response. In the abstract, they seem far too weak and modest; more aggressive regulation is justified. Indeed, GM labels might do no good at all. The counterargument is that they might be able to diminish the risk, in light of certain assumptions about the likely consumer response, and so might count as one reasonable step. I have raised a question about whether the science, and gaps in scientific understanding, justify invocation of precautionary thinking here, but if they do, labeling might be a justified if partial response.
On one view, the Precautionary Principle is not only or even fundamentally about irreversibility, catastrophe, and decision theory. It has an insistently democratic foundation. Its goal is to assert popular control over risks that concern the public. It is about values, not facts. If members of the public are concerned about GMOs, nuclear power, or nanotechnology, then the Precautionary Principle provides them with a space in which to assert those concerns. It ensures democratic legitimation of the process of risk regulation.
For those who embrace the Precautionary Principle on this ground, efforts to speak of costs and benefits will fall on deaf ears. For those who believe that, in this domain or others, scientists are in the grip of powerful private interests, and that the system is "rigged," a precautionary approach will seem especially appealing—not least for democratic reasons. If the science is compromised and hence unreliable, it should hardly be decisive. For those who believe that popular concerns often turn out to be justified even if scientists discount them, the democratic justification for the Precautionary Principle might even turn out to be appealing on epistemic grounds.
No abstract argument can rule out the possibility that scientists are mistaken or that they have been compromised. It is true that a scientific consensus in favor of safety can be wrong; the same is the case for a scientific consensus in favor of danger. For those who favor the Precautionary Principle on democratic grounds—and believe that popular concerns about GM foods are a legitimate basis for invocation of the principle—the arguments offered here cannot be decisive. The only response is that some form of welfarism, embodied in the self-conscious efforts to catalog the human consequences of regulation, should not be trumped by baseless fear—and that cost-benefit analysis, understood as a form of applied welfarism, should not be abandoned merely because people are needlessly worried.
In numerous contexts, Congress requires or authorizes federal agencies to impose disclosure requirements. In all those contexts, executive agencies are required to catalog the benefits and costs of disclosure requirements and to demonstrate that the benefits justify the costs. As we have seen, agencies use four different approaches: estimates of willingness to pay for the relevant information; breakeven analysis; projection of end states, such as economic savings or health outcomes; and in some cases, a flat refusal to project benefits on the ground that quantification is not feasible.
Each of these approaches runs into strong objections. In principle, the right question involves willingness to pay, but in practice, agencies face formidable problems in trying to answer that question. If answers are unavailable, breakeven analysis is the very least that should be required, and it is sometimes the most that agencies can do. If it is accompanied by some account of potential outcomes, acknowledging uncertainties, breakeven analysis often will show that mandatory disclosure is justified on welfare grounds—and often that it is not.


TechDAS splashed across the radar with their Air Force One mega turntable, a tour-de-force vinyl system which clocked in at condo prices (aka, somewhere around $100k), and that was before you've invested in a tonearm or cartridge. While the styling is a bit too mod for my taste (not that I'd kick it out of bed or anything), to all reports -- at least among those who've actually used the table for any particular length of time -- the AF1 is a total show stopper. At 175+ lbs, it's also something of a back breaker, but I'm guessing that most owners won't be schlepping it about with any regularity. This is a big, big ... big turntable. The new Air Force Two ($TBD, but should be about half what the Air Force One retails for) may be a bit closer to the orbit of more audiophiles. An air bearing and vacuum hold-down come directly from the larger table, and there's room for two different (and different-sized) tonearms, ranging from 9" up to 12". The weight has come down a bit, too, to a relatively svelte 100lbs. And yes, the air pump and power supply unit is separate (and adds another 20+ lbs).
The TDC01 is a new moving coil cartridge from TechDAS, and also took a bow here at Newport. 12g in weight and with 45mV of output, the cart also has 1.4Ω internal impedance, a recommended load of 100-200Ω and a tracking force of 2-2.3g. The tip is a semi-line contact (3µm x 30µm) on a super duralumin cantilever. Channel balance is .5dB and a separation is +30dB. I missed the price on the cart, however.
Graham Engineering, the US Distributor for TechDAS, was showing their Phantom Elite tonearms on the tables. The traditional unipivot/magnetic stabilizers is still there, but with improved performance and tolerances.
This room was more in static display while I was here; if there was any other gear, or playback, I didn't write it down. This was all about the oohing and the ahhing over these two vinyl playback leviathans.
Kidding aside, these are beautiful tables. Vacuum hold downs systems do cause me pause because of complications and noise. Perhaps it is not at this show but the new Music Hall Ikura table ($1,200 with an Ortofon 2M Blue Phone Cartridge) looks very intriguing and is affordable to mere mortals. Any chance you could review? Thanks.
To be honest, the Music Hall is a bit more my speed. Nothing wrong with uber-tables, but I can't swing that hard. As for getting one in for review, I have absolutely no idea. Roy Hall might smite me if I ask.
Do they include pilot's licenses?
You missed a life changing experience, yes these turntables are really that kind of good..


text:
Spurs' Mabbutt helps revive sporting memories
Club ambassador joins in with workshop that encourages people with dementia to remember times when they watched or played football
Foundation delivers Sporting Memories session for local residents External Link
Kane proud of Spurs' PL Kicks provision
Ugo Ehiogu pitch will help London kids all year round
Former Tottenham Hotspur captain Gary Mabbutt is well aware from personal experience how difficult it can be for those with dementia to keep their memories alive, and he knows football can help.
"My parents were both diagnosed with dementia," he said. "The club does so much work with youngsters, but people are getting older and it's our responsibility to help them too."
The club ambassador was keen to help out with a Sporting Memories workshop and so visited Percy House, the home of Tottenham Hotspur Foundation, the charitable arm of the north London club.
Mabbutt joined in with activities designed to help elderly people who suffer from dementia in the London borough of Haringey recall times when they watched or played football.
He and the participants looked through memorabilia from Spurs' archive, while staff from the foundation also facilitated football-themed games.
"Sport is so important to so many people and can trigger all sorts of memories," he added. "It can bring the generations together."
Mabbutt's Sporting Memories visit
Gareth Jones, equality and inclusion manager at Tottenham Hotspur Foundation, explained how the workshops can help.
"Sometimes [a memory] develops and becomes a story of something that someone can remember, which leads on to the next part of a story," he said.
"Before you know it, it's a whole day they can remember of being at Tottenham Hotspur in the 1960s or 70s."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Start Your Free Sex Contacts Trial Today
What is Secret Sex Contacts?
Local Horny Sex Contacts
Search For Free
Sex Contacts In Middelburg
Most likely the the best no strings sex dating website in Middelburg. You're here because you're looking for singles or couples to fuck with tonight. We've been helping people get laid since 2013, so we know what we're talking about. You're in good hands..
Look who's just signed up in Middelburg...
Want to see more of our members in Middelburg? Vew Horny Women, or Horny Men.
Want a peep at a few horny members near you?
We have many horny female and male members in every city across the country looking for no strings fun. See who is looking near you...
Select your city: Alberton Atlantis Benoni Bethlehem Bisho Bloemfontein Boksburg Botshabelo Brakpan Brits Cape Town Carletonville Durban East London Embalenhle eMzinoni Epumalanga Ermelo Ga-Rankuwa George Grahamstown Heidelberg Johannesburg Kimberley Klerksdorp Kroonstad Krugersdorp Ladysmith Lichtenburg Mabopane Mdantsane Middelburg Midrand Mmabatho Mossel Bay Nelspruit Newcastle Nigel Orkney Oudtshoorn Paarl Parys Phalaborwa Phuthaditjhaba Pietermaritzburg Pietersburg Port Elizabeth Potchefstroom Potgietersrus Pretoria Queenstown Randfontein Richards Rustenburg Saldanha Sasolburg Somerset West Soweto Springs Standerton Stellenbosch Stilfontein Tembisa Uitenhage Umtata Upington Vanderbijlpark Vereeniging Verwoerdburg Virginia Vryheid Welkom Westonaria Witbank >Worcester
Or your region: The Eastern Cape The Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga The North West The Northern Cape The Western Cape
Search for sex contacts looking for sex near you
Our goal is to make finding sex buddies near you as easy as possible.
Give our sex buddy search form a bash...
I'm looking for: A Man A Woman
Located in: The Eastern Cape The Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga The North West The Northern Cape The Western Cape
Aged between: 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90+ and 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90+
What Is Secret Sex Contacts Dating?
Secret Sex Contacts is Middelburg's largest discreet sex contacts website. Use us and abuse us to help you get lait tonight.
If you're aged 18 or over in the Middelburg region you can register today and view your local sex contatc matches for free.
Our website is confidential, secure and easy to use.
Join Now and don't miss out.
Why Choose Secret Sex Contacts?
With lots of members across the country, ours is one of South Africa's most trusted adult dating websites, with award winning customer service.
Our service and the tools we offer are so simple to use, even a squirrel could get laid on our website. Should you find yourself a little sticky, support is just a click away, no matter what the problem might be... ahem.
We take our member's safety and privacy very seriously. Our team of moderators work, checking each and every member profile on our website, ensuring everyone who uses our service is who they say they are. Your personal details are kept firmly under lock and key.
reCAPTCHA Privacy
reCAPTCHA Terms


text:
Digital Ghost
ThrillerAction
A dark alley, a woman, a strange shadow. A murder. Eight months later the victim is resurrected by the police for her to help in the pursuit of her own killer. In the future ghosts are real... and they're digital...
Obliviously In Love
Just a story between two highschool boys, who start off as friends and turn into something more.
Boys' LoveGirls' Love
Two girls with a regretful past together meet again on campus after 8 years... But they don't recognize each other!!? Dea and Bianca will make a fresh start by getting to know each other again. This comic explores music, campus life, friendship, depression, and healing.
After dating for a year, my boyfriend confessed to me that he had a special ability! Not only can he use it anytime I want, he can also be summoned at will! A cute, forgetful girl and her boyfriend with superpowers - What kind of sweet and troublesome love story will they brew?
Magia Of Reverie
As a young mage studying at the magic academy, Carla was disparaged by her fellow students due to her lacking magical abilities. Until she met Riko, a rude student who was forced to enter the academy due to personal reasons. Their personalities are as different as night and day, but a relationship began to grow between them, and the other students. Will their bonds stand against the test of time?
When was the first time you found out what your dream was? Was it when you first met someone and thought "I wish I was like him"? Someone you look up to. The protagonist of this story similarly met such a person, an upperclassman who became the reason why he begun playing the piano. However, fate cruelly set them apart after his graduation. Surprisingly, what brought them together later was an accident in which they inexplicably swap locations with each other. A bitter-sweet story of love, youth and maturity unfolds for two men…
YOU ARE MINE NOW!!
On the freshman welcoming ceremony, Theo made a very bold statement stating his ambitious desire in front of more than 5000 people: should he not be able to become student body president in three years, he will march around the campus naked and other insane things. He already has a plan for his ambitious goal, but a hot senior in his room who loves to tease him is not part of his plan. Can he accomplish his goal to become the president? Or will he running around the campus naked?
Happiness is Ewe
Matvei Vedeneyev is a young man trying to make his way through life while struggling with his extreme social anxiety and selective mutism. One day, he finds himself in what seems to be an unsolvable situation, until he runs into Solomon, a kind young man who offers a helping hand. As Matvei continues to evade hauntings from his past, while also trying to mend other parts of it, he and Solomon will eventually learn that they are connected in more ways than one.
Supreme Rebirth
Thunder Emperor Chen Lei died in the Heavenly Tribulation and was sent back to his early age. Back then, his family hadn't perished and his parents were still alive… Chen Lei was determined to make up for his regret! With his memory from the previous life, the talented man embarked on a legendary trip to invincibility! I shall protect my family, vanquish my enemies and collect all the treasures in my hands! Behold how this man become the immortal and invincible Supreme King!
Shoes For Cinderella
Axel is a shoe designer who falls in love at first sight with a girl named Kezia, while Kezia is the daughter of a wealthy businessman who always gets bad treatment from her family, especially her mother. Starting from shoes, their story begins and slowly deepens as they share their dark past.


Advanced 3D printing is already boosting analytical efficiency – but shouldn't the wider community be embracing its transformative potential?
As many of you will already know, three-dimensional (3D) printing is a broad term that describes a production process that combines computer aided design (CAD) with innovative techniques and diverse starting materials to creates objects of various shapes and geometries. Most 3D printing uses layer-by-layer deposition of suitable materials – including organic polymers, ceramics, and metals – to create the final product, which is why the term "additive manufacturing" is also used to describe the same process.
First introduced in the 1980s, 3D printing is relatively new technology, but it has already been successfully adopted in various scientific fields. Medicine, dentistry, veterinary science, biology and chemistry have all taken advantage of its versatile manufacturing capability. And with 35 years of further advances and applications under its belt, it has reached a stage where it is mature enough to become a mainstream manufacturing process in many more areas.


text:
Home » News » RA in the News » Bulls in the Ballpark Returns November 11-12, 2022
Bulls in the Ballpark Returns November 11-12, 2022
Lindsay Leyden
RA in the News
Rodeo Austin and the Round Rock Express are proud to announce that "Bulls in the Ballpark," presented by Lone Star Ag Credit, will be returning to Dell Diamond for the third year in a row! The venue will transform from a baseball diamond into a rodeo arena for the two-night bull riding event from Friday, November 11 to Saturday, November 12. Tickets start at $20 and are available now via RRExpress.com.
Born out of a unique collaboration in the fall of 2020, Bulls in the Ballpark is a two-night event that features the toughest bull riders facing off against the rowdiest bulls in PRCA Xtreme Bull Riding inside a rodeo arena built on top of the infield at Dell Diamond. Each night will also include the fan favorite Mutton Bustin' – young cowboys and cowgirls testing their skills and trying to hold on for eight seconds!
Both nights will showcase 35 top bull riders competing for $37,500. Gates are scheduled to open each night at 6:00 p.m. with the event beginning at 7:00 p.m. Wayne Brooks, award-winning announcer, will be at the mic. Bulls in the Ballpark will also feature rodeo specialty acts, fireworks and mutton bustin' each night.
Tickets for the third annual Bulls in the Ballpark event at Dell Diamond are available now via RRExpress.com.
Rodeo Austin Announces 2023 ProRodeo & Concert Lineup
Rodeo Austin is excited to release the entertainers who will perform during the 2023 ProRodeo & Concert Series. March 11...
Rodeo Austin Names New Executive Leadership
Austin, Texas, September 28, 2022 – Rodeo Austin is pleased to announce Glen Alan Phillips has been promoted to Chief...
Help Rodeo Austin spur on education & western traditions in Texas by donating, volunteering or sponsoring
Support growing the next generation through our agricultural education & fun hands-on experiences


Once bitten, twice shy! Baby teething toys have come along in leaps and bounds in recent years and we're now completely spoiled for choice when it comes to toys that will bring comfort to teething babes. Keep your fingers safe from emerging pearly whites with an arsenal of teething toys for baby!
There's always a selection of brilliant teether designs available with the talented Little Sapling Toys crew. Star Wars fans, the force is strong in this (wooden) toy. Darth Vader Wood Toy Teether, $17.50.
The Hevea Kawan duck teether is soft and hollow, giving him a unique feel. Made from 100 per cent natural rubber, his ring shape is brilliant so baby can keep a good grip on things. Available from Urban Baby, $24.95.
Can't decide between silicone or timber? Why not go for both? Nature Bubz does a sweet beech hardwood and silicone combination, with the Love Teether, $26.95, capturing our own hearts.
Playing host to a brilliantly hip collection of teething toys is One Chew Three. We adore the Arrow Silicone Teether in all of its textured-face glory that's perfect for chomping down on. Available in several colours and priced $11.95 each, order direct from One Chew Three.
Finally, let's not forget two new kids on the teether block; Gertie and Portia. Soft and rubbery, Gertie The Good Goose doesn't mind being nibbled on one bit. She's currently available from Little Red Chick, $28.95. Gertie's good friend Portia The Polite Penguin (pictured below) is set to hit the same store's shelves before Christmas, so keep an eye out for her arrival!


text:
ProChoiceMississippi
unapologetically, comprehensively okay with full spectrum of reproductive health
April 2, 2014 by mercuryrising
Unfortunately, not a prank.
The Mississippi Legislature passed House Bill 1400, outlawing abortions at 20 weeks or more, with allowed exceptions in cases where the mother's life is in danger or where it is determined the fetus has problems and no chance of survival. It heads to the Governor's desk. Gov. Bryant is expected to sign it.
The Clarion Ledger reports:
Planned Parenthood leaders called the measure "an extreme agenda, and said the way the measure counts 20 weeks, from a woman's last menstrual period, really is an 18-week ban and uses a "political rather than medical standard."
"Women who make the deeply personal and often complex decision to end a pregnancy after 18 weeks should do so in consultation with their physician, not politicians," said Felicia Brown-Williams, director of public policy for Planned Parenthood Southeast.
This bill is unconstitutional, the very definition of undue burden, and ultimately unconscionable. We are your daughters, sisters, friends, wives, and mothers. The wealthy will always have access to whatever services they require. As Senator Debbie Dawkins (D-Pass Christian) said, "This is about removing the rights of women without means, whether anybody here is willing to admit it or not."
Of course, this bill will be challenged: our state is embroiled in its third year of litigation involving its last effort to restrict abortion. If even a fraction of the funds used to defend slipshod reproductive policy were used to foster access to contraception, family planning, and medically accurate education, it would have a tremendous impact on Mississippians and their families.
Please call The Office of the Governor and urge him to reconsider his promise to sign this bill into law.
Proudly powered by WordPress | Theme: Dusk To Dawn by Automattic.


text:
Gustoća električne struje (oznaka J) je vektorska fizikalna veličina koja opisuje tok električne struje po ploštini presjeka električnog vodiča, a smjer joj se podudara sa smjerom gibanja pozitivnih električnih naboja:

gdje je: ρ - volumna gustoća električnoga naboja, a v - brzina gibanja električki nabijenih čestica. Može se opisati i s pomoću jakosti električne struje I:

gdje je: n - jedinični vektor okomit na površinu presjeka ploštine S.

Gustoća električne struje ovisi o jakosti električnoga polja E koje pokreće električne naboje, ali i o vrsti materijala vodiča kroz koji električna struja teče:

gdje je: σ - električna provodnost.

Mjerna jedinica gustoće električne struje je amper po četvornom metru (A/m²).

Gustoća električnoga naboja

Gustoća električnoga naboja (oznake λ, σ, ρ) je fizikalna veličina koja opisuje električni naboj ili količinu elektriciteta po duljini l:

ploštini S:

ili obujmu (volumenu):

Koristi se za potrebe proračuna kad se na naelektriziranom tijelu nalazi tako velik broj nepomičnih električki nabijenih čestica da nije moguće uzeti u obzir njihove pojedinačne električne naboje i položaje. Negativna je ako je električni naboj naelektriziranoga tijela negativan.

Mjerna jedinica linearne gustoće električnoga naboja je kulon po metru (C/m), površinske gustoće električnoga naboja kulon po četvornom metru (C/m²) i volumne gustoće električnoga naboja kulon po kubnom metru (C/m³). Gustoću električki nabijenih čestica koje se gibaju opisuje gustoća električne struje.

Izvori

Fizikalne veličine
Elektromagnetizam

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


These irresistible pincushions would make a lovely gift set, especially when teamed with the matching sewing box – it's the perfect size for thimbles and threads. The pincushions are really quick to make and are stitched from felt, so won't fray. Designer Ellen has added some split peas to the stuffing to give some weight to the project, and sewn sprinkles using oddments of coloured threads.
Download the templates and print. Cut a 12cm circle from brown felt, and a 16cm circle from beige, then cut a 5cm x 35.5cm strip from brown felt for the side of the cake. Iron fusible webbing onto the back of a 10cm square of caramel felt.
Draw a three-swirl spiral onto the backing paper and carefully cut it out. Peel the backing paper off the spiral and place it in the centre of the beige circle. Press under a cloth to fix into place. Machine topstitch along the centre of the spiral. Using different coloured embroidery thread and sew sprinkles around the beige circle.
Transfer the position of the darts onto the beige circle as indicated on the template and machine stitch on the wrong side of the fabric. With right sides facing, pin and stitch the ends of the long strip of brown felt together. Then, with right sides facing, pin the beige circle to the brown strip, and sew into place. With right sides facing, pin the brown base to the brown strip, and machine stitch into place, leaving a 4cm gap for turning.
Turn the pincushion through the gap and stuff well, adding some split peas to the base, then hand sew closed. Cut a length of yellow ric rac to fit the circumference and hand sew in place where the beige and brown felt meet. Cut five petal shapes from red felt and sew their points together to make a flower. Attach to the swirl, adding a bead for decoration.
Cut two 11.5cm circles from brown felt. Using the same felt, cut a 6cm x 35cm strip for the side. Using a chalk pencil, draw diagonal lines onto the strip, positioning them 2cm apart. Draw another set of lines in the opposite direction so they make a diamond pattern. Machine topstitch over the lines in a contrasting thread.
Pin orange ric rac to the centre of the strip and machine stitch into place. With right sides facing, pin the ends of the strip together and machine stitch. Cut a length of red ric rac to fit the circumference of a circle and tack 2mm in from the edge. With right sides facing, pin the side to the felt circle and carefully machine stitch into place. Turn the right way out and embroider sprinkles using different coloured threads.
With right sides facing, pin the base to the sides, leaving a 4cm gap for turning. Turn the pincushion out and stuff well, adding some split peas to the base. Hand sew up the gap. Cut two small blossom flower shapes from peach felt and sew running stitches through the centre of each one. Pull the threads to gather. Cut two small leaf shapes from green felt and sew to the flowers, then attach them to the top of the cake, adding a bead for decoration.
Pin a length of pink ric rac across the middle of a 5cm x 31cm strip of brown felt. Machine stitch into place. With right sides facing, pin and stitch the ends of the strip together. Cut an 11cm circle of brown felt, and with right sides facing, pin the base to the sides and machine stitch in place.
Iron interfacing onto the back of spotty fabric and cut a 5.5cm x 28cm strip and a 9.5cm circle. Pin the ends of the strip together and machine stitch into place. Pin the base to the strip and machine sew. Fold over a 5cm hem at the raw edge and push the lining into the base. Sew the lining into the box base using neat whip stitches, leaving a small gap at the back for a ribbon tab.
Cut a 15cm circle of brown felt. Cover the back of a piece of pink felt with fusible webbing and cut out a large blossom flower. Peel off the backing paper and iron the flower onto the brown felt circle. Sew pink running stitches around the flower. Transfer the dart marks from the template onto the circle and sew. Attach a button in the centre of the flower and embroider sprinkles using different coloured thread.
Cut an 11cm circle from fabric for the top of the lid. Using pinking shears, cut an 8cm circle of pink felt and sew to the centre of the fabric. Trim red ric rac to fit around the lid and tack 2mm in from the raw edge of the felt circle. With right sides facing, pin the lid to the lid base and machine stitch into place, leaving a 4cm gap at the back for turning. Turn the right way out and stuff. Insert a small piece of ribbon into the gap, then sew it closed. Insert the other end of the ribbon between the box lining, then sew up the gap.


text:
Cosmic Chasm — цветная векторноя аркадная игра, которая была создана для игровых автоматов Cinematronics в 1983 году, но изначально игра, созданная GCE для домашней игровой системы Vectrex.

Игровой процесс
Игрок управляет космическим кораблем, вооруженным лазерами и щитами, на миссии по уничтожению космической станции "Космическая пропасть" изнутри. Каждая комната космической станции имеет защитные корабли, которые атакуют игрока напрямую, и центр, который медленно расширяется, заставляя игрока не задерживаться в комнате слишком долго после победы над защищающими кораблями. Игрок должен отстреливать силовые поля, которые защищают выходы, чтобы пройти через коридоры, ведущие в другие комнаты. Каждый выход соответствует другому направлению на карте, поэтому выбор кратчайшего маршрута является ключевым. Цель состоит в том, чтобы пробиться в реакторный зал станции, уничтожить его и выбраться из станции, прежде чем станция будет разрушена и игрок будет уничтожен вместе с ней. Прикосновение к стенам комнат так же фатально, как прикосновение к защитному судну или расширяющемуся центру. Экран имеет часть карты сверху, так что игрок может отслеживать, в какой комнате он находится, а также планировать свой побег из станции. Домашняя версия  по большей части схожа, но имеет некоторые заметные отличия от аркадной версии.

Отличия версии для Vectrex
Версия Vectrex Cosmic Chasm немного отличается от версии для аркад. Поскольку версия Vectrex была создана раньше, следует предположить, что это оригинальная версия. В версии Vectrex игрок управляет буровым аппаратом, который имеет не только лазеры и экраны, но и буровой наконечник, который должен использоваться для проникновения и аннулирования силовых полей, блокирующих выходы. В комнатах по-прежнему есть защитные корабли, расширяющиеся центральные ядра на всю комнату. Версия Vectrex также имеет карту, но она не отображается постоянно в верхней части экрана, как версии для аркады. Это отдельный экран, который появляется перед началом каждого раунда игры или когда игрок выходит из комнаты. Кроме того, чтобы разрушить реактор, нужно поддержать их транспортное средство рядом с реактором и сбросить бомбу, которая взорвется после заданного периода времени, что позволит вам совершить побег. Наконец, поскольку это игра для Vectrex, она имеет только монохромный векторный дисплей.

Факты
 Это была последняя цветная векторная игра, выпущенная Cinematronics, которая была в банкротстве главы 11 в то время. Другие игры были разработаны, но не выпущены.
 Это была первая игра, изначально разработанная для домашней игровой системы и превращенная в аркадную игру
 Игра часто ошибочно принималась за  Dragon's Lair  из-за того, что она была похожа на трехсторонний шатер и они обе находятся в одном шкафу.

Внешние ссылки
 YouTube Video of Cosmic Chasm in action
 KLOV entry for Cosmic Chasm
 Cinematronics History Page
 Arcade Flyers page for Cosmic Chasm
 YouTube video of Vectrex Cosmic Chasm

Компьютерные игры 1982 года
Игры для аркадных автоматов
Игры для Vectrex


Answers like, one can never know the mind of God so don't bother to think about it aren't helpful, you can give them, but they are merely an excuse for not thinking. As an example, you may not know the exact response a Republican or Democrat would give, however you can still make an educated guess and have an 80% chance of being right. Especially because you speak to him [God] all the time (it'll be like an unlimited supply of 'phone a friend,') you should be able to give descent answers to these questions.
(05-27-2011 11:34 AM)Garrett Wrote: Answers like, one can never know the mind of God so don't bother to think about it aren't helpful, you can give them, but they are merely an excuse for not thinking. As an example, you may not know the exact response a Republican or Democrat would give, however you can still make an educated guess and have an 80% chance of being right. Especially because you speak to him [God] all the time (it'll be like an unlimited supply of 'phone a friend,') you should be able to give descent answers to these questions.
God has revealed many things about God's self and yet mysteries remain. So, for example, if someone were to ask if God chose to use tornadoes to kill people in Joplin, Missouri, my answer would be, "Definitely not!"
At the same time, if someone were to ask why bad things happen to good people (or a better way to ask: why bad things happen to any people), my answer would have to be, "I don't know." Part of God is revealed, part remains hidden.
Problems occur when Christians attempt to speak with absolute certainty about the mind of God. We then begin to place our own human biases on what God does.
As I experience events in the world, I can only respond based on my understanding of what God has revealed.
~ melsite1: We can know plenty about the mind of God. He tells us what He thinks and desires in the Bible. What we can't fully understand is the complete being of God. He is an infinite, omniscient, & omnipresent being, and we can't relate to that because we are finite, material beings.
The whole, "excuse for not thinking" comment is not accurate. Actually just the opposite is true. Once a person starts to consider giving their life to God (to do with as He sees fit) the real thinking begins. I's not a "check your brain at the door" event. One really starts to question God's existence, His commands, His demands, & the personal sacrifices that may be required when one seriously considers a life devoted to God.
Finally, God doesn't use a tornado to kill people. God allows people to die in tornado storms because these storms are part of the curse we live with here on earth. Because of this we are told to always be ready...each day might be our last.
(05-27-2011 11:34 AM)Garrett Wrote: Answers like, one can never know the mind of God so don't bother to think about it aren't helpful, you can give them, but they are merely an excuse for not thinking.
Part of God is revealed, part remains hidden.
When we read the Bible "to know the mind of God" we're reading the perspective of the writer. That perspective is a product of the times in which the writer lived. In ancient times, the worldview was much different than today. The earth was considered the center of the universe and it was flat. The heavens were a dome over the earth and so on. To further confound any substantial understanding of the mind of God, most descriptions of the the mind of God were given in metaphorical terms subject to a range of interpretation.
Certainly when we trust God, we continue to think. My point is that trusting in God should not be an excuse to simply dismiss scientific evidence and rational thought.
Whether we believe the existence of God or not, I think most would agree we don't know when we are going to die. When folks get caught in tornado, it just dumb luck.
Keep in mind a lot (possibly the majority) of people believe that the bible is the literal word of God. You can make the choice to take it as parables but most people consider it a holy book! And more importantly it seems to be completely full of man created ideas. It doesn't also contain the perspective of the writers, it most only contains their perspectives. Mixed with the Canonization of it's gospels by men playing powerful roles, over the last two thousand years.
You could most certainly find a better book to live your life by on any bookshelf nowadays.
(06-04-2011 07:33 AM)Garrett Fogerlie Wrote: You could most certainly find a better book to live your life by on any bookshelf nowadays.
I suspect that, unfortunately, you are correct in your assessment that the majority of Christians tend to read the Bible literally. I find it much richer when things like the historical context and the literary implications are part of the interpretation.
Certainly the Bible contains the perspectives of each of the various writers and the canon that has become the collection of books that comprise the Bible also reflects the perspectives and biases of those who met in councils to sort those things out. (Technically, the canon remains open but I wouldn't hold my breath for any changes.) Through all of that, I still believe that the Bible reveals God to humans.
The key is that my belief is in God and the Bible informs my belief, not the other way around.
You're correct about finding other books. If my goal is simply to find a book that will clearly tell me how to live my life, then I suppose a number of books would do. But that's not how I see the Bible--I see it as the revelation of God (even with all of the short comings inherent in human origins that we've discussed here).
Thank you Garrett for keeping me challenged.
Current time: 04-19-2019, 01:51 PM Powered By MyBB, © 2002-2019 MyBB Group. Theme created by Justin S.


If you want to stock your kitchen with the bare minimum for preparing Vietnamese food, start with good quality fish sauce (nuoc mam). How do you judge fish sauce? Look for a light amber color and the words nhi or thuong hang on the label.
These terms indicate that the condiment came from the first extraction of liquid from the fermented fish, and is of the highest quality. Grades of fish sauces are similar to that of olive oils. That is, extra virgin olive oil is more flavorful and costlier than virgin olive oil. This same rule applies to judging different fish sauces.
Also keep in mind that fish sauce is also used in Thai and Filipino cooking, where it tends to be saltier and heavier in flavor. So, even though Thailand produces most of the fish sauce sold in the U.S., you need to make sure that the condiment you're buying is made in the 'Vietnamese' style. How to do this? Look for Vietnamese lettering alongside the Thai script.
Sometimes, the terms Phu Quoc and Phan Thiet are included on the label to signal a connection with these two famous fish sauce-producing areas in Vietnam. Fish sauce from Vietnam now sometimes use "Hon Phu Quoc" or "Hon Phan Thiet" (see image on left) to indicate that their product came from islands in those regions; hon means islands, and communicates a more authentic Viet condiment (versus a Thai product, which may not be clued in on such linguistic subtleties).
About five years ago, One Pigeon brand from Vietnam offered different grades of fish sauce, using degrees on its labels to reflect how much the nuoc mam has been diluted with water before bottling. For example, "25° dam" means there's 25% fish sauce in the bottle. When I contacted the producer, he said that most fish sauces are 20%. One Pigeon came in several intensities. The higher the degree, the more you paid. That's how it is in Vietnam. Sadly, that fish sauce didn't last in the U.S.
If ca com is one of the ingredients, that's an indication that the end product was made from a high quality anchovy native to the waters surrounding the island of Phu Quoc. Though I like Viet Huong's "Three Crab" brand for its consistently delicate flavor, aroma and color, I often try newer brands. Please note that Three Crabs and Flying Lion are both made by Viet Huong. The former is lighter in flavor than the latter, according to the Chung family that produces it.
Some are saltier while others are sweeter. Let your palate be your guide. Depending on where you shop, there may be as many as a dozen brands to choose from. As price is often a reliable indicator of quality among Asian groceries, select a mid to high priced fish sauce (about $3 to $4 per bottle!). If you buy online, fish sauce will cost a little more.
Shop price — choose mid to high price.
Buy glass over plastic bottles as glass indicates a better quality product.
Look for Vietnamese style fish sauce which is lighter in flavor than Thai nam pla or Filipino patis.
Fish sauce with an amber-red color is better than dark coffee.
Reliable brands I stick with: Three Crabs Brand Fish Sauce and Flying Lion; both are made by Viet Huong. Both are sold at Asian markets. If they're not available, use Tiparos Thai Fish Sauce or Thai Kitchen.
Transport fish sauce standing up in your car, lest it leaks a bit; the bottles are seldom well sealed.
If you use it often, keep it in a dark cupboard.
If you seldom use it, refrigerate it where it will keep for months.
You can always add more but it's harder to take it out of foods.
I combine fish sauce with salt in cooking foods because the savoriness of fish sauce isn't the same as salt.
Old school Vietnamese cooks use lower quality fish sauce for cooking and reserve pricier fish sauce for dipping sauces. If you can afford it, and I hope you can, use only the good stuff. Your food will taste consistently good.
My favorite fish sauce is the one big blue crab brand. The three small crab brand is too salty for my taste.
That's right, Rosa. The Romans had liquamen made from salted anchovies. They used it in desserts too! It's still made in parts of Italy. And, look at all the anchovies used in Italian cooking for great savory depth. It's not a novel idea but rather a resourceful one!
Pho80 — I'll look for the one big blue crab brand! Thanks for the tip.
I pretty much use the Three Crabs brand too. Very informative post!
How about a gluten-free version of fish sauce. I have used Three Crabs for years but because of recent dietary restrictions I need to seek out a gluten-free variety. Any ideas??
Wow…thanks for the information, I've been struggling with fish sauces for years, never seeming to get the right consistency, color or taste and after searching out the right products…wow! Thanks.
Try it out, you'll find it interesting.
Three Crabs is good, but the Viet Huong company makes several brands that quite good. Go for price.
last month when I was in Hanoi, I took a picture at Intimex for you… They had 55% Nuoc Mam… posted it on your Facebook page.
Thanks, Thanh Viet! I'll check it out.
I looked at all the glasses, but none seem to match your description.
immediately upon contact. none of the web stuff i read supports this.
wher I can buy vietnamese sauces,like nouc mam and others???
I have a large bottle of fish sauce (about the size of a wine bottle) and at the rate that I use it I will probably be able to will it to my children and I'm not that old. What is the average shelf life of fish sauce once it's open and what is the best way to store it?
I have a bad case of the fever, is there any cure?
Basvideoizle – Thanks for the excellent posting. I have bookmarked it and I am taking a look ahead to reading new articles. Please keep up the good articles! . Your time isn't going to waste with your posts.
The man who is master of his passions is Reason's slave.
Inflation is yet another new and bitter truth we must learn to face .
I think you hit a blsulyee there fellas!
It's really a great and useful piece of info. I am glad that you just shared this helpful information with us. Please stay us up to date like this.
Thank you for sharing such great information with us. I really appreciate everything that you've done here and am glad to know that you really care about the world that we live in..
I love this fish sauce. There are many fish sauce available in market and this guide line is very helpful in how to buy fish sauce. Thanks for sharing this nice guide lines.
Great post! Very informative. I bought a fish sauce once that was very dark in color and I could actually taste it spoiling the finished dish. From now on I use the three crabs brand or the Tiparos one if I can't find the other.
Thanks for this incredibly useful guide! I've never been sure what to buy and almost always have ended up with fish sauces that didn't quite seem right for what I was making.
I hooe now to make better informed choices!
My pleasure. Glad to be of help.


Bare head of King George V facing left ("small head" variety); below on neck truncation in small letters, the designer's initials BM (for Sir Bertram MacKennal); around, the monarch's legend GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: (George the Fifth, by the Grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India).
Figure of Britannia seated facing right on a rock wearing a helmet and flowing robes; she holds a trident and rests her right hand on a shield which bears the combined crosses of the Union Flag; around, the denomination ONE PENNY; in exergue, the date 1931.
All one penny coins of 1931 have Obverse 5 and Reverse C (see definitions in Freeman).


text:
Journal of Hydrometeorology (1)
From 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931 1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921 1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911 1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901 1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891 1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881 1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1875 1874 1873 — To 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931 1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921 1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911 1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901 1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891 1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881 1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1875 1874 1873
Refine by Article Type
https://journals.ametsoc.org/search?f_0=author&pageSize=10&q_0=Jonathan+A.+Foley&sort=relevance&t=hydr
Author or Editor: Jonathan A. Foley x
Journal of Hydrometeorology x
Sort by RelevanceDate - Old to RecentDate - Recent to OldArticle A - ZArticle Z - AAuthor A - ZAuthor Z - AJournal A - ZJournal Z - A
Effects of Land Cover Change on the Energy and Water Balance of the Mississippi River Basin
Tracy E. Twine, Christopher J. Kucharik, and Jonathan A. Foley
The effects of land cover change on the energy and water balance of the Mississippi River basin are analyzed using the Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS) model. Results of a simulated conversion from complete forest cover to crop cover over a single model grid cell show that annual average net radiation and evapotranspiration decrease, while total runoff increases. The opposite effects are found when complete grass cover is replaced with crop cover. Basinwide energy and water balance changes are then analyzed after simulated land cover change from potential vegetation to the current cover (natural vegetation and crops). In general, net radiation decreases over crops converted from forest and increases over crops converted from grasslands. Evapotranspiration rates decrease over summer crops (corn and soybean) converted from forest and increase over summer crops converted from grassland. The largest decreases (∼0.75 mm day−1; 20%) are found in summer over former forests, and the largest increases (∼0.4 mm day−1; 45%) are found in spring over former northern grasslands. Drainage rates increase over summer crops converted from savanna and forest and decrease over summer crops converted from grasslands. The largest increases (∼0.6 mm day−1; 45%) are found in winter over summer crops in former southern forests, and the largest decreases (∼0.4 mm day−1; 25%) are found in summer over summer crops grown in former northern grasslands. The simulated energy and water balance changes resulting from land cover change depend on season, crop type (winter, spring, or summer plantings) and management, and the type of natural vegetation that is removed.
Journal of Hydrometeorology
https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0640:EOLCCO>2.0.CO;2


text:
Q: how to internally resolve short name to FQDN? I am using SVN 1.13.0 on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. I need to access the SVN servers through a company gateway.
I've added an http-proxy-host=proxy.mycompany.com (and related port) to /etc/subversion/servers. This works fine if I do an svn co http://mysvn.mycompany.com/somerepo/trunk mycode.
But, if I reference my SVN repo by short name, e.g. svn co http://mysvn/somerepo/trunk mycode, I am blocked by our gateway. My IT department believes the gateway is functioning as designed. This is a gateway block, not a DNS block - the IP address resolves correctly in either case. It's simply a matter of mysvn not matching the whitelist mysvn.mycompany.com.
Is it possible in Ubuntu to automatically resolve mysvn to mysvn.mycompany.com before the URL is sent to the gateway?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Pierre-Eléonore de La Ville, marquis de Férolles, est un officier général et gouverneur colonial français mort le .

Biographie
Engagé dans un régiment d'infanterie, où il se distingua, il est ensuite employé à Saint-Jean de Terre-Neuve avec le grade de colonel.

Le marquis de Férolles est lieutenant et commandant pour le roi en Guyane en 1679 et 1680, gouverneur général de Guyane de 1681 à 1684, en 1687, de 1691 à 1700, gouverneur des îles et terre ferme de Cayenne et lieutenant général pour le roi des îles et terres fermes de l'Amérique de 1701 à 1705.

Il est promu maréchal des camps et armées du roi en 1702 et chevalier de l'ordre royal et militaire de Saint-Louis.

Férolles relie la Guyane à l'Amazone par l'Orapu en 1694 et, après s'en être emparé, il établit un fort à Macapa sur la rive en 1696. Ayant compris que la colonisation devait demander à l'agriculture ses ressources primordiales, il fait établir d'importants établissements agricoles.

Un cap de Terre-Neuve porte son nom.

Son épouse était la petite-fille de l'académicien Henri Louis Habert de Montmor et la petite-nièce de Louis de Buade de Frontenac.

Il a donné son nom à un bois précieux : le BOIS DE FEROLE.

Notes et références

Sources
Victor de Nouvion, « Extraits des auteurs et voyageurs qui ont écrit sur la Guyane, ... », 1844
Jean de La Mousse, « Les Indiens de la Sinnamary: journal du père Jean de La Mousse en Guyane, 1684-1691 », Éditions Chandeigne, 2006
Maurice Clerc, Jacqueline Clerc, « Antilles, Guyanes, circuit des Caraïbes », Hachette, 1963
Jean Marie Antoine de Lanessan, « L'expansion coloniale de la France: étude économique, politique et géographique sur les établissements français d'outre-mer », F. Alcan, 1886
Pierre Legendre, « Notre épopée coloniale », 1901

Articles connexes

Pierre-Louis de La Ville-Baugé

Liens externes
Dossier sur ANOM
Correspondance sur ANOM

Gouverneur de la Guyane française
Décès en août 1705
Chevalier de l'ordre royal et militaire de Saint-Louis
Militaire français du XVIIe siècle
Général français du XVIIIe siècle
Date de naissance non renseignée (XVIIe siècle)


text:
Getting the Lead Out – Lead Removal in Residential and Commercial Buildings
Lead was once used in a variety of applications, but we've since soured on using it for just about everything. As a demolition contractor like Nielsen Environmental, can explain, the safe removal of lead is essential to the health and safety of occupants. While lead found common use in the buildings of yesterday, steps are being taken to completely eliminate its presence in construction, which oftentimes means going into old buildings to remove any traces of it.
Lead is well-known to be dangerous, but why was it used in the first place? Were people aware of the dangers of lead poisoning? And what should you look out for in terms of adverse health effects if you suspect your building has lead in it? Read on for a closer look at a well-known and potentially hazardous material, and how to best protect yourself from lead exposure.
Why Was Lead Used So Much?
Historically, lead has been used in construction since ancient times. Romans used lead pipes – it was a soft material with a low melting point that was easy to work with, and it resisted corrosion. This combination of strengths made it appealing for plumbing. Lead was also used as a pigment in makeup and paint, and after the industrial revolution, the usage and spread of lead grew even further. Of course, the health hazards of lead weren't as well known as they are now, which means many older buildings have lead pipes and lead paint.
The health effects of lead poisoning can be severe and oftentimes permanent. Lead blindness, abdominal pain, infertility and memory problems can all result from lead exposure. Lead can also cause memory problems, intellectual disability, anemia, and death. Children are typically at most risk from lead poisoning in residential and commercial buildings, but those who work with lead professionally are the most vulnerable to lead-related health issues. Most lead exposure happens as a result of professional occupation (lead miners, or those who manufacture or recycle lead-acid batteries). Lead pipes and lead paint are other culprits, and the only way to ensure you are safe from lead exposure is to contact a qualified contractor to remove lead from your home or business.
The Journey of Lead
It's important to understand where lead comes from, and where it ends up when contractors remove lead from a building. Lead is mined like any other mineral, and refined in plants and factories that produce – or produced – lead products. This includes lead pipes for plumbing. While lead pipes are no longer used for plumbing, they were used in almost all buildings built before 1986. Once lead is removed from a structure, it is safely disposed of by hazardous waste companies: this usually involves recycling, as lead is still used in certain applications.
Lead is still used today, but legislation prohibits its use in plumbing and makeup. Currently, lead finds use in car batteries and shielding in medical applications. If you suspect your house has lead plumbing or paint, contact a qualified residential demolition contractor to ensure it's properly disposed of, and make your home happier and healthier today.


Like a finger pointing out the direction of Italy, the peninsular is one of the richest parts of Tunisia. Farming and fishing are the traditional activities until the start of tourism in Hammamet in the mid sixties'.
El Haouaria is the closest point between Africa and Europe.
El Haouaria best known for the Roman quarries. When the Romans rebuilt Carthage as Roman city, much of the stone needed was taken out of the mountain close to El Haouaria, and the holes are now known as the Roman caves.
The services of a licensed tour guide.


text:
USCIS Notes Guilty Plea in Large Immigration Fraud Scheme Involving Marriage Fraud
Submitted by Alexander J. Segal on August 22, 2017 - 9:13pm
On July 26, 2017, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) issued a press release regarding a conviction involving an immigration fraud scheme that USCIS had participated in investigating [PDF version].
According to court documents and statements, David Nikolashvili, a 52-year old citizen of the Republic of Georgia, operated an immigration fraud scheme "through which he obtained false immigration status from [USCIS] for approximately 50 to 60 citizens of European countries." Specifically, Nikolashvili was paid between $12,000 and $16,000 by foreign nationals for arranging sham marriages with U.S. citizens who were paid for entering into the sham marriages.
The U.S. Attorney for the District of Connecticut, Deiredre M. Daly, announced that Nikolashvili pled guilty to one count of making a false swearing in an immigration matter. He faces a maximum term of imprisonment of ten years. He will be sentenced on October 27, 2017, by United States District Judge Robert N. Chatigny. The case is being prosecuted by Assistant U.S. Attorney Douglas P. Morabito.
In our website's overview of marriage fraud, we explain why entering into a sham marriage is often fatal to one's immigration prospects [see article]. Furthermore, for those who are tempted to circumvent the immigration laws, it is important to remember that immigration authorities and prosecutors are experts at detecting and prosecuting marriage fraud cases.
In April of 2017, the USCIS highlighted its role in another marriage fraud investigation that led to convictions [see blog]. Please also see our recent article on a Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) decision finding that a section 237(a)(1)(H) waiver of deportability is not available for an alien who is charged with having committed a crime involving moral turpitude (CIMT) stemming from false statements made regarding his or her entering into a sham marriage [see article].


text:
A new method to generate gestures for different social robots
February 25, 2019 by Ingrid Fadelli, Phys.org
Visualization of the right arm joint configuration of a number of robots featuring 7 DOF arms. The dotted line represents the midline of the body. a ASIMO, b ARMAR-III, c WABIAN-2, d iCub Credit: Van de Perre et al.
Social robots are designed to communicate with human beings naturally, assisting them with a variety of tasks. The effective use of gestures could greatly enhance robot-human interactions, allowing robots to communicate both verbally and non-verbally.
The design of most social robots is inspired by the human body, as this makes it easier to replicate human-like gestures and behaviors. However, different robots can have different morphologies, which allow them to best tackle the tasks that they are designed to complete.
Researchers at Vrije Universiteit Brussel, in Belgium, have recently introduced a new approach based on a generic gesture method to study the influence of different design aspects. Their paper, published on Springer's International Journal of Social Robotics, presents a framework that rapidly generate gestures that match a robot's specific configuration.
"In this paper, we propose a novel methodology to study the influence of different design aspects based on a generic gesture method," the researchers wrote in their paper. "The gesture method was developed to overcome the difficulties in transferring gestures to different robots, providing a solution for the correspondence problem."
The method devised by this team of researchers could overcome difficulties in transferring gestures to robots of different shapes and configurations. Users can input a robot's morphological information and the tool will use this data to calculate the gestures for that robot.
Visualization of the right arm joint configuration of a number of robots with different arm morphologies. The dotted line represents the midline of the body. a Pyrène, b WE-4RII, c Robovie, d KHR-3, e NAO, f R1, g ARMAR-IV. Credit: Van de Perre et al.
"A small set of morphological information, inputted by the user, is used to evaluate the generic framework of the software at runtime," the researchers explained. "Therefore, gestures can be calculated quickly and easily for a desired robot configuration. By generating a set of gestures for different morphologies, the importance of specific joints and their influence on a series of postures and gestures can be studied."
To ensure that their method would be applicable to different types of robots, the researchers drew inspiration from a human base model. This model consists of different chains and blocks, which are used to model the various rotational possibilities of humans. The researchers assigned a reference frame to each joint block using the human base model as a reference to construct the general framework behind their method.
"To generate gestures for a certain robot model, the method uses the Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) parameters of the configuration as input, whereby the different joints of the robot are grouped into chains and blocks of the human base model," the researchers explained in their paper. "At runtime, the generic framework of the method is evaluated using this information, and as such, adapted to the robot under consideration."
As different features are important for different kinds of gestures, the method devised by the researchers is designed to work in two different modes, namely the block mode and end effector mode. The block mode is used to calculate gestures such as emotional expressions in instances when the overall arm placement is crucial. The end effector mode, on the other hand, calculates gestures in situations in which the position of the end-effector is important, such as during object manipulation or pointing.
"The gesture method proves its usefulness in the design process of social robots by providing an impression of the necessary amount of complexity needed for a specified task, and can give interesting insights in the required joint angle range," the researchers said.
In their study, the researchers applied their method to the virtual model of a robot called Probo. They used this example to illustrate how their method could help to study the collocation of different joints and joint angle ranges in gestures. In the future, their approach could aid the development of social robots that can perform natural gestures suited to their morphology and application.
More information: Greet Van de Perre et al. Studying Design Aspects for Social Robots Using a Generic Gesture Method, International Journal of Social Robotics (2019). DOI: 10.1007/s12369-019-00518-x
End-to-end learning of co-speech gesture generation for humanoid robots
Nov 14, 2018 feature
Interactive control to guide industrial robots
Chimp communication gestures found to follow human linguistics rules
Visual rendering of shapes on 2-D display devices guided by hand gestures
Robotics: Gesturing for control
Bonobo and chimpanzee gestures share many meanings


Contact us for any of your future parts needs. We have a huge inventory of parts covering the 1930's to present. We have parts for domestic, foreign, light truck and heavy duty trucks. WEBCO has served the parts needs of our customers since 1959, specializing in brake, suspension, clutch and much more. Please contact us with any application questions.
Powered by Kyozou. © WEBCO Auto & Truck Parts. All rights reserved.


When I tried to include the [taco] Unicode characters in the headline to this post, it cut off the headline. Supporting Unicode isn't easy, and often, to avoid security issues arising from Unicode, it is removed or outright blocked.
But in particular, mobile devices make it easy to type Emojis or other Unicode characters. As a "security guy", my next question was if I can use them as part of my password. The quick answer: support varies... and don't count on it.
One issue I was a bit worried about is that multibyte characters often include the 0x00 byte. This can cause issues since the 0x00 byte is often used to terminate strings. So I set up a quick test page to figure out if any of the PHP or MySQL hashing functions are susceptible to this issue. the Smiley character, for example, has a code of 0x1f600. The "00" byte could terminate the string, and all passwords starting with the Smiley character would result in the same hash. My initial testing hasn't found any issues like this, but I think this is an area that does require a bit more testing, in particular if a salt is added to a password prior to hashing.
I unfortunately can't get the link to work?
The link shows "Sorry, the page you where looking for could not be displayed at this time."
As you can see, NULL byte can only appear as 7-bit ASCII NULL char.


Personal Umbrella and Excess Liability policies give you an extra layer of protection over and above what is provided in your home owners, auto or watercraft policies. Driving a car or owning a home can be your two most common liability exposures that you face. If you have a young driver, liability can be passed on to you from an accident they caused will driving their car (referred to as vicarious liability). Owning a home or even renting a home, apartment or condo can provide additional liability exposures. You can be held liable should an individual suffer an injury while on your premises. Vacation homes, rental properties and investment real estate are all additional things to take into consideration when deciding how much umbrella coverage you should carry.
Some umbrella policies provide uninsured motorist coverage in additional to the excess liability protection mentioned above. This coverage is important and most umbrella policy will not provide it. This type of coverage will pay you in the event you or any family members living in your household are injured by an uninsured or underinsured motorist. This includes protecting children while they are riding a bike or as a pedestrian.


Today we are joining Two French Bulldogs in honoring their beloved Benny for Hugs and Kisses Day.
Here is Miley sneaking a nice big wet one on mom..
We thought it would be fun to also join Ruckus the Eskie's Sepia Saturday blog hop for our next photo!
Thank you for stopping by our blog. We enjoyed reading your posts with beautiful photos. We'll come back again.
Wow what a great hug!
OMGOSH Bruin is so giant! Such sweet moments.
Wow! Love these pictures! Lovely and sweet moments!
So sweet. Sending you all virtual hugs form across the pond. Have a super Saturday.
Super hugs and kisse for Benny!
So precious :) Dogs hugs are the best kind of hug.
Great hugs and kisses! SWAK!
Pup hugs and kisses are the best!
Those are great hugs and kisses.
Fantastic hugs and kisses. What a great way to remember Benny!
OMD!! You guys give the bestest Hugs and Kisses!!!!
We are just loving all the love in Blogville today!
Darn. I forgot to join. We have the perfect kissy picture and we haven't had the opportunity to join the kissy party.
Bruin and Miley look awesome in those pictures.


text:
Residency & Where to File Request a consultation
In addition to establishing statutory grounds for dissolution, the State Legislature has established residence requirements. These requirements vary based upon the type of union you and your partner are in, and the type of status action you seek. Residency requirements are statutory requirements which must be satisfied before a court may properly entertain a marital status action, and are in addition to the venue requirements imposed by the California Code of Civil Procedure.
A Final Judgment of dissolution may not be entered unless one of the parties to the marriage has been a resident of the state of California for at least six months, and of the county in which the proceeding was filed for three months, prior to the filing of the Petition for Dissolution.
Venue is proper in the superior court for the county where either Petitioner or Respondent has resided for three months prior to the filing of the Petition for Dissolution.
While the venue requirements are the same, the residency requirements for dissolution of a domestic partnership are slightly different. If a party resides in the state of California, the residency requirements for dissolution of marriage apply. However, to ensure that parties who entered into registered domestic partnerships and subsequently moved to a state that does not recognize that union have a means to dissolve their partnership, the Family Code contains a permissive retention of jurisdiction clause. Accordingly, if one or both parties does not reside in the state of California and the jurisdiction in which one or both parties does reside lacks a means to dissolve a domestic partnership, this retention of jurisdiction clause provides a means of access to the California Courts without having to satisfy the residency requirements otherwise in effect.
There are no residency requirements for legal separation; however, the jurisdictional venue requirements do apply. A party may commence an action in the superior court of the county in which either the moving party or the responding party resides. This means that at least one party must be domiciled in a county of the state of California. Additionally, an action for legal separation may be filed, in lieu of an action for dissolution, before the residency requirements are met, and the action may be converted to one for dissolution upon satisfaction of the statutory residency requirements.


text:
Motorola DROID 3 Review
Verizon Motorola Android
Published: Jul 18, 2011, 7:48 AM
John V.
Introduction and Design Interface and Functionali... Camera, Multimedia, Inter... Performance and Conclusio... Motorola DROID 3 specific...
Deemed as the original flagship starter for Android, Motorola's original DROID series might've relinquished its throne as the premier line for the ever-expanding platform – especially when the DROID 2 didn't have the dramatic impact compared to its predecessor. Since the original's arrival, we've seen an unprecedented amount of high-caliber Android smartphones swooping down from above the clouds to tackle and take prominence over the sea of rivals. Nevertheless, you know that the popular DROID line is known for its barebones approach in not messing around, thus, keeping the public's awareness solely on it.
It's true to say the least! Especially when consumers refer to Android powered smartphones as DROID phones – but of course, enthusiast and purists know the difference. Naturally, it's that kind of mentality that embodies Motorola's original DROID family, and now that we're witnessing the third installment in the series, it's almost unimaginable to see this one slipping through the cracks. Boasting the always expected yearly hardware upgrades, we also see a larger presence with the Motorola DROID 3's design – and rightfully so, it's aiming to take things to a bigger level. Even though it's competing against the likes of 4G LTE smartphones, it'll be interesting to see if this third incarnation can ignite that fire that allowed the original to explode.
The package contains:
Motorola DROID 3
Product Safety & Warranty Brochure
Without a doubt, the first thing that takes notice is the handset's significantly larger frame compared to its predecessors, which is due to the larger display it's packing along. Both longer and wider in form, the handset actually manages to shed some thickness (0.5") to make it slightly more streamline – though, it'll stick out prominently in your pockets.
Although it retains the former's fundamental design characteristics, like its familiar industrial design, it sports some heavier hard lines and sharper contours. At the same time, its tough gunmetal-like plastic casing, combined with its soft touch rear, allows the handset to considerably feel more solid. Indeed, it's heavier (6.49 oz) this time around, but it aids in maintaining its balanced figure. Not hiding the fact that it's a DROID device from afar, we're digging its developed design approach.
You can compare the Motorola DROID 3 with many other phones using our Size Visualization Tool.
Right off the bat, our eyes are impressed to see the DROID 3 flaunting a larger 4" qHD (540 x 960) display, which easily dwarfs the previous offerings and places it closer to the realm of the DROID X series. No doubt employing some fantastic pixel density, its high resolution provides for some of the sharpest looking visuals to grace any of Verizon's Android stable – making even fine text more than legible. Additionally, its color production is pretty nice too with its deep and vibrant tones.
However, viewing angles are undoubtedly questionable since colors fade, like how black turns into a greyish hue, when the handset is tilted a bit from its perfect 90-degree position. More than viewable indoors, its display washes in outdoor settings with the sun present seeing that its overall brightness output isn't the strongest. Granted it might have its shortcomings, we're nevertheless still glad to see Motorola bringing along a much larger and higher resolution display this time around.
Continuing to show off its new form, we now find the wonderful presence of a microHDMI-out port with the handset – providing that all too useful mirrored experience on your high-def television set. Also, the dedicated powered button is now placed squarely in the middle on the top edge – just like what we see on the DROID X2. However, we're not thrilled with the amount of force needed to get a response out of its dedicated power button and volume rocker. And despite not being a 4G LTE enabled device, we're glad to see a front-facing 0.3-megapixel camera on board with the handset.
Previously, we saw a better improvement with the DROID 2's keyboard over the original, but this time around, Motorola manages to address every single issue we had with the previous two. Honestly, this is probably one of the best keyboards we've seen on a smartphone in a long time! Although it still retains that manual sliding mechanism and its flat keys, its overall spacious layout makes for one of the best typing experiences. Specifically, the 5-row keyboard now employs a dedicated row for numbers – with the convenience of the directional pad still there. Buttons are sufficiently sized for the most part, but we're blown away by its wicked responsive feel when buttons are pressed. Speed demons will no doubt love the usability of this keyboard as it boasts a ton of marked improvements over its predecessors.
Turning it around, it sports an 8-megapixel auto-focus camera with LED flash, which has the ability to shoot full 1080p videos. Rather than using a metallic sliding battery cover used by its predecessors, we're greeted with a ridiculously difficult to remove snap on rear cover that hides away its 1,500 mAh battery and available microSD card slot. Likewise, it's nice to know that the handset is a global capable device from the onset with its SIM card slot in the rear compartment.
Motorola DROID 3 360-degrees View:
Motorola DROID 3 vs Motorola DROID X2
Motorola DROID 3 vs HTC ThunderBolt


Hey guys, been on here for years but don't really post too much. Thought I would make a post about my BF F6, I've always wanted a Bionic one and this one popped up with some goodies. The mods include: -Atomic 660KW rated forged motor -Dominello built ZF 6 Speed gearbox -Plazmaman 1100 HP Cooler kit -Plazmaman Plenum -XForce twin 2.5" Exhaust -XForce 4" dump pipe-Ported rear housing with a 38mm flapper-11.8 PSI Actuator -Plazmaman 4" Airbox -Surge tank with Bosch 044 -Plazmaman battery relocation kit -60lb Injectors -Techedge wide band Since I've had it I've changed the following: -Converted to a steel ZF pan and serviced the ZF-Bilstien shocks-Changed drivers engine mount-Changed tailshaft center bearing-Put a brand new 044 in just for peace of mind-New front bar insert as the old one was fairly scratched on the bottom-Brand new boost solenoid-Retune We re-tuned the car last weekend due it being tuned with a Eboost to control the boost previously which has now been removed, it made 354rwkw on 15psi on 98. Looking at bigger injectors and E85, will try crack a 10 as it should make ~400rwkw. Here's some pictures of when I just got it, will put some recent ones up soon.
Perfect, thanks guys! I was searching "boost solenoid" on eBay and couldn't find it, ill order one now.
Where are people getting these for $40-$50? I called two Ford dealers today, one said $194 and the other said $216. For my BF F6.
Those vertical lines in the bore look exactly the same as the bore in a motor I've pulled apart with broken ringlands. I'd pull the piston out just to have a look.
Looks good mate, is the hall effect sensor on the back of the box the only extra thing you will have to do to get the ZF working?
Fg Mk2 Gt Rspec Owners...can I Ask You A Favour?
The XR50 has more of a carbon look compared to the G6ET Piano Black, they look similar from a distance but are actually different.
My Bf Rod Wanted To See Daylight!
If it was built before June 06 then it's got the same bottom end as the BAs and you were pushing your luck at 360.
I've done it this way before and it worked out fine, I'd do it again.
I've owned a few e-series so have been through this a few times, but most of the time it's just a case of draining the sludge, putting some new oil in and driving around for a few hundred kms, then some engine flush before draining that oil and chucking some decent oil in and forget about it. Never had a problem lol.
Are they mail order tunes or custom?


> the user, not the author. That's why it's a "user agent".
> however, belongs to the author and/or his or her authoring tool.
content than to punish them."
then voila. Why write valid XHTML ?
Oh, I'm sorry. It wasn't meant as a joke.
even earlier. It doesn't seem to help, does it ?
> browser to fix an author's broken content.
Next message: Matt May: "Re: why XHTML"
Previous message: Kynn Bartlett: "Re: accessify.com's review of RNIB relaunch"
Maybe in reply to: Matt May: "why valid was Re: why XHTML"
Next in thread: Matt May: "Re: why valid was Re: why XHTML"
Reply: Matt May: "Re: why valid was Re: why XHTML"


text:
Hyperaldosteronismus oder Aldosteronismus ist eine Erkrankung, bei der das Steroidhormon Aldosteron im Überfluss gebildet wird, wodurch zu viel Salz (insbesondere Natriumsalz) im Körper zurückgehalten (retiniert) und Kalium vermehrt ausgeschieden wird. Es kann dabei zu Veränderungen des Säuregehalts im Blut sowie zu Muskelschwäche, Muskelkrämpfen und Empfindungsstörungen sowie Herzrhythmusstörungen kommen.

Es werden verschiedene Formen unterschieden:
Beim primären Hyperaldosteronismus (Conn-Syndrom) wird durch einen Prozess in der Nebennierenrinde zu viel Aldosteron gebildet (in über 70 % der Fälle eine idiopathische bilaterale Hyperplasie, in weniger als 30 % der Fälle ein Adenom, ganz selten andere Ursachen wie ein Karzinom oder genetische Defekte).

Der sekundäre Hyperaldosteronismus hat eine sehr unterschiedliche Genese und tritt mit sehr unterschiedlicher Häufigkeit auf. Hier wird entweder aufgrund von übergeordneten Regulationsmechanismen eine vermehrte Aldosteronbildung initiiert oder – wie im Fall einer Leberzirrhose – der Abbau verlangsamt.

Ferner kommt noch der Pseudohyperaldosteronismus vor.

Klinisch stehen beim primären Hyperaldosteronismus die arterielle Hypertonie (erhöhter Blutdruck) und gegebenenfalls Hypokaliämie, bei der sekundären Form die Ödeme und der Aszites im Vordergrund. Therapiert wird Hyperaldosteronismus durch Aldosteronantagonisten (zum Beispiel Spironolacton oder Eplerenon) oder bei primärer Form auch durch die operative Entfernung der betroffenen Nebenniere (Adrenalektomie), falls ein Adenom oder Karzinom nachweisbar ist.

Im Rahmen des primären Hyperaldosteronismus werden vererbliche Formen unterschieden, von denen der familiäre Typ I durch eine Fusion der CYP11B1- und CYP11B2-Gene verursacht wird.

Weblinks
 Medizininfo: Hyperaldosteronismus.

Einzelnachweise

Krankheitsbild in der Endokrinologie


text:
Q: C# setter unknown field I found an example for my solution in C# as follows:
address.streetName = new[] {
    new adxpstreetName {Text = new[] {ausAddress.StreetName}}
};

With my limited knowledge of C#, the above tells me that adxpstreetName object is constructed and ausAddress.StreetName is injected to it. What puzzles me is to which field the value is injected to.
The adxpstreetName is generated from XSD that does not have field streetName.
I am required to provide the solution in Java and the above seems like Javascript where you can introduce a new field as you like.
Can C# experts help enlighten me?
Thank you

A: *

*a new adxpstreetName[] array is created of length 1, and populated with a new adxpstreetName instance

*a new string[] array is created of length 1, and populated with the value from ausAddress.StreetName

*this string[] is assigned to the Text property / field of the adxpstreetName instance

*the adxpstreetName[] array is assigned to the streetName property / field of the address instance

If you want to know where streetName is declared: put the caret into streetName and press f12 (in visual studio; similar shortcuts exist in other IDEs)
If address is declared as dynamic, then things can be more... interesting. Is address declared as dynamic?


text:
Landmark Legislation: Tenth Circuit
45 Stat. 1346
For the first time in more than 65 years, Congress in 1929 created a new judicial circuit to accommodate the increased number of states and the expansion of caseload in the federal courts. The 12 states that entered the Union between 1866 and 1912 had been incorporated into the Eighth and Ninth Circuits. The Eighth Circuit, encompassing 13 states stretching from Canada to Mexico and from the Mississippi to beyond the Rocky Mountains, became the largest in the nation. By the 1920s, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals was meeting in three divisions, and district court judges were recruited regularly to assist the six circuit judges. Various groups representing the bar and the judiciary feared that such a large circuit threatened the efficient administration of justice in regionally-defined courts.
An American Bar Association committee suggested in 1925 that Congress realign the nation's entire circuit structure and establish one additional circuit in order to redistribute the appellate caseload without authorizing additional judgeships. The congressional hearings on the proposal in 1928 revealed widespread opposition to a plan that would have changed the composition of all but two circuits and for the first time have made a single state, New York, a circuit unto itself. The arguments against the proposal demonstrated the extent to which judges and lawyers considered the existing circuits to be geographically-distinct legal cultures defined by local procedures and types of litigation. Chief Justice Taft suggested that a reorganization limited to the Eighth Circuit might solve the most serious problems and find broader support.
Later in the same Congress, the House of Representatives considered two proposals to divide the existing Eighth Circuit. Representative Walter Newton of Minnesota offered a bill to separate the circuit's eastern and western states, thus creating circuits organized on the basis of two regional economies, one predominantly agricultural and the other related to mining and irrigation. An alternative proposal divided the northern from the southern states. The judges of the existing circuit court of appeals thought the division of east and west would create a fair balance of caseload, and the bar of the circuit agreed.
With little opposition to the principle of dividing the circuit, congressional deliberation on the bill focused on the need for more judgeships and requests for more meeting places of the circuit courts of appeals. With almost no discussion on the floor, the House and Senate passed a statute that grouped Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Missouri, and Arkansas as the Eighth Circuit and established a Tenth Circuit consisting of Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Kansas, and Oklahoma. Sitting circuit judges were reassigned according to their residence, and three additional judgeships were authorized. Five judges would serve the Eighth Circuit, and four would sit in the Tenth.
45 Stat. 1346.
CHAP. 363.-An Act To amend sections 116, 118, and 126 of the Judicial Code, as amended, to divide the eighth judicial circuit of the United States, and to create a tenth judicial circuit.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That section 116 of the Judicial Code, as amended [U. S. C., title 28, 211], is amended to read as follows:
"SEC. 116. There shall be ten judicial circuits of the United States, constituted as follows:
"First. The first circuit shall include the districts of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and Porto Rico.
"Second. The second circuit shall include the districts of Vermont, Connecticut, and New York.
"Third. The third circuit shall include the districts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware.
"Fourth. The fourth circuit shall include the districts of Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina.
"Fifth. The fifth circuit shall include the district of Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.
"Sixth. The sixth circuit shall include the districts Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee.
"Seventh. The seventh circuits shall include the districts of Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin.
"Eighth. The eighth circuit shall include the districts of Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri, and Arkansas.
"Ninth. The ninth circuit shall include the districts of California, Oregon, Nevada, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Hawaii, and Arizona.
"Tenth. The tenth circuit shall include the districts of Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Kansas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico."
SEC. 2. Section 118 of the Judicial Code, as amended [U. S. C., title 28,
213; 45 Stat. at Large 492; Public No. 664, 70th Congress], is amended to read as follows:
"SEC. 118. There shall be in the sixth, seventh, and tenth circuits, respectively, four circuit judges; and in the second and eighth circuits, respectively, five circuit judges; and in each of the other circuits three circuit judges, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. Each circuit judge shall receive a salary of $12,500 a year, payable monthly. Each circuit judge shall reside within his circuit, and when appointed shall be a resident of the circuit for which he is appointed. The circuit judges in each circuit shall be judges of the circuit court of appeals in that circuit, and it shall be the duty of each circuit judge in each circuit to sit as one of the judges of the circuit court of appeals in that circuit from time to time according to law. Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent any circuit judge holding district court or otherwise, as provided by other sections of the Judicial Code."
SEC. 3. Section 126 of the Judicial Code, as amended [U. S. C., title 28, 223; U. S. C., Sup. I, title 28, 223], is amended to read as follows:
"SEC. 126. A term shall be held annually by the circuit courts of appeals in the several judicial circuits at the following places, and at such times as may be fixed by said courts, respectively: In the first circuit, in Boston, and when in its judgment the public interests require in San Juan, Porto Rico; in the second circuit, in New York; in the third circuit, in Philadelphia; in the fourth circuit, in Richmond and in Asheville, North Carolina; in the fifth circuit, in New Orleans, Atlanta, Fort Worth, and Montgomery; in the sixth circuit, in Cincinnati; in the seventh circuit, in Chicago; in the eighth circuit, in Saint Louis, Kansas City, Omaha, and Saint Paul; in the ninth circuit, in San Francisco, and each year in two other places in said circuit to be designated by the judges of said court; in the tenth circuit, in Denver, Wichita, and Oklahoma City, provided that suitable rooms and accommodations for holding court at Oklahoma City are furnished free of expense to the United States; and in each of the above circuits terms may be held at such other times and in such other places as said courts, respectively, may from time to time designate, except that terms shall be held in Atlanta on the first Monday in October, in Fort Worth on the first Monday in November, and in Montgomery on the third Monday in October. All appeals and other appellate proceedings which may be taken or prosecuted from the district courts of the United States in the State of Georgia, in the State of Texas, and in the State of Alabama, to the circuit court of appeals for the fifth judicial circuit shall be heard and disposed of, respectively, by said court at the terms held in Atlanta, in Fort Worth, and in Montgomery, except that appeals in cases of injunctions and in all other cases which, under the statutes and rules, or in the opinion of the court, are entitled to be brought to a speedy hearing, may be heard and disposed of wherever said court may be sitting. All appeals and other appellate proceedings which may be taken or prosecuted from the district court of the United States at Beaumont, Texas, to the circuit court of appeals for the fifth circuit, shall be heard and disposed of by the said circuit court of appeals at the terms of court held at New Orleans, except that appeals in cases of injunctions and in all other cases which, under the statutes and rules, or in the opinion of the court, are entitled to be brought to a speedy hearing, may be heard and disposed of wherever said court may be sitting."
SEC. 4. Any circuit judge of the eighth circuit as constituted before the effective date of this Act, who resides within the eighth circuit as constituted by this Act, is assigned as a circuit judge to such part of the former eighth circuit as is constituted by this Act the eighth circuit, and shall be a circuit judge thereof; and any circuit judge of the eighth circuit as constituted before the effective date of this Act, who resides within the tenth circuit as constituted by this Act, is assigned as a circuit judge of such part of the former eighth circuit as is constituted by this Act the tenth circuit, and shall be a circuit judge thereof.
SEC. 5. Where before the effective date of this Act any appeal or other proceeding has been filed with the circuit court of appeals for the eighth circuit as constituted before the effective date of this Act-
(1) If any hearing before said court has been held in the case, or if the case has been submitted for decision, then further proceedings in respect of the case shall be had in the same manner and with the same effect as if this Act had not been enacted.
(2) If no hearing before said court has been held in the case, and the case has not been submitted for decision, then the appeal, or other proceeding, together with the original papers, printed records, and record entries duly certified, shall, by appropriate orders duly entered of record, be transferred to the circuit court of appeals to which it would have gone had this Act been in full force and effect at the time such appeal was taken or other proceeding commenced, and further proceedings in respect of the case shall be had in the same manner and with the same effect as if the appeal or other proceeding had been filed in said court.
SEC. 6. This Act shall take effect thirty days after its enactment.
Approved, February 28, 1929.


Welcome to the Lettering Class! Fun lettering techniques have so many applications. From creating signs to headers for your scrapbooks and bullet journals, the possibilities are endless. Join MZ as she shows you some fun and easy whimsical lettering techniques. You'll be lettering like a pro in no time at all!


Exceptional value, works well, and looks great The mirrored down will show marks - but easy to clean.
The white Russell Hobbs RHM3003 combi microwave is very reasonably priced at around the £130 mark, offering a spacious 30 litre interior, together with 900w of power.
Finished in a smart white and silver design, it drew praise from our test team - looking modern and stylish yet minimalist, it will suit any lightly coloured kitchen.
When in grill mode, it provides 1100w of power, resulting in crisp food cooked quickly.
Similarly the convection oven is fast to heat up, with an impressive 2500w of power enabling you to cook food from cold in very short time periods.
The glass turntable is removable, as with most modern microwaves, and the interior was easy to clean. The door has a mirrored finish, which will unfortunately show fingerprints - however this is a minor issue, as it's easy to wipe down.
The microwave's controls are very clearly labelled, and user friendly - we can envisage anyone having difficulty operating this combi microwave.
In terms of value, this is very reasonably priced, and in terms of performance, it works very well indeed, especially considering the price tag.
If you're after a spacious, yet reasonably priced combi microwave oven, to provide versatility in the kitchen, then we'd definitely recommend this model from Russell Hobbs.
Virtually all of this information is already on this page – click on the Features and Specifications tabs to view.