Does your life involve a lot of footwork? Do you do plenty of manual work every quite often? If you answered in the affirmative, chances are that you shall experience great foot fatigue. This is why you, by all means, need a foot massager.
A foot massager is basically a piece of fitness equipment which can relieve the feet of muscle cramps. In so doing, it stimulates the flow of blood and revitalizes the muscles altogether.
We have dedicated the entire article to the discussions of these best foot massager machines.
We are going to review the seven best equipment of these kinds. We are also going to look into those factors you ought to consider while looking for the right one. So lets go for reading the full article & check the top rated items.
If the bottom of your feet has issues, you require a specialized massage equipment. An equipment of this kind has to be able to accommodate the various feet sizes. It also must be great at working the said parts of the body.
Independent Foot Chambers: Ranking tops of its features are the independent foot chambers. These chambers are the ones that contain your feet during the massage process. They also exert the effort that ultimately massages your feet. They are specially designed and comfortable enough for your feet.
Natural Vibrations: Unlike most other massagers, this one produces natural vibrations. They are designed in such a manner as to mimic your heartbeat. This way, the vibrations do not at all interfere with your natural processes. This means safety on your part and unlikelihood of causing unnecessary problems.
Center control panel: Its control panel is located at the center of the massage. The control panel comprises soft-touch buttons. These buttons allow you to dial in your personalized massage settings. These include such aspects as heat, massage type, and strength. This greatly enhances your overall massage experience.
Summary: You cannot afford to look elsewhere if your primary concern is to massage the bottom of your feet. This machine has the wherewithal necessary for a proper job.
Check Miko Foot Massager now from Amazon!
If you do happen to suffer from plantar fasciitis, you require a thorough yet gentle massager. This is to be able to rid your feet of pain yet deliver awesome outcomes on the whole. This machine, as you are about to see, fits this bill way too well.
Built-in Heat Function: It does have a built-in heat function. This feature supplies heat to your feet. It also furnishes a warm sensation to your feet. This improves the circulation of blood in the cold feet region. With regards to this, you may be certain to receive a great relief indeed.
Highly Adjustable: All the crucial parts and components of the massager may be adjusted. The main adjustable parameter is the angle of massage. This parameter basically targets specific portions of your feet at a time. It is also worth noting that the massager shuts off on its own after staying idle for 20 minutes.
18 Deep-Kneading Nodes: In all, the massage equipment has 18 different deep-kneading nodes. These nodes target various parts and portions of your feet. They also work out various massage options. They, in so doing, relieve stress, stimulate the flow of blood, and reduce the effects of edema, among others.
Summary: Grab this massage and say goodbye to all the plantar fasciitis and other associated problems. It will truly assist you greatly.
Check Belmint Foot Massager now from Amazon!
Most electric massagers require licensure within the United States. This is due to their sensitive and rigorous natures. This is not the case with this massager though. The massager is by far the most powerful electric version in the USA that requires no licensure.
Variable Speed: This machine has 11 different speed options. You may vary the strength of its motor from 1,000 to 3,700 revolutions per minute. These variations confer different comfort and control levels. They also see to it that you massage your feet at the most suitable set of conditions.
Optimal Angle: Your feet have to be very comfortable throughout a massage session. This machine understands this fact only too well. This is why its angle has been optimized to confer the greatest comfort levels. You are set to enjoy the massage and also ward off any possibilities of injuries.
Engineered with Passion: On the whole, the machine is engineered with passion. It meets the industry ISO 9000-2001N standard. It is also certified for maximum reliability and safety. These work jointly to guarantee you maximum safety and great feedback indeed. You may this massage your feet with confidence.
Summary: Acquire this massager and leverage the benefits of the most powerful electric massager which requires no license in the USA. Be sure to reap huge benefits as well.
Are you intent on working out your whole body? You badly want a thorough and comprehensive massager. This is to impact the whole body perfectly well. This massager exemplifies those features well. It is thus capable of a comprehensive workout.
Heat Function: Miko 360° does come along with an insulated heat. This hits the top temperature of around 120°F. This heat melts the portions of your feet and body that are tense areas. They also let work out the shiatsu massage. In so doing, they relieve stress and clogs in the circulatory system.
Pressure-point Accuracy: With this massager, you may be able to set the angle appropriately to target specific portions of your feet and body. This lets you regulate the pressure, heat, and other specific parameters that are unique to the said parts of the body.
Active Vibration: In case you have too tense muscles and joints, this is the massager to look up to. It exudes very active vibrations which are strong enough to melt away the stiffest muscles. This feature also enhances the flow of blood by unclogging the blood vessels.
Summary: Save yourself a bit of time and money by settling on this foot massager. It is indeed capable of comprehensive workouts and is thus great to possess.
Check Miko Machine now from Amazon!
You have yet another option for a comprehensive workout. This is it. Just like its counterpart above, this foot massager delivers comprehensive foot and whole body workouts. Several factors, traits, and technical specifications combine to make this possible. The mini-review below explains them in details.
8 Deep-penetrating Massaging Nodes: As stated, the foot massager is pretty comprehensive in scope. This is because it has 8 different deep-penetrating massaging nodes. These nodes are designed to imitate the actions of the thumbs and hands. They thus bring about professional massage experience.
Extreme Luxury and Comfort: Throughout its exterior is the ultra-plush fleece fabric. This material is extremely comfortable and luxurious in nature. It is also cushioned and super soft. In light of this, you will be sure to accrue maximum comfort at all times. This will further enhance your massage experience.
Hand Control Keypad: Its control features come in the form of this hand control keypad. This keypad is convenient and extremely easy to use. You will not have to bend down or put in too much of your effort to engage it at all.
Summary: Save yourself plenty of money by purchasing this particular foot massager. It is indeed great for comprehensive foot and whole body workouts.
Check BGideon Foot Massager now from Amazon!
If you spend much of your time on your feet, you will definitely experience constant foot issues. This will bring along certain foot problems that may impede your movements. You badly need a reliable foot massager of this kind. Its structural makeup and controls make this possible.
Adjustable Heat and Kneading Settings: Fully Adjustable Heat and Kneading Settings for Your Perfect Massage/The 5 various pressure settings and selectable heat offer all that you need for your perfect massage. Everybody's feet are different, which is why the combination of the air compression, kneading and heat can be adjusted exactly to your liking.
Built-in Heater: The massager comes along with a built-in heater. This supplies warmth to the affected parts of the body. It thus helps to relax the affected portion. This feature also comes in handy in the winter months when the external temperatures are way too low.
Expert Ergonomic Design: Throughout its structural construction and form, the foot massager embodies an expert an expert ergonomic design. This design conforms as nearly as possible to the unique shapes of your feet. It also generates the highest quality possible of the Shiatsu massage.
Summary: Get the stress out of your mind by opting for this foot massager. Its reliability and effectiveness in dealing with muscle cramps are way too irresistible!
Check Belmint Massager now from Amazon!
Prolonged manual labor will normally have devastating impacts on the feet. This also brings along the dangers of injuries, fatigue, and muscle cramps. An equally powerful, thorough, and reliable foot massager is by all means necessary. This indeed is one such of equipment.
Integrated Features: This foot massager integrates all the vital features of the ideal machine. Examples of these features include the heat, shiatsu, acupressure, and hydrotherapy, among others. They jointly deliver great massage and bubbling bliss to your aching points. Because of this, the equipment is very great indeed.
Bubble Features: Other than the integrated features listed above, this foot massager also possesses bubble features. This feature encourages the circulation of blood. It is also accompanied by an allover vibration. This extra feature soothes pains and the associated soreness. They are pretty great at mitigating excessive pain.
Motorized Rollers: Closing the list of its topmost features are the motorized rollers. These rollers may narrow to specific portions of the body like the soles, heels, and feet. They thus spare you from having to waste too much of your time in dealing with specific issues.
Summary: Shield yourself from the dangers of excessive feet fatigue by going for this equipment. As you may see, it has all the features and components necessary for great outcomes.
Check Ivation Foot Massager now from Amazon!
1. Dimensions: This refers to the size and weight of the foot massager. It is basically the measure of the length, width, and heights of the equipment plus their overall weights of course. If you constantly change locations or intend to use the equipment remotely, go for a lighter one. The opposite should apply.
2. Desired Purpose: As you may have noted, these foot massagers play different roles. Some are exclusively intended to work the feet. Others are capable though of working other portions of the body. You should first and foremost draw clear boundaries. Find out exactly what you plan to use the equipment for. Proceed to find the one that uniquely fits that particular role.
3. Therapeutic Values: Apart from merely working your muscles, you may want to accrue other therapeutic values. These include unclogging blocked blood vessels and restoration of broken muscles. Not every foot massager may exude these benefits though. That is why it is necessary that you find out in advance whether the massager of choice is able to do so. This should come before even attempting to make a purchase.
4. Material Construction: The materials that constitute the feet massagers determine to a great extent their overall lifespan. This is why you want to be sure that the massager you eventually settle for is strong enough. This can only be made possible if strong and durable fabrics line the exterior of the massager. The metallic frames have to be made of the durable stainless steel and Aluminum Alloys.
5. Features and Controls: Obviously, these equipment have to be engaged somehow to let them attain their purposes. A good foot massager has to possess excellent controls and other vital features. It is of necessity that it be automated to free you from having to pay too much attention to it while using it. This is not to mention also that it has to be up to date and advanced in technology.
You have truly received the advice and guidance you need to make an informed purchasing decision. It is not sufficient to know about the best foot massager machines. Such head knowledge will not help you that much. It pays to go a step deeper and make a purchase of at least one of the items.
If you do not have any in mind, we suggest the Gideon Quilted Shiatsu Foot Massager + Cozy Heated Foot and Toe Warmer. The comprehensive nature of this massager suits it for all kinds of fitness related tasks. You will obtain greater value for your money by settling for it.


text:
package org.apache.maven.artifact.resolver.filter;

import org.apache.maven.artifact.Artifact;
import org.apache.maven.artifact.DefaultArtifact;

import junit.framework.TestCase;

/**
 * Tests {@link ScopeArtifactFilter}.
 *
 * @author Benjamin Bentmann
 */
public class ScopeArtifactFilterTest
    extends TestCase
{

    private Artifact newArtifact( String scope )
    {
        return new DefaultArtifact( "g", "a", "1.0", scope, "jar", "", null );
    }

    public void testInclude_Compile()
    {
        ScopeArtifactFilter filter = new ScopeArtifactFilter( Artifact.SCOPE_COMPILE );

        assertTrue( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_COMPILE ) ) );
        assertTrue( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_SYSTEM ) ) );
        assertTrue( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_PROVIDED ) ) );
        assertFalse( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_RUNTIME ) ) );
        assertFalse( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_TEST ) ) );
    }

    public void testInclude_CompilePlusRuntime()
    {
        ScopeArtifactFilter filter = new ScopeArtifactFilter( Artifact.SCOPE_COMPILE_PLUS_RUNTIME );

        assertTrue( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_COMPILE ) ) );
        assertTrue( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_SYSTEM ) ) );
        assertTrue( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_PROVIDED ) ) );
        assertTrue( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_RUNTIME ) ) );
        assertFalse( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_TEST ) ) );
    }

    public void testInclude_Runtime()
    {
        ScopeArtifactFilter filter = new ScopeArtifactFilter( Artifact.SCOPE_RUNTIME );

        assertTrue( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_COMPILE ) ) );
        assertFalse( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_SYSTEM ) ) );
        assertFalse( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_PROVIDED ) ) );
        assertTrue( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_RUNTIME ) ) );
        assertFalse( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_TEST ) ) );
    }

    public void testInclude_RuntimePlusSystem()
    {
        ScopeArtifactFilter filter = new ScopeArtifactFilter( Artifact.SCOPE_RUNTIME_PLUS_SYSTEM );

        assertTrue( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_COMPILE ) ) );
        assertTrue( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_SYSTEM ) ) );
        assertFalse( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_PROVIDED ) ) );
        assertTrue( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_RUNTIME ) ) );
        assertFalse( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_TEST ) ) );
    }

    public void testInclude_Test()
    {
        ScopeArtifactFilter filter = new ScopeArtifactFilter( Artifact.SCOPE_TEST );

        assertTrue( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_COMPILE ) ) );
        assertTrue( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_SYSTEM ) ) );
        assertTrue( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_PROVIDED ) ) );
        assertTrue( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_RUNTIME ) ) );
        assertTrue( filter.include( newArtifact( Artifact.SCOPE_TEST ) ) );
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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The Confucius Institute at the University had a four-year run that ended in September last year by former interim University Provost John Wilkin, said Hua-hua Chang, director of the institute and professor in educational psychology, in an email.
The closing of the institute happened four months before the FBI director warned universities across the country and announced dozens of Confucius Institutes were under close federal watch. Chang said Wilkin closed the institute because it was not in line with the strategic plans of the University.
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Wilkin said he doesn't think the University's Confucius Institute was in any way politically involved.
The institute was an important contributor to language studies at the University, said Wilkin. It cooperated with the College of Education to establish research topics and hosted the Chinese Proficiency Test (HSK) in the Education Building.
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The institute was shut down when the University's funding was not substantial enough to maintain it, but the University is exploring the opportunity to reestablish the institute on campus, Wilkin said.


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text:
Regency Novels
Fashion links
Regency era fashion for Christmas 1806-1820
by Rachel Knowles
Each day during advent I posted a different Regency era Christmas fashion on my Facebook page. Here are the 24 fashion prints which all appeared in the December issues of either La Belle Assemblée or Ackermann's Repository between 1806 and 1820.
Pre-Regency: 1806-1810
1806 - English morning dress: "Of French cambric, made with a train; plain waist, rather high behind, and sharply rounded at the chest; trimmed round the bottom with muslin à la corkscrew; long and very full sleeves, edged at the hands with the same; a blue ribband round the waist, terminating with bows and ends on the right side. The cap à la cloister, entirely concealing the hair, flowing loose, and shading the face on the left side, gathered above the right eye-brow in a sort of irregular nosel, and simply confined round the head with a blue ribband, which finishing behind with a bow, forms the crown, or caul of the cap. A neckerchief, or shirt, sitting full in the front, and high towards the throat, with a deep falling collar, embroidered at the edge. Limerick gloves, and jean shoes."
Mourning full or opera dress: "A Spanish vest and petticoat of Italian crape, worn over white satin, with a rich border of embossed velvet, terminating at the extreme edge with a narrow Vandyke, or fringe of bugles; the petticoat gathered in a drapery towards the right knee, with a chord and tassels; the front of the vest made high, and formed in irregular horizontal gathers; confined with two narrow bands of bugles, terminating at the corners of the bosom, where the vest flows loose, and forms the square bust, which is finished with a pearl or diamond brooch in the centre. A short full twisted or rucked sleeve, bordered at the bottom similar with the vest. The hair in a plain band round the right temple, relieved, and terminated by loose curls, which commences on the crown of the head, and flow in long irregular ringlets from the left eye-brow, so as to reach the shoulder." From La Belle Assemblée (Dec 1806).
1806 - Parisian morning walking dress: "Of twill sarsnet, cambric or velvet, embroidered round the bottom and up the right side, where it confines the front which wraps under it, with three bows and the ends of correspondent ribband; long waist with robin front; and long sleeve, nearly to fit the arm." Worn with a "poke bonnet, of woven willow, or fancy straw, blended with crimson velvet".
Ball dress: "A frock of white Italian crape, over a white satin slip; the latter edged with a narrow border of pink velvet at the feet; the frock festooned with gentle curves round the bottom, with single Persian rose" and the hair "divided behind; part formed in braids, and brought in loose loops over the right eye". From La Belle Assemblée (Dec 1806).
1807 - Morning dress: "A round cambric gown, a walking length, with short full sleeve, and puckered cuff, buttoned or laced down the back, and made high round the neck , with a full frill of lace. A military stock, edged round the chin with the same. A figured Chinese scarf, the colour American green, twisted round the figure in the style of antique drapery. Melon bonnet the same colour, striped, and trimmed to correspond with the scarf."
Morning walking or carriage dress: "A simple breakfast robe of Indian muslin, or cambric; with plain high collar, and long sleeve. Plain chemisette front, buttoned down the bosom. A Calypso wrap of morone velvet, or kerseymere, trimmed entirely round with white ermine, or swansdown." Worn with a "mountain hat of white imperial beaver, or fur, tied under the chin with a ribband the colour of the coat. Gloves and shoes of American green, or buff. Cropt hair, confined with a band, and curled over the left eye." From La Belle Assemblée (Dec 1807).
1808 - Carriage costume: "A round robe, with short train and long sleeves, of fine grey cloth, shawl muslin, or velvet. A Spanish cape, or pelerine of the same. Each extremity bordered with a narrow crimson velvet, or chenille. A helmet bonnet of crimson velvet, ornamented with narrow sable, or other well-contrasted fur."
Carriage costume: "A round high morning robe, of muslin or cambric; with long sleeves, worn quite plain, or otherwise ornamented with lace or needlework. A Spanish mantle, or cloak of purple, green or flame coloured cloth, lined and trimmed with skin, with high collars, and Maltese hood". From La Belle Assemblée (Dec 1808).
1809 - Evening dress: "A white satin round robe, with demi-traine. A short sleeve of interjoined lace and gold beading. A military front, composed of gold cord and frogs. A peleriae of white satin, with full collar, and border of swansdown, and a rich cord and tassel of gold. A Grecian coif of white satin, with appliqued border of lace, and band and crescent of pearls. A long sleeve, of French lace; or a long glove, of French kid; with bracelets and necklace of pearl. Crimson slippers, with gold imperial trimming. Ivory fan, with mount of crimson crape, ornamented with a border of gold jessamine." From Ackermann's Repository (Dec 1809).
1810 - Evening dress: "An amber colour crape dress, with long sleeves, and frock waist, tied with white ribband; slashed Spanish front, let in with satin of the same colour, ornamented with white beads, the bosom and sleeves trimmed with beads, on the back of the dress is worn a drapery of amber colour satin hanging over the shoulders in front, or tied in a bow behind, which either way forms a pretty finish to the dress." Worn with a cap "composed of amber plaited ribband and lace, edged with vandyke lace, tied in a bow on the left side, with amber flower in front." From La Belle Assemblée (Dec 1810).
Early Regency: 1811-1813
1811 - A mourning dress: "A round robe of fine iron-grey cloth or velvet, with long sleeves and demi high front, trimmed down the center of the figure, at a measured distance, with chenille fur, and clasped in the center, from the bosom to the feet, with lozenge clasps of jet; the belt confined with the same. Antique scalloped ruff of white crape; cuffs to correspond. Hungarian mantle, with double capes, trimmed with chenille fur" worn with "a small Eastern turban of grey and silver tissue; short willow feathers (alternately grey and white) drooping on the left side". From Ackermann's Repository (Dec 1811).
1811 - Riding dress: "Of fine Georgian cloth; colour, a pale lead or olive tinge; ornamented with frogs à la militaire in front, and finished at the pocket-holes to correspond. Beehive hat of fine moss or cottage straw; white lace curtain veil, twisted occasionally round the rim of the hat." From Ackermann's Repository (Dec 1811).
1812 - Evening dress: "A round robe of fine Georgian cloth, a pale olive colour, with full puckered sleeves, of white satin. Worn with a French quartered cap, composed of satin and thread lace, ornamented with bows of net, and a wreath of barberries. The hair as a curled crop." From Ackermann's Repository (Dec 1812).
1812 - Morning or carriage costume: "A white cambric round robe, with long full sleeves, stomacher front, and full ruff round the throat. A Russian mantle of pale fawn-coloured cloth or velvet, with capes of the same; trimmed entirely round with angola trimming fur, or full feathered border; and lined with rose-coloured sarsnet, tied in front of the throat, with a ribbon of a correspondent colour. A traveller's hat, composed of fawn-coloured and rose velvet, with curled ostrich feathers on one side." From Ackermann's Repository (Dec 1812).
1813 - Evening or opera costume: "A round robe of morone or crimson-coloured Merino, kerseymere, or queen's cloth, ornamented round the bottom and up the front with a fancy gold embroidered border" with the "hair disposed in dishevelled curls, falling on the left side, and decorated with clusters of variegated autumnal flowers" and matching "slippers, of crimson velvet, ornamented with gold fringe and rosettes" and a fan of "richly frosted silver crape". From Ackermann's Repository (Dec 1813).
1813 - Promenade or carriage costume: "The great convenience and novel attraction of this dress, consist in its admitting of a spencer of the same material as the robe (as seen in our promenade figure), which is richly ornamented, à la militaire, with gold braid and netted buttons, forming a sort of epaulette on the shoulders. The spencer is embroidered up the seams of the back, on the shoulders, and cuffs, to correspond with the bottom of the robe" and worn with "a straw or velvet hat, ornamented with feathers". From Ackermann's Repository (Dec 1813).
Mid-Regency 1814-1817
1814 - Walking dress: "A pelisse, of short walking length, made either in erminette or silk velvet of puce colour, open down the front, and bound entirely round with celestial blue satin, terminating at the feet with a broad border of white lace; high plain collar, and treble copes bound to correspond; full lace ruff. The Spanish hat composed of erminette or velvet and blue satin, corresponding to the pelisse, trimmed round the edge with quilled lace, and ornamented in the front with a plume of ostrich feathers. Half boots, blue kid or erminette. Gloves, Limerick or York tan." From Ackermann's Repository (Dec 1814).
1815 - Evening dress: "A crimson satin slip, underneath a frock of three-quarters length made of the silver-striped French gauze; the slip ornamented at the feet with clusters of flowers, and a narrow border of white satin edged with crimson ribbon; the frock has a border of white satin, edged to correspond, and is drawn up in the Eastern style, confined by a cluster of flowers. The body of the dress has open fronts, with a stomacher, which are severally trimmed en suite; short open sleeve, to correspond with a quilling of tull round the arm. Head-dress à la Chinoise, composed of pearl; the hair braided, and ornamented with a wreath of flowers. Ear-rings and drops, pearl; necklace, the French neglige. Gloves, French kid, worn below the elbow, and trimmed with a quilling of tull. Sandals, white kid." From Ackermann's Repository (Dec 1815).
1815 - Walking dress: "Pelisse, of walking length, composed of blue twilled sarsnet, fastened down the front with large bows of white satin ribbon, and ornamented at the feet with a border of leaves formed of the same sarsnet, edged with white satin: the bottom of the pelisse, trimmed with white satin, is drawn into small festoons; sleeve ornamented at the shoulder and the hand to correspond; a French embroidered ruff. A French hat composed of the blue twilled sarsnet, trimmed with white satin edged with blue, and decorated with a large plume of ostrich feathers. An Indian silk shawl of crimson silk, richly embroidered in shaded silks. The pocket-handkerchief French cambric, embroidered at the corners. Shoes, blue morocco, tied with bows high upon the instep. Stockings with embroidered clocks. Gloves, York tan." From Ackermann's Repository (Dec 1815).
1816 - Carriage costume: "A velvet pelisse of bright carmine red, superbly trimmed with ermine; the tops of the sleeves caught up à-la-Mancheron, with rich military silk chain work, the colour of the pelisse. Russian hussar cap of ermine, ornamented with gold military chain. Limerick gloves and half-boots or shoes of kid, of a correspondent colour." From La Belle Assemblée (Dec 1816)
1816 - Promenade dress: "A high dress of cambric muslin trimmed at the bottom with a single flounce of work. The body, which is composed entirely of work, fits the shape without any fulness. A plain long sleeve, finished by a triple fall of narrow lace. Over this dress is worn the Angouleme pelisse, composed of crimson velvet, lined with white sarsnet, and trimmed with a single welt of crimson satin, a shade lighter than the pelisse. The body is made exactly to the shape; the back is of course a moderate breadth, and without fulness; for the form of the front we refer our readers to our print; it is confined at the waist, which is very short, by a narrow velvet band, edged to correspond. A small collar, of a novel and pretty shape, stands up and supports a rich lace ruff, which is worn open in front of the throat. The sleeve has very little fulness, and that little is confined at the wrist by three narrow bands of puckered satin. Bonnet à la Royale, composed of white satin, very tastefully intermixed with a large bunch of fancy flowers, and tied under the chin by a white satin ribbon, which is brought in a bow to the left side; a full quilling of tulle finishes the front. Black silk ridicule, exquisitely worked in imitation of the ends of an Indian shawl, and trimmed with black silk fringe. White kid gloves, and black walking shoes." From Ackermann's Repository (Dec 1816).
1817 - Walking dress: "A high dress composed of bombazeen; the bottom of the skirt is ornamented with black crape, disposed in a very novel style. The body, which is made tight to the shape, wraps across to the right side; it is adorned in a very novel style with pipings of black crape disposed like braiding, and finished by rosettes of crape, in the centre of each of which is a small jet ornament. Long sleeve, tastefully finished at the wrist to correspond with the body, and surmounted by a half sleeve of a new form trimmed with crape. A high standing collar partially displays a mourning ruff. Claremont bonnet, so called because it is the same shape as the one recently worn by the Princess: it is composed of black crape over black sarsnet, and is lined with double white crape. The crown is rather low, the front large, and ornamented by a bunch of crape flowers placed to one side. Black shamoy gloves, and black shoes." From Ackermann's Repository (Dec 1817).
Late Regency: 1817-1820
1817 - Evening dress: "A black crape frock over a black sarsnet slip. The skirt of the frock is finished by full flounces of the fashionable chevaux de frise trimming. The body, which is cut very low round the bust, is elegantly decorated with jet beads. Short full sleeve, ornamented to correspond with the body. The hair is much parted in front, so as to display the forehead, and dressed lightly at each side of the face; the hind hair is drawn up quite tight behind. Head-dress a jet comb, to the back of which is affixed a novel and elegant mourning ornament; and a long black crape veil placed at the back of the head, which falls in loose folds round the figure, and partially shades the neck. Ear-rings, necklace, and cross of jet. Black shamoy gloves, and black slippers." From Ackermann's Repository (Dec 1817).
1818 - Evening dress: "A black crape dress over a black sarsnet slip; the body is cut very low and square round the bust, and is tight to the shape; it is trimmed round the bottom and the back with a rouleau of crape intermixed with jet beads; this trimming does not go round the shoulders. The bottom of the waist is finished by rounded tabs. Long sleeve, made very loose, and finished at the band by a rouleau to correspond with the bosom; the fulness of the sleeve is disposed on the shoulder in puffs, which are interspersed with jet beads, some of which also confine it across the arm: this forms a new and elegant style of half-sleeve. The bottom of the skirt is cut in broad scollops, the edges of which are ornamented with narrow black fancy trimming, and an embroidery of crape roses, with branches of crape leaves disposed between each; a second row of this trimming is laid on at a little distance from the first. The front hair is much parted on the forehead, and disposed in light loose ringlets, which fall over each ear. The hind hair is braided, and brought round the crown of the head. Head-dress, a long veil placed at the back of the head, and an elegant jet ornament, consisting of a rose and aigrette, which is also placed far back. Shamois leather gloves and shoes. Ear-rings, necklace and cross, jet." From Ackermann's Repository (Dec 1818).
1818 - A "fancy mourning dinner dress": "White crape with pointed festoons of the same, fastened at each point by black rosettes, and folds of black satin placed above and below the festoons. Black satin Canezou spenser, elegantly ornamented with white crape. Frederica hat of white crape, surmounted by a plume of black feathers. Necklace of jet; black gloves and slippers." From La Belle Assemblée (Dec 1818).
1819 - Parisian evening costume: "Dress of gros-d'Eté of a faded violet colour, with white satin sleeves; and ornamented round the border and bust with rich gauze en carreaux, set in separate squares. Buffont sash of white silk net, fastened on the left side. White satin dress hat ornamented with violets, and a superb plume of marabout feathers. Necklace and bracelets of rubies, set in gold à-l'Antique. White satin slippers, and white kid gloves." From La Belle Assemblée (Dec 1819).
1820 - An English walking dress: "Round dress of fine cambric, with broad honeycomb border, surmounted by two narrow full quilled flounces of the same material. Fichu spencer of black satin or velvet; the fichu points edged round with a rich cordon of black and pink entwined, and terminating by a pink tassel: the tops of the sleeves and cuffs trimmed to correspond. Long elastic scarf of pink net, with very rich white silk tassels. Bonnet to answer the spencer, with battlement edge of pink satin, and ornamented with a small plume of black ostrich feathers; from which depends, on the left side, a beautiful pleureuse feather. Black satin slippers, Limerick gloves, and pink ridicule." From La Belle Assemblée (Dec 1820).
1820 - Evening dress: "Round dress of celestial blue gros-de-Naples, made partially high, and trimmed down the front and round the border with Jabots volans, with satin rouleaux between the surrounding Jabots. (A drapery scarf shawl of Lyonese silk is often thrown in graceful folds over this dress.) Hat of quadrille gauze of celestial blue and black, with superb plumage of blue marabout feathers: the hair arranged underneath à-l'Anglaise, with a white satin bow in front. Necklace and ear-rings of rubies: carved ivory fan dyed yellow, with a space left white, which is elegantly painted en medallion. Shoes of blue gros-de-Naples, and white kid long gloves." From La Belle Assemblée (Dec 1820).
Rachel Knowles writes clean/Christian historical romance set in the time of Jane Austen. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew.
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Sources used include:
Ackermann, Rudolph, The Repository of Arts, Literature, Commerce, Manufactures, Fashions and Politics (various)
Bell, John, La Belle Assemblée (John Bell, 1806-1837, London)
Labels: Ackermann's Repository, Georgian fashion, La Belle Assemblée, Regency Christmas, Regency fashion
The blacksmith's shop at Gretna Green - a Regency History guide
Anvil in the main marriage room of the blacksmith's shop, Gretna Green
Where is Gretna Green?
Gretna Green is a village in the Scottish county of Dumfries and Galloway, just over the border from England.
What is so special about Gretna Green?
Gretna Green is famous for the huge number of couples who eloped there to get married. After Hardwicke's Marriage Act came into force in 1754, couples under the age of 21 needed parental consent to get married. As this law did not apply in Scotland, couples who wanted to wed without this consent fled to the border and were married before their parents could stop them. As the first village in Scotland on the main post road from London, Gretna Green became a popular destination for eloping couples.
You can read more about why people ran away to Gretna in my earlier post: Why did Regency lovers elope to Gretna Green?
The blacksmith's shop, Gretna Green
The blacksmith's shop
Many of the runaway couples were married over the anvil in the blacksmith's shop. The handfasting (1) ceremony was conducted by one of the self-appointed 'anvil priests' who would bring his hammer down on the anvil as he completed the marriage ceremony. It was a very lucrative business. The eloping couples were typically well off and in such a hurry to get married that the anvil priest could charge a substantial fee for obliging them. Once the ceremony had taken place, the marriage was legally binding.
The main marriage room in the blacksmith's shop, Gretna Green
The anvil priests
The most famous anvil priests during the Georgian period were:
Joseph Paisley (anvil priest 1754-1814)
Joseph Paisley was an ex-tobacconist and smuggler, renowned for his strength. He became a blacksmith, but quickly recognised that it was more lucrative to marry eloping couples and became one of the first blacksmith priests in 1754. Despite becoming immensely fat and addicted to drink, he continued to conduct marriage ceremonies until his death in 1814.
David Lang (anvil priest 1792-1827)
David Lang was Paisley's nephew. He was pressganged into the British Navy as a young man and then captured by the American pirate John Paul Jones and made part of his crew. He escaped from Jones' ship when it was near the Solway coast, swimming to the shore near Gretna.
In 1792, he became a rival blacksmith priest and was known as Bishop Lang because of the clerical style of dress he adopted. Like his uncle, he had a reputation for drinking too much. He was the anvil priest responsible for marrying Ellen Turner to her abductor, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, in the notorious Shrigley abduction and gave evidence at the trial in 1827. He died the same year.
David Lang - picture from the blacksmith's
museum, Gretna Green
Simon Lang (anvil priest 1827-1872)
Simon Lang was David Lang's son and took over from his father in 1827. When the number of marriages started decreasing, he supplemented his income from the wedding business with weaving and smuggling, but he continued as an anvil priest until his death in 1872.
Robert Elliot (anvil priest 1814-1840)
Robert Elliot was a farmer's son who worked for a stagecoach company. In 1811, he married Paisley's granddaughter, Ann Graham, in the parish church at Gretna Green. He became Paisley's assistant in the marriage business and took over from him on his death in 1814.
In his memoirs, Elliot claimed to have performed between 4,000 and 8,000 marriage ceremonies before he retired from the business in 1840. However, some of the other facts in his memoirs were clearly wrong, so it is hard to know how accurate this figure is and impossible to confirm one way or the other as his registers, and those of Paisley, were destroyed in a fire.
The end of runaway marriages
Travelling chariot in the museum at the blacksmith's shop, Gretna Green
In 1856, the Marriage (Scotland) Act was passed which changed the law in Scotland. At least one of the people getting married now had to live in Scotland for a minimum of 21 days before they could get married. There was still no need of parental consent for underage couples, but the residency requirement made runaway matches much less appealing as parents had plenty of time to catch their errant offspring.
The number of eloping couples dwindled and Gretna Green's once thriving marriage industry petered away.
The blacksmith's shop gets a new lease of life
Sign on blacksmith's shop, Gretna Green
It is unlikely that we would be so familiar with the Gretna Green story if it wasn't for Hugh Mackie. Back in the 1880s, he bought the Gretna estate, including the famous blacksmith's shop, and founded the family business which still runs Gretna Green today, promoting it as a romantic tourist spot.
The blacksmith's shop remained a popular wedding venue until 1940 when an Act of Parliament made handfasting (1) ceremonies illegal, though some couples still liked to have a blessing over the anvil.
Today, the blacksmith's shop at Gretna Green is once again in high demand as a romantic place to get married with over 1000 weddings taking place there every year. Scottish law now allows couples to get married over the anvil in either a religious or civil ceremony and, since the residency requirement no longer applies (2), Gretna Green is the obvious romantic destination for eloping couples.
Arch outside the blacksmith's shop, Gretna Green
What can you see today?
The blacksmith's shop is part museum, part wedding venue. The museum is not expensive, but when I walked into the room initially, I was somewhat disappointed. There are a number of signboards telling the Gretna Green story, together with a couple of room sets (including one with a spinning wheel set up some years ago by my mother-in-law), a few costumes and various documents displayed on the walls.
The museum at the blacksmith's shop, Gretna Green
A room depicting a household scene with a spinning wheel set up by
my mother-in-law in the blacksmith's shop museum, Gretna Green
At the end of the room is the way through to the anvil room. While we were parking our car, we saw one couple who had just been married, but by the time we were in the museum, another ceremony was already in progress. We were told that people were only allocated half hour slots!
Between weddings (there was another wedding group waiting to come in!), we had a few brief moments in the anvil room, enabling us to grab a few pictures. At this stage, I decided that the few pounds I had paid were probably worth it. After all, I had managed to see where the famous runaway weddings had taken place.
With my hand on the anvil
at the blacksmith's shop, Gretna Green
But there was more to come. Beyond the entrance to the anvil room, there were more marriage rooms, each with their own anvil. There are a lot of anvils in Gretna, both inside and out!
Another marriage room in the
blacksmith's shop, Gretna Green
And the museum continued. There was a collection of horse-drawn vehicles, including a travelling chariot (shown above), a barouche, a Brougham and a stagecoach. I was not expecting this and it was a lovely surprise.
Barouche, blacksmith's shop museum, Gretna Green
Brougham, blacksmith's shop museum, Gretna Green
Stagecoach, blacksmith's shop museum, Gretna Green
Outside, there are various shops and the newest attraction—the Courtship Maze. Not much to look at yet, but I expect it will prove to be a nice addition to the complex when the hedges are fully grown.
Entrance to Courtship Maze, Gretna Green
If you are looking for a romantic and historic venue for a wedding, what better place than Gretna Green!
Rear entrance into courtyard outside
(1) A handfasting ceremony simply required a couple to declare their intention to marry in front of witnesses and was a legal form of marriage in Scotland until 1940.
(2) The residency requirement established by the 1856 Marriage (Scotland) Act requiring at least one party to a marriage to live in Scotland for 21 days before the wedding could take place was abolished in 1977.
Glasgow University website
Gretna Green website
Parliament website
All photographs © www.regencyhistory.net
Labels: elopement, Gretna Green, marriage, museum, travelling chariot
Rachel Knowles Author
I write clean/Christian Regency era romance and historical non-fiction. This blog is where I share my research and Regency book reviews.
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text:
Pyongyang Postcard: First Cracks Appear In North Korea's Wall Of Ice
Behind the rigidity of its political system, the North Korean capital offers evidence of a slow evolution, from construction projects to an emerging underground economy. Will Kim Jong-un accelerate the evolution or nip it in the bud? A close-up look.
A view from Pyongyang's Taedong River (David Stanley)
GeopoliticsSourcesLE TEMPSUnited KingdomCountries
Philippe Pons
PYONGYANG – Kim Jong-il's death on Dec. 17 briefly interrupted a frantic construction frenzy in Pyongyang. The city had been busily preparing for upcoming centennial celebrations of his father and North Korea's founder and "Great leader," Kim Il-sung. The April 15 event is supposed to usher in a new era of "strength and prosperity" for North Korea. Blocked streets, road repair, renovating facades, new buildings: the whole city is one big open construction site.
To a mix of music and chants coming out of giant loudspeakers, thousands of men and women, including soldiers, are hard at work. Despite the heavy machinery, shovels, picks and manpower are still king. "When Korea decides, everything is possible!" reads a banner. But at what price? The skeleton of the principal building project has been finished thanks to a steady pace of "two stories a day," but no one will say how many accidents there have been.
The building, a monumental glass and steel pyramid known as the Ryukyong Hotel, dominates the city as a symbol of Pyongyang's renaissance. It is one of the world's tallest buildings, at 300 meters and 105 floors. Construction began in 1987 but was suspended four years later. For two decades, this gigantic building was just a cement skeleton that made a great home for birds, a symbol of the difficulties the country was facing: economic downturn and famine. But work picked up again in 2008. And though for now the pyramid is still an empty shell, at least 25 stories of the inside should be finished by April.
Hustle bustle
With its bright lights, Pyongyang at night doesn't look like the capital of a country with a dismal economy whose population is struggling to survive. The number of foreign cars is growing, markets selling food, clothes and household appliances are full. Roughly 10,000 customers a day visit the Tongil market, the capital's largest. In the center of the city, a 6,000-square-meter store has opened. It sells imported luxury products: electronics, clothes and cosmetics. Foreign goods are imported legally but also through the black market.
There are about one million cell phones in service for a population of 24 million people. Except for the elite, most North Koreans can't afford them. Still, demand is growing, according to Orascom, an Egyptian operator. The service covers the whole country and gives access to official websites, starting with the official party newspaper Rodong Sinmun.
There are actually two networks: one without access to the outside world and another one, reserved to foreigners, through which people can make and receive international calls. The two networks aren't connected to each other. Foreign cell phones are checked in when entering the country and given back upon leaving.
Amusement parks, new theaters, movie houses, restaurants, western-dressed women passing by a propaganda poster promising a radiant socialist future: the atmosphere in Pyongyang is changing, though the fear of repression is still very much alive in a country known for its prison camps.
Indeed Pyongyang is largely just a showcase, where regime elites live by robbing the country's resources. It hardly offers an accurate reflection of the situation elsewhere in the country. "North Korea is seen abroad as a country whose population is starving, a Stalinist state in decline," says Andrei Lankov, a North Korea expert at the Kookmin University in Seoul, South Korea. "Like all stereotypes, these assessments aren't completely false, but very simplistic. The situation is much more complex."
A study in contrasts
Until the early 1990s, living standards were limited but overall homogenous. Privileges existed but were barely visible. Today, the gap between those who benefit from the system and those who're struggling to survive is blatant.
In Pyongyang, evidence of that gap abounds. Every morning and evening there are lines of men and women queuing to get a seat on a bus or in the back of a truck, while others walk for miles. Some markets are overcrowded, while along the sidewalks, vegetable stands operated by women who trek into the city every morning are nearly empty. These women are the bottom of the heap in the de facto free market economy that emerged following the famine in the late 1990s.
After North Korea's public delivery system crashed, the population's survival depended on the black market, which was initially tolerated. Then, the leadership started following the trend, conceding more autonomy to State companies and monetizing economic activity through the 2002 reforms. There were gains and losses, marked by waves of repression, but the underground economy gave birth to paralegal initiatives like an underground currency exchange, and the practice of linking "private" factories to State companies: an economy that developed so well now seems irreversible.
The brand new investment group Daepung, which is hoping to attract foreign funds, is a symbol of the current transformation. It is directly linked to the National Defense Commission – one of the State's supreme organs, which was lead by Kim Jong-il – and is autonomous enough to "combine political principles and economic imperatives," says its vice-president, Ju Kuang-cho. "Let's just say we are flexible."
This underground economy, which isn't regulated since the only system that officially exists is the socialist one, has severely widened inequalities between those who are "going with the flow" and those whose survival depends on the rationing system. Add to that another major inequality: access to political connections, without which nothing gets done in North Korea. Bribes are necessary for any transaction. Though the criminal code was updated in 2004 and 2007, multiplying by three the number of economic misdemeanors, the leadership does take part in business.
To stabilize North Korea's current transition, Kim Jong-il's successor, Kim Jong-un, will have to regulate the new economy without choking it. He'll also have to begin tending to the needs of a population that struggled mightily under his father. Social inequalities can only feed discontent. Although repression has so far managed to keep the population's dissatisfaction under wraps, the growing inequalities – if they aren't improved – could undermine the socialist ideals the regime has been surviving on.
Photo - David Stanley
Based in Lausanne, Le Temps ("The Times") is one of Switzerland's top French-language dailies. It was founded in 1998 as a merger among various newspapers: Journal de Geneve, Gazette de Lausanne and Le Nouveau Quotidien.
Hey ChatGPT, Are You A Google Killer? That's The Wrong Prompt People
Reports that the new AI natural-language chatbot is a threat to Google's search business fails to see that the two machines serve very different functions.
Mind blowing power
FutureUNDARK SourcesIdeasCountriesUnited States
Tristan Greene
Since OpenAI unveiled ChatGPT to the world last November, people have wasted little time finding imaginative uses for the eerily human-like chatbot. They have used it to generate code, create Dungeons & Dragons adventures and converse on a seemingly infinite array of topics.
Now some in Silicon Valley are speculating that the masses might come to adopt the ChatGPT-style bots as an alternative to traditional internet searches.
Microsoft, which made an early $1 billion investment in OpenAI, plans to release an implementation of its Bing search engine that incorporates ChatGPT before the end of March. According to a recent article in The New York Times, Google has declared "code red" over fears ChatGPT could pose a significant threat to its $149-billion-dollar-a-year search business.
Could ChatGPT really be on the verge of disrupting the global search engine industry?
It's doubtful. ChatGPT is good at what it does — generating what appears to be knowledge in a conversational manner — but a search engine it is not. It responds to prompts like you might expect a really smart person to, even if it can't directly answer your questions.
Superhuman librarian vs psychic of the past
It makes some sense that Google might see chat, were it to be widely adopted as a search tool, as a threat to its business model. It's much easier to incorporate advertisements into listed search results than into chatbot responses. If fewer people are doing conventional search, that could potentially have a serious effect on Google's bottom line. But the real question here is: Can ChatGPT even be used to do Google-like searches?
To understand the answer, let's compare the two technologies.
Google and similar search engines are essentially superhuman librarians. They can find any internet site you want and recommend other potentially related sites, typically in just a fraction of a second. Then it's up to you to decide whether or not those sites are good sources for what you're trying to accomplish.
ChatGPT is less like a librarian than like a psychic.
ChatGPT, on the other hand, is less like a librarian than like a psychic who claims to commune with the dead. Its most glaring flaw as an internet search tool is that it can't connect to the internet — at least, not to the internet post-2021.
That renders ChatGPT useless for answering most search queries. The most searched terms on Google are consistently those related to breaking news and to local or personal information such as places to eat, banking info, and stock market websites — queries that require accurate, up-to-date information.
Screenshot from ChatGPT/OpenAI
Undark
Even if chatbots could trawl the internet in real time — a feat that technology experts have not yet figured out how to achieve — they would likely prove to be poor go-betweens for internet searches.
That's because models such as ChatGPT are trained to "hallucinate" text. They don't search their databases for relevant passages and regurgitate or reword them. Rather, they use a process much like the autocomplete function on your phone to build responses one word at a time.
These models don't understand what they're outputting any more than an ink pen does. If you ask ChatGPT the same query during five different sessions, you may get five different answers, possibly contradicting one another. Adding the ability for the chatbot to access the internet in real time won't make these "hallucinations" any more accurate or reliable.
Add to that list of shortcomings the fact that chatbot language generation is incredibly slow, compared to search engines. For example, when I Google searched "explain string theory," the query returned 55.7 million results curated by relevance in less than a second. The same prompt, when I gave it to ChatGPT, took anywhere from about 15 to 90 seconds to resolve depending on how verbose the model chose to be at a given moment.
Even if the chatbots could respond more quickly, their paragraph-format responses aren't exactly ideal for readers who want to process a lot of information quickly. Once the novelty of chatting with a robot wears off, most humans will likely go back to wanting their information delivered fast and in easy-to-parse lists.
You don't have to take my word for all of this. Even ChatGPT itself doesn't seem to think it poses much threat to Google:
So why all the fuss in Silicon Valley about ChatGPT and search?
Most likely, it seems, ChatGPT-style bots will be paired with existing search engines to offer a user interface that serves both traditional search engine queries and chatbot prompts. That's the model that was adopted by You.com, a boutique search engine that launched its own GPT-like chatbot in December.
There's something fun and exciting about communicating with a robot.
Rather than replacing the traditional You.com search experience, the new "YouChat" feature merely appears as a link beneath the search bar. The innovation here is putting two very different AI-powered apps on the same page. It's probably safe to assume that Microsoft will do something similar when it integrates ChatGPT into Bing this spring.
That being said, there's something fun and exciting about communicating with a robot that passes our personal Turing Tests. And some folks, when asking the kinds of questions that chat is good at answering, might prefer the conversational, colloquial touch of chat to the cold utilitarianism of listed results — even if it comes at the expense of accuracy. ChatGPT is a lot of fun to play with and, with further development, it may even have a bright future as a digital assistant.
But that doesn't mean chatbots will revolutionize the world's most popular search engine, much less replace it. For now, they are too slow and too stupid to be useful for much more than entertainment purposes. Saying that ChatGPT is a threat to Google's search engine is like saying podcasts will replace universities. There's certainly some user overlap, but the technologies serve entirely different purposes.
Tristan Greene is a freelance futurist, U.S. Navy veteran, and technology journalist covering artificial intelligence and quantum computing.
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Merck`s Transformation
04.26.12Schaffer Consulting
Simplicity Driven Transformation: An Interview with Tom Hall, Executive Director of Corporate Strategy at Merck
Tom Hall has worked closely with Merck executive management to support the execution of Merck`s transformation efforts since the monumental Schering-Plough merger of 2009. Schaffer`s Daniel Dworkin spoke with Tom in April to discuss Merck`s change vision and how he and his team are turning simplicity into an engine for growth.
What is Merck`s transformation vision and how has it evolved?
Our transformation vision is to become the world`s leading healthcare company. Our Executive Committee went through a very active process to develop this vision, an effort that began well before the Schering-Plough merger. As we approached the combination, the leadership came up with a clear merger intent and a number of practical steps to ensure we were on track to achieve our goals. We`ve adapted our vision in response to changes in the global environment. Specifically, we embarked on an effort about a year ago to drive simplification efforts throughout the business. By taking work out of the system, we aim to continue to fuel growth, improve productivity, and achieve cost savings.
How did Merck determine its transformation strategy and objectives?
When we started to go down the path, we engaged in a collaborative process driven by the Chairman and CEO to reach out to senior executives throughout the company to get their sense of where the business needed to go. We relied heavily on their feedback, as well as the input of the broader employee population. We also looked at our business from the outside in to ensure we understood where the market and the world were going, and how to position Merck most effectively to compete.
How would you describe Schaffer`s contribution to Merck`s transformation?
Schaffer has played an important role in helping us achieve our transformation vision – particularly around how to speed up the process. They`ve brought real, practical skills in the simplification arena that helped us determine the right levers to pull to move forward. Together, we identified and executed a series of enterprise level priorities that had a meaningful impact in a short period of time. In parallel, we embarked on an effort to build simplification capability within the organization. Schaffer was instrumental in getting those skills in place for our teams.
What role has cross-silo collaboration played in supporting your transformation efforts?
Cross-functional collaboration has been a real enabler. Merck has talented individuals with incredible work ethic. But real power comes from collaboration. It`s critical to ensure we get the best answers to the challenges we face, and to do that we all have to be on the same page. We`re taking a number of steps to break down barriers. For example, we`re changing our incentive structure to ensure we`re rewarding the right behaviors. We`re also working hard to ensure we`re pulling in the right teams to address the challenges at hand. There`s a training component involved too – you have to teach people how to get the best out of one another.
In the end, it`s all about finding a way to make it happen – providing employees the right opportunities and making effective collaboration a part of what we do every day.
What role has innovation played in driving Merck`s transformation?
Innovation has been a lynchpin of Merck`s success going back decades. As a research-based organization it is easy to think of innovation solely in terms of scientific innovation. We`re pushing to expand how we frame up innovation to also include how we think about the business. We approach it by creating test environments, experimenting with options to improve processes, and determining what works to pull through. Giving employees the freedom to fail is key. We do this through communication, and through frequent check-ins with leaders to discuss progress and get rapid feedback on ideas that we`re pursuing.
What`s the single most important lesson you`ve learned in helping to push Merck`s transformation forward?
There needs to be a willingness to challenge the status quo – even at a time when your company is doing well. Transformation is pretty straightforward when it`s change or die. Merck is not in that position. We`re doing well, but we`re trying to do even better.
Growth at a Leading Office Products Manufacturer
Creating Physician Leaders for 21st Century Healthcare
For Successful Change, Start With The Last Mile
Robert Schaffer at the 2016 Global Leadership Forum


The board of patrons of the Fundació Orfeó Català-Palau de la Música Catalana, is made up of 22 members and is chaired by the president of the Orfeó Català Association , by virtue of this position.
The Board of Trustees is a collective body made up of 22 members: the person who holds the Chair of the Orfeó Català; ten trustees, designated by the Board of Directors of the Orfeó Català, at the proposal of the Chair; eight of which designated from among the members of the Board of Directors of the Orfeó Català and two trustees designated from among the members of the Orfeó Català with renowned prestige in the cultural, economic and social sphere; these two trustees shall in all cases be designated with the consent of the Board of Patronage. The other eight Board members are designated by the Board of Patronage, while the three remaining members are representatives of public authorities: Catalonia Autonomous Community Government, Barcelona City Council and Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport.


The Chief Executive of the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) Ros Kerslake, has been visiting Bolsover District Council's £10m New Bolsover, New Beginnings project to see how it is progressing.
Ros and her colleagues enjoyed a brief presentation which outlined the history of the project and highlighted the achievements so far. She then went on a tour of the Model Village project which was, Procured through EEM Ltd. Her visit included a tour of one of the community engagement projects called the "Pumpkin Patch" and a peek inside properties currently under refurbishment.
The Model Village is seeing major investment in the three-year project that is providing essential repairs and original architectural features restored.
Thanks to the help of the National Lottery players', Bolsover District Council is restoring and upgrading New Bolsover Model Village which was built by the Bolsover Colliery Company in 1891 to accommodate its workforce and is a lasting legacy to the coal mining industry which dominated life in the town from 1891 to 1993.
The project has also seen an innovative community development programme to encourage local people and participants alike to feel proud of their local area and appreciate its rich history.
Chief Executive of the HLF, Ros Kerslake OBE said. "I was delighted to get the chance to visit this visionary project, and to see how National Lottery players' support is helping to preserve and important part of the UK's coal mining heritage. New Bolsover represents a great example of how to successfully engage the local community in restoration and repair".
Approx £10million is being spent on the project which is made up of £8million from Bolsover District Council's Housing Revenue Account (HRA), £1.9million from Heritage Lottery Fund and £40k from Derbyshire County Council.


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Back to the Network Blog
Building a Partnership between Public Health and Law Enforcement
posted on Mon, Dec 19 2011 9:34 am by Shannon O'Fallon
Despite overlapping goals and responsibilities, public health officials and law enforcement are often unclear on how to access and utilize each other's services. The lack of collaboration became especially clear to me in 2010, when Oregon participated in the Social Distancing Law Project sponsored by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and directed by the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials. The Social Distancing Law Project provided tools to jurisdictions to: assess the sufficiency of the legal authorities to enforce social distancing; test the capacity to coordinate social distancing measures (like closing schools and public gatherings) across multiple agencies and jurisdictions; and identify potential opportunities to improve response capacity. The process clarified that law enforcement needs to better understand public health laws and its role in enforcing those laws. We also discovered that public health officials do not understand how to utilize assistance from law enforcement. For example, local health departments did not know how to seek assistance from a police officer in order to locate an individual under an isolation or quarantine order.
With the support of Oregon's Public Health Preparedness Program, I collaborated with Josephine County (Southern Oregon) on a model memorandum of understanding (MOU). The MOU established the roles and responsibilities of public health officials and law enforcement in enforcing public health laws.
The local public health authority in Josephine County was ready and willing to participate. The preparedness coordinator helped form a small workgroup made up of county and city law enforcement, an attorney for the county and state and local public health officials. I wrote up a draft MOU using CDC's Menu of Suggested Provisions for Public Health Mutual Aid Agreements leaving the substantive terms of the MOU blank. The draft was shared with the workgroup and we met for a one day face-to-face meeting to hammer out the details.
It was important that this agreement not just be about how law enforcement can assist public health officials, but also about ways that public health officials can assist law enforcement. The parties came up with great ideas about how to provide law enforcement with information on vaccinations and communicable disease. There was, as you might expect, interesting discussion about the extent to which force can be used by law enforcement when assisting public health officials. In the end it was agreed that law enforcement would not use force unless law enforcement believed reasonable force was necessary to protect themselves, public health officials or the public. After the meeting, I edited the MOU to reflect the discussion and, with minimal back and forth, the parties agreed to sign the document. However, one county commissioner refused to sign the MOU because she disagreed with the state's authority to take private property during an emergency (ORS 401.188, 401.192).
I'm not aware of any other such MOUs and I think this process, at the very least, can be a great starting point for law enforcement and public health officials to engage on a common ground.
This information was developed by Shannon O'Fallon, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Oregon Department of Justice in collaboration with the Network for Public Health Law. The statements made in this blog should not be attributed to the Oregon Health Authority, Public Health Division or the Oregon Department of Justice.
The Network for Public Health Law provides information and technical assistance on issues related to public health. The legal information and assistance provided in this document does not constitute legal advice or legal representation. For legal advice, readers should consult a lawyer in their state.


Q. How does the PMAc differ from other MAc programs?
The PMAc is a cohort program wherein a student goes through the accelerated 16-month program with a peer group of professionals and executives with diverse work and educational backgrounds.
Q. How long will it take to complete each session?
Q. If a student must drop from the PMAc program, is there an opportunity for re-entry?
Yes, depending on the reason for the drop.
Q. Are there any special events for program participants?
Q. How many credit hours are required to complete the PMAc Program?
Q. What is the structure of the Rutgers-Camden PMAc?
Five sessions, and each session will run for 10 weeks, with no more than two courses required for each session. Class are lock-step with a pre-programmed order.
Q. Is a concentration available within the program?
Q. Can a person take Rutgers-Camden PMAc classes without being admitted to the program?
Q. When do the PMAc classes meet?
Q. What times do the PMAc classes meet?
Q. When is the PMAc application deadline?
The program adopts rolling admissions; the earlier you apply, the earlier you get an interview. Deadline for applications extended to August 20, 2018.
To apply online, visit the Rutgers Graduate admissions website.
Q. Is a standardized test required for admission to the PMAc program?
Q. Are standardized test scores ever waived?
Yes. Applicants with exceptional work experience or hold an advanced degree or CPA from the United States should send their resume and a copy of all transcripts or certificates to our graduate office requesting a waiver of test scores. The Associate Dean of Graduate Programs or his/her designee will provide a response within seven working days of the request. Those interested in seeking a GMAT waiver request, please submit your resume and copy of transcripts to https://gmat.camden.rutgers.edu/.
Q. Is work experience required?
Q. Does the application process require an interview?
Yes. The Graduate Office will schedule interviews for qualified applicants.
Q. Can I apply to the PMAc program as a non-degreed or non-matriculated student?
No. A four-year bachelor's degree is required, but it does not have to be in business. A Post Baccalaureate Certificate in Accounting program was designed for students who have earned a bachelor's degree in a non-accounting major, and who have been conditionally accepted in the PMAc program.
48-72 hours after the interview.
Q. Are international student eligible for admission?
There is a flat tuition rate for each cohort. Please contact RutgersPMAc@camden.rutgers.edu forinformation.
Q. What is the payment structure of the tuition?
Once accepted, there is a non-refundable deposit of $2,500 due prior to the first day of class. The remaining tuition will be due in 4 equal segments over the duration of the program. Payments will be due 30 days after completion of each session and grades are posted, except for Session 5 which is due 30 days before the end of the session.
Q. What does the tuition include?
Tuition, fees, textbooks, parking, program gatherings and cap & gown.
Q. Can I apply to financial aid for the PMAc program?
Yes. You may qualify for federal assistance. Please visit our Financial Aid Office for more information, visit them online or call (856) 225-6039.
Q. Who can I contact to see if Veteran benefits apply?
Page last updated by School of Business at 9:18 am August 6, 2018 .
This page was printed from http://business.camden.rutgers.edu/pmac/faq/ at 12:58 PM Thursday, April 25, 2019.


2. There is a solid foundation of college physics and mathematics.
3, the ability of language organization is strong, it has certain understanding and opinion to the wheat rice stone.
4, skilled use of software, skilled operation of office software.
5, have team spirit, work carefully and conscientiously.


Phoenix Rising is an App that delivers IMMEDIATE trauma-informed healing tools and resources to survivors of sexual assault no matter where they are on their healing journey.
To make high-quality trauma-informed healing resources readily available to anyone affected by sexual assault, so that they may RISE and (re)claim their power.
Trauma lives in the body long after the initial incident or moment(s) of crisis and sexual assault trauma can be repressed for years only to showcase itself when triggered. Long-term effects of trauma impact everything from social behavior to the body, to the brain. Without consistent and specific trauma-informed healing resources, a survivor can suffer their entire life leading to a fragmented life.
In the United States, 1 in 3 women and 1 in 6 men have experienced some form of sexual violence in their lifetime.
After Dr. Ford's testimony crisis lines reported an increase of calls upwards of 200-700%.
For far too long, trauma healing has been a lifestyle commodity outside the reach of many of the people who need it the most. High-quality trauma-informed healing resources tend to live in spaces of privilege, further widening the divide between whose trauma healing is addressed and the cost of healing is almost always placed on the survivor. These are not long-term solutions.
We have a vision for creating an app that disrupts the narrative of trauma and delivers on-demand healing resources to those that need it most.
In this post #MeToo world, many survivors have been re-traumatized, often realizing for the first time that they too are part of this #MeToo Movement. We need to do all that we can to help facilitate long-term healing NOW.
At Phoenix Rising, we believe in thriving over surviving. 1 in 3 women are or will become survivors and after Dr. Ford's testimony crisis call centers reported an increase of calls up to 200-700%.
We are living in a cycle of trauma and retraumatization with limited access to long-term healing for the majority. We need Healing NOW.
Female Founded Startups are deeply underfunded, 2% of Female Founders get Venture Capital Dollars. Furthermore, Female VCs are limited. 9 % of women are VCs. Phoenix Rising bridges the inequities in Tech with the inequities in access to trauma-informed care & healing.
We have a VISION for change and we believe that belongs in OUR hands at this time.
We are crowdfunding to raise funds to build the beta version of this app so that we may move into testing in early 2019.
We believe in our vision for offering new solutions to sexual violence healing.
We have a design team, an advisory board of trauma-informed leaders, and developers in the Bay Area ready to build our beta app but we need YOUR help.
Join the Phoenixes on the Rise. Join this Movement of HEALING!
Help us build this app! No donation is too small, no effort unappreciated. Share our vision with your networks and help us RISE!
Melissa Barker is a scholarly activist, educator, and change agent in the San Francisco Bay Area. In 2018 she founded The Phoenix Project, a social impact startup focused on empowering survivors of sexual violence while connecting survivors to healing resources. The Phoenix Rising App is the most recent initiative under the Phoenix umbrella.
Melissa is a Title IX advocate, filing her own narrative with 31 survivors of assault at UC Berkeley for a federal Title IX investigation with the Office of Civil Rights. During the four-year-long investigation, Melissa became familiar with the case analysis of sexual assault/sexual violence as well as Title IX violations on college campuses. She uses her experiences to help advocate for those silenced by an often-confusing landscape. Melissa believes in giving back to her community; she currently serves on the Board of Directors for STAND!, a nonprofit that supports survivors of violence in the Bay Area. She is also a Wing Woman, joining as a founding member of the San Francisco Wing.
Melissa holds a B.A. from UC Berkeley in Interdisciplinary Studies, an M.A. from Saint Mary's College in Leadership Studies for Social Justice and she is pursuing her Doctorate in Educational Leadership at Saint Mary's College of California. Her Doctoral research focuses on healing for survivors in this post #MeToo world.
Your support means everything to us. Thank you for believing in our vision, thank you for helping us expand our wings.
Book a PRIVATE Mani Party for up to 18 of your BFFs with High Five.
High Five is a reimagined nail salon empowering women on both sides of the manicure table. We bring the salon to you, offering snappy 30-minute manicures that fit seamlessly into your day, while providing fair compensation and meaningful career opportunities for our team. We're based in the Bay Area and host pop-up events at companies, retail stores, fitness studios, sororities, and private parties.
Thank you for helping us spread our Wings. We appreciate you!
Art by Kayla Barker (our Founder's daughter) Lucky you! Kayla hand drew this piece as an original for the Phoenix Insta. We'll send it to you as a digital download for your personal collection.
Three badass and fierce playlists curated on Spotify to take you through the Burn, Ash, and Rise.
"Not Your Babe" Custom Tee only for the Phoenix Rising Campaign! Get yours now.
Gift this to yourself, or a Phoenix in your life. Includes tee, tote, digital art print, the Spotify playlists & a beautiful book about self-love & healing by Anna Cecilia, The Phoenix Project's Lead Designer.
Gift this to yourself, or a Phoenix in your life. Includes tee, tote, digital art download, Spotify playlists & Maxie McCoy's Boss Babe book, You're Not Lost: An Inspired Action Plan for Finding Your Own Way.
Phoenixes Who Lunch at The Wing!
Come have lunch at The Wing, SF with Melissa.
Our Insta is a work of Art! Learn how to collage your own Instagram from the FEMALE only creative team of Phoenix. Package includes two webinars and one 15 minute q & a session with Melissa. If you are ready to take your Insta game to the next level this package is for you!
You are in our corner and for that, we are eternally grateful! To show our appreciation we will gift you a Phoenix Rising Swag bag!
YOU are part of the magic! To show our appreciation we will gift you a Phoenix Rising Swag Bag as well as reach out to see how we can personally thank you.


Democrats Need to Decide: Is College a Right or a Commodity?
TWEET OF THE DAY: When Donald Trump calls your wife ugly and accuses your dad of killing JFK and you speak at his convention anyway pic.twitter.com/ktssb9tq04 — Dan Amira (@DanAmira) July 14, 2016 RUTH BADER GINSBERG EXPRESSES REGRET OVER HER TRUMP COMMENTS: Why, oh why did she insert herself into the election? Sad! A GUIDE TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: Happy Bastille Day! Here is a good FAQ for all things French Revolution. IF WAL-MART CAN'T BRING MANUFACTURING BACK TO AMERICA, HOW CAN TRUMP?


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Polish education
The President: European Union has taken historic decisions on EU candidate status for Ukraine and Moldova
President Gitanas Nausėda continues his visit to the European Council in Brussels. On Thursday, the European leaders agreed to grant EU candidate status to Ukraine and Moldova.
Recovery plans: MEPs push for wise use of money, democratic oversight
Countries should use the more than €700 billion available under EU recovery plans to adapt to new social and economic realities, MEPs say.
The President met with OSCE Secretary General
On Tuesday, President Gitanas Nausėda met with Secretary General of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Helga Maria Schmid.
Statement on the transit of sanctioned goods by rail to and from Kaliningrad
On 20 June, a meeting was held at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania with the Chargé d'Affaires ad interim of the Russian Federation to Lithuania, Sergey Ryabokon. The Russian diplomat was handed a diplomatic note explaining the European Union's restrictive measures that apply to restricted goods of specific categories in transit by rail to and from Kaliningrad.
Coming up: green deal, gas reserves, Ukraine
MEPs will vote on plans to cut carbon emissions, boost gas storage and support for countries hosting Ukrainian refugees in the 22-23 June plenary session.
The NATO Summit in Madrid
"The NATO Summit in Madrid must send a very clear message to Russia – our commitment to defend every inch of our allies' territory is not just words and is backed by strong measures", said Minister of National Defence A. Anušauskas at the NATO Defence Ministerial.
The President: Synchronization is an inherent part of EU energy independence
On Monday, President Gitanas Nausėda met with the European Commissioner for Energy, Kadri Simson. The President and the EU Commissioner discussed synchronization and European energy independence.
EU summit: MEPs welcome further sanctions against Russia
MEPs welcomed the unity and additional sanctions delivered by the European Council but called for more arms to Ukraine and more attention to those struggling within the EU.
Coming up in plenary: climate action, Ukraine, cinema
Parliament will vote on plans to reduce carbon emissions, discuss EU support for Ukraine and host the LUX Audience Award ceremony at its plenary session on 6-9 June.
The President at EU summit: European Union agrees on sixth round of sanctions against Russia
On Monday, President Gitanas Nausėda attended a special meeting of the European Council in Brussels. Monday's session was devoted to discussing the Russian war in Ukraine, assisting and rebuilding Ukraine, and sanctions against Russia.
Place for your add
© 2013 All rights reserved to the public enterprise 'L24plius'.
Copying, reproducing or distributing the information is allowed only with the written consent of the public enterprise 'L24plius'.


The Haynesville Shale rig count was unchanged at 26 last week. Louisiana held at 21 and Texas was unchanged at five. The only action of note was the movement of a Chesapeake rig from Caddo to Sabine Parish in Louisiana.


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Information Technology and Data Protection
Sensitive Data in UK Law
Topic overview Legislation 329 Books & journal articles 9462 Law firm commentaries 1253
....... (3) In addition, where the processing for any of the law enforcement purposes is sensitive processing, the processing is permitted only in the two cases set out in subsections (4) and (5). . (4) The first case is where— . (a) (a) the ......
The Data Protection (Processing of Sensitive Personal Data) Order 2012
The Data Protection (Processing of Sensitive Personal Data) (Elected Representatives) (Amendment) Order 2010
Can you keep a secret? As a result of key decisions by the UK's information commissioners, firms competing for public contracts could routinely use the law to extract sensitive data on rival bidders. As "the public interest" increasingly outweighs the case for confidentiality, Neil Hodge considers how to shield your affairs from prying eyes.
Núm. 2007, Septiembre - Diciembre 2007
Financial Management (UK)
Hodge, Neil
...[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] When the Freedom of Information Act 2000 came into force on January 1, 2005, public bodies such as NHS trusts and district councils braced themselves for a deluge of public requests for information. Yet private companies--tot......
Ethics in the virtual world
Núm. 5-1, Agosto 2007
Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society
Purpose: The purpose of this viewpoint paper is to provide an overview of three papers included in a Special Issue of the Journal of Information Communication Ethics and Society, entitled Ethics in...
......: the explosion in the number of opportunities for accessingsensitive data in the health sector; the risks inherent in designing information systems ... in the number of opportunities foraccessing confidential and sensitive data that are afforded by the digital mediation ofdata, particularly in ......
Semantic Disclosure Control: semantics meets data privacy
Núm. 42-3, Junio 2018
Purpose: To overcome the limitations of purely statistical approaches to data protection, the purpose of this paper is to propose Semantic Disclosure Control (SeDC): an inherently semantic privacy ...
......Then, SeDC ispresented by detailing how it can be enforced to detect and protect sensitive data.Findings –So far, data privacy has been tackled from a statistical perspective; that is, available solutionsfocus just on the distribution of ......
Ethnic Profiling: A Rising Challenge for European Human Rights Law
Núm. 71-3, Mayo 2008
Ethnic profiling, defined as the use of racial, ethnic or religious background as a determining criterion for the adoption of law enforcement decisions, has been rising significantly in Europe, in ...
......Against the widely held assumption that personal data" protection legislation is insu⁄cie ntly protecti ve of 'sensitive\xE2\x80"......
Information Commissioner's Office Fines Transgender Charity For Data Protection Breach Exposing Sensitive Personal Data
Leicestershire County Council In Sensitive Personal Data Breach
Mondaq United Kingdom
Ouch - Torbay CT Made To Be More Than Sensitive Over Data Breach
Health Company Fined by UK's Information Commissioner Office
Last week, the UK's Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) published a monetary penalty notice which fined a private healthcare company, HCA International, £200,000 for its failure to keep sensiti...
...... company, HCA International, £200,000 for its failure to keep sensitive data secure. In this instance, several data protection compliance issues ......


12-16,123. Cities and counties prohibited from requiring lists of tenants; exceptions. (a) As used in this section, "municipality" means any city or county or agency, department or other division of a city or county.
(b) Except as provided by subsection (c) and as necessary to comply with the Kansas offender registration act, K.S.A. 22-4901 et seq., and amendments thereto, no municipality shall adopt or enforce an ordinance or resolution which requires any landlord to provide to such municipality a list of names of any tenants of such landlord.
(c) A municipality may require a landlord to provide to the municipality a list of the names of tenants occupying the landlord's property if a citation for a violation of an ordinance or resolution adopted to protect the public health, safety or welfare has occurred on such property. Such list shall not be required to be provided until at least 30 days following the date of the issuance of a citation. Such list shall not be required if the landlord complies with the provisions of such ordinance or resolution.
History: L. 2001, ch. 147, § 2; July 1.


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Q: Is a node in a tree considered its own ancestor? I'm wondering what the consensus is on the definition of "ancestor" in a computer science context.
I only ask because in Introduction to Algorithms, Second Edition, p. 259 there is a description of the algorithm Tree-Successor(x) that seems odd. In finding the successor of node x,

[...] if the right subtree of node x is empty and x has a successor y, then y is the lowest ancestor of x whose left child is also an ancestor of x.

In a binary search tree with a root having key 2 and children 1 and 3, the successor of 1 is its parent 2. In this case, x is the left child of x's successor, y. According to the book's definition, then, x must be its own ancestor, unless I'm missing something.
I haven't found anything in the errata about this.

A:
Is a node in a tree considered its own ancestor?

Not normally, AFAIK.  For example, in the Wikipedia page on binary trees, ancestor is defined thus:

If a path exists from node p to node q, where node p is closer to the root node than q, then p is an ancestor of q and q is a descendant  of p.

But apparently that text book's definition of ancestor is such that a node is its own ancestor.  This definition is not exactly intuitive, but a textbook is free to introduce its own definitions for the terminology that it uses.  Maybe this definition simplifies some of the related descriptions / theorems / etc.

A: It's merely a matter of definition, but in this case, yes. CLRS define an ancestor of x as any node on the unique path from the root to x, which by definition includes x.
The sentence fragment you quoted begins by mentioning exercise 12.2-6 on the next page, which specifies this:

(Recall that every node is its own ancestor.)

:-)

A: No, a node is not ancestor of itself. According to me it should be: if the right subtree of node x is empty and x has a successor y, then y is the lowest ancestor of x whose left child is either x or an ancestor of x. but the code given in the book supposedly handling such type of cases.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Ewa Monika Zebrowski's work engages with ideas of place and displacement, memory and time. Her photographic work has been featured in twenty-eight solo exhibitions and more than seventy group shows in Canada, the United States, and abroad. Since 2001, she has produced sixteen limited-edition artist's books and two broadsides. Her work can be found in many collections, including the Art Institute of Chicago; the Museum of Modern Art, New York; Tate Britain, London; the Menil Collection and the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; Musée d'art contemporain de Montreal, Canada; and the American Academy in Rome, Italy. She has won numerous awards and recently participated in residencies at the American Academy in Rome, Hauser & Wirth Somerset, and the Emily Harvey Foundation. Zebrowski worked for twenty years in the film industry before obtaining her M.A. in visual arts. The daughter of Polish immigrants, she was born in London, England, and lives in Montreal. Zebrowski is represented by Corden|Potts Gallery in San Francisco, California.