Alkali injury is one of the most devastating injuries to the eye. It results in permanent unilateral or bilateral visual impairment. Chemical eye injury is accompanied by an increase in the oxidative stress. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents play a major role in the treatment of chemical eye injuries. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory (clinical and histopathological) and antioxidant effects of Tualang honey versus conventional treatment in alkali injury on the eyes of rabbits.
A preliminary study was carried out prior to the actual study to establish the alkali chemical injury on rabbit's cornea and we found that alkali chemical injury with 2 N NaOH showed severe clinical inflammatory features. In actual study, alkali injury with 2 N NaOH was induced in the right eye of 10 New Zealand White rabbits' cornea. The rabbits were divided into two groups, Group A was given conventional treatment and Group B was treated with both topical and oral Tualang honey. Clinical inflammatory features of the right eye were recorded at 12 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, 5th day and 7th day post induction of alkali burn on the cornea. The histopathological inflammatory features of the right corneas of all rabbits were also evaluated on day-7. The level of total antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation products in the aqueous humour, vitreous humour and serum at day-7 were estimated biochemically. Fisher's Exact, Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney test were used to analyse the data.
There was no statistically significant difference in clinical inflammatory features (p > 0.05) between honey treated and the conventional treated group at different times of examination. Histopathological examination of the cornea showed the number of polymorphonuclear leucocytes was below 50 for both groups (mild grade). There was also no significant difference in the level of total antioxidant status as well as lipid peroxidation products in aqueous humour (p = 0.117, p = 0.382 respectively), vitreous humour (p = 0.917, p = 0.248 respectively) and serum (p = 0.917, p = 0.332 respectively) between honey treated and the conventional treated group.
Tualang honey has almost the equal effects when compared with the conventional treatment in treating alkali injury on rabbit's eye. Future research with more number of rabbits and control group is warranted to explore the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Tualang honey.
Alkali injury of the cornea is one of the most devastating injuries to the eye . The morphological picture after alkali injury could be divided into two phases. In the first phase, there would be infiltrations of the cornea with polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes together with the death of the cellular elements. In this phase, the epithelial cells start to regenerate and epithelization is expected to be completed by the seventh day . In the second phase, there would be a second wave of inflammatory cell infiltration which begins on day 7 and reach the peak between day 14 and 21 in severe injury. The neutrophils release collagenase and their respiratory bursts form superoxide free radical could cause further tissue damage [3, 4].
Steroids stabilize the lysosomal vacuoles in leucocytes and prevent the release of proteolytic enzymes which in turn might cause severe secondary complications . Early treatment with corticosteroids or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduces the initial inflammatory cell infiltration as well as the subsequent second-wave infiltration .
Chemical injury is one of the causes of oxidative stress in the eye . Free radicals production has been implicated in alkali burns . Free radicals derived from oxygen are known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Examples of ROS are superoxide anion (O2 -), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (OH.), peroxyl radical (ROO), and singlet oxygen (1O2) . They are mainly produced by leukocytes and by the respiratory mitochondrial chain. They play an important role in cell signaling and defense against bacterial infection.
Lipid peroxidation often occurs in response to oxidative stress . Lipid peroxidation is a process that it causes interaction of oxygen-derived free radicals with polyunsaturated fatty acids . Subsequently the produced electrophilic aldehydes easily get attached covalently to proteins by forming adducts with cysteine, lysine, or histidine residues . Malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) are the major products of lipid peroxidation formed .
In chemical eye injury, Vitamin C acts as an important antioxidant by reducing peroxides, repairing oxidized biological membrane and neutralizing free radical . Antioxidants prevent disease by scavenging ROS, reducing peroxides, repairing oxidized biological membrane, quenching iron to decrease ROS production and neutralizing ROS via lipid metabolism . The sum of endogenous and food-derived antioxidants represents the total antioxidant activity of the system.
Honey is a popular sweetener and is being used to treat a variety of illness due to its medicinal properties. Honey contains both aqueous and lipophilic antioxidants. These properties enable honey to act at different cellular levels and be an ideal natural antioxidant . Honey with higher water content and with darker colour has more antioxidants. The antioxidants present in honey include Vitamin C, monophenolics, flavonoids, and polyphenolics .
Malaysian Tualang honey is a wild multifloral honey. The honey was supplied by Federal Agriculture Marketing Authority (FAMA), Kedah, Malaysia. Tualang honey is produced by Apis dorsata, the bees that build their hives on Tualang tree, which was collected from Koompassia excelsa (Tualang tree).
Mahaneem Mohamed and co-workers  concluded that Tualang honey has a relatively good antioxidant activity due to the good colour intensity and phenolic compounds. Tualang honey has been reported to protect the antioxidant enzymes and decrease the oxidative stress . Honey is also known to have anti-inflammatory properties. Oryan et al showed the efficacy of honey in the healing of cutaneous wounds of rabbits on the basis of histopathological and biochemical changes. The honey treated rabbits showed less oedema and necrosis, fewer polymorphonuclear cell infiltration, better wound contraction and improved epithelialization.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory (clinical and histopathological) and antioxidant effects of Tualang honey versus conventional treatment in alkali injury on the eyes of rabbits.
A preliminary study was carried out prior to the actual study to establish the alkali chemical injury on rabbit's cornea. Three rabbits were used for the preliminary study.
Three New Zealand white adult rabbits (aged 8 - 10 months) weighing between 2.0 and 2.5 kg, with clear cornea were used in this preliminary study. The rabbits were maintained and handled according to the recommendations of the animal ethics guidelines. The animals were housed individually in stainless steel cages under controlled temperature, humidity and 12 hour light: dark cycle. Food (pellet) and water were provided ad libitum.
The first rabbit was anaesthetized with an intramuscular dose of Ketamine hydrochloride (Troy Laboratories, New South Wales, Australia) (35 mg/kg of body weight) and Xylazine hydrochloride (Troy Laboratories, New South Wales, Australia) (2.5 mg/kg) approximately 45 minutes prior to induction of alkali injury. The experiment was carried out only on the right eye of each rabbit. A drop of Propacaine hydrochloride 0.5% (Alcaine®, Alcon) was instilled to the right eye followed by insertion of barraquer wire speculum. Surplus moisture was removed with cotton tipped applicator.
Filter paper disc (Whatman 3 filter paper) with a 7.5 mm diameter was produced and immersed in 1 N NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) for 30 seconds [4, 17]. The alkali soaked filter paper disc was then placed on the central axis of the right cornea, gently held with a forcep for 30 seconds. The cornea then was rinsed with 15 ml of balanced salt solution for 2 minutes. The induction of the alkali chemical injury was done by Investigator A.
The same procedure was repeated for the second rabbit. The size of the filter paper used was 7.5 mm and immersed in 2 N NaOH instead of 1 N NaOH. The duration of filter paper contact on the central axis of the cornea remained at 30 seconds. In the third rabbit, the same concentration of NaOH (2 N NaOH) was used but the duration of filter paper contact on the cornea was increased to 60 seconds.
After induction of the chemical burn, the rabbits were observed individually in their respective cages. Once they were fully conscious, they were observed for signs of stress like inactiveness and reduced food intake. Their weight was monitored daily. They were allowed free mobilization in their cage without any restraint. The right eye was kept open without any pad. There was no treatment given for all the three rabbits.
The right eyes of all the rabbits were examined to evaluate the clinical inflammatory features with a binocular loupe at 12, 24 and 72 hours and on the 5th and 7th days post induction of alkali burn [4, 18] by the Investigator A. The rabbits were restrained in a wooden box prior to the examination. The eyes were examined for conjunctival hyperemia and corneal edema. Fluorescein strip 1% was used to evaluate the corneal epithelial defect. The grading of the clinical inflammatory features of the cornea was done as per in Table 1. There was no eye discharge noted in all of the three rabbits.
Grading of the clinical inflammatory features of alkali chemical injury on cornea [4, 18].
On day-7, blood sample (about 2 ml) was obtained through marginal ear vein. A 23- gauge needle was used to withdraw the blood. Blood was collected without using an anticoagulant like citrate or heparin . Blood was then subjected to centrifugation at 2000 × g for 15 minutes at 4°C. The top yellow serum layer was pipetted out and freezed at -80°C in a centrifuge tube for the estimation of total antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation products.
The rabbits were then euthanized with intravenous Phenobarbitone sodium (Troy Laboratories, New South Wales, Australia) (125 mg/kg) after the blood collection. Paracentesis was done through the limbal part of the cornea with a sterile 27- gauge needle attached to a 1 ml tuberculin syringe. Aqueous sample of 150 to 200 μl was collected from the right eye . The aqueous sample was transferred to two microcentrifuge tubes. Each tube was labeled accordingly for the estimation of total antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation products. The samples were stored frozen at -80°C.
Following that, the right eye was fixated with the conjunctival forcep and the anterior chamber was entered at the limbus with a scalpel blade. The cornea was excised with corneal scissors, placed in 10% formalin and sent for histopathological examination.
The vitreous samples were aspirated with 5 ml syringe without needle after harvesting the cornea. Vitreous sample of about 0.3 ml (300 μl) was withdrawn carefully from the right eye. Twenty (20) μl and 100 μl of the sample were used for the estimation of total antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation products respectively. Each sample was transferred to a 2 ml microcentrifuge tube and stored frozen at -40°C prior to spectrophotometric analysis.
After completing the collection of specimens (serum, aqueous humour, vitreous humour and cornea), the rabbits were then disposed via biohazard bags.
The excised corneas were prepared for light microscopic examination. The corneas were fixed with 10% formaldehyde and dehydrated in a series of alcohol concentration. The cornea tissues were treated with xylene to clear the alcohol and then impregnated in paraffin. The required tissue was sliced with a microtome blade with a section thickness set at 3-5 micron. Then it was stained with haematoxylin and eosin for light-microscopic examination.
Light-microscopic quantitation was performed by counting PMN leukocytes in tissue sections per high-power field (x40 objective, x10 ocular) with a binocular microscope. Initially the slide was seen under low power 10 × field for most populated area with inflammatory cells. Then counting of the neutrophils was done under 400 × field in three adjacent areas. The average number of counting PMN was taken and graded as follows: 1-50 = mild, 51-100 = moderate, 101-200 = severe and 201 or above = very severe, modified from the study of Öztürk . All the histopathological examination of the cornea was done by Investigator B.
Total antioxidant activity was measured by Cayman Total antioxidant assay kit (Cayman, MI, USA). The principle is based on the antioxidant potential of pure compounds and biological fluids to both quench and inhibit the formation of a colored radical cation produced by the action of metmyoglobin and hydrogen peroxide on 2, 2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) .
Lipid peroxidation products were measured by Cayman TBARS assay kit (Cayman, MI, USA). The most widely used method is the reaction of MDA with Thiobarbituricacid (TBA) as used in this study. It is dependent on the formation of a red pigment that results from the reaction of TBA with oxidized lipids.
Both the tests were carried out according to the Cayman's kit protocol. Ten (10) μl and 100 μl of the samples were used for the estimation of TAS and lipid peroxidation products respectively. All the measurement of biochemical parameters was done by Investigator C.
The result of the preliminary study for clinical inflammatory and histopathological inflammatory features of alkali injury on rabbit's cornea is shown in Table 2. Rabbit-3 shows severe clinical inflammatory features in terms of conjunctival hyperemia (Figure 1), corneal edema (Figure 1) and corneal epithelial defect (Figure 2). Light-microscopic examination of the cornea found that the number of PMN leucocytes was below 50 (mild grade) for rabbit-2 and rabbit-3 and absent in rabbit-1 (Table 2). Figure 3 shows the histopathological inflammatory features of the rabbit-3 in three adjacent areas.
Conjunctival hyperemia and corneal edema post induction of alkali injury on rabbit's cornea.
Corneal epithelial defect post induction of alkali injury on rabbit's cornea.
Histopathological inflammatory features on day 7 post induction of alkali injury on rabbit's cornea.
In the preliminary study, the samples from aqueous humour, vitreous humour and serum was used to optimize the absorbance value within the range of the standards for the estimation of total antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation products. We observed that 10 times dilution of the samples (aqueous humour and vitreous humour) gave the optimum results in which the absorbance value of the samples showed absorbance within the range of the standards. The serum however was diluted 20 times as per mentioned in the catalogue and showed absorbance within the range of the standards.
For the estimation of lipid peroxidation products, the samples without dilution gave the optimum results and showed absorbance within the range of the standards.
Actual study was conducted with 5 rabbits in each group namely Group A - conventional treated group and Group B - honey treated group. Ten New Zealand white adult rabbits (aged 8 - 10 months) weighing between 2.0 and 2.5 kg, with clear cornea were used in this actual study. The rabbits were maintained as per mentioned in 1.1.
Alkali chemical injury was induced as per mentioned in 1.2. The third rabbit in the preliminary study showed severe clinical inflammatory features. Thus the method of induction of alkali chemical injury with 2 N NaOH and with corneal contact of 60 seconds was chosen in this actual study. The animals were cared and observed as per mentioned in 1.2.
The rabbits were divided into 2 groups (Group A and Group B) consisting of 5 rabbits in each group by using double block randomization. Group A was the conventional treated group, treated with one drop of topical Prednisolone acetate (Predforte®, Allergen) 1% four times/day and one drop of topical Ciprofloxacin 0.3% (Cipmax®, Alcon) four times/day along with oral administration of ascorbic acid (0.6 gm/kg/day) for 1 week . Group B was the honey treated group, treated with one drop of topical Tualang honey and diluted in normal saline (30%) applied for four times/day along with oral administration of Tualang honey (1.0 gm/kg/day) for 1 week .
Tualang honey and ascorbic acid were supplemented orally by means of 1 ml or 3 ml syringe in the morning. The needed ascorbic acid (powder form) was measured with a weighing scale and mixed with distilled water to dissolve it prior to feeding. Thirty percent honey, for topical application was freshly prepared everyday by mixing 1.5 ml of honey with 3.5 ml of distilled water in the morning just before the first instillation. Honey was diluted to reduce its viscosity. Following that, the prepared honey was kept in the refrigerator for the next 3 instillations for the same day.
Tualang honey used in this study was subjected to gamma irradiation at 25 kGy at Sterilgamma (M) Sdn. Bhd. (Selangor, Malaysia) for the purpose of sterilization. This radiation was shown not to cause significant loss of antibacterial activity and there was no viable clostridial spores after the process .
The right eyes of all the rabbits were examined to evaluate the clinical inflammatory features with a binocular loupe at 12, 24 and 72 hours and on the 5th and 7th days post induction of alkali burn as per mentioned in 1.3 by the Investigator A. There was no eye discharge noted in all of the rabbits in the honey treated group as well as in the conventional treated group.
The collection of serum, aqueous humour and vitreous humour (from the right eye) as well as preparation of the corneal button of the right eye were done on the 7th days post induction of alkali burn as per mentioned in 1.4. After completing the collection of specimens (serum, aqueous humour, vitreous humour and cornea), the rabbits were then disposed via biohazard bags.
The excised corneas were prepared for light microscopic examination and the grading of the histopathological inflammatory features was evaluated as per mentioned in 1.5.
The measurement of the total antioxidant status was done as per mentioned in 1.6. In the preliminary study, the sample that was diluted ten times showed absorbance within the range of the standards. Thus the sample dilution factor used was 10 times in this actual study in order to bring the antioxidants level within the standard curve. The average absorbance of standards was plotted as a function of the final Trolox concentration (mM) (Cayman's kit protocol).
The measurement of the lipid peroxidation products was done as per mentioned in 1.6. Corrected absorbance was determined by subtracting the absorbance of the standard A (O μM) from itself and all other values (both standards and samples). The absorbance values of each standard were plotted as a function of MDA concentration (Cayman's kit protocol).
This study was appproved by the Research and Ethical Committee, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia on 16th March 2009 and also by Animal Ethics Committee, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia on 7th May 2009.
The data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 12.1. Fisher Exact test and Chi square test were used to analyze the results where appropriate. For the data that was not normally distributed, Mann-Whitney test was used for the statistical analysis. Thus the values are expressed as median (interquartile range). The p value of < 0.05 is considered as statistically significant.
The association between grading of conjunctival hyperemia and treatment type in alkali chemical injury on the eyes of rabbits is shown in Table 3. The conjunctival hyperemia noted to be severe in both groups till 72 hours post induction of alkali injury. However one rabbit in the conventional treated group showed moderate severity at 72 hours. On the 7th day of examination, almost all the rabbits improved to moderate category of conjunctival hyperemia except two rabbits, one each from both groups. Figure 1 shows the features of conjunctival hyperemia in conventional treated group (rabbit-4) and in honey treated group (rabbit-5).
There was no statistically significant difference in the grading of conjunctival hyperemia between honey treated and conventional treated group at 72 hours (p = 1.000), 5th day (p = 0.524), and 7th day (p = 1.000) of clinical examination. Statistical analysis was not done for the 12 hours and 24 hours of clinical examination (both groups) as all the rabbits fell under severe category.
The association between grading of corneal edema and treatment type in alkali chemical injury on the eyes of rabbits is shown in Table 3. Only one rabbit in the honey treated group showed improvement to moderate category of corneal edema on the 7th day of examination. One rabbit in the conventional group improved to mild category at 72 hours itself and remained the same till the 7th day. The corneal edema was severe in the rest of the rabbits on day-7. Figure 1 shows the features of corneal edema in conventional treated group (rabbit-4) and in honey treated group (rabbit-5).
There was no statistically significant difference in the grading of corneal edema between honey treated and conventional treated group at different times of clinical examination (12 hours, p = 1.000; 24 hours, p = 0.444; 72 hours, p = 0.287; 5 days, p = 1.000; 7 days, p = 0.368).
The association between grading of corneal epithelial defect and treatment type in alkali chemical injury on the eyes of rabbits is shown in Table 3. Two rabbits in the honey treated group showed improvement to moderate category of corneal epithelial defect at 72 hours whereas all the rabbits in the conventional treated group remained in the severe category. On the 7th day, 4 out of 5 rabbits in the conventional treated group improved to moderate category. The honey treated group sustained only mild epithelial defect in 3 rabbits and the rest were in moderate category. Figure 2 shows the features of corneal epithelial defect in conventional treated group (rabbit-4) and in honey treated group (rabbit-5).
Clinically, the honey treated group showed better improvement in the healing of the corneal epithelial defect compared to the conventional treated group. However there was no statistically significant difference in the grading of corneal epithelial defect between honey treated and conventional treated group at 72 hours (p = 0.444), 5th day (p = 0.565) and 7th day (p = 0.097) of clinical examination. Statistical analysis was not done for the 12 hours and 24 hours of clinical examination as all the rabbits (both groups) fell under severe category.
Light-microscopic examination of the cornea found that the number of PMN leucocytes was below 50 for both groups (mild grade). Statistical analysis was not done as all the rabbits (both groups) fell under mild category. Figure 3 shows the features of histopathological inflammatory features in conventional treated group (rabbit-4) and in honey treated group (rabbit-5).
The honey treated group has a higher mean level of total antioxidant in aqueous humour (3.19 ± 1. 82 mM) and serum (14.97 ± 0.71 mM) when compared with that of the conventional group (1.74 ± 0.68 mM, 14.77 ± 1.57 mM respectively). However the mean level of total antioxidant in vitreous humour is less in the honey treated group (honey treated group: 2.04 ± 0.50 mM, conventional treated group: 2.57 ± 1.85 mM). The comparison between the levels of total antioxidant status in aqueous humour, vitreous humour and serum in alkali chemical injury on the eyes of rabbits between honey treated and the conventional treated group is shown in Table 4.
The honey treated group has a lower mean level of lipid peroxidation products in aqueous humour, vitreous humour and serum (1.12 ± 1.15 μm, 2.29 ± 0.89 μm, 5.59 ± 1.44 μm respectively) when compared with that of the conventional group (1.59 ± 1.05 μm, 4.18 ± 2.99 μm, 7.47 ± 2.92 μm respectively) The comparison between the levels of lipid peroxidation products in aqueous humour, vitreous humour and serum in alkali chemical injury on the eyes of rabbits between honey treated and the conventional treated group is shown in Table 4.
Mann-Whitney test was used for the statistical analysis as the data was not normally distributed. Thus the values are expressed as median (interquartile range). There was no significant difference in the median level of total antioxidant status as well as lipid peroxidation products in aqueous humour (p = 0.117, p = 0.382 respectively), vitreous humour (p = 0.917, p = 0.248 respectively) and serum (p = 0.917, p = 0.332 respectively) between honey treated and the conventional treated group.
Chemical eye injury is accompanied by decrease in the antioxidant protection system as well as activation of the free radical lipid peroxidation. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have been done on the effect of Malaysian honey on the eye.
In this study, the honey treatment is noted to be as good as the conventional treatment in treating the conjunctival hyperemia, corneal edema and epithelial healing due to alkali chemical injury. In a study by Alio et al antioxidant topical treatment with Dimethythiourea has been found to be efficient in reducing inflammatory reactions during acute corneal inflammation.
Hallberg and his colleagues  suggested that free radicals delay the corneal epithelial wound healing in rabbits. This was evidenced by improvement in the epithelial defect in diabetic rats treated with Trolox antioxidant when compared with that of untreated diabetic rats. However the corneal epithelial wound induced was only 3 mm. This current study revealed that the honey treated group is as good as the conventional treated group in the healing process of corneal epithelial defect.
In the histolopathological evaluation, there was only mild corneal infiltration by PMN in all the rabbits. This shows that the honey treatment has the anti-inflammatory component comparable to that of the conventional treatment. Our results are supported by the study by Öztürk et al. In that study the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration was significantly lower in the group treated with topical dexamethasone and also the one treated with Propolis. However the strength of the NaOH used was 1 N and the exposure time was only 30 seconds. They also noted no statistically significant difference between those two groups as in this study. As a conclusion, they agreed that Propolis has an anti-inflammatory component comparable to dexamethasone in chemical corneal injury.
Study by Pfister et al demonstrated that daily subcutaneous injection of ascorbic acid had significantly raised the plasma ascorbic acid level greater than that of the control. Moreover the level of ascorbic acid in the aqueous humour has increased as well. However the groups treated with topical ascorbic acid showed higher levels of ascorbic acid. This explains that the transport of parenteral ascorbic acid had slower access to cross the blood-aqueous barrier.
Pfister's study showed increment in the mean level of ascorbic acid in the aqueous humour with 35 seconds of chemical burn exposure with 1 N NaOH . However the increment in the ascorbic acid level was noted to be less than his previous study in 1977 where the chemical injury was induced with an exposure of 20 seconds . The characteristic of antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid is measured as total antioxidant status.
In this current study, the concentration of NaOH used was 2 N and the exposure time was 60 seconds. The concentration of total antioxidant status was noted to be higher in the honey treated group when compared with the conventional treated group in the aqueous humour and serum. However the total antioxidant status in the vitreous humour was lower in the honey treated group. But those results were statistically not significant.
Total antioxidant activity in the aqueous humour, vitreous humour and retina was noted to be higher in the groups treated with oral antioxidants and topical anti-inflammatory drugs when compared with the control group where only topical anti-inflammatory drugs were given. This denotes that oral supplement can increase the antioxidant capacity in eye tissues of rabbits .
In the same study, the concentration of MDA in the aqueous humour, vitreous humour and retina has also been explored. As expected, the MDA concentration was lower in the groups treated with oral antioxidants, post induction of alkali chemical injury . The concentration of MDA and total antioxidant status were inversely related i.e. if the concentration of the MDA is high, the total antioxidant status will be less and vice versa.
In this current study, the concentration of MDA was inversely related when compared between the two groups. For example if the total antioxidant status of aqueous humour is more in the honey treated group, the concentration of MDA will be less in this group when compared with that of the conventional group. The lower value of lipid peroxidation products in honey treated group clearly denotes the protective role of honey as an antioxidant against the oxidative stress induced by the alkali chemical injury. This correlates with the study by Gakhramanov . However the method of chemical eye injury induced in that study was not mentioned.
Schramm and colleagues  have concluded that oral administration of honey can increase the plasma antioxidant level. In their study, honey fed at 1.5 gm/kg body weight found to raise the plasma antioxidant level. Oxidative stress was not induced in their study. In this current study, the honey treated group showed higher plasma antioxidant level than the conventional group. However the dose was only 1.0 gm/kg and the oxidative stress was induced by means of alkali chemical injury.
In this study, we found that there was no clinical sign of infection with the absence of eye discharge in all of the eyes with alkali chemical injury in honey treated group as well as in conventional treated group. Although honey has a high content of sugar but it has a low content of water, together with acidity property . These characteristics will prevent microbial growth. Honey also will generate hydrogen peroxide when diluted [30, 31] and this hydrogen peroxide is the major contributor to the antimicrobial activity [30, 32].
Tualang honey has almost the equal effects when compared with the conventional treatment in treating alkali chemical injury on rabbit's eye. Future research with more number of rabbits and control group is warranted to explore the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Tualang honey.
We would like to thank FAMA (Federal Agriculture Marketing Authority), Malaysia for supplying the Tualang honey and Universiti Sains Malaysia for providing the financial support for this study (Short Term Grant: 304/PPSP/61310023).
KB carried out the induction of chemical burn and clinical examination, performed the analysis of data, interpretation of results and drafted the manuscript. EZ participated in the design of the study, edited the manuscript, involved in the acquisition of the grant and monitored the research. SB participated in the design of the study. SAS was involved in the preparation of honey, design of the study and revised the manuscript for the intellectual content. KNSS carried out the biochemical parameter test. VN performed the histopathological examination. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.


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Web10 art therapist Jobs in Cleveland, OH. Fine Arts Association Willoughby. Art Therapist. Willoughby, OH. Easy Apply. 13d. Collaborate with Coordinator of Creative Arts Therapies and Director of Education to create art therapy programming for onsite and offsite clients.. University Hospitals. Cleveland (/ ˈ k l iː v l ə n d / KLEEV-lənd), officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( kilometers) west of Pennsylvania. The Great Migration, sometimes known as the Great Northward Migration or the Black Migration, was the movement of six million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West between and It was caused primarily by the poor economic conditions for African American people, as well as the prevalent racial segregation .
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Art jobs in Cleveland Oh are available today on Monster. Monster is your source for jobs & career opportunities. Latest breaking news from New York City. A Look Back: Major blackout hits New York City on July 13, On July 13, , 45 years ago Wednesday, a major blackout hit New York City. Art History Jobs in Ohio · Curatorial Assistant for Decorative Art and Design · Cincinnati Art History Expert · Education Art Collection Assistant. We're leaving the lights on!On selected Fridays this fall, visitors can enjoy extra hours and special programming. · Google Arts & Culture Celebrates Cleveland. WebWith over staff members, hundreds of volunteers, and thousands of partners in historical societies, local history groups, and local and state government, we champion all Ohio history, including the more than 50 historic sites and museums in our network throughout Ohio. Join the team! Spark discovery of Ohio's stories. Dec 1, · Plus, the latest on efforts to avert a government shutdown in Washington, and how one organization is helping children in Ukraine process the horrors of war through art. December 06 ABC News Live. WebArt history majors can pursue a variety of different career paths, many of which involve different roles and responsibilities in museums and galleries. These jobs share the common goal of documenting and preserving art collections and displaying them for the public. Business Office Coordinator · Public Program & Special Event Coordinator, Cleveland History Center · Museum Ambassador, Cleveland History Center · Cataloger · Event. Nov 10, · The Cleveland Museum of Art this fall is examining Chinese printmaking, as well as the influence of published photographic images on artists. Each diverse area of focus is the subject of a new exhi. WebCleveland Art History Expert Jobs The Varsity Tutors platform has thousands of students looking for online Art History experts nationally and in Cleveland. As an expert who uses the. Web66 Art History-Any Jobs Get more jobs like this by email. Create Job Alert Chairperson of Department of History of Art and Design () Brooklyn, New York Pratt Institute 3 Days Ago Assistant Professor in Global Contemporary Visual Culture Cleveland, Ohio Case Western Reserve University 4 Days Ago. WebDec 01, · Cleveland Art History Instructor Jobs. The Varsity Tutors platform has thousands of students looking for online Art History instructors nationally and in Cleveland. As an instructor who uses the Varsity Tutors platform, you can earn good money teaching small groups of students, choose your own hours, and truly make a difference in the lives . Award-winning, Cleveland, Ohio artist Paul Miklowski teaches art history at Cuyahoga Community College. He was formerly the lecturer in ceramics at Case. 2 days ago · AIGA Baltimore and the Society of Design Arts (SoDA) are hosting a series of events created to promote the rich and plural histories of Latin American production in design. Thank you to SoDa member, Raquel Castedo, AIGA Unidos, Stevenson University, the Vancouver Latin American Cultural Centre, and the Design History Society for partnering with us. WebToday's top 1,+ Art jobs in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Leverage your professional network, and get hired. New Art jobs added daily.
Art History student lands her dream job
WebRECENT ACTIVITY on Art History Jobs Wiki [] Recent Edits. at , 6 September - Founded in , Oberlin is a private four-year, selective liberal arts college near Cleveland, Ohio and is also home to an outstanding Conservatory of Music. Together, the two divisions enroll approximately students. Department of Art History and Art. Case Western Reserve University. Mather House. Euclid Ave. Cleveland, OH Art History. Web10 art therapist Jobs in Cleveland, OH. Fine Arts Association Willoughby. Art Therapist. Willoughby, OH. Easy Apply. 13d. Collaborate with Coordinator of Creative Arts Therapies and Director of Education to create art therapy programming for onsite and offsite clients.. University Hospitals. Dec 01, · Plus, the latest on efforts to avert a government shutdown in Washington, and how one organization is helping children in Ukraine process the horrors of war through art. December 06 ABC News Live. Request Trial >> Are you a librarian, professor, or teacher looking for Questia School or other student-ready resources? Discover our premier periodical database Gale Academic OneFile. Take part in annual events celebrating the heritages of Cleveland's diverse population and history; Enjoy the performing arts and other major productions at. In Ohio, art teachers teach classes such as visual art, art appreciation, art history, design, crafts, drawing, painting, photography, and sculpture. WebOct 18, · Find journalist and reporter jobs on The Muse 2. Graphic Designer Average salary: $46, Salary range: $34,–$65, Graphic designers might use templates, typography/fonts, illustration, photos, layouts, and color schemes to create collateral for an organization—perhaps to market a good or service in a pamphlet or on their website. Dec 04, · Cleveland Museum of Art. December 07, , PM - PM Advanced String Quartet Program Concert The Cleveland History Center houses exhibits that tell the story of Nort 5. Cleveland Institute of Art, Reinberger Gallery. Cell phone store in Cleveland, Ohio. Hotels & Lodging. 1. Courtyard by Marriott. 61 Art History-Any Jobs at CAA Online Career Center. Associate Professor in History of Art, Photography and Visual Culture Cleveland, Ohio. #5 in the U.S.. for Jobs Cardiology & Heart Surgery at Cleveland Clinic Get your culture on at The Cleveland Museums of Art and Natural History. Search Art history jobs in Ohio with company ratings & salaries. 29 open jobs for Art history in Ohio. The Cleveland Museum of Art Logo Interested in beginning or advancing a career in the arts? A variety of talents and skills are needed at the Cleveland Museum of Art. We look for dynamic. in the state of Ohio, with strong anchor institutions and an abundance of arts Cleveland Botanical Garden / Full Time / Posted November 28,
Operating engineer jobs michigan|Travelers insurance job listing
Nov 10, · The Cleveland Museum of Art this fall is examining Chinese printmaking, as well as the influence of published photographic images on artists. Each diverse area of focus is the subject of a new exhi. Cleveland, OH , USA Job Category: Marketing/Communications Art Gallery Attendant -Part time / Evening hours (Wednesday / Friday pm pm). WebDec 07, · Art History. Posted 12/06/ Assistant Professor of Art History. Southern Utah University. Cedar City, UT. Art History. Posted 12/06/ Collegiate Assistant Professor, Art History. Virginia Tech. Job Posting for Gallery Teacher (Full time) at The Cleveland Museum of Art · Popular Search Topics · Sign up to receive alerts about other jobs with skills like. Web• Art Historian • Art Instructor • Art Librarian • Arts Administrator • Arts Advocacy Agency Director • Arts Council Director • Cataloguer • Curatorial Assistant • Gallery Assistant • Gallery Director • Gallery Owner • Grant Writer • Historic Preservationist • Museum Curator • Museum Director • Research Assistant • Volunteer Coordinator. Inspire your creativity with a visit to Columbus Museum of Art for special exhibitions, events, and the JPMorgan Chase Center for Creativity. moCa is a contemporary non-collecting museum that celebrates the art and moCa has the unique privilege of being Northeast Ohio's most recognizable arts. 2 days ago · AIGA Baltimore and the Society of Design Arts (SoDA) are hosting a series of events created to promote the rich and plural histories of Latin American production in design. Thank you to SoDa member, Raquel Castedo, AIGA Unidos, Stevenson University, the Vancouver Latin American Cultural Centre, and the Design History Society for partnering with us. Cleveland (/ ˈ k l iː v l ə n d / KLEEV-lənd), officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( kilometers) west of Pennsylvania.
The latest Lifestyle | Daily Life news, tips, opinion and advice from The Sydney Morning Herald covering life and relationships, beauty, fashion, health & wellbeing. Current Job Board Listings ; Cincinnati Art Museum - Curatorial Administrative Assistant · 11/17/ ; Toledo Museum of Art - KeyBank Museum Fellow · 11/14/ Cleveland (/ ˈ k l iː v l ə n d / KLEEV-lənd), officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( kilometers) west of Pennsylvania. Inspire your creativity with a visit to Columbus Museum of Art for special exhibitions, events, and the JPMorgan Chase Center for Creativity. Cleveland Arts Events is supported by Cuyahoga Arts & Culture, in collaboration with Assembly for the Arts. CONTACT US. Euclid Ave. # · Cleveland OH. WebArt History Archive Manager Metropolitan State University of DenverDenver, COFull-Time Posting Details Posting Details Posting Number S Position Title Art History Archive Manager Employment Status Student Work-Study Hourly Wage $/ hour Employee Category Student Department A favorite_border 2 days ago Adjunct Professor - Art . Rice University welcomes applicants for Tenure-Track Assistant Professor in History of Modern Africa (Colonial and Post-Colonial). Cleveland, OH (August 21, )—For over 60 years, the Center for She holds a B.A. in Art History and Dance from Oberlin College and a B.M. in Vocal.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Polyphemus (Argonaut)
In Greek mythology, Polyphemus (/ˌpɒlɪˈfiːməs/; Ancient Greek: Πολύφημος Polyphēmos) was a Greek hero and also an Argonaut.
FamilyEdit
Polyphemus was the son of Elatus by Hippea, and thus, possibly the brother of Caeneus, Ischys and Ampycus. According to one source, he was married to Laonome, sister of Heracles.[1] In some accounts, Polyphemus was called the beloved of the latter hero.[2]
MythologyEdit
Polyphemus, as a Lapith, was remembered for having fought against the Centaurs in the days of his youth.[3] In Iliad, Nestor numbers "the godlike Polyphemus" among an earlier generation of heroes of his youth, "the strongest men that Earth has bred, the strongest men against the strongest enemies, a savage mountain-dwelling tribe (i.e. centaur) whom they utterly destroyed."[4] No trace of such an oral tradition, which Homer's listeners would have recognized in Nestor's allusion, survived in literary epic.
Years later, he joined the expedition of the Argonauts.[3][5][6][7] During their stay in Bithynia, Polyphemus was the one to hear Hylas cry as the youth was being dragged away by the nymphs, and when he helped Heracles search for Hylas, both were left behind by the crew of the Argo.[8][9] Having settled in Mysia, Polyphemus founded the city of Cius, of which he became king. Later, however, he set out to search for his fellow Argonauts and died in the land of the Chalybes. He was buried by the seashore under a poplar tree.[10]
^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.1241
^ Clement, Homilies 5.16
^ a b Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.40 ff
^ Homer, Iliad 1.260 ff
^ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.9.16
^ Hyginus, Fabulae 14
^ Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 1.457
^ Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.1240 ff
^ Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4.1470–1477
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica translated by Robert Cooper Seaton (1853-1915), R. C. Loeb Classical Library Volume 001. London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1912. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica. George W. Mooney. London. Longmans, Green. 1912. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica translated by Mozley, J H. Loeb Classical Library Volume 286. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928. Online version at theio.com.
Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Argonauticon. Otto Kramer. Leipzig. Teubner. 1913. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Homer, Homeri Opera in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Pseudo-Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.


Itg Connect Limited. Head office in Birmingham. Check Director.
Itg Connect Limited is a private limited company. Previously, it was named Itg Newco Limited (changed on 2018-07-11). Registered at Unit 315 Fort Dunlop Fort Parkway, Birmingham B24 9FD, the aforementioned 9 months old enterprise was incorporated on 2018-06-13 and is classified as "advertising agencies" (SIC code: 73110).
3 directors can be found in this business: Simon W. (appointed on 13 June 2018), Mark L. (appointed on 13 June 2018), Tracy L. (appointed on 13 June 2018).
The date for Itg Connect Limited confirmation statement filing is 2019-06-26. The target date for the next accounts filing is 13 March 2020.
2 persons of significant control are indexed in the Companies House, has substantial control or influence. This corporate PSC can be found at Fort Parkway, B24 9FD Birmingham. Inspired Thinking Group Holdings Limited has over 3/4 of shares, 3/4 to full of voting rights. This corporate PSC can be found at Fort Parkway, B24 9FD Birmingham.


Now that you have your braces, how do you take care of them? It's important for you to know how to properly take care of your braces throughout your entire orthodontic treatment. Eating some foods will loosen the braces, but you may not discover the problem until hours or days later. This will lead to prolonged treatment time.
Don't worry; you'll be eating popcorn and snacking on crisps again in no time! For the first day or so, stick to soft foods. Generally avoid tough meats, hard breads, and raw vegetables. You'll need to protect your orthodontic appliances when you eat for as long as you're wearing braces.
Chewy foods – bagels, licorice Crunchy foods – popcorn, crisps, ice Sticky foods – caramel candies, chewing gum Hard foods – nuts, hard candies Foods that require biting into – corn on the cob, apples, carrots, sandwiches Eating these foods will loosen the braces, but you may not discover the problem until hours or days later.
Chewing on hard things for example, pens, pencils or fingernails can damage the braces. Damaged braces will cause treatment to take longer.
The wires, brackets and bands on your braces may come loose. You may have a situation that requires cutting a wire or sliding a bracket off a wire at night or over the weekend. You can temporarily fix the problem yourself. If wire protrudes and is irritating, use a blunt instrument (back of spoon or the eraser end of a pencil) and carefully, gently push the irritating wire back into place, or you can use a fingernail clippers that have been washed or rinsed in alcohol to cut the wire. Sometimes discomfort caused by a wire on your braces can be resolved by moving the wire away from the irritated area with a cotton swab or eraser. If irritation to the lips or mouth continues, place wax or wet cotton on the broken wire to reduce the annoyance. Call the practice as soon as possible for an appointment to check and repair the appliances. If any piece comes off, save it and bring it with you to the surgery.
When you first get your braces, you may notice that your teeth and mouth feel a little tender or sore. This is perfectly normal for patients who have just gotten their braces put on, and we promise your mouth will not be sore forever! To relieve the pain, we recommend swish and gargle with lukewarm salt water in your mouth for just a couple of minutes (do not swallow).
If the pain is more severe and does not go away after rinsing, you can also try taking a pain reliever such as Paracetamol or whatever you normally take for headache or similar pain. It is also not uncommon for your lips, cheeks, and tongue to become irritated for one to two weeks as they toughen and become used to the braces. We would be happy to give you some wax that you can put over the braces to lessen the tenderness. If you need some wax, please let us know!
To successfully complete the treatment plan, the patient must work together with the orthodontist. Damaged appliances can increase the length of your treatment process, so be sure to take care of all your appliances. Your teeth and jaw can only move into their correct positions if you consistently wear the rubber bands, headgear, retainer, or other appliances prescribed by your doctor.
It's more important than ever to brush and floss regularly when you have braces, so the teeth and gums are healthy after orthodontic treatment. Patients who do not keep their teeth clean may require more frequent visits to the dentist for a professional cleaning. Adults who have a history of gum disease should also see a periodontist during orthodontic treatment. If you need help choosing the right toothbrush, toothpaste, and dental floss, please ask us and we can help you choose the right products for your teeth and your appliance. When you have a brace it takes longer to clean your teeth and gums. It is essential to not only brush your teeth morning and evening but to have a toothbrush with you so that when you eat you can safely remove any food that may stick to your brace. Poor brushing can lead to decalcification of the teeth. This creates permanent white patches on the front of the teeth where the enamel has been weakened, this can lead to cavities. Decalcification is less common with lingual braces and if it were to occur it cannot be seen.
Apart from brushing fluoride mouthwashes and tooth mouse are encouraged to be used every evening to help keep your teeth and gums healthy. Disclosing tablets can be used to highlight those areas that you may be having difficulty reaching during your tooth brushing. They will stain the areas where plaque is still present and hence alert you to an area you may have missed.
You know how important it is to brush and floss properly when you're wearing braces. Either a soft-bristle brush or a bi-level brush (one that has shorter bristles in the middle and longer bristles at the edges) can be effective. Used carefully, an electric toothbrush can work just as well. But be sure the electric brush is set to a moderate power level, and don't let its vibrations cause the back of the brush to hit brackets or braces! You should brush with a fluoride toothpaste at least two times per day (preferably after meals), for at least five minutes each time. Remember to brush all of the tooth surfaces: the outside, the inside, and the chewing surfaces as well. Be especially careful to clean the areas between wires and teeth, and between brackets and gums — that's where food particles can easily become trapped. Here's a suggested brushing technique: Beginning at the outside surfaces, place the tips of the bristles flat against your teeth, and use small circular motions to gently polish them clean. For areas between braces and gums, tilt the brush toward the gum line (down for the bottom teeth, up for the top) while keeping up the circular motions. Next, move on to the chewing surfaces of upper and lower teeth, using a firm back-and-forth motion. Finally, finish up by carefully brushing the inside surfaces of the teeth the same way you did the outside surfaces.
To clean the areas near brackets and under the wires, you can gently use an interdental toothbrush, or proxabrush. It has a small tuft of bristles that stick up all around, like a pipe cleaner. Another special cleaning tool is the oral irrigator or "water pick." This device shoots a small stream of pressurized water at your teeth, which can help dislodge bits of food that become trapped in nooks and crannies. While it's easy to use, an oral irrigator isn't a substitute for a toothbrush or dental floss — but when used along with proper brushing and flossing techniques, it can be very effective.
To keep your teeth and gums clean and healthy, you need to floss at least once per day. It's not so hard with the help of a floss threader. Using this device is somewhat like threading a needle: You pull one end of floss through the threader, and then push the threader — carrying with it the free end of the floss — under the archwire. Now grasp the floss on each end and slide it up and down the sides of both teeth, and all the way under the gums until you hear a squeaky sound. Finally, pull it out and use a new section of floss for the next area.
Good oral hygiene is essential when wearing an orthodontic appliance. Poor plaque control around the brackets can lead to decay and permanent damage to tooth surfaces. Daily use of interdental brushes in and around the appliance will remove plaque from areas not normally accessible by regular toothbrushing.


The launch of our new Robotics S.T.E.M. program at school has been a huge hit with all of our Little Learner's.
My Robot Time is divided into two categories: KICKY, designed for ages 5-6, and MRT, designed for ages 7 and up. Launched by the innovative Advanced Learning Academy Asia, our student's have been having an absolute blast working through this program.


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Q: Get the last N entries in ascending order How can I get the last N entries from MongoDB in a ascending order in PHP?
this is the code im using right now the gets me the last 60 entries but it gives me in a descending form I need it in a ascending form.
<?php
header("Content-type: text/json");
require ($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . '/grafic/mongodb_php/vendor/autoload.php');

$client = new MongoDB\Client;
$traficodb = $client->traficodb;
$trafico_total = $traficodb->trafico_total;

$filter  = [];
$options = ['sort' => ['time_stamp' => -1], 'limit' => 60];

$show = $trafico_total->find($filter, $options);

foreach ($show as $collection) {
    $json[]= [strtotime($collection["time_stamp"])*1000, (int)$collection["tx"], (int)$collection["rx"]];
}
    echo json_encode($json);

?>

For example if I have rows with timestamp: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. I want result shown as 5,6,7,8,9 and not as 9,8,7,6,5

A: If it's only a relatively small number of results which you are not "paging" ( i.e using limit and skip ) then the most efficient action would be to simply "reverse" the returned results after converting the MongoDB\Driver\Cursor as returned from MongoDB\Collection::find() to an "array".
This is what the Cursor->toArray() method of the driver does, along with array_reverse() as a standard PHP function.
$filter  = [];
$options = ['sort' => ['time_stamp' => -1], 'limit' => 60];
$show = array_reverse($trafico_total->find($filter, $options)->toArray());

Then as you iterate the list the results are in ascending order, being the "reverse" of what the cursor returned them as.
Alternately you could use use aggregate()
$show = $tracfico_total->aggregate([
  [ '$match' => [] ],
  [ '$sort' => ['time_stamp' => -1 ] ],
  # [ '$skip' => $itemsInPage ],
  [ '$limit' => 60 ],
  [ '$sort' => ['time_stamp' => 1 ] ]
]);

And you would typically $skip through previous results before applying your limit, then re-sort the final output. But it really does not add much to what the regular query already does, and the regular query probably does it more efficiently.
There generally is little point asking the database to do things that don't actually "reduce" the results to be returned, so you typically would not perform this on the server unless you had something else to do "on the server" with the results which reduced what was to be returned.
The other case would be typically for a "large resultset" which would be more suited to iterating a cursor. In that case the aggregation approach would be recommended as opposed to converting the cursor to an array "in memory" instead of simply iterating the results in the returned order.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A DUI is a very serious offense in the state of Florida. You need to be on the lookout for an Osceola County DUI lawyer as soon as you are charged with this type of crime. Having a lawyer can make it easier for you to get the outcome that you deserve in your legal battles. Florida takes DUIs very seriously and is committed to making sure that people get punished properly, so having legal representation is imperative. That's where Katz & Phillips comes in.
These aren't punishments that you want to have to deal with because they can seriously affect your everyday life. With a reputable attorney on your side, you can minimize the chance that you have to deal with such things.
You need experienced DUI counsel that is going to help you achieve an optimal outcome. It doesn't matter what type of crime you've been charged with because Katz & Phillips lawyers know all about DUI law and have decades of combined experience. They can investigate your case and help you build a strong defense so that you don't have to fight this battle alone.
Your first instinct might be to rely on a public defender to take up your DUI fight. But this is one battle that you can't afford to lose. Selecting a reputable DUI attorney in Osceola County could be expensive, but the consequences of a conviction could be more costly. The compassionate legal team at Katz & Phillips understands your budgetary constraints, and we will work with you to outline a payment plan that works best for your financial situation.
There is nothing more important than having an experienced lawyer on your side. When you need a seasoned Osceola County Florida DUI law firm, turn to Katz & Phillips. Our criminal defense team has a strong history of satisfying clients, including those charged with drunk driving. Call us now to learn more at 321-322-6864.


"Rescued from the Nazi's by our future Fellowship supporter, this Jewish lady immigrated to the United States and enjoyed a blessed and successful life".
We recently learned that a dear couple that supports The Fellowship has a remarkable history. While they agreed to let us share their story, they insisted on not being named, claiming "others did more, and suffered more than us." For the purposes of this post, we will call them Steve and Mary. May their experiences inspire you as much as they did us.
"Steve" grew up in the Netherlands, which the Nazis invaded and occupied early in the war. His family assisted the Dutch underground forces by hiding and sheltering refugees and enemies of the Nazi regime. One of the people who needed their help was a Jewish woman from Germany. Watching his family take her into their home had a profound impact on Steve, who was a young boy at the time. Eventually she was given refuge by others in their town, and through this concerted effort she survived the war and immigrated to the United States, where she was able to create a blessed and successful life.
Early on, Steve was too young to understand the danger his family was in. He would hum the famous beginning to Beethoven's 5th Symphony, not realizing this would clue in any suspicious person who would know those musical measures marked a secret radio broadcast — and having a radio was strictly forbidden!
Dutch airspace was used by both sides during the war, so battles were often waged above them, with pieces of aircraft landing dangerously in various neighborhoods. Particularly frightening were the V-1 buzz bombs. They made a distinctive noise when they flew over Steve's city, and if that noise stopped everyone knew that one was soon going to fall from the sky and explode. One failed to reach its destination and detonated a few miles from his town, causing great destruction.
The winter of 1944-45 was a cold, hard season of starvation for the Dutch people. The Nazis were failing, resources were scarce, and the occupation was not going to help care for the people of the Netherlands. Steve attributes some of the health issues he has dealt with over the years to the lack of nutrition he suffered at that time.
Steve remembers, "The Nazis were retaliating for the Dutch underground participation in Operation 'Market Garden' in September 1944, which had the objective of establishing a bridgehead across the Rhine River near the city of Arnhem as a prelude to the invasion of the 'Ruhrgebied,' the German industrial heartland. The Dutch underground warned London to postpone the invasion due to the presence of two German crack Pantzer Divisions on R&R from the East front across the Rhine bridge. The warning went unheeded and Montgomery pushed through, resulting in a horrendous disaster. Hitler retaliated by ordering to starve the Dutch population to death as punishment. In Amsterdam alone 2,000 people starved to death on a daily basis. The bodies were stacked up in the churches as they ran out of wood for proper coffins while the SS were patrolling the hospital wards looking for underground fighters."
While Steve was going through all this during the war, "Mary," the woman who was to eventually become his wife, was living her own amazing war story. In fact, she was actually born in an air raid shelter! Her mother was not quite full term when the sirens sounded, but all of the terror of that experience brought on an early delivery, and that's when Mary entered this world.
Steve and Mary were profoundly impacted by this war, but were never overcome by its evil. Steve eventually moved to the United States through the sponsorship of his Jewish friend. He secured a job with a major U.S. company and had an exciting and successful career in international business. Through that travel, he met his precious Mary.
God has blessed them – through the reciprocation of kindness and gratitude from Steve's Jewish friend, through the courage to stand up for the righteousness modeled by his family, through the untold and unseen ways God has watched over them through the years. This couple has expressed their gratitude, and taken a stand for righteousness and kindness, by including The Fellowship in their estate plans.
The impact of those years is still with them all these years later, so much so that they recently visited Auschwitz. Steve and Mary know it is essential that we remember and that we stand up for Jewish people and never let these horrors happen again. Joining with The Fellowship enables them to take that stand.


A. Extra-judicial duties in general.
B. Activities to Improve the Law.
(2) serve as a member, officer, or director of an organization or governmental agency devoted to the improvement of the law, the legal system, or the administration of justice. A judge may assist such an organization in raising funds and may participate in their management and investment, but should not personally participate in public fund raising activities. He or she may make recommendations to public and private fund-granting agencies on projects and programs concering the law, the legal system, and the administration of justice.
C. Civic or Charitable Activities.
(1) A judge shall refrain from financial and business dealings that tend to reflect adversely on the judge's impartiality, interfere with the proper performance of the judicial duties, exploit his or her judicial position, or involve the judge in frequent transactions with lawyers or persons likely to come before the court on which the judge serves. This limitation does not prohibit either a judge or candidate from soliciting funds for appropriate campaign or officholder expenses as permitted by state law.
(c) a judge or a family member residing in the judge's household may accept any other gift, bequest, favor, or loan only if the donor is not a party or person whose interests have come or are likely to come before the judge.
(d) a gift, award, or benefit incident to the business, profession or other separate activity of a spouse or other family member residing in the judge's household, including gifts, awards, and benefits for the use of both the spouse or other family member and the judge (as spouse or family member), provided the gift award, or benefit could not reasonably be perceived as intended to influence the judge in the performance of judicial duties.
A judge should not accept appointment to a governmental committee, commission, or other position that is concerned with issues of fact or policy on matters other than the improvement of the law, the legal system, or the administration of justice. A judge, however, may represent his or her country, state, or locality on ceremonial occasions or in connection with historical, educational, and cultural activities.
(1) Compensation and Reimbursement. A judge may receive compensation and reimbursement of expenses for the extra-judicial activites permitted by this Code, if the source of such payments does not give the appearance of influencing the judge's performance of judicial duties or otherwise give the appearance of impropriety.
(b) Expense reimbursement shall be limited to the actual cost of travel, food, and lodging reasonably incurred by the judge and, where appropriate to the occasion, by the judge's family. Any payment in excess of such an amount is compensation.


text:
Entries tagged with "Shanghai"
Registrations open for ICSTI 2019 Annual Conference in Shanghai
Asia Pacific, Event, Open Access May 29, 2019
(24 May 2019) The International Council for Scientific and Technical Information (ICSTI) has announced that its 2019 Annual Conference will take place in Shanghai on September 23-26. Themed 'Open Science and Open Innovation', the conference is part of a bigger event co-organised with the Shanghai Competitive Intelligence Forum (SCIF) and the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information…
Opening a yearbook onto the past
Asia Pacific, Digitization March 20, 2019
(19 Mar 2019) The "Shanghai Almanac for 1852, and Commercial Guide," the city's first yearbook, is set to be republished by the Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House in June. The yearbook, in English but due to have a Chinese translation, is the earliest compiled by foreigners on the Chinese mainland. The original book will be displayed at the release…
How readathon becomes popular in China
Asia Pacific September 29, 2018
(28 September 2018) Reading books gains popularity again, as many cities across China have welcomed readathon. In September, a readathon competition organized by 21 public libraries was held in Shanghai-based Yangtz River Delta Area, attracting 1,700 readers. It set a new record in the number of competitors and cities that participated in the long-time book…
Old Chinese airport terminal to become library
Asia Pacific, Libraries August 11, 2018
(10 August 2018) Part of Shanghai's first airport will be converted into a public library along the Huangpu River in Xuhui District. The West Bund Library will be built in the terminal building of the old Longhua Airport, and become part of a 'reading park' planned for Xuhui's riverfront, said Lu Xiaohui, director of the…
Shanghai phone booths get new literary lease of life
(20 August 2017) If you want something to read and you're in Shanghai, look for the red telephone booths. They're like the original UK telephone boxes but with a Chinese twist. 263 public telephone booths in Shanghai Xuhui district are to be turned into mini-libraries, according to the city government. Before the popularity of smart…
nArchitects wins Shanghai competition with home-inspired library
(28 July 2016) nARCHITECTS has won the 1st prize in the 2016 International Young Architects Design Competition for the 110,000m2 Shanghai Library East Hall. The competition, held by the Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Government, attracted over 200 entries. nARCHITECTS' winning entry, entitled "Library as Home", envisions a library as a large house for all, with a rich…
Libraries: Enabling Progress. The 8th Shanghai International Library Forum call for papers first announcement
Asia Pacific, Event, Libraries November 1, 2015
(31 October 2015) The 8th Shanghai International Library Forum (SILF2016) will be held on 6-8 July 2016 at the Shanghai Library. Organized by the Shanghai Library (Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of Shanghai) and co-organized by the Shanghai Society for Library Science and the Shanghai Society for Scientific & Technical Information. The theme of…
Shanghai Metro offers passengers books to borrow
Asia Pacific, Uncategorized September 4, 2013
(China Daily, 26 August 2103) The China Daily reports that passengers on Shanghai's Metro Line 2 will be able to select a book at one station and return it to any of the other stations with customized bookshelves. Readers do not have to pay a deposit or any rent for the books and magazines they…
Library conferences in Asia 2020 – 2021
Asia Pacific, Event March 25, 2013
Keep up to date with what's happening in libraries in the region. If you have a conference to announce, please send its details to marketing@igroupnet.com. A searchable version of this list which includes conferences held in the past ten years is here. 2021 The 9th Australian Evidence-Based Practice Institute for Librarians The Institute is planned for 15-19…
Free resources for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)
IOP Publishing partners with Morressier to introduce a new standard in conference workflows
Crossref is hiring Technical Support Contractor
India releases national statistics on research & development


text:
Q: Multiple VLAN's - Multiple SSID or Single SSID and Multiple VLAN's (radius) I have a question regarding best practice. I have a case where i need multiple VLAN's in wireless networks. What is more performant?
Having multiple SSID and each of them have a VLAN (this also mean that they will be on the same chanell on that AP.
Having one SSID for all asign VLAN's based on radius MAC auth rules
I'm also thinking if there is a way to encrypt open comunication...
Thank you

A: Ideally you want only one SSID for each 802.11 security method you wish to employ (802.1X, PSK, and/or Open). To accommodate multiple VLANs, you would typically return a VLAN assignment from a RADIUS server or utilize a vendor's proprietary solution. The absolute maximum number of SSIDs you want to consider having should be no more than 4-6, but it is better if you use a maximum of 2-3.
Cisco's best practices document recommends 1-3 SSIDs:

It is recommended to have one to three SSIDs for an enterprise, and one SSID for high-density designs.

Aruba's best practices give an even lower target at 2:

Use as few SSIDs as possible. Generally, one WPA2 Enterprise SSID and one Open SSID are more than enough.

Why these numbers? There are two primary reasons. First, most wireless industry experts/vendors would agree that using separate SSIDs (with the same 802.11 security) simply to provide differing levels of access/privilege is poor design and security.
Ideally you would want to enforce any sort of access restriction or security policy based on the role of the user and/or device in the organization. Aruba probably gives one of the best official statements to this effect in this document:

[...] SSIDs are used for user classification and access rights policing. Thus users are assigned access rights not by their identities but by their SSID association which could give a malicious spoofer privileged access into the network. The solution requires Employee A in the sales department to associate with the "Sales" SSID for the right network access privileges. Associating
  with the "Employee" SSID could result in Employee A gaining access to a privileged set of servers not accessible to the Sales user group. This is because the rights are assigned by the SSID and not Employee A's identity or authentication profile.

It is also easier to implement, support, manage and enforce when all employees connect securely to one 802.1X SSID that assigns access/privileges based on their role. No time wasted in figuring out which network they should connect to (or even connect to for different functions). Less confusion for end users as well since they all connect to the same SSID.
The second reason for lowering the number of SSIDS is spectral efficiency, or in other words since 802.11 traffic is a shared medium you want to increase the amount of "airtime" available to actual data and reduce the amount of non-data traffic such as management frames.
The general rule of thumb is the more SSIDs your wireless network is broadcasting, the less efficient it will be (i.e. less capacity for actual data traffic). Each SSID requires that the AP generate and send a beacon every "period of time" (usually about every 100 milliseconds). These beacons (and other management frames such as probe requests and responses) will typically use a much lower data rate than would normally be used for data traffic and as such take up a disproportionate amount of airtime.
Most of the references citing statistics for multiple SSIDs that I am aware of are older documentation. The numbers may not be as exact due to changes in 802.11, but the principles still apply. Data rates have increased, but so has the size of the typical beacon frame. Anyhow, here are references from Arubu's Airheads Community and Revolution Wi-Fi that provide statistics showing the impact of multiple SSIDs.

A: The general rule is "one VLAN for each SSID", because otherwise you either don't need different VLANs or you don't need different SSIDs. SSIDs technically are the logical VLAN equivalent in the wireless world.


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Hôtel des Arts Saigon - MGallery - Luxury hotel - THE DAPPER GENTLEMAN: STORIES OF THE LONDON GENTLEMEN'S CLUB
Hôtel des Arts Saigon - MGallery
Meetings & Banquets
76 - 78 Nguyen Thi Minh Khai, Dist.3
70000 Ho Chi Minh City
See this hotel on all.accor.com or brand website in other languages : Select your languageFrançaisDeutschEspañolItalianoPortuguês (Brazil)Indonesia日本語PolskiРусский简体中文PortuguêsNederlands한국어TürkçeالعربيةไทยSvenska
THE DAPPER GENTLEMAN: STORIES OF THE LONDON GENTLEMEN'S …
THE DAPPER GENTLEMAN: STORIES OF THE LONDON GENTLEMEN'S CLUB
"The Club, in the general acceptation of the term, may be regarded as one of the earliest offshoots of man's habitual gregariousness and social inclination." – Club Life in London, 1866
Image source: nytimes.com
Mystery, intrigue, and a palpable sense of refinement shrouded the earliest, most exclusive Gentlemen's Clubs in 18th century London. Originally for aristocratic and upper-class gentlemen only, the Gentlemen's Clubs grew into a rich tradition of camaraderie, belonging, and brotherhood for discerning husbands, fathers, and bachelors alike.
Image source: telegraph.co.uk
A Gentlemen's Club was more than a luxury establishment, with posh interiors and the finest amenities; it was a place of gathering, of emotional support, of merriment and revelry, of delights and comforts, of heated discussion, and of laughter; it was, all in all, a community of the most cultured and worldly men of society.
A Cherished Escape for London's Elite
You can imagine a dapper gentleman from this era dressed in a well-fitted waistcoat and specially-tailored pantaloons, a carefully-tied white white linen neck cloth, a top hat, polished black boots, and perhaps brandishing a cane whimsically with every step. Though gentlemen's fashion changed gradually over time, the ethos and purpose of a Gentlemen's Club remained constant through it all, and the spirit of refinement that captured the earliest of London's clubs carried over into the 19th century and beyond.
Image source: creativeboom.com
While gentlemen of class typically took great care of their external appearances, many felt burdened from the pressures of politics, work, and family life. Men with notable standing in society, whose reputations faced constant scrutiny from the press, needed a place that encompassed all the comforts of home, but out of the public eye—somewhere they could relax and unwind, and perhaps regale their friends with the latest current events in a time when news often travelled by word of mouth. It was out of this need for sophisticated comforts that the Gentlemen's Club was born. Truly, for these dapper gentlemen, the clubs served as a home away from home. By the end of the 19th century, Gentlemen's Clubs reached peak popularity as hundreds of them had been established in London alone, as well as hundreds more throughout the British Commonwealth.
The Birth of a Legend
Numerous legends and myths arose from these Gentlemen's Clubs, with one particular tale paving the way for a grand tradition still enjoyed to this day. It is the story of the mysterious delicatessen merchant Mr. Marcel, with origins rumoured to be French but with an accent no one could quite place. He lived opposite one of these Gentlemen's Clubs in 1930s London, and every so often would bring his fine meats and cheeses over to the club where his old friend, the club owner, would pair them with premium beverages and wines.
To the delight of all who attended, this night became an enduring tradition started by two old friends: Delicatessen Night. It was as much a celebration of fine food and drink, as it was an opportunity for people to gather and share stories and, if they were lucky, to learn more about the mysterious and enigmatic Mr. Marcel.
An Enduring Tradition
At present, Gentlemen's Clubs serve a niche crowd, and few of them retain the character, elegance, and tradition that defined those legendary gathering places of a bygone era. Most of these clubs remain on the streets of London, though many of them have come and gone, with only avid art collectors and museums left to preserve their memory.
There are, however, some unlikely corners of the globe where the spirit of the London Gentlemen's Club lives on in the grand old tradition. One such place is none other than Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. MGallery's Hôtel des Arts Saigon contains an authentic Gentlemen's Club atmosphere, made possible through the furnishings of an entire heritage London Bar won at auction and carefully transported halfway across the world to this exotic destination. The Saigon Social Club vintage bar not only looks the part—its very substance comes directly from the source of the grand old tradition of London's Gentlemen's Clubs. A live jazz band provides the perfect, timeless soundtrack to what feels like a portal to another era.
Best of all, the spirit of Mr. Marcel lives on in the iconic Saigon Social Club vintage bar every Wednesday night. Delicatessen Night at Hôtel des Arts is a celebration of fine food and drink, sourced from the finest modern farms and producers from all over the world, with a wink and a nod to the storied tradition that came about on the streets of London in the 1930s.
Art de Vivre: The Art of Living! At Saigon Social Club Vintage Bar
Art de Vivre—or the Art of Living—is what defines the character of London's finest Gentlemen's Clubs, and this art form endures at Hôtel des Arts Saigon and the Saigon Social Club vintage bar. It endures in the celebration of sumptuous and tasteful interior design. It endures in the proud traditions of the London Gentlemen's club, carefully replicated with authenticity and reverence for the old ways, yet thoughtfully adapted for the latest modern comforts. It endures, most vibrantly, in the men and women who gather together in spaces that celebrate, above all, the fine art of living.
The Gentlemen's Club is, at its heart, a celebration of the convivial and social nature of humankind. Few expressions of art de vivre are more prestigious, grand, and legendary than the spirit of the Gentlemen's Club, and its spirit lives on at the Saigon Social Club vintage bar Delicatessen Night. The soulful sounds of the live jazz band add to the brilliance and warmth in the room that combines with the authentic furnishings and delightful libations for an incomparable experience.
To those familiar with the storied traditions, walking into the Hôtel des Arts Saigon and the Saigon Social Club vintage bar will feel like greeting an old friend. To the newcomer, the delightful atmosphere and infectious, jovial aura carried over from the spirit of the London Gentlemen's Club, made manifest by the unmistakable authenticity of a genuine London heritage bar, will perhaps mark the beginning of a lifelong friendship.
Augmented Reality application
Children 0123
Children's age 0123456789101112
Age of first child 0123456789101112
Age of second child 0123456789101112
Age of third child 0123456789101112


text:
Create Trigger trgAtualizarEstoque
On VendaProduto
For Insert
As
Declare
	@QteProdutoEstoque int,
	@QteProdutoPedido int,
	@ProdutoId int
Begin
	Select
		@ProdutoId = ProdutoId,
		@QteProdutoPedido = Quantidade
	From
		inserted

	Select
		@QteProdutoEstoque = Estoque
	From
		Produto
	Where
		ProdutoId = @ProdutoId

	if (@QteProdutoEstoque is null or @QteProdutoPedido > @QteProdutoEstoque)
		Rollback Transaction
		RAISERROR('Não tem produto suficiente no estoque!',16,1)
	else
		declare @NovaQuantidade int = @QteProdutoEstoque - @QteProdutoPedido
		exec spAtualizarEstoque @ProdutoId, @NovaQuantidade
End

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Stavanger  – węzłowa stacja kolejowa w Stavanger w Norwegii na linii Sørlandsbanen. Stacja jest położona 598 km od Oslo.

Ruch pasażerski
Stacja obsługuje zarówno ruch pasażerski na linii Sørlandsbanen jak i ruch lokalny przy pomocy linii aglomeracyjnej Jærbanen.

Obsługa pasażerów
Poczekalnia, kasy biletowe, telefon publiczny, parking krótkoterminowy, parking rowerowy, automatyczna przechowalnia bagażu, usprawnienia dla niepełnosprawnych, kiosk, kawiarnia, bankomat, przystanek autobusowy, postój taksówek

Przypisy

Stacje i przystanki kolejowe w regionie Rogaland
Transport w Stavanger

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Die Oakland Skates waren ein US-amerikanisches Inlinehockeyfranchise aus Oakland im Bundesstaat Kalifornien. Es existierte von 1993 bis 1996 und nahm an vier Spielzeiten der professionellen Inlinehockeyliga Roller Hockey International teil.

Die Heimspiele des Teams wurden in der Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena (1993 bis 1995) und Henry J. Kaiser Arena (1996) ausgetragen.

Geschichte
Die Oakland Skates waren 1993 eines von zwölf Teams, die in der Saison 1993 am Spielbetrieb der neu gegründeten professionellen Roller Hockey International teilnahmen. Die Skates gelangten in ihrer Premierensaison, mit Cheftrainer Garry Unger, nach Playoff-Siegen gegen die St. Louis Vipers und Calgary Rad'z ins Murphy-Cup-Finale, in dem sie den Anaheim Bullfrogs unterlagen.

Nachdem in der Spielzeit 1994 die Teilnahme an der Endrunde verpasst worden war, schieden die Skates im Folgejahr in der ersten Runde aus; dasselbe geschah im Jahr 1996.

Nach der Saison 1996 trat das Team aus der Liga aus.

1993 hatte das Team einen Zuschauerschnitt von 2685, dieser pendelte in den Folgejahren zwischen 2608 und 4444 Zuschauern. Der Zuschauerkrösus Anaheim Bullfrogs hatte im Jahr 1993 einen Schnitt von 8366, während lediglich 1526 Zuschauer die Spiele der Florida Hammerheads besuchen wollten.

Die Teamfarben waren zunächst Blau und Gold, ab der Saison 1994 Lila, Jadegrün, Schwarz und Weiß.

Saisonstatistik
Abkürzungen: Sp = Spiele, S = Siege, N = Niederlagen, U = Unentschieden, OTN = Niederlagen nach Overtime oder Shootout, Pkt = Punkte, T = Erzielte Tore, GT = Gegentore

Bekannte Spieler
 Mike Berger
 Alain Côté
 Justin Duberman
 Stu Kulak
 Sasha Lakovic
 Dave Pasin

Weblinks
 Oakland Skates bei hockeydb.com (englisch)
 Oakland Skates bei rhistats.tripod.com (englisch)

Sportverein (Oakland)
Gegründet 1993
Aufgelöst 1996
Inlinehockeyverein (Roller Hockey International)
Geschichte von Kalifornien
Ehemaliges Sport-Franchise (Vereinigte Staaten)


text:
Posted on 28. February 2021
Google Stadia Reports Detail Internal Troubles, 'Millions' Spent on AAA Ports
Multiple reports have come out detailing Google Stadia's troubles that include everything from internal struggles on the development team to "tens of millions" of dollars spent on AAA games like Red Dead Redemption 2 to development roadblocks created by Google itself.
Bloomberg reported that, despite all the hype built up by Google for Stadia's reveal, gamers around the world were disappointed. This led to a lackluster launch and Stadia is said to have "missed its targets for sales of controllers and monthly active users by hundreds of thousands."
Not even games from some of the best publishers like Ubisoft and Take-Two Interactive Software could help turn the tide for Stadia. Those games didn't come cheap either, as sources from Bloomberg say it cost "tens of millions" of dollars to bring games like Red Dead Redemption 2 to the platform.
[ignvideo url="https://www.ign.com/videos/2019/11/22/google-stadia-review"]
Wired also share some of the struggles at Stadia that ultimately led to the closure of Google Stadia's internal studios. Many of these issues stemmed from Google creating roadblocks for these employees who were trying to staff up to build AAA games.
Google is known for its long and involved hiring process that can take anywhere from six to nine months. On top of that, Google had to change its hiring standards as it was looking to bring in game developers and hadn't traditionally hired for those positions.
While there were around 150 employees impacted by the closure of Stadia's internal studios, two sources had said the goal was to bring in over 2,000 over five years.
Above and beyond hiring concerns, sources discuss that "Stadia's game development process felt stapled on." Many of the developers felt that "Google wasn't funding games to sell games; it was funding games to sell Stadia."
[ignvideo url="https://www.ign.com/videos/2021/02/17/google-stadia-gm-says-microsofts-bethesda-acquisition-partly-responsible-for-stadia-studio-closures-ign-news"]
Instead of giving the devs the freedom to truly create what they wished, they were told to "design prototypes that showcased Stadia technology like Google's cloud computing capacity or State Share."
These issues were undoubtedly frustrating, but many felt secure in their positions at Google, with high paychecks and what felt like little fear of being laid off, which can be a rampant problem at other studios. Then the COVID-19 pandemic began.
Following the start of the pandemic, Google implemented a hiring freeze for all departments except a "small number of strategic areas where users and businesses rely on Google for ongoing support, and where our growth is critical to their success." Gaming was not one of these areas.
"If the company was OK putting us on a hiring freeze, they were also OK with damaging our ability to build content," says one source. "The studio was not yet fully formed and ready to produce games. That put on the brakes, and was a statement. We interpreted it as a lack of commitment from Google to make content."
[ignvideo url="https://www.ign.com/videos/2021/02/08/the-unexpected-reason-terraria-on-stadia-is-canceled-ign-now"]
In late January, Google's vice president of Stadia and GM Phil Harrison e-mailed employees and praised the platform's technology, and said that "Stadia Games and Entertainment had made 'great progress building a diverse and talented team and establishing a strong line up of Stadia exclusive games.'"
Five days later, Harrison gathered the employees and let them know the internal studios were shutting down.
VGC reported on a few of Stadia's possible cancelled projects and proposals, and one of them was allegedly an episodic horror game from Kojima Productions. That particular proposal was said to have been "blocked by Stadia GM Phil Harrison last year." Another was said to be from Shenmue's Yu Suzuki.
A sequel to Journey to the Savage Planet was also said to be in the works by the team formerly known as Typhoon, and a multiplayer action game codenamed Frontier was being developed and was led by former Splinter Cell and Assassin's Creed: Syndicate producer Francois Pelland.
[widget path="global/article/imagegallery" parameters="albumSlug=all-2021-games-with-confirmed-release-dates&captions=true"]
A Google Stadia spokesperson responded to VGC's story, saying that it does not "have anything, nor have announced anything, with Kojima or Yu Suzuki."
"We talk to partners all the time in situations that don't result in a project or even a proposal," The spokesperson said of the alleged Kojima project." This is very common. Speculating that two parties that speak regularly in this industry leads to proposals or otherwise, is inaccurate."
Even though Stadia's internal studios have been closed, Google has reassured those that own Stadia that the platform will get "more than 100 games" in 2021.
[poilib element="accentDivider"]
Have a tip for us? Want to discuss a possible story? Please send an email to newstips@ign.com.
Adam Bankhurst is a news writer for IGN. You can follow him on Twitter @AdamBankhurst and on Twitch.
Bravely Default 2 Review
Call of Duty Zombies: How to Complete All Dark Ops Challenges in Outbreak
NBC's Debris: First 15 Minutes of the Series Premiere
Daily Deals: Pick up an Oculus Quest 2 and Get Newegg Credit in the Process
It's Sunday! Time to relax, browse some deals and save some money. Persona 5 Strikers is still discounted over at Newegg, so if you're looking to dip your toes back into that universe, this is a great way to do so. Best Buy also has tons of TVs on sale, and any interested in playing Watch Dogs Legion is in luck, as there's a giant discount on the PS5 and Xbox One version of the game. Did we mention that buying an Oculus Quest 2 at Newegg nets you a free $10 Newegg card? Because it does, and it's a great little incentive to jump into the VR world.
Daily Deals for February 27
[poilib element="commerceDeal" parameters="slug=daily-deals-february-28-2021″]
1 Year of PS Plus Membership for as Low as $32.99
For those of you who aren't PS Plus members, you can save up to 45% off a 1 year subscription now by using our coupon code. The PS Plus membership is necessary to play online, but it also offers perks like new free games every month, exclusive discounts at the PlayStation Store, and (for PS5 owners) access to the PS Plus Collection. The PS Plus Collection includes games like God of War, Persona 5, The Last of Us Remastered, Days Gone, Final Fantasy XV, Mortal Kombat, Ratchet & Clank, and more. StackSocial offers a slightly better deal but you'll have to create an account to use the code. DailySteals allows you to use the code even with guest checkout.
Use code "IGNPSN" to get it at DailySteals for $34.99
Use code "IGNPSPSAVE" to get it at StackSocial for $33
Final Fantasy VII Remake Coming to the PS Plus Collection on March 2
PS Plus Member Exclusive
Final Fantasy VII Remake will be added to the PS Plus Collection, which is always available for PS5 owners who are currently subscribed to PS Plus. That's great for RPG fans, since we now have both Persona 5 and FFVII Remake as part of the collection. The other free games will be Marquette, Farpoint VR, and Remnant: From the Ashes.
Starting 3/2, play FFVII: Remake Free as part of the PS Plus Collection
Last Chance to Get Control: Ultimate Edition for Free
February's free games for PS Plus members include Control: Ultimate Edition, which earned our 2019 IGN Game of the Year Award, Destruction AllStars and Concrete Genie. Starting March 2, a new crop of free games will replace these games and you'll no longer be able to grab them for free.
Last chance to get February's games for Free
More Deals for February 28
[poilib element="commerceDeal" parameters="slug=att-tv"]
[poilib element="commerceDeal" parameters="slug=daily-deals-games-roundup"]
Animal Crossing: It's Your Last Day to Catch These Bugs, Fish, and Sea Creatures
Ash Ketchum's Biggest Ls In The Pokemon Anime
This year marks the 25th anniversary of Pokémon. Throughout the years, Ash Ketchum has held many Ls in the Pokémon League. Join Persia as she takes a look back at some of Ash's biggest losses before perseverance finally prevailed.
Call Of Duty: Black Ops Cold War Patch Notes — Outbreak Bugs Squashed
Treyarch has released a new update for Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War, and almost all of it addresses issues players have encountered since Outbreak launched with Season 2. The ambitious new mode is a large-scale spin on Zombies, complete with its own story, so it's hardly surprising that some rough edges needed to be fixed.
Outbreak received a general stability improvement as part of the update, particularly regarding objectives and both the Krasny Soldat and the Dragon Relic. You also shouldn't see Mimics teleport away after they're spawned from loot chests, nor should the HVT Megaton split when it's hit by a vehicle.
A few other fixes were also included in the update, such as UI and tooltips not showing up correctly, and a player's Operator model disappearing. It's not the largest update we've seen in Call of Duty, but we got one of those just a few days ago. In fact, the file sizes for both Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War and Warzone have gotten so large that players with 500GB PS4 systems may struggle to keep the games installed. This is especially true if they're interested in playing anything else, as some of that 500GB is needed for the console's operating system and can't be used to store games.
Continue Reading at GameSpot
Cuomo Asks State AG, Top Judge, To Launch Harassment Probe
Andrew Cuomo's Bullying Has Finally Caught Up To Him


Join DC101 and Klinger on Saturday, May 19 from 12 pm- 3 pm at the Beer, Bacon, Music Festival at the Frederick Fair Grounds in Frederick, MD. From 1pm-5pm, (noon for VIP's), there will be cold beer sampling for a penny with over 75 on tap, over two tons of hot bacon, live music and lawn games like knocker ball and soccer darts. Tickets are on sale at beerbaconmusic.com.