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Connecting Regions of Asia.
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By Francesco Sisci Last updated Dec 6, 2020
Around 2007, the mood in the Western world about the People's Republic of China (PRC), ruled by the Communist Party (CCP), was optimistic. The idea was that if China were to pass some reforms to liberalize its system and modestly democratize it, it would be admitted to the fraternity of the free world.
It was the time of the G2, the vaunted US-China political-economic cooperative that would rule the planet. It was applauded near and far, and America looked as if it was leaning toward passing China the baton in the peaceful relay race of global leadership. Nobody was really challenging Chinese borders or its claims.
Then many things went wrong, mainly China's deep-seated misunderstanding of unspoken global rules, and now the situation is totally different. The price for a return to a peaceful and seamless coexistence with the US and the rest of the developed world has gone up for China. Nobody will be satisfied with modest liberal reforms: the first request is full-fledged democracy and the fall of Communist Party rule.
Moreover, Chinese borders, once quiet and nonviolent, are presently the stage of the largest and fastest arms race in the world, with flash points that could turn into war from India to the South China Sea to Japan and Taiwan. Now to regain peace China should make significant territorial concessions. Plus, Beijing's rule is defied in Hong Kong, turned from a lazy financial hub into a restive center of "anti-communist sedition"; Xinjiang, home of some eight million "re-educating" Uighurs; and then the never forgotten issue of Tibet and that of Inner Mongolia.
China feels strong
Despite these challenges, China feels strong, and the country lives in a symbiotic relationship with the Communist Party, like previous dynasties before it. It's not easy to imagine the fall of the party without entailing to a large or small extent the breakup of China as it is now. This is true also if one looks from the other side: territorial concessions would dent the CCP legitimacy and start a knotty internal process that could end up again with the fall of the PRC.
Then why should the CCP try to go down this path? From its point of view, despite international bad press, things are peachy in Beijing. It has beaten the Covid disease, still plaguing the rest of the world. Its exports are booming. It has the only economy among the large ones not to be in a recession, and it is in full recovery.
It produces more university graduates than any other country, some eight million. It is catching up fast on high tech, has defeated extreme poverty, and plans in 15 years to cover 1.3 billion Chinese with basic health care and 1 billion people with basic retirement pensions. These data could boost Chinese growth for decades. These are not election promises to be forgotten after the ballot is cast. The CCP has a history of keeping its promises, for good or bad.
It is not like in the Cold War when Soviet citizens were mesmerized and conquered when traveling in the West and had to be kept on a short leash. Chinese going abroad, the cream of the crop, are not enthused by what they see in America or Europe. People are not richer than in China, roads are dirty, many places are not safe, troubled by crime, compared to sheltered China's life.
The much-hyped Western liberty is true for political and philosophical opinions, for which many Chinese presently may have no great passion. But many Chinese find their smaller liberties trimmed by dozens of social norms that do not exist in China – i.e., cut the grass of your garden this way or the neighbor will complain, attend a party or your colleague will hold a grudge et cetera. From this side of the road China may look freer, more secure, with a brighter future…
The US Situation
Conversely, the situation of America, seen from Beijing, is very different. President-elect Joseph Biden needs to unite America, which with his predecessor Donald Trump thrived on divisions. Biden needs to forge a new unity of the United States and will have to battle new and old trends that drive the country asunder. This will not be an easy option.
Moreover, the differences between rich and poor are short-circuiting the nation. The rich have the best education and healthcare in the world; the poor have the worst education and health care among developed nations. The US is still the most attractive place for talented people worldwide, but its schools yield just a fraction of the engineers China does.
The US won the Cold War also thanks to its capacity to factor in a huge number of elements in its clash with the USSR, and the Office of Net Assessment, at Pentagon played a pivotal role. The office conceived the race with the USSR not only militarily. It tried to evaluate the comprehensive "strength" of one country, counting its economy, science, social, religion, culture, politics et cetera. This evaluation helped to design not only military strategies but overall dynamics of development for the whole country.
Yet now possibly net assessment is not so crucial.
«Net assessments are not helping shape the debate about how to affordably advance U.S. and allied security interests. The most important of these interests, as described by defense leaders, is deterring aggression by China and the PLA. There are likely several reasons net assessments of the U.S.-China competition have not emerged. Although widely described in works such as Dr. Thomas Mahnken's excellent edited volume, Net Assessment and Military Strategy: Retrospective and Prospective Essays, net assessments lack a fixed structure, requiring analysts to formulate their own methodology using the basic building blocks of comparing competitors' strategy and doctrine, capability trends, and underlying economic and geopolitical conditions. Net assessments are also more qualitative than analysis based on modeling and simulation or statistics, though they do include quantitative data; variables like strategy, will, geography, or alliances are hard to put into numbers. Lastly, net assessments are not fast, as years of sustained intellectual effort may be needed to understand a competitor's point of view and decision-making processes. Perhaps the most significant challenge facing net assessments is the idiosyncratic nature of their results and recommendations. Analysts must use creativity and intuition to sort through information describing each competitor and identify asymmetries that reveal strengths, sources of national or military power, and potential vulnerabilities. The findings could be at odds with predominant thinking regarding technology investment priorities, the U.S. theory of victory, or the foundational processes that underpin how the Department of Defense spends money. And the resulting recommendations will likely require choices that gore some sacred cows», argue the authors of the essay Bryan Clark, Dan Patt, and Timothy A. Walton.
They call for creativity in facing China and say in their appeal, «effectively competing against China with a sustainable military may require creative strategies that leverage American strengths such as alliances, financial systems, and operational adaptation to overcome inexorable shortfalls like being the away team in most potential confrontations. Net assessments can help reveal opportunities for strategies of this kind and – most importantly – establish priorities for limited federal budget dollars».
With these assessments of the US and the assessments of China, the Chinese may feel they are winning and it is no use to change its strategy.
Here there are of course several issues. Is the assessment of Chinese strength actually right?
Yet, even if it is right for China to challenge the whole world, it is a big endeavor. Before World War I, Germany was the center of world innovation in culture and science. Modern physics, mathematics, literature, and philosophy were all born and groomed in Germany and Austria-Hungary, which boasted the best educated youngsters, but also the freest social and political atmosphere of the time.
China doesn't have that and like Germany is surrounded by countries growing more hostile and more coordinated. Then is China's strength all real or it is just some kind of optical illusion?
The Battle of Zhuxian County inside the Long Corridor on the grounds of the Summer Palace, constructed during the Qing Dynasty, in Beijing, China. (Wikimedia)
Machiavelli and Hanfei zi
This growing external hostility rests on many controversial issues with China, but two stand out:
First, the western world believes that murky Chinese politics and a murky market can't work for the whole world. Murky Chinese politics and a murky market sway and pollute the whole global economy, and therefore, they have to become more transparent.
Second, perceived or real aggressive Chinese military actions on territorial disputes scare everybody into America's arms. Even if the US didn't want to care, as the US is porous by its nature to interests from the whole world, the US will care if one or many Asian countries complain about China.
China may complain that it wants to reform politics, but at its own pace, and that it was never confrontational with its neighbors, its neighbors were aggressive with her. Still, politics is not a matter of goodwill or bad intentions, but of practical necessity in a given time. Can world set its watch on Chinese timing of internal reforms? It's unlikely, because that would change the global economy. Neither is much use to try to turn the blame of aggression on to others, as at the end the whole discourse has become one of national interests, China doesn't propose a broader international vision that goes beyond its own securities and will take care of other countries concerns. Then each country will defend its own specific interests.
So, what should China do? If it is confrontational, it'll make matters worse. If it gives in, the situation, as we saw, could fall apart.
In theory, it can only preempt these allegations and try to create a different perception of itself. The world of 2007 is gone, but in theory something else could be achieved and the external perception of China could change.
Here perhaps before thinking about what China could and should do, it could be time to consider beginning a deeper cultural revolution for China.
In the liberal West the cynical political realism of Machiavelli is considered the extreme example: even if it is used, it is not admitted, and personal freedom and the pursuit of happiness are considered fundamental rights of the individual within the state, something that harks back to the democracy and republic of the Greek and Roman states based on association of free citizens in Athens and Rome. Before those necessities, the state's interests have to bow. Machiavelli's state logic in theory can be accommodated as long as the accommodation is not too costly and doesn't spill into Hobbes's Leviathan, considered the perversion of the free state.
In China Machiavelli's thinking was predated in the third century BC by Hanfei Zi's legalistic theories. Yet Hanfei Zi, unlike Machiavelli, is not the exception in political thinking. He was the culmination of centuries of debates trying to make the state, built around the pivotal character of the king and his bureaucracy, grow stronger to survive the wars of annihilation that had been raging in the Yellow River basin for half a millennium.
The survival of the state was the prize, and thus the wellbeing of its citizens, not the freedom or happiness of the people. Even when Hanfei Zi's theories became masked under a Confucian veil, it encouraged the rulers to be kind and attentive to their subjects and their needs, and it authorized the subjects to rebel if their needs were not attended, i.e. if they were starving. "Confucianism" didn't entitle the subjects to freedom or happiness.
In China, traditionally, freedom and happiness are temporary moments, during feasts or celebrations, or are the preserve of the two extremes of society: the emperor or the hermit, the one who has it all and the one who gives up everything.
In all of this, morality is also shaped differently. As the state and its bureaucracy are pervasive and ever efficient, the individual is freed from moral obligations to his fellow citizens. In general, there is moral behavior only toward a fellow of his own social group or family: I help out my weak cousin when crossing the street, this is expected, but if I see a nobody in the street having difficulties, I can be expected to turn away from him and mind my own business.
At the same time, in the Confucian-veiled legalistic theories, political cruelty is supposed to be standardized, applied with humanity and attention, graded according to differences among people, and thus it should become not absolute and arbitrary, but humane, and thus tolerable. In the West, as the law in theory needs to uphold individual rights, when it becomes harsh, it is inhumane and it is perceived as absolute, and thus intolerable.
Different Militaries
Yet before the final victory of Legalism, utter cynical realism, Chinese mainstream tradition was not always like that. John Sullivan argues[2] that not all military generals are like Sunzi, looking for the sheer annihilation of the enemy. For instance, Wu Zhonghang, a general in the state of Jin tasked with conquering the city of Gu in 527 BCE, preferred to win the population over rather than destroying it, which was easier and faster.
In fact, there is a whole ancient Chinese military tradition whose stress was not on fast victory but on building a virtuous state that would enable strategic success.
For instance, Wei Liao Zi (about 4th century BC) in his War Awe 戰威 argues that
«If the state must have rituals of property, be trustworthy, caring, honor in being affectionate then it will make hunger easily disappear. If the state has filial piety, brotherly love, honesty, and sense of shame, then life will overcome death. The ancient in leading the common people, first put propriety and trustworthiness before titles and rewards, first put honesty and sense of shame and then punishments and penalties, first put caring and affection and then disciplining people».故國必有禮、信、親、愛之義,則可以飢易飽;國必有孝、慈、廉、恥之俗,則可以死易生。古者率民必先禮信而後爵祿,先廉恥而後刑罰,先親愛而後律其身
Or Wuzi in Plotting the State 國圖, says:
«In giving a system to the state and ruling the army one must teach them according to rules of propriety, and encourage them according to honor, with this they will have a sense of shame. Once the good people have a sense of shame, in great manners this will suffice to go to war. In small matters it will be enough for defense, then victory in war will be easy and defense will be difficult to be overrun. Therefore, we say, in wars in the Under Heaven, the ones who have five victories have a disaster, the ones with four victories are a calamity, the ones with three victories are hegemons, two victories make a king, and one victory makes the emperor. This is because many victories reduce the population of the Under Heaven and create huge losses».吳子曰:「凡制國治軍,必教之以禮,勵之以義,使有恥也。夫人有恥,在大足以戰,在小足以守矣。然戰勝易,守勝難。故曰:天下戰國,五勝者禍,四勝者弊,三勝者霸,二勝者王,一勝者帝。是以數勝得天下者稀,以亡者眾。」
Then strong, virtuous states produce strong, determined soldiers that can win all wars. But around the 5th or 4th century BC apparently there was a massive deviation in favor of total, fast victory. Before that, for instance, in his Fei Gong 非攻 chapters Mozi opposed attack with massively superior forces (gong 攻), something that Sunzi approved of. The Mohists, representing smaller, older states, favored an order in which each state respected one another and the Son of Heaven, a semi-religious arbiter, intervened to solve conflicting claims. Sunzi conversely was for a system where large states settled scores on their own by use of overwhelming force.
Possibly, it was because at the time a bureaucratic revolution took place. Some states became better organized, with a more efficient agricultural production and able to field more and better-fed troops. And the system was that peasants could serve as soldiers and vice versa, as clearly stated by Shangjun in the Agriculture and War chapter, Nong Zhan 農戰.
They had a greater net power, including a claim to superior "theory," that translated into greater military might. Bureaucracy and land administration are true Chinese contributions to statecraft, just as democracy and the republic was for the ancient Greeks and ancient Romans.
These states with better administration produced larger, stronger, and more efficient populations. The stranglehold of the necessity of winning over more people of different cities and states to gain more power was simply no longer true.
It might have become more practical to mie guo 灭国, annihilate states (kill all the military age men and adopt and marry off children and women). The practice was ancient, and used as extreme punishment by the Son of Heaven for particularly evil cities. But possibly later on it was used without the necessity of eradicating evil, but just for political expansion.
However, presently the Sunzi model of annihilation of the enemy is impossible and if adopted, in case of defeat, it could lead to the annihilation of China. Moreover, shutting China out of the Western-dominated world could also lead down to the path of slow self-destruction, like that of North Korea.
The only way for China is to win over "the enemies" as Wu Zhonghang did. Now "rules of propriety" are different than 25 centuries ago and Beijing should think long and hard about how to deal with this.
A similar challenge is up for Biden's America. If the US doesn't present to the Chinese a viable and more comprehensively attractive alternative to the CCP rule, the confrontation could become long and very bitter.
Francesco Sisci 19 posts 0 comments
Francesco Sisci is an Italian sinologist, author and columnist who lives and works in Beijing. Currently he is a senior researcher at China's People's University and contributes to several journals and think tanks on geopolitical issues. In 2016, he was granted the first interview to the Pope on China.
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Q: General solution to $\frac{d^{2}y}{dt^{2}}+f(t)y=0$ Is there a simple method to find the general solution to the ODE:
$$\frac{d^{2}y}{dt^{2}}+f(t)y=0\ .$$
Assume all the usual nice things about $f(t)$ like continuity and smoothness.

A: $$\frac{d^{2}y}{dt^{2}}+f(t)y=0\implies \frac{d}{dt}\left(\frac{dy}{dt}\right)+f(t)y=0$$
Integrating with respect to $~t~$,
$$\frac{dy}{dt}+\int f(t)y~dt=c\implies \frac{dy}{dt}+k(t)=c\qquad $$where $~c~$ is constant$~~$and we take $k(t)=\int f(t)y~dt$.
Again integrating with respect to $~t~$,
$$y(t)+\int k(t) ~dt =ct+d$$where $~c,~d~$ are constants.

or

$$\frac{d^{2}y}{dt^{2}}+f(t)y=0$$
Multiplying both side by $~2~\frac{dy}{dt}~$ we have,
$$~2~\frac{dy}{dt}~\frac{d^{2}y}{dt^{2}}+~2~f(t)~y~\frac{dy}{dt}=0$$
$$\implies \frac{d}{dt}\left(\frac{dy}{dt}\right)^2+f(t) \frac{d}{dt}(y^2)=0$$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Rip, the leather gloves are a must. Good to hear about the HK eye protection. Apart from that you can get away with a long-sleeved flannel shirt and some daggy old jeans........they will definitely get holes in them and you will also utilise some new swear words as the arc splatters! Other things, a cheap little chipping hammer to clean off the slag and you've got the grinder to clean up the welds. All will be looking forward to some pics of your first project.
PS And SL electrics, remember standing in a shower in Kandy on my first ever visit and looking at the BARE wires leading into the overhead water heater and thinking "OMG get me outta here safe and unfried!"
Please inform your location as I visit once in three days to Jaela because I have some buildings there,.
Will come and check up your system as I have all testing equipment for electrical testing I will come with my electric welder unit too try out.
I live in Wattala. Hendala area to be exact.
Thank you very much for the offer. I wouldn't want to be a burden and be a hassle for you.
i wont be able to weld much until the auto dimming welding helmet arrives as i bought one off ebay. So by the time that comes in, should have the wiring issue sorted since now i know it's to do with the breaker switch.
This site showed up on my RSS feeds. Might be useful for you and some of the guys.
"This is a website that collects and points to how-to tutorials on the web from folks making their own tools. They range from simple hammers to complex lathes. The site is just a clearing house with not much of its own activity. The list of homemade tool instructions also vary in quality, but it's a great resource if you make your own tools — and you should."
So finally i got some time to play with the wiring in me garage.
Hooked up a dual pole 40A breaker switch straight off the mains after the meter and ran it through a 32A dedicated breaker.
Now it's welding fine got a bit of time in the morning to do the final connections and i welded up 4th setting. Was getting burn through the pipe i was testing on so dint go beyond that power level.
Glad to hear you have sorted out your problem.
That is the correct way to wire a high amperage drawing equipment. I never use with a earth leakage breaker because it will to go off some times when the welding is going on I have a separate very good ground earth rod. With clamped well to welder and to the rod1/2 Inch copper tube onside a ribbed steel iron rod for to keep the copper tube in place. Put in to water level about 2 feet in water of my ground. The water level at my place is at 16 feet below the ground level.Magger tested and found 100% safe earth less than 5 Ohms. Earth rod is total length is 20 feet.
Main purpose of Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker is to prevent electrocution in a situation a person touching the frame of the machine during a current leakage fault. If you have a good earth you can reduce the risk. But installing an earth with a resistance less than 10 Ohms is a costly job unless you have very good soil conditions (E.g Marshland).
I hope you will not miss understand me. I do not underestimate your post. There are a valuable points on your post. Specially the cost of installing a good Earth connection.To buy a very good pair of safety shoes and gloves. When a person doing welding.
I thought I SHOULD EXPLAIN: I have had training on the earth installation. And earth protection devices.
ELCB (earth leakage circuit breaker) DURING GOOD OLD DAYS IN 1960 era, during that time, All over the world used ELCBs in all Electrical installations.
ELCB switches are now illegal. NO LONGER IN USE.
At present no one have stocks for sale of ELCBs.
Almost ELCB switches had two earths.
Voltage operated WERE MADE TO WORK only one earth path from an installation for it to work effectively.
RCCB is best because it will detect any earth fault. RCCB only have the line and neutral connections. No Earth what so ever on the unit.
The current operated working on core balance became the RCCB (RCD) that we know today.
There is an RCCB or RCD and RCDO.
RCD Protects against a fault to earth, current ratings can vary but does not act as an overload. The main MCCB is providing protection from over load.
RCDO, A Residual Current circuit Breaker with Overload protection does both jobs. Like earth lockage protection and overload.
Residual current circuit barkers are designed to disconnect the circuit if there is a leakage current.
By detecting small, CURRENT LECAGE ranging 5–30 mill amperes.
This QUICK ACTION will prevent Electrocution. There are also RCCBs, Made in the world much quicker. Lower reaction time with advancement of electrical safety and control equipment of Electrical distribution.
Made to protect equipment or avoid starting electrical fires, but not disconnect unnecessarily for equipment which has greater leakage currents in normal operation.
RCCB OR RCDO has to act instantly because; electric shock can drive the person's heart to stop.
Ventricular Fibrillation, Out of cycle and irregular contraction of the Ventricle of the heart. Which is followed by killing the person who is electrocuted.
RCD will continue to give shock protection in equipment that has a faulty earth.
Said inbuilt circuitry have made the RCD more user friendly than its previous developments.
(ELCBs) were widely used about ten to five years ago. This equipment used to monitor the voltage on the earth conductor and it gets activated.
For whatever reason voltage is there on the area which is not insulated which has to be handled by humam hands, that proves a current leakage to earth. Therefore ELCBs have to have very good earth connection; to activate if not still a person can get Electrocuted.
By this character the connected to the three pin plug, equipment get the protection and that is a pre warning to end user to attend to the equipment.
There by RCCB or RCD superseded the ELCB.
Insted a MCCB. RCDO has the over load protection. Also took over an extra protection incorporated all three necessary, important in Electricity distribution system.
At last I have to mention both are working for same, most important thing is internal circuitry has a significant improved difference, thanks to modern research and development in Electrical distribution.
Above is what I know for years as for my Electrical knowledge, There can be latest devlopments in Electricity distribution,and some erros.
Sylvi sir...do you know of any good auto electricians?..I need one to do the wiring on my TR.The guy must be familiar with the electrics of old english cars and must be prepared to do the work at my house at Kelaniya.
This is for everybody else too.let me know if you have any reliable people.


Please drop us a line and someone will get back to you shortly. We are very interested in speaking with potential football officials. Our training is second to none and really look forward to sharing this opportunity with you.
Thank you for showing interest in becoming a member of the KFOA and starting your path at becoming a football official. We will get back with you as soon as possible.


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Autocesta A7 ("Primorka" ili "Kvarnerska autocesta") autocesta je u izgradnji na kvarnerskom području Hrvatske. Dio autoceste, od graničnog prijelaza Rupa do Kraljevice, već je pušten u promet. Na ostatku autoceste još se vrše radovi.

Objekti na autocesti

Popis objekata napravljen po zemljovidu na stranicama HUKA-e.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Autocesta A7 na stranicama Hrvatske udruge koncesionara za autoceste s naplatom cestarine

 Popis izlaza

Autoceste u Hrvatskoj

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Tag Archives: Laura Ingalls Wilder
Excuse me, your crinoline is showing . . .
Posted on January 28, 2016 by SDHSPress
For Christmas this year, the gift I most enjoyed giving was a year's worth of old photographs that I collected while traveling across North and South Dakota, Illinois, Oregon, and Florida. I spent many pleasurable hours in antique malls and flea markets, looking for images with a story to tell that my friend, a historian who specializes in rural women's history, would find interesting. As I was wrapping the gift, though, one of the photographs reminded me so strongly of Laura Ingalls Wilder that, in the end, I just couldn't part with it.
The photograph is a stereoscopic view called "Waiting for a 'Bus," but I think readers will instantly see what it was that reminded me of Wilder. It's the crinoline1 —or hoop skirt—of course, as well as the polonaise coat and the muff. These details echo Wilder's fashion interests of the 1870s and 1880s, which she shared with readers in Pioneer Girl, as well as in her novels. At first, I thought the stereograph was from that same time period, and this particular card may date from that era, but the image itself and the fashions it depicts are older—from the 1860s. Wilder's young aunts and her mother might have worn such dresses to the sugaring-off party in Little House in the Big Woods, where Aunt Ruby's and Aunt Docia's "large, round skirts" sailed across the dance floor, and Ma's skirt was "ruffled and flounced and draped and trimmed with knots of dark green ribbon" (pp. 141-42).
But this particular stereograph, I discovered as I started doing some research, has an even larger story to tell about the follies of fashion and the prices that women had to pay when they followed it too slavishly. If you look closely at this card, which is meant to be viewed in a stereoscope that would turn the side-by-side images into a three-dimensional view, you will note that the young woman is standing just beneath a handwritten sign that reads, "A Young Man Wanted." And thereby hangs a tale. . . .
This view of the fashionable young woman drew its inspiration from a cartoon that appeared in Punch, or the London Charivari on December 3, 1864. The butt of the joke was definitely the woman, who unintentionally appeared to be advertising for a young fellow or putting herself on display to attract one. In 1866, photographer Michael Burr turned the cartoon into a stereograph of a fashionable woman caught in the same position and spread the joke further in an era in which stereoscopy was all the rage.2 I missed the joke completely, being enamored of the young woman's ermine muff, matching bonnet, and prodigious hoop skirt.
All that attention to fashion was also part of the humor, it turns out, for hoop skirts, in particular, were the cause of much mirth and satire in the press. Consider these images from the same year as the original cartoon—on April 9, 1864, the Punch cartoonist showed us the difficulty that such fulsome crinolines could cause for women on a stroll in the country. On June 18, the theme resurfaced again with another cartoon that illustrated
how hoop skirts became a hazard on public transportation or city streets, and on July 9, the magazine published "A Man Trap," which offered at least one ploy that would induce a man to duck into a hat shop. My favorite, however, came on October 1, 1864, with "The Safest Way of Taking a Lady Down to Dinner." Here, the woman's beau is forced to walk on the outside edge of the balustrade to accompany his crinolined dinner partner. In some ways, it is amazing that the fashion endured as long as it did with so much ridicule directed toward it. Even stranger, it just keeps coming back—the poodle skirts of the fifties held out by all those stiff mesh petticoats so that they would swirl around the dance floor seem to me to be just a shorter version of the same style. And have you thought about wedding dresses?
Nancy Tystad Koupal
1. I am using the word crinoline here to mean a stiffened petticoat or caged skirt that is also known as a hoop skirt, although the term originally meant a stiff fabric of horse hair and linen that women began to use for petticoats around the 1830s to widen and fill out their skirts. Wilder had the original meaning of the word in mind when she described her wedding dress in Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography: "It was plain at the top, but gored so it was full at the bottom. It was lined through[ou]t with cambric dress lining and interlined with crinolin[e] from the bottom to as high as my knees" (p. 322). For a history of the term and the fashion, see "The Crinoline or Hoop Skirt," Victoriana Magazine, victoriana.com, and "What's All the Hoopla?" The Ultimate History Project, www.ultimatehistoryproject.com/crinoline.html.
2. Dennis Pellerin and Brian May, The Poor Man's Picture Gallery: Stereoscopy versus Paintings in the Victorian Era (London: London Stereoscopic Company, 2014), p. 175.
Posted in General, History, Photographs	| Tagged Cartoons, Christmas, Crinoline, Dance, Fashion, Humor, Laura Ingalls Wilder, Little House in the Big Woods, London Charivari, Petticoat, Punch, Stereograph, Women's Fashion	| 5 Replies
Carrie Ingalls, A Pioneer Woman
Posted on June 10, 2015 by SDHSPress
A common topic when discussing Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography is how Laura Ingalls Wilder's writing and characters changed between her original memoir and her later fictional series for young readers. There are several differences that have been shared in the media, reviews, and here on the Pioneer Girl Project website, yet it is also true that Wilder could be a consistent storyteller as she traversed the line between reality and fiction.
For example, throughout her fiction, Wilder typically portrays her sister Carrie Ingalls as a fragile, shy child. Readers cannot fault the young Laura for being protective and having a certain "big sister" view of things. However, Wilder's novels and autobiography end before we can really determine who any of the people Wilder wrote about were or went on to become outside of the writer's purview and timeline.
A teenage Carrie Ingalls stands, second from the left, with other tennis team youth.
The annotations in Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography provide a fuller picture of Wilder, her family, and the community in post-pioneer days. For example, Carrie Ingalls did deal with illness throughout her life. She even moved to Colorado at one point seeking a better climate for her asthma. However, her health did not stop her from being quite the frontier woman herself after the events of Pioneer Girl and the Little House novels came to an end.
In fact, from all accounts, Carrie Ingalls lived a fairly exciting life. In 1907, she homesteaded, alone, near Topbar, South Dakota, where she resided in a tarpaper shack for at least six months out of the year as required by the law. Topbar is described as "a populated place in West Haakon township in Haakon County, near to Milesville and Philip, South Dakota." In other words, it is in the middle of nowhere on the edge of the White River Badlands.
Carrie Ingalls, far left, stands in the doorway of the De Smet Leader where she worked as a typesetter.
Before her homesteading years, Carrie, who originally planned to work as a teacher like her older sister Laura, became a typesetter for the De Smet Leader as a teenager. This career switch set Ingalls up for a long and prosperous career managing newspapers all over the Black Hills for E. L. Senn, the "Final Proof King of South Dakota." Senn, who owned around fifty newspapers, made money from the settlers and miners who were required by law to file a notice of their claims in the local paper—in case there were any contesters to their settlement. Senn needed adventurous people, such as Carrie Ingalls, to travel to new mining towns in order to collect for and run his multiple enterprises. Eventually, Carrie Ingalls settled in Keystone, South Dakota, in 1911, and continued to work in the newspaper business until her marriage to David N. Swanzey in 1912, when she retired to care for her young stepchildren. After her husband's death, she went to work for the railway station in Keystone.
Carrie Ingalls's life is a perfect example of how the real adventures of Wilder's "characters" are just as exciting as the iconic family's journey west.
Jennifer McIntyre
Posted in History, Pioneer Girl Project	| Tagged Black Hills, Carrie Ingalls, David N. Swanzey, De Smet, De Smet News and Leader, E. L. Senn, Haakon County, homesteading, Laura Ingalls Wilder, Milesville, Newspapers, Phillip, Topbar, White River Badlands	| 8 Replies
Talk of the Town: BookExpo America, 2015
Posted on June 5, 2015 by SDHSPress
BookExpo America is the largest book conference in the world, and it attracts big names and industry giants. Held this past week in New York City, May 27-29, the event showcases such popular authors as Rainbow Rowell and James Patterson. Luckily, we had Laura Ingalls Wilder on our side, along with a couple of children's stories by L. Frank Baum, author of the Wizard of Oz. In 2014, the little booth with gigantic books was big news, and this year coverage of the little press on the prairie continued.
In her article for Publishers Weekly, correspondent Claire Kirch talks about the big-name authors that readers can find at the South Dakota Historical Society Press. She also reflected on last year's BookExpo where the Press booth received a respectable amount of visitors as a new exhibitor but was not besieged by readers attempting to get "swag" from Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography. "In hindsight," Kirch states, "perhaps booksellers should have mobbed SDHSP's booth last year." The reason? "Pioneer Girl has sold 125,000 copies in five print runs since its publication," Kirch notes. A few of those lucky readers that picked up the tote bag featuring Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography from last year's BookExpo stopped by again to show us their coveted bag—a little worse for the wear after twelve months' of daily use.
BookExpo America in New York created the opportunity for some great conversations with booksellers and librarians from around the United States, and Pioneer Girl Project staff got to share in the excitement of Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography with some of its most avid fans in the industry. I am looking forward to 2016 in Chicago.
Posted in Behind the Scenes, General	| Tagged BEA, Book Expo America, Chicago, Claire Kirch, IPPY Award, James Patterson, L. Frank Baum, Laura Ingalls Wilder, Love Letters from Mount Rushmore, New York City, Publishers Weekly, Rainbow Rowell, Richard Cerasani, Wizard of Oz	| 2 Replies
The Universal Appeal of Pioneer Girl
Posted on December 10, 2014 by SDHSPress
Readers who have followed this blog will not be surprised by the groundswell of enthusiasm that Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography has generated around the world. But every once in a while, the phenomenon expresses itself in a way that surprises even the staff here at the Pioneer Girl Project. For example:
Strolling into the office on Monday morning, we found tear sheets from two publications, both of which featured Pioneer Girl. Were they:
A. The Los Angeles Times and The Guardian
B. The Columbus Dispatch and Entertainment Weekly
C. The Christian Science Monitor and Foreword Reviews
D. The Wall Street Journal and The National Enquirer
The answer is D. That's right, folks, D. We read them on the same day. Strange bedfellows, no? In fact, we had already known that a write-up in the Journal was coming, but the Enquirer made us grin with amusement. Wilder's book appears on a page with Barbara Walters, Nicolas Cage, and Carrie Underwood. That's pretty A-list company for an author who has been dead for nearly sixty years.
The fact is, Laura Ingalls Wilder's appeal, both as a fiction writer and a historical figure, is broad and long-lasting. Indeed, all of the news outlets listed above have featured Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography in the last six months, along with leading online and broadcast media like NPR, BBC, Slate, and a fantastic review by Wendy McClure, author of The Wilder Life, on Refinery 29.
So keep your eyes open – you never know when Pioneer Girl may receive notice in a publication near you.
Rodger Hartley
Posted in Media Coverage, Reviews	| Tagged Laura Ingalls Wilder, Pioneer Girl	| 1 Reply
The Long Shot Hits Home
Posted on November 13, 2014 by SDHSPress
"One blizzard came just before time for school to close. . . .
At a country school eight miles north of De Smet, the teacher [had] brought his children to school in a sleigh. . . . [Going home,] the teacher, with his load, was lost on the prairie.
When he knew that he couldn't find his way, he . . . turned the sleigh bottom up over them. Then he crawled underneath the sleigh himself and there they huddled together while the snow blew and drifted over the sled keeping out the wind. . . . No one was frozen except the teacher whose hands and feet were frozen, but not badly."
Laura Ingalls Wilder, Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography, p. 315
There were a lot of long shots in the research for Pioneer Girl. We look at Wilder's life through a double pane of frosted glass, trying to overcome both the shortfalls of her memory and our own distance from the subject. Not all of our long shots hit the target. But today, to tide you over until the book arrives, I'd like to tell you about one long shot—perhaps the longest one of all—that did.
Wilder places the story of the schoolteacher and his improvised igloo in the winter of 1884–1885, but the setup is strongly reminiscent of the "children's blizzard," a storm that struck without warning on a warm day in January 1888 and killed more than a hundred schoolchildren as they struggled to get home. Wilder did not always remember events in their true chronological order, and it seemed likely that she misplaced this one. But she does not give the teacher's name, and the Kingsbury County newspapers that could complete the story have been lost, so there, it appeared, the matter would rest.
The scene: it's about 10:30 one morning and a deadline looms. Enter Pioneer Girl Project director Nancy Tystad Koupal with a grin on her face and a book in her hand.
"Rodge. See if you can find that schoolteacher in here."
"Wait, are you kidding me? We don't even have a name."
"We have a hunch. We follow it."
"It's not like I can look him up in the index. This could take all day."
"It's a good book. Humor me. I sign your paychecks."
It is a good book. It's The Children's Blizzard, by David Laskin, and it is a fantastic and heart-stopping book. I read most of it that day, too quickly, like a man tearing through a haystack looking for a glint of metal, and this is all the glint I found:
"Mr. Stearns, a Dakota schoolteacher, had taken his three children to the school he taught near De Smet the day before and still had not returned home" (Laskin, Children's Blizzard, p. 218).
Unfortunately, there's no footnote and no follow-up. We still had laughably little information to work with. What were the odds? Still, the circumstances were tantalizing: here was a schoolteacher, near De Smet, whose own children were among his students. And critically, he had a name. It was federal records time.
Census first. Ready? No Stearns in the area in 1880. 1885 territorial census for the county is lost. 1890 federal census is melting the ice caps. 1895 state records are lost. 1900 federal census—stop!—there's one.
Orion E. Stearns. Spirit Lake Township, Kingsbury County. Farmer. Born Vermont, August 1847. He and his wife have had five kids, of whom three survive; two are still in the household.
Now we're cookin' with Crisco. We have his name and his year and state of nativity, and we can follow this man, whether he's Wilder's man or not, wherever we want to. Orion's daughter Bessie is a schoolteacher; does it run in the family?
Back to 1880.
Orion Stearns is teaching school in 1870 in Trempealeau County, Wisconsin. It doesn't prove that he taught in 1888. But let's say you're a homesteader and you have teaching experience. What would you do in the winter to earn a little extra money to help prove up your claim?
Maybe this wasn't a fool's errand after all. I look at the clock. Between this and other tasks, it's now 6:30, and I am not going home until this is settled.
But have I gotten ahead of myself? We still don't know if Orion Stearns was even in Dakota Territory in 1888. But the U.S. General Land Office might.
Guess what: it does. On August 16, 1889, Orion E. Stearns was issued a patent under the Homestead Act for a quarter section seven miles northeast of De Smet. At this point my heart finally says: this is the guy. But that's not enough. It's a pretty safe bet that he was there in 1888, but I can't be absolutely sure unless I order the paper land-entry records, which will take a month to arrive.
Wait. I have other evidence right under my nose. Remember his two kids living with him in 1900? The census shows that his son Sumner was born in Dakota Territory in 1885. Again, I can't be certain they were in Kingsbury County, but we're building a strong preponderance of evidence. This is the guy. While we're at it, what other evidence can we glean from the kids' census entries?
Little Sumner would have been too young to go to school in January 1888. Orion's four other kids appear in the 1880 census: Lewis, Guy, Nellie, and Bessie. And then I remember that by 1900, only one of the three eldest kids was still alive. That's when I start checking grave records.
Ten minutes later I'm in the State Archives library. This started with a book; let it end with a book.
Ten minutes after that, it's over.
Beyond a doubt, Mr. Stearns was the man Wilder remembered, and I know exactly what happened to him and his kids on January 13–14, 1888. The long shot slams right into the bullseye.
And all I can think is, No. That isn't how the story is supposed to end.
The story ends with annotations 90–91 on pp. 315–16 of Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography. It's a book full of long shots, gunshots, schottisches, and everything else from the world of Wilder, and it finally ships out next week. Thanks for your patience, thanks for reading our blog, and stay tuned for more.
Posted in Behind the Scenes, History	| Tagged Laura Ingalls Wilder, Pioneer Girl, pioneer girl project, research	| 10 Replies
An Interview with Pamela Smith Hill
Pamela Smith Hill was recently interviewed by Alaina Mabaso of Alaina Mabaso's Blog. From Laura's dog Jack to the Pioneer Girl Project, Hill and Mabaso discussed, among other things, Wilder's career and work.
Click here to read the full interview on Mabaso's blog, titled Pa sold Jack with the ponies, and other Laura Ingalls revelations: an interview with Wilder biographer* Pamela Smith Hill.
*Pamela Smith Hill wrote Laura Ingalls Wilder: A Writer's Life, published by the South Dakota Historical Society Press in 2007. For more information or to purchase this book visit www.sdshspress.com.
Posted in General, News Updates, Pamela Smith Hill	| Tagged Alaina Mabaso, Alaina Mabaso's Blog, Laura Ingalls Wilder, Laura Ingalls Wilder: A Writer's Life, Pa, SDSHS Press	| 3 Replies
Pa Ingalls—Fact or Fiction
Posted on July 9, 2013 by SDHSPress
After visiting De Smet, a follower of the Pioneer Girl Project posed the following questions:
"Was he [Pa] different than the one portrayed on Little House? Laura does say in a biographical piece that it was the Pa she wanted. What are your thoughts?"
The Pa of the Little House novels was the father Laura Ingalls Wilder remembered and sought to immortalize. As she wrote her daughter Rose Wilder Lane in 1937: "Pa was no business man. He was a hunter and trapper, a musician and poet." His stories, Wilder said, inspired her to write the Little House books. Even before her first novel was published, she noted that Pa's stories "impressed me very much as a child and I still have a great affection for them."
The essence of Pa's character in the Little House books is consistent with Wilder's portrait of her father in Pioneer Girl. He was affectionate, warm, playful, musical, and restless. But based on the historical record and Wilder's recollections, it is clear that the fictional character in her novels is romanticized and idealized. In Pioneer Girl, for example, Pa sneaked his family out of town in the middle of the night after failing to negotiate the rent with the landlord. Wilder suggested that Charles Ingalls justified it to his family by calling the man a "rich old skinflint." Wilder's fictional Pa would never have done such a thing. Quite simply, the fictional Pa is more heroic, more noble, and more mythic than the real Charles Ingalls or the one who emerges from the pages of Pioneer Girl.
Wilder had much to draw upon in creating her character. The real Charles Ingalls made significant contributions to the communities in which he lived, serving as justice of the peace, school-board member, church officer, and civic-minded leader. At his death in 1902, the De Smet News and Leader wrote of him: "As a citizen he was held in high esteem, being honest and upright in his dealings and associations with his fellows. As a friend and neighbor he was always kind and courteous and as a husband and father he was faithful and loving. And what better can be said of any man?"
Pamela Smith Hill
Posted in Pamela Smith Hill	| Tagged Charles Ingalls, De Smet, De Smet News and Leader, Laura Ingalls Wilder, Pa, Pa Ingalls, Pioneer Girl, pioneer girl project	| 21 Replies

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Metropolie Gortyn a Arkádie je jedna z metropolií Krétské pravoslavné církve pod jurisdikcí Konstantinopolského patriarchátu.

Historie
V 1. století nařídil apoštol Pavel svému učedníku Titovi aby odešel hlásat křesťanství na Krétu a stal se biskupem města Gortyn.

Nejznámějším biskupem tohoto města je svatý Ondřej Krétský.

Za vlády císaře Justiniána byla v Gortyně postavena velkolepá bazilika svatého Tita.

Roku 828 byla Gortyna ovládnuta Araby. Od zničení města Araby je známo 27 jmen biskupů tohoto města.

Dne 16. března 1961 byl poprvé Timotheos (Papoutsakis) titulován biskupem Gortyn a Arkádie.

Dne 25. září 1962 získala eparchie titul metropolie.

Seznam biskupů
 sv. Titus (64-105?)
 Artemas
 Filipos (160/170-180/192)
 Dioskopos
 Kriskos (zmíněn roku 256)
 Kirillos (zmíněn roku 303-305)
 Myron (zmíněn roku 350)
 Petros
 Pavlos
 Ikonios (zmíněn roku 431)
 Martirios (zmíněn roku 451)
 Theodoros (zmíněn roku 553)
 Ioannis (zmíněn roku 597)
 Pavlos (zmíněn roku 667)
 Evmenios (zmíněn roku 668)
 Basilios (zmíněn roku 680 a 692)
 sv. Andreas (692/711-726/740)
 Ilias (zmíněn roku 787)
 Ioannis
 Stefanos
 Nikitas
 Nikitas
 Basilios (823-828?)
 Basilios (zmíněn roku 879)
 Ilias (mezi 920-961)
 sede vacante
 Timotheos (Papoutsakis) (1961-1978)
 Kirillos (Kipriotakis) (1979-2005)
 Makarios (Douloufakis) (od 2005)

Reference

Externí odkazy
  Constantinople patriarchate

Gortyn


Mischelle brings team-focused precision and efficiency to audacious campaigns.
With more than two decades of project management experience, Mischelle is an expert at deploying resourcefulness and adaptability that clears the way for great work on behalf of notable brands, including 3M, Mayo Clinic, Lufthansa Group, and Polaris.
Has a penchant for vintage clothes shopping, perusing art galleries and refueling on fine chocolates. Favorite concert is a tie between Prince, The Replacements and The Roots. Once owned a hair salon but now prefers cutting excess time and cost to trimming overgrown bangs.


text:
« 1988 Countdown #49: Duran Duran, "I Don't Want Your Love"
| 1988 Countdown: Commercial Break #21 »
Darkness on the Edge of Town
I finally watched The Promise: The Making of Darkness on the Edge of Town on HBO, and was reminded anew how much I love Bruce Springsteen's fourth album. This is a discovery I seem to make periodically: the last time was in 2003, when I reviewed the record in Rolling Stone (as part of the "Rolling Stone Hall of Fame," which occupied a slot in the reviews section for about five years and provided an opportunity to reconsider neglected classics or revisit past favorites, even when they hadn't been reissued).
Since it's the season of Darkness, with the megabox coming out, I thought I'd pull out that five-star review:
Bruce Springsteen, Darkness on the Edge of Town (1978)
For his fourth record, Bruce Springsteen cut off his beard–and also shaved the shaggy romantic epics of Born to Run. What emerged were ten taut rock songs about people crushed by family, by lust, by living in this world every day. "When I made this particular album, I just had a specific thing in mind," Springsteen told Rolling Stone in 1978. "It had to be just a relentless… barrage." (He was so focused on the theme of living with broken dreams, he left off "Fire" and "Because the Night," which became hit singles for the Pointer Sisters and Patti Smith, respectively.) Despite its lyrical weight and dour title, Darkness on the Edge of Town is not a bleak record. Its characters are groping towards redemption: "I believe in the hope that can save me," Springsteen sings on "Badlands." The narrator of "Racing in the Street" may never find the absolution he seeks by winning small-time drag races, but his vision of a better life is what keeps him driving and keeps him alive.
The album isn't punk–Springsteen got a shave, not a mohawk–but it's colored by the raw sound happening in rock at the time. The E Street Band members play each four-minute anthem like it's their last chance to make music before their hands get cut off. Max Weinberg drums with particular passion, anchoring the record that stands as the E Street's best.
More than half the songs make some reference to driving, from streets of fire to the dusty road from Monroe to Angeline. But while Bob Dylan had Highway 61 and AC/DC had a highway to hell, Springsteen knew that the highway went everywhere: heaven, hell, and the world men make for themselves.
(By Gavin Edwards. Originally published in Rolling Stone 918 (March 20, 2003).)
posted 20 October 2010 in Reviews and tagged Bruce Springsteen, RSHOF. 8 comments
8 Comments on Darkness on the Edge of Town
Chris M. Says:
One of your best pieces of writing (which, I think, is saying something). And I miss that Hall of Fame page in the magazine.
Gavin Says:
I miss the HOF page too–I always had a lot of fun writing it. I think I'll pull out some of my other entries.
Stray thought: one of the things I loved about the Promise doc was the way it not only enriched my enjoyment of the best songs on the album ("Racing in the Street"), but the worst ones ("Factory").
October 22nd, 2010 at 11:19 am
great piece, Gavin. this one's my favorite too. it was around this time last year I saw him do "Darkness" all the way through at Giants Stadium and I'm glad I wasn't the only one who didn't use "Factory" as the bathroom-break song.
where do you stand on "Streets of Fire"?
something weird I always notice about people born in the 80s and 90s:
1. they all love Springsteen and they don't have ANY of that "embarrassed about liking Springsteen" thing that people born in the 60s and 70s used to have
2. they think of the whole "Born in the USA" album the way Bowie fans think about Tin Machine. Blows my mind.
#2 is crazy! I don't even know what to make of it.
Jaybird Says:
Side two of the album was/is (to me) the perfect side.
Really? I think side one's much better.
To answer Rob's earlier question: I like "Streets of Fire," but it's probably one of the songs you'd take off if you were resequencing the album to include "The Promise" and "Because the Night."
Although if you added "Because the Night," you'd have three songs with "Night" in the title, which might have been excessive.
rosemary Says:
Just to nitpick, the line is "I believe in the faith that can save me / I believe in the hope and I pray that someday it may raise me"


text:
Q: Diff tool for the whole OS I vaguely remember remember reading about a (new?) tool that can diff a computer. I think it was from Microsoft aimed at developers and it could find difference in files, file versions, registry keys, etc.
Now we need this tool for a project where an installer has gone bad.
Anyone know what tool it is? Or similar tools?

A: You might want to try the beta of Microsoft's

Attack Surface Analyzer

A: I also found this comercial product: http://www.blueproject.ro/systracer


text:
A Prayer For My Son by William Butler Yeats
'A Prayer for my Son,' written from the perspective of a father who wants to protect his son against all odds during the brewing war in Ireland. Read the poem with a complete analysis.
The poem 'A Prayer For My Son' by William Butler Yeats showcases the fear and anxiety of a parent bringing up his child in the dire circumstances of war and chaos. The use of metaphors and biblical allegory supports his strong belief that his son will achieve something in the future.
Yeats published this poem in the collection 'The Tower' in 1928, his first poetry collection after winning the Nobel Prize. The collection was well-received as Yeats held a mirror image of 19th century Ireland and its issues.
A Prayer For My Son
Bid a strong ghost stand at the head
That my Michael may sleep sound,
Nor cry, nor turn in the bed
Till his morning meal come round;
And may departing twilight keep
All dread afar till morning's back,
That his mother may not lack
Her fill of sleep.
Bid the ghost have sword in fist:
Some there are, for I avow
Such devilish things exist,
Who have planned his murder, for they know
Of some most haughty deed or thought
That waits upon his future days,
And would through hatred of the bays
Bring that to nought.
Though You can fashion everything
From nothing every day, and teach
The morning stars to sing,
You have lacked articulate speech
To tell Your simplest want, and known,
Wailing upon a woman's knee,
All of that worst ignominy
Of flesh and bone;
And when through all the town there ran
The servants of Your enemy,
A woman and a man,
Unless the Holy Writings lie,
Hurried through the smooth and rough
And through the fertile and waste,
Protecting, till the danger past,
With human love.
Explore A Prayer for my Son
2 Themes
3 Structure and Setting
6 Literary Devices Used
7 About William Butler Yeats
10 Similar Poetry
'A Prayer For My Son' is written from the perspective of an anxious father who wants to protect his son during the time of War. Even though the time is disheartening, he hopes that he can protect his son with son despite all prevailing evils.
'A Prayer For My Son' expresses the anxiety of a parent who wants to protect his child. Yeats seeks the help of a Ghost to keep his son, Michael, away from the evil of the world. He says that the Ghost should stand by the cradle of the baby and keep him safe always. He also hopes that if his son gets a night of better sleep, his wife also could get some rest during the night. Yeats also adds that the Ghost should have a sword in its fists to ward off evil people who might attempt to end the young Michael's life.
Yeats then expresses his discontent at God and mocks that God might be everywhere and might have power all over the world, but he cannot speak and express what he wants. When concluding, he speaks of how powerful human love is and the willpower to protect one's kind. Therefore, even if God's enemies attempt to rampage the Earth, humans will fight it with their love for one another.
In 'A Prayer for my Son, ' Yeats highlights themes such as Human love, anxiety, and the pathos of war. He delineates the impact of war through the mental state of a father who wants to raise his child during the war. War can be destructive, and it can lead to both physical and mental damage to a person. However, Yeats is hopeful that human love will prevail and be more vital to protect their kind despite all the calamities and stress like a parent has the strength to protect their child.
Structure and Setting
'A Prayer for my Son' by William Butler Yeats is a poem of 32 lines. It is arranged into four stanzas of eight lines each. The stanzas follow the rhyming pattern of ABABCDDC. Each stanza deals with different perspectives of the speaker about war and protecting his son. It is set is in revolutionary Ireland, where there were gunshots and chaos everywhere.
The first stanza of 'A Prayer for my Son' speaks of Yeats' fear over protecting his son. Using it as the setting for the poem, Yeats brings out the prevailing situation in Ireland. Michael, the second child of Yeats, was born when Ireland was fighting for its independence from the British. Considering how difficult it is to bring up a child during the war, he seeks a ghost for protection. He prays that the Ghost should stand by his child's bed and must look after him. The Ghost should protect the child during his sleep so that the child's mother can also have a sound sleep during the night.
In the second stanza, Yeats asks the Ghost to have a sword in its hand to protect and guard the child. He says that people are out there wishing to end this child's life and prevent him from having a glorious future. Therefore, the Ghost must have a weapon at all times to fight against those evil people.
In the third stanza, Yeats speaks about God. He mocks God for being all-powerful yet lacking the ability to speak what he wants. Further, even though God designs everything in the world, he cannot express his own needs. Yeats also attacks God by saying that God watches everything that happens in the world – all the chaos and confusion, birth and death, but he does not express what he means to achieve out of all these.
Yeats makes a beautiful comparison in the last stanza. He compares Michael's birth to the Biblical story of Mary and Joseph. When God's enemies created obstacles in their path, Mary and Joseph protected their baby throughout the journey with their strong willpower, faith, and love. In the same way, Yeats says that no matter the evil forces and soldiers that try to kill his son, he will be protected because of the persistence of human love.
Literary Devices Used
Apostrophe is a literary device used in a poem when the speaker addresses a person who is not present or a personified object. In the third stanza, Yeats addresses God and tells him how he does not speak despite all his power in the situation that prevailed in Ireland.
Though You can fashion everything … You have lacked articulate speech.
The Bible is a frequently referenced source of allusion in literature. Here, in the last stanza, Yeats alludes to the Biblical story of Mary and Joseph about his son Michael's birth. When Jesus was born, there were many obstacles laid before. Similarly, when Michael was born, the situation in Ireland was chaotic.
Yeats uses satire in his 'A Prayer for my Son' when he speaks of God's inability to express his views or interfere with something as terrible as the wars in Ireland. So, he mocks God for being omnipotent yet lacking the capacity to speak.
At the beginning of the poem, Yeats tells us that he has "BID a strong ghost stand at the head," which is in contrast to his satire on God's inability to voice out to the situation that was prevailing in Ireland. Ironically, he seeks a ghost over God to protect his son. It shows his failing faith in God, who has failed to stop the chaos in the world.
Metaphorically, Yeats compares his son Michael's birth to Jesus By referring to the story of Mary and Joseph. Like Mary and Joseph, who overcame many obstacles with human love, Yeats believes that he too has to protect his son with his love.
About William Butler Yeats
William Butler Yeats is one of the greatest poets of the 20th century. He was born in Ireland, but he later settled in England, and so he belongs to the Anglo-Irish community. His poems were very popular as they openly spoke about the conflicts of his time. He expresses the pathos of war in his works, and they are highly subjective. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in December 1923.
Ireland in the early 20th century was constantly in chaos. Immediately after the end of the first World War, the Irish War of Independence broke out in 1919. It lasted for nearly two years, and finally, Ireland got independence from the British. Even after that, there was no peace in the country. The Irish Civil War broke out the following year, and there were constant fights between Northern and Southern Ireland.
Eventually, a treaty was signed between the two factions, but the loss and casualties were tremendous. During that time, the people of Ireland were living in a state of panic, and they had to look back at their shoulders every time they left their houses. Yeats captures this feeling of anxiety and fear through this poem and also in most of his works.
Who is the speaker of the poem 'A Prayer for my Son'?
The speaker of the poem is the poet W. B. Yeats himself. As mentioned in the title it is written for his son Michael who has born recently before the publication of the poem.
What is Yeats' opinion on God in the poem 'A Prayer for my Son'?
Yeats begins the poem with 'Bid a strong ghost' instead of an 'angel.' It creates an odd sense of his faith which is later answered in stanza three. He mocks God for being the most powerful, yet remains quiet all through the struggles of the world, keeping a blind eye to the prevailing cruelty.
Why does the poet make a prayer for his son in the poem 'A Prayer for my Son'?
Yeats, like any father during a time of calamity is deeply anxious about his son being murdered. He also shares his feel of knowing some people who want to murder his son in order to prevent him from becoming famous or rich in the future.
What significance does the year 1921 hold in Irish history?
In history, Ireland remained as the Irish Republic following the Easter Proclamation of 1916 until 1922. In 1921, under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, an autonomous Home Rule region (or constituent country) of the United Kingdom, was formed with the official name 'Southern Ireland' which later became the present time Ireland.
Yeats used his writing to express his attitudes toward Irish politics, War, as well as Irish cultural history. Many of Yeats' poems throw light upon the impact caused by the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War. His perspectives on life and society can be better understood through some of his poems:
'Sailing to Byzantium' gives the speaker's decision to travel to Byzantium, and later from there to eternity, where age is not an issue, and he can transcend his physical life.
'The Second Coming' is Yeats' attempt to put into words what countless people of the time felt: it was the end of the world as they knew it and that nothing else would ever be the same again.
'A Prayer for My Daughter' demonstrates Yeats' concern and anxiety over the future wellbeing and prospects of his daughter.
'The Tower' is a powerful poem that talks about Yeats deteriorating physical health and his growing passions in political and personal matters.
'Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen' is one of the best political poems that paint the picture of the Irish Civil War and its impact.
Home » William Butler Yeats » A Prayer for my Son
About Miz Alb
Miz Alb received her MA in English Literature. Her thirst for literature makes her explore through the nuances of it. She loves reading and writing poetry. She teaches English Language and Literature to the ESL students of tertiary level.
Alb, Miz. "A Prayer For My Son by William Butler Yeats". Poem Analysis, https://poemanalysis.com/william-butler-yeats/a-prayer-for-my-son-by-william-butler-yeats/. Accessed 20 January 2022.


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Staffing up for the holidays: Retailers offer higher wages and perks as hiring incentives
By Herald-Tribune
Williams-Sonoma is offering $15 per hour to workers. New hires at ABC Fine Wine & Spirits can get a $500 seasonal bonus. And Macy's is holding a hiring event for associates in Sarasota, with on-the-spot job offers for fragrance salespeople and retail associates.
In a holiday season that's already shaping up to be busy, retail companies are doing all they can to hire adequate personnel.
Faced with a tight labor market, pressing supply chain issues, high demand and an economy that favors less consumer-facing jobs, retailers are offering higher wages, signing bonuses and other perks in order to stand out.
In case you missed it: Why is there a shortage of everything?
And: Consumer spending remains strong in Sarasota and Manatee, despite COVID-19 pandemic
Chris Jones, an economist at the University of South Florida, said that many of the country's largest retailers prepared and staffed up ahead of the Thanksgiving shopping weekend. But there are still plenty of "now hiring" signs to go around.
"We'll probably face a bit of a labor market shortage this holiday season, but we're facing that with goods as well and it doesn't seem to be stopping the shoppers from engaging," Jones said.
The National Retail Federation said it expects U.S. retailers to hire between 500,000 and 665,000 seasonal workers this holiday season, up from 486,000 last year. That includes employees in both brick-and-mortar retail stores and warehouse distribution centers.
The National Retail Federation said it expects U.
Some of that holiday hiring may have taken place earlier than usual, the retail federation said, because a lot of companies encouraged customers to shop earlier through deals and advertising.
So far, holiday spending appears to be relatively strong. Adobe Analytics reported that online spending on Black Friday and Cyber Monday dropped compared to last year, but foot traffic inside retail stores was up, rising 47.5% over 2020, according to Sensormatic Solutions. Jack Kleinhenz, chief economist for the National Retail Federation, said Friday that spending this holiday season could exceed the pre-COVID sales numbers of 2019.
To help deal with supply chain issues, which have left some grocery store and big box shelves looking pretty bare, many retailers have boosted their warehouse and fulfillment center hiring.
In September, Target announced it would hire 100,000 seasonal workers in 2021 and 30,000 people in supply chain positions to help deal with inventory.
At TJX Companies, the Massachusetts-based parent company of TJ Maxx, HomeGoods and Marshalls, the majority of seasonal employees will be part-time, spokeswoman Bethany Crocetti said. But seasonal workers in distribution and fulfillment will work full-time schedules.
Over the last couple of years, retailers' strategy when it comes to inventory has been keeping as little as possible on hand, Jones said. But that strategy is successful only when every link of the supply chain works as it's supposed to, he said.
"Now, with what we've witnessed with the giant supply chain distribution at major ports of entry, there's the recognition that one, we've gotta do more to improve infrastructure at the country's biggest ports, and two, we have to invest in warehousing because it's not just about keeping up with Amazon," he said. "If you don't have some stock of inventory in a fulfillment or warehousing type facility, you could get in big trouble pretty quickly, if the supply chain breaks down as it has."
By the way, subscribers: Christmas Tree Shops slated for fall 2022 opening
Previously: Shopping local in Sarasota on Small Business Saturday
Looming over the current holiday season is a new economic norm that was ushered in after COVID-19.
Before 2020, retail and restaurant work was never considered high-risk, Jones said. It seemed unthinkable that the floor would drop out from under the industry, leaving millions of workers suddenly without jobs.
But then COVID happened. Stores closed and restaurants shut down. Bars that had been lively and busy just weeks or even days before were suddenly completely silent.
Retail workers now have to deal with job uncertainty, frustrated customers with various feelings about safety guidelines and the risk of getting sick themselves, Jones said. That's why it's been more difficult to get people into those positions.
"A lot of individuals want to look at this as some sort of cultural rebellion. I'm not saying there isn't an element of that to this, but I tend to believe a lot of this has to do with the fact that these individuals want to be compensated for working in that environment if this could happen again," he said. "There's an element of, 'If I'm going to get into an occupation where the risk of being let go is high, I want to be compensated for it.'"
This is what's driving companies to offer signing bonuses, higher starting wages and other incentives. Stephanie Jimenez, a spokeswoman for Macy's, said the department store chain is raising its starting wage to $15 per hour by May 2022.
What retail workers need goes beyond just pay, however. There's a lot of interest among consumers to get out there and shop this holiday season, especially because last year was so restricted, said Larry Barton, professor of crisis management and public safety at the University of Central Florida.
This adds even more stress to retail workers, Barton said.
"Those who are filling shelves are usually workers making below $17 an hour. Many of them are working two jobs and working extra hard to make ends meet," he said. "They face the same inflationary pressures store managers, but in many ways they share a disproportionate burden because they are locked into an income stratification that does not give them flexibility."
Because of this, it's important for management to go out of its way to make workers feel appreciated, Barton said. Little things like bringing in donuts for the workforce go a long way, he said.
"If you're treated like cattle and spoken to in derogatory way or worse, don't be surprised if you're (only) keeping 7-8% of people," he said.
Support local journalism with a digital subscription to the Herald Tribune.
This article originally appeared on Sarasota Herald-Tribune: Holiday: Retailers offer higher wages, perks as hiring incentives
Supply Chain Woes Could Worsen as China Imposes New COVID Lockdowns
WASHINGTON - Companies are bracing for another round of potentially debilitating supply chain disruptions as China, home to about one-third of global manufacturing, imposes sweeping lockdowns in an attempt to keep the omicron variant at bay. The measures have already confined tens of millions of people to their homes in several Chinese cities and contributed to a suspension of connecting flights through Hong Kong from much of the world for the next month. At least 20 million people, or about 1.5
7bridges raises $17M to automate logistics supply chains using AI
Supply chain logistics -- getting components and eventually finished products from A to B to C -- is one of the most critical parts of running a business, not least because it is one of the most complex, involving dozens of companies, hundreds of combinations and permutations, accounting for world events outside of your business, a lot of people hours to figure it all out. Today, a startup called 7bridges that is aiming to simplify that by way of an AI-based automation platform -- it ingests a company's supply chain, operating and logistics data to present a user with optimized recommendations for how to move goods -- is announcing $17 million in new funding, a sign of the demand in the...
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Outspoken comedian Margaret Cho plays host to Front Row 2018, a once-in-a-lifetime, only-at-UC Berkeley experience. This year's event, created specifically by UCB students for UCB students, celebrates and explores issues of race, identity, and power in the entertainment industry. Joining Cho on stage are comedian, actress, and writer Ali Wong; comedian, writer, and performer Aparna Nancherla; and comedian Hari Kondabolu in an evening of comedy and conversation. Of her colleagues, Cho says, "I'm a longtime fan of Ali, Aparna, and Hari and I'm thrilled to be able to work with them on this event. Being a minority artist in a very monochrome entertainment world is tough and I know that we will have so much to talk about!"
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California — the Golden State — is known for its luscious landscape and flourishing fauna. It is famous for picturesque destinations and activities. Because of this plethora of highly varied destinations, it is a popular state for tourists to visit.
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My first visit to Mount Shasta was February 1978. The New Age movement was a whisper. By 1987, it was the hot spot. The New Age Rainbow People were having a gathering at Panther Meadow, hereafter Sacred Flower Meadow, (Wintu) for the Harmonic Convergence. Over 5,000 people showed up, including me. I didn't go there to be part of the Rainbow Gathering.
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