Harmonique Partners Bruce Conzelman and winemaker Robert Klindt (former owner of Claudia Springs Winery) produce three Pinot Noirs from Anderson Valley Vineyards. The grapes are sourced from the former Christine Woods Vineyard (now Conzelman Vineyard) across the street from Handley Cellars where the Harmonique wines are produced, and the Klindt Vineyard.
The Pinot Noirs have been exceptional and have made my All-American list several times. The Pinot Noirs are named The Noble One, Delicacé and Elegancé.
Bruce's affable wife Moira handles all of the marketing for the winery. The wines are sold primarily through a mailing list.
The Harmonique Tasting Room is in the former Londer Tasting room in Boonville in the John Hanes Fine Art Gallery at 14051 Highway 128 (Friday to Monday 11-5).


#202-A - Woodsy-Wee "Bear". 1935-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#202-A - Woodsy-Wee "Camel". 1935-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#202-A - Woodsy-Wee "Clown". 1935-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#202-A - Woodsy-Wee "Cow". 1935-1937. Floor Toy. More!
#202-A - Woodsy-Wee "Dog". 1935-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#202-A - Woodsy-Wee "Donkey". 1935-1937. Floor Toy. More!
#202-A - Woodsy-Wee "Elephant". 1935-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#202-A - Woodsy-Wee "Giraffe". 1935-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#202-A - Woodsy-Wee "Goat". 1935-1937. Floor Toy. More!
#202-A - Woodsy-Wee "Horse". 1935-1938. Push Toy. More!
#202-A - Woodsy-Wee "Lion". 1935-1938. Push Toy. More!
#202-A - Woodsy-Wee "Monkey". 1935-1938. Push Toy. More!
#202-A - Woodsy-Wee "Pig". 1935-1937. Push Toy. More!
#206-A - "Walt Disney Carnival Cut-Outs - Donald Duck". 1936-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#206-A - "Walt Disney Carnival Cut-Outs - Elmer Elephant". 1936-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#206-A - "Walt Disney Carnival Cut-Outs - Mickey Mouse". 1936-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#206-A - "Walt Disney Carnival Cut-Outs - Pluto". 1936-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#207-A - "Walt Disney Carnival Cut-Outs - Donald Duck". 1936-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#207-A - "Walt Disney Carnival Cut-Outs - Elmer Elephant". 1936-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#207-A - "Walt Disney Carnival Cut-Outs - Mickey Mouse". 1936-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#207-A - "Walt Disney Carnival Cut-Outs - Pluto". 1936-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#208 - "Walt Disney's Donald Duck" 1936-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#209 - "Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse" 1936-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#210 - "Walt Disney's Pluto-The-Pup" 1936-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#211 - "Walt Disney's Elmer Elephant" 1936-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#245 - Riding Horse. 1937-1937. Riding Toy. More!
#460 - "Dapper Donald Duck" 1936-1938. Pull Toy. More!
#462 - "Busy Bunny Cart". 1937-1937. Pull Toy. More!
#465 - "Teddy Choo Choo". 1937-1937. Pull Toy. More!
#475 - "Walt Disney's Easter Parade". 1936-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#483 - "Walt Disney Carnival". 1936-1938. Floor Toy. More!
#491 - "Boom-Boom Popeye". 1937-1938. Pull Toy. More!
#705 - "Popeye Cowboy". 1937-1937. Pull Toy. More!
#717 - "Ducky Flip-Flap". 1937-1939. Pull Toy. More!
#719 - "Busy Bunny Cart". 1936-1937. Pull Toy. More!
#722 - "Racing Bunny Cart". 1937-1937. Pull Toy. More!
#740 - "Pushcart Pete". 1936-1937. Pull Toy. More!
#741 - "Trotting Donald Duck". 1937-1937. Pull Toy. More!
#766 - "Prancing Horses". 1937-1938. Pull Toy. More!
#780 - "Jumbo Xylophone". 1937-1938. Pull Toy. More!
#795 - "Mickey Mouse Drummer". 1937-1938. Pull Toy. More!
#799 - "Duckie Transport". 1937-1937. Pull Toy. More!


text:
← Spotlight on the NUT donation: the work we've done and the work still to come!
Spotlight on the NUT donation: "Why electricity need not be a closed book for girls by Miss Caroline Haslett" →
Spotlight on the NUT donation:"Miss, the rabbit ate the 'floating 'apple! The case against SATs. A Report on the 1991 Key Stage 1 SATs by the National Union of Teachers."
Posted on February 5, 2018	by bhinton2014
Last winter we received a wonderful donation from the National Union of Teachers (NUT), which included 380 pamphlet boxes containing material published by the NUT itself and many other organisations operating in the areas of education, children and families.
Over the last year, we have checked and sorted these resources, discovering many interesting publications during the process. Among these, we have picked a few 'gems' and decided to share what we have learnt about each one. Today is the turn of:
"Miss, the rabbit ate the 'floating 'apple! The case against SATs. A Report on the 1991 Key Stage 1 SATs by the National Union of Teachers."
This report on SATs was published following the introduction of a National Curriculum to schools in England and Wales under the Education Reform Act 1988. The curriculum was rolled out from 1989 and the statutory assessments were introduced between 1991 and 1995. Only the core subjects of English, Mathematics and Science were to be assessed. First assessments at Key Stage 1 (Year 2 children aged 6/7) were a range of cross-curricular tasks to be delivered in the classroom, known as Standardised Assessment Tasks – hence the common acronym SATs.
After the 1991 'full trial' of the SATs, the NUT wanted to find out about teachers' experiences of running the tests. A questionnaire was included in the Union's National Curriculum Newsletter which was sent to every school. Replies were received from 2550 teachers in 1750 schools (not all of whom were members of NUT). The survey was designed to create as little extra work for Year 2 teachers as possible and consisted mainly of Yes/No answers and/or ticks in boxes. However detailed visits were paid to 13 schools whilst they were administering the SATs. Many teachers also submitted comprehensive written comments.
NUT recognised that the teachers had worked hard to give the SATs a fair trial. Teachers wanted their experiences to be noted, and hopefully acted upon, so that future teachers of Year 2 pupils would not have to use unworkable forms of assessment.
The questions were designed to understand more about how much classroom time SATs took to administer and whether it was possible for the SATs to be conducted by a single teacher working alone. In addition related questions were asked about the cost of conducting the SATs, the perceived impact on pupils and parents and, perhaps most importantly "Were the SATs worth doing?"
The main findings of the report concluded that:
The average time needed to complete the SATs was 52 hours rather than the government assessment of 30 hours
95% of teachers reported that SATs told them nothing about pupils that they did not already know
More than 90% of the teachers said that the SATs prevented normal activities in Year 2 or other classes. In combination with the reallocation of teacher and ancillary staff within schools this indicates that the SATs have caused massive disruption of schools.
The SATs did not meet the requirement that they be suitable for a" single teacher working alone". Nine out of 10 teachers had extra help allocated to them to enable them to conduct the SATs. Three quarters of that support was taken away from other school activities or other classes; the remainder being bought in.
The SATs were unsuitable for bilingual pupils, pupils with learning difficulties and pupils with special needs.
The overwhelming conclusion reached by the respondents to the survey was that SATs had been difficult to operate in the classroom and were not highly valued by teachers as adding to their knowledge of their pupils.
Teachers wanted changes to be made to the national assessment system and wanted to be involved in designing an alternative that would "better meet the needs of pupils, supports teachers in planning their future teaching, and provides meaningful information to parents and future teachers".
Changes were made to the original SATs which were replaced by more formal tasks with an additional strand of Teacher Assessment. Over the years adjustments have been made to reflect changes in the National Curriculum. In 2008 it was announced that the testing at Key Stage 3 was to be scrapped. A new version of the National Curriculum was introduced into schools in 2014. SATs are still a highly controversial subject and a subject of a long running campaign by NUT.
Over 2,300 members responded to the NUT survey on the experience of primary assessment in 2017. The results were presented in the report Summer Term 2017 The SATs effect: teachers' verdict
Once again the whole experience is generally regarded as a negative one:
"The results showed the damaging impact that the system of assessment for school accountability purposes is having on teachers, schools and children. This is particularly exacerbated by the funding crisis currently facing schools".
However the NUT did present an alternative in its publication of More than a score. Assessment: the alternative
The SATs have been a much discussed topic from the outset and this report "Miss, the rabbit ate the 'floating 'apple!" gives us an insight to the roots of a controversy that is still the subject of much debate and argument.
This item, like all the others included in this donation, is currently uncatalogued, although this will be the next step in our project. In the meantime, if you'd like to find out more about the contents of the donation, please check our LibGuide.
This entry was posted in Library, Library and Archives and tagged 1991, assessment, bilingual pupils, Education Act 1988, English, Key Stage 1, mathematics, National Curriculum, NUT(National Union of Teachers);, SATs, Science, Special Educational Needs, Standardised Assessment Tasks, teachers. Bookmark the permalink.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The 20th Annual Indoor Fishing Flea Market will be Saturday March 2nd, 2019 at the Rolling Meadows High School. For those of you who have been to the Flea Market the name pretty much says everything there is to know. For those of you who haven't, it's an excellent place to buy, sell, and barter for new and used fishing & boating equipment. In the past we have had vendors with new inventory, inventory overruns, and inventory closeouts. We also have vendors, who sell antique and collectible lures. Just about everything related to fishing & boating is sold: rods, reels, line, lures, tackle boxes, nets, motors, etc., etc., etc.
The Indoor Fishing Flea Market is co-sponsored by the Chicagoland Muskie Hunters and the Rolling Meadows High School Post Prom Committee. Two great groups doing great things! Admission is $5.00 for adults, $4.00 for seniors and students. Children under 13 are free. Parking is Free.
If you have fishing or boating equipment that you're interested in selling, we have a few tables left. You can get an application here: http://www.chicagolandmuskiehunters.org ... pp2019.pdf. You can also call 847-769-4061, or email me zacharyarnold2000@yahoo.com. Tables are $40.00 until January 21st after that they got up to $50.00.
March 2nd, 2019 - 8:00 A.M. – 1:00 P.M.
Chitown-Angler was started on February 10, 2003 and has received 207386425 page views in total since that date.


This PIA Passenger Found A 'Keera' In Their Kheer And LOL, They're Now Serving Extra Proteins!
PIA has a very notorious reputation. If you are a Pakistani, then you would definitely know that this domestic flight carrier has done some major blunders in past. Be it in the manner of delayed flights or the staff they have some really serious issues! That one time when the takeoff was taking too long, and when the passengers inquired about the delay they were not given any proper answer. But just some time afterward Mr. Khursheed Ahmed Shah arrived to come on board, and it was only then the people on the flight made the video of this VIP culture.
Well, as there are bad things, there are good things too! Last year, PIA celebrated Basant day, in the middle of the air amidst the flight. And people were very happy to see this sudden change in PIA's system. And another time, when a newly married couple came rushing to catch their flight straight out of their Barat event in their wedding dresses. Upon arriving the couple was warmly welcomed by the PIA staff and later was given chocolates.
But sometimes, when the sweet is given with "extra protein" you wouldn't want to refuse it! Wanna see how that extra protein looks like?
Yes, a worm wouldn't hurt, right? Come on!!!! A worm in a kheer is like a garnishing! Alive garnishing! WOW, :O Like pista badaam? No? Okay, so this passenger luckily saw the "alive" garnishing over the kheer that was provided after the meal. When such meetha is provided after the meal, all you'd want to do it throw up!
This passenger made the video of this delicious and healthy garnish and people were like "taliyan aur …." ehm ehm! Never mind.
Umm… what's the slogan of PIA?? "Great people to fly with" seem like it's not only the people who fly un there in PIA flights, HAHAH! Acha, sorry!


text:
Carriera
Quando Sarah Blake entrò per la prima volta nel campo dei film per adulti intese restarci solamente per un mese, però poi cambiò idea.

Tra gli altri, ha lavorato anche per Steve Lightspeed, per un paio d'anni con lo pseudonimo di Little Troublemaker, e per FTV Girls. Il 14 maggio 2008 riportò sul proprio sito l'intenzione di prendersi una pausa di molti mesi dal lavoro a causa di un intervento di chirurgia plastica per l'aumento del seno.

Riconoscimenti
2005 AVN Awards nomination – Best Solo Sex Scene – Screaming Orgasms 13
2006 AVN Awards nomination – Best Sex Scene Coupling – Innocence: Perfect Pink (con Nick Manning)
2006 AVN Awards nomination – Best Oral Sex Scene – Jack's Playground 24 (con Eric Masterson)
2007 AVN Awards nomination – Best All-Girl Sex Scene, Video – All About Keri (con Justine Joli)

Filmografia

 Best Of Stocking Feet 1 (2003)
 Liquid (2003)
 Metropolis (2003)
 18 and Easy 1 (2004)
 Barely Legal 46 (2004)
 Cheerleader Auditions 1 (2004)
 Cheerleader Auditions 2 (2004)
 Cum in My Mouth I'll Spit It Back in Yours 2 (2004)
 Edge (2004)
 Finger Licking Good 1 (2004)
 Girl Crazy 3 (2004)
 Girl on Girl 1 (2004)
 Girls Off the Hook (2004)
 Hardcore Sex In The City (2004)
 Hardcore Sex In The City 2 (2004)
 Hook-ups 6 (2004)
 Innocence Perfect Pink (2004)
 Jack's Playground 12 (2004)
 Jenna's Obsessions (2004)
 Lipstick Erotica (2004)
 Lipstick Lesbians 2 (2004)
 Marty Zion's Perfection (2004)
 Mystified 2: The Quest (2004)
 Nina Hartley's Private Sessions 15 (2004)
 Nina Hartley's Private Sessions 16 (2004)
 Pillow Talk (2004)
 Porn Star Station 1 (2004)
 Pussy Party 1 (2004)
 Pussyman's Decadent Divas 25 (2004)
 Schoolgirls (2004)
 Screaming Orgasms 13 (2004)
 Slexy (2004)
 Taboo 2 (2004)
 Tales of Lace (2004)
 Welcome to the Valley 1 (2004)
 Welcome to the Valley 3 (2004)
 Welcome to the Valley 5 (2004)
 Barely 18 18 (2005)
 Body Language (2005)
 Can You Be A Pornstar? 7 & 8 (2005)
 Cotton Panties Half Off (2005)
 Drive (2005)
 Girls Hunting Girls 3 (2005)
 Girls Hunting Girls 7 (2005)
 Hand Gagged and Hogtied (2005)
 Hind Sight is 20/20 (2005)
 Home Schooled 2 (2005)
 Hypnotik Illusions (2005)
 Jack's Playground 24 (2005)
 Jenna's Favorite Fantasies (2005)
 Love Letters (2005)
 Please Don't Hogtie Me (2005)
 Pop 3 (2005)
 Pussyman's Decadent Divas 26 (2005)
 Secrets of a Porn Talent Scout 3 (2005)
 Soloerotica 6 (2005)
 Soloerotica 8 (2005)
 Teagan: All American Girl (2005)
 Teen Hitchhikers 5 (2005)
 Welcome to the Valley 6 (2005)
 All About Keri (2006)
 Barely Legal Drop it Like it's Hot (2006)
 Buffy Malibu's Nasty Girls 34 (2006)
 Flesh and Fantasy (2006)
 Kidnapping of Sarah Blake (2006)
 Model Citizen (2006)
 Naked Damsels in Distress (2006)
 Rubber Ranch (2006)
 Secrets (2006)
 Stripnotized 17 (2006)
 Suck It Til It Pops (2006)
 Tristan Taormino's House of Ass (2006)
 All American Girls (2007)
 Band Camp Bangin 2 (2007)
 Behind Closed Doors (2007)
 Belladonna: No Warning 3 (2007)
 Belladonna's Fucking Girls 5 (2007)
 Girls in White 2007 2 (2007)
 Jenna Goes Solo (2007)
 Latex Slaves 2 (2007)
 Rendezvous in Malibu (2007)
 Sorority Sluts: Iota Eta Pi (2007)
 ATK Petite Amateurs 1 (2008)
 Dirty Delights (2008)
 Fresh Teens 2 (2008)
 Matt's Models 9 (2008)
 Red Hotz (2008)
 Steamy Seduction (2008)
 Tristan Taormino's Expert Guide to the G Spot (2008)
 Porn Stars...Ultimate Sex Partners (2009)
 Belladonna Live (2010)
 Girls Kissing Girls 5 (2010)
 Lesbian Adventures: Strap-On Specialists 2 (2010)
 Lucky: A Woman's POV (2010)
 Road Queen 16 (2010)
 Road Queen 17 (2010)
 AIDA Syndrome (2011)
 No Ifs, Ands - Just Butts! 2 (2011)
 Superstar Talent (2011)

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Chloe Rosen has taken all of the intimidation out of chia seeds with these Lemon Chia Seed Muffins. Most of us can remember Chia Pets, in fact, they still sell them today. The seeds, however, are a recently discovered super food. They are packed with antioxidants, Omega-3's, and protein. Who knew?! Chloe's recipe is a take on lemon poppyseed muffins, so this approach will nicely ease you into incorporating these little wonders into your diet.
Remove from the pan and let cool for 10 minutes on a wire rack. Enjoy!


Liposuction is one of the primary procedures in plastic surgery across the country. Liposuction can be defined as the surgical removal of excess fat that cannot be rid off through exercise. Liposuction is a safe procedure that is performed by plastic surgeons. If you intend on getting liposuction, you should ensure that you visit a credible plastic surgeon in order to get the expected results of the procedure. A large number of people recommend liposuction NYC for great weight reduction results that cannot be attained through constant dieting. For some of the best liposuction services in the city, you can visit Discreet Plastic Surgery NYC. They have skilled plastic surgeons that provide various methods of liposuction depending on the patient's preference.
Who is viable for liposuction?
Liposuction helps you rid of a lot of fat at once without having to take several weeks of dieting and exercising. However, not everyone can get liposuction depending on credible plastic surgeons. First of all, the individual must have firm and elastic skin. If you have any skin conditions that affect the firmness of your skin, it may interfere with you getting liposuction.
Similarly, some conditions may hinder you from getting liposuction NYC for example, diabetes, weak immunity, heart conditions and issues with blood flow. You also need to be at least 30% of your ideal body weight. Smoking may also affect the liposuction process. This means that you may need to reduce smoking for the sake of the liposuction process.
Liposuction may leave you tired and unable to perform certain activities. If you want, you can opt to stay overnight in the surgery facility if you feel that you should rest. Alternatively, the plastic surgeon will advise on how best to move around in order to facilitate easier healing. The surgeon may need to take before and after pictures of the liposuction procedure in order to assess the change.
You should consult your doctor about this if you feel that taking a picture will be uncomfortable for you. In the event of pain or discomfort after the liposuction procedure, contact your doctor immediately to know the cause of the problem. During the procedure, the dentist uses local anesthesia meaning you won't experience any pain for the entire surgical procedure.
After getting liposuction, you may experience some changes that are new to you. In the worse case, you may experience shock or some reactions due to changes in fluid formation inside the body. Depending on the professionalism of the plastic surgeon, these risks should be minimized but cannot entirely be avoided. The doctor will advise on how best to ease the healing process and what to do if complications arise. Healing may take a few weeks and at most two months. Your dentist may recommend wearing a compression garment to help lessen the healing time of the liposuction. For day to day activities, most people resume work within two weeks after the liposuction.


Steve Murphy, Class of 2009.
Steve Murphy played every day with the tenacity of a pit bull. Coach Paul Longo once said, "Steve not only works hard every day, but expects everyone to perform at their best every day." Coach Megna described Steve as "a ferocious leader whose motor knows no bounds!" There have been very few athletes who have excelled to the level Steve Murphy has in two sports.
In football, during his junior year, Steve played tight end for the undefeated Long Island champion Colonials. He earned All-County and All Long-Island (Second Team) as a tight end. Steve took over as captain and quarterback during his senior year and amassed 25 total touchdowns (13 passing/12 rushing) and 2,187 total yards (1,137 passing and 1,050 rushing). During his spectacular senior season, he earned numerous accolades including the Boomer Esiason Award as the best quarterback in Suffolk County, All-State (First Team), All-Long Island (First Team) and All-County.
As a member of the nationally-ranked Fighting Irish lacrosse team, Steve started four years and was twice named to the Big East All-Academic Team.


Plant a School Garden to Fight Hunger Youth Service America Gorgeous Ideas For School Gardens Model is the best photo that can use for individual and non-commercial purpose since all trademarks referenced thus are the properties of their particular proprietors.
Don't forget to share this Plant a School Garden to Fight Hunger Youth Service America Gorgeous Ideas For School Gardens Model to your social media to share information about Plant a School Garden to Fight Hunger Youth Service America Gorgeous Ideas For School Gardens Model to your friends and to keep this website growing. In the event that you need to see the picture in the larger size simply click the picture in the gallery below and the image will be displayed at the top of this page.


Pipefitter Resume Sample Best 8 Best Natural Gas Images On Pinterest Colorado Springs Best .
Home » Resume » Pipefitter Resume Sample Best 8 Best Natural Gas Images On Pinterest Colorado Springs Best .
Pipefitter Resume Sample Best 8 Best Natural Gas Images On Pinterest Colorado Springs Best . picture is in category that can use for individual and noncommercial purpose because All trademarks referenced here in are the properties of their respective owners. You can browse other picture of Pipefitter Resume Sample Best 8 Best Natural Gas Images On Pinterest Colorado Springs Best . in our galleries below. If you want to see other picture, you can browse our other category.
Pipefitter Resume Sample Best 8 Best Natural Gas Images On Pinterest Colorado Springs Best . was posted in September 29 2018 at 3:27 pm and has been seen by 49 users. If you want to view image in full size just click image on gallery or click "View Image" at the bottom of the image.


text:
Maximum Marr Medley
July 2, 2020 andersrunestadLeave a comment
All right, even if you can't stand 1980s alt-rock, this is amazing:
Capo'd at the 2nd fret, of course.
Classic Alternative Rock, DIY, Great Performances, Guitar, Music, Videos
Making of ROBOT MONSTER Movie
September 26, 2017 May 23, 2018 andersrunestadLeave a comment
For the better part of the past year, it's been my privilege to be privy to a plan to make an independent movie about Phil Tucker's making of ROBOT MONSTER. A filmmaker named Matthew Muhl has written a script and outlined a plan for making his film about the March 1953 event, and he has started a Kickstarter fund for this project. To be clear, this movie is not based on my book but is Matthew's own project with his own script. Head on over, and check out a video he's put together on the project with narration by original ROBOT MONSTER cast member and all around cool guy Gregory Moffett!
DIY, Honors & Awards, Movies, Recommended, Robot Monster, Science Fiction, Fantasy, Horror
If This Doesn't Motivate You . . .
This is 110% the truth:
DIY, Inspirational, Videos
Yet More Truth
"Determine never to be idle. . . It is wonderful how much may be done if we are always doing."
Credit where it is due, I got these quotes from a great blog post by Steve Pavlina about having a good work ethic.
DIY, Inspirational, Quotations
More Truth
"Nobody can think straight who does not work. Idleness warps the mind."
"There is no fatigue so wearisome as that which comes from lack of work."
– Charles Spurgeon
Let There Be More Blaster Beam
June 16, 2016 May 23, 2018 andersrunestadLeave a comment
I was once actually going to make one of these.
In 2012, the soundtrack album I had always wanted came out, Jerry Goldsmith's complete score for Star Trek: The Motion Picture. There had been an expanded edition in January 1999 ("Get a life? No, get this instead!" said a sticker on the album when I bought it at Best Buy) and, while it was an improvement on the original album, it still left out far too much.
So La-La Land Records finally came through and released their magnificent three-disc edition with the complete score, the 1979 original album, early attempts, outtakes of the orchestra being shushed by the conductor, Shaun Cassidy's surprisingly manly vocals on a pop version of the main theme, a Bob James instrumental, and oh, yes, a track of isolated Blaster Beam.
Seriously, it's just awesome. The best album ever released. Just buy it already.
Anyway, a year or more later I was able to part with a cruddy old piano that never stayed in tune because thanks to Craig's List I found a much better free piano. But because disposing pianos is not that easy, I had the old one around for a while and developed a seriously stupid idea. This was to remove the sound board of the piano and try to somehow make it into a blaster beam.
Now, the stupidity comes from the fact that piano strings are very large and tense enough that they can actually be deadly if snapped. I knew that I didn't want to mess with the strings once I read about them a little, but I thought about removing the sound board whole and attaching bass guitar pickups to it for amplification. But after seeing how thoroughly attached it was to the wood of the piano, I abandoned the idea as impractical and just plain stupid.
But there are some intrepid souls out there who have tried to build their own. And this guy has done a magnificent smaller version with mostly ordinary household items. Check it out:
DIY, Guitar, Music, Videos
The Greatest Musical Instrument Ever
After another delay . . .
A few posts ago, I brought up the Chapman Stick. Now I bring you another recently invented instrument, but an even better one and, really, it ranks with the pipe organ for best ever: The Blaster Beam.
DIY, Music, Videos
John Carpenter is Going on Tour
May 12, 2016 May 23, 2018 andersrunestadLeave a comment
This isn't something I ever would have predicted, but why not? More power to him.
DIY, Movies, Music
The Chapman Stick of Dune
May 11, 2016 May 23, 2018 andersrunestad1 Comment
It's been far too long since I've posted. Picking up from the Dune soundtrack last time, here is a piece from a Dune deleted scene that showed up in the Alan Smithee-credited extended TV version:
This is the work of Emmett Chapman, inventor of the unique guitar-based instrument known as the Chapman Stick. Here's a more substantial look at Mr. Chapman and his invention:


Back in 2016, FriendlyARM launched the NanoPi NEO Air, an ARM-based board that featured Allwinner H3 processor, 2.5GHz WiFi, Bluetooth 4.0 LE, a camera DVP interface, and a ton of GPIO pins. The board was relatively powerful for it's Nano size and it now costs around $28.
Fast Forward to 2019, we have a new board called the TinyWiFi 5G based around the same NanoPi NEO board but not developed by FriendlyARM. The TinyWiFi 5G is an apparent clone of the NanoPi NEO Air but comes with some upgrades. Cloning was one of the primary reasons that drastically improve the Arduino ecosystem and also help in crashing down prices of boards allowing makers and hobbyist to join the wagon.
The TinyWiFi 5G is almost like NanoPi NEO Air board, with the same look but just one major significant difference – Connectivity. The NanoPi NEO Air board was capable of 2.4GHz WiFi 802.11n plus Bluetooth 4.0 LE thanks to its Ampak Ap6212 module, but the TinyWiFi replaces this module with the better dual-band Realtek RTL8821CS module that supports 802.11 b/g/n/ac (WiFi 5) and Bluetooth 4.2 LE.
The team behind the TinyWiFi 5G is a group of developers called TinyDebian and have also created a tool for building a bootable SD card image for ARM boards which is found in Github here.
Although little information is available for this board, it is expected that it will share virtually all specifications of the NanoPi NEO Air board. The NanoPi NEO Air usually comes with two different storage configuration (8GB or 32GB flash), but since nothing is specified for the tinyWiFi board, it is expected to carry the default 8GB storage option.
Low-cost boards with 5GHz WiFi are hard to find. This board is suitable for quick prototyping with 5GHz WiFi.
Neither documentation or images for this exact board is available instead of tinyDebian's FriendlyArm wiki reference of the NanoPI NEO board as the documentation source that the board will work out of the box are same of the resources for the NanoPi Neo Air.
It no denies that the TinyWiFi 5G which cost $59 on Tindie is way more expensive than the original NanoPi Neo Air board. Getting 5GHz will usually take you on the high end, but the high cost of the TinyWiFi 5G might be a drawback for the board. More information about the TinyWiFi 5G is available on the product page.


text:
Barbara Bartos and Julie Briggs
Sound on Paper presents two projects exploring the apparent dichotomy between visual and audible perception.
Soundscape Instrument is an object that translates painted landscapes into sound. The 'scores' are detailed gouaches on paper of actual panoramas, which subsequently are perforated following unique features of the landscape. Once perforated the painting is played via a music box.
While in residence at the Cad Factory, Barbara Bartos had the opportunity to add the sound of the sky over the Riverina paddocks to the growing collection of painted soundscapes from Finland, Italy and California. Each panorama generates its unique syntonous melody – a polyphonic illustration of all the places she has experienced.
Liveline 1 & 2 were born from the collaboration of Barbara Bartos and Julie Briggs.
Departing from the unique markings made by the Scribbly Gum Moth, an insect that burrows in the bark of eucalyptus trees of South West Australia, Barbara and Julie have combined their respective practices. Barbara's paintings track the detailed line of the moth, and Julie's poetry is inspired by the insect's path.
A meditation on life of sorts, a homage to anonymity, beauty and the struggle of being alive… What would the line of your life look like?
Barbara Bartos is a multidisciplinary artist whose work explores the image in an experimental way through audio-visual projects, site-specific environmental interventions, drawings, paintings and prints. Her current investigations revolve around what is an image, and how different forms of perception shape its meaning. She tends to work by limiting herself to a few essential materials and, through a rigorous creative process, allows the works to self-generate somewhere at the threshold of nature and culture.
Barbara was born in Cluj, Romania. She received her B.A. in Graphic Arts from the University of Art and Design in Cluj. Subsequent to that she was awarded a 1-year Post-Graduate research fellowship at the Istituto Romeno di Cultura e Ricerca Umanistica in Venice, Italy. In 1999 she was invited to the San Francisco Art Institute as a Fulbright Fellow, from where she graduated with an MFA degree in 2001. After almost 15 years living in San Francisco, Bartos returned to Europe and is currently based in Italy.
Julie Briggs is a writer, occasional maker and a long-time Narrandera resident. She is interested in environmental and social justice. Julie writes poetry, vignette, creative non-fiction and enjoys collaborations with visual artists.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using TranscendenceChat.ServiceBusShared.Entities;

namespace TranscendenceChat.WorkerRole.SocketServer.Domain
{
    public interface IGroupChatsRepository
    {
        GroupChat GetChat(Guid id);

        void UpdateOrCreateGroup(GroupChat chat);

        List<Guid> GetGroupsForUser(long userId);

        void AddGroupToUser(long userId, Guid groupId);

        void RemoveGroupFromUser(long userId, Guid groupId);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The HEDS-9700 series is a high performance, low cost, optical incremental encoder module. When operated in conjunction with either a codewheel or codestrip, this module detects rotary or linear position. The module consists of a lensed LED source and a detector IC enclosed in a small C-shaped plastic pack-age. Due to a highly collimated light source and a unique photo-detector array, the module is extremely tolerant to mounting misalignment.
The standard HEDS-9700 is designed for use with an 11 mm optical radius codewheel, or linear codestrip. Other options are available. Please contact factory for more information.


Close on the heels of Canvas 2 (2017) launch, Micromax today presented the Yureka Black, another budget phone that aims to cash in on Nostalgia of the yesteryear blockbuster Yureka – the CynogenOS based handset that helped YU gain online acceptance overnight.
Let's talk about the hardware of the new Yureka Black first. The handset comes with a 5-inch Full HD display protected by 2.5D Gorilla Glass 3. It's powered by Snapdragon 430 quad-core processor with 4GB RAM and 32GB storage.
Also Read: Asus Zenfone Live vs Xiaomi Redmi 4 vs Lenovo K6 Power – Live videos or Performance?
For photography, there is a basic 13MP rear camera with dual LED flash and an 8MP front camera with selfie flash. The battery capacity is 3000mAh, which might place it at a disadvantage compared to its arch nemesis Redmi 4, especially since it has a more densely packed display.
It's a metal unibody design phone and the fingerprint sensor is mounted on the front, integrated with the home button. You can buy Yureka Black in India in two colors – gloosy black and matte black – exclusively from Flipkart for 8,999 INR.
Back in the day, the original Yureka was a formidable challenger to Xiaomi's Redmi Note. Today, the Yureka Black will directly go against the Redmi 4 in India. Both phones do have comparable hardware, but it's still too soon to judge which one wins.


At least 50 soldiers from Fort Hood who have medical profiles that should prohibit them from military training have been sent to the National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California, regardless of their conditions.
Truthout spoke with some of these soldiers on June 7, before they were to fly back to Fort Hood the next day.
This, despite the soldier having been given his PTSD diagnosis by the military itself.
He admitted to Truthout that he needs the medication because of anxiety, depression and homicidal thoughts.
Captain McDonald heads a unit that has, according to the soldiers Truthout spoke with at Fort Irwin, at least 55 members at the NTC who have medical profiles that are supposed to exclude them from being around combat training, weapons and ammunition.
Brandi Owen, whose husband was sent to the NTC along with the rest of the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment (ACR), told Truthout she believes that Captain McDonald is responsible for pressuring doctors of many of the 3rd ACR soldiers into allowing them to be sent to the NTC.
Owen's husband, an Iraq war veteran who has also been diagnosed with PTSD, suffers from that along with anxiety disorder and depression.
Cynthia Thomas runs the Under the Hood Café in Killeen, Texas, on the outskirts of the base. The café is described as a place meant to provide support for soldiers and their families.
Brandi Owen, outraged at the lack of medical treatment for her husband, contacted her Congressman, John Carter, of the 31st District of Texas.
"I contacted Congressman Carter on May 13, just before my husband was sent to NTC and his aid told me that there had already been 26 Congressional complaints about these guys being sent to NTC," Owen explained.
Her attempts to get answers via her husbands' chain of command and various generals have only been met with frustration.
Truthout asked him why he believed he was sent to NTC.
Crystal Hess, herself a veteran of two tours in Iraq and two in Afghanistan, is dismayed by the fact that her husband, Spc. Cory Hess, despite his having a broken hand and PTSD, was sent to NTC.
Hess also blames Captain McDonald for having pressured Cory's doctor into sending him to NTC, despite his injuries.
Captain McDonald was deployed to Iraq from 2007-2008 out of Fort Riley, Kansas, as a logistics adviser with the National Police Transition Team and the Iraq Assistance Group. In 2009 he became the deputy regimental S4 with the 3rd ACR. This is apparently his first time in direct command of soldiers.
Wallin explained that she and several other wives called a military chaplain to plead for help.


text:
Flying Disc Ranch
Thermal, CA 92274
And God said: "Get to Work!"
Robert Lower, the owner of Flying Disc Ranch, told me the story that when God banished Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden, he gave them a date palm tree and told them to "get to work". This story probably stems from the fact that the date palm is the oldest known plant under cultivation and that it will not produce dates unless the male tree produces pollen at precisely the same time the female tree is in bloom. Since the male and female trees rarely bloom at the same time in nature (and if they did, the male would have to be exactly up wind of the female), man's hand is needed to deliver the male pollen to the female tree. That's what Robert Lower does.
Doing God's Work
Since 1976, he has been helping Mother Nature produce dates on his 11 acre farm, located in the desert town of Thermal about 40 miles south of Palm Springs. This area, known as the Coachella Valley, is the Date Capital of the U.S. Robert planted about 650 trees on desert land and maintains a totally organic farm, which means that doesn't even cultivate the ground around the trees in order to develop a biodynamic system.
The main work at the Flying Disc Ranch takes place in February when the males begin to bloom. To keep the male blossoms from releasing their pollen into the air and to keep bees out (they love male pollen), the blossoms are covered with bags as soon as they begin to open. When they are fully open, the blossom branch is cut, the pollen is shaken loose and collected in a vial, waiting for the females to bloom a few weeks later. When the female blossoms open, Robert dusts them with the male pollen and from there Mother Nature takes over.
Flying Disc Ranch produces 13 types of dates. Here are 5 of the most common ones you'll find at the Market, referred to by their classical Arabic names with English translation in parenthesis:
Prices (lb.)
Deglet
(Not Changing)
Driest and least sweet; keeps the best; Most versatile, but mainly for eating; the biggest producer. A softer variety.
Bread Variety: $3.00.
Noir Variety: $3.00.
Medjool
(To Be Possessed)
Sweet; larger than other varieties.
(depends on size and moisture content)
Barhi
(Ball of Honey)
Fresh version available Sept & Oct; has a coconut-sugarcane-apple flavor. Those who know dates, go for fresh Barhis.
When ripe it has a honey/butter flavor; has least fiber and is the softest; used for cooking, preserving and freezes well.
$3.00 (fresh)
$4.00 (ripe)
Zahidi
(Late Harvest)
Semi-soft; high sugar; almost indestructible; a utility date that can be used for cooking or eating; neutral flavor; and never spoils.
Derries Purple in color and soft. $4.00
All varieties except the Zahidi come in various grades. Flying Disc also sells date paste for $3.00/lb; coconut date bars for $3.00/lb. and walnut date bars for $1.00 each.
Most of Flying Discs dates go "from tree to consumer". They are ripened and dried on the tree with only their natural sugar. Those labeled "dry" mean that they have not even been washed. These are important features compared to the sticky grocery store varieties, which are washed and dried on wire mesh racks and typically have been hydrated (i.e. cooked).
Informal Tasting
We conducted an informal tasting and rated the dates according to our favorites:
Full flavored No. 2
Deglet Dry
Tasty and not sweet No. 3
Good, strong flavor No. 4
Sweet, milky flavor
Date Nutrition Data
Robert wants to dispel the common misconception that dates are fattening. Dates are an excellent source of dietary fiber and they are high in magnesium. Tree-ripened dates, which have only their natural sugar, contain no sodium, fat or cholesterol and are only 24 calories each. Dates have the highest nutritional value per single food!
From Flying Disc Ranch to San Francisco
Robert named his ranch after his other passion -- Frisbee. Robert is an avid Frisbee player and a one-time professional. He now only gives demonstrations at the local schools.
Robert makes the 575-mile trip to San Francisco from early September through the end of May where you'll find him at the Saturday Ferry Plaza Farmers' Market. He's at the Berkeley Farmers' Market year round and the Sunday San Rafael Market.
May 1998; updated November 2001.


text:
Achieving a dream: Deaf Alabama man overcomes hurdles to earn Class A CDL
Matt Cole
Joey Woodle became one of the first deaf people in Alabama to earn his Class A CDL on Wednesday. He had to obtain an exemption from the hearing portion of the DOT physical from FMCSA, then find a CDL school that would work with him and interpreters to teach him how to drive a truck.
Joey Woodle has wanted to be a truck driver since he was a little boy, but until recently, one major hurdle was standing in his way – he is deaf and unable to pass the whisper test portion of the DOT physical.
In 2013, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration granted its first set of exemptions from the hearing portion of the physical, opening the door for Woodle and other deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals to obtain Class A CDLs. An FMCSA spokesperson said the hearing regulations were put in place decades ago, and advancements in technology and medical science have allowed the agency to issue more medical exemptions than in the past.
Woodle, a 50-year-old from Huntsville, Ala., grew up in a trucking family. His father and uncle are both truckers, and he said he rode along with them and grew to love trucking at a young age.
"I thought it was really interesting, and I thought 'well, I can do that too,'" Woodle said through his interpreter, Liz Spiller, who worked with him through Easter Seals Central Alabama. "My dad taught me a lot of different things about trucking, and it really got me excited and motivated, and I really hoped I'd be able to do it even though I was deaf."
He obtained his Class A CDL in Alabama on Wednesday, May 9, after passing his skills test. He is one of the first deaf people in the state to obtain his Class A license in the five years since FMCSA began granting hearing exemptions.
In an effort to make it easier for others in the deaf community to get into trucking school and earn a CDL, Woodle's interpreter, Spiller, and others are working with the Alabama Law Enforcement Agency to develop a plan that can be used to streamline the process for prospective deaf truckers. Spiller said that the program could then be shared with other states to try to help deaf CDL seekers in other states.
Woodle's journey wasn't an easy one.
He has been working with the Alabama Department of Rehabilitation Services (ADRS) for 27 years to find a career, working various jobs through the years but never finding his passion.
Quentin Morris, Woodle's vocational rehabilitation case manager at ADRS, said Woodle told him his dream job would be trucking, and they set out to make it happen. With the hearing waiver as a possibility, Woodle was able to begin the pursuit of achieving his dream.
He applied for the exemption, and about six months later, received word from FMCSA that he could exempt out of the hearing portion of the physical to obtain his medical card. From there, he had to study to obtain his commercial learner's permit.
"They have to give a waiver to me so that I can drive, then there's a medical card and clearance, and to get your permit you have to have all that," Woodle said. "I learned to get my permit first, then I waited for the driving test."
Woodle (center) had a team of people helping him through the process of getting his CDL. From left are: Quentin Morris, vocational rehab case manager at the Alabama Department of Rehabilitation Services; Justin Towry, Woodle's partner in Central Alabama Community College's CDL school; Liz Spiller, his interpreter working through Easter Seals Central Alabama; and Willie Brooks, CDL instructor at CACC.
His next step was to find a CDL school that was willing to work with a deaf person in the classroom and on the road. He found Central Alabama Community College in Alexander City, Ala., which offers a six-week Truck Driver Training course. His instructor in the course, Willie Brooks, said he was as nervous as Woodle when the class first started.
"I had to learn some of the hand signs, and once I did that, it was no different than teaching anyone else," Brooks said. "We always had an interpreter with us, either in the classroom or in the truck, during training, so communication really wasn't an issue. The interpreters made it easy. If he made a mistake in the truck during training, we just pulled over and the interpreter explained it to him, then we got back on the road. Joey picked up everything fast. He was a great student."
Woodle said going through CDL school started out awkward while he and Brooks got used to working together, but after that, it was a smooth process.
"The first time [in the truck] was a little bit awkward learning how to drive and how to explain the shifting to me," Woodle said. "Mr. Brooks kept helping me practice and showed me what to do and worked different ways to make sure I understood it clearly as we drove around. As the process went on, it became smoother, and I started to understand clearly. Shifting was hard, but he really helped me."
On the day of his skills test, Woodle said he was nervous, but confident that he would pass.
"I really feel like I had a successful day," he said. "I was a little nervous for sure. It's a big truck. Remembering the names of everything and making sure you get everything just right."
Now that he has his CDL in-hand, the next step is to find a job. While there are challenges he will face on the road when communicating with customers and others, technology advancements in recent years have helped bridged that gap.
Deaf Truckers United, an advocacy group for deaf truckers, said communication with shippers and receivers usually happens using pen and paper or a cell phone. To communicate with dispatchers, deaf truckers can use text messages, emails or other in-cab devices that can send and receive text messages.
Morris said mobile phone apps that translate speech to text will be an option, as well as a video relay service, which Woodle could call and do a video chat, in which a translator on the other end would sign to Woodle what the customer was saying.
"The strides in technology in recent years has really opened doors for the deaf community," Morris said. "We will have to try different things to see what works best for Joey."
Morris added that as far as safety goes, deaf people generally have a higher sense of visual awareness than people with full hearing. Brooks noted that he saw that with Woodle in training.
"He's more alert and conscious of what's going on around him," Brooks said. "I have no doubt in my mind that he's going to be a successful truck driver."
Woodle and his interpreter, Liz Spiller, communicating after he passed his CDL skills test Wednesday.
Brooks added that more than one trucking company was interested in hiring Woodle after he took his skills test and obtained his CDL.
Woodle said he hopes his experience going through CDL training, passing the test and getting his CDL will encourage others in the deaf community to explore trucking as a career option.
"I wanted to show the other deaf that they can learn how to do this and be a truck driver," he said. "I'm excited to be able to show them that they can pass, and they can do it. I've been telling all my deaf friends they can do this."
Editor's note: All quotes from Woodle were made through his interpreter, Liz Spiller.
The CDL's open door for deaf drivers
News roundup, Dec. 16: Group seeks regulatory relief for deaf truckers; Love's reopens Tacoma, Wash., location
TBS Factoring handling authority filings at no charge
TA-Petro names five truckers 2018 Citizen Drivers


text:
Does 10th Mountain 3rd Brigade deploy?
The 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division is an infantry brigade combat team of the United States Army based at Fort Polk, Louisiana. Since its activation in 2004, the brigade has deployed four times to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.
Where is the 10th Mountain Division deployed?
The 10th Mountain Division, based at New York's Fort Drum, had elements deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan over the last 20 years more than any other in the U.S. armed forces.
Is there still a 10th Mountain Division?
Following the war, the division was deactivated, only to be reactivated and redesignated as the 10th Infantry Division in 1948….
10th Mountain Division
Active 1943–1945 1948–1958 1985–present
Branch U.S. Army
Type Light Infantry
When did the 10th Mountain Division deploy to Afghanistan?
The 10th Combat Aviation Brigade deployed for the first time to Afghanistan, providing aviation support across in the country. During 2003, more than 6,000 10th Mountain Division (LI) Soldiers deployed in support of the war on terrorism. War on terrorism – Iraq
What is the 3rd Brigade Combat Team 10th Mountain Division?
The 1st Battalion, 32nd Infantry Regiment; 2nd Battalion, 87th Infantry Regiment; 4th Battalion, 25th Artillery Regiment; 3rd Squadron, 71st Cavalry Regiment; 710th Brigade Support Battalion; and 3rd Brigade Special Troops Battalion were brought together to form the Spartans of the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (LI).
Who are the members of the 10th Mountain Division?
Also assigned to the division were the 604th, 605th, and 616th Field Artillery battalions, the 110th Signal Company, the 710th Ordnance Company, the 10th Quartermaster Company, the 10th Reconnaissance Troop, the 126th Engineer Battalion, the 10th Medical Battalion, and the 10th Counter-Intelligence Detachment.
When was the 10th Mountain Division in Mogadishu?
On Oct. 3, 1993, a 10th Mountain Division (LI) quick reaction force (TF 2-14 Infantry) secured the ground evacuation route for Special Operations Task Force Ranger during the Battle of Mogadishu.
When did Tha Carter 3 come out?
Who is the Victoria Secret model in social network?


Traditionally, when most people are ready to sell a home, one of the first things they do is hire a real estate agent. After all, an agent does nearly all of the heavy lifting for you. But those helping hands comes at a significant cost, and this expense leads many to wonder if they just could have sold the house themselves. The good news is that it's possible to sell property in Bansko (Bulgaria) without a realtor IF you're armed with the right information. Read on to learn what to know when selling Bansko Property by owner!
The first step in selling a property in Bansko by yourself is to determine the home's price. You can get a reasonable estimate of what your apartment is worth by conducting a search online. Simply search for similar homes in your neighborhood, zip code, town or city and see what they are currently being sold for. This will help you determine how much to price your home for.
List the property on the MLS.
After you've set a price, you will need to list the property on the Multiple Listing Service, or MLS. The MLS is the largest list of real estate that is currently for sale in Bulgaria. Both prospective buyers and realtors have access to the latest listings on the MLS.
Be aware that there is a fee associated with placing your property on the MLS. Realtors generally pay a monthly, quarterly or annual rate to list on the MLS. However, if you're selling by owner, you can purchase your spot on the MLS for a flat fee. But be forewarned, this fee can cost hundreds of euros.
Adding your property to the MLS should be the first step in your marketing efforts, but it should also be far from the last. Take advantage of all the social media platforms that are available to market your property, including Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin and Instagram. While you can promote your Bansko property for free using these platforms, there are also paid promotional and advertising options available. You can also place real estate ads on websites.
Now that all your marketing materials have been prepared and are set to be distributed, it's time to prepare the home for open houses and showings.
The first step in getting your apartment in Bansko, Bulgaria ready is to deep clean everything. This includes every nook and cranny of your kitchen, floor, bedrooms, bathrooms and any other area of your property visitors will see.
Once the property is ready, be prepared to take calls from buyers and real estate investors interested in taking a tour of the property. Be ready to be home during daytime hours or weekends to give people an extensive look at the house.
Though most real estate contracts are fairly standard, you should have any deal reviewed by a real estate attorney. An attorney will also ensure that you are complying with all real estate laws in your area.
Sell Your Property in Bansko Without A Realtor With Cash 4 Bulgarian Properties!
BEFORE you list your home on the MLS and go through the hassle of selling a property in Bansko by owner, contact the real estate professionals right here at Cash 4 Bulgarian Properties!
And what's more, you can receive CASH for your home in as little as 30 days!
You can save loads of time, piles of money and lots of effort by selling your Bansko property the easy way with Cash 4 Bulgarian Properties now!
To receive a FREE, NO OBLIGATION OFFER on your Bansko Property, submit your information in just a few clicks with the button below!
PrevDo you want to get rid of your Bansko rental property?


text:
Women's rights in Afghanistan have oscillated back and forth depending on the time period. After King Amanullah Khan's attempts to modernize the country in the 1920s, women officially gained equality under the 1964 Constitution. However, these rights were taken away in the 1990s through different temporary rulers such as the mujahideen and the Taliban during the Afghan civil war. During the first Taliban regime (1996–2001), women had very little to no freedom, specifically in terms of civil liberties. When the Taliban were removed from power following the 9/11 attacks in the United States, women's rights gradually improved under the presidential Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Women were de jure equal to men under the 2004 Constitution.

After the Taliban return to government in August 2021, the Taliban at first segregated university classrooms by gender, permitting women and girls to remain in education as long as they "followed Islamic standards". However, the following month, most teenage girls were again prevented from returning to secondary school education, and women were blocked from working in most sectors outside of health and education. Women were ordered to wear face coverings in public, and barred from traveling more than  without a close male relative. In December 2022, the Taliban government also prohibited university education and primary education for females in Afghanistan, sparking protests and international condemnation.

In July 2022, Hibatullah Akhundzada, the Taliban's reclusive leader, lashed out at the criticism and demands of the international community on the Taliban's human rights restrictions, rejecting any negotiations or compromise on his "Islamic system" of governance.

Overview

Afghanistan is on the crossroads of South Asia and Central Asia and has a population of roughly 34 million. Of these, 15 million are male and 14.2 million are female. About 22% of the Afghan people are urbanite and the remaining 78% live in rural areas. As part of local tradition, most women are married soon after completing high school. Many live as housewives for the remainder of their lives.

History

Before Amanullah Khan

During the Durrani Empire (1747-1823) and the early Barakzai dynasty Afghan women customarily lived subjected in a state of purdah and gender segregation imposed by patriarchal customs.  While this was the case in all Afghanistan, the customs differed somewhat between regions and ethnic groups. Nomadic women, for example, did not have to hide their faces and even showed some of their hair.

Women did not play any public role in society, however there were some women, such as Nazo Tokhi and Ayesha Durrani, who became noted as poets and writers, which was an art form possible for a woman to perform while living in the seclusion of the harem.

The rulers of Afghanistan customarily had a harem of four official wives as well as a large number of unofficial wives for the sake of tribal marriage diplomacy, in addition to enslaved harem women known as kaniz ("slave girl") and surati or surriyat ("mistress"), guarded by the ghulam bacha (eunuchs).  Some women had influence over the affairs of state from inside the royal harem, notably Zarghona Anaa, Mirmon Ayesha and Babo Jan.

Some Afghan rulers have attempted to increase women's freedom. For the most part, these attempts were unsuccessful. However, there were a few leaders who were able to make some significant, if temporary, changes. Some limited reforms were made by Abdur Rahman Khan, who banned some forms of oppression originating from tribal customs rather than Islam, among them the custom of forcing widows to marry their brother-in-laws, and enforced some rights which Islam did approve of but local tribal customs did not, such as the right of widows to inherit.

Amanullah Khan

The first reformer to have made significant reform was King Amanullah, who ruled from 1919 to 1929 and made some of the more noteworthy changes in an attempt to unify as well as modernize the country. He promoted freedom for women in the public sphere in order to lessen the control that patriarchal families exerted over women. King Amanullah stressed the importance of female education. Along with encouraging families to send their daughters to school, he promoted the unveiling of women and persuaded them to adopt a more western style of dress. In 1921, he created a law that abolished forced marriage, child marriage, and bride price, and put restrictions on polygamy, a common practice among households in the Afghanistan region.

Modern social reform for Afghan women began when Queen Soraya, wife of King Amanullah, made rapid reforms to improve women's lives and their position in the family, marriage, education and professional life.  She founded the first women's magazine (Irshad-e Naswan, 1922), the first women's organization (Anjuman-i Himayat-i-Niswan), the first school for girls (Masturat School in 1920), the first theatre for women in Paghman and the first hospital for women (the Masturat Hospital in 1924).  Queen Soraya set an example for the abolition of gender segregation by appearing with her husband, famously removing her veil in public, and her example was followed by others.  The king declared that the veil was optional, permitted Western clothes in Kabul and reserved certain streets for men and women wearing modern clothes.  In 1928, Amanullah sent fifteen female graduates of the Masturat middle school, daughters of the royal family and government officials, to study in Turkey.  Soraya Tarzi was the only woman to appear on the list of rulers in Afghanistan, and was credited with having been one of the first and most powerful Afghan and Muslim female activists.

However, Queen Soraya, along with her husband's, advocacy of social reforms for women led to a protest and contributed to the ultimate demise of her and her husband's reign in 1929.  King Amanullah Khan's deposition caused a severe backlash, and his successor reinstated the veil and repelled the reforms in women's rights, reinforcing purdah.  The Women's Association as well as the women's magazine was banned, the girls 'schools were closed, the female students who had been allowed to study in Turkey was recalled to Afghanistan and forced to put on the veil and enter purdah again, and polygamy for men was reintroduced.

Mohammed Zahir Shah

Successors Mohammed Nadir Shah and Mohammed Zahir Shah acted more cautiously, but nevertheless worked for the moderate and steady improvement of women's rights  Women were allowed to take classes at the Masturat Women's Hospital in Kabul in 1931, and some girls' schools were reopened; the first High School for girls was officially called a 'Nursing School' to prevent any opposition to it.  While women were again forced to be veiled in public, unveiling had become accepted in private among the Afghan upper class, and it was noted that upper-class women were met at the Kabul International Airport by servants running up to the stairs of the airplane to deliver a chadar (veil) upon their arrival to Kabul from abroad, since they had not used it during their stay abroad.

After the Second World War modernization reforms were seen as necessary by the government, which resulted in the resurrection of a state women's movement.  In 1946 the government-supported Women's Welfare Association (WWA) was founded with Queen Humaira Begum as patron, giving school classes for girls and vocational classes to women, and from 1950-51 women students were accepted at the Kabul University.

Following the election of Mohammed Daoud Khan as Prime Minister in 1953, social reforms giving women a more public presence were encouraged. One of his aims was to break free from the ultra-conservative, Islamist tradition of treating women as second-class citizens.  During his time, he made significant advances towards modernization.

The Prime Minister prepared women's emancipation carefully and gradually. He began in 1957 by introducing women workers at the Radio Kabul; by appointing women delegates to the Asian Women's Conference in Ceylon; by employing forty girls to the government pottery factory, women as receptionists and telephone operators in the state Tele-Communications agency, and air hostesses at the Aryana Airlines in 1958.

When this was met with no riots, the government decided it was time for the very controversial step of unveiling. In 1959, women employed by the state, such as radio announcers, were asked to come to their work places without the veil, instead wearing a loose coat, scarf and cloves; after that, the foreign wives, and daughters of foreign born wives, were asked to venture out on the streats in the same way, and in this way, women without the veil were started to be seen in the streets of Kabul. In August 1959, on the second day of the festival of Jeshyn, Queen Humaira Begum and Princess Bilqis appeared in the royal box at the military parade unveiled, alongside the Prime Minister's wife, Zamina Begum. A group of Islamic clerics sent a letter of protest to the Prime minister to protest and demand that the words of sharia be respected. The Prime minister answered by inviting them to the capital and present proof to him that the holy scripture indeed demanded the chadri. When the clerics could not find such a passage, the Prime Minister declared that the female members of the Royal Family would no longer wear veils because the Islamic law did not demand it.  While the chadri was never banned, the example of the Queen and the Prime Minister's wife was followed by the wives and daughters of government officials as well as by other urban women of the upper class and middle class, with Kubra Noorzai and Masuma Esmati-Wardak known as the first commoner pioneers.

The 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan granted women equal rights including universal suffrage and the right to run for office. In the cities, women were able to appear unveiled, serve in public office and hold jobs as scientists, teachers, doctors, and civil servants, and they had a considerable amount of freedom with significant educational opportunities. Afghanistan had its first female cabinet ministers in the 1960s and Jameela Farooq Rooshna became the first female judge in Afghanistan (1969). Women also started appearing in media and entertainment. Rukhshana is popularly known as one of the first female Afghan pop singers, becoming well known in the 1960s, and Safia Tarzi as the first Afghan fashion designer.

However, despite the effort of the Women's Welfare Association (WWA), the majority of women continued to be excluded from these opportunities, as these reforms had little effect outside of the cities and mainly concerned urban elite women.  The countryside was a deeply patriarchal, tribal society, and the lives of rural women were not affected by the change taking place in the cities.

Republic of Mohammad Daoud Khan
Under the republic of Mohammad Daoud Khan, women's rights and equality were upheld, as Article 27 of the 1976 Constitution of the Republican State of Afghanistan stated:

In 1977, the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) was founded by Meena Keshwar Kamal. RAWA still operates in the Afghanistan-Pakistan region.

Communist era

The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1987) and the Republic of Afghanistan (1987-1992), which followed the Saur revolution that toppled the government of Mohammed Daoud Khan, was a period of unprecedented equality for women in Afghanistan. The Communist ideology officially advocated gender equality and women's rights, and the communist government sought to implement it - though without success - on all classes throughout both urban and rural Afghanistan.

In 1978, the government, led by Nur Muhammad Taraki, gave equal rights to women. This gave them the theoretical ability to choose their husbands and careers.  The women's emancipation policy of the government were supported by the Democratic Women's Organisation of Afghanistan (DOAW) and later by the Afghan Women's Council (AWC), who sought to implement it. Until 1989, the AWC was led by Masuma Esmati-Wardak and run by a staff of eight women.  The AWC had around 150,000 members and offices in nearly all the provinces.  The AWC provided social services to women in Afghanistan, in the fight against illiteracy and provided vocational training in the secretarial, hairdressing and manufacturing fields.

During the Communist era, women's rights were supported by both the Afghan government as well as by the Soviets who supported them. In contrast to what had been the case during the monarchy, when women's rights had been restricted to urban elite women, the Communists attempted to extend women's rights to all classes of society, also to rural women and girls.

The communist government's ideological enforcement of female emancipation in the rural areas took the form of enforced literacy campaigns for women and compulsory schooling for girls, which was heavily resisted in particularly the Pashtun tribal areas. The Communists abolished patriarchal customs still prevalent in rural areas, such as the bride price, and raised the age of consent to marriage for girls to sixteen.  In rural Afghanistan, gender seclusion was a strong part of local culture.  To attend school girls would have to leave home, and school was therefore seen as a deeply dishonorable thing.  The policy of compulsory schooling for girls as well as boys was met with a strong backlash from the conservative rural population, and contributed to the resistance against the Soviets and the Communist regime by the Mujahideen, the Islamic guerillas.

The conservative rural population came to regard the urban population as degenerate partially because of the female emancipation, in which urban women mixed with men and participated in public life unveiled, and education for women, and by extension women's rights in general, came to be associated with Communism and atheism.

While female emancipation was a part of the regime's policy, this policy was introduced mainly to benefit the party rather for any humanist principle.  With a few exceptions, such as Anahita Ratebzad, Masuma Esmati-Wardak and Salcha Faruq Etemadi, most women were active at the low and the middle level of party hierarchy rather than the top.  During the Communist regime, thousands of urban women were recruited to the cadres and militias of the PDPA party and the Democratic Women's Organisation of Afghanistan, and trained in military combat against the Mujahideen, the Islamic guerillas, and there was a concern among urban women that the reactionary fundamentalists would topple the Communist regime and the women's rights it protected.

The AWC came to symbolize women's rights in the eyes of many, who feared the sacrificing of the AWC in the national reconciliation talks which started in 1987.  It is claimed that in 1991 around seven thousand women were in the institution of higher education and around 230,000 girls studying in schools around Afghanistan. There were around 190 female professors and 22,000 female teachers.

Mujahideen era

In 1992, the government under Mohammad Najibullah transitioned to the Islamic State of Afghanistan.  War in Afghanistan continued into a new phase when Gulbuddin Hekmatyar started a bombardment campaign against the Islamic State in Kabul. During the violent four-year civil war, a number of women were kidnapped, and some of them were raped.

The Mujahideen had viewed the Communist regime as godless and anti Islamic partially because of the women's emancipation supported by the Communist policy, and when in power, their goal was to abolish the freedom women had enjoyed during the Communist regime in order to Islamicize society.  The restrictions imposed when the Islamic State was established were "the ban of alcohol and the enforcement of a sometimes-purely-symbolic veil for women".
On 27 August 1993, the Government Office of Research and Decrees of the Supreme Court issued an order to government agencies and state functionaries to dismiss all women in their employ, and further decreed:
"Women need not leave their homes at all, unless absolutely necessary, in which case, they are to cover themselves completely; are not to wear attractive clothing and decorative accessories; do not wear perfume; their jewelry must not make any noise; they are not to walk gracefully or with pride and in the middle of the sidewalk; are not to talk to strangers; are not to speak loudly or laugh in public; and they must always ask their husbands' permission to leave home."
In reality however this decree remained on paper only, since the government did not have enough control of the country to implement their desired policy. Women, thus, remained in the workplace despite the decree and the liberal provisions of the 1964 constitution were largely upheld.
During the instable political situation in which different Islamic parties fought one another for domination, women in Kabul were abducted from their homes, jobs and offices and subjected to various forms of abuse by rivaling Mujahidin groups.  Many educated women and professional women were abducted and killed because the Mujahidin considered their minds to have been poisoned.

Women began to be more restricted after Hekmatyar was integrated into the Islamic State as Afghan Prime Minister in 1996.  He demanded for women who appeared on TV to be fired.

First Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

Like their leader Mullah Omar, most Taliban soldiers were poor villagers educated in Wahhabi schools in neighboring Pakistan. Pakistani Pashtuns also joined the group. The Taliban declared that women were forbidden to go to work and that they were not to leave their homes unless accompanied by a male family member. When they did go out, they were required to wear an all-covering burqa. Women were denied formal education and were usually forced to stay at home.

During the Taliban's five-year rule, women in Afghanistan were essentially put under house arrest, and often forced to paint their windows over so that no one could see in or out. Some women who once held respectable positions were forced to wander the streets in their burqas, selling everything they owned or begging in order to survive. The United Nations refused to recognize the Taliban government, with the United States imposing heavy sanctions, leading to extreme economic hardship.

Because most teachers had been women before the Taliban regime, the new restrictions on women's employment created a huge lack of teachers, which put an immense strain on the education of both boys and girls. Although women were banned from most jobs, including teaching, some women in the medical field were allowed to continue working. This is because the Taliban required that women could be treated only by female physicians.

Several Taliban and Al-Qaeda commanders engaged in human trafficking, abducting women and selling them into forced prostitution and slavery in Pakistan. Time Magazine writes: "The Taliban often argued that the brutal restrictions they placed on women were actually a way of revering and protecting the opposite sex. The behavior of the Taliban during the six years they expanded their rule in Afghanistan made a mockery of that claim."

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

In late 2001, the United States invaded Afghanistan, and a new government under Hamid Karzai was formed, which included women like in pre-1990s Afghanistan. Under the new constitution of 2004, 27 percent of the 250 seats in the House of the People are reserved for women.

In March 2012, President Karzai endorsed a "code of conduct" which was issued by the Ulema Council. Some of the rules state that "women should not travel without a male guardian and should not mingle with strange men in places such as schools, markets and offices." Karzai said that the rules were in line with Islamic law and that the code of conduct was written in consultation with Afghan women's group." Rights organizations and women activists said that by endorsing this code of conduct, Karzai was endangering "hard-won progress in women's right since the Taliban fell from power in 2001".

The overall situation for Afghan women improved during the 2000s, particularly in major urban areas, but those living in rural parts of the country still faced many problems. In 2013, a female Indian author Sushmita Banerjee was killed in Paktika province by militants for allegedly defying Taliban diktats. She was married to an Afghan businessman and had recently relocated to Afghanistan. Earlier she had escaped two instances of execution by the Taliban in 1995 and later fled to India. Her account of the escape became a Bollywood film, Escape from Taliban.

A 2011 government report found that 25 percent of the women and girls diagnosed with obstetric fistula, a preventable childbirth injury in which prolonged labor creates a hole in the birth canal, were younger than 16 when they married. In 2013, the United Nations published statistics showing a 20% increase in violence against women, often due to domestic violence being justified by conservative religion and culture. In February 2014, Afghanistan passed a law that includes a provision that limits the ability of government to compel some family members to be witnesses to domestic violence. Human Rights Watch described the implementation of the 2009 Law on the Elimination of Violence Against Women as "poor," noting that some cases were ignored.

Under Afghan law, females across the country are permitted to drive vehicles. They are also permitted to participate in certain international events such as Olympic Games and robot competitions. Human rights organizations, including Human Rights Watch and the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom have expressed concern at women's rights in the country. Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security ranks Afghanistan as one of the worst countries for women.

According to the new law signed by Ashraf Ghani president of Afghanistan, Afghan women were allowed to include their names on their children's birth certificates and identification cards. This law served as a major victory for Afghan women's rights activists, including Laleh Osmany, who campaigned under the social media hashtag #WhereIsMyName, for several years for both the parents' names to be included.

Second Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

In August 2021, Afghan president Ashraf Ghani and the United States left the country, and the Taliban took control and established a new all-male government. The interim government has not been recognized internationally, since the international community linked recognition to respect for women's and minority rights.
Despite repeated assurances by the Taliban that women's rights would be respected, severe restrictions have been placed on their access to education and work. In some areas, the Taliban forced women to stop working altogether. Education in lower grades resumed only in classes segregated by gender. In higher grades (7 through 12) and at the university level, classes for girls and women have been suspended. On 27 September, the new chancellor of Kabul University, Mohammad Ashraf Ghairat, announced that women were not allowed to return to university to either study or work. The Taliban cited security concerns as the reason for these measures, however, did not specify under which conditions girls would be allowed to return to school.

The new Taliban interim cabinet does not include any women as either ministers or deputy ministers. The Ministry of Women's Affairs has been abolished. The protests by women that followed these announcements, especially in Kabul, have been met with violence by the Taliban security forces.

In May 2022, the Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice published a decree requiring all women in Afghanistan to wear full-body coverings when in public (either a burqa or an abaya paired with a niqāb, which leaves only the eyes uncovered). The decree said enforcement action including fines, prison time, or termination from government employment would be taken against male "guardians" who fail to ensure their female relatives abide by the law. Rights groups, including the United Nations Mission in Afghanistan, sharply criticized the decision. The decision is expected to adversely affect the Islamic Emirate's chances of international recognition.

Violence against Afghan women

Many women in Afghanistan experience at least one form of abuse. In 2015, the World Health Organization reported that 90% of women in Afghanistan had experienced at least one form of domestic violence. Violence against women is widely tolerated by the community, and it is widely practiced in Afghanistan. Violence against women in Afghanistan ranges from verbal abuse and psychological abuse to physical abuse and unlawful killing.

From infancy, girls and women are under the authority of their fathers or husbands. Their freedom of movement is restricted since they are children and their choice of husbands is also restricted. Women and girls are deprived of education and denied economic liberty. In their pre-marriage and post-marriage relationships, their ability to assert their economic and social independence is limited by their families. Most married Afghan females are faced with the stark reality that they are forced to endure abuse. If they try to extricate themselves from the situation of abuse, they invariably face social stigma, social isolation, persecution for leaving their homes by the authorities and honor killings by their relatives.

Customs and traditions which are influenced by centuries-old patriarchal rules prevail, the issue of violence against women becomes pronounced. The high illiteracy rate among the population further perpetuates the problem. A number of women across Afghanistan believe that it is acceptable for their husbands to abuse them. Reversing this general acceptance of abuse was one of the main reasons behind the creation of the EVAW.

In 2009, the Elimination of Violence Against Women (EVAW) was signed into law. The EVAW was created by multiple organizations which were assisted by prominent women's rights activists in Kabul (namely UNIFEM, Rights & Democracy, Afghan Women's Network, the Women's Commission in the Parliament and the Afghan Ministry of Women's Affairs.

In March 2015, Farkhunda Malikzada, a 27-year-old Afghan woman was publicly beaten and slain by an angry mob of radical Muslims in Kabul on a false accusation of Quran desecration. A number of prominent public officials turned to Facebook immediately after the death to endorse the lynching. It was later revealed that she did not burn the Quran.

In 2018, Amnesty International reported that violence against women was perpetrated by both state and non-state actors.

In April 2020, HRW reported that in Afghanistan, women with disabilities face all forms of discrimination and sexual harassment while they are accessing government assistance, health care and schools. The report also detailed everyday barriers which women and girls face in one of the world's poorest countries.

On 14 August 2020, Fawzia Koofi, a member of Afghanistan's peace negotiating team, was wounded in an assassination attempt near the capital, Kabul, while she was returning from a visit to the northern province of Parwan. Fawzia Koofi is a part of a 21-member team which is charged with representing the Afghan government in upcoming peace talks with the Taliban.

A 33-year-old Afghan woman was attacked by three people while she was on her way from work to her home. She was shot and stabbed in her eyes with a knife. The woman survived the attack, but she lost her eyesight. Taliban denied allegations and said that the attack was carried out on her father's order, as he vehemently opposed her working outside of home.

United Nations Human Rights Council have reported that one or two women in Afghanistan are committing suicide every day. UN human rights chief Michelle Bachelet condemned the massive unemployment of women, the restrictions placed on the way they dress, and their access on basic services.

On 12 August 2022, the UN human rights experts urged international community to take stringent actions to protect Afghans from human rights violations including arbitrary detention, summary executions, internal displacement, and unlawful restrictions on their human rights, in particular those most likely to be affected such as women and girls and vulnerable citizens. Since the takeover of Afghanistan by the Taliban in August 2021, the UN has reported a plethora of human rights violations committed by the Taliban, with their virtual erasure and systematic oppression of women and girls from society being particularly egregious.

Honor killings

In 2012, Afghanistan recorded 240 cases in which women were the victims of honor killings. Of the reported honor killings, 21% of them were committed by the victims' husbands, 7% of them were committed by their brothers, 4% of them were committed by their fathers, and the rest of them were committed by other relatives of the victims.

In May 2017, the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan concluded that the vast majority of the perpetrators of honor killings were not punished.

On 12 July 2021, a woman in Faryab Province was beaten to death by Taliban militants and her house was set alight.

In Balkh Province in August 2021, Taliban militants killed an Afghan woman because she was wearing tight clothing and because she was not being accompanied by a male relative.

Politics and workforce

A large number of Afghan women served as members of parliament until the Fall of Kabul in early 2021. Some of these included Shukria Barakzai, Fauzia Gailani, Nilofar Ibrahimi, Fauzia Koofi, and Malalai Joya. Several women also took positions as ministers, including Suhaila Seddiqi, Sima Samar, Husn Banu Ghazanfar, and Suraya Dalil. Habiba Sarabi became the first female governor in Afghanistan. She also served as Minister of Women's Affairs. Azra Jafari became the first female mayor of Nili, the capital of Daykundi Province. As of December 2018, Roya Rahmani is the first-ever female Afghan ambassador to the United States. In September 2020, Afghanistan has secured a seat on the U.N. Commission on the Status of Women for the first time, an achievement that is seen as a "sign of progress for a country once notorious for the oppression of women".

The Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), which includes the Afghan National Police, have a growing number of female officers. One of the Afghan National Army Brigadier generals is Khatol Mohammadzai. In 2012, Niloofar Rahmani became the first female pilot in the Afghan Air Force pilot training program to fly solo in a fixed-wing aircraft, following the footsteps of Colonel Latifa Nabizada, the first Afghan female pilot ever to fly a military helicopter. Other notable Afghan women include Naghma, Aryana Sayeed, Seeta Qasemi, Yalda Hakim, Roya Mahboob, Aziza Siddiqui, Mary Akrami, Suraya Pakzad, Wazhma Frogh, Shukria Asil, Shafiqa Quraishi, Maria Bashir, Maryam Durani, Malalai Bahaduri, and Nasrin Oryakhil.

The most popular traditional work for women in Afghanistan is tailoring, and a large percentage of the population are professional tailors working from home. Since the fall of the Taliban, women have returned to work in Afghanistan. Some became entrepreneurs by starting businesses. For example, Meena Rahmani became the first woman in Afghanistan to open a bowling center in Kabul. Many others are employed by companies and small businesses. Some engaged in singing, acting, and news broadcasting. In 2015, 17-year-old Negin Khpolwak became Afghanistan's first female music conductor.

In 2014, women made up 16.1% of the labor force in Afghanistan. Because the nation has a struggling economy overwhelmed with massive unemployment, women often cannot find work where they receive sufficient pay. One area of the economy where women do play a significant role is in agriculture. Of the number of Afghans employed in the agriculture field or similar occupations, about 30 percent of them are women. In some areas in Afghanistan, women may spend as much time working on the land as men do, but still often earn three times less than men in wages.

In terms of percentage, women rank high in the fields of medicine and media, and are slowly working their way into the field of justice. Because women are still highly encouraged to consult a female physician when they go to the hospital, nearly fifty percent of all Afghans in the medical profession are women. The number of women having professions in the media is also rising. It was reported in 2008 that nearly a dozen of television stations had all-female anchors as well as female producers. As women are given more opportunities in education and the workforce, more of them are turning towards careers in medicine, media, and justice.

However, even the women that are given the opportunity to have careers have to struggle to balance their home life with their work life, as household tasks are seen as primarily female duties. Since the Afghan economy is weak, very few women can afford to hire domestic helpers, so they are forced to take care of all the household work primarily on their own. Those who choose to work must labour twice as hard because they are essentially holding two jobs.

Airlines have welcomed Afghan women in various roles. The national airline, Ariana Afghan Airlines, said that 30 percent of its workforce were women as of 2020. Private airline Kam Air also had over a hundred women in employment. In February 2021, Kam Air operated the first flight with an all-female crew, including an Afghan pilot, in a domestic flight from Kabul to Herat.

On 24 December 2022, the Taliban announced that they will ban Afghan women from working in national and international aid groups. This move was noted by several international organizations. NGOs ceased their activities. The UN humanitarian chief Martin Griffiths, said that he was waiting for a list of guidelines from the Taliban officials that would allow Afghan women to work in the humanitarian sector.

Education

Education in Afghanistan has gradually improved in the last decade but much more has to be done to bring it to the international standard. The literacy rate for females is merely 24.2%. There are around 9 million students in the country. Of this, about 60% are males and 40% females. Over 174,000 students are enrolled in different universities around the country. About 21% of these are females.

In the early twentieth century, education for women was extremely rare due to the lack of schools for girls. Occasionally girls were able to receive an education on the primary level but they never moved past the secondary level. During Zahir Shah's reign (1933–1973) education for women became a priority and young girls began being sent to schools. At these schools, girls were taught discipline, new technologies, ideas, and socialization in society.

Kabul University was opened to girls in 1947 and by 1973 there were an estimated 150,000 girls in schools across Afghanistan. Unfortunately, marriage at a young age added to the high drop out rate but more and more girls were entering professions that were once viewed as only being for men. Women were being given new opportunities to earn better lives for both themselves and their families. However, after the civil war and the takeover by the Taliban, women were stripped of these opportunities and sent back to lives where they were to stay at home and be controlled by their husbands and fathers.

During the Taliban regime, many women who had previously been teachers began secretly giving an education to young girls (as well as some boys) in their neighborhoods, teaching from ten to sixty children at a time. The homes of these women became community homes for students, and were entirely financed and managed by women. News about these secret schools spread through word of mouth from woman to woman.

Each day young girls would hide all their school supplies, such as books, notebooks and pencils, underneath their burqas to go to school. At these schools, young females were taught basic literary skills, numeracy skills, and various other subjects such as biology, chemistry, English, Quranic Studies, cooking, sewing, and knitting. Many women involved in teaching were caught by the Taliban and persecuted, jailed, and tortured.

The Taliban are still opposed to education for Afghan boys and girls. They are burning down schools, killing students and teachers by all kinds of means, including chemical warfare. For example, in June 2012, fifteen suspects were detained by Afghanistan's National Directorate of Security (NDS) "in connection with the serial anti-school attacks in northern Afghanistan." The NDS believes that Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence was behind the idea. During the same period, Pakistan has been refusing to deliver Afghan bound school text books.

In 2015, the Kabul University began the first master's degree course in gender and women's studies in Afghanistan.

Afghan women obtain education in Kazakhstan within the Kazakh-Afghan state educational programme sponsored by the Republic of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan attaches great importance to empowering women and strengthening stability in Afghanistan. In September 2018, Kazakhstan reached an agreement with the European Union that the EU would contribute two million euros to train and educate Afghan women in Kazakhstan.

In October 2019, Kazakhstan, the EU and the UNDP launched an education programme to train and educate several dozen Afghan women in Kazakh universities over the next five years. As of 2019, almost 900 graduates of Kazakhstan's programme serve in top positions in the Afghan president's office, government ministries, the border guards and police, while others work as respected doctors, engineers and journalists.

Sports

In the last decade, Afghan women have participated in futsal, football, basketball, skiing and various other sports. In 2015, Afghanistan held its first marathon; among those who ran the entire marathon was one woman, Zainab, age 25, who thus became the first Afghan woman to run in a marathon within her own country. In 2004, three years after the fall of the Taliban regime, Afghanistan sent women athletes to the Olympics for the first time. Since then, only four women have competed in the Olympics under the Afghan flag.

Marriage and parenting

Marriages in Afghanistan are usually in accordance with Islam and the culture of Afghanistan. The legal age for marriage in Afghanistan is 16. Afghans marry each other based on religious sect, ethnicity, and tribal association. It is rare to see a marriage between a Sunni Pashtun and a Shia Hazara. The nation is a patriarchal society where it is commonly believed that elder men are entitled to make decisions for their families. A man can divorce his wife without the need for her agreement, whereas the opposite is not the case.

The country has a high total fertility rate, at 5.33 children born/woman as of 2015. Contraception use is low: 21.2% of women, as of 2010/11.

Arranged marriages and forced marriages are reported in Afghanistan. After a marriage is arranged, the two families sign a contract which both parties are socially and culturally obligated to honor. Among low-income families, it is common for the groom to pay a bride price to the bride's family. The price is negotiated only among the parents. The bride price is viewed as compensation for the money that the bride's family has had to spend on her care and upbringing. In almost 50% of cases, the bride is younger than 18 and in 15% of marriages, the bride is younger than 15. Sometimes women resort to suicide to escape these marriages.

In certain areas, females are sometimes bartered in a method of dispute resolution which is called a baad. Proponents of baad claim that it helps prevent enmity and violence between families, although the females themselves are sometimes subjected to a considerable amount of violence both before and after their marriages into families through baad. The practice of baad is technically illegal in Afghanistan.

Under the Afghan law, "if a woman seeks a divorce then she has to have the approval of her husband and needs witnesses who can testify in court that the divorce is justified." The first occurrence in which a woman divorced a man in Afghanistan was the divorce which was initiated by Rora Asim Khan, who divorced her husband in 1927. This event was considered unique at the time when it occurred, but it was an exception, because Rora Asim Khan was a foreign citizen, who obtained her divorce with the assistance of the German embassy.

While it is legal for male citizens to marry foreign non-Muslims, it is illegal for female citizens to do so, and Afghan law considers all Afghan citizens Muslims.

Up until 17 September 2020, Afghan law dictated that only the father's name should be recorded on identification cards. President Ashraf Ghani signed into law an amendment which was long sought by women's rights campaigners since a campaign which garnered high-profile support from celebrities and members of parliament was launched three years ago under the hashtag #WhereIsMyName.

Gallery

See also

Gender roles in Afghanistan
Access for Afghan Women Act
Prostitution in Afghanistan
Women in agriculture in Afghanistan
Women in the Parliament of Afghanistan
Humira Saqib

Organisations:
Women for Afghan Women
Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan
Afghan Women's Network
Afghan Women's Council
Afghan Women's Business Federation
Afghanistan women's national football team
Afghanistan national women's cricket team
Rukhshana Media

General:
Human rights in Afghanistan
Human rights in Muslim-majority countries
Human rights in the Quran
Women in Islam
Women in Asia

References

External links

 U.S. Congressional Research Service, "Afghan Women and Girls: Status and Congressional Action: September 11, 2020 – August 12, 2021"
 , 10 April 2019, TOLOnews.
 , 14 March 2019, France 24 English.
 , 25 February 2019, BBC News.
 , 8 February 2019, France 24 English.
 , 12 December 2017, Zee News.
A Place At The Table: Safeguarding Women's Rights in Afghanistan
Women, Afghan Law, and Sharia
Afghan Khaal or Facial tattoo for women in afghanistan (Khaal)
Women in Afghanistan worry peace accord with Taliban extremists could cost them hard-won rights
Afghanistan's First Female Mayor 'Terrified' of What's to Come With the Taliban

Afghanistan
Society of Afghanistan
Foreign aid to Afghanistan


Nathaniel Adojutelegan, the Special Assistant to the Minister of State for Niger Delta Affairs, Prof. Claudius Daramola, has resigned his appointment.
In a letter to the Minster dated December 2016, Adojutelegan said he tendered his resignation over the non-payment of his salaries for over a year.
The Arigidi Akoko born legal practitioner , who left his law practice in London to take up the appointment with the Minister in December 2015 told Sahara Reporters that he did not get a refund for payment made to secure his accommodation .
"It was a sacrifice for me to leave my law practice in London and come down to Nigeria and got an accommodation for about four million naira without being given a refund, he was quoted to have said.


text:
Lord Davenport Pipes
Lord Davenport Pipes were made in four shapes, a dublin, billiard, apple and lumberman, in each of four finishes. The Shell, The Lord Davenport with a saddle stem, the Lord Davenport with a tapered stem, and The Drury. They were advertised as "non-clogging", and "non-juicing". These pipes were advertised in Fortune and Esquire magazines and sold through the Bennett Brother's catalogs. The pipes were advertised as sold by Davenport, Ltd., with a showroom located at 480 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, New York in 1944 to 1947, and at the same time are advertised as being from "Lord Davenport, Ltd." in Esquire in 1946. The advertisements by Davenport are of note in that they stressed the cosmetic appeal of a "pipe to fit every type of face". The pipes retailed between $5.00 and $15.00 in 1946. No sign of these pipes is apparent after prior to 1942 or after 1953.
Pure speculation as to the origin of the Lord Davenport pipe and company would place it in the hands of Henry Davenport Bellin, of Providence, Rhode Island, who was in 1941 granted a patent, US 2232092 A, for a smoking pipe. This patent number later appeared on Pipes by Lee, but was assigned to Davenport, Ltd., suggesting a possible connection. However, no corroboration of this speculation has yet been found.
Retrieved from "https://pipedia.org/index.php?title=Lord_Davenport_Pipes&oldid=20095"
Pipe makers by nationality