text:
Remigio Cantagallina (c. 1582–1656) was an Italian etcher active in the Baroque period.

He was born in Sansepolcro, formerly Borgo Santo Sepolcro, in the province of Arezzo. He is best known for his etchings of landscapes and religious subjects, influenced by Paul Bril. He was likely a pupil of the fellow-Florentine Giulio Parigi and Jacopo Ligozzi. In 1612–13 he traveled through the Dutch Republic, the Southern Netherlands, and France, which he documented in detailed drawings in pen and wash of buildings, houses, and cityscapes, complete with persons engaged at work or play in the foreground. His eye caught both the courtly celebrations and the peasant world. He produced detailed views of Brussels and Siena. Jacques Callot was reputed to be a pupil of Cantagallina, before the former moved to Rome to work with Antonio Tempesta. He also likely tutored Stefano della Bella. After 1648, he tutored in drawing the scientist and nature observer Francesco Redi. The engraver Niccolo Angeli was also his pupil.

He painted a Last Supper (1604) for the church of San Bartolomeo (now in Museo Civico) of Sansepolcro; aiding him in this painting was a relative, said to be a brother, Antonio Cantagallina (b. 1616), who distinguished himself as architect in his hometown and Livorno. Another relative, Gianfrancesco (Giovanni Francesco), was also an architect. He died at Florence.

Among his plates are landscapes, theatrical decorations, and triumphal entries: two landscapes; one with a bridge, the other with buildings; both dated 1603; Immaculate Conception after Callot; A set of four landscapes (1609); A further set of six landscapes; A set of twelve landscapes and an octagon marked with his initials; a set of six landscapes with his cipher (1624); A set of plates of the Scenes of an Opera after Giulio Parigi; and a set of plates, called the Palazzo della Fame(1608).

References

 Artnet biography from Grove encyclopedia or Art.
 Short Bibliography

1582 births
1656 deaths
People from Sansepolcro
16th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
17th-century Italian painters
Italian etchers
Painters from Tuscany
Italian Baroque painters

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Some weeks ago we reported that Ronnie Barker's original handwritten script for the 'Fork Handles' sketch was going under the hammer at East Bristol Auctions in Bristol.
The auction, held on June 1st, also included a pair of Ronnie Barker's Character spectacles, and the 'No.1' limited edition 'Fork Handles' lithograph made by The Original Memorabilia Company.
The script itself carried an estimate of £25,000-£40,000 and sold for a buyers-premium-inclusive £33,000.
The Limited Edition lithograph was sold for a total of £600 (also premium inclusive).
Altogether, the collection sold for £34,700. This is the second time the collection has been sold at auction, the first time back in 2006 when it fetched £48,500.
We will be running an in-depth view into the script at a later date, so watch this space!


text:
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Denis Ever After
by Tony Abbott
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Format: eBook Hardcover
Written by award-winning author Tony Abbott and perfect for fans of The Ethan I Was Before and The Thing About Jellyfish, this bittersweet middle grade novel follows the ghost of Denis Egan as he teams up with his living twin brother to solve the mystery of his death.
Denis Egan is dead.
He's okay with that. It's been five years since he died, and the place where souls go is actually pretty nice. Sure, there are some things about his life and how it ended he can't quite recall, but that's how it's supposed to be. Remembering could prevent Denis from moving on to whatever's next.
However, something is standing in his way. His twin brother Matt can't let go of him, and as long as the living are holding on to his memory, Denis can't rest in peace.
To uncover the truth about what happened that day five years before, Denis returns to his hometown and teams up with Matt. But visiting for too long has painful consequences for Denis, and Matt's renewed interest in his brother's passing is driving a wedge between his still-grieving parents.
Can the two boys solve the mystery of Denis's death without breaking apart the family he's left behind?
Critical Praise
"Abbott steadily guides readers through a dark quagmire of questions, anger, and fraying family bonds that are nevertheless held together by love. Surprising twists and turns braid the story's disparate parts into a revelatory whole that brings healing to its characters and won't be forgotten by its readers anytime soon." - Booklist (starred review)
"Luminous and revelatory. A riveting mystery that I couldn't put down for the life (or death) of me." - Lauren Myracle, New York Times bestselling author of the Wishing Day series
"A brutally moving and deeply layered story full of heart and hope." - Leslie Connor, award-winning author of All Rise for the Honorable Perry T. Cook
"Witty, suspenseful and full of hope, Denis Ever After fearlessly travels into the dark mysteries of life, the afterlife and the spaces in between." - Shelf Awareness
"A taut and twisted murder mystery with a profound reflection on grief and learning to move on. Denis comes to see the "thousand, thousand threads" that bind people and realizes that the powerful connections forged through love cannot be broken, even in death." - Publishers Weekly
"Abbott keeps the tension high and the mystery dark and unsettling, leavening it with several flashes of humor and intriguing imaginative speculation about the dead. Page-turning." - Kirkus Reviews
Praise for Tony Abbott: "A touching story of friendship that is easy to read yet hard to forget." - School Library Journal
★ "Beautifully crafted and written." - Publishers Weekly (starred review)
"Full of mystery and intrigue, this book had me completely transfixed." - Ridley Pearson, New York Times bestselling author of the Kingdom Keepers series
"The book is so enticing that readers will go along even when the going is rough." - Booklist
"With every narrative turn, Tony Abbott brings these never-before-seen perspectives into view... Untold. Unforgettable." - Rita Williams-Garcia, author of One Crazy Summer
"With its portrayal of a family on the verge of falling apart following the death of a child and the young person's narration from the afterlife, this suggests The Lovely Bones shaped for a younger audience…the story is handled with remarkable grace." - Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books
Imprint: Katherine Tegen Books
RRP:$10.99 NZD
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Tony Abbott is the author of over a hundred books for young readers, including the bestselling series The Secrets of Droon and the novels Firegirl and The Postcard. Tony has worked in a library, in several bookstores, and in a publishing company and has taught creative writing. He has two daughters and lives in Connecticut with his wife and two dogs.
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text:
Open daily 10 am - 6 pm. Closed on Tuesdays.
John Tunnard
Visitors must present an EU Covid Certificate (Green Pass) to access the museum. Please check our safety measures and our ticketing policy.
1900, Sandy, UK — 1971, Penzance, UK
John Tunnard was born on May 7, 1900, in Bedfordshire, England. He graduated with a diploma in design from the Royal College of Art in London in 1923 and for the next four years worked as a textile designer in Manchester. In 1929 he gave up commercial work to become a painter, supporting himself as a part-time teacher of design at the Central School of Arts and Crafts in London. Tunnard showed for the first time in 1931, at the Royal Academy of Arts and continued to exhibit annually with the London Group until 1950, becoming a member in 1934.
Tunnard's first one-man show was held at the Redfern Gallery in London in 1933. Most of the works presented depicted the landscape of Cornwall, where the artist and his wife had settled and established a hand block printed silk business. Tunnard began at this time to revive his early interest in natural science, collecting entomological specimens on the moors for the British Museum of Natural History and observing the minutiae of nature that provided a source of imagery for his art. Although he never formally joined the Surrealist movement, Tunnard participated in several of the group's exhibitions in the 1930s, including Surrealism, held in 1939 at Gordon Fraser Gallery in Cambridge, which featured works by Max Ernst, Klee, Magritte, Miró and others. In March 1939 Peggy Guggenheim gave Tunnard a show at her gallery Guggenheim Jeune in London. Tunnard enlisted as an auxiliary coast guard in 1940 and served for the duration of the war. During this period he participated in group shows in London at the Redfern Gallery, the Zwemmer Gallery and Alex Reid and Lefevre.
The British Council included his work in three survey exhibitions in Australia and South America between1940 and 1949, and in 1944 the artist was given a one-man show at the Nierendorf Gallery in New York. Tunnard resumed teaching design in 1946 at Wellington College, Berkshire, and two years later at Penzance School of Art, Cornwall. Also in 1946 he was featured in Contemporary British Art, which travelled to the Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio, the Albright Art Gallery, Buffalo, and the City Art Museum, St. Louis. In 1949 his work was shown at the Salon des Réalités Nouvelles in Paris. The artist designed a mural for the Festival of Britain in 1951 and the following year he showed at Durlacher Brothers in New York, where he would have a solo exhibition in 1960. Tunnard was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1967. In 1971 he was represented in The British Contribution to Surrealism at Hamet Gallery in London. The artist died that year on December 18.
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A collection of randomizers, dice rollers, card shufflers, and assorted generators for gaming.
The Dice Roller - A full-featured email dice roller for all your play by email, fantasy league, and play by post needs. Includes support for most dice formats and modifiers. All rolls are signed and can be verified on-site.
Dice Sessions - A full-featured web-based dice roller that allows users to create dice sessions, share them with others and track dice rolls over time. Most dice sessions can be viewed by anyone with the proper link. Includes support for most dice formats and modifiers.
The FUDGE RPG Dice Roller - An email dice roller specifically designed to support the FUDGE RPG. All rolls are signed and can be verified on-site.
The Fate RPG Dice Roller - An email dice roller specifically designed to support the Fate RPG. All rolls are signed and can be verified on-site.
List Randomizer - Randomize arbitrary lists of entries. Useful for randomizing draft or turn orders.
Sequence Randomizer - Generate randomized lists of all numbers in a desired range. Useful for randomizing draft or turn sequences.
CardBot - An email-capable dealer supporting a variety of hand-types and multi-deck play. All dealt hands can be verified on-site.
Random Tables - Random tables for RPGs, including vehicles, treasures, plots, NPC motivations, and other goodies.
Character Generator - A character generator compatible with Castles & Crusades, Classic D&D, Labyrinth Lord, Swords & Wizardry, and many others.
Ground Rules - A random hex map generation tool for fantasy world-building and / or sandbox-style gaming.
Deadly Blows - A set of system-agnostic critical hits tables for fantasy RPGs.
NPC Trait Generator - Based on the NPC trait tables in the 1st edition AD&D Dungeon Masters Guide.
NPC Name Generator - Random names using letter frequencies from existing languages.
Life Paths - Random character backgrounds and origins.
Weather Generator - A random weather generator.
Gem Generator - Random gemstone generator.
The Mythic GM Engine - An implementation of the Mythic GM Emulator by Word Mill Games.
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Print Products - Our RPG publications available on DriveThruRPG.
Verifier - Verify emailed dice rolls or card hands via a simple web interface, insuring the honesty of generated results.
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Archives - A look back at the past, archival copies of the rules for the play by email games Eldritch, Monsters! and Iron Kings.
Random Diversions - Our blog about gaming, with a focus on pen and paper RPGs and PC gaming.


text:
You are at:Home»India»Himalayan Yak gets FSSAI tag, to boost bovine economy
Himalayan Yak gets FSSAI tag, to boost bovine economy
By on India
Itanagar, Nov 26 (IANS) The Himalayan Yak has got the food animal tag from the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), under the Union Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, top officials said on Saturday.
The FSSAI tagging, which was earned few days back following the proposal of the Dirang (Arunachal Pradesh) based National Research Centre on Yak (NRC-Y), is expected to prevent the decline in the population of the high-altitude bovine animal by involving it as part of the conventional milk and meat industry.
Usually, highly-nutritious Yak milk and meat are not part of the conventional dairy and meat industry, and their sale is limited to local consumers.
NRC-Y Director Mihir Sarkar said that the proposal for FSSAI tagging was submitted to the Central authority last year.
"We made a detailed presentation about the benefits of Yak milk and meat and the importance of rearing the animal before the Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying Ministry.
"The FSSAI issued the tagging after a recommendation from the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying," he told IANS over phone.
Domesticated Yak is found throughout the Himalayan region — Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, North Bengal, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh and Jammu and Kashmir — while wild Yak is found in Tibet.
Sarkar said that Yak plays a multidimensional socio-economic and cultural role for the pastoral nomads who rear it largely for maintaining their nutritional support and livelihood.
According to the NRC-Y, the Yak population in the country has been declining at an alarming rate.
According to the 2019 Census, India had some 58,000 Yaks, marking a drop of about 25 per cent from the last livestock Census conducted in 2012.
According to Sarkar and other experts, the decline in Yak population could be due to less remuneration from the bovid, unwillingness of the younger generation to continue with nomadic Yak rearing, besides the dwindling habitats and climate change.
NRC-Y scientists feel that the commercialisation of Yak milk and meat products would boost entrepreneurship.
However, they said that the Yak has to be included as a food-producing (milk and meat) animal in the Food Safety and Standards Regulation, 2011.
Due to the novel initiative taken by NRC-Y last year, the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) responded positively to help the Yak farmers.
Responding to the proposal of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), banks have come forward, showing their willingness to provide loans to Yak farmers as well as others keen to earn a livelihood through the farming of this bovine species.
Sarkar said that the credit proposal and related plans approved by NABARD were found to be feasible for credit support by the banks, and they have been included in the potential linked credit plans.
Ladakh and Jammu and Kashmir have the largest population of around 26,000 Yaks, followed by around 24,000 in Arunachal Pradesh, mostly in Tawang and West Kameng districts, 5,000 in Sikkim, 2,000 in Himachal Pradesh and around 1,000 in North Bengal and Uttarakhand.
(Sujit Chakraborty can be contacted at sujit.c@ians.in)
sc/arm
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text:
Tokyo Sexwale – March 5th in African American History
By Chimsima Zuhri on March 5, 2013 in African American History, March, Politics
Tags: March 5
March 5, 1953 Mosima Gabriel "Tokyo" Sexwale, anti-apartheid activist, former political prisoner and businessman, was born in Transvaal, South Africa.
Sexwale became a member of the Black Consciousness Movement in the late 1960s and in the early 1970s joined the African National Congress' armed wing.
In 1975, he went into exile to undergo military training. Upon his return to South Africa in 1976, he was captured, convicted of terrorism and conspiracy, and sentenced to 18 years at Robbins Island. Sexwale was released in 1990 and in 1994 was elected the first premier of Gauteng Province.
He resigned from that position in 1998 and founded Mvelaphanda Holdings, a company focused on mining, energy, and related sectors. He also chairs and serves as a director of several other companies. Sexwale is also a trustee of the Nelson Mandela Foundation.
May 5th in African American History – Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu May 5, 2003 Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu, South African anti-apratheid...
March 21st in African American History – The Sharpville Massacre March 21, 1960 The Sharpville Massacre occurred when South African...
June 18th in African American History – Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki June 18, 1942 Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki, the second President of...
October 27th in African American History – Es'kia Mphahlele October 27, 2008 Es'kia Mphahlele, author, educator, and activist, died....
December 18th in African American History – Stephen Bantu Biko December 18, 1946 Stephen Bantu Biko, anti-apartheid activist, was born...
← Andrew Jackson Smith – March 4th in African American History
Dred Scott v. Sandford – March 6th in African American History →
June 11th in African American History – Johnny D. Bright
Betty Shabazz – June 23rd in African American History
September 7th in African American History – Theodore Walter "Sonny" Rollins
January 29th in African American History – James Lee Jamerson
October 2nd in African American History – Johnnie L. Cochran, Jr.


text:
Судха Шивпури (; 14 июля 1937 — 20 мая 2015) — индийская  театра, кино и телевидения. Награждена премией Академии Сангит Натак за достижения в области театра.

Биография
Потеряв отца в юном возрасте, Судха стала играть на сцене, чтобы помочь больной матери.
В 1968 году она вышла замуж за театрального актёра , с которым работала в театре в Дели.
Вскоре супружеская пара основала собственную театральную компанию под названием Dishantar, в спектаклях которой Ом был режиссёром, а Судха — ведущей актрисой.

В 1974 году Судха переехала в Бомбей, после того как её муж начал сниматься в Болливуде.
Ей стали поступать предложения ролей в кино, и в 1977 году она дебютировала на большом экране в фильме  режиссёра Басу Чаттерджи, исполнив роль матери главной героини.
Впоследствии она сыграла в таких фильмах, как Sawan Ko Aane Do (1979), «Весы правосудия» (1980),  (1980),  (1982),  (1982), Sun Meri Laila (1983), «Госпожа Майя» (1993) и «Похищенная» (2003).

После смерти мужа в 1990 году Судха сосредоточила основное внимание на ролях в телесериалах.
Среди её работ — сериалы Sheeshe Ka Ghar, Waqt Ka Dariya, Daman, Santoshi Maa, Yeh Ghar, «Обещание», Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil, Missing, Rishtey, Sarhadein и Bandhan.
Но самой известной её ролью стала Баа в мыльной опере  (2000—2008), принесшая ей несколько наград.

Судха Шивпури перенесла инсульт 2 декабря 2013 года, что отразилось на её моторных навыках.
В январе 2015 года она вновь была доставлена в больницу, где скончалась 20 января, проведя три последних дня в коме.
У актрисы остались сын Винит, ассистент режиссёра, и дочь , актриса.

Примечания

Умершие от полиорганной недостаточности
Люди, чей прах был развеян


text:
Home » Researchers look for best bacteria for biofuel production
Researchers look for best bacteria for biofuel production
02/10/16 11:47 AM By Jodi Delapaz
WASHINGTON, Feb. 10, 2016 - Researchers at the Energy Department's BioEnergy Science Center hope to boost the efficiency of cellulosic biofuel production by using unconventional bacteria that can efficiently break down inedible plant matter for conversion to biofuels.
The team analyzed the ability of six microorganisms to solubilize potential bioenergy feedstocks, such as switchgrass, that have evolved strong defenses against biological and chemical attack. Solubilization prepares the plant feedstocks for subsequent fermentation and use as fuel.
"Starting with nature's best biomass-solubilizing systems may enable a reduction in the amount of non-biological processing required to produce biofuels," says Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) study coauthor Brian Davison. "We're asking the question – what are nature's best biocatalysts?"
The analysis demonstrated that under carefully controlled conditions, a microbe called Clostridium thermocellum is twice as effective as fungal enzymes used by industry today. The researchers also tested the different microbes' performance with minimal pretreatment of the plant materials, indicating it may be possible to reduce or eliminate the use of heat and chemicals that make the feedstock accessible to biological processing.
"Eliminating both enzyme addition and conventional pretreatment is a potential game-changer," says Lee Lynd, an engineering professor at Dartmouth and a study co-author.
Vertimass will scale up "one-step" biofuel production
New process can cut coal emissions by half, researchers say
Horizontally drilled oil wells are among the best producers
The research team also considered the use of mechanical disruption techniques such as milling to complement the microorganisms' biological breakdown.
The researchers note that the study, the most comprehensive comparative analysis of its type to date and recently published in Biotechnology for Biofuels, was designed to provide indications of intrinsic capability and performance under industrial conditions. They hope their findings will guide the development of advanced processes to lower costs and improve the efficiency of commercial biofuel production.
For more news, go to: www.Agri-Pulse.com
Coordinating editor


Using Artificial Intelligence to deliver superior customer experience (CX) provides a competitive advantage to the organization besides increased customer satisfaction, loyalty, and advocacy. Artificial Intelligence is a technology that imitates human psychology and intelligence and can automate potentially any repetitive task. However, the transformation comes from its impact the way it is used to engage and assist customers and employees. The factors driving today's customer experience are the evolution of the digital economy, the growth of subscription services, multi-channel experience, knowing customer DNA, and trust for data privacy.
The customers expect to have personalized, frictionless, on-demand and data-driven experience helping them to make a better decision. However, to deliver on this expectation of 'always connected' customer, the business must embrace the technology. Poor customer experience can lead to higher churn, diminished reputation, and reduced recommendation. Using Artificial Intelligence to deliver compelling experience can help business to deliver on customer's expectation significantly.
All the leading CX platforms are leveraging AI to build high-value use cases with their platform and offer better customer experience. For instance, SAP C/4HANA offers AI and ML powered rich, individualized experience delivered at scale without adding to workforce numbers or costs. It uses SAP conversational AI bot to understand and respond to humans best complementing sales or service agents. It also enables users to forecast intelligently and precisely and create adaptive commerce for higher conversion and optimized channel performance.
The business needs to have a well-defined approach embedding the following points to leverage AI effectively and implement a successful project.
Defined use-cases. The success of using artificial intelligence for customer experience requires clear use-case that provides the starting point to collect relevant data for AI engine.
A common organizational goal. The business should have common goals across functional units. The departments should break silos and have common goals to get the best out of AI-based.
Data integration and harmonization. A well-designed system architecture is essential for successful implementation of AI-based applications that connect and integrate with other systems to collect relevant data points and harmonize them. The blended data set fuel AI engines for learning, testing, and etc.
Partner ecosystem integration for end-point management and real-time insights.
Contextualized customer journey. For an AI-based system to deliver value, it must be given the context from customer journey touch points to understand where the customer stands and help to enhance the customer experience.
Automating Customer Desks. The use of chatbots and virtual assistants has been widespread to deliver a human-like interaction to customers. They can respond to the most common queries in a customized manner.
Back-office Automation. This includes using AI for CRM data analysis and provides insights about sales forecasting, supporting with prioritizing leads and opportunities, and identifying new customer segments.
AI-driven Customer Analytics. AI systems swift through larger and complex data set to extract customer intelligence and use it to develop new business opportunities with new products, upselling and cross-selling of products and services.
Predictive Personalized Experience. AI can provide a better understanding of the customer requirements to make intelligent predictions and provide a superior experience with customized presentation or recommendation. It can be as complex as understanding customer sentiment and emotion analysis for a more intelligent and human-like interaction.
Streamline Purchase Processes. With omnichannel integration for various point of sales, it is now possible to identify and understand the customer purchase pattern. Using AI can help business to assist customers for the simplified purchase, upsell or cross products.
The use of AI is enabling businesses to unlock innovation and automation opportunities. It is creating a more efficient workplace allowing the business to focus on valuable tasks. Today, customer purchasing pattern splits across multiple channels. As the technology evolves, we expect the unified customer journey touch points – both offline and online, assisting business with more profound customer insights to create and deliver more values to their customers.
Akshay Mathur is working as Global Product Manager for SAP Cloud Platform and SAP Leonardo with SAP Practice of Atos Business & Platform Solutions. He has led incubation of these technologies into Atos portfolio by setting-up necessary skill-set, crafting Atos value proposition and consulting services, developing application catalog and demos as part of new innovations and offerings with SAP HANA Center of Excellence. He is Member of Atos Expert Community contributing to the domain of Mobile and IoT. Akshay is very passionate about Digital Transformation with customer-centric approach based on technologies of Mobile, Cloud, IoT, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. An alumnus of IIM Lucknow and NIT Jalandhar; he is also pursuing his Ph.D. in Marketing Strategy from IIT ISM Dhanbad with a vision to develop framework for adoption of Marketing Automation. He believes in living agile - learn, unlearn and relearn – to stay current and get ahead.


1. Incorrect acoustic design (materials specification and/or detailing).
2. Incorrect acoustic material supply or changing the design on site.
3. Poor workmanship during the installation stage.
Underweight walls (external/internal). This is often because light weight blocks have been used.
Floating isolated screeds bridged (gaps in resilient layer).
Continuous concrete slabs & concrete planks, screeds beneath cavity masonry walls which allow flanking from plot to plot.
Underweight or poorly isolated ceilings.
Joists to shallow with insufficient stiffness.
Attic rooms in roof – poor detailing due to site constraints.
Poor detailing for ceiling penetrations of down lighters, speakers etc.
Dry-lining dabs bridging to isolated screed causing flanking.
Skirting boards bridging to isolated screed causing flanking.
Underweight coursing blocks – these should never be used on blocks of flats.
Flanking over walls via profiled floor slab.
Poor/weak head design to non-loadbearing walls.
Bridged cavities (mortar droppings or other debris).
Incorrect wall ties (non-acoustic) or mortar accumulation.
Poor/weak head design for folding acoustic doors.
Incorrectly installed resilient bar systems (incorrect screw length or positioning).
Insufficient validation of material properties/performance.
Curtain walling – poor detailing (e.g. at mullion and transom interfaces).
Build sequencing interfering with best practice/detailing.
No allowance for onsite construction in comparison to laboratory construction i.e. you should usually take off 5dB for onsite construction.
If you require sound testing on your project, help with the acoustic design on your project or you are unsure of your existing site construction and/or need some friendly acoustic advice then contact us.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\setcounter{equation}{0}

Much attention has been paid
to the phase transition behavior
arising from  the Coulomb interaction
among  charged particles
in various soft matters including  electrolytes,
 polyelectrolytes, and gels \cite{Levin,Holm,Rubinstein}.
However, in  most of the theoretical literature,
the ion-dipole interaction has not been explicitly
considered, which
gives rise to a complex structure
around each ion, called the solvation
(hydration) shell,
composed of several   solvent molecules
(those of the  more polar component
in  a mixture solvent) \cite{Is}.
The resultant  solvation
chemical potential
$\mu_{\rm sol}^j$ depends
on the ion species $j$
and typically much exceeds the thermal energy $T$.
It should also  strongly
depend  on the composition for binary mixtures
and the polymer volume fraction for
polymer solutions, so it cannot be neglected at phase transitions
and around composition  heterogeneities.
Recently, including the preferential solvation effect,
several theoretical
groups  have begun to investigate
the ion effects  in electrolytes
\cite{OnukiJCP04,OnukiPRE,Tsori,Roij,Andelman1},
polyelctrolytes\cite{Onuki-Okamoto},
and ionic surfactants \cite{OnukiEPL}.

We mention some  experiments directly related
to our theory.
First, many authors have long observed
salt-induced phase separation or homogeneization
in aqueous binary mixtures, where the phase behavior
is strongly altered even by  a  small amount of an
 salt   \cite{polar}.
Second, we   mention  a number of
 observations
of salt-induced aggregates
in near-critical binary mixtures \cite{So,Wagner,third},
where the cations and anions
are both hydrophilic.
In one-phase states  \cite{So,Wagner},  heterogeneities
 extending  over a few micrometers
have been   detected       by light scattering
with addition of a  salt
(for example, $17~$mass$\%$ NaBr
in  mixtures of
H$_2$O+3-methylpyridine (3MP) \cite{Wagner}).
In two-phase state \cite{third}, a macroscopic thin plate
 has been observed at  a liquid-liquid interface,
which  presumably consists of aggregates
of  solvated ions.
Third, we mention
 recent small-angle neutron scattering
experiments  by Sadakane {\it et al.} \cite{Sadakane,S1}.
They  added sodium tetraphenylborate
NaBPh$_{4}$   at $ 100$ mM to a     mixture of D$_2$O
and 3MP to  find  a  peak
at an intermediate wave number $q_m$($\sim 0.1~$\AA$^{-1}$).
The peak height of the SANS  intensity was much
enhanced with formation of periodic structures.
Their salt is composed of hydrophilic  Na$^+$
and hydrophobic  BPh$_{4}^-$.  Furthermore,
the mixture exhibited colors
changing dramatically on approaching
the criticality at
low salt contents $(\sim 10~$mM).

Hydrophilic  and hydrophobic ions
interact    differently   with the
composition   fluctuations
in mixtures of water+less polar component.
They behave antagonistically in the presence of
the composition fluctuations. We may predict
formation of a large electric
double layer  at liquid-liquid interfaces
much reducing the surface tension
and formation of  mesophases
for sufficiently large solvation asymmetry
\cite{OnukiJCP04,OnukiPRE}.
However, we  do not know the details of
the phase transition of binary mixtures
with an antagonistic salt.
 Originally,
Nabutovskii {\it et al.}\cite{Russia}
 pointed out a possibility of
mesophases  in electrolytes
assming a coupling between the composition and
the  charge density in the free energy.

In Section 2,   we will present   a short summary
of the statics of
binary mixtures containing ions
accounting for  the preferential solvation.
In Section 3,  dynamic equations for such systems
will be given and,
as an application,  the dynamic scattering amplitude
will  be calculated.  In Section 4,
we  will then  numerically examine
the mesophase formation
induced by  antagonistic ion pairs.

\setcounter{equation}{0}
\section{Ginzburg-Landau free energy}
\subsection{Electrostatic and solvation interactions}

We consider a polar binary
 mixture  containing a small amount of  salt.
The composition
of a  water-like  component  is  written as $\phi$.
The cation and anion  densities are
written as  $n_1$ and $n_2$ with charges
$Z_1e$ and $Z_2e$. In the monovalent case
we have $Z_1=1$ and $Z_2=-1$.  They are sufficiently dilute and
 their  volume fraction is negligible.
The chrage density is given by
$e(Z_1n_1+Z_2n_2)$.
The variables  $\phi$, $n_1$, and $n_2$ vary smoothly
in space. The Boltzmann constant will be set equal to unity.
As the geometry
of our  system, our fluid  is
between  parallel metallic
plates in the region $0<z<L$.
The lateral dimensions in the $xy$ plane
are much larger than $L$.
The surface charges on the plates can
give rise to an applied electric field.
In the following theory,
we fix the charges on  the plates
such that  their  electrostatic energy
is kept fixed \cite{NATO}.

The Ginzburg-Landau free energy functional
of our system is written as
$F=\int d{\bi r}f$ with  the free energy density
\cite{OnukiJCP04,OnukiPRE},
\begin{eqnarray}
&&{f} = f_0(\phi,T) +
\frac{TC}{2}|\nabla\phi|^2+ \frac{\varepsilon{\bi E}^2}{8\pi }
\nonumber\\
&& + T\sum_j
\bigg [\ln (n_jv_0) -1-  g_j \phi\bigg]n_j.
\end{eqnarray}
The first two terms constitute  the usual
Ginzburg-Landau free energy density.
The chemical part
$f_0=f_0(\phi,T)$ depends on $\phi$ and $T$
and the coefficient  $C$ of the gradient term is of the order
$a^{2-d}$ in $d$ dimensions, where
$a$ is  the molecular radius.
The third  term is the
electrostatic free energy, where
${\bi E}=-\nabla\Phi$ is the electric field and
the electrostatic potential $\Phi$ satisfies
 the Poisson equation
\begin{equation}
-\nabla\cdot\varepsilon(\phi)\nabla \Phi=
 4\pi e(Z_1n_1+Z_2n_2).
\end{equation}
The dielectric constant  $\varepsilon(\phi)$ can   depend  on
the composition $\phi$. In our previous work
the linear composition dependence
\begin{equation}
\varepsilon(\phi)=\varepsilon_0 + \varepsilon_1 \phi
\end{equation}
has been assumed, where $\varepsilon_0$ is the
dielectric constant of the less polar component
and $\varepsilon_0+\varepsilon_1$ is that of the
water-like component.
In such cases $\varepsilon_0>0$ and $\varepsilon_1>0$.
This linear form approximately holds
in some polar binary mixtures \cite{Debye}.
The last term in (2.1) consists of the entropic part
and  the solvation contribution
of the ions, where the parameters $g_j$  represent
 the solvation strength. The choice of the volume
$v_0$ is arbitrary and is taken
to be the solvent molecular volume (see (5.1) below).
In this work we neglect  the image interaction
arising  from inhomogeneous dielectric constant
or from nonvanishing $\varepsilon_1$ in our
theory \cite{OnukiJCP04,OnukiPRE,Levin1}.
The interfacial  ion distribution is then
produced by the  preferential solvation
among the ions and the mixture solvent. The image
interaction is weakened with increasing the salt density
and/or approaching the critical point.

With (2.1) we may  calculate
the chemical potentials
$h=\delta F/\delta \phi$
and $\mu_j=\delta F/\delta n_j$.
They  are written as
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{h}{T}
&=& \frac{f_0'}{T} - C\nabla^2\phi  -\frac{\varepsilon_1{\bi E}^2}{8\pi T}
- \sum_j g_jn_j,\\
\frac{\mu_j}{T}
&=& \ln (n_jv_0) - g_j\phi +\frac{1}{T}Z_je  \Phi,
\end{eqnarray}
where $f_0'= \partial f_0(\phi)/\partial \phi$ and
$\varepsilon_1=\partial \varepsilon/\partial \phi$.
If the system is in equilibrium,
$h$, $\mu_1$, and $\mu_2$
are homogeneous constants.
When the system undergoes a macroscopic
phase separation with a planar interface
separating polar and less polar regions,
we may   calculate the interface
profiles of the composition and the  ions \cite{OnukiPRE}.
In equilibrium  the composition difference $\Delta\phi$ and
the potential difference $\Delta\Phi$ satisfy
\begin{equation}
e\Delta\Phi= T(g_1-g_2)\Delta\phi/(Z_1+|Z_2|),
\end{equation}
from the charge neutrality in the bulk
regions. The
 $\Delta\Phi$ is called the Galvani potential difference
in electrochemistry \cite{Hung,Osakai}.

The solvation free energy may be written as
 $f_{\rm sol}= \sum_j \mu_{\rm sol}^j(\phi)n_j$,
where  $\mu_{\rm sol}^j(\phi)$ is the  solvation
chemical potential of the ion species
$j$.  It is   assumed to depend on $\phi$ as
\begin{equation}
\mu_{\rm sol}^j(\phi) =\mu_{\rm sol}^j(0)   -Tg_j\phi.
\end{equation}
Here the first term in the right hand side
 gives a  contribution linear in $n_j$ in $f_{\rm sol}$
and is not written in $f$ in (2.1), while the second term
 yields the solvation  coupling terms in $f$
between the ions and the composition.
We remark on the magnitude of $g_j$.
In aqueous mixtures,
it is  positive for hydrophilic  ions and
negative for hydrophobic ions.
In two-phase coexistence,
the difference of the solvation
chemical potential between the two phases  is
given by
$\Delta\mu_{\rm sol}^j=
Tg_j\Delta\phi,$
which is identical to the standard
Gibbs transfer free energy (per particle) in
electrochemistry \cite{Hung,Osakai}.  Data of
$\Delta\mu_{\rm sol}^j$ are available
for water-nitrobenzene at room temperatures
in strong segregation
(where $\Delta\phi\cong 1$).
 For example,  $\Delta\mu_{\rm sol}^j/T=g_j\Delta\phi =$
13.6 for Na$^+$, 15.3 for Li$^+$,  26.9  for Ca$^{2+}$,
11.3 for Br$^-$, and 7.46 for I$^-$ as examples of
hydrophilic ions, while it is
$-14.4$ for
BPh$_4^-$ (tetraphenylborate)
as an example of hydrophobic ions. The anion BPh$_{4}^-$
consists  of  four phenyl rings bonded to an ionized
boron,    acquiring   strong hydrophobicity.
Note that  Sadakane {\it et al.} \cite{Sadakane,S1}
used NaBPh$_{4}$.
Thus   the preferential
 solvation effect can  be  very strong.
However,  it
has mostly been neglected in
theories of electrolytes
and  soft matters, though it  strongly influences
 phase transitions in such systems.

When phase-separation occurs macroscopically,
a liquid-liquid interface appears.
If the space dependence is along the $z$ axis,
the surface tension
 is expressed as \cite{Onuki-Okamoto}
\begin{equation}
\gamma=  2\int dz(f_g - f_{el}),
\end{equation}
where $f_g= C|\nabla\phi|^2/2$ is the gradient
free energy density
and $f_{el}= \varepsilon{\bi E}^2/8\pi$ is the
electrostatic free energy density.
Up  to linear order in the ion densities,
we  may also derive the expression,
\begin{equation}
\gamma\cong \gamma_0-T\Gamma+ \gamma_{el},
\end{equation}
where $\gamma_0$ is the surface tension without ions,
$\Gamma$ is the surface adsorption of
ions, and $\gamma_{el}$ is the electrostatic contribution
given by $\gamma_{el}= -\int dz f_{el}<0$.
For antagonistic salts with large $|g_i|$,
$|\gamma_{el}|$  is much amplified
due to the electric double layer at the interface.

\subsection{Structure factor in one-phase states}

In our previous papers  \cite{OnukiJCP04,OnukiPRE},
we examined
the structure factor $S(q)= \av{|\phi_{\small{\bi q}}|^2}$
 of the composition
fluctuations with wave number $q=|{\bi q}|$
in one-phase states with salt, where $\phi_{\small{\bi q}}$
is the Fourier component of
the composition deviation
$\delta\phi({\bi r})= \phi({\bi r})-\av{\phi}$
with wave vector $\bi q$.
Hereafter  $\av{\cdots}$
denotes the thermal average.
We readily obtain  $S(q)$
if  the  fluctuation contributions to   $F$ are calculated
in the  bilinear order. The resultant
free energy part is written as $\delta F$.
The thermal fluctuations obey the Gaussian distribution
$\propto e^{-\delta F/T}$ in equilibrium in the mean-field theory.
Hereafter we consider the monovalent case $Z_1=-Z_2=1$, where
the average ion densities
are written as $\av{n_1}=\av{n_2}=n_e$.

From (2.1) some calculations give
\begin{eqnarray}
{\delta F} & =&\frac{T}{2}  \sum_{\bi q}  \bigg [
({\bar{r} + Cq^2})  |\phi_{\small{\bi q}}|^2+
\frac{4\pi \ell_B }{q^2}|\rho_{\small{\bi q}}|^2\bigg]\nonumber\\
&&+  T  \sum_{\bi q}
\sum_{j} \bigg [
\frac{1}{2{n_e}} |n_{j{\small{\bi q}}}|^2 -
g_j n_{j {\small{\bi q}}}\phi_{\small{\bi q}}^*\bigg ] ,
\end{eqnarray}
where
 $n_{j{\small{\bi q}}}$ and
$\rho_{\small{\bi q}}$ are  the Fourier components
of  $n_j({\bi r})$
and  $\rho({\bi r})\equiv n_1({\bi r})-n_2({\bi r})$,
respectively, and $\ell_B= e^2/\varepsilon T$ is the
Bjerrum length.  We define
\begin{equation}
{\bar r}= \partial^2 f_0(\phi)/\partial\phi^2.
\end{equation}
The average composition
$\av{\phi}$ is simply written as $\phi$.
Here we may
treat $\varepsilon$ as a constant when  we
 treat  the small thermal fluctuations.
By minimizing $\delta F$
with respect to $n_{j{\small{\bi q}}}$ at fixed $\phi_{{\small{\bi q}}}$,
we obtain $\delta F/T=\sum_{\bi q} |\phi_{\small{\bi q}}|^2/2S(q)$
with
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{S(q)}
={\bar r}- (g_1+g_2)^2\frac{n_e}{2}  + C q^2
\bigg[1-  \frac{\gamma_{\rm p}^2\kappa^2}{\kappa^{2}+q^2}\bigg] ,
\end{equation}
where
$\kappa= (8\pi  \ell_Bn_e)^{1/2}$ is the
Debye wave number and  the parameter
\begin{equation}
\gamma_{\rm p}= (16 \pi C \ell_{B})^{-1/2}
|g_1-g_2|
\end{equation}
represents asymmetry of the solvation
of the two ion species.
The structure factor thus obtained is
analogous to that for weakly charged
polyelectrolytes \cite{Onuki-Okamoto,Lu1,Lu2}.

The second term
in the right hand side of (2.12)  gives rise to
a shift of the spinodal curve \cite{polar}.
For example, if the cations and anions are
hydrophilic and $g_1\sim g_2\sim 15$, the shift term
is of order $-500 n_e$ and its magnitude can be
appreciable even for $v_0n_e\ll 1$.
On the other hand, $\gamma_{\rm p}$ can be increased
for antagonistic salts composed of  hydrophilic
and hydrophobic ions \cite{OnukiJCP04,OnukiPRE,Sadakane,S1}.
From the last term  in (2.12) a Lifshitz point appears at
$\gamma_{\rm p}=1$. For $\gamma_{\rm p}>1$,
$S(q)$ exhibits a peak
at an intermediate wave number
 $q_{\rm m}$. Since  the derivative
of the right hand side of
(2.12) with respect to $q^2$ vanishes at $q=q_m$,
we find
\begin{equation}
q_{\rm m}= ( \gamma_{\rm p}-1)^{1/2}\kappa  .
\end{equation}
The peak height is given by $S(q_{\rm m})=1/({\bar r}-r_{\rm m})$, where
\begin{equation}
r_{\rm m} = (g_1+g_2)^2\frac{n_e}{2}
+ C(\gamma_{\rm p}-1)^2\kappa^2.
\end{equation}
For  ${\bar r}<r_{\rm m}$,
mesophase formation takes place,
as will be studied in Section 4.

\section{Dynamics}
\subsection{Dynamic equations for composition,
ions, and velocity}
\setcounter{equation}{0}

We present the dynamic equations
for $\phi$, $n_1$, $n_2$, and the velocity field $\bi v$ \cite{Onukibook}.
The fluid is assumed to be incompressible and isothermal.
That is, we require
\begin{equation}
\nabla\cdot{\bi v}=0
\end{equation}
and treat
the mass density $\rho_0$
and the temperature $T$ as constants.
Then  $\phi$ and $n_j$ obey
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\frac{\partial\phi}{\partial t}+
\nabla\cdot(\phi\mbox{\boldmath $v$})=
L_0 \nabla^2\frac{h}{T},\\
&&\frac{\partial n_j}{\partial t}+
\nabla\cdot(n_j\mbox{\boldmath $v$})= D_j
\nabla\cdot n_j\nabla \frac{\mu_j}{T} \nonumber\\
&&\hspace{-1mm}
= D_j\nabla\cdot\bigg[{\nabla{n_j}}
-\frac{Z_je}{T}  n_j{\bi E} -g_jn_j\nabla\phi\bigg],
\end{eqnarray}
where $h$ and and   $\mu_j$ are given  in (2.4)  and  (2.5),
$L_0$
is the kinetic coefficient
(with $L_0/v_0$ representing
a diffusion constant),
   and   $D_1$ and $D_2$ are
 the ion diffusion constants in the solvent.
The momentum equation is expressed as
\begin{equation}
\rho_0  \frac{\partial{\bi v}}{\partial t}=
-\nabla p_1 - \nabla\cdot
 {\ten \Pi} + \eta_0\nabla^2{\bi v} ,
\end{equation}
The first term on the right hand side   ensures
the incompressibility condition (3.1)
and $p_1$  satisfies
\begin{equation}
\nabla^2p_1= -\sum_{\alpha\beta}
\nabla_\alpha\nabla_\beta \Pi_{\alpha\beta},
\end{equation}
where  $\nabla_\alpha=\partial/\partial x_\alpha$
with $x_\alpha=x,  y, z$.   We introduce
the reversible stress tensor
${\ten \Pi}=\{\Pi_{\alpha\beta}\}$ ($\alpha,\beta=x,y,z$) in the form,
\begin{equation}
\Pi_{\alpha\beta}=
{T}C  \nabla_\alpha\phi \nabla_\beta\phi
- \frac{\varepsilon}{4\pi}E_\alpha E_\beta.
\end{equation}
where the first term is well-known
in  critical dynamics \cite{Onukibook}
and the second term is a part of
the Maxwell stress tensor
(with its diagonal part being included in
$p_1$) \cite{Landau}.

We determine $\ten \Pi$ from the relation,
\begin{equation}
\nabla \cdot {\ten{\Pi}} =
 \phi \nabla h +\sum_j n_j\nabla \mu_j.
\end{equation}
If  the above relation  holds,
the total free energy
$F_{\rm T}=\int d{\bi r}[f+ \rho_0{\bi v}^2/2]$
including the fluid kinetic energy
changes in time as
\begin{equation}
\frac{d}{dt} F_{\rm T}= -\int d{\bi r} [\dot{\epsilon}_\phi
+\dot{\epsilon}_{\rm vis}+
\dot{\epsilon}_{\rm ion}],
\end{equation}
where  the terms in the brackets  are
the heat production rates in the bulk given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\dot{\epsilon}_\phi=L_0|\nabla h|^2, \quad
\dot{\epsilon}_{\rm vis}=
\eta_0\sum_{\alpha\beta}|\nabla_\alpha v_\beta|^2,
\nonumber\\
\dot{\epsilon}_{\rm ion}=\sum_j {D_j}n_j |\nabla \mu_j|^2/T.
\end{eqnarray}
The surface terms are omitted in (3.8).
Owing to $dF_{\rm T}/dt\le 0$, the system tends to equilibrium
if there is no externally applied flow.

In our dynamic equations we neglect the random source
terms \cite{Onukibook},
which are related to the
transport coefficients $L_0$, $D_j$,
and $\eta_0$ via the fluctuation-dissipation
relations. They are needed to
describe the dynamics of the
thermal fluctuations and to
calculate the time correlation functions.

\subsection{Stokes approximation}

Without macroscopic flow, the viscous motion
 of ${\bi v}$ is much faster
than  the diffusive motions of
 $\phi$ and $n_j$.
Here  $L_0/v_0$, $D_1$, and
$D_2$ are estimated by the Stokes formula
$(D_j \sim T/6\pi\eta_0 a_j$ with $a_j$ being
the molecular size), so they are
much smaller than
the kinematic viscosity $\eta_0/\rho_0$.
Then we may well neglect the acceleration
of the velocity in (3.4)  to obtain \cite{Onukibook}
\begin{equation}
v_\alpha({\bi r})=
\int d{\bi r}' \sum_\beta  {\cal T}_{\alpha\beta}
({\bi r}-{\bi r}')X_\beta({\bi r}')
\end{equation}
where $X_\alpha({\bi r})=
-\sum_\beta
\nabla_\beta \Pi_{\alpha\beta}(\bi r)$
is the force density acting
on the fluid
and  $ {\cal T}_{\alpha\beta}
({\bi r})$ is the Oseen tensor.
This Stokes  approximation has been used
in numerical analysis of spinodal
decomposition in the literature \cite{Koga}.
The  free energy
$F=\int d{\bi r}f$
changes in time as
$dF/dt= -\int d{\bi r} [\dot{\epsilon}_\phi
+\dot{\epsilon}_{\rm vis}+
\dot{\epsilon}_{\rm ion}]\le 0$ as in (3.8),
where  $\dot{\epsilon}_{\rm vis}$ is replaced by
\begin{equation}
\dot{\epsilon}_{\rm vis}
=\sum_{\alpha}X_\alpha
v_\alpha
\end{equation}
Here  $\int d{\bi r}\dot{\epsilon}_{\rm vis}\ge 0
$ from the expression (3.10).

\subsection{Ionic local equilibrium}

The composition evolution
can be much slower than the ionic motions
particularly near the critical point.
In such cases, the ion distributions are
expressed in terms of  $\phi$ and $\Phi$  as
\begin{equation}
n_j=  n_j^0 \exp(g_j \phi -Z_j e\Phi/T),
\end{equation}
where the coefficient
 $n_j^0$ is determined
from the conservation of the ions
$\int d{\bi r}n_j({\bi r},t)=$const.
In numerical analysis
this approximation is
convenient to examine the
mesophase formation for large $g_j$.

\section{Relaxation of the thermal composition
fluctuations}
\setcounter{equation}{0}

\subsection{Time-correlation function }

In this section,
we  calculate the time-correlation
function of the Fourier components
of the composition fluctuations,
\begin{equation}
{ G}(q,t)
= \av{ \phi_{\small{\bi q}}(t)
\phi_{\small{\bi q}}(0)^*},
\end{equation}
in one phase states.
This  function can be measured
by dynamic scattering.
It is of interest
how it  relaxes on approaching
the spinodal point and how it
is influenced by the ion diffusion.
The thermal hydrodynamic fluctuations
are governed by the linearized hydrodynamic equations of (3.2)
and (3.3)  with random
source terms added.  That is, they obey
linear  Langevin equations \cite{Onukibook}.
In this section,  without
explicit introduction of  the noise terms,
we will calculate
the time-correlation functions
of the form  $\av{ {\cal A}_{\small{\bi q}}(t)
\phi_{\small{\bi q}}(0)^*}$ with $t>0$, where
${\cal A}= \phi, n_1$, and $n_2$.
 We also assume that the cations and the
anions  have  the same diffusion constant
or  $D_2=D_1$, which much simplifies
the calculation.

From (3.3) ${G}(q,t)$
obeys the linear  equation,
\begin{equation}
\bigg
[\frac{\partial }{\partial t} +
\Gamma_0(q)\bigg]
{G}
=  L_0q^2 \bigg[
g_1  {G}_1+ g_2{G}_2 \bigg],
\end{equation}
where  ${G}(q,t)$ is written as $ {G}$
and
$\Gamma_0(q)$ is the decay rate without ions,
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_0(q)=
L_0 q^2 ({\bar r}+Cq^2).
\end{equation}
Here we write
${G}_1\equiv \av{ n_{1{\small{\bi q}}}(t)
\phi_{\small{\bi q}}(0)^*}$ and
${G}_2\equiv \av{ n_{2{\small{\bi q}}}(t)
\phi_{\small{\bi q}}(0)^*}$, where
$n_{1{\small{\bi q}}}$
and $n_{2{\small{\bi q}}}$ are  the Fourier
components of $n_1$ and $n_2$.
The equations for the combinations
${G}_1\pm {G}_2$   read
\begin{eqnarray}
\bigg
[\frac{\partial }{\partial t} +
D_1q^2\bigg] ( {G}_1 + {G}_2)
=  n_e (g_1 + g_2) D_1 q^2  {G},
\\
\bigg
[\frac{\partial }{\partial t} +
D_1(q^2+\kappa^2) \bigg]( {G}_1 -{G}_2)
= n_e  (g_1 - g_2)D_1 q^2   {G}.
\end{eqnarray}
Use has been made of the fact that
the Fourier component of the electric potential
is $\Phi_{\bi q}= 4\pi e(
n_{1{\bi q}}-n_{2{\bi q}})/\varepsilon q^2$
from the Poisson equation (2.2), where
the dielectric constant $\varepsilon$
may be treated as a constant.
The convective terms in (3.2) and (3,3)
vanish in the linear order without
velocity gradient.

It is convenient to  calculate
the  Laplace transformation
\begin{equation}
{\hat G}(q,\Omega)= \int_0^\infty dt e^{-\Omega t} {G}(q,t).
\end{equation}
The Fourier transformation
$I(q,\omega)= \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}  dt
e^{-i\omega t}G(q,t)$ is related to
${\hat G}(q,\Omega)$ by
\begin{equation}
I(q,\omega)= 2{\rm Re}[{\hat G}(q,i\omega)],
\end{equation}
where
${\rm Re}[\cdots]$ denotes taking the real part.
Some calculations give the following expression,
\begin{equation}
{\hat G}(q,\Omega)= S(q)\bigg[
\Omega + \frac{L_0q^2/S(q)}{1+Z(q,\Omega)
} \bigg]^{-1}.
\end{equation}
The ionic correction
$Z(q,\Omega) (\propto n_e)$
depends on $q$ and $\Omega$ as
\begin{eqnarray}
{Z}(q,\Omega) &=& \frac{1}{2}n_eL_0q^2
\bigg [ \frac{(g_1+g_2)^2}{\Omega+D_1q^2}\nonumber\\
&&\hspace{-1.5cm}+ \frac{(g_1-g_2)^2q^2}
{[\Omega+D_1(q^2+\kappa^2)](q^2+\kappa^2)}\bigg].
\end{eqnarray}
In deriving (4.8) and (4.9)
use has also been made of
the static relations,
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\av{(n_{1{\bi q}}+n_{2{\bi q}})\phi_{\bi q}^*}
= n_e(g_1+g_2)S(q), \nonumber\\
&&(1+\kappa^2/q^2)\av{(n_{1{\bi q}}-n_{2{\bi q}})\phi_{\bi q}^*}
= n_e(g_1-g_2)S(q),
\end{eqnarray}
 which follow from (2.10).
These equal-time correlation functions
appear in the Laplace transformation of $S(q,t)$
in the presence of  the random source terms.
The presence of $Z(q,\Omega)$ in (4.8)
makes the relaxation of $G(q,t)$ complicated.

\subsection{Relaxation near the spinodal point}

We obtain
the exponential relaxation,
\begin{equation}
G(q,t)\cong S(q)e^{-\Gamma(q) t},
\end{equation}
near the spinodal point.
Here the decay rate $\Gamma(q)$ is assumed to
be much smaller than $D_1q^2$.
Then  we may set $\Omega=0$ in $Z(q,\Omega)$ to find
\begin{equation}
\Gamma(q)\cong \frac{L_0q^2/S(q)}{1+ n_e B(q)},
\end{equation}
where $B(q)= Z(q,0)/n_e$ is written as
\begin{equation}
B(q)= \frac{L_0}{D_1}
\bigg [\frac{(g_1+g_2)^2}{2}
+ \frac{(g_1-g_2)^2q^4}{2(q^2+\kappa^2)^2} \bigg] .
\end{equation}
If $|g_1|$ and $|g_2|$
are very large,  the ionic correction  $n_e B(q)$
can be noticeable
even for $v_0n_e\ll 1$.
For $\gamma_{\rm p}>1$,
$\Gamma(q)$ tends to zero first
at $q=q_m$ on approaching the spinodal point.

\subsection{Long wavelength limit}

In dynamic light scattering experiments,
we should consider the long wavelength limit, where  we set
 $q \ll \kappa$, $\Gamma_0(q) \cong D_\phi q^2$, and
$Z(q,\Omega) \cong \alpha D_1 q^2/(\Omega+D_1q^2)$ with
\begin{eqnarray}
&&D_\phi= L_0{\bar r},\\
&& \alpha= L_0 (g_1+g_2)^2n_e/2D_1.
\end{eqnarray}
Here  $D_\phi=\lim_{q\to 0}\Gamma(q)/q^2$ is the diffusion constant
of the composition in the long wavelength limit
without ions. The dimensionless parameter
$\alpha$ is proportional to $n_e$
and increases  steeply with increasing $n_e$
for $g_1+g_2 \gg 1$.
In dynamic light scattering without ions,
 $D_\phi$ tends to zero near the critical point
(being given by the Kawasaki formula $T/6\pi \eta_0\xi$
with $\xi$ being the correlation length)\cite{Onukibook}.
In this limit we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{{\hat G}(q,\Omega)}{S(q)}
&=&\frac{\Omega+ (1+\alpha)D_1q^2}{\Omega^2+
{\cal D} q^2\Omega + D_1D_\phi q^4} \nonumber\\
&=&
\frac{\beta}{\Omega +D_- q^2}+\frac{1-\beta}{\Omega +D_+q^2},
\end{eqnarray}
where ${\cal D}=(1+\alpha)D_1+D_\phi$ in the first line.
The two new diffusion constants
$D_-$ and $D_+$ in the second line
are expressed as
\begin{equation}
D_{\pm}= \frac{{\cal D}}{2} \pm \frac{1}{2}
\sqrt{{\cal D}^2-4D_\phi D_1} .
\end{equation}
The partition coefficient $\beta$ is
 of the form
\begin{equation}
\beta
=\frac{1}{2}+ \frac{(1+\alpha) D_1-D_\phi}{2(D_+-D_-)}.
\end{equation}
The inverse Laplace transformation
of the second line of (4.15) yields
the time-correlation function exhibiting
 a double-exponential decay,
\begin{equation}
\frac{{G}(q,t)}{S(q)}=  \beta e^{-D_-q^2t}+
(1-\beta)  e^{-D_+q^2t}.
\end{equation}
(i) For very small ion concentrations
there can be  the situation where $\alpha\ll 1$ and
$D_1\alpha\ll D_\phi < D_1$. In this case
we have $D_-\cong D_\phi$ and $D_+ \cong D_1$
with $\beta= 1- \alpha D_\phi/(D_1-D_\phi)^2+
\cdots$.
(ii) We may suppose the case
$D_s \ll D_1\alpha$ .
In this case we have
$
D_- \cong D_\phi/(1+\alpha),\quad
D_+\cong D_1(1+\alpha),
$
with  $\beta=1-[(2\alpha-1)/2(1+\alpha)^2]
D_\phi/D_1+
\cdots$.

\section{Simulations at the critical composition}
\setcounter{equation}{0}

We numerically examine
phase ordering with a strongly  antagonistic salt
at the critical composition $\av{\phi}=1/2$.
The  spatial dimensionality $d$ has been
equal to three so far. However,
we here present  preliminary simulation results
in  two dimensions.

\subsection{Numerical method}

In our simulation,
we choose
the chemical free energy density
$f_0$  in  (2.1) in
the Bragg-Williams form,
\begin{equation}
\frac{v_0}{T}f_0 =  \phi\ln\phi
+(1-\phi)\ln(1-\phi)+\chi\phi(1-\phi),
\end{equation}
where  $v_0= a^d$ is the solvent molecular
volume and
 $\chi$ is the interaction parameter dependent on $T$.
The parameter ${\bar r}$ in (2.9) is given by
${\bar r} =[1/{\phi(1-\phi)}-2\chi]/v_0$.
Space and time will be
measured in units of $a$ and
\begin{equation}
t_0= v_0 a^2/L_0,
\end{equation}
where $L_0$ is the kinetic coefficient in (3.2).
Integration of the dynamic equations is performed
on a  $256\times 256$ square lattice,
so the system is in the region $0<x,y<256a$.
Supposing the monovalent case,  we set
\begin{eqnarray}
&&v_0 C={a^2}, \hspace{2mm}
g_1=-g_2=15, \nonumber
\\
&&
\varepsilon_1=0, \hspace{2mm}
\ell_{\rm B}=3a,\hspace{2mm}
  \frac{\eta_0}{T}= \frac{0.16a^4 }{L_0}.
\end{eqnarray}
Then we obtain  $\gamma_{\rm p}\cong 2.44$ from (2.11) and
 mesophases are realized with increasing $\chi$.
These values of $g_1$ and $g_2$ are realistic
in view of the data of the Gibbs transfer free energy,
as discussed below (2.7). The correlation length is
 defined by  $\xi= [Cv_0/|4-2\chi|]^{1/2}$,
which is equal to $a$ for  $\chi=2.5$.

 The velocity field $\bi v$ is determined
by the Stokes approximation
(3.10) and the ion densities $n_1$ and $n_2$
by the Poisson-Boltzmann expressions (3.12)
(the latter being justified
 in the limit $D_j\rightarrow \infty$).
In the dynamic equation (3.2) for
$\phi$  we put a  random source term to calculate
the structure factor,
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial\phi}{\partial t}+
\nabla\cdot(\phi\mbox{\boldmath $v$})=
L_0 \nabla^2\frac{h}{T} -\nabla\cdot {\bi j}_R,
\end{equation}
Here ${\bi j}_R$ is the random diffusion flux characterized by
\begin{equation}
\av{j_{R\alpha}({\bi r},t)j_{R\beta}({\bi r}',t')}
=2{\tilde L}\delta_{\alpha\beta}
\delta({\bi r}-{\bi r}')\delta(t-t').
\end{equation}
where $\alpha, \beta= x, y$.
The noise strength  $\tilde L$ should be equal to
the kinetic coefficient $L_0$
to ensure the equilibrium
distribution ($\propto e^{-F/T}$).
In this paper, however,
we set ${\tilde L}=10^{-8}L_0$ to
detect   the  composition patterns
unambiguously. In one phase states,
$\phi$ remains nonvanishing
due to ${\bi j}_R$, yielding a structure factor
 proportional to the mean field structure factor
 $S(q)$ in (2.12), where   the proportionality
constant  is ${\tilde L}/L_0=10^{-8}$
(not shown here). In two phase states, ${\bi j}_R$
serves to trigger phase ordering, yielding
a structure factor composed of
the domain contribution.
The same structure factor
follows even if we set ${\bi j}_R={\bi 0}$
in the course of domain growth.
It is worth noting that
 the random source terms
are mostly  neglected in the literature of
phase ordering dynamics \cite{Onukibook}.

In our simulations we start with  the initial condition
$\phi({\bi r},0)=1/2$ at $t=0$.
Small disturbances of $\phi$ are subsequently
produced by  the small
random flux ${\bi j}_R$ in (5.4),
which grow into patterns in two-phase states.
For $g_1=-g_2$ and $\av{\phi}=0.5$,
use of (2.15) yields  the linear instability criterion,
\begin{equation}
2-\chi< \frac{1}{2}Ca^2 (\gamma_{\rm p}-1)^2\kappa^2,
\end{equation}
where  the right hand side is
$78v_0n_e$ from (5.3).
 Hereafter the Debye wave number is
$\kappa= 8.7 n_e^{1/2}$ with $n_e=\av{n_1}=
\av{n_2}$ being  the average ion density.

\subsection{Mesophase formation in shallow quenching}

Here we study the phase ordering
at the solvent criticality
$\chi=2$ and $\av{\phi}=1/2$,
where instability occurs for $n_e>0$.
In Fig.1, we show the time evolution of a
normalized characteristic domain size
$2\pi/a q_{\rm p}(t)$ for various $n_e$.
In terms of the time-dependent
structure factor $S(q,t)=
\av{|\phi_{\bi q}(t)|^2}$ we define
\begin{equation}
q_{\rm p}(t)=\sum_{\small{\bi q}}q
S(q,t)
/\sum_{\small{\bi q}} S(q,t).
\end{equation}
In Fig.1,  $q_{\rm p}(t)$ tends to a constant
expressed as $9.22 n_e^{1/2}$ at long times.
It nearly coincides with
$q_m= (\gamma_{\rm p}-1)^{1/2}\kappa
= 10.4 n_e^{1/2}$ in (2.14).
In Fig.2, the steady-state structure factor $S(q)$
is given for three ion densities, where
all the   curves  arise  from the domain structure and are
not affected by the  small noise term in (5.4).
Our $S(q)$ exhibits  a sharp peak  at $q = q_m$
and a second peak  at $q = 3q_m$.
The peak height at  $q = q_m$
 is a constant of order unity nearly independent of $n_e$.
This can be explained as follows.
It is known that  a domain structure
gives the structure factor of the form
$S(q)\cong  (\Delta\phi)^2\ell^{d}
S^*(q\ell)$, where $\Delta\phi$
is the composition difference between the two phases,
$\ell$ is the domain size, and $S^*(x)$ is a scaling function.
In our two-dimensional case, we have $\Delta\phi \propto n_e^{1/2}$
and $\ell \sim 2\pi/q_m \propto  n_e^{-1/2}$,
so $S(q) \sim S^*(q\ell)$.

In Fig.3, we display $\phi(\bi{r},t)$
 and $n_1(\bi{r},t)$ at $t=3000t_0$
for  $v_0 n_e =0.0005$ (left)  and 0.0025 (right).
In Fig.4,  we present cross sections
of $\phi$, $n_1$, $n_2$ in the upper panel and
those of the gradient free energy
 $f_g=TC|\nabla\phi|^2/2$ and the
electrostatic energy
$f_e=\varepsilon{\bi E}^2/8\pi$,
and their difference  in the lower panel.
These quantities vary
mildly without sharp interfaces
as  functions of $x$ at fixed $y=64a$.
We notice  that the difference $f_g-f_e$
is small. In Fig.5, their space averages,
$\av{f_g}=\int d{\bi r}f_g/V$ and
$\av{f_e}=\int d{\bi r}f_e/V$,
are demonstrated to be nearly
the same at long times, where
$V$ is the system volume.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth,bb=0 0 686 479]{F1.jpg}
\caption{
Characteristic domain size $2\pi/q_m(t)a$ vs time
at the solvent criticality
for $v_0 n_e= 0.001, 0.0015,0.002$, and $0.003$.
The saturated value of $q_{\rm p}(t)$ nearly coincides
 with $q_m$ in (2.14).
}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth, bb=0 0 650 459]{F2.jpg}
\caption{Steady-state structure factor  $S(q)$  of
the composition for $v_0 n_e= 0.001,0.002$, and $0.003$,
where the the solvent is at
the criticality ($\chi=2$ and $\av{\phi}=1/2$).
}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth, bb= 0 0 1024 784]{F3.jpg}
\caption{
Patterns of $\phi(\bi{r},t)$ (top)
and $n_1(\bi{r},t)$ (bottom) at $t=3000t_0$
for  $n_ev_0=0.0005$ (left) and 0.0025 (right)
at the solvent criticality.
}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth, bb= 0 0 654 962]{F4.jpg}
\caption{
 Cross sections
 of $\phi$, $v_0 n_1$ and $v_0 n_2$ (top)
and those of
$f_gv_0/T$, $-f_e v_0/T$, and  $(f_g-f_e)
v_0/T$ (bottom) for  $n_ev_0=0.0025$
in the region $100<x<180$ at $y=64$,
where the solvent is at the criticality.
Use is made of the  data producing
 the right images in Fig.3.
}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth,bb= 0 0 680 481]{F5.jpg}
\caption{Space averages of
 $f_gv_0/T =v_0C|\nabla\phi|^2/2$ and
$f_ev_0/T =v_0\varepsilon|\nabla\Phi|^2/8\pi T$
vs time $t$ for  $n_ev_0= 0.0025$,
where the solvent is at the criticality.
}
\end{figure}

We argue why
$\av{f_g}\cong \av{f_e}$ holds in steady states
in weak segregation.
If the  ion density is small
at shallow quenching,
the composition is weakly segregated
and is composed of the Fourier components
with $q=|{\bi q}|\cong q_m$.
As in the weak segregation
case of block copolymers \cite{Ohta},
the deviation
$\delta\phi= \phi-\av{\phi}$ is expressed as
\begin{equation}
\delta\phi=\sum_{\small{\bi q}}A_{\bi q}
e^{i{{\bi q}\cdot{\bi r}}},
\end{equation}
where the coefficients
$A_{\bi q}$ are sharply peaked
at  $q=q_m$. With this form,
the space average of $f_g$ is written as
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\av{f_g}}{T}
&=&\frac{C}{2V} \sum_{\small{\bi q}}q^2
|A_{\bi q}|^2\nonumber\\
&\cong& \frac{1}{2}C
{q_m^2} \av{\delta\phi^2},
\end{eqnarray}
where $ \av{\delta\phi^2}=\sum_{\small{\bi q}}
|A_{\bi q}|^2/V$.
Linearlizing (2.2) and (3.12)
with respect to $\delta\phi$ in the monovalent case,
we obtain the electric potential
\cite{Onuki-Okamoto},
\begin{equation}
\Phi=\frac{T}{2e}\sum_{\small{\bi q}}
\frac{(g_1-g_2)\kappa^2}{q^2+\kappa^2}
A_{\bi q}e^{i{{\bi q}\cdot{\bi r}}},
\end{equation}
From  (2.13) the average electrostatic energy
is written as
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\av{f_e}}{T}
&=&\frac{1}{2V} \sum_{\small{\bi q}}
\frac{C\gamma_{\rm p}^2\kappa^4q^2}{(q^2+\kappa^2)^2}|A_{\bi q}|^2
\nonumber\\
&\cong&
\frac{C\gamma_{\rm p}^2\kappa^4q_m^2
}{2(q_m^2+\kappa^2)^2}\av{\delta\phi^2}  .
\end{eqnarray}
From $q_{m}=({\gamma_{\rm p}-1})^{1/2}\kappa$ in (2.14),
we find  $\av{f_g}\cong
\av{f_e}$.

\subsection{Mesophase formation in  deep quenching}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth,bb = 0 0 657 477]{F6.jpg}
\caption{
Characteristic domain size $2\pi/q_m(t)a$ vs time
in deep quenching
with  $\chi=2.5$ and $\av{\phi}=1/2$ for
 $v_0 n_e=0,  0.0005, 0.0015$, and $0.0025$.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth,bb= 0 0 682 481]{F7.jpg}
\caption{
Structure factor  $S(q)$ in deep quenching
with  $\chi=2.5$ and $\av{\phi}=1/2$ for
 $v_0 n_e=0,  0.0005, 0.001,
0.0015$, and $0.0025$.
The numbers in the figure
denote  $n_ev_0$.
}
\end{figure}

Next we examine the case
of deep   quenching by setting $\chi=2.5$ with
$\av{\phi}=0.5$, where the interface thickness
is $\xi=a$. In Fig.6,
we show  the time evolution
of  the characteristic domain size
$2\pi/q_{\rm p}(t)$, where $q_{\rm p}(t)$
is defined by (5.7).
For $v_0n_e=0.0025$ the domain size
approaches a constant, while
for  $v_0n_e=0.0015$ and $0.0005$
 its growth still  continues  in
the simulation but is extremely slow
at the end of the simulation
$(t/t_0=6000$).  In Fig.7,
the structure factor $S(q)$ is shown
 for $v_0 n_e=0, 0.0005, 0.0015$, and 0.0025.
The structure factor
around the peak is of order
$100 v_0$ and is much larger
than the thermal level.

In Fig.8, we display $\phi(\bi{r},t)$
 and $n_1(\bi{r},t)$ at $t=3000t_0$
for $v_0 n_e =0.0005$ (left)  and 0.0025 (right).
As a marked feature for $v_0 n_e =0.0005$,  the
cations (anions)  are confined in
the water-rich (water-poor) regions.
Because of the small ion density here,
the ions  change discontinuously at the interfaces
and are homogeneously distributed
in the  preferred domains.
On the other hand, for $v_0 n_e =0.0025$,
the ions are localized near the interfaces.
In Fig.9, we show cross sections
of $\phi$, $n_1$, $n_2$ (top)
and those of $f_g$, $-f_e$,
 and $f_g-f_e$ (bottom).
We can see electric double layers
at the interfaces in accord with
the theory \cite{OnukiPRE}.
The difference $f_g-f_e$  turns out to be
 small in steady states.
In Fig.10, we demonstrate that
their space averages    nearly coincide
at long times. From (2.8) we recognize that the surface
tension $\gamma$  nearly vanishes
in steady states.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth,bb= 0 0 948 1009]{F8.jpg}
\caption{
Patterns of $\phi(\bi{r})$ (top),
$n_1(\bi{r})$ (middle)
and $n_2(\bi{r})$ (bottom) in deep quenching
at $t=3000t_0$ for
 $n_ev_0=0.00001$ (left) and 0.0025 (right),
where  $\chi=2.5$ and $\av{\phi}=1/2$.
}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth,bb= 0 0 661 962]{F9.jpg}
\caption{
Cross sections
 of $\phi$, $v_0 n_1$ and $v_0 n_2$ (upper plate)
and those of $f_gv_0/T$, $-f_e v_0/T$, and  $(f_g-f_e)
v_0/T$ (lower plate) for   $n_ev_0=0.0025$
in the region $100<x<180$ at $y=64$,
where  $\chi=2.5$ and $\av{\phi}=1/2$.
Use is made of the data producing
 the right images in Fig.8.
}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth,bb= 0 0 619 480]{F10.jpg}
\caption{
Space averages of
 $f_gv_0/T $ and
$f_ev_0/T $ vs time $t$ for $n_ev_0=0.0025$,
where  $\chi=2.5$ and $\av{\phi}=1/2$.
}
\end{figure}

\section{Summary and concluding remarks}

In this work,
we  have presented
dynamic equations
for binary mixtures containing ions, where
the free energy includes the solvation interactions.
(i) As the first application, we have calculated
the dynamic structure factor $G(q,t)$ in (4.1)
in one-phase states accounting for the ion motions.
Its relaxation  is slowed down on approaching
the spinodal as in (4.12), which occurs at an
intermediate wave number $q_m$ for $\gamma_{\rm p}>1$.
Here $\gamma_{\rm p}$ is the asymmetry parameter
of solvation.  It also exhibits a double-exponential
relaxation in the long wavelength limit
(in dynamic light scattering) as in (4.19).
(ii) As the second application,
we have  numerically
demonstrated emergence of
mesophases with addition of
an antagonistic salt, though
our simulations are  in two dimensions
and at the critical composition.
We have obtained a dramatic
increase of the structure factor $S(q)$
at an intermediate wave number in Figs.2 and 7 in accord with
the experiment of Sadakane {\it et al.}\cite{Sadakane,S1}.
In these mesophases, the gradient free energy and
long-range electrostatic energy are balanced
as in Figs.5 and 10.
We have found that
the surface tension vanishes
in the mesophase in deep quenching.

The present simulation is still  very preliminary
and more systematic analysis
is needed in future work.
In particular, the phase diagram
in the parameter space of $\chi$, $\av{\phi}$,
and $n_e$ is required.
While  our simulation captures
some salent features of the neutron
 scattering experiments \cite{Sadakane,S1},
the calculated structure factor
$S(q)$  cannot be
compared with the observed
intensity  quantitatively.
There are many parameters in our theory
and we cannot judge whether or not our choice
in (5.3) is appropriate
 for the experimental system.
In particular,
the solvation parameters $g_1$ and $g_2$
are not known for
mixtures of D$_2$O  and 3MP.

Our simulation suggests  that
 addition of an antagonistic salt to a binary mixture
can decrease  the surface tension
of  a macroscopic liquid-liquid interface even to zero.
We may then predict  a salt-induced
interface instability, leading to
 emulsification.
We also mention  measurements of the dynamic scattering,
the electric conductivity,
 and the rheological properties,
as new experiments using an antagonistic salt.

\noindent{\bf Acknowledgments}\\
\noindent
This work was supported by Grant-in-Aid
for Scientific Research on Priority
Area ``Soft Matter Physics'' from the Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.
Thanks are also due to K. Sadakane and H. Seto for
informative discussions.
\section*{References}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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El Puente Viejo de Zamora (denominado también Puente de Olivares) fue un puente de piedra sobre el río Duero que existió hasta el siglo X (o XIII dependiendo de las fuentes) en la ciudad de Zamora. Con la construcción del puente de Piedra (puente nuevo) aguas arriba a comienzos del siglo XIII, los visibles restos pétreos del puente de Olivares, visibles sobre las aguas del río, pasaron a denominarse puente viejo. La ciudad de Zamora careció de puente durante casi tres siglos, existiendo el llamado vado de don García como área de paso. Se desconoce si el puente viejo fue destruido por causas naturales, o intencionadamente por causas bélicas en la defensa pasiva de la ciudad contra las razias musulmanas procedentes del sur de la península durante la edad media. El puente daba servicio de transporte a la denominada vía de la Plata. A comienzos del siglo XXI pueden verse todavía restos del puente muy cerca de las aceñas de Olivares.

Historia
A día de hoy, se ha aceptado la época medieval del puente mal llamado romano. Estudios de Miguel Ángel Mateos o Florián Ferrero confirman el hecho de que las ruinas del puente situado en Olivares sean de época medieval. Ello echa por tierra la teoría popular del puente romano que se ha mantenido durante años.
Algunos informes realizados a finales del siglo XIX muestran la posibilidad de una ciudad carente de puentes de acceso durante un periodo de casi tres siglos. Es posible que entrara en ruina en el siglo XII, siendo mantenido con diversas estructuras provisionales de madera hasta el siglo XIII en el que se construye el nuevo puente de piedra. El puente nuevo, denominado puente mayor o puente de piedra fue el segundo puente de Zamora. A este respecto existen dos hipótesis opuestas. La primera menciona que hubo un periodo de ausencia de los dos puentes, es decir, que no existieron simultáneamente ambos puentes careciendio la ciudad de un paso establecido durante un periodod de tiempo que va desde un siglo a tres. De esta opinión son los historiadores Fernández Duro, Ursicino Álvarez, y posteriormente Mateos Rodríguez Existen otros autores, sin embargo que ilustran una ciudad medieval con dos puentes coexistiendo en el río Duero. Otro punto sobre el que no existe un acuerdo entre los historiadores de la ciudad es la fecha de destrucción del puente viejo y las causas de la misma. Algunos autores mencionan el siglo X como fin, así como una destrucción deliberada por los líderes astures con el objeto de evitar ataques de las tropas musulmanas procedentes de los reinos del sur (véase: batalla de Alhandic y día de Zamora). Otras causas apoyadas por otros autores se centran en catástrofes naturales como pueden ser las habituales crecidas del río Duero.

A pesar de todo, el viejo puente derribado no se reconstruyó siendo así una defensa pasiva en las habituales reyertas entre los reinos del norte, y las tropas musulmanas del sur. Evitando así el avance de tropas por ese lado de la ciudad, empleando la defensa natural del río y las escarpadas murallas. Por las descripciones e ilustraciones del viajero Anton Van den Wyngaerde de mediados del siglo XVI se puede saber que el puente se encontraba en ruinas. Quedando sólo algunas estructuras de fábrica sobre el río, muy cerca de las aceñas de Olivares.

Características
El puente comunicaba el barrio de Olivares con los barrios del extraponte. Desde la ciudad se salía por la puerta óptima a las lindes del puente por la vertiente derecha del mismo. Dependiendo de la época en la historia de la ciudad, la denominación 'viejo' o 'nuevo' repercute en dos puentes.

Referencias

Véase también
 Puente Nuevo
 Convento de San Francisco Extraponte
Artículo: "Wyngaerde en Zamora" (EGE Revista de Expresión Gráfica en la Edificación, n.º 8, 2014):

Arquitectura civil de Zamora
Viejo Zamora
Viejo Zamora
Viejo Zamora
Viejo Zamora


text:
Q: React.js mobile menu I can't make the mobile menu appear from the right side, when I press the burger-menu icon nothing happens except it changes to the X icon, everything works perfectly when I manually remove from CSS @media rightSide{right: -100%;} to {right: 0%;} how but can this work from my code when pressing the icon, what I need to change in my code? please help
function Navbar() {
    const[mobileMenu, setMobileMenu] = useState(false);
const onCLickHandler = () => {
    setMobileMenu(!mobileMenu)
}
return(

SneakerStore

            <Link to="/">Home</Link>
            <Link to="/store">Store</Link>
            <Link to="/about">About</Link>
            <Link to="/players">Players</Link>

            <button onClick={onCLickHandler}>
             {mobileMenu ? <CloseIcon /> : <ReorderIcon />}
            </button>

)

};
export default Navbar;
---------- CSS -------------
*{
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}

.navbar{
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-around;
    min-height: 8vh;
    align-items: center;
    background-color: rgb(124, 28, 28);
}

.rightSide{
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-around;
    width: 30%;
}

.rightSide a{
    color: white;
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: 20px;
    font-weight: bold;
    letter-spacing: 2px;
}

.rightSide a:hover{
    color: black;
    transition: 0.3s ease-out;
}

.leftSide span{
    color: white;
    font-weight: bold;
    font-size: 36px;
}

.burger{
    display: none;
}

.burger button{
    color: white;
    background-color: transparent;
    border: none;
    cursor: pointer;
    font-size: 59px;
}
.burger svg{
    font-size: 35px;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 760px) {
body {
    overflow-x: hidden;
}

.burger {
    display: block;
}

.rightSide{
    position: absolute;
    right: -100%;
    height: 92vh;
    top: 8vh;
    background-color: rgb(124, 28, 28);
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    width: 100%;
    transition: 0.4s ease-in;
}

.open{
    right: 0%;
}

A: You have defined ID attribute in JSX, but there is no styling for that ID

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


(Meadow Foxtail, Field Meadow Foxtail) As with other grasses, the pollen is an important cause of hayfever.
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Prefers acid soils but does well on poor, sandy, shallow and chalky soils.


Download The Greatest Dot To Dot Book In The World Book 1 book pdf or read power of hope book pdf online books in PDF, EPUB and Mobi Format. Click Download or Read Online button to get The Greatest Dot To Dot Book In The World Book 1 book pdf book now.
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Qinghe doesn't set up the MOQ for wire mesh or wire cloth. Qinghe understands that each customer has very different needs on quantity. Qinghe is a company that takes orders as task focus. We calculate the cost according to our customers' specifications and quantity, and then present our best offers based on long-term cooperation hopes.
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text:
Tony Vitale (born Anthony Vitale) is an American film director, screenwriter, film producer, and television producer. He is best known for the 1997 film Kiss Me, Guido. More recently, Vitale pioneered the use of Internet Protocol television (IPTV) technologies and broadcast TV programming to help create dedicated OTT streaming channels.

Early life
Vitale was born in the Bronx. His father, Anthony, worked for the New York City Department of Transportation, and died when Tony was 13. His mother, Mildred, worked as an aide for the New York City Department of Education.  Vitale attended Christopher Columbus High School and graduated with honors from Iona College with a degree in finance and minor in communications.

Film and television career
While working on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange including during Black Monday, Vitale attended film classes at night at New York University.

After the death of his mother in 1990, Vitale began working in the film and television industry as a location assistant, eventually working his way up as a second unit director for the opening shot of Robert De Niro's, A Bronx Tale.

In 1996, Vitale wrote and directed the feature film, Kiss Me, Guido which became an official entry in the 1997 Sundance Film Festival and was released by Paramount Pictures to favorable reviews the same year. Janet Maslin of The New York Times said, "Mr. Vitale makes his first feature with the same kind of colloquial New York humor that Edward Burns gave The Brothers McMullen. A former location manager, he shows off a sure familiarity with his settings while he makes his audience enjoy the very bluntness of his film's caricatures."

In 1999, Vitale pitched his idea of turning "Kiss Me, Guido" into a show of its own. The pitch wound up with the Axelrod-Widdoes production company ("Can't Hurry Love" and "Brother's Keeper"), who were without a project at the time. Company co-founder Jonathan Axelrod was married to actress Illeana Douglas (a friend of Craig Chester, who had co-starred in the film). Douglas rented the movie and screened it for her husband. Sitcom veteran Marc Cherry was brought in to help develop/produce the series. The series was renamed, Some of My Best Friends starring Jason Bateman and Danny Nucci and ran for eight episodes on the CBS Television network.

Vitale's second film, Very Mean Men, won the 2000 Seattle International Film Festival: New American Cinema Award. The film starred Martin Landau and Louise Fletcher along with Matthew Modine, Ben Gazzara, Charles Durning and Burt Young.

Vitale's third film, Life's A Beach, stars Christopher Walken, Rutger Hauer, Robert Wagner and Morgan Fairchild. Vitale also directed One Last Ride starring Pat Cupo, Chazz Palminteri and Robert Davi, with Oscar Winner Ang Lee as executive producer. Vitale co-produced the feature film "Man From Elysian Fields" starring Andy Garcia, Mick Jagger, James Coburn, and Anjelica Huston in 2002. Vitale continued to work in television/multimedia, producing shows for CBS, NBC and FOX television.

Financial media and trading platform
In 2012, Vitale pioneered OTT/IPTV technologies as Executive Producer and Director of Programming for the financial news network, tastytrade, with Tom Sosnoff. The tastytrade financial news network features 8 hours of live programming, Monday through Friday, during open hours of the financial markets delivering interactive content to its trading platform, tastyworks. While at tastytrade, Vitale directed and produced documentaries including Cancel Crash about Black Monday the Crash of 1987, aired on PBS, and SOLD!: The Lewis Borsellino Story, about a pit trader.

In January of 2021, tastytrade was sold to Britain's IG Group for $1 billion.

References

External links

American film directors
Living people
1964 births


text:
Search » All » Medical » Radiology » RADT465:RadProtect
RADT465:RadProtect
ARRT Registry Review Covering Radiation Protection
_____________ ____________ ___________ are used to account for the differences in tissue sensitivity to ionizing radiation when determining effective dose E. Tissue Weighting Factors (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 135, 159).
What is the monthly gestational dose-equivalent limit for embryo/fetus of a pregnant radiographer? 5 mSv (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 135, 159).
What is the approximate entrance skin exposure for the average AP supine abdomen radiograph? 300 mrad (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 136, 160).
What is the annual occupational dose-equivalent limit for the lens of the eye? 50 mSv (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 136, 161).
If the SID is doubled, how will that affect the intensity of the x-ray photon? It will decrease by four times (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 136, 161).
Occupational radiation monitoring is required when it is possible that the individual might receive more that ___________ of the annual dose limit. One-tenth (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 136, 161).
_________________is the irradiation of water molecules within the body and their resulting breakdown. Radiolysis (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 136, 161-162).
________________ ______________ contributes mostly to occupational exposure. Compton Scatter (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 137, 162).
With the mA increased to maintain output intensity, how is the ESE affected as the SSD is increased? The ESE increases (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 137, 162-163).
Each time an x-ray beam scatters, its intensity at 1 m from the scattering object is what fraction of its original intensity? 1/1,000 (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 137, 163).
The annual occupational whole-body dose-equivalent limit is __________. 50 mSv (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 137, 163).
A TLD uses _______________ _______________ crystals. Lithium Fluoride (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 137, 163).
Leakage and scattered radiation are examples of what type of radiation? Secondary (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 137, 163).
The product of absorbed dose and the correct modifying factor is used to determine __________. rem or Seivert (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 138, 164).
Medical and dental radiation accounts for ____% of the general public's exposure to human-made radiation. 90 (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 138, 165).
How does filtration affect the primary beam? It increases the average energy of the primary beam (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 139, 165).
An OSL dosimeter contains ______________ _____________ detectors. Aluminum Oxide (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 139, 165).
_______________ is the term used to describe x-ray photon interaction with matter and the transference of part of the photon's energy to matter. Scattering (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 139, 165).
What is the approximate ESE for the average upright PA chest radiography using 115 kVp and a grid? 20 mrad (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 139, 165).
The fluoroscopic exposure switch is what kind of switch? Dead-man Switch (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 139, 166).
Primary radiation barriers must be at least ___ feet high? 7 (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 139, 166).
The annual dose limits for occupationally exposed individuals is valid for _______, ________, and __________ radiations. beta, x-, and gamma (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 139, 166).
What unit of measure is used to express ionizing radiation dose to biologic material? rem or Sievert (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 140, 167).
What type of dose-response curve relationship represents radiation-induced leukemia and genetic effects? Linear, Non threshold (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 141, 167).
Leakage radiation from the x-ray tube must not exceed _____ mR/h. 100 (Saia, Lange Q&A, pg. 141, 169).
Created by: asexsonlyl


text:
Tell Boris Johnson: Don't water down sleaze rules for MPs
They should be strengthened instead.
Simon Szreter Hilary Cooper Ben Szreter
22 July 2019, 8.37am
Image: Marko Verch, CC BY 2.0
An ethical economic system – where everyone has a stake in future well-being – is essential to address the problems facing the economy and society. To achieve this, policy makers should look to Britain's history for inspiration.
There are two clear periods in our past when everyone in society contributed to the population's basic social security, education and health needs because everybody could see the strong and tangible benefits that resulted from it.
Most obviously, this happened in the postwar decades of the new welfare state as hitherto unseen levels of investment in the population's health and education fired up productivity growth so that it reached a historic peak of 2.4% per annum from 1950-1973, three times higher than the entire period 1871-1937.
Far less well-known, this also happened throughout the two centuries which led to the industrial revolution. From 1601 onwards England had the world's first ever universal social security system in the form of Elizabeth I's Poor Laws. This transformed the choices available to ordinary people, providing a safety net in times of unemployment and guaranteeing support for orphans, widows, the sick and the elderly. People could take risks, such as moving to towns for work, knowing that they would be supported if this didn't work out and that they were no longer tied to staying put to support their parents.
Get one whole story, direct to your inbox every weekday.
All of this was good for the economy: it led to the elimination of famine in England over 150 years before the rest of Europe combined with much higher rates of labour mobility and urbanisation.
The simultaneous 1601 Charitable Uses Act was a masterstroke of statecraft. Since the wealthy were now mandated to support the poor, this Act incentivised them to choose to do so instead by gaining kudos for their good works: a flow of charitable almshouses, schools, apprenticeships and even hospitals ensued. The wealthy could clearly see that such initiatives, if effective, could reduce their future liabilities to support the destitute.
The success of these past periods of growth demonstrates 'incentivised altruism' – encouraging the prosperous to provide the resources for all to participate in economic growth because they can see they will also gain from it. If we were to apply this idea to contemporary Britain, what would it look like? If it was a growth promoter in the past, how could we design it to be a growth promoter now?
Our winning submission to the IPPR Economics Prize proposed creating two altruistic contracts, one which focuses on investment for future growth and one which focuses on providing resources to support an ageing population. They are altruistic because they require businesses and the people with the most wealth to contribute most. They are incentivised – and this is the key innovation – because the people who contribute the funding are given clear rewards that are set out from the start.
The first contract raises the level of corporation tax to fund a transformational programme of investment in greening the economy and reversing the education, skills and health inequalities that blight so many communities. Businesses then win back reductions in corporation tax every two years provided new national targets on growth, productivity, decarbonisation, skills and inequality are met. The harder businesses work to deliver on this, the greater the reward.
Alongside this, there should be a higher rate of income tax at the point at which people earn more than ten times the average salary – with the money raised used to alleviate poverty. As the pay gap between high earners and the rest of the population is reduced fewer people will pay the higher tax.
The second contract is an intergenerational one that offers free care in old age, based on need, with long-term funding guaranteed through a ring-fenced citizens' wealth fund. New taxes on wealth and inheritance will be needed to support the fund, but the payback – incentive – is that this liberates the older generation from the lottery of losing everything to pay for care. It also frees younger generations from unsustainable future care and tax burdens so that they can contribute productively to our economic growth.
Ethical economics, in which welfare is reconceptualised as a growth promoter, is not only important to restore our economic health. It is also fundamental to a genuine democracy – one in which everyone shares in economic success because they acquire the skills and support to do so. It may sound too good to be true, but the good news is that we've already achieved this mix twice in Britain's history, each time with remarkably positive economic outcomes.
Simon Szreter, Hilary Cooper and Ben Szreter are joint winners of the IPPR Economics Prize. All opinions are those of the authors only.
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