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Cancer Research Frontiers. 2018; 4(1): 131-143. doi: 10.17980/2018.131
Atypical Presentation and Aggressive Evolution of Primary CNS Lymphoma (PCNSL)
Karan Topiwala1,2, Karan Tarasaria1,2, Jussie Lima1,2, Xianyuan Song2a, Ahmad Daher 2b, Amre Nouh2
University Of Connecticut School Of Medicine1, Hartford Hospital2, Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology2a, Department of Neuro-Oncology2b
*Corresponding author: Amre Nouh, Hartford Hospital, Department Of Neurology, 80 Seymour St., Hartford, CT 06106, USA. Tel: 860.972.3621. Email: Amre.Nouh@hhchealth.org
Citation: Karan Topiwala, et al. Atypical Presentation and Aggressive Evolution of Primary CNS Lymphoma (PCNSL). Cancer Research Frontiers. 2018; 4(1): 131-143. doi: 10.17980/2018.131
Copyright: @ 2018 Karan Topiwala, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received June 5, 2018; Revised July 30, 2018; Accepted Sept 4, 2018. Published Oct 10, 2018
Patients with Primary CNS Lymphoma (PCNSL) typically present with focal neurological deficits with neuroimaging showing a solitary, non-haemorrhagic mass. We describe a 48-year-old-woman who presented with her first lifetime seizure with no enhancing intracranial mass, who 7 months later, developed focal deficits and was found to have multifocal enhancing lesions associated with intracerebral haemorrhage, which on biopsy were consistent with a PCNSL. This case highlights several atypical aspects of PCNSL, from its presentation with GTCS as seen in about 14% cases, to the atypical MRI finding of non-enhancing bi-temporal lobe hyperintensities at presentation with the subsequent evolution of multifocal haemorrhagic lesions. It also highlights the emerging genetic and molecular diagnostic markers in serum and CSF, while underscoring the importance of appropriately timing CSF evaluation for an accurate and reliable cytometric analysis. We also review the relevant literature on the imaging characteristics of PCNSL. Finally, it reviews some of the atypical cases of PCNSL published in the English literature and adds to that list as an aggressive symptomatic PCNSL that presented without an enhancing-intracranial mass-lesion, with the subsequent development of multifocal lesions associated with an intraparenchymal haemorrhage.
Keywords: CNS lymphoma, PCNSL, MRI, Intraparenchymal haemorrhage
Primary CNS Lymphoma represents about 4% of newly diagnosed primary brain tumours [1]. The incidence peaked in the mid-1990's and was largely driven by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, with age-standardized incidence rates having increased from 0.30/100, 000 persons (1989–1995) to 0.44/100, 000 persons (2009–2015), with the largest incidence increase in the age-groups 61–70 and >70 years [2]. Most cases of PCNSL in immunocompetent hosts occur in their fifth decade distributed equally between men and women [3]. Nearly 85% of them are aggressive Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas (DLBCL). They most commonly present with focal neurological deficits but about 14% will present with seizures [3]. A diagnosis of PCNSL can be considered with a positive cytology obviating the need for a biopsy, however suffers from low and variable sensitivity [4]. MRI brain at presentation is almost always abnormal and typically shows a solitary, non-haemorrhagic mass that demonstrates restricted-diffusion and typically will be situated in the deep, peri-ventricular white matter [5]. Blood products and calcifications are rare findings for a PCNSL even on high-resolution susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) which relates to it's poor vascularity, differentiating it from malignant gliomas and metastases [6]. Treatment has evolved from radiotherapy in 1960's to chemoimmunotherapy with rituximab in 2000's [7]. Untreated PCNSL can be rapidly fatal with an approximate survival of 1.5 months from diagnosis, while with treatment the overall 5-year survival in immunocompetent adults is about 30% [2].
Figure 1. MRI brain on presentation: Axial T2 FLAIR (A) showing bilateral medial temporal hyperintensities, greater on the left with restricted diffusion of the left hippocampus (B and C). T1 post-contrast image shows no evidence of meningeal or parenchymal pathology.
A 48-year-old healthy Caucasian woman initially presented to our institution after a two-minute witnessed generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) while at work. Emergency medical personnel on arrival found her to be confused and constantly picking at her clothes. This was followed by another witnessed GTCS in the emergency room lasting about 45 seconds, about an hour after the first GTCS. She had been in her usual state of health up-until her first seizure without any prior prodromal or constitutional symptoms and specifically denied any sub-acute cognitive-behavioural changes or headaches, hours-to-days preceding her first GTCS. Neurologic examination showed poor short-term recall without any lateralizing signs. She was afebrile with a white cell count of 17, 000/µL. Contrast enhanced brain MRI (Figure: 1) showed non-enhancing bi-temporal hyperintensities. Such a presentation introduced a broad differential diagnosis as discussed below, of which HSV encephalitis was most concerning. IV acyclovir (10mg/kg every 8 hours) was started along with IV levetiracetam (750mg every 12 hours). IV dexamethasone (8mg every 8 hours) was added for their adjunctive role in HSV encephalitis as well as for a potential benefit if this was in-fact autoimmune encephalitis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed lymphocytic pleocytosis with 9 nucleated cells/Cu mm (95% lymphocytes) and an unremarkable infectious panel including HSV I/II polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Table: 1). Acyclovir was subsequently discontinued. Though autoimmune encephalitis was initially considered, the patient did not meet the diagnostic criteria for such (as described below) and thus steroids were discontinued after the first 48 hours. A CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis showed a thyroid mass that was benign on biopsy. A final diagnosis could not be reached and since she had returned to her neurological baseline, the patient was scheduled for an interval MRI-brain-with-contrast 4 weeks from presentation to monitor the evolution of her bi-temporal lesions. In the interim a complete serum and CSF autoimmune and paraneoplastic panel returned negative (Table: 1). Unfortunately, the patient never followed-up as scheduled. She returned back to her baseline and resumed work as a chef. Over the next 6 months she experienced a progressive cognitive decline and could 'no longer remember her recipes' but did not report these to the clinic until seven months from her initial discharge, when she presented with confusion and left sided weakness. Repeat MRI brain (Figure: 2) now showed a large enhancing basal ganglia lesion (2.8 x 2.5 x 2.8 cm) with punctate foci of enhancement in right thalamus and caudate with an additional ipsilateral enhancing parietal lobe lesion and a contralateral FLAIR hyperintense but non- enhancing inferior frontal lesion. An uncharacteristic intraparenchymal haemorrhage was also noted. However, the initially observed bi-temporal T2/FLAIR hyperintensities had completely resolved. Flow-cytometric and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of the right parietal lesion established the diagnosis of a DLBCL (Figure: 3) with the absence of systemic involvement on PET scan suggesting a PCNSL. Epstein-Barr virus serology was negative. She was started on the MATRix regimen with re-staging scans after four months of treatment showing a partial radiographic response (Figure: 2H & I).
Table: 1 Laboratory Investigations at initial Presentation (Prior to steroid administration)
We present a case of PCNSL with an atypical presentation and an aggressive course associated with intracerebral haemorrhage.
Firstly, the bi-temporal hyperintensities on MRI brain which carry a wide differential diagnosis from infectious encephalitis and neoplastic infiltration to autoimmune/paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis and post-ictal change. Several infections can present with such bi-temporal hyperintensities specifically HSV-I/II, HHV-6, CMV and neurosyphilis [8]. While HSV can cause an acute encephalitis in immunocompetent patients, HHV-6 encephalitis typically occurs 2-3 weeks after a solid-organ or bone-marrow transplant [8]. This prompted the initiation of IV acyclovir on admission which was discontinued when the PCR for HSV returned negative. While HHV-6 PCR was not tested, it is unlikely that the patient had an infectious encephalitis given that she remained afebrile with quick resolution of her leucocytosis and had a rapid improvement to baseline neurological function within 24-48 hours of presentation. Although autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis (LE) was considered initially as she had met three of four diagnostic criteria for a definite diagnosis [9], the lack of a subacute cognitive-behavioural prodrome prior to her sudden-onset-GTCS and the presence of diffusion-restriction on MRI brain made it a less likely aetiology. Subsequently, the patients steroids were discontinued 48 hours from initiation, with a plan to track the evolution of the underlining pathology with an interval 4-week-MRI-brain. While paraneoplastic LE remains another possible differential, its occurrence in non-Hodgkin lymphomas is exceedingly rare with only a handful of cases reported, none with PCNSL [10]. In a review-series of 137 paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis cases in the English literature, not a single case was attributable to PCNSL [11]. However, they described one patient with cognitive dysfunction and bi-temporal T2-weighted abnormalities with the subsequent development of basal ganglia lesions proven to be PCNSL on biopsy [11]. Lymphomas may cause similar MRI changes and tend to be exquisitely sensitive to steroids, but the initial MRI brain was performed before steroid-initiation and the patient had not been on any form of steroid therapy prior to her first GTCS. While non-enhancing PCNSL cases have been described in immunocompetent patients, their estimated frequency is <1% [12]. Our patient's bi-temporal lesions were non-enhancing, unlike all of the 102-PCNSL cases in a Norwegian series [13]. Finally, the lympholytic effect of steroids is almost-always transient and thus the complete resolution (in the absence of any treatment) of those bi-temporal hyperintensities at the time of her relapse, along with their non-enhancing nature argues against them as having represented an early CNS lymphoma. Post-ictal changes on T2/FLAIR sequences can infrequently be associated with corresponding diffusion-restriction; with higher percentage drops in ADC signal being associated with subsequent sclerotic change and partial epilepsy [14]. Thus with the lack of an obvious infectious aetiology, inability to identify a central or systemic neoplastic aetiology and the rarity of paraneoplastic LE in PCNSL, we planned to refrain from any further steroid or immunosuppressant therapy until a follow up 4-week-MRI-brain, especially given that the patient had returned to her neurological baseline. In retrospect a hypothesis can be made for early microscopic tumor infiltration as the cause of her initial GTCS with the bi-temporal hyperintensities representing post-ictal change. Alternatively, it is possible that the temporal lobe hyperintensities were a manifestation of a rare paraneoplastic LE with frank lesions showing only months later.
Figure 2. MRI brain seven months from initial presentation showing a large enhancing basal ganglia lesion (2.8 x 2.5 x 2.8 cm) with punctate foci of enhancement in right thalamus and caudate (E) connected to the basal ganglia lesion by FLAIR hyperintensity (G). There was also a superior ipsilateral enhancing parietal lobe lesion (F) and a contralateral FLAIR hyperintense non-enhancing left inferior frontal lesion. An uncharacteristic hemorrhage within the tumor bed is seen on gradient ECHO sequence (J). Partial response seen at 4 months after initiation of chemotherapy (H, I) with persistent contrast enhancement (arrow)
Secondly, while PCNSL has been commonly implicated in producing "vanishing tumours" of the CNS [15], most of these cases have been treated with steroids. However, a few cases have regressed spontaneously without any use of corticosteroids (Table: 2). To establish a diagnosis of PCNSL cytology and flow cytometry can obviate the need for a biopsy, however suffers from low and variable sensitivity from 2%-32%, which likely reflects the differences in the populations studied as well as the CSF volume, handling, processing-time and interpretation [4]. This can be improved with larger volumes (≥10.5 mL) and repeat evaluations [17]. In a retrospective analysis of 219 patients with known hematologic malignancy, about 80% had a positive cytology or flow cytometry in the first sample drawn, with 25% positive for both [18]. Unfortunately in our patient the CSF sample drawn at initial admission could not be processed for cytology and flow cytometry until 48 hours later at which point it was rendered un-evaluable. Glantz et al. have reported a 36% false-negative-error rate when CSF cytology is delayed by 48 hours from collection [17]. Subsequently, a repeat CSF analysis was not performed as the patient had already received 48-hours of corticosteroids which are known to induce cytolysis and further reduce the sensitivity of cytology [4]. Additionally, the detection of a clonal B-cell population does not differentiate between lymphoma entities and may even be seen with non-malignant conditions [19]. Recently, promising advances have been made in the identification of serum and CSF diagnostic markers for CNS lymphoma, with a recent systematic-descriptive-analysis identifying CSF Cytokines (CXCL-13, interleukin-10 and neopterin) and MHC-proteins (beta-2-microglobulin) as having the greatest potential [20]. Baraniskin et al. employed a combination of microRNAs (miRNAs – miR-21, miR-19b, and miR-92a) in the CSF of patients with PCNSL using RT-PCR assays and found a significant specificity (96.7%) and sensitivity (95.7%) to differentiate PCNSL from other neurological conditions, specifically inflammatory diseases [21]. Finally, molecular analysis has become another armamentarium in the diagnosis of PCNSL with more than 70 aberrant genes reported in literature. A recent review identified 10 genes reported in >= 3 studies and found that half of them were implicated in the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway (CARD11, CD79B, MYD88, TBL1XR1 and TNFAIP3) [19]. Of these, CD79B and MYD88 are of specific interest, since they become mediators of the Bruton-tyrosine-kinase (BTK) pathway, irreversibly inhibited by Ibrutinib [22]. These markers would be extremely valuable in increasing the sensitivity and specificity of CSF analysis in diagnosing CNS lymphoma but have not yet been deployed in routine clinical practice and brain biopsy remains the gold standard despite a reported complication rate of ~ 8.5% (hemorrhage, seizures, infections) with ~ 1% mortality rate [19]. Tissue analysis showing angiocentric infiltration of large immunoblasts positive for germinal-centre (GC) (CD10, bcl-6) or late-GC (MUM-1) markers but negative for plasma cell markers (CD-138) makes the definitive diagnosis [16]. In our patient, the right parietal lesion was biopsied at the time of her second admission and showed a diffuse perivascular monomorphous infiltrate of atypical large lymphoid cells with pleomorphic nuclei and scant cytoplasm. Flow-cytometry showed expression of CD45, CD19 and CD20. IHC studies showed large lymphoid cells, diffusely positive for the B-cell antigens such as CD20, Pax-5, bcl-2, bcl-6 and MUM-1 and negative for the plasma cell marker (CD138), Mantle cell lymphoma markers (cyclin D1, SOX-11) and large B cell lymphoma from multicentric Castleman disease (HHV-8). An in-situ hybridization study for Epstein-Barr encoding region (EBER) was negative. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) of the parietal lesion detected the presence of bcl-6 gene rearrangement in 93.5% nuclei, without any significant bcl-2 or C-myc gene rearrangements. The cell proliferation antigen, Ki-67 (MIB-1), was positive in greater than 90% of cells. Taken together, these findings led to the diagnosis of DLBCL in our patient.
Figure 3. Hematoxylin and eosin stain (K) showing angiocentric infiltration of pleomorphic (arrowhead) lymphocytes invading the brain parenchyma, which were positive for CD20 (i), CD10 (ii), BCL-6 (iii) and MUM-1 (iv) markers
Within 4-weeks of initial discharge she started developing cognitive decline, headaches and eventually focal neurodeficits, which are the presenting symptoms in 43%, 33% and 70% respectively [3]. Most PCNSL lesions are solitary with homogenous contrast enhancement as opposed to our patient who had heterogenous multifocal enhancement seen in 20-40%, with cerebral hemispheres (38%) and basal ganglia/thalamus (16%) being the most frequent locations, with the latter also being a poor prognosticator [24]. These imaging features are more reminiscent of PCNSL in immunocompromised patients (Table: 4). The high cellularity of PCNSL causes more restricted diffusion when compared to gliomas and metastasis, with lower ADC values predictive of a shorter progression-free survival [5]. Blood products and calcifications are rare findings for a PCNSL even on high-resolution susceptibility-weighted-imaging (SWI) which relates to it's poor vascularity [6]. Intraparenchymal haemorrhage is rare in PCNSL and was present in 2 of 21 (9.5%) immunocompetent patients with PCNSL in a Jordanian case series [25]. Another study based of the Norwegian cancer registry found a 8% prevalence (6/75 immunocompetent patients with PCNSL) of a concomitant intra-tumoral haemorrhage, one of whom had a tumor in a large chronic subdural hematoma [12]. This was slightly higher than the 2 % rate observed in a population-based study from the Alberta Cancer registry [26]. On CT-perfusion they show lower relative cerebral blood volume when compared with more vascular tumors such as high-grade gliomas and metastases. Punctate intra-tumoral susceptibility signal on thin-slice-SWI (1mm, 1.2mm) [6] and intra-tumoral blood-vessel-number on SWI [27] are emerging measure to identify PCNSL. Over the years, therapy evolved from radiation only in the 1960's, to methotrexate-based chemotherapeutic regimens in the 1970's to chemoimmunotherapy with the addition of rituximab in the 2000's [7]. A recent randomized phase 2 trial by the IELSG32 group identified the MATRix regimen, used in our patient, as a new promising standard of care with a 49% rate of complete response (CR) and 37% rate of partial response (PR) [28]. One of the most important limitations of systemic chemotherapy is the delivery of agents across the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Thiotepa (an alkylating agent) can cross the BBB freely with a plasma-CSF ratio of 100% [28], but rituximab which is an anti-CD-20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) penetrates the CSF at much lower concentrations (0.1% to 4.4%) after IV administration [29]. However, contrast-enhancing lesions indicate disruption of the BBB which would allow such bulky mAb's to exert their effect on CNS lymphoma even when used as monotherapy, thus validating their incorporation in systemic immunochemotherapy for this disease [23]. MTX on the other hand, despite having a lower permeability across the BBB (approximately 5% of plasma levels) can be delivered at relatively high doses [28]. Subsequently, newer studies are looking at intrathecal administration of immunochemotherapy with some evidence for increased CR rates [29]. Alternatively, others have attempted osmotic BBB disruption with subsequent use of IA MTX based chemotherapy with outcomes comparable or superior to other PCNSL treatment regimens [30]. Our patient had a significant lesion burden with a PR to the MATRix regimen which in part can be hypothesized to have been facilitated by the enhanced penetration of rituximab into the CSF from a compromised BBB. Finally, patients with relapsed or refractory (r/r) CNS lymphoma respond poorly to traditional regimens, with a recent single-centre, dose-escalation trial in 20 patients with r/r CNS lymphoma treated with Ibrutinib demonstrating remarkable single agent activity. It causes irreversible inhibition of BTK, a cytoplasmic protein expressed on B-lymphocytes but absent in the plasma cells and T cells. 5 of 13 r/r PCNSL and 4 of 7 r/r SCNSL cases demonstrated a CR with another 5 patients with r/r PCNSL demonstrating a PR [22]. The prognosis of PCNSL continues to improve with the 5-year relative-survival for patients aged 18-60 years and 61-70 years, improving from 22 to 56% and from 13 to 35% respectively, between the calendar periods 1989–1995 and 2009–2015 [2].
Table 2. PCNSL cases with atypical presentation
Table 3. Differences between AIDS and non-AIDS related cases of PCNSL
Table 4. PCNSL cases with reported intraparenchymal haemorrhage from major English literature case-reports
PCNSL is an aggressive disease, especially when untreated and its occurrence in non-eloquent areas, as seen in our patient, can delay diagnosis by several months. CSF cytomorphic-cytometric analysis should be performed immediately, as despite the several advances made in CSF molecular diagnostics, they still remain a key tool for the early identification of a potential intrathecal neoplastic process with their sensitivity dramatically reducing with time. Seizures as a presenting symptom for PCNSL is seen in only 14% of the cases. Upon presentation they almost always have enhancing parenchymal lesions, however as seen with our case they can also present without such lesions and therefore one must ensure a close clinico-radiographic follow-up for patients who develop suspicious neurologic symptoms (e.g. seizure) without a clear aetiology. Finally, multifocal PCNSL is less common in immunocompetent patients but can be seen in up to 35% of the cases while associated intratumoral haemorrhage is even rarer, seen in 2%-9.5% of PCNSL cases. We conclude with the hypothesis of post-ictal change from microscopic tumor infiltration or an extremely rare paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis as the cause of our patients initial bi-temporal lesions.
AGE, advanced glycation end product
BBB, blood brain barrier
DLBCL= diffuse large B cell lymphoma
CMV, cytomegalo virus
CR, complete response
CXCL, c-x-c motif ligand
EBV= epstein barr virus
GTCS, generalized tonic-conic seizure
HSV, herpes simplex virus
HHV, human herpes virus
HWM, hemispheric white-matter
IELSG, International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group
IA, intraarterial, IC, immunocompetent
IL, interleukin
IV, intravenous
Lt., left
Rt., right
mAb, monoclonal antibody
MATRix, methotrexate, cytarabine, thiotepa and rituximab
MHC, major histocompatibility complex
MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
N, no
NA, not available
PCR, polymerase chain reaction
PCNSL, primary CNS lymphoma
PET, positron emission tomography
PR, partial response
SCNSL, secondary CNS lymphoma
Y, yes
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da Silva-Júnior FP, Nogueira RDC, Nitrini R, Lucato LT, Scaff M, Marchiori PE. Atypical Presentation of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma.Arch Neurol.2009;66(3):406–407. DOI:10.1001/archneurol.2008.575
Shams PN, Waldman A, Plant GT. B Cell lymphoma of the brain stem masquerading as myasthenia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;72:271–273. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.72.2.271
Flinn IW, Ambinder RF. AIDS primary central nervous system lymphoma. Curr Opin Oncol.1996 Sep;8(5):373-6.
Maher EA, Fine HA. Primary CNS lymphoma. Semin Oncol.1999 Jun;26(3):346-56.
Antinori A, Ammassari A, De Luca A, Cingolani A, Murri R, Scoppettuolo G et al. Diagnosis of AIDS-related focal brain lesions: a decision-making analysis based on clinical and neuroradiologic characteristics combined with polymerase chain reaction assays in CSF. Neurology. Mar 1997;48(3)687-694; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.48.3.687
Fukui MB, Livestone BJ, Meltzer CC, Hamilton RL. Hemorrhagic presentation of untreated primary CNS lymphoma in a patient with AIDS. AJR Am J Roentgenol.1998 Apr;170(4):1114-5. DOI: 10.2214/ajr.170.4.9530083
Rubenstein J, Fischbein N, Aldape K, Burton E, Shuman M. Hemorrhage and VEGF expression in a case of primary CNS lymphoma. J Neurooncol.2002 May;58(1):53-6. DOI: 10.1023/A:1015887312455
Kim IY, Jung S, Jung TY, Kang SS, Choi C. Primary central nervous system lymphoma presenting as an acute massive intracerebral hemorrhage: case report with immunohistochemical study. Surg Neurol.2008 Sep;70(3):308-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2007.04.009.
Kimura N, Ishibashi M, Masuda T, Morishige M, Abe T, Fujiki M et al. Primary central nervous system lymphoma with cortical laminar hemorrhage. J Neurol Sci.2009 Dec 15;287(1-2):281-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.07.022.
Matsuyam J, Ichikawa M, Oikawa T, Sato T, Kishida Y, Oda K, Maeda T et al. Primary CNS lymphoma arising in the region of the optic nerve presenting as loss of vision: 2 case reports, including a patient with a massive intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain Tumor Pathol.2014 Jul;31(3):222-8. DOI: 10.1007/s10014-013-0159-8.
Coulon A, Lafitte F, Hoang-Xuan K, Martin-Duverneuil N, Mokhtari K, Blustajn J, et al. Radiographic findings in 37 cases of primary CNS lymphoma in immunocompetent patients. Eur Radiol.2002 Feb;12(2):329-40. DOI: 10.1007/s003300101037
Ueda F, Takashima T, Suzuki M, Kadoya M, Yamashita J, Kida T. MR imaging of primary intracranial malignant lymphoma. Radiat Med. 1995;13:51–57.
Malikova H, Koubska E, Weichet J, Klener J, Rulseh A, Liscak R et al. Can morphological MRI differentiate between primary central nervous system lymphoma and glioblastoma. Cancer Imaging.2016 Nov 29;16(1):40. DOI:10.1186/s40644-016-0098-9
Kim EY, Kim SS. Magnetic Resonance Findings of Primary Central Nervous System T‐Cell Lymphoma in Immunocompetent Patients. Acta Radiol.2005 Apr;46(2):187-92. DOI: 10.1080/02841850510022714


text:
St. Jacobi ist eine evangelisch-lutherische Kirche im ostwestfälischen Werther im Kreis Gütersloh. Die Gemeinde erstreckt sich über 35,13 km² und umfasst rund 7000 Gläubige (Stand 2009). Kirche und Gemeinde gehören zum Kirchenkreis Halle der Evangelischen Kirche von Westfalen.

Geschichte
Urkundlich wurde der Ort Werther als "Wartera" erstmals 1050 in einer Abschrift des Heberegisters des Stiftes Freckenhorst genannt. Das Register regelte die Abgabenpflichten gegenüber dem Freckenhorster Kloster. Eine erste Nennung einer Kirche erfolgte 1312. Archäologische Grabungen konnten unter der St. Jacobikirche jedoch einen Vorgängerbau des 9. Jahrhunderts nachweisen.

Die heutige Kirche besteht aus einem einschiffigen gotischen vierjochigen Langhaus aus dem 14. Jahrhundert, dessen zwei östliche Joche als Chorraum dienten.  An diese schlichte  Saalkirche  wurde 1876/77 ein Querhaus und ein Chor in neogotischen Formen angefügt. Der Westturm stammt in seinen Untergeschossen aus einer romanischen Bauperiode und wurde bei der archäologischen Grabung des Jahres 1980 in das erste Drittel des 13. Jahrhunderts datiert. Er erhielt sein  Obergeschoss sowie die Einwölbung des Untergeschosses  im Zuge der Erweiterung der Kirche 1876/77 und prägt heute mit 44 Metern Höhe die Silhouette von Werther. Im Rahmen der Vergrößerung des Kirchenraumes kam es auch zum Abbruch von nördlichen und südlichen Anbauten, die eine Seitenkapelle bzw. die Sakristei darstellten.

Literatur
 Lobbedey, Uwe u. Neugebauer, Manfred, Die Ausgrabung in der ev.-luth. Kirche in Werther, in: Westfalen 61 (1983) 1, S. 175–188.

Weblinks

 Webseite der evangelischen Kirchengemeinde Werther
 Baukunst NRW: Evangelische Jacobi-Kirche in Werther

Werther, Jacobi
Werther, St. Jacobi
Werther, St. Jacobi
Erbaut im 14. Jahrhundert
Werther (Westf.)
Werther, St. Jacobi
Werther, St. Jacobi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Directions (From U.S. Forest Service): Directions from Steamboat Springs: North on third street, then right on Fish Creek Falls road 4 miles to the Trailhead.
In the winter Fish Creek Falls is a snowy wonderland. The Falls run swiftly below and between tufts of white Champaign powder. The Fish Creek Falls National Recreation Trail runs for 5 miles from the Falls to Long Lake but you can make it much shorter hike and still enjoy the area. I highly recommend using snowshoes on this trail as the snow gets very very deep here.
From the parking area there are 2 trail options, the trail to the left, near the information kiosk will take you up north to the Falls Overlook. This trail is beautiful and gives you great views of the Falls and the surrounding Canyon. Past the overlook the trail gets very steep. When you lose the "trail" at the steep section near the cliffs, you should probably turn back. You'll know it when you get there.
The second trail heads straight east from the far end of the parking area and drops down to the base of Fish Creek Falls. This is the main trail. The hike down to the falls is easy and short but you can explore further past the bridge across Fish Creek. From the bridge, the trail switchbacks up the side of the mountain and then continues for 5 miles. I like to hike up and find a nice viewpoint (there are a few) to relax at before heading back to the trailhead.
I've never been here in the summer but have snowshoed here 4 or 5 times and it is a fantastic area and when the sun is out and the snow piles up, it is truly a winter wonderland.


Whatever your skills, size or reach. No matter how far you can stretch or how hard you can dunk. Whether you're a true basketballer, or the game's greatest fan. Whichever athlete you worship. House of Hoops is the place to live the true basketball experience.


Yes, again I found This Robotech/Mospeada action figure at a local Craigslist/Garage sale. I was surprised to find the VR-052-F Cyclone still new in package. Well sort of new in package. It was opened before and transformed, I decided not to remove it from the package and play with it. It's almost imaculate Im affraid that I would break it. I think it looks cool as it is.
When I was younger I could never really find and Robotech/Mospeada action figures. When I saw the sellers collection I was really excited. The guy that sold it to me was getting ride of his whole collection. He the VR-052-F Cyclone for only $100.00. I was so excited I bought it on the spot. This is the exact one that Amazon has for sale. Henshin Robo Mospeada 21 VR-052-F I think I got a great deal!
Max walking speed: Approx. 25% greater than pilot's top running speed.
The Invid invasion in 2031, depicted in the third saga of Robotech known as The New Generation, destroyed what was left of the Army of the Southern Cross and the United Earth Forces (UEF) and left Earth completely devastated. The Invid established a central hive, Reflex Point, in the Great Lakes region of North America, and secondary hives across the planet. The Invid immediately began hunting down and destroying any and all remaining military personnel, and set up an aggressive operation to harvest the Flower of Life (and the protoculture it yielded) utilising the remaining civilian human population as forced labour.
I would like to eventually get this and take some pictures together with my Hensin Brave Gokin 13 Mospeada Ride Armor Stick Chogokin. Need to save up a bit more first.
The Invid also began experiments to improve their survivability, including experimenting on captured humans. Some humans collaborated with the Invid in exchange for power and/or protection and helped hunt down those who resisted or helped with the harvesting and management of Protoculture. Many humans escaped the notice of the Invid by relocating to remote areas where the Flower of Life was scarce such as the mountains, deserts, and wilderness, with some even reverting to simple hunter/gather communities. Areas not under the control of the Invid were often ruled by criminal gangs and self-appointed leaders who ruled through brute force.
Fortunately, the Robotech Expeditionary Force (REF) had long been self-sufficient with the help of other recently established extraterrestrial settlements, and was only minimally hampered by the loss of Earth. In addition, Moon Base A.L.U.C.E. (Advanced Lunar Chemical Engineering) was also able to continue to function despite its close proximity to Earth. Space Station Liberty was also able to continue to function. Unfortunately, events in deep space that kept the REF from sending aid during the Second Robotech War continued to plague them and kept them from turning their full attention to reclaiming Earth for another decade.
By the way, does anybody have over $3,000 to spare on this? Wow!
Is this a good deal? I'll let you decide!
The VR-050 series took the best elements of previous Cyclone designs and put them all in one package, resulting in the final manufacturing of model VR-052. The lightweight mobility of the VR-030 combined with the heavy firepower capability of the 040 series made for what would become the standard ride-armour for REF soldiers.
Cyclone platoons no longer had to balance their light and heavy Cyclone assets as the VR-052 was well suited to both roles. The 030 and 040 series still saw much action, but were now used more to augment and support of the main line Cyclone infantry units using the VR-052.
The elusiveness of the VR-050 series is demonstrated by the externally mounted weapons such as the EP-40 pistol featured on the "T" model and the forearm mounted anti-personnel missiles on the "F" Cyclone.
Gakken Co., Ltd. is a Japanese publishing company founded in 1947 by Hideto Furuoka, which also produces educational toys. Their annual sales is reported at ¥ 821 billion ($10 billion US).
"DONT BE SHY TO LEAVE A COMMENT"


text:
package box2d_Chain_RevoluteJoint;

import com.thomasdiewald.liquidfun.java.DwWorld;
import org.jbox2d.collision.shapes.EdgeShape;
import org.jbox2d.collision.shapes.PolygonShape;
import org.jbox2d.common.Vec2;
import org.jbox2d.dynamics.Body;
import org.jbox2d.dynamics.BodyDef;
import org.jbox2d.dynamics.BodyType;
import org.jbox2d.dynamics.FixtureDef;
import org.jbox2d.dynamics.joints.Joint;
import org.jbox2d.dynamics.joints.RevoluteJointDef;

import processing.core.*;
import processing.opengl.PGraphics2D;

public class box2d_Chain_RevoluteJoint extends PApplet {

  //
  // This examples shows how to use RevoluteJoints.
  //
  //
  // Controls:
  //
  // LMB         ... drag bodies
  // LMB + SHIFT ... shoot bullet
  // MMB         ... add particles
  // RMB         ... remove particles
  // 'r'         ... reset
  // 't'         ... update/pause physics
  // 'f'         ... toggle debug draw
  //

  int viewport_w = 1280;
  int viewport_h = 720;
  int viewport_x = 230;
  int viewport_y = 0;

  boolean UPDATE_PHYSICS = true;
  boolean USE_DEBUG_DRAW = false;

  DwWorld world;

  public void settings(){
    size(viewport_w, viewport_h, P2D);
    smooth(8);
  }

  public void setup(){
    surface.setLocation(viewport_x, viewport_y);
    reset();
    frameRate(120);
  }

  public void release(){
    if(world != null) world.release(); world = null;
  }

  public void reset(){
    // release old resources
    release();

    world = new DwWorld(this, 25);

    // create scene: rigid bodies, particles, etc ...
    initScene();
  }

  public void draw(){

    if(UPDATE_PHYSICS){
      world.update();
    }

    PGraphics2D canvas = (PGraphics2D) this.g;
    canvas.background(32);
    canvas.pushMatrix();
    world.applyTransform(canvas);
    world.drawBulletSpawnTrack(canvas);
    if(USE_DEBUG_DRAW){
      world.displayDebugDraw(canvas);
      // DwDebugDraw.display(canvas, world);
    } else {
      world.display(canvas);
    }
    canvas.popMatrix();

    // info
    int num_bodies    = world.getBodyCount();
    int num_particles = world.getParticleCount();
    String txt_fps = String.format(getClass().getName()+ " [bodies: %d]  [particles: %d]  [fps %6.2f]", num_bodies, num_particles, frameRate);
    surface.setTitle(txt_fps);
  }

  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // User Interaction
  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  public void keyReleased(){
    if(key == 't') UPDATE_PHYSICS = !UPDATE_PHYSICS;
    if(key == 'r') reset();
    if(key == 'f') USE_DEBUG_DRAW = !USE_DEBUG_DRAW;
  }

  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // Scene Setup
  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // https://github.com/jbox2d/jbox2d/blob/master/jbox2d-testbed/src/main/java/org/jbox2d/testbed/tests/Chain.java
  public void initScene() {

    Body ground = null;
    {
      BodyDef bd = new BodyDef();
      ground = world.createBody(bd);

      EdgeShape shape = new EdgeShape();
      shape.set(new Vec2(-40.0f, 0.0f), new Vec2(40.0f, 0.0f));
      ground.createFixture(shape, 0.0f);
    }

    {
      float seg = 1.5f;

      PolygonShape shape = new PolygonShape();
      shape.setAsBox(seg/2, 0.225f);

      FixtureDef fd = new FixtureDef();
      fd.shape = shape;
      fd.density = 20.0f;
      fd.friction = 0.2f;

      RevoluteJointDef jd = new RevoluteJointDef();
      jd.collideConnected = false;

      int count = 20;
      final float py = 25.0f;
      final float px = 5.0f;
      Body prevBody = ground;
      for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        BodyDef bd = new BodyDef();
        bd.type = BodyType.DYNAMIC;
        bd.position.set(px + i*seg + seg/2, py);
        Body body = world.createBody(bd);
        body.createFixture(fd);

        Vec2 anchor = new Vec2(px + i*seg, py);
        jd.initialize(prevBody, body, anchor);
        Joint joint = world.createJoint(jd);

        float base = 64;
        float inorm = i / (float) count;
        float r = base + (255-base) * inorm;
        float g = base;
        float b = 255-r;
        world.bodies.add(joint, false, color(0), true, color(base, 255, base), 1);
        world.bodies.add(body, true, color(r,g,b), true, color(0), 1);

        prevBody = body;
      }
    }

    world.bodies.addAll();
  }

  public static void main(String args[]) {
    PApplet.main(new String[] { box2d_Chain_RevoluteJoint.class.getName() });
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package nl.knaw.dans.common.lang.mail;

import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
import nl.knaw.dans.common.lang.test.Tester;

import org.junit.BeforeClass;
import org.junit.Test;

public class AdminMailerTest
{

    private static FooMailer mailer;

    @BeforeClass
    public static void beforeClass()
    {
        mailer = new FooMailer();
        mailer.setAdminMailAddressesCS("foo.bar@dans.knaw.nl,foo.baz@foo.com");
        mailer.setSendOnStarting(true);
        mailer.setSendOnClosing(true);
    }

    @Test
    public void sendErrorReport() throws Exception
    {
        mailer.sendApplicationStarting();
        checkMail("Starting");

        String check = "These strings are much too long";
        Throwable e = new IndexOutOfBoundsException(check);
        Throwable t = new Exception("test exception", e);
        mailer.sendEmergencyMail("something disastrous happened!", t);
        checkMail(check);

        check = "Ooh! ooh! ooh!";
        mailer.sendEmergencyMail(new Exception(check));
        checkMail(check);

        mailer.sendApplicationClosing();
        checkMail("Closing");
    }

    private void checkMail(String check)
    {
        if (Tester.isVerbose())
            System.out.println("\n--------- subject --------\n" + mailer.subject);

        if (Tester.isVerbose())
            System.out.println("\n+++++++++ message ++++++++\n" + mailer.text + "\n");

        assertTrue(mailer.text.contains(check));
    }

    static class FooMailer extends AdminMailer
    {

        String subject;
        String text;
        boolean fail;

        public FooMailer()
        {
            super(null, "Easy");
        }

        @Override
        protected boolean send(String subject, String text)
        {
            this.subject = subject;
            this.text = text;
            return !fail;
        }

        public void setFail(boolean fail)
        {
            this.fail = fail;
        }
    }

}


text:
Michael Glerup
Michael Glerup (PhD, Drew University) serves as the research and acquisitions director for the Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture and as the operations manager for the Ancient Christian Texts series. He continues his research in the history of exegesis as the director of the Early African Christianity Projects and as the executive director of the Center for Early African Christianity at Eastern University.
Ezekiel, Daniel
Edited by Kenneth Stevenson and Michael Glerup and Thomas C. Oden
Commentaries on Genesis 1-3
Severian of Gabala and Bede the Venerable
Ancient Christian Texts
Edited by Thomas C. Oden and Gerald L. Bray and Michael Glerup

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Market indices fell sharply in Friday morning trade, after the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) pulled out of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA).
German audio specialist- Sennheiser on Friday announced the launch of the AMBEO smart headset aimed at igniting the nascent Virtual Reality audio space in the country and catering to the millennials, new-age vloggers and other content creators.
Scientists have discovered a new biomarker that could help to unlock the medical mystery behind an untreatable blood cancer.
World No 1 Roger Federer advanced to the semi-finals of the BNP Paribas Open here at the Indian Wells Tennis Garden on Friday.
Want to join an upcoming seminar or attend a much talked about gig? Be it for a serious gathering or for the most happening events or movies, we have bid adieu to the traditional ways of buying tickets in long queues at the venue - thanks to the crazy ticketing solutions that several startups offer today.
Rihanna has spoken out against the Snapchat ad that made light of her 2009 domestic violence incident with former beau Chris Brown.
Congress President Rahul Gandhi is all set to visit the poll-bound Karnataka two times after March 20.
Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister and Telugu Desam Party (TDP) chief N. Chandrababu Naidu on Friday said his party's exit from NDA coalition would not have happened, had there been a provision of Special Category Status (SCS) in the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act that bifurcated the state.
Postman, the only complete API Development Environment, today announced the release of Postman Enterprise, a plan designed specifically to address the additional security and support needs of enterprise customers.
A sub-inspector allegedly committed suicide by shooting himself in Bihar's Gaya on Friday.
Pearl Academy, which completes 25 years in the industry this year, celebrated its legacy with 'Influence' - a show by 17 alumni of the institution, at AIFW '18.
A Pakistan special court on Friday has asked the ruling Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) government to suspend the passport and Computerised National Identity Card (CNIC) of former Pakistan President General (Retd.) Pervez Musharraf in the 2013 high-treason case.
Paisabazaar.com, India's largest online lending marketplace, announced today that it has entered into a partnership with Bank of Baroda's wholly-owned subsidiary BOB Financial Solutions Limited (earlier known as Bobcards Limited) for its recently launched 5X Rewards Credit Cards. Along with Bank of Baroda's 5,500 branches, 5X Rewards range of Credit Cards will now also be available online on Paisabazaar.com.
The fashion and lifestyle industry in India is witnessing a surge, with strong drivers of growth and a host of other factors resulting in its progress. Pegged at USD 100 billion and growing at a CAGR of 8-10 percent offline, the segment is projected to grow by 15-20 percent over the next five years, from the current 4 percent.
It is common knowledge that human beings need about 7 to 8 hours of sleep - and not just to feel good or to do away with those under-eye circles but also for overall health.
Cutting across all religions, caste and creed a multi-cultural event was organized in Kwatha village of Manipur in order to celebrate the country's diversity.
Sri Lanka and Bangladesh will lock horns in a virtual semi-final encounter in the Nidahas Twenty20 tri-series at Colombo on Friday.
The Holi celebrations in Farook College in Kerala's Calicut turned violent after few students were allegedly assaulted by the college staff members.
The Kerala High Court stayed the release of the final notification on fixing the minimum wages of nurses.
Medical service in Visakhapatnam remains to be critical as junior doctors, led by Andhra Pradesh Junior Doctors Association (APJUDA), staged a silent protest for the ninth consecutive day on Friday, seeking an early settlement of their demands.
Security forces have launched a cordon and search operation at Khosa Mohalla in Bandipora's Hajin, Jammu and Kashmir.
At least two terrorists were killed in yesterday's encounter with the security forces in Srinagar's Khanmoh area in Jammu and Kashmir.
Transplanting a special type of neuron into the brains of patients diagnosed with Alzheimers could help reverse their memory loss, according to a recent study.
The horses in a resort in Qatar are having the time of their lives and we can't help but be jealous. With amenities like a swimming pool, beauty parlor, gymnasium, personal trainers and a maternity unit, this place is heaven for horses.
The Supreme Court will on Friday continue hearing the petitions seeking a Special Investigation Team (SIT) probe into the alleged mysterious death of Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) judge B H Loya.
Queen Elizabeth II has given Prince Harry and Meghan Markle her formal blessing.
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), during the End-TB Summit here, has re-launched 'Cough,' a national mass media campaign to warn citizens about the links between TB and tobacco use.
GIFAS, the French Aerospace Industries Association, a driving force behind French-Indian cooperation, will head a major industrial mission to India from 16 to 19 April 2018, drawing on the very constructive and promising feedback resulting from French President Emmanuel Macron's official visit to India.
From Student to Child Labourer?
A student in a government school in Ghaziabad was spotted carrying bricks to a construction site inside the school campus.
The Mumbai Police has busted an online lottery racket and arrested four people from the Malwani area in western suburbs.
Several people were killed after a newly-installed pedestrian bridge collapsed at the Florida International University in Miami.
A First Information Report (FIR) has been lodged against a professor of the Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) for allegedly sexually abusing the female students in class.
Hyderabad Police has arrested a notorious inter-state dacoit gang leader in connection with the Charminar robbery case.
Canada's New Democratic Party (NDP) leader Jagmeet Singh reportedly has personal links to an extremist Sikh rapper.
Sindhi activists have accused Pakistan of carrying out atrocities on Sindhi people as political activists are routinely being targeted in the province.
A young woman, Purnima Devi Barman, from Assam has been conferred the 'Nari Shakti Puraskar' by the President, Ram Nath Kovind, in New Delhi on International Women's Day, for her efforts in conserving the Adjutant Stork which is almost on the verge of extinction.
Consumer electronics manufacturer Panasonic had recently marked its 100th anniversary here by launching the 'Panasonic Museum' in Kadoma City, Osaka.
A report by the United Nations has declared Finland as the happiest country in the world.
With Odisha recording mercury above 39 degree Celsius at some places, the state government has asked all departments concerned to prepare a heat wave action plan to deal with any emergency.
At least 14 people have died in past 24 months, due to the alleged toxins present in the water in a 250-feet borewell in Maharashtra's Yavatmal.


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text:
Q: How to print something in python which matches object in the list I'm very new to programming and my first language is Python.  I'm printing a list of IP addresses:
import socket
dandanakka = ["madrasdeals.com","google.com","yahoo.com"]
for i in dandanakka:

    ip = socket.gethostbyname(i)

    print ip

The result is okay:
139.59.1.111
172.217.26.174
98.138.253.109

Is there any way to print my results to the matching domain name?
Like
    google.com - 172.217.26.174

A: Append your variables to the string. Put this within your for:
print('{domain} - {ip}'.format(domain=i, ip=ip))

A: Quite simple: you already have that in variable i:
import socket
dandanakka = ["madrasdeals.com","google.com","yahoo.com"]
for i in dandanakka:

    ip = socket.gethostbyname(i)
    print i, " - ", ip

A: You can just iterate over your list and print both the value and the result of socket.gethostbyname():
for i in dandanakka:
    ip = socket.gethostbyname(i)
    print("{} - {}".format(i, ip))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: How to manage file paths dynamically in code? So my supervisor (I am a working student) came up to me with the following task:
"Please think of a solution how we can dynamically adapt the file paths in the code when there are changes."
He also said he was thinking of an excel file with file pathes and if there is a change you just change it in the excel file and our codes adapt dynamically this change.
So every file path variable in our code then is just a reference to some excel cell this is doable with openpyxl for me I guess.
But I wanted to ask you guys how your corporation manages these problems and if there might be a more ellegant way to solve this.


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Materials for Constructed Facilities
Mixtures of aggregate, sand and other binder materials used to create asphalt concrete samples in bins, Modified Asphalt Research Center. Research in the center focuses on ways to make asphalt more environmentally sustainable. Photo: Jeff Miller.
Materials for Constructed Facilities (MFCF) Group
The MFCF group works on defining, addressing and advancing all aspects and challenges of utilizing engineering materials in the built structures and infrastructures. The group operates a few laboratories that include a wide range of tools and equipment for advanced characterization of materials including soils, aggregates, asphalts, cement, and polymer composites. The group aspires to connect science and engineering principles to improve construction materials, enhance their service life, render them more friendly to the environment, and better explain their physical and chemical behavior.
Professor Bu Wang's research centers on the development and utilization of sustainable materials for civil engineering. Current focuses include waste material recycling and CO2 utilization in concrete production. His research interests also include understanding the composition-structure-property relationship of cementitious materials, as well as their mechanical and physical-chemical behaviors at different scales.
Professor Pavana Prabhakar's research seeks to address fundamental questions on the damage and failure mechanics of lightweight composite material systems, such as polymeric and ceramic matrix composites. Her research is at the intersection of advanced solid mechanics, materials science and computational mechanics. Key research areas of interest are multiscale material modeling of hierarchical materials, damage and failure mechanics of composite materials, life prediction in extreme environment, additive manufacturing and fabrication of composite materials."
Professor Hussain Bahia's research covers the highway construction materials and pavement design. His team works in cooperation scientists and engineers of bitumen producers, asphalt construction contractors, specialty additives' manufacturers and other highway industry stakeholders. He currently leads the Modified Asphalt Research Center (MARC.wisc.edu) which focuses on research and education on specialty asphalts. Current research and education activities include advanced characterization of rheology and damage tolerance of modified asphalts and mixtures as well as environmentally sensitive "green" pavement technologies. His team utilizes imaging and micromechanics to understand how green paving mixes (high recycled content and reduced construction temperature) and specialty chemicals can be combined to deliver durable and high-performance (safe, quiet, and traffic resistant) mixes. The team contributes significantly to advancing modeling, implementation, and standards development.
Professor Greeshma Gadikota's research focuses on integrating in-operando and in-silico characterization of complex hierarchical and heterogeneous materials with multi-scale reaction kinetics by connecting nano- and meso-scale measurements with process-scale developments and field-scale observations. Gadikota's group is currently working on integrating carbon capture, utilization and storage with construction materials, chemical and morphological tuning of low carbon construction materials for enhanced durability and mechanical strength, and utilization of low value additives in construction materials.
Professor Andrea Hicks's research focuses on the environmental impacts of new and novel products and often materials, using methods such as life cycle assessment. Hicks's group conducts work on the environmental and economic impacts of materials such as nano-scale silver, waste to new materials, and transportation infrastructure materials.
Hussain Bahia, Vilas Distinguished Professor
Greeshma Gadikota
Bu Wang, Assistant Professor
Andrea Hicks, Assistant Professor
Pavana Prabhakar, Assistant Professor
Modified Asphalt Research Center
Construction Engineering and Management
Materials Support Center


text:
Tag Archive : data sgp hari ini
Home / data sgp hari ini
By TujuhJuli2022 December 20, 2022
Lotteries are a fun way to pass the time and are a popular pastime for many people. They allow you to win a lump sum or annuity. In the United States, data sgp tickets are available in land-based and online stores. They are also very easy to play. You just need to enter a game and select your numbers.
There are numerous different types of lottery games to choose from. In addition, there are many different ways to win. The odds of winning vary depending on the lottery, but you can generally expect to get about half the advertised jackpot.
One of the most common forms of lottery is a 50-50 draw, which is a popular form of fixed prize fund. Usually, this means you will receive a fixed percentage of the total receipts. Sometimes, you can also receive goods, such as a new car, as a prize.
Some governments, including the state of California, have outlawed lotteries in their jurisdictions. Other jurisdictions, such as Hawaii, prohibit gambling altogether. However, most US states provide their residents with access to daily and multi-state lotteries. Some are even starting to offer lottery tickets online, making playing the lottery more convenient.
Despite the lack of federal law regulating the lottery industry, there is some transparency in the lottery industry thanks to the use of technology, such as blockchain. Some online lotto sites allow players to purchase tickets and receive their prizes without leaving home. In most cases, these sites will withhold 24% of your ticket's price in state taxes. If you win a prize of $600 or more, you will receive a W2-G tax form.
In addition to online lotteries, some states have established legal lottery courier services. These services are used to sell tickets for official lotteries, but they do not directly sell the tickets. The most prominent legal online lottery courier service is Jackpocket. In addition, some lottery games, such as Powerball, are provided in almost all jurisdictions.
There are many different kinds of lottery tickets, including the ones that are available in land-based stores and those that are offered online. Each has its own rules, so it's important to check the specific details of a given lottery.
While a few jurisdictions have banned or outlawed lotteries, the concept of a lottery remains very popular in the U.S. and around the world. You can buy tickets and see if you have won any of the latest lottery jackpots at any of the top lottery websites. Alternatively, you can use a smartphone or tablet to pick your numbers and print your tickets in minutes.
Whether you prefer a lottery or other forms of gambling, you should always check the odds of winning. Some of the most popular online lottery games can award you with sums of up to $500,000. You may also wish to check out online scratch card games, which allow you to win a lump sum or one-time payment.
Lotteries have been around for centuries. Early lotteries raised funds for public projects, such as schools and colleges. Several colonies held lotteries to finance fortifications, roads, and local militias.
New York Lottery Online
Across the United States, a total of 44 states offer a state-wide data sgp pools. While most state lotteries do not have online versions, some have enacted laws to make the process of buying tickets legal and safe. The state lottery in New York is no exception.
The state lottery in New York has a diverse selection of games, both local and multi-jurisdictional. Players can choose from a variety of draw and instant win games. A player can purchase a ticket from one of the 16,000 retailers in the state. In addition, the state has an app for both Android and iOS devices. With the app, players can check the prize draw results and scan their tickets to see if they have won. In 2014, the New York state lottery introduced Powerball and Mega Millions. Both are popular lotto games. The odds of winning the jackpot vary by game.
The New York state lottery was established in 1966. It was the second state to implement a state lottery. It has a long history and has consistently achieved high sales figures in the U.S. As of June 2016, the New York lottery has awarded more than $3 billion to its beneficiaries. This money has gone to local businesses, schools, and government programs.
The odds of winning are very low, but the jackpot grows with time. The jackpot resets to a predetermined minimum once the winner claims the prize. The average winner can expect to receive about a million dollars. The lottery's profit is allocated by the governor. Almost half of the profits go to the education fund. Other proceeds go to the general fund, tourism, and open space conservation.
The New York lottery is one of the most widely played in the United States. Players can choose from several draw and instant win games, as well as the local state games. A player can also opt for the Cash4Life game. This game offers players the chance to win a life-changing payout. If a person wins, they can expect to receive $1,000 a day for a lifetime.
The lottery has a history that stretches back to the early colony of Jamestown. The first American colony, Jamestown used the lottery to finance their colony. The New York lottery was the second state to implement a state-wide lottery.
Throughout the years, the New York lottery has faced criticism. However, the state has been able to overcome its shortcomings. In the first year of the lottery's existence, it sold $53.6 million in tickets. A major reason for the success of the lottery is its wide array of games.
The New Jersey Lottery has a variety of games, including seven draw games and an instant win game. In addition, the lottery is a member of the Multi-State Lottery Association, which allows players to choose from more than a dozen lottery games from other states. The Massachusetts lottery offers eight games, while the Virginia Lottery has several draw games as well.