text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Speech denoising~\cite{loizou2007speech} is the task of removing background noise from recorded speech, while preserving the perceptual quality and intelligibility of speech signals.  It has important applications for audio calls, teleconferencing, speech recognition, and hearing aids, thus has been studied over several decades.
Traditional signal processing methods, such as spectral subtraction~\cite{boll1979suppression} and  Wiener filtering~\cite{lim1979enhancement}, are required to produce an estimate of noise spectra and then the clean speech given the additive noise assumption.
These methods work well with stationary noise process, but may not generalize well to non-stationary or structured noise types such as dogs barking, baby crying, or traffic horn.

Neural networks have been introduced for speech enhancement since the 1980s~\cite{tamura1988noise, parveen2004speech}.
With the increased computation power, deep neural networks~(DNN) are often used, e.g.,~\cite{lu2013speech, xu2014regression}.
Over the past years, DNN-based methods for speech enhancement have obtained the state-of-the-art results.
The models are usually trained in the supervised setting, where the models learn to predict the clean speech signal given the input noise speech.
These methods can be categorized into time-frequency and waveform domain methods.
A large body of works are based on time-frequency representations~(e.g., STFT)~\cite{xu2014regression,soni2018time, fu2019metricgan, fu2021metricgan+, wang2015deep, weninger2015speech, nicolson2019deep, germain2018speech, xu2017multi,
hao2021fullsubnet, westhausen2020dual, isik2020poconet}. They take the noisy spectral feature (e.g., magnitude of spectrogram, complex spectrum) as the input, and predict the spectral feature or certain mask for modulation of clean speech~(e.g., Ideal Ratio Mask~\cite{williamson2015complex}). Then, the waveform is resynthesized given the predicted spectral feature with other extracted information from the input noisy speech~(e.g., phase).
Another family of speech denoising models directly predict the clean speech waveform from the noisy waveform input~\cite{pascual2017segan, rethage2018wavenet, pandey2019tcnn, hao2019unetgan, defossez2020real}.
In previous studies, although the waveform methods are conceptually compelling and sometimes preferred in subjective evaluation, they are still lagging behind the time-frequency methods in terms of objective evaluations~(e.g., PESQ~\cite{PESQ2001}).

For waveform methods, there are two popular architecture backbones: WaveNet~\cite{oord2016wavenet} and U-Net~\cite{ronneberger2015u}.
WaveNet can be applied to process the raw waveform~\cite{rethage2018wavenet} as in speech synthesis~\cite{ping2018clarinet}, or low-dimensional embeddings for efficiency reason~\cite{luo2019conv}.
U-Net is an encoder-decoder architecture with skip connections tailored for dense prediction, which is particularly suitable for speech denoising~\cite{pascual2017segan}.
To further improve the denoising quality, different bottleneck layers between the encoder and the decoder are introduced. Examples include dilated convolutions~\cite{stoller2018wave,hao2019unetgan}, stand-alone WaveNet~\cite{pandey2019tcnn}, and LSTM~\cite{defossez2020real}.
In addition, several works use the GAN loss to train their models \cite{pascual2017segan, baby2019sergan, hao2019unetgan, phan2020improving}.

In this paper, we propose CleanUNet, a causal speech denoising model in the waveform domain.
Our model is built on a U-Net structure~\cite{ronneberger2015u}, consisting of an encoder-decoder with skip connections and bottleneck layers.
In particular,  we use masked self-attentions~\cite{vaswani2017attention} to refine the bottleneck representation, which is crucial to achieve the state-of-the-art results.
Both the encoder and decoder only use causal convolutions,
so the overall architectural latency of the model is solely determined
 by the temporal resampling ratio between the original
time-domain waveform and the bottleneck representation~(e.g., 16ms for 16kHz audio).
We conduct a series of ablation studies on the architecture and loss function, and demonstrate that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art waveform methods in terms of various evaluations.

\vspace{-.2em}
\section{Model}
\label{model}
\vspace{-.4em}
\subsection{Problem Settings}
\label{problem settings}
\vspace{-.4em}
The goal of this paper is to develop a model that can denoise speech collected from a single channel microphone. The model is causal for online streaming applications.
Formally, let $x_{\rm{noisy}} \in R^T$ be the observed noisy speech waveform of length $T$. We assume the noisy speech is a mixture of clean speech $x$ and background noise $x_{\rm{noise}}$ of the same length: $x_{\rm{noisy}} = x + x_{\rm{noise}}$. The goal is to obtain a denoiser function $f$ such that (1) $\hat{x} = f(x_{\rm{noisy}}) \approx x$, and (2) $f$ is causal: the $t$-th element of the output $\hat{x}_t$ is only a function of previous observations $x_{1:t}$.

\vspace{-.3em}
\subsection{Architecture}
\label{architecture}
\vspace{-.3em}
We adopt a U-Net architecture \cite{ronneberger2015u, petit2021u} for our model $f$. It contains an encoder, a decoder, and a bottleneck between them. The encoder and decoder have the same number of layers, and are connected via skip connections (identity maps). We visualize the model architecture in Fig. \ref{fig:architecture}.

\noindent\textbf{Encoder.} The encoder has $D$ encoder layers, where $D$ is the depth of the encoder. Each encoder layer is composed of a strided 1-d convolution (Conv1d) followed by the rectified linear unit (ReLU) and an 1$\times$1 convolution (Conv1$\times$1) followed by the gated linear unit (GLU), similar to \cite{defossez2020real}. The Conv1d down-samples the input in length and increases the number of channels. The Conv1d in the first layer outputs $H$ channels, where $H$ controls the capacity of the model, and Conv1d's in other layers double the number of channels. Each Conv1d has kernel size $K$ and stride $S=K/2$.
Each Conv1$\times$1 doubles the number of channels because GLU halves the channels. All 1-d convolutions are causal.

\noindent\textbf{Decoder.} The decoder has $D$ decoder layers. Each decoder layer is paired with the corresponding encoder layer in the reversed order; for instance, the last decoder layer is paired with the first encoder layer. Each pair of encoder and decoder layers are connected via a skip connection. Each decoder layer is composed of a Conv1$\times$1 followed by GLU and a transposed 1-d convolution (ConvTranspose1d). The ConvTranspose1d in each decoder layer is causal and has the same hyper-parameters as the Conv1d in the paired encoder layer, except that the number of input and output channels are reversed.

\noindent\textbf{Bottleneck.} The bottleneck is composed of $N$ self attention blocks \cite{vaswani2017attention}. Each self attention block is composed of a multi-head self attention layer and a position-wise fully connected layer. Each layer has a skip connection around it followed by layer normalization. Each multi-head self attention layer has 8 heads, model dimension 512, and the attention map is masked to ensure causality. Each fully connected layer has input channel size 512 and output channel size 2048.

\begin{figure}[!t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[trim=205 120 265 150, clip, width=0.99\linewidth]{Denoiser.pdf}
    \vspace{-.4em}
    \caption{Model architecture for CleanUNet. It is causal with noisy waveform as input and clean speech waveform as output.}
    \label{fig:architecture}
\end{figure}

\vspace{-.3em}
\subsection{Loss Function}
\label{loss}
\vspace{-.3em}
The loss function has two terms: the $\ell_1$ loss on waveform and an STFT loss between clean speech $x$ and denoised speech $\hat{x} = f(x_{\rm{noisy}})$. Let $s(x;\theta) = |\mathrm{STFT}(x)|$ be the magnitude of the linear-scale spectrogram of $x$, where $\theta$ represents the hyperparameters of STFT including the hop size, the window length, and the FFT bin. Then, we use multi-resolution STFT~\cite{yamamoto2020parallel} as our full-band STFT loss:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq: full band stft}
\begin{array}{l}
    \displaystyle \mathrm{M\text{-}STFT}(x,\hat{x}) = \\
    ~~~~~~ \sum_{i=1}^m
    \left( \frac{\|s(x;\theta_i)-s(\hat{x};\theta_i)\|_F}{\|s(x;\theta_i)\|_F} \right. + \left. \frac{1}{T} {\left\|\log \frac{s(x;\theta_i)}{s(\hat{x};\theta_i)}\right\|_1} \right),
\end{array}
\end{equation}
where $m$ is the number of resolutions and $\theta_i$ is the STFT parameter for each resolution.
Then, our loss function is $\frac12\mathrm{M\text{-}STFT}(x,\hat{x}) + \|x-\hat{x}\|_1$.

In practice, we find the full-band $\mathrm{M\text{-}STFT}$ loss sometimes leads to low-frequency noises on the silence part of denoised speech, which deteriorates the human listening test.
On the other hand, if our model is trained with $\ell_1$ loss only, the silence part of the output is clean, but the high-frequency bands are less accurate than the model trained with the $\mathrm{M\text{-}STFT}$ loss.
This motivated us to define a high-band multi-resolution STFT loss.
Let ${s}_h(x)$ only contains the second half number of rows of $s(x)$~(e.g.,  4kHz to 8kHz range of the frequency bands for 16kHz audio). Then, the high-band STFT loss $\mathrm{M\text{-}{STFT}}_{h} (x,\hat{x})$ is defined by substituting $s(\cdot)$ with ${s}_h(\cdot)$ in Eq.~\eqref{eq: full band stft}.
Finally, the high-band loss function is $\frac12\mathrm{M\text{-}{STFT}}_h (x,\hat{x}) + \|x-\hat{x}\|_1$.

\begin{table*}[!t]\small
    \centering
    \caption{ Objective and subjective evaluation results for denoising on the DNS no-reverb testset.}
    \vspace{-.7em}
    \begin{tabular}{l|c|ccc|ccc|ccc}
    \toprule
        \multirow{2}{*}{Model} & \multirow{2}{*}{Domain} & PESQ & PESQ & STOI & pred. & pred. & pred. & MOS & MOS & MOS \\
        & & (WB) & (NB) & (\%) & CSIG & CBAK & COVRL & SIG & BAK & OVRL \\ \hline
        Noisy dataset & -           & 1.585 & 2.164 & 91.6 & 3.190 & 2.533 & 2.353 & -   & -   & - \\ \hline
        DTLN \cite{westhausen2020dual}          & Time-Freq   & -     & 3.04  & 94.8 & -     & -     & -     & -   & -   & - \\
        PoCoNet \cite{isik2020poconet}       & Time-Freq   & 2.745 & -     & -    & 4.080 & 3.040 & 3.422 & -   & -   & - \\
        FullSubNet \cite{hao2021fullsubnet}    & Time-Freq   & 2.897 & 3.374 & 96.4 & 4.278 & 3.644 & 3.607 & 3.97  & 3.72 & 3.75\\

        Conv-TasNet \cite{luo2019conv}   & Waveform    & 2.73  & -     & -    & -     & -     & -     & -   & -   & - \\
        FAIR-denoiser~\cite{defossez2020real} & Waveform    & 2.659 & 3.229 & 96.6 & 4.145 & 3.627 & 3.419 & 3.68 & \bf{4.10} &  3.72\\ \hline
        CleanUNet~($N=5$, $\ell_1$+full) & Waveform    & \bf{3.146} & \bf{3.551} & \bf{97.7} & \bf{4.619} & \bf{3.892} & \bf{3.932} & \bf{4.03} & 3.89 & 3.78 \\
        CleanUNet~($N=5$, $\ell_1$+high) & Waveform    & 3.011 & 3.460 & 97.3 & 4.513 & 3.812 & 3.800 & 3.94 & \bf{4.08} &  \bf{3.87}\\
    \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \label{tab: dns}
    \vspace{-.3em}
\end{table*}
\begin{table*}[!t]\small
    \centering
    \caption{Objective evaluation results for denoising on the Valentini test dataset.}
    \vspace{-.7em}
    \begin{tabular}{l|c|ccc|ccc}
    \toprule
        \multirow{2}{*}{Model} & \multirow{2}{*}{Domain} & PESQ & PESQ & STOI & pred. & pred. & pred.  \\
        & & (WB) & (NB) & (\%) & CSIG & CBAK & COVRL  \\ \hline
        Noisy dataset   & - &   1.943 & 2.553 & 92.7 & 3.185 & 2.475 & 2.536 \\ \hline
        FAIR-denoiser \cite{defossez2020real} & Waveform & 2.835 & 3.329 & 95.3 & 4.269 & 3.377 & 3.571 \\ \hline
        CleanUNet~($N=3$, $\ell_1$+full) & Waveform  & 2.884 & 3.396 & 95.5 & 4.317 & 3.406 & 3.625 \\
        CleanUNet~($N=5$, $\ell_1$+full) & Waveform   & \textbf{2.905} & \textbf{3.408} & \textbf{95.6} & \textbf{4.338} & \textbf{3.422} & \textbf{3.645} \\
    \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \label{tab: valentini}
     \vspace{-.3em}
\end{table*}
\begin{table*}[!t]\small
    \centering
    \caption{ Objective evaluation results for denoising on the internal test dataset.}
    \vspace{-.7em}
    \begin{tabular}{l|c|ccc|ccc}
    \toprule
        \multirow{2}{*}{Model} & \multirow{2}{*}{Domain} & PESQ & PESQ & STOI & pred. & pred. & pred.  \\
        & & (WB) & (NB) & (\%) & CSIG & CBAK & COVRL  \\ \hline
        Noisy dataset           & -              & 1.488 & 1.861 & 86.2 & 2.436 & 2.398 & 1.927  \\ \hline
        FullSubNet \cite{hao2021fullsubnet}        & Time-Freq      & 2.442 & 2.908 & 92.0 & 3.650 & 3.369 & 3.046  \\
        Conv-TasNet \cite{luo2019conv}             & Waveform       & 1.927 & 2.349 & 92.2 & 2.869 & 2.004 & 2.388  \\
        FAIR-denoiser \cite{defossez2020real}     & Waveform       & 2.087 & 2.490 & 92.8 & 3.120 & 3.173 & 2.593  \\ \hline
        CleanUNet~($N=5$, $\ell_1$+full) & Waveform       & \bf{2.450} & \bf{2.915} & \bf{93.8} & \bf{3.981} & \bf{3.423} & \bf{3.270}  \\
        CleanUNet~($N=5$, $\ell_1$+high) & Waveform       & 2.387 & 2.833 & 93.3 & 3.905 & 3.347 & 3.151  \\
    \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \label{tab: rtx}
     \vspace{-.3em}
\end{table*}

\vspace{-.2em}
\section{Experiment}
\label{experiment}
\vspace{-.3em}
We evaluate the proposed CleanUNet~on three datasets: the Deep Noise Suppression (DNS) dataset \cite{reddy2020interspeech}, the Valentini dataset  \cite{ValentiniBotinhao2017NoisySD}, and an internal dataset. We compare our model with the state-of-the-art~(SOTA)  models in terms of various objective and subjective evaluations.
The results are summarized in Tables~\ref{tab: dns}, \ref{tab: valentini}, and \ref{tab: rtx}.
We also perform an ablation study for the architecture design and  loss function.

\vspace{.1em}
\noindent\textbf{Data preparation:} For each training data pair $(x_{\rm{noisy}}, x)$, we randomly take (aligned) $L$-second clips for both of them. We then apply various data augmentation methods to these clips, which we will specify for each dataset.

\noindent\textbf{Architecture:} The depth of the encoder or the decoder is $D=8$. Each encoder/decoder layer has hidden dimension $H=48$ or $64$, stride $S=2$, and kernel size $K=4$. The depth of the bottleneck is $N=3$ or $5$. Each self attention block has 8 heads, model dimension $=512$, middle dimension $=2048$, no dropout and no positional encoding.

\noindent\textbf{Optimization:} We use the Adam optimizer with momentum $\beta_1 = 0.9$ and denominator momentum $\beta_2 = 0.999$. We use the linear warmup with cosine annealing learning rate schedule with maximum learning rate $=2\times10^{-4}$ and warmup ratio $=5\%$. We survey three kinds of losses: (1) $\ell_1$ loss on waveform, (2) $\ell_1$ loss + full-band STFT, (3) $\ell_1$ loss + high-band STFT described in Section \ref{loss}. All models are trained on 8 NVIDIA V100 GPUs.

\noindent\textbf{Evaluation:} We conduct both objective and subjective evaluations for denoised speech. Objective evaluation methods include (1) Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ \cite{PESQ2001}), (2) Short-Time Objective Intelligibility (STOI \cite{taal2011algorithm}), and (3) Mean Opinion Score (MOS) prediction of the $i$) distortion of speech signal~(SIG), $ii$) intrusiveness of background noise (BAK), and $iii$) overall quality (OVRL) \cite{4389058}.
For subjective evaluation, we perform a MOS test as
recommended in ITU-T P.835~\cite{recommendation2003subjective}.
We launched a crowd source evaluation on Mechanical Turk.
We randomly select 100 utterances from the test set, and each utterance is scored by 15 workers along three axis:   SIG, BAK, and OVRL.

\vspace{-.3em}
\subsection{DNS}
\label{dns}
\vspace{-.3em}
The DNS dataset \cite{reddy2020interspeech} contains recordings of more than 10K speakers reading 10K books with a sampling rate $16$kHz. We synthesize 500 hours of clean \& noisy speech pairs with 31 SNR levels (-5 to 25 dB) to create the training set \cite{reddy2020interspeech}. We set the clip $L=10$. We then apply the RevEcho augmentation \cite{defossez2020real} (which adds decaying echoes) to the training data.

We compare the proposed CleanUNet~with several SOTA models on DNS.
By default, FAIR-denoiser~\cite{defossez2020real} only use  $\ell_1$ waveform loss on DNS dataset for better subjective evaluation.
We use hidden dimension $H=64$. We study both full and high-band STFT losses as described in Section \ref{loss} with multi-resolution hop sizes in $\{50,120,240\}$, window lengths in $\{240, 600, 1200\}$, and FFT bins in $\{512, 1024, 2048\}$. We train the models for 1M iterations with a batch size of $16$. We report the objective and subjective evaluations on the no-reverb testset in Table~\ref{tab: dns}.
CleanUNet~ outperforms all baselines in objective evaluations.
For MOS evaluations, it get the highest SIG and OVRL, and slightly lower BAK.

\vspace{.2em}
\noindent\textbf{Ablation Studies:}
We perform ablation study to investigate the hyper-parameters and loss functions in our model.
We survey $N=3$ or $5$ self attention blocks in the bottleneck.  We also survey different combination of loss terms. The objective evaluation results are in Table \ref{tab: dns ablation params}.  Full-band STFT loss and $N=5$ consistently outperforms the others in terms of objective evaluations.

\begin{table}[!t]\small
    \centering
    \caption{Objective evaluation results for the ablation study of CleanUNet~on the DNS no-reverb testset.}
    \vspace{-.7em}
    \begin{tabular}{cc|ccc}
    \toprule
        $N$ & loss  & PESQ (WB) & PESQ (NB) & STOI (\%) \\ \hline
        \multirow{3}{*}{3}
        & $\ell_1$           & 2.750 & 3.319 & 96.9 \\
        & $\ell_1$ + full    & 3.128 & 3.539 & 97.6 \\
        & $\ell_1$ + high    & 3.006 & 3.453 & 97.3 \\ \hline
        \multirow{3}{*}{5}
        & $\ell_1$     & 2.797 & 3.362 & 97.0 \\
        & $\ell_1$ + full    & 3.146 & 3.551 & 97.7 \\
        & $\ell_1$ + high    & 3.011 & 3.460 & 97.3 \\
    \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \label{tab: dns ablation params}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[!t]\small
    \centering
    \caption{Objective evaluation results for the ablation study of architecture on the DNS no-reverb testset. Stride is $S=K/2$. RS means resampling using  sinc interpolation~\cite{smith1984flexible}. All models downsample 16khz audio 256$\times$ for bottleneck representation.}
     \vspace{-.7em}
    \begin{tabular}{lccc|ccc}
    \toprule
        \multirow{2}{*}{Model} & \multirow{2}{*}{$D$} & \multirow{2}{*}{$K$} & \multirow{2}{*}{RS} & PESQ & PESQ & STOI \\
        &&&& (WB) & (NB) & (\%) \\ \hline
        FAIR-denoiser & 5 & 8 & yes & 2.849 & 3.329 & 96.9 \\
        CleanUNet~& 5 & 8 & yes & 3.024 & 3.459  & 97.3 \\
        CleanUNet~& 4 & 8 & no  & 2.982 & 3.425 & 97.2 \\
        CleanUNet~& 8 & 4 & no  & 3.146 & 3.551 & 97.7 \\
    \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \label{tab: dns ablation fair}
\end{table}

In order to show the importance of each component in CleanUNet, we perform an ablation study by gradually replacing the components in FAIR-denoiser~\cite{defossez2020real} to our model in Table \ref{tab: dns ablation fair}. First, we train FAIR-denoiser with the full-band STFT loss. The architecture has $D=5$ (kernel size $K=8$ and stride $S=4$), a resampling layer (realized by the sinc interpolation filter \cite{smith1984flexible}), and LSTM as the bottleneck.
Next, we replace the LSTM with $N=5$ self attention blocks, which leads to a boost of PESQ score from 2.849 to 3.024.
We then remove the sinc resampling operation and reduce the depth of the encoder/decoder to $D=4$, which only has minor impact.
Finally, we double the depth to $D=8$ and reduce the kernel size to $K=4$ and stride to $S=2$, which significantly improves the results.
Note that all these models produce the same length  of bottleneck representation.

\vspace{.2em}
\noindent\textbf{Inference Speed and Model Footprints:}
We compare the inference speed and model footprints between the FAIR-denoiser and CleanUNet. We use hidden dimension $H=64$ in all models. The inference speed is measured in terms of the real time factor (RTF), which is the time required to generate certain speech divided by the total time of the speech. We use a batch-size of $4$ and length $L=10$ seconds under a sampling rate 16kHz. The results are reported in Table \ref{tab: stat}.

\begin{table}[!t]\small
    \centering
    \caption{Inference speed (RTF) and model footprints (\#/ parameters) of the FAIR-denoiser and CleanUNet.
    The algorithmic latency for all models is 16ms for 16khz audio.}
      \vspace{-.7em}
    \begin{tabular}{l|cc}
    \toprule
        Model & RTF & Footprint \\ \hline
        FAIR-denoiser & $2.59\times10^{-3}$ & 33.53M \\
        CleanUNet~($N=3$) & $3.19\times10^{-3}$ & 39.77M \\
        CleanUNet~($N=5$) & $3.43\times10^{-3}$ & 46.07M \\
    \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \label{tab: stat}
    \vspace{-.4em}
\end{table}

\vspace{-.3em}
\subsection{Valentini}
\label{valentini}
\vspace{-.4em}
The Valentini dataset \cite{ValentiniBotinhao2017NoisySD} contains 28.4 hours of clean \& noisy speech pairs collected from 84 speakers with a sampling rate $48$kHz. There are 4 SNR levels (0, 5, 10, and 15 dB). At each iteration, we randomly select $L$ to be a real value between 1.33 and 1.5. We then apply the Remix augmentation  (which shuffles noises within a local batch) and the BandMask augmentation \cite{defossez2020real} (which removes a fraction of frequencies) to the training data.
We compare our CleanUNet~ with FAIR-denoiser \cite{defossez2020real} as the baseline. In both models we use hidden dimension $H=48$ and the full-band STFT loss with the same setup as DNS dataset. We train the models for 1M iterations with a batch size of $64$. We report the objective evaluation results in Table \ref{tab: valentini}.
Our model consistently outperforms FAIR-denoiser in all metrics.

\vspace{-.3em}
\subsection{Internal Dataset}
\label{rtx}
\vspace{-.4em}
We also conduct experiments on an challenging internal dataset. The dataset contains 100 hours of clean \& noisy speech with a sampling rate $48$kHz. Each clean audio may contain speech from multiple speakers. We use the same data preparation ($L=10$) and augmentation method as the DNS dataset in Section \ref{dns}.

We compare the proposed CleanUNet~with FAIR-denoiser and FullSubNet on this internal dataset. We set $H=64$, $N=5$, $D=8$, $K=8$, $S=2$. We use full and high-band STFT losses with the same setup as DNS dataset. We train the models for 1M iterations with a batch size of $16$. We report the objective evaluation results in Table \ref{tab: rtx}.
Our model consistently outperforms FullSubNet and FAIR-denoiser in all metrics.

\section{Conclusion}

In this paper, we introduce CleanUNet, a causal speech denoising model in the waveform domain.
Our model uses the U-Net like encoder-decoder as the backbone, and relies on self-attention modules to refine its bottleneck representation.
We test our model on various datasets, and show that it achieves the state-of-the-art performance in terms of objective and subjective evaluation metrics in the speech denoising task. We also conduct a series of ablation studies for architecture design choices and different combinations of loss functions.

\bibliographystyle{IEEEbib}
{\small

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Under a general anesthesia with muscle paralysis and assisted ventilation, the patient is put on the supine position with the head tilted down. A 2-mm supraumbilical incision is made and the pneumoperitoneum is performed by inserting a Veress needle, creating a 2-mm portal. After establishing pneumoperitoneum (CO2) with Trendelenburg positioning, an 18-gauge needle is introduced into the right and left lower quadrants. A guidewire is inserted through the 18-gauge needle and advanced to the true pelvic cavity. The dilator and sheath are advanced over the guidewire. Then, a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheter is advanced through the sheath, over the right lower quadrant toward the pelvis. The sheath and guidewire are removed. A 5 cm subcutaneous tunnel is made by blunt dissection through the exit wound above the belt line. The catheter position is verified by direct visualization. A second 2-mm trocar may be placed to guide the catheter toward the pelvis. The catheter is flushed with heparinized saline. Local anesthesia is administered and the skin incisions are closed. Placement of the catheter can be performed under local anesthesia. This method has been described utilizing helium or nitrous gas, which is less irritating to the peritoneum than carbon dioxide.


text:
Wamweracaudia — викопний рід завроподів, що існував в пізній юрі на території Танзанії.

Етимологія

Родова назва поєднує назву народності Wamwera й caudia, що перекладається з грецької як «хвіст», а видова назва вшановує Mohammadi Keranje, що наглядав за ходом робіт при видобутті голотипу.

Історія

Таксономічна історія Janenschia складна, доволі ймовірно, що до цього роду відносили рештки не пов'язаних між собою танзанських завроподів. 1929 року Яненш описав хвостові хребці, на яких пізніше було засновано Wamweracaudia, віднісши їх до Janenschia robusta, проте не вказавши конкретного підґрунтя для такої ідентифікації (пізніше припускали, що він міг виходити з порівняння з наразі втраченим матеріалом). 2019-го автори перегляду сумнівних завроподів із Тендагуру виділили для цих елементів окремий таксон, Wamweracaudia keranjei.

Систематика

Wamweracaudia - представник родини Mamenchisauridae, ймовірно, близько споріднений із Mamenchisaurus та Chuanjiesaurus.

Палеобіогеографія

Вважалося, що Азію було ізольовано за середньої-пізньої юри від решти світу, й Mamenchisauridae сприймались як приклад ендемічної лінії виниклої за часів цієї ізоляції. Відкриття африканського таксона може вказувати на те, що ця родина не була ендемічною, можливо, на її виникнення ще до келовейської ізоляції Східної Азії, разом із вірогідною приналежністю до неї середньоюрського Cetiosauriscus із Британії. Імовірно, ізоляція не була цілковитою, на що вказує, зокрема, виявлення рештків середньоюрських неозавроподів у Китаї.

Примітки

Завроподи
Динозаври юрського періоду

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Britain's Prime Minister Theresa May shakes hands with Irish Prime Minister Leo Varadkar in Brussels. 13 December.
BRITISH PRIME MINISTER Theresa May has said that she doesn't expect an immediate breakthrough when she meets EU leaders today in an attempt to save her Brexit deal and her career.
The British leader, who survived a confidence vote staged by her own party's MPs late last night, now needs to turn a narrow victory on home turf into an unlikely away win.
May's 27 counterparts will join her in Brussels for a EU summit less than three weeks after a 25 November meeting at which they approved the Brexit divorce papers.
An Taoiseach Leo Varadkar is also in Brussels with Minister for European Affairs Helen McEntee for series of meetings with the European Council today and tomorrow.
The Taoiseach met with May briefly this morning: the two were due to meet in Dublin yesterday, but the visit was cancelled due to a sudden vote of confidence in her leadership of the Tory party.
May is also due to meet with EU chief negotiator Michel Barnier before they join other leaders to try to find "reassurances" that the backstop in the Brexit deal – measures to prevent the return of a hard border with Ireland – will not last indefinitely.
Speaking to reporters in Brussels today, May admitted that she didn't "expect and immediate breakthrough" when she met leaders today.
"My focus now is on ensuring i can get those assurances that we need to get this deal over the line because I genuinely believe that it's in the best interests of both sides… to get the deal over the line and agree a deal," May said.
"But I recognise the strength of concerns in the House of Commons and that's what I'll be putting to colleagues today.
I don't expect an immediate breakthrough but what I do hope is that we can start to work as quickly as possible on the assurances that are necessary.
May said that her primary focus was to "get the deal over the line". She also confirmed that she would not be leading the Conservative Party into the next general election.
"Yes I've said that in my heart I would love to be able to lead the Conservative Party into the next general election but I think that it is right that the party feels that it would prefer to go into that election with a new leader," she said.
A schedule for the House of Commons published today showed that the coming week has been filled by other draft legislation, meaning that the UK's vote on whether to approve the Brexit deal won't happen until the New Year. The parliament returns after the Christmas break on 7 January, and May has promised to hold the vote by 21 January.
The agreement on the backstop and the Brexit deal was hailed as the end to a 17-month negotiation, and leaders dared hope they had saved Britain from crashing out of the union on 29 March with no ongoing trade arrangements.
But when May brought the hard-fought compromise back to Britain she ran into renewed opposition from hardline Brexiteers on her own backbenches and balked at putting it to parliament.
EU negotiators said the leaders would listen to May and see what they can offer her in terms of a statement, but insist the 585-page withdrawal agreement itself cannot be renegotiated.
"The margin is really tight, it will be an exercise in presentation," one senior European diplomat confided Wednesday.
They will, however, hear May out, setting aside time today during a summit they had hoped would deal with migration, budgets and eurozone reform to talk about Brexit once again.
"The discussions in Britain… do not make the situation any easier, but we should nevertheless do everything we can to avoid a hard Brexit," Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz said.
Austria holds the rotating EU presidency and Kurz arrived in Brussels ahead of the summit to talk with host Donald Tusk, the president of the European Council, about the agenda.
"It is clear that the withdrawal agreement will not be opened up and amended but there are, of course, other ways of moving towards one another that are in the interests of both sides," Kurz said.
After May made a desperate three-capital European tour on Tuesday to seek assistance from fellow leaders, Tusk had said he would love to help her, but "the question is how".
Yesterday, Kurz suggested the secret may lie in the question of the backstop.
I think there is a certain room to move towards each other.
But determined to remain loyal to continuing member Ireland, European officials insist in public and in private that the backstop must stay. "The idea of a sell-by date won't stand," one said.
And any modification or addendum to an agreement on plans for future UK-EU relations will not be legally binding, negotiators say.
Anything May does come away with must convince her own party, its angry Northern Irish allies and a majority of British MPs to back the deal if and when it returns to Westminster.
If the agreement is still found wanting not only would Britain and its main trading partners face economic chaos, but May could be finished off by a parliamentary vote of no confidence.
She said yesterday she wanted to "get on with the job of delivering Brexit", and to see "politicians on all sides coming together".
But her hardline opponents claimed the vote against her had been higher than expected and that most back members – who do not hold jobs in May's government – want her gone.
"She ought to go and see the Queen and resign urgently," leading Brexit rebel Jacob Rees-Mogg told the BBC.
Eurosceptics hate the divorce deal agreed last month, which they fear risks tying Britain to the bloc for years after Brexit.
Their confidence vote followed the prime minister's decision on Monday to postpone a planned vote in the House of Commons in the face of what May feared would be a crushing defeat.
She has promised to hold that vote before 21 January – when she may yet still lose, plunging the Brexit process into a fresh crisis.
Email "Theresa May says she doesn't expect an 'immediate breakthrough' on Brexit deal at EU".
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text:
Muzik Fun Muzik soalan For Y'all!
deathding posted on Oct 07, 2016 at 02:26AM
#1. What genre of music are you most into?
-Personally, I don't really have a favorite genre. I'd listen to practically anything so long as I think it's critically good or at the very least catchy.
#2. Most relaxing song/s you know?
-Broken Wings by Mr. Mister, Don't Dream It's Over by Crowded House, Sweet Songs Ever With You by Kotoko, and the 2nd Aquarium Tank theme from Insaniquarium. There's a bit more obscure stuff out there that I love as well. <3
#3. Most hardcore song/s you know?
-Told Ya So by Get Scared, Till I Collapse by Eminem, anything by Bullet For My Valentine.
#4. Favorite song/s?
-Fatally by Kotoko, No Scared by One OK Rock, and I Like It Loud by Cash Cash in that exact order. The previously mentioned Till I Collapse is probably 4th as well.
(Also anything by Larry the Cucumber.)
#5. A song you like that virtually nobody knows even exists?
-Higurashi X Dr Dre - Forgot About "You"
I'm not sorry. I never am. ;)
#6. Favorite singer/s?
-Kotoko, who lives in Japan.
#7. Favorite band/s?
-One OK Rock, maybe Get Scared, and an endless amount of One-Hit Wonders. XD (Also Kotoko, but she's more of a solo person.)
#8. Favorite decade of music?
-This decade, because we can find anything we'd ever want on YouTube. ;)
-If you wanted a legitimate answer, then I don't know, the 2000's were pretty fun. Crazy Loop, Somebody Told Me, lots of Le' Epic Japanese stuff, etc. (The 80's are very close though.)
#9. Song/s that you wish never existed?
-What Does The Fox Say, Drive By, Hey Soul Sister, and FRIDAY. UGH.
#10. A really weird song that you like?
-The Dolly Song by Holly Dolly. It's catchy as fuck and clearly on multiple levels of LSD.
Thanks for reading my forum post. Let's see if we can get 69 views.
Haha. I said 69. Oh so funny. Oh such talent.
I hate this generation. XD
last edited on Oct 07, 2016 at 04:14AM
Muzik 2 balas
hampir setahun yang lalu Windwakerguy430 said…
#1: Classic rock
#2: Here Comes the Sun by The Beatles
#3: Sheer Heart Attack be Queen
#4: Show Must Go On by Queen, Out of Touch by Hall and Oates, Hey Jude by The Beatles, Strange by The Doors, Shine on You Crazy Diamond by Pink Floyd
#5: Tusk by Fleetwood Mac
#6: Freddy Mercury, David Bowie, John Lennon
#7: Queen, The Beatles, Pink Floyd, King Crimson, Rush
#8: The 70s and 80s
#9: Everything by Nickelback
#10: I Am the Walrus by The Beatles
hampir setahun yang lalu LGYCE said…
#1. While I feel very similarly to you, I do slightly favor speed metal.
#2. Wareta Ringo by Taneda Risa.
#3. Let Me Live My Life by Saint Asonia.
#4. Forgiven by Skillet, Nevereverland by Nano, and The Touch by Stan Bush.
#5. Afterglow by Skyhill.
#6. Nano and Dan Avidan
#7. Skillet, Saint Asonia, and Journey.
#8. The 80's for sure. Even if my technical favorites are more modern, most of the music I enjoy most is from the 80's.
#9. Most rap, and the essential 'all Justin Bieber songs.'
#10. Come Sail Away by Styx.
Muzik Kelab Berkaitan
Taylor pantas, swift


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text:
North Poudre Irrigation Company Oral History Collection
Identifier: WNPI
The North Poudre Irrigation Company Oral History Collection consists of eleven interviews with former company presidents and officials from 1992 to 1994. They reflect subjects' backgrounds, their involvement with the company, and general recollections about irrigation, farming, and water management in northern Colorado. The interviews, conducted by CSU graduate students and faculty, are copies of material recorded for a contracted project to manage the current and historic records of the NPIC. The location of the original tapes is not known. The collection also includes a general chronology and narrative of the company's history and a listing of prominent company officials and board members.
North Poudre Irrigation Company (Organization)
The North Poudre Irrigation Company helped the development of agriculture in northern Colorado by supplying water to farmers. Incorporated in 1901, the company was a conglomerate of several earlier irrigation enterprises, including the North Fork Irrigation Canal Company (1878), the North Poudre, Box Elder, and Lone Tree Canal Company (1879), and the North Poudre Land, Canal and Reservoir Company (1880). The company founded the sugar-beet farming community of Wellington in 1903 and convinced the Colorado and Southern Railway Company to build a line to the settlement. As the company expanded, it tapped water from a variety of sources, including the Colorado-Big Thompson Project. Today the company owns more than 22 storage reservoirs and approximately 200 miles of ditches as it continues to provide water for northern Colorado's farms and cities. Its history reflects the evolution of agricultural and municipal water use in the region.
0.75 linear feet (2 document boxes)
The North Poudre Irrigation Company has supplied water in northern Colorado for over one hundred years. Incorporated in 1901, the company founded the sugar-beet farming community of Wellington in 1903 and currently manages more than 22 storage reservoirs and approximately 200 miles of ditches. This collection primarily consists of eleven oral histories with company officials. It reflects the history of this local irrigation enterprise and the evolution of agricultural and municipal water use in northern Colorado.
The collection consists of oral history interviews arranged alphabetically (audiotapes in Box 1, transcripts in Box 2) along with two folders of historical information.
The North Poudre Irrigation Company Oral History Collection was transferred from the Colorado Agricultural Archive to the Water Resources Archive in February 2004. In 2014, the company donated interview transcripts.
Online Materials
Documents in this collection have been digitized and are available through the Colorado State University Libraries website. In the electronic version of this document, direct links appear in context.
Processing was completed in July 2006. Materials were reboxed and refoldered using acid-free supplies. Metal fasteners were removed and replaced with plastic clips. Papers concerning technical details of the broader records management project were discarded, as were floppy disks containing project index files. In September 2008, the paper by Ann Hilfinger was printed from a CD of files and added. The CD, containing draft transcripts and other administrative files, is in the collection file. Transcripts donated in 2014 were processed in June 2014. At the same time, records management and oral history project files from Jim Hansen were organized on the Library's digital archive server.
Audiocassettes.
Irrigation -- Colorado.
North Poudre Irrigation Company
Oral history.
Water resources development -- Colorado.
Water-supply -- Colorado.
Guide to the North Poudre Irrigation Company Oral History Collection
Prepared by Nicolai Kryloff; revised by Patricia J. Rettig
North Poudre Irrigation Company Oral History Collection, Water Resources Archive, Colorado State University.
North Poudre Irrigation Company Oral History Collection, Water Resources Archive, Colorado State University. https://archives.colostate.edu/repositories/2/resources/22 Accessed January 31, 2023.


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,… and plums and nectarines. That's life right now, and I'm loving it. This morning's adventure (every trip outside the house is an adventure to a one-year old) was a trip to the grocery store where bags of over-ripe stone fruits were begging to be adopted. I just had to oblige.


text:
Prince, wife in court for allegedly obtaining N3m under false pretence in Benin
Annie Nwosu
A couple, Peter Eweka and his wife, Stella, were Thursday arraigned before a Federal High Court in Benin City for allegedly conspiring to collect N3 million from one Mrs Juliet Aimienrovbiye under a false pretence.
According to the News Agency of Nigeria, they were arraigned on a four-count charge of obtaining money by false pretence, stealing and converting the money for personal use and converting another N200,000 for the same purpose.
The accused couple pleaded not guilty to the charges.
Mr F. B. Ojiezele, the counsel for the petitioner, requested for the immediate commencement of the trial following their not guilty plea.
Mr Zion Agbon, counsel to the defendant, objected to the request on the grounds that his clients had begun an out-of-court settlement of the money.
He told the court that the couple had already made two payments, adding that May 31 was slated for another payment to be made.
The presiding judge, Justice Adefunmilola Demi-Ajayi, at this point, questioned why the trial had to go on since settlement had commenced.
Counsel to the petitioner, however, told the court that his client did not inform him about the development.
He also called for the remand of the accused persons in prison custody, pending full payment and the determination of the substantive suit.
But counsel to the defendants while objecting to Ojiezele's request, said that it would impede his clients' efforts to make payment the next day.
He also informed the court that Stella was nursing a baby, allegedly suffering from sickle cell anaemia.
In determining the bail application, the judge sought to know whether the accused came from a royal family, pointing out that the name, Prince Eweka, implied a royal background.
Following an affirmation by the accused of his royal background, the judge directed them to produce a member of the royal family before the end of the day's sitting to identify them in the presence of the assistant registrar of the court and in company of both counsels.
He said that failure to do so, they would be remanded in prison custody until June 13, when the trial would commence.
Related Topics:BeninCourtPrimceWife


text:
Q: 'ManyToManyField' object has no attribute 'm2m_reverse_field_name' I'm trying to run a migration for my Django project, but I'm getting the error:
AttributeError: 'ManyToManyField' object has no attribute 'm2m_reverse_field_name'

I when I ran make migrations on all my apps, I didn't get any errors. It's only when I try to actually migrate. I can't tell from the traceback information which model is creating the problem, or even which app. I've looked at my models, and I don't see anything that pops out at me.
Here is the stack trace:
Operations to perform:
  Apply all migrations: admin, sessions, case_manager, file_manager, auth, contenttypes, tasks, people_and_property
Running migrations:
  Rendering model states... DONE
  Applying file_manager.0006_auto_20160109_1536...Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "manage.py", line 10, in <module>
    execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
  File "/home/mint/Python_Projects/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 350, in execute_from_command_line
    utility.execute()
  File "/home/mint/Python_Projects/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 342, in execute
    self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)
  File "/home/mint/Python_Projects/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 348, in run_from_argv
    self.execute(*args, **cmd_options)
  File "/home/mint/Python_Projects/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 399, in execute
    output = self.handle(*args, **options)
  File "/home/mint/Python_Projects/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/management/commands/migrate.py", line 200, in handle
    executor.migrate(targets, plan, fake=fake, fake_initial=fake_initial)
  File "/home/mint/Python_Projects/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/db/migrations/executor.py", line 92, in migrate
    self._migrate_all_forwards(plan, full_plan, fake=fake, fake_initial=fake_initial)
  File "/home/mint/Python_Projects/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/db/migrations/executor.py", line 121, in _migrate_all_forwards
    state = self.apply_migration(state, migration, fake=fake, fake_initial=fake_initial)
  File "/home/mint/Python_Projects/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/db/migrations/executor.py", line 198, in apply_migration
    state = migration.apply(state, schema_editor)
  File "/home/mint/Python_Projects/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/db/migrations/migration.py", line 123, in apply
    operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, schema_editor, old_state, project_state)
  File "/home/mint/Python_Projects/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/db/migrations/operations/fields.py", line 201, in database_forwards
    schema_editor.alter_field(from_model, from_field, to_field)
  File "/home/mint/Python_Projects/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/db/backends/base/schema.py", line 467, in alter_field
    return self._alter_many_to_many(model, old_field, new_field, strict)
  File "/home/mint/Python_Projects/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/db/backends/sqlite3/schema.py", line 274, in _alter_many_to_many
    old_field.remote_field.through._meta.get_field(old_field.m2m_reverse_field_name()),
AttributeError: 'ManyToManyField' object has no attribute 'm2m_reverse_field_name'

How do I figure out which model is the problem? What should I look for?

A: I ran into the same problem, but I don't know if for the same reasons. Luckily I don't have any important data in the system, so I just changed the migration as follows – but note that this deletes all data in these columns!
Before:
operations = [
    migrations.AlterField(
        model_name='resource',
        name='authors',
        field=models.ManyToManyField(related_name='resources_authored', to='api.Person'),
    ),
    migrations.AlterField(
        model_name='resource',
        name='editors',
        field=models.ManyToManyField(blank=True, related_name='resources_edited', to='api.Person'),
    ),
]

After:
operations = [
    migrations.RemoveField(
        model_name='resource',
        name='authors',
    ),
    migrations.RemoveField(
        model_name='resource',
        name='editors',
    ),
    migrations.AddField(
        model_name='resource',
        name='authors',
        field=models.ManyToManyField(related_name='resources_authored', to='api.Person'),
    ),
    migrations.AddField(
        model_name='resource',
        name='editors',
        field=models.ManyToManyField(blank=True, related_name='resources_edited', to='api.Person'),
    ),
]

While the altering failed for mysterious reasons, removing and recreating the fields worked.

A: One of the reason might be your api.Person model migrations might not have run before the one in which it is referenced(in your example it is file_manager.0006_auto_20160109_1536). So make sure api.Person migrations are run before, by adding them in the dependencies of file_manager.0006_auto_20160109_1536.

A: You have to make sure that the model you are creating the 'ManyToManyField' is already created in the database.
You can do that by adding as a dependency the migration where the model is created to your migration in which you alter the field:
Scenario 1: You alter the field to 'ManyToManyField' with a model from other app
class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
      ..........
      ('[app]', '__first__'),
    ]

    operations = [
       .........
    ]

Scenario 2: You create a 'ManyToManyField' and the model you are referring to is in the same file:
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
      ..........
    ]

    operations = [
       .........
       # Make sure the model you are making the reference with is  before the ManyToManyField
       migrations.CreateModel(...) ,
       migrations.AlterField/CreateField(...)

    ]

A: I had the same problem when I tried to rename a table which was referenced with a many to many fields.
I resolved it this way:
- dumped the manytomany relationship data into a file
- removed the manytomany field and migrated
- renamed the table and migrated
- added the manytomany field back and migrated and loaded the relationships from the dump

A: I also had the same problem, but the way that I fixed it, is the following steps:
Nota: You will lose data from that ManyToManyField
python manage.py makemigrations app_name
python manage.py migrate app_name --fake

Don't forget the --fake
After that.
I removed (or just comment the line) the ManyToMany field, and then makemigrations app_name, migrate app_name.
At this step you have this column from your database cleared, what you need to do now is to re add the ManyToManyField, so when you makemigrations app_name & migrate app_name again.
You server can run perfectly
It's not the best, but it worked for me.
hope it will help !

A: My problem came with changing a field from a choices field to a manytomanyfield.
If you do this and keep the same name, then you'll have issues.
I followed Denis Drescher:
Basically go through your migration files and check what django is doing with these fields.
If django is doing migrations.AlterField for the field which was a choices field and is now a manytomanyfield, change it to
migrations.RemoveField and then Migrations.AddField

A: I had no meaningful data as yet, so I deleted the database(db.sqlite3) and all migrations(0001,0002 etc)

A: Simply check if you renamed model-related attributes or anthing related to the model in the admin before you drop the db.
Actually it worked for me.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Bactris major är en enhjärtbladig växtart som beskrevs av Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin. Bactris major ingår i släktet Bactris och familjen Arecaceae.

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Apples to Apples or Apples to Oranges Edition – Combustion Engine or Alternative Fuel?
Combustion engine or alternative fuel? Combustion engine or alternative fuel? Over the last decade, the debate has gone round and round. I am firmly in the camp of combustion engine. Especially since a cost effective alternative fuel option has yet to be found.
You could go electric to access alternative fuel markets but a lack of range and infrastructure make EVs less than attractive for most buyers. (Unless of course you are a Tesla owner but how many Teslas are on the road and accessibly priced?) Not to mention the quite large carbon footprint left by "clean vehicle" production.
The Ford F-150 is the most popular vehicle on the road. And now its mileage is improving even more than it was with the efficient eco-boost engine. Lower gas prices and now better efficiency in a truck? How many hydrogen cell vehicles are on the road? Or EV vehicles? Not many, given the current infrastructure, production and retail cost.
Additionally, the alternative fuel camp has to legislate giveaways in the form of rebates and tax breaks for green vehicles that aren't more efficient but do produce more pollution in their production processes—but why bother with that, right? Honestly, I think it's time we stop government rebates on green vehicles and focus on what we have and clearly what people want: making increasingly efficient combustion engine vehicles even more efficient.
Stop playing with our emotions, Buick. Last year, Buick teased us with their Avenir concept car: http://www.buick.com/avenir-concept-vehicle.html. This year they offered us the Avista concept: http://www.buick.com/avista-concept-coupe.html.
Both cars are gorgeous and I love that the Avista concept is a luxe Camaro. Regardless of the hip Matt & Kim songs featured in Buick commercials, Buick is rather ho-hum when it comes to car design. Except in the case of its concepts. Build the concepts, Buick!
We want them. We'd buy them. And we're tired of not getting the cars we want from you.


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There are a few guides that you buy this type of chair. In the event you want to understand more about them, you can keep reading this below. Here's the discussion for you. First of all, let's talk about the stuff. As with other sorts of seats, wheel Tile chair is additionally on a number of substances. You can choose some substances of the seats. Look beneath!
Some people prefer to make use of high end Tile home equipment because of some reasons. Besides the price may be well worth together with the quality, Avella 36 x 6 elegant wood brazilian pecan porcelain generally is not readily broken. They are also infrequent to become repaired because the high quality and also the material isn't a uncertainty. While it costs a lot of money, it may supply you with benefits for example your family.
Although there are so many Tile kits for outdoor space left from prefabricated fabric, you still can get the appearance as if you customizable or want. Nevertheless, you'll find a lot of companies that make Tile kits for yard with adjustable cloth and shape. Consequently, should you want the modular Tile kits, you are able to realize that it . Fundamentally, with traditional method for outdoor Tile, it normally takes too long like 40 percent than using prefab kits. Apart from that, prefab content can cut back the budget somewhat. The surface is your main concern of Avella 36 x 6 elegant wood brazilian pecan porcelain.
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text:
Here's Why Ajay Devgn's Syed Abdul Rahim's Biopic Is So SPECIAL For Director Amit Sharma!
The yet untitled biopic on Syed Abdul Rahim will be produced by Boney Kapoor's Bayview Films and Freshlime Films.
Ajay Devgn just transforms himself into the characters he essays on-screen, says Badhaai Ho director Amit Sharma, who is working with the actor in a sports biopic on the former Indian football coach Syed Abdul Rahim.
On working with Ajay, Sharma told IANS here: "As an actor, Ajay always transforms himself into the character that he plays. That's how he always proves his versatility. As a filmmaker, I have heard so much about Rahim saab and I have done the research work also.
"The amount of detailing that I have of his personality, body language and mannerisms, basically all those elements that build the character, I want Ajay sir to perform that and give life to the character. Of course, I am excited. He is finishing a film, and after that, we will start preparing for the role."
The yet untitled biopic on Syed Abdul Rahim will be produced by Boney Kapoor's Bayview Films and Freshlime Films.
Rahim was the coach for the Indian national football team and it was under him in the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Football tournament that the Indian team reached the semi-final.
Sharma says the story and casting of Ajay were all Kapoor's ideas.
Kesari VS Kalank, Akshay Kumar VS Varun Dhawan & Team – Which Period Drama Will Earn Big Bucks At The Box Office?
Badla Box Office: Beats Kahaani At The Indian Box Office, Churns Well In Overseas Too!
"Boneyji had Ajay in mind and when he told Ajay that I will be directing the film, there was a sense of acceptance from his end. And we had this talk before the release of 'Badhaai Ho', so that time I did not have a successful film in my hand," he said.
Considering that Bollywood is quite a success-driven industry, asked if the success of "Badhaai Ho" has made it easier for him to approach stars, Sharma said: "Yes."
"But I want to mention that after my debut film ('Tevar'), though it did not work, when I wrote 'Badhaai Ho' and went to Ayushmann Khurrana, he happily agreed (to do the film). I mean I did not receive rejection from an actor when I approached him with my script," said the filmmaker, who started his career by making ad films.
While the director believes that initial marketing is important to gain visibility for a film, eventually it is the word of mouth that helps to sustain a film in the theatres after its release.
"Word of mouth is the biggest strength for any film to sustain for the longest, and I strongly believe in that. Of course, publicity gives an opening but then it is only word of mouth that helps a film to sustain," he asserted.
Ajay transforms
Amit Sharma
Indian football coach
Rahim saab
Sports biopic
Syed Abdul Rahim
From Ram Lakhan To 36 Farmhouse, Subhash Ghai Explains How The Treatment Of Family In Films Has Changed In 33 Years
Ahan Shetty Reveals Rakesh Roshan Was The First Person To Call Him To Praise For Tadap
Kapil Sharma Reveals Gatecrashing Shah Rukh Khan's Party After Getting Drunk, Getting Trolled By King Khan, "If My Bedroom Was Open…"
Is Priyanka Chopra, Nick Jonas's Surrogate Pregnancy Related To Taslima Nasreen's...
Pushpa Craze Goes International As DJ Bravo Grooves On Srivalli, Allu...
Katrina Kaif Is Country's 'Heroine No. 1' As She Proves To...
Ozark Final Season Tops The Charts In The First Week, Becomes...
FIR Lodged Against Shweta Tiwari Over Controversial 'Bra' Remark, Posters Of...
Balika Vadhu To Go Off-Air As Shivangi Joshi Fails To Recreate...
Sonu Nigam Says Subhash Ghai Played An Important Role In Shaping...
Taarak Mehta Makers To Replace Dilip Joshi With Saurabh Ghadge As...
Spider-Man: No Way Home's Tom Holland Recalls Shooting Heart-Breaking Aunt May...


Farmers are in crisis Mick. You can support Lifeline's emergency response now.
Lifeline needs your help to provide immediate crisis support to Australians hit hard by the dairy farmer crisis.
The inaugural Ride As One Charity Ball was held on January 30th raising over $30,000 in support of the Leukaemia Foundation. The night was hosted by Tottie Goldsmith who charmed and encouraged people to donate for blood cancer.
Most people don't usually see people like me. In their field of vision, they often see only what they want to see. Maybe they're just not really sure what to do with someone like myself. I don't blame them – a life like mine is in no way an ordinary one with all the challenges it brings – it's anything but comfortable.


If metal isn't your thing, you'll be happy to know that your Charlotte dentist, Dr. Daniel G. Miller at Central Avenue Dental offers tooth-colored fillings for a more subtle, more natural, and more stable solution to combat tooth decay.
With advances in modern dentistry, having a cavity filled no longer requires the glaring metal reminder every time you open your mouth. If you're into more of a natural, alternative kind of vibe, tooth-colored fillings can help repair teeth damaged by decay, while blending in seamlessly with your natural smile. No one will ever know you've had a filling – except for you and Dr. Miller, but don't worry, your secret's safe with us.
If you have any questions about tooth-colored fillings, or would like to schedule an appointment with your Charlotte dentist, Dr. Miller at Central Avenue Dental, please contact us today, or request an appointment online!


DHL Global Forwarding has opened a competence centre in Barcelona, which will aim to enhance the services available for the life, science and healthcare industry in Spain and Southern Europe.
Covering 1,000 sq m, the facility is located in Barcelona's Logistics Activities Zone and offers easy connection to the El Prat airport as well as the port of Barcelona.
The complex also offers four loading bays, a security area for psychotropic substances, a loading area for envirotainers and an area for refuse in safety cages. Its space is divided between a 15°-25° controlled temperature area and a 2°-8° controlled temperature area.


I hate going to bed sometimes. I have the worst habit of going on Soundcloud and finding artists like K Stewart, just before i call it a night. This one's gonna be a hot summer track. For real, it has Annie Mac's blessing and most importantly was produced by Karma Kid!


text:
BBC News and Biased Views in Belfast.
In Belfast one of the more memorable experiences I had was visiting the BBC Northern Ireland headquarters and visiting with Claire Savage, Mark Devenport and Martina Purdy.
It is always an incredible opportunity to be able to learn about the journalism industry from individuals who have worked first hand in it, but I found it fascinating to learn about the news system in Northern Ireland, and how it differs from the rest of the world.
In a country where religion transcends almost everything, and one's faith influences political ideologies, moral beliefs, historical understandings and more, it is only natural that the same ideological separation exists in how one consumes the news.
Claire was telling us how she published a 'neutral' newspaper at one point during her career. The attempt was to create a single news source that everyone in Northern Ireland could read, regardless of religion or ideological/political beliefs. While staying away from religion and politics, it would serve the community as a whole.
When she first mentioned it I must admit that the idea struck me as ingenious. In a world where religion is seeming to have less of a visible influence over youth and the general population, it only seemed natural that the transition to a 'neutral' news source would come in time as it has seemed to in other countries.
In Canada, no blatantly religious newspapers are widely distributed. Apart from the Anglican Journal or other church-published newsletters there is little religious bias or focus in the journalism industry. Political bias absolutely, but that is held apart (mostly) from religion.
In Northern Ireland the political climate is unique. The religious beliefs of the Catholics and Protestants are tightly bound to the beliefs of the Nationalists and Unionists, respectively. And so where in North America we have clearly Conservative or Liberal newspapers (Republican or Democrat in the United States), Northern Ireland has Catholic or Protestant.
(For more information here is BBC UK's 'Brief History of the Troubles, to explain the divide).
Claire's newspaper unfortunately didn't make it past six weeks, which only stands to demonstrate the work that is still to be done in Northern Ireland, but also shows the current climate in the international journalism scene as well. Print is going out of style, and it is becoming harder and harder for new print publications to exist. The web is taking over, and only those pre-established newspapers are finding any readership; and even that is declining.
As printed newspapers are "phasing out" it will be interesting to see how these biases and ideologies choose to present, produce, and distribute their news, whether it be to continue printing the papers, or to amalgamate into one large journalism mass, or maintain their bias in an online presence. As the climate in Northern Ireland shifts towards a more unified people it will also be interesting to see the influence on the NI journalism business. Will these biased papers drop off the earth, or will the religious and political knots eventually untangle themselves and settle into their respective corners?
Certain Belfastians are optimistic about this separation of church, state and community as a whole. A gentlemen named Tom, who led me and my peers on an incredible Black Taxi tour around the city over the weekend, believes that the young people of Belfast are setting the stage for a new era of history. By putting aside religious segregation and biases, he believes the Peace Walls will be down by 2023, and a new Belfast will be ushered in led by a non-partisan youth.
As for me, I certainly hope he's right, and that newspapers like Claire's can exist and thrive in a bright community that reflects on it's past while still marching forward.
Posted byclarebonnyman July 21, 2014 July 21, 2014 Posted inUncategorizedTags:BBC, Belfast, Black Taxi, Ireland, journalism, news, Northern Ireland, politics, Religion, student, The Troubles, TravelLeave a comment on BBC News and Biased Views in Belfast.


This striking necklace adds elegant appeal and sparkle. The chic design features multiple crystal stations and a center piece jet faceted pendant.
Measures Approx: 16'' with adjustable closure and approx. 7½'' drop.
Materials: Jet and white crystal, silver tone chain.


text:
Supra products in color Pink
Supra ×
Pink ×
50 - 100	euro
Lua Beach
ORDR
High-top shoes
4 (US)
4.5 (US)
T13 (US)
Kids Skytop
Add size below to cart:
4.5 / 36.5 6 / 38.5
Kids Vaider
4 / 36 6 / 38.5
Girls Skytop
4.5 / 36.5 13 / 31
Supra Shoes can be found at Revert 95 the number one Supra shop of Netherlands. Supra was founded in 2006 by the Californian Angel Cabada and in no time became one of the leading brands in the field of skate shoes and sneakers. In a market that was flooded by black and white, inconspicuous dime-a-dozen Supra sneakers made the difference with skate shoes and sneakers that are as garish as original. Supra introduced bright colors, gold, silver and striking details in the streets and with the Skytop the patent on the superlative high-tops. Many skateschoenen- and sneaker brands try to follow or imitate Supra, but Supra always stays one step ahead of the competition thanks to its grassroots approach and an unerring sense of style.
Supra history
Angel Cabada was born in Orange County, California. Early on he came into contact with skateboarding, which had crucial influence on the rest of his life. Jobs at fast food chains and car companies proved nothing for him, and at one point he decided to make clothing with his friends. In the process he learned, and in 1991 he and a partner founded clothing brand TSA (Team Santa Ana). After 10 years he decided it was time for the next step and he started his own business; In 2002 he founded a new clothing brand, called Kr3w. The time with TSA he learned alot; beginner mistakes that he made at TSA would not happen to him at kr3w. Kr3w introduced skinny jeans in the skate scene and the brand quickly became a ridiculously huge success. To complement wanted Angel around 2005, the clothing line also started a Kr3w shoe line, but he realized that this would create a conflict with his business partners. After he had $ 100,000 spent on samples for Kr3w Footwear he changed his plan and started in 2006. Supra is Latin for 'above' and 'beyond'. His idea of Supra was to design shoes to match the clothes that he and some were less clumsy than the shoes then were. At first people laughed at Supra's first shoe, the Skytop, but the shoe was such a success that one can speak of a typical case of "who laughs last, laughs best."
Supra by and for skateboarders
From day one Supra is a real skate brand. The fact that Supra sneakers are now also hugely popular among non-skaters have not changed that. Even before the brand had been well and truly off the ground, were to make known and influential skaters involved in the business to have their say about the style and design of the skate shoes. So Supra has in recent years successfully delivered signature shoes of Tom Penny, Erik Ellington, Jim Greco and Stevie Williams, plus well-known skate models like the Vaider and Stacks. But it all started with the aforementioned Skytop Chad Muska. This iconic high-top, which Muska developed in collaboration with designer Josh Brubaker, has changed the appearance of skate shoes forever. Muska: "We wanted something different from the traditional, bulky skate shoes with blunt front. The Skytop marked the end of an era. "And the beginning of a new era. Supra Muska was, according to an 'underground idea' that 'mad exploded'. Muska's teammate Erik Ellington says he found it surprising that the brand has become so successful while it could have gone the other way. Supra has a sixth sense for picking up trends but always remains true to his own style. In addition, the shoes offer the best of both worlds: the sustainability and support of a skate shoe and the looks and the comfort of a sneaker. Besides Supra shoes for adults you can also find Supra shoes for kids at Revert 95.


text:
title: Gizmos and Gadgets
date: 17:34 03/18/2016
taxonomy:
    category: blog
    tag: [gizmos, gadgets, intel galileo, CTYI]
---

Since the 3 months teaching Gizmos and Gadgets at CTYI are over, I've decided putting the slides I made for the course online. I hope those of you who did the course enjoyed it and learnt something along the way. Feel free to get in touch if you want to know more.

View Slides

![donut_thumb](gizmo_gadget_thumbnail.svg)

===

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Dr. Phil Season 9 Episode 210
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Serie: Dr. Phil
Episode Title: End the Silence on Domestic Violence: Abusive Exes
A glimpse into the outrageous lives and loves of those responsible for a global women's magazine. Their struggles are about finding your identity, managing friendships and getting your heart broken,…
Welcome to the greatest story that's never been told. In a new, ground breaking series we'll be telling the story of the planets as never before. Alongside the most accurate…
In the early 1980's, AIDS emerged and quickly became an epidemic. Those responsible for public safety failed. People were kept in the dark, afraid to speak out. Ignorance, arrogance, politics…
Singardaan
Gupta Ji falls in love with Shabnam, a prostitute. She has a makeup box. When Shabnam dies, Guptaji takes the box to his home. The box turns his wife and…
A fascinating docuseries chronicling Playboy magazine's charismatic founder, Hugh Hefner, and his impact on global culture. Told from his unique perspective with never-before-seen footage from his private archive, discover the…
Television adaptation of the romantic comedy film 'Four Weddings and a Funeral'.
Set two generations before the destruction of the legendary Man of Steel's home planet, Krypton follows Superman's grandfather — whose House of El was ostracized and shamed — as he…
A young Victoria "Vic" McQueen discovers she has the power to unlock portals that help her find lost objects. As she delves further into this hidden universe, she encounters many…
Genre: Drama, Sci-Fi & Fantasy
Follow a disillusioned teen recruited into a storied high school for assassins. Maintaining his moral code while surviving a ruthless curriculum, vicious social cliques, and his own adolescent uncertainties may…
Genre: Action & Adventure, Crime, Drama
Poltergeist: The Legacy is a Canadian horror television series which ran from 1996 to 1999. The series tells the story of the members of a secret society known as the…
When three working class kids enroll in the most exclusive school in Spain, the clash between the wealthy and the poor students leads to tragedy.
The Chef Show
Writer, director and food enthusiast Jon Favreau and chef Roy Choi explore food in and out of the kitchen with accomplished chefs and celebrity friends.
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Namibia is entrancing. From coastal desert to massive sand dunes and rocky gorges, it showcases some of Africa's most diverse geography, not to mention remarkable wildlife—plus remote luxury camps.
Photograph Namibia's unique desert wildlife and dramatic landscapes, staying at secluded and intimate luxury camps on exclusive private reserves.
Discover some of Africa's richest wildlife enclaves on this rare treasure for safari aficionados! Experience remote wild country reminiscent of what Africa was like a century ago, far from tourist crowds.
Look for lemurs and much more as you explore the wondrous biodiversity of Madagascar on this small-group expedition to the planet's most unique island. Madagascar is truly a world apart!
Explore Uganda's natural wonders from savanna to rain forest—see classic wildlife, chimps in Kibale Forest, and revel in face-to-face encounters with endangered mountain gorillas.
Witness the Great Migration and explore four of Africa's best wildlife-viewing spots—the Serengeti, Maasai Mara, Lewa and Ngorongoro Crater—on one epic itinerary.
Activities for all ages: get close to wildlife from mobile camps in the Maasai Mara, tour the Sheldrick elephant orphanage, visit a Maasai village and school, and more!
Capture incredible close-ups of the planet's greatest migration as thousands of wildebeest and zebra traverse the Maasai Mara with predators in pursuit.
A classic East Africa safari showcasing the Great Migration, Ngorongoro Crater and Tarangire's famous elephants, with remote luxury camps that offer an isolated wilderness experience far from crowds.
Witness one of nature's most exhilarating spectacles: the thunder of thousands of wildebeest and zebra making their annual trek across the Serengeti! Timed for peak infant sightings on the plains.
Capture stunning images in the midst of hundreds of thousands of wildebeest and zebra as they make their annual trek across the vast Serengeti Plains.
Atop the Ethiopian Highlands, Africa's highest plateau dominated by volcanic peaks and rent with deep gorges, look for rare endemic wildlife like the Ethiopian wolf, walia ibex and gelada baboon.
An all-ages odyssey featuring thrilling encounters with unique, desert-adapted wildlife across a range of habitats from savanna to sand dunes.
Immerse yourself in Kruger and Madikwe, two of Africa's most legendary wildlife regions, on a distinctive adventure featuring stays in private luxury villas.
Make lasting memories as you scout for the Big Five, track cheetahs and look for penguins and sharks on this exclusive multi-generation adventure.
Experience unmatched wildlife diversity across bushveld, desert and coast from small safari camps on private reserves heralded for premier animal viewing.
Scout for the Big Five, including endangered rhinos, as you discover the Maasai Mara and Lakipia Plateau. Remote private homes offer the ultimate in seclusion.
This optimally designed family adventure showcases one of Africa's premier safari countries and its legendary wildlife mecca, the Maasai Mara.
Discover Africa's most famous safari destination on exclusive private wilderness reserves where wildlife abounds and other visitors are few.
There's no more authentic way to experience the African bush! Trek with Maasai guides in Kenya's Loita Hills, followed by a classic safari in the Maasai Mara.
Discover a vast sector of East Africa that few experience, a remote safari frontier that's home to prolific game, predators and huge numbers of hippos and crocodiles.
Join outstanding guides for an an all-ages adventure to the best wildlife regions of Tanzania—build bonds that will connect you forever!
Track mountain gorillas, witness the thunder of Murchison Falls, and watch predators and prey interact on this exploration of four distinct national parks.
From the vast plains of the Maasai Mara to vistas of snowcapped Kilimanjaro, Kenya provides a striking backdrop for Africa's most classic safari adventures.
From parks teeming with wildlife to the silence of the desert, Namibia offers unsurpassed drama: soaring dunes, salt pans, and the wild Skeleton Coast.
From the massive African elephant to the sleek leopard, from squat rhinos to regal lions, the Big Five and more are on display in South Africa's iconic parks.
With some of the continent's greatest concentrations of wild animals, Tanzania is duly famed as a top safari destination.
Uganda is a microcosm of Africa's most mesmerizing scenery and wildlife. Rain forests shelter gorillas, predators roam the savannas, rivers teem with hippo.
Zambia's mighty rivers, five huge lakes and 17 waterfalls, including Victoria Falls, sustain myriad wildlife in a variety of ecosystems.
Touch the African wilds as they were over a century ago in Zimbabwe—a raw landscape of rivers and rocky escarpments brimming with wildlife.


text:
Week in Review: Caving with Sega and Double Fine
News / Week in Review / by Shawn Vermette /
This week, Double Fine goes spelunking and we watch the coming and going of games and a studio.
TOP STORY: Double Fine creating The Cave
Double Fine is partnering with Sega to release a new side-scrolling downloadable title on XBLA, PSN and PC next year. The Cave will place players in the role of three adventurers, each with different skills and personalities. We don't know much about the gameplay at this point, but we do know that where will a medieval castle, an underground amusement park and a nuclear ICBM.
Week in Review: Sly, Cartman and Rhode Island
This week, Sly Cooper expanded his thieving ways and we had some rather unusual news items.
TOP STORY: Sly Cooper headed to Vita
At E3 last year, Sony revealed that the beloved raccoon Sly Cooper would be making a return on the PS3 this year. Since then, we've seen bits and pieces of information and gameplay that has only served to whet our interest. This week, a new trailer was released that showed that Sly Cooper would also be making his Vita debut at the same time. Like a few other games have done, the Vita version will feature cross-platform saves, letting you play on the big screen or take your adventures on the road. Of course, it will also have touch screen and motion controls.
Week in Review: The BioShock wait's almost Infinite
This week, BioShock Infinite moved to 2013, creating a hole in the fall schedule that other publishers are trying to fill. Above: Max Payne 3's releasing this week! Have a launch trailer.
TOP STORY: BioShock Infinite delayed
BioShock Infinite was expected to arrive in October this year, but this week, Take Two announced a delay until February 26, 2013. Specifics for the delay were not given, but Ken Levine, head of Irrational Games, said that it plans to use the time to make Infinite "even more extraordinary" than it would have been. It will also be absent from upcoming game conventions, so that time can be spent on development rather than preparing for public displays.
Week in Review: Interesting developments
This week, we have big new game announcements and release date revelations for games in some well-regarded franchises.
TOP STORY: Elder Scrolls Online coming in 2013
Elder Scrolls has been rumored to be the subject of Zenimax Online's MMO-in-progress for years, though nothing concrete had ever been released, until this week. Elder Scrolls Online has been in secret development since 2007, and is scheduled for a release in 2013. While nothing about the gameplay or story specifics have been revealed, we do know that it will take place during the time when the daedric prince, Molag Bal, is attempting to destroy the world, about 1,000 years before Skyrim's events. It will also cover the entirety of Tamriel, including Cyrodiil, Skyrim and Morrowind, the previous provinces we've seen.
Week in Review: Celebrating some heavy-hitters
This week, we have big new game announcements and release date revelations for big games.
TOP STORY: God of War: Ascension revealed
Rumored for months, Sony finally announced the next title in the God of War franchise. Dubbed Ascension, it will be an origin story for Kratos, following him as he takes his first steps toward the events we know him for. Despite rumors of a multiplayer mode, Sony's product page for it states it will be single-player only. It is set for an early 2013 release.