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Privacy is important to SIF. The policy below is applicable to data and information collected when you use the SIF website, all e-mail newsletters published or distributed by SIF and all other related websites, interactive features and communications provided by SIF, e.g. event registration.
The purpose of this policy is to explain how we interact with you, the personal information we receive, and how and for what purpose we use such personal information. We do not store personal information of those who visit our website unless they explicitly and voluntarily provide their information.
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Bloomberg announces new global morning show "Daybreak Asia"
Bloomberg Media released the following announcement this morning, building on the network's strategy to deliver 24 continuous hours of global business and financial news:
New York & Hong Kong, June 21, 2016 – Bloomberg today announced the launch of "Daybreak Asia," a new morning television program delivering viewers the most pressing global business and financial information they need as U.S. markets close and Asian markets open.
Betty Liu, Ramy Inocencio, Su Keenan and Kathleen Hays will anchor the show in New York, with Angie Lau, Yvonne Man, Rosalind Chin, Haidi Lun and Shery Ahn in Hong Kong. "Daybreak Asia" replaces "First Up," airing weekdays from 7-9 am HKT in Asia and on Sunday evenings from 7-9 pm ET in the United States.
"Over the past year, our mission at Bloomberg TV has been to align our sophisticated programming and unparalleled journalistic resources around the world to create the #1 business and financial television network," said Al Mayers, Head of Bloomberg TV and Radio. "The combination of anchors in New York and Hong Kong will tremendously enhance our coverage of global markets, and deliver to our viewers the essential news and information they need to start or close their business day."
As global financial journalists, the "Daybreak Asia" team has interviewed top business leaders and influencers from around the world. For example, Betty Liu has interviewed Warren Buffett, Bill Clinton, Carlos Slim, Jamie Dimon, Elon Musk and many others.
In addition to having top business and financial guests on the show, the anchors will offer insight into the latest news and movements in global markets. Daybreak is part of Bloomberg's multi-platform effort to provide customers and on-the-go business decision makers the data, breaking news, analysis and insight they need to start their day regardless of where they are in the world. Daybreak Asia is the broadcast/digital video extension of Bloomberg's Daybreak morning briefing for Bloomberg Terminal customers.
About Bloomberg:
Bloomberg, the global business and financial information and news leader, gives influential decision makers a critical edge by connecting them to a dynamic network of information, people and ideas. The company's strength – delivering data, news and analytics through innovative technology, quickly and accurately – is at the core of the Bloomberg Professional service, which provides real time financial information to more than 325,000 subscribers globally. For more information, visit Bloomberg.com/company.
Bloomberg Media Contact:
Jenny Leigh Yeo, +65-6499-2926, jyeo58@bloomberg.net
Lauren Meller, +1-212-617-8185, lmeller@bloomberg.net
bloomberg media, Bloomberg Television, daybreak asia, global news, multimedia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Onyx Pattaya Residences are Pattaya's most prestigious homes. As part of the mixed-use development, residences will enjoy outstanding facilities and privacy, at a location that puts the entire city easily within reach. The luxury residences, starting at the 13th floor and rising up to the 29th floor, stand boldly as an icon above the bright lights of Pattaya.
Onyx Pattaya Residences is a 29-storey high-rise development comprising 500 units located in Pratumnak soi 5, room size is starting from 26 sq.m. - 125.50 sq.m, studio room - 2 bedrooms.
There will be a swimming pool on the 19th floor. TheMarriott Hotelwill occupy floor 3rd – 12th and floor 13th – 29th will be condominiums. We are once again the first to write about a new project so I have very little information to share.
The Onyx Residences are Pattayas most prestigious homes. As part of the mixed/use development, residences will enjoy outstanding facilities and privacy at a location that puts the entire city easily within reach. The luxury residences starting on the 13th floor and rising up to 29th floor, stand boldly as an icon above the bright lights of Pattaya. The residences offer breathtaking and legendary five star hotel.
- Marriott Executive Apartments going to be the hotel provider and also manage all building for 30 years.
- Marriott will supervise the construction process.
All this guarantee the buyer a safe progress and a building with high quality with five star management. This building will be a good investment regardless if you invest for live, rental or resale.


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My Bah Humbug sign 'says what an awful lot of people think', says self-confessed Christmas hater
Andrew Papworth
andrew.papworth@archant.co.uk
@andrew_papworth
Marcos Gainza's Bah Humbug sign lit up at night at his house in Yoxford High Street. Picture: MARCOS GAINZA
'Tis the season to be jolly and of goodwill and glad tidings to all.
Marcos Gainza has put a big Bah Humbug sign on his house in Yoxford High Street. Picture: ANDREW PAPWORTH
Well, for some people it is...
When everyone else is decking the halls with tinsel and decorations, writing lists to Santa and tucking into turkey and sprouts, Suffolk resident Marcos Gainza just wishes the Christmas period could all be over as soon as it has started.
The 38-year-old has become so frustrated with yuletide celebrations that he has taken to putting up a massive sign which reads "Bah Humbug" on the front of his house in Yoxford High Street.
With most retailers looking to celebrate Christmas rather than trash it, the rocket scientist was left with no alternative but to hand-make the sign all by himself in order to demonstrate to the world his dislike of all things festive.
But having hated Christmas ever since his youth, he was only too happy to spend several evenings designing and building the alternative Christmas display - which illuminates the surrounding area at night with its 960 lights.
And despite most people around him putting up Christmas trees, fairy lights and tinsel, he said of the sign: "I think it says what an awful lot of people think but don't dare say in public."
Mr Gainza, who does not exchange gifts or cards with anyone, said: "Christmas is a chore.
"It has an aspect of the emperor's new clothes - you're just not allowed to question it. But let's face it, we're fed up with it before November is out.
Marcos Gainza's Bah Humbug sign during construction. Picture: MARCOS GAINZA
"The first mention I heard of Christmas this year was on August 1. For me, it's getting a bit ridiculous."
The commercialisation, swapping of presents, Christmas parties and over-indulgence of food - you name it, Mr Gainza can't stand it.
"I find it hard to find a redeeming feature," he said of Christmas.
"I'm not that fond of the religious aspect, the commercialisation or spending time and money you haven't got on stuff people aren't going to appreciate.
"And isn't this the time when you get most family rows?
"The food is pretty bland, all things considered. There is way, way too much to eat. I don't want to shovel down food I'm going to have to burn off."
Mr Gainza, who has lived in Yoxford for about 10 years, also bemoaned the "pressure to meet up and play nice with people you don't usually see", adding: "There's probably a reason you haven't seen them for the rest of the year."
He says he receives "mostly positive" comments about his sign, which he made three years ago and generally puts up around December 1 - "or in response to a neighbour putting up particularly obnoxious lights, whichever comes first", he said.
Although he will see family over Christmas, Mr Gainza plans to spend December 25 embarking on a long cycle ride.
■ Do you agree? Do you think Christmas is a chore or worth celebrating? Write, giving your full contact details, to andrew.papworth@archant.co.uk or vote in our online poll.


OAKLAND – In this Caltrans News Flash, you'll get an advance peek at how Caltrans will remove the first of 19 trusses on the old east span of the Bay Bridge. The work is scheduled for Feb. 4, is expected to take at least one full day and will take place over several hours as the 504' truss is lowered onto a barge that will haul it away.
This is the first removal of the 19 still-standing trusses on the old east span, which will take place over several months.
For more information on how Caltrans is carefully dismantling the old bridge, go to http://www.baybridgeinfo.org/demolition . This News Flash is the 65th in a series of videos highlighting Caltrans' activities that present the wide-ranging and critical work that Caltrans does to enhance California's economy and livability. To see more of these and other videos, search for #CaltransNewsFlash on Twitter or go to http://bit.ly/1ez3LYz.


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Please enable JavaScript when using Hooktheory.
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Hooktheory
Learn how to write chords and melody like the pros.
There have never been music books like these
The Hooktheory Book Series is a smart, fun, skill-building journey that will concretely teach you how to craft melodies and chord progressions like professional musicians and give you a deeper understanding and intuition for how music works. Validated by 16,435 hobby musicians like you, The Hooktheory Book Series is the best selling how-to series for hobby musicians around the world for a reason.
Cover of Hooktheory I and Hooktheory II
Like a college course taught at a level a child can understand.
— SpaceCadet-528hz (iOS App Store Review)
Hooktheory vs. Other Books
Music format is easy to understand and emphasizes chord and melody function.
If you don't read sheet music you're out of luck. Also, sheet music music really isn't great for teaching how music works.
Rich learning with audiovisual animations that play inline
No sound. No video.
Learn the tactics used by popular artists from the past and present. Together, we'll dissect 324 popular songs and illuminate and explain the tactics the pros use.
Song examples you probably aren't interested in.
Accompanying songwriting software lets you practice every concept and tactic you learn immediately.
No other music teaching book has anything like this.
fun to read, easy to understand, and full of practical knowledge.
This exploration of melody and chord creation is fun to read, easy to understand, and full of practical knowledge. The series contains 124 interactive exercises and 324 audiovisual examples from artists like: The Beatles, Journey, Taylor Swift, Beyoncé, Adele, Coldplay, Billy Joel, Lady Gaga, Elton John, and Maroon 5 that make it easy to see the techniques these successful artists use.
Reading the books doesn't require any previous music knowledge or the ability to read music. On average, the series takes about 15 hours to read (but more to fully absorb) so it isn't a huge time commitment. Dedicate only a few hours to reading these books and gain a lifetime of skills that will give your music that professional edge.
We wrote this book series because we were tired of all of the "songwriting" websites and books that talk vaguely of "finding your inspiration" rather than providing concrete tools to improve your music.
With this book series, we have created an approachable, intuitive resource that directly answers the hard questions: Why do certain chords fit together easily, and others not so easily? How can I get from this chord to that chord? How can I create a great melody? These books will make you say "ah ha!" many times over.
Book I Outline
Hooktheory I Outline
Chapter 1: Building Blocks
1.1 The Building Blocks of Music
The major scale
Medley with the major scale
1.2 Relative Notation
C major scale on relative staff
G major scale on relative staff
"Livin' On A Prayer" by Bon Jovi (melody only)
1.3 Chords
Formation of a I chord
Variations of a I chord
Formation of a ii chord
Block representation of chords
Scale degrees of basic chords
1.4 Combining Chords And Melody
vi → IV → V → I → IV → V chord progression
vi → IV → V → I → IV → V arrangement of scale degrees
"Livin On A Prayer" by Bon Jovi (full)
1.5 "Wrap Up
"Eine Kleine Nachtmusik" by Mozart
1.6 Check For Understanding
"U And Ur Hand" by P!nk
Chapter 2: Harmony I
In the previous chapter, you learned that a song can be broken up into two fundamental building blocks; the chords and the melody. In this chapter, we will look at the function of some of the basic chords to see how they can fit in a chord progression. In particular, we'll begin to answer the question, "if this chord were played next, would it sound good and why?"
2.1 The I Chord: Home Base
Identify the location of the I chords (pt. 1)
2.2 Basic Chord Function
"Blowin' In The Wind" by Bob Dylan (hidden chords)
"I Don't Want To Miss A Thing" by Aerosmith
"Free Fallin'" by Tom Petty (hidden chords)
"You Belong With Me" by Taylor Swift
"Blowin' in the Wind" by Bob Dylan
"Free Fallin'" by Tom Petty
"Push" by Matchbox 20
"The Lazy Song" by Bruno Mars
2.3 The vi Chord: A Minor Sound
"Don't Stop Believing" by Journey
I → V → vi → IV Medley
2.4 Being Creative
"Love Story" by Taylor Swift
"My Heart Will Go On" by Celine Dion (Verse)
"My Heart Will Go On" by Celine Dion
"Who Knew" by P!nk
"Mr. Brightside" by The Killers
Chapter 3: Melody
While the importance of a song's chords cannot be overstated, it is often the melody that stands out the most to the casual listener. In this chapter, we'll discuss the underlying structure behind a melody. We'll answer the question, "How do I know what note to sing?" and show you that a song's melody can be broken down and understood just like its chords.
3.2 Meter
"Wake Me Up" by Avicii
Simple meter
Compound meter
"Breakaway" by Kelly Clarkson
3.3 Stable vs. Unstable Scale Degrees
"If We Hold On Together" by Diana Ross
Melody A (Stable Scale Degrees)
Melody B (Unstable Scale Degrees)
"Home" by Daughtry
Melody A (With Passing Notes)
"Sun And Moon" from the musical Miss Saigon
3.4 Rhythmic Patterns
"Bad Romance" by Lady Gaga
3.5 Melodic Themes
"You're Beautiful" by James Blunt
"She Will Be Loved" by Maroon 5
IV with unstable scale degree 5 vs. iii with unstable scale degree 4
"Somebody Told Me" by The Killers
"Friends Forever" by Vitamin C
Passing Notes
Compatible with a V chord
Modified repition
Chapter 4: Harmony II
In this chapter we will continue our study of some of the basic chord types that make up popular music. The harmony you learn in this chapter will greatly expand the number of songs that we can understand and opens doors to much more creativity in your songwriting.
4.1 The iii Chord
"Because of You" by Kelly Clarkson
"So What" by P!nk
"The One That Got Away" by Katy Perry
"Night Minds" by Missy Higgins
"Basketcase" by Green Day
"Canon In D" by Pachelbel
4.2 The ii Chord
"Those Magic Changes" by Sha Na Na
"Sherry" by The Four Seasons
"Who Says You Can't Go Home" by Bon Jovi
"Halo" by Beyonce
"Fireflies" by Owl City
Chapter 5: Inversions
In this chapter we discuss the use of chord inversions, where a subtle reordering of the notes in a chord can significantly alter its function. Inversions will give you access to a whole new harmonic toolset that allows more flexibility and creativity in your songwriting.
Inversions of I
5.2 The I6 Chord
"The Heart of Life" by John Mayer
"The Road And The Radio" by Kenny Chesney
"All American Girl" by Carrie Underwood
5.3 The V6 Chord
"You Look Wonderful Tonight" by Eric Clapton
"Can You Feel The Love Tonight" by Elton John
"Ever Ever After" by Carrie Underwood (from the motion picture Enchanted)
5.4 The Cadential 64 Chord
"I Do It For You" by Bryan Adams
"Circle of Life" from the motion picture The Lion King
"Let Your Hair Down" by MAGIC
"Secrets" by One Republic
5.5 Pedal Harmony
"Eye of The Tiger" by Survivor
Common inversions
Chapter 6: Conclusion
6.1 Closing Remarks
Book II Outline
Hooktheory II Outline
Chapter 1: Seventh Chords
Every musician loves a new trick that can quickly expand their repertoire. In this chapter you'll learn about an easy way to raise the level of sophistication of your music through a new type of chord called the "seventh" chord. Seventh chords are just extended versions of the chords you already know; they contain an extra note that adds complexity and lets you do some really neat things. For example, the "seventh" version of V can be used to enhance its qualities as a progression-ending "cadence" chord; the "seventh" versions of ii, iii, and vi can be used to make a progression sound more smooth and mellow; and inversions of seventh chords can be used to connect baselines in new and beautiful ways.
1.1 Extending The Basic Chords
"Lost Without U" by Robin Thicke
"September" by Earth, Wind & Fire
1.2 Qualities of Seventh Chords
1.3 Seventh Chords In Music
"Twist and Shout" by The Beatles
"This Land Is Your Land" by Woody Guthrie
"When I Was Your Man" by Bruno Mars
"Underneath The Stars" by Mariah Carey
"Can't Take My Eyes Off You" by Frankie Valli
"Clarity" by John Mayer
"Fallin' For You" by Colbie Caillat
"Gimme All Your Love" by Alabama Shakes
1.4 Inversions of Seventh Chords
"Can't Help Falling in Love" by Elvis Presley
"Octopus's Garden" by The Beatles
"Fellow Travellers" by Procol Harum
"Theme of Love" by Nobuo Uematsu
"I'll Make Love To You" by Boyz II Men
Chapter 2: Secondary Chords
Up until this point, the melodies and chords you've learned have been built from the seven scale degrees that make up the major scale. The exclusive use of these notes is the foundation that underlies much of the theory we've discussed so far.
Of course, the truth is that songs do at times use notes that are outside their scale. In this chapter, we'll discuss the first of several important classes of chords that do this. The fact that songs can sometimes use notes outside their scale does not mean the theory you've learned so far is being invalidated. The majority of the songs you hear on the radio really do stick almost entirely to their scale. When notes outside the scale are used, it is often done in very specific ways that reinforce the ideas you've been taught. This chapter will discuss one of the ways this is done and show you how to incorporate these techniques into your own songs.
2.1 The "V of V" chord
"Piano Man" by Billy Joel
"We Are the Champions" by Queen
"Summertime" by Kenny Chesney
"Dreamin' With A Broken Heart" by John Mayer
"Forget You" by Cee Lo
"American Pie" by Don McLean
2.2 The "V of IV" and "V of vi" chords
"Desperado" by the Eagles
"Something" by The Beatles
"Hallelujah" by Leonard Cohen
"Rolling in the Deep" by Adele
"She's Always a Woman" by Billy Joel
"Imagine" by John Lennon
"Hysteria" by Muse
2.3 Inversions of Secondary Chords
"In Your Atmosphere" by John Mayer
"Baby Love" by The Supremes
"Waterloo" by ABBA
2.4 Other Secondary Chords
"Who Says" by John Mayer
"Flaming Moe's" from The Simpsons by Jeff Martin
"Thnks fr th Mmrs" by Fall Out Boy
"Bridge over Troubled Water" by Simon & Garfunkel
"Photograph" by Nickleback
"Where Everybody Knows Your Name" from Cheers by Gary Portnoy
"Life On Mars?" by David Bowie
"Mr. Sandman" by The Chordettes
Chapter 3: Embellishments
In the chapter on seventh chords, you were introduced to one way that the basic chords could be extended to give your musical ideas more complexity. In this chapter, we will learn about several other ways to alter and extend chords that can create some surprisingly beautiful sounds.
3.1 Extended Chords
"The Girl From Ipanema" by Antônio Carlos Jobim
3.2 add9 chords
"Nightminds" by Missy Higgins
"Dreaming of You" by Selena
"3AM" by Matchbox Twenty
"In The Fields" by Doug Hammer
"Nadia's Theme" from The Young and the Restless by Barry De Vorzon and Perry Botkin, Jr.
"My Heart Will Go On" by James Horner
3.3 Suspensions
"My Grown Up Christmas List" By Kelly Clarkson
"Tearin' Up My Heart" by NSYNC
"Ka Nohona Pili Kai" by Keali'i Reichel
"Domino" by Jessie J
"Clarity" by Zedd
3.4 V11
"Valentine" by Martina McBride
"I Just Can't Stop Loving You" by Michael Jackson
Chapter 4: Creative Techniques
So far you've learned a lot about chords, melody, and how they fit together to make a great sounding song. This is a great start, but just because you've been exposed to the theory doesn't necessarily mean you'll able to use it effectively.
There's a lot more to writing a great song than just knowing which chord goes after another. In this chapter we will pause for a moment to discuss some common creative techniques that you can apply using the knowledge you've obtained in earlier chapters (and Hooktheory I) to make music that is more unique and memorable. We hope this will help you unlock some of the potential in the tools that you have at your disposal.
4.1 Energy Control
"Ever Ever After" by Carrie Underwood from the motion picture Enchanted
"Chariots of Fire" by Vangelis
4.2 Deception
"Defying Gravity" from the musical Wicked by Stephen Schwartz
"That's the Way it is" by Celine Dion
"Wonderboy" by Tenacious D
"Break Free" by Ariana Grande
4.3 Harmonic Scope
"Out from Under" by Britney Spears
"Take A Bow" by Rihanna
"E.T." by Katy Perry
"Beautiful Now" by Zedd
Chapter 5: Songs in Minor
Up to this point, the songs we have been learning to write have all been based around the major scale. The set of chords that are formed from the notes in this scale gives rise to a vast and interesting sonic space through which one can explore. It is not, however, the only space available to you as a songwriter to work in. The major scale leads to a home base centered around a chord that is major in quality, and sometimes this sound isn't appropriate for the feel a song is trying to evoke. For many songs it's useful to be able to center your progressions around a different chord, a minor chord instead, for example. In this chapter, we will introduce the minor scale and discuss the techniques that go into writing a great song based around it.
5.1 A New Home Base
"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" in major
"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" in minor
"Paradigm Shift" by Masashi Hamauzu
5.2 Chord Function in Minor Keys
"Here Comes the Sun" By The Beatles
"Mr. Saxobeat" by Alexandra Stan
"Smooth Operator" by Sade
"Same Old Love" by Selena Gomez
"Burn" by Ellie Goulding
"Hello" by Adele
"Sweet Dreams" by Beyoncé
"Somebody That I Used To Know" by Gotye
"Somebody That I Used To Know" by Gotye (in major)
"Wrecking Ball" by Miley Cyrus
5.3 Relating Major and Minor
"All Along the Watchtower" by Jimi Hendrix
"Girls Just Want to Have Fun" by Cyndi Lauper
"Can't Hold Us" by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis
"Thank You" by Dido
Theme from motion picture The Rock by Hans Zimmer
Chapter 6: Modes and Modal Mixture
In the previous chapter, we learned about the new musical possibilities that are opened through the use of the minor scale. We also learned that while the minor scale can be thought of as a separate entity in its own right, it is also useful to understand it as a shifted version of the major scale that begins on scale degree 6.
Of the seven notes in the scale, so far we've studied two of the notes as possible home bases. However, there are five other notes, and any of these notes can be used as the tonal center of a song. There are thus a total of seven possible home bases, and these lead to seven of what are known as "modes": The dorian mode (home base on the 2nd degree of the major scale), phrygian mode (3rd degree), lydian mode (4th), mixolydian mode (5th), minor mode (6th), locrian mode (7th), and the major mode itself (1st).
In this chapter we'll explore some of the common modes used in popular music. We'll look at some examples so you can hear the different feel that modes give a song, and we'll see some of the ways that songs in these modes use chords differently. Lastly, we'll explore the concept of modal mixture, in which a song is not purely and unambiguously in one mode or another. We'll discuss how this is done and listen to examples from real songs.
6.1 Dorian Mode
"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" in the dorian mode
"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" in the minor mode
"Scarborough Fair" by Simon and Garfunkel
"I See You" by Leona Lewis from the motion picture Avatar
"I See You" by Leona Lewis in minor
"Moondance" by Van Morrison
"Mad World" by Tears For Fears
"Mad World" by Tears For Fears transposed to minor
6.2 Mixolydian Mode
"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" in mixolydian
"Clocks" by Coldplay
"It's My Life" by No Doubt
"Highway to Hell" by AC/DC
"Sweet Child O' Mine" by Guns N' Roses
"Born This Way" by Lady Gaga
"The Visitors" by ABBA
"The Visitors" by ABBA (in major with B naturals)
6.3 Modal Mixture
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" by Green Day
"Jar of Hearts" by Christina Perri
"Make You Feel My Love" by Adele
"You Are Not Alone" by Michael Jackson
"Only Hope" by Mandy Moore
"You Don't Know Me" by Ariana Grande
"Let it Go" by the Idina Menzel
6.4 Melody Over Borrowed Chords
"Starman" by David Bowie
"Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen
"Take A Bow" by Madonna
"Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen (♭6 in melody replaced by 6)
6.5 Modal Mixture in Minor
"Hold It Against Me" by Britney Spears
"You Know I'm No Good" by Amy Winehouse
"Ken's Theme" from the video game Street Fighter II
"Before He Cheats" by Carrie Underwood
"Django" by Luis Bacalov from the motion picture Django Unchained
"Kiss from a Rose" by Seal
"Don't Speak" by No Doubt
Soundtrack from the television series Game of Thrones by Ramin Djawadi
"Eleanor Rigby" by The Beatles
"Let It Go" by Idina Menzel from the motion picture Frozen
"Skyfall" by Adele from the motion picture Skyfall
"James Bond Theme" by Monty Norman
"The Sweet Escape" by Gwen Stefani
6.6 Other Modes
"Twinkle Twinkle" in the locrian mode
"The Simpsons Theme" by Danny Elfman from the television series The Simpsons
"Lost Woods" from the video game The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time
"Yesterday" by The Beatles
"Forget You" by CeeLo Green
"Dreaming With a Broken Heart" by John Mayer
"Lovely Rita" by The Beatles
"Gasolina" by Daddy Yankee
"Turn Down For What" by DJ Snake featuring Lil Jon
"Malagueña" composed by Ernesto Lecuona
"Hava Nagila" composed by Abraham Zevi Idelsohn and Moshe Nathanson
"Piano Sonata No. 14", first movement, by Ludwig van Beethoven
"Speak Softly, Love" by Andy Williams
"History" by One Direction
"The Only Exception" by Paramore
"Almost Is Never Enough" by Ariana Grande
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Home > Multicast Routing Protocols - Cisco CCIE Prep
7.1 Multicast Routing Protocols
Just as unicast, multicast has several routing protocols, including distance vector and link state protocols that build multicast route tables to allow Layer 3 devices to forward multicast data to its intended recipients. These protocols enhance the efficiency by which multicast application data is distributed and optimize the use of existing network resources. Generally, multicast routing protocols use one of two techniques to forward multicast data: source trees and shared trees.
When a Source Tree protocol is in use, a tree connects each source within a group to the members of its group. The source tree links create direct paths to join the multicast source to its downstream receiver. Once a source tree exists for a multicast source and it group members, all traffic to the members of the group passes along this tree and flows across the shortest path to the destination host. The Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP), the Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF) protocol and the Protocol Independent Multicast Dense Mode (PIM-DM) protocols use source trees. These protocols are also known as dense mode protocols.
Shared Tree distribution is for sparsely populated multicast groups that may have slow network connections. Shared-tree multicast forwarding paths rely on a central router that becomes a rendezvous point (RP) between multicast sources and destinations. The RP forwards the multicast datagrams through a shared tree to the members of the group. Shared trees use only a single tree between all sources and receivers of a given multicast group. However, a shared tree can be unidirectional or bidirectional.
In Unidirectional Shared Tree distribution, all destination hosts of a multicast group receive the data from a RP regardless of where they are located in the network.
In Bidirectional Shared Tree distribution, destination hosts that are upstream of the RP it can receive data directly from the upstream source, without having to come from the RP.
The Core-based Tress (CBT) protocol and the Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) protocols use shared trees. These protocols are also known as sparse mode protocols.
7.1.1 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP)
The Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP), which is defined in RFC 1075, is a distance vector that is based on RIP. It operates within an AS but not between different ASs. DVMRP is the oldest of the multicast routing protocols and is currently the most widely used. It is also the primary multicast routing protocol in the Multicast Backbone (MBONE), which is used by the research community. DVMRP uses several of the features implemented in other distance vector protocols, including a 32 max hop-count, poison reverse, and 60-second route updates. It also allows for IP classless masking of addresses.
DVMRP enabled routers use a tunnel to establish adjacencies with their neighbor DMRP enabled routers, to share route information, and to forward multicast traffic between DVMRP enabled routers that may, or may not be separated by non-DVMRP enable routers. Once the adjacency is established, the DVMRP route table is created and is exchanged via Route Reports. The route table is similar to a unicast route table in that it contains the Layer 3 IP network of the multicast source and the next hop toward the destination. As a dense mode protocol, DVMRP sends a copy of a multicast packet out all ports on the DVMRP enabled router.
Routers that receive the multicast packets send prune messages back to their upstream neighbor router to stop a data stream if there are no downstream members of the multicast group.
Because of its table structure, DVMRP uses the Source Tree distribution technique, with the source tree based on the information in the DVMRP table. This information is also used to perform the Reverse Path Forwarding check to verify that the multicast data coming into the interface is coming in an interface that leads back to the source of the data.
Because DVMRP operates on the basis of establishing a DVMRP tunnel between DVMRP enable routers, it does not scale well and is only partially supported by Cisco. Usually DVMRP networks are implemented on UNIX machines that are running the mrouted process.
7.1.2 Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF)
Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF), which is described in RFC 1584 as a multicast extension of OSPF, eliminates the need for tunnels such as those used for DVMRP. MOSPF provides fast rerouting and supports VLSM and hierarchical routing within an AS.
As with OSPF, MOSPF can be used to route multicast traffic within a single OSPF area (inta-area), traffic to other areas (inter-area) or to other Autonomous Systems (inter-AS routing).
7.1.2.1 Intra-Area MOSPF
OSPF route information is shared via different LSA types. Link State Advertisements are flooded throughout an area so that all OSPF enable routers have the same topological map of the network. When changes are made to the topology, new LSAs are flooded to propagate the change. In addition to the unicast routing LSA types, in OSPFv2 there is a special multicast LSA (type 6) for flooding multicast group information throughout the area. This additional LSA type required some modification to the OSPF frame format.
Multicast LSA flooding is performed by the Designated Router (DR) when there are multiple routers connected to a multi-access media, such as Ethernet. However, the DR must be MOSF-enabled. Thus, if there are non-MOSPF routers on the same network, their OSPF priority must be lowered so they do not become the DR. If a non-MOSPF router were to become the DR, it would not be able to forward the Multicast LSA to the other routers on the segment.
Inside the OSPF area updates are sent describing which links have active multicast members on them so that the multicast data can be forwarded to those interfaces. MOSPF also uses (S, G) notation and calculates the SPT using the Dijkstra algorithm that is used for calculation of unicast routes. An SPT is created for each source in the network.
7.1.2.2 Inter-Area and Inter-AS MOSPF
All OSPF areas are connected through the backbone, which is known as Area 0. In large networks, having full multicast tables transmitted as updates across Area 0, as well as all the unicast table updates, would cause a large amount of overhead and possibly latency.
Unicast OSPF uses a Summary LSA to inform the routers in Area 0 about the networks and topology in an adjacent area. This task is performed by the area's ABR (Area Border Router), which summarizes all the information about the area and then passes it on to the backbone (Area 0) routers in a summary LSA. The same is done for the multicast topology. The ABR summarizes which multicast groups are active and which groups have sources within the area. This information is then sent to the backbone routers.
In addition to summarizing multicast group information, the ABR is responsible for the actual forwarding of multicast group traffic into and out of the area. Each area has an ABR that performs these two functions within an OSPF network.
OSPF implements Autonomous System Border Routers as the bridge between different ASs. These routers perform much the same as an ABR but must be able to communicate with non-OSPF devices. Multicast group information and data is forwarded and received by the Multicast Autonomous Border Router (MASBR). Since MOSPF runs natively within OSPF, there must be a method or protocol by which the multicast information can be taken from MOSPF and communicated to the external AS. Historically, DVRMP has provided this bridge.
7.1.3 Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode (PIM-SM)
PIM Protocols
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) operates in two compatible modes: as PIM sparse mode (PIM-SM), which operates in sparse mode; and as PIM dense mode (PIM-DM), which operates in dense mode. Each of these modes is defined as a different protocol. PIM-SM is described in RFC 2362 while PIM-DM is described in RFC 3973.
PIM Sparse Mode (PIM-SM), which is defined in RFC 2362, works in the assumption that no hosts want to receive multicast traffic unless they specifically request it. PIM-SM uses Shared Tree distribution, but only in unidirectional mode. Because of this, all multicast sources for any group must register with the router that is selected as the rendezvous point (RP) of the shared tree.
This allows the RP and other routers to establish a RP tree (RPT), which synonymous with SPT in source tree distribution. In addition, PIM-SM allows for the selection of three alternate RP routers as backups for the primary RP in case of failure.
7.1.3.1 PIM-SM Join Tree
PIM Designated Router
In multiaccess segments running PIM, the PIM router with the highest IP address is selected as the PIM designated router (PIM DR). The PIM DR is responsible for sending Join Tree, Prune, and Register messages to the RP.
PIM-SM designated routers (PIM DRs) on end segments join the shared tree when they receive IGMP query messages informing them that a host requests membership of a multicast group. If the existing group entry (*, G) does not already exist in the router's table, it is added to the table and the Join Tree request is sent to the next hop toward the RP with multicast address 224.0.0.13 requesting the multicast group. When the next hop router receives the Join Tree request it either adds the interface to the shared tree and discards Join Tree request if an entry for (*, G) exists in its table; or It adds an entry for the (*, G) group and adds the link to the forwarding cache, and sends its own Join Tree request toward the RP.
7.1.3.2 PIM-SM Prune
Multicast group members also use IGMP when they want to leave a group. When the last member on a segment leaves the group, the router removes the interface from the forwarding cache entry and then sends a
Prune request to the next hop toward the RP. The prune message includes the (*, G) group to be removed. If there is another router with active group members connected to the router requesting the Prune, it is removed from the outgoing interface list and the Prune message is discarded.
7.1.3.3 PIM-SM Configuration
You can view the PIM multicast routing (Mroute) table by using the show ip mroute command. This command lists the multicast groups (*, G) for PIM-SM, the RP, and the incoming and outgoing interfaces for the group.
Cisco recommends that you use ip pim command with the sparse-dense-mode keyword when configuring PIM. If the multicast group is running in sparse-mode, i.e. with a known RP, the interface will be treated as sparse-mode.
You can specify the RP by using the ip pim rp-address command, in which rp-address is the IP address of the RP. This command tell the router who the RP is.
Alternatively, you can use Auto-RP to have the RP announce its services to the PIM network. However, Auto-RP requires a RP mapping agent which must be configured by using the ip pim send-rp-discovery command. In smaller networks, the RP can be the mapping agent. In Auto-RP, the candidate RPs send their announcements to RP mapping agents using the multicast address 224.0.1.39. The RP mapping agent then selects the RP for a group, based on the highest IP address of all the candidate-RPs and sends RP-discovery messages to the rest of the PIM-SM routers in the internetwork, with the selected RP to group mappings. To use Auto-RP, you must configure a RP mapping agent using the ip pim send-rp-discovery command, and you must configure the candidate RPs with the ip pim send-rp-announce command.
You can also configure a PIMv2 Bootstrap Router (BSR), which is described in RFC 2362, to automatically select an RP for the network. In BSR, you configure BSR candidates (C-BSRs) with priorities from 0 to 255 and a BSR address. C-BSRs exchange bootstrap messages to multicast IP 224.0.0.13, i.e., to all PIM routers. If a C-BSR receives a bootstrap message, it compares it with its own. The largest priority C-BSR is selected as the BSR. You can use the ip pim bsr-candidate interface hash-mask-len pref to configure candidate BSRs. Once the BSR is selected for the network, it collects a list of candidate RPs. The BSR selects RP to group mappings, which is called the RP-set, and distributes the selected RPs using bootstrap messages sent to 224.0.0.13.
7.1.4 Protocol Independent Multicast Dense Mode (PIM-DM)
Protocol Independent Multicast Dense Mode (PIM-DM), which is defined in RFC 3973, supports classless subnet masking and uses it when the router is running a classless IP unicast protocol. PIM-DM uses Source Tree distribution, which does not require the selection of a RP. PIM-DM routers establish neighbor relations with other PIM-DM routers. It uses these neighbors to establish a SPT that is used to forward multicast data through the network. Like PIM-SM, PIM-DM uses RPF to verify that the interface leads toward the source.
7.1.4.1 PIM-DM Flooding
When a multicast source transmits data, PIM runs the RPF using the unicast route table to verify that the interface leads toward the source. It then forwards the data out all other interfaces to all its PIM neighbors.
The PIM neighbors then forward the data out all other interfaces to its PIM neighbors. This happens throughout the network whether there are group members on the router or not and allows the data to reach all segments. Every router runs the RPF when it receives the multicast data.
7.1.4.2 PIM-DM Pruning
After the initial flooding through the PIM neighbors, PIM-DM performs pruning to optimize the SPT. Since the data has been forwarded to every router, regardless of group membership, the routers must now prune back the distribution of the multicast data to routers that actually have active group members connected.
There are four criteria that merit a prune message being sent by a router.
The incoming interface fails the RPF check
No directly connected active group members and no PIM neighbors (Considered a Leaf router)
Point-to-point non-Leaf router receives a prune request from neighbor
LAN non-Leaf router receives a prune request from another router and no other router on the segment overrides the prune request.
If any of these criteria are met, a prune request is sent to the PIM neighbor and the SPT is pruned back.
7.1.4.3 PIM-DM Grafting
PIM-DM is also capable of forwarding multicast data once a previously inactive interface becomes active. This is accomplished through a process called grafting. When a host sends and IGMP group membership report to the router, the router then sends a Graft message to the nearest upstream PIM-DM neighbor. Once this message is acknowledged, multicast data begins to be forwarded to the router and on to the host.
7.1.4.4 Configuring PIM-DM
You can configure PIM-DM with the ip pim dense-mode command; however, Cisco recommends that you configure PIM with the sparse-dense-mode keyword rather than the dense-mode keyword unless the interface must run strictly in dense mode.
7.1.5 Core-Based Trees (CBT)
Core-Based Tree (CBT), which is described in RFC 2189, and CBTv2, which is described in RFC 2201, are sparse mode multicast protocols that use Shared Tree distribution, but only in bidirectional mode. Since CBT uses a Shared Tree system it designates a core router that is used as the root of the tree, allowing data to flow up or down the tree. CBT constructs a single shared tree for all sources and members of the group instead of a single tree for each source-group pair. It sends multicast traffic for the entire group over the same tree, regardless of the source. Senders do not need to be members of the group and group membership is dynamic.
If a source to a multicast group sends multicast data to the CBT enabled router, the router then forwards the data out all interfaces that are included in the tree, not just the interface that leads to the core router. In this way, data flows upstream and downstream from the source. Once the data gets to the core router, the core router then forwards the information to the other routers that are in the tree.
A CBT router joins the tree once a host sends an IGMP Membership Record to the directly connected router. The router then sends a Join Tree request to core router. If the request reaches a CBT tree member first, that router will add the leaf router to the tree and begin forwarding multicast data.
Pruning the tree is done much the same way. Once there are no more active members on a router's interfaces, the router will send a Prune request to the upstream router. The answering router will remove the interface from the forwarding cache if it is a point-to-point circuit, or it will wait for a timer to expire it if is on a shared access network. The timer gives enough time for other CBT routers on the segment to override the prune request.
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Driving further up the river you'll get at the factor where on earth you'll be protrusive your travelling. It's present that you'll get your prime penchant of rafting. Each raft has one teacher who sits at the backmost of the raft, helps you debar rocks, cracks jokes, ensures refuge and in nonspecific makes secure you have a extreme occurrence. Your teacher will transitory you all on the basics, which embrace things approaching paddling, lunging to one on the side and actuation relatives posterior into the float if they decline out (which can and belike will fall out). You get plentitude of unplanned to run through all these property as you sympathetically receive your way downfield a yearlong unflappable speckle of the river.
After one and all in your raft is self-assured beside the skills, it's time to hit your initial rapids! This is unequivocally the most electrifying part of the pack and what makes populace go backmost for more than. It's a indisputable vasoconstrictive heave as your raft is down finished the rapids, you can consistency the momentum of the hose as you inflammation up and feathers and side to haunch next to all dip and swing of route. The instructors do a terrible job of abidance you on the apposite pedestrian area though you'll have to assist them out when they need it, many fast paddling is requisite to get through with both of the tough symptom.
As you skipper more fuzz the river, you'll get to savor a lot more electrifying rapids that truly get the bosom going. Sometimes they can be so unabated that nation crash out or mountain snotty-nosed over, this isn't extraordinary and the instructors will perked you if you need to choose up somebody that went overboard. The venture factor is all segment of the exhilaration but at no produce does it barbarous breakneck. The energy (or ordering) of the stream changes all through the year but will e'er snap you several deeply offensive sections of light h2o.
The largest part of the voyage lasts for a small indefinite amount of hours up to that time the watercourse flattens out and you get the luck to have a bit of fun with the new rafts, i.e. spattering them next to your oars or throwing their educator in the hose down. You may as well get the fortune to fly off quite a few incredibly advanced rocks or soar downward sections of the watercourse out of the raft (this is when you'll be glad you're in a wetsuit).
After loading the heaps onto the trailers, you'll chief subsidise up to the fix in place for a well-earned barbeque. By this time you should be exhausted, fair managing to stop in the raft all day can be herculean work! After a number of laughs and a few concluding libretto it's event to leader household. You get the opportunity to buy photos interpreted of your rafts, which is a good touch, albeit a a little bit dear one.
Going fuzz the rapids is a truly amazing go through and one that you'll be raving mad going on for for weeks. White water rafting comes outstandingly advisable for any person impermanent Christchurch and looking for thing exciting to try.


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Voice of America, 00-06-07
Voice of America: Selected Articles Directory - Previous Article - Next Article
From: The Voice of America <gopher://gopher.voa.gov>
[01] NATO / HUMAN RIGHTS (L) BY LAURIE KASSMAN (LONDON)
[02] RED CROSS / KOSOVO (L ONLY) BY GORDON MARTIN (GENEVA)
[03] YUGO SHOOTING (L ONLY) BY IRENA GUZELOVA (BELGRADE)
[04] BULGARIA'S COMEBACK BY ED WARNER (WASHINGTON)
[05] NY ECON WRAP (S&L) BY ELAINE JOHANSON (NEW YORK)
[06] WEDNESDAY'S EDITORIALS BY ANDREW GUTHRIE (WASHINGTON)
DATE=6/7/2000
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-263255
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: The human rights group, Amnesty International, is accusing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO, of violating international law during its 1999 military campaign against Serb forces in Kosovo. V-O- A Correspondent Laurie Kassman in London reports NATO adamantly denies the charges.
TEXT: The 65-page Amnesty report looks at several NATO attacks on civilian targets during the 1999 Kosovo campaign and concludes they violated international human rights conventions. Amnesty spokesman John Tackaberry describes NATO's bombing of the Serb radio and television headquarters as a war crime. Sixteen civilians were killed in the attack. Amnesty also lists NATO raids on a railroad bridge and on a refugee convoy.
/// TACKABERRY ACT ///
In this particular report, we are looking at the context of a conflict in which the Geneva conventions which protect rights of civilians and non-combatants were violated, and that's the context.
/// END ACT ///
Mr. Tackaberry told V-O-A that Amnesty also criticizes air raids from thousands of meters above the target, which Amnesty says made it harder to protect civilian lives.
/// OPT TACKABERRY ACT ///
We're calling for NATO forces to adopt stricter interpretations of the rules of war, clearer command structure to ensure these things don't happen again, and to look at the rules of engagement in ways that ensure that the forces in the air know what's happening on the ground.
/// END OPT ACT ///
NATO rejected Amnesty International's conclusions as baseless and unfounded. NATO's Deputy spokesman Mark Laity:
/// LAITY ACT ///
Amnesty used their absolute right, which we would never deny, but we disagree with their conclusions.
Mr. Laity told V-O-A the International War Crimes Tribunal carried out its own probe and told the U-N Security Council it is satisfied there was no deliberate targeting of civilians or unlawful military targets during the bombing campaign. Mr. Laity says NATO made every effort to minimize civilian deaths. He says in a few cases, mistakes were made that led to civilian deaths, but they should be viewed in the context of a campaign of 10-thousand bombing strikes.
/// REST OPT ///
Hindsight is a wonderful thing, but a sense of proportion is even better. I think the very few incidents show that we did adhere to international law and were scrupulous in the rules of engagement we imposed on our air crews.
NATO's spokesman insists the allied coalition took action against the Serb forces to stop war crimes, not to commit them. (Signed)
NEB/LMK/JWH/JP 07-Jun-2000 09:36 AM EDT (07-Jun-2000 1336 UTC)
INTRO: The International Committee of the Red Cross (I-C-R-C) says more than three-thousand people are still missing in Kosovo a year after the war ended there. Gordon Martin in Geneva reports the Red Cross has published a book listing the names of the missing people.
TEXT: In the past two years -- before, during, and after the NATO bombing campaign -- the Red Cross was asked by families to trace nearly five-thousand missing relatives, most of them ethnic Albanians. So far, it has determined the fate of nearly one- thousand-600 of them. Most were in Serbian jails. Almost 200 were confirmed dead. But that leaves three-thousand-368 still unaccounted for. The Red Cross says just over two-thousand of those still missing were reportedly arrested by Yugoslav forces or abducted by Serb civilians. The Kosovo Liberation Army or Kosovo Albanians reportedly abducted about 370. But there is no information whatsoever about the remaining 980 or so. The Red Cross operations chief in the region, Andreas Wigger, says there probably are people who know where many of these missing people are.
/// WIGGER ACT ONE ///
And it is exactly for that purpose that we have done this book -- that these people are not forgotten, that the families know there is an organization which cares for these people, which tries to find out to the very last name what happened to them so that the families can begin their process of either mourning, or that they know where they are, and we can organize a family reunion.
Mr. Wigger says it took a great deal of effort for the Red Cross to compile detailed accounts about the way in which these people disappeared.
/// WIGGER ACT TWO ///
And this is very elaborate work, because you have to go and ask families in all the villages, and to see that they really give the relevant information, the witnesses and all that, that you have as complete a picture of the circumstances of disappearance as possible, so as to make a very strong case also when you go then in front of the authorities in Belgrade or in Pristina. So this has been the heavy bulk of the work after the war, and besides that there, to our deep regret, this phenomenon of disappearance, it continues. And, we have still about 300 cases in the book, which are reported that they have disappeared after the war.
The Red Cross official appeals to authorities in all countries involved to study the list of missing persons.
/// WIGGER ACT THREE ///
I know it is not about reconstruction, it is not about institutional building, and it has the tendency that it is forgotten by most of those responsible for the reconstruction. But we from the I-C-R-C are trying really to put that into the center of attention and we hope that there those responsible on a political level, that they think of their own families and therefore they make an extra mile and an extra effort to look into that.
Mr. Wigger acknowledges that many of those missing may have been killed, but that cannot be known until after the long process of exhuming mass graves. (Signed) NEB/GM/JWH/ENE/JP 07-Jun-2000 12:38 PM EDT (07-Jun-2000 1638 UTC)
INTRO: The national security advisor to the president of Montenegro has been shot dead outside his home in the capital, Podgorica. Irena Guzelova reports from Belgrade.
TEXT: The victim, Goran Zugic, was one of the most trusted advisors to Montenegrin President Milo Djukanovic. He was killed when an unknown assailant fired two bullets into his head late Wednesday night. Police have not yet found any suspects. The circumstances surrounding the murder are similar to a number of unsolved assassinations of public figures in Belgrade. However, it is the first incident of its kind in Montenegro, the smaller of the two Yugoslav republics. The shooting comes just ten days before crucial local elections, which are being seen as a possible indictor of the republic's shifting political mood. The elections will be held in the coastal town of Herceg Novi and the capital, Podgorica, on June 11th. Montenegrins fear the killing may be an attempt by authorities in Belgrade to spread instability into the small republic. Mr. Zugic was known to have handled sensitive information and was eager to calm tensions between Serbia and Montenegro -- which has taken a series of unilateral moves to distance itself from Belgrade. Earlier in May, Montenegrin police and the Yugoslav army staged joint military exercises to show tensions had eased. In December, there was a tense stand-off between the police and army at Montenegro's main airport. But many Montenegrins fear that authorities in Belgrade may begin to stir-up tensions ahead of the elections. They are concerned that the authorities in Serbia are trying to drive a wedge between Montenegro's south, where the majority support Mr. Djukanovic's pro-Western government, and the republic's north, where Belgrade can count on the support of the pro-Serb party, knows as the S-N-P. The campaign leading up to the local elections has become increasingly bitter. The S-N-P has joined forces with the ruling parties in Serbia. It accuses the Montenegrin police force of recruiting foreign mercenaries. The Montenegrin government accuses the S-N-P of trying to build a greater Serbia and of trying to destabilize the republic. (Signed) NEB/IG/JWH/ENE/KL 07-Jun-2000 13:18 PM EDT (07-Jun-2000 1718 UTC)
TYPE=BACKGROUND REPORT
NUMBER=5-46453
INTRO: In a meeting with a U-S Senate delegation this week, Bulgarian Prime Minister Ivan Kostov said his country is striving to be a positive model for southeastern Europe. Bulgaria is well on the way to achieving that status, say analysts, who are encouraged by the progress the Balkan nation has made in the last three years. VOA's Ed Warner has this report on the dramatic transformation of a state that was once a subservient client of the Soviet Union.
TEXT: It ranks among the most under-reported stories in Europe, says Janusz Bugajski, director of East European Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington. He is referring to the impressive progress he believes Bulgaria has made since a new government took office in April 1997:
/// BUGAJSKI ACT ///
The government under President (Petar) Stoyanov and Prime Minister (Ivan) Kostov has introduced major economic reforms, which were delayed for several years by the socialists. They have also managed to stabilize the economy, which had been run into the ground with a lot of corruption and mismanagement under the previous administration. Compared to a few years ago, there is a substantial degree of economic progress, a bigger international role for Bulgaria, and I think you could say it is one of the success stories in the Balkans.
In a speech in Sofia last month, Stanley Fischer of the International Monetary Fund said he is optimistic about Bulgaria, as long as it sticks to (follows) its bold reform program. He noted that a newly established currency board has curbed inflation and that more than twelve hundred (1,225) privatization deals, involving steel and fertilizer production, oil refining and airlines, were completed last year. Reform comes at a price. Mr. Fischer said privatization has brought cutbacks and layoffs, contributing to a nineteen per cent unemployment rate. But as the new enterprises gear up, jobs will reappear. Mr. Fischer also said too many insiders have profited from privatization, leading to charges of corruption and a recent cabinet reshuffle. Privatization has been politicized, agrees Charles Movit of Planecon, a Washington-based economic consulting firm specializing in Eastern and Central Europe and the former Soviet Union:
/// MOVIT ACT ///
A lot of the assets did go to the current managers of the enterprises. They did not really bring a great deal of capital or modern know-how to the purchases, as these companies have reached a point where they are either losing money or stagnating because they are undercapitalized. That remains a task now: how do we privatize these companies so that they do have some dynamism going forward?
Other analysts say democracy seems well established in Bulgaria with a return to autocracy out of the question. They acknowledge that popular approval of the government has dropped with the slowing of the economy, and Prime Minister Ivan Kostov is more respected than loved. But his government is expected to win next year's election with a reduced margin. Bulgaria's Socialist Party, formerly Communist, is still the nation's largest. It enjoys considerable support, says Boian Koulov, a political geographer from Bulgaria:
/// Koulov act ///
But the party itself has changed quite a lot, particularly in its last Congress, which took place a month ago. They have the same goals as the other parties, and it is just in the ways and means to achieve those goals that they differ from other parties. So it is regular democracy, I would say. The Socialist Party has turned into a normal party.
In contrast to the rest of the Balkans, Bulgaria has also achieved ethnic peace. The Turkish minority that was persecuted under Communism has benefited from democracy. A Turkish party sits in parliament and may join the government coalition. Bulgarian textbooks have been revised to give more space to the Turkish contribution. Teachers are sent to Turkey to improve their language skills. There is close cooperation between the Orthodox Church and Islam. Ties with Russia are no longer so close, says Mr. Bugajski of Washington's Center for Strategic and International Studies:
This new democratic government - Union of Democratic Forces - has actually broken away from the traditional Bulgarian reliance and dependence on Russia. This government is trying to create a very solid foundation for its membership both in NATO and the European Union and is treating Russia really as a normal partner (instead of the) dominant power in the country or in the region.
Mr. Bugajski and others say it is important for the West to encourage this trend by continuing economic aid to Bulgaria. That will benefit the West along with Bulgaria, says Mr. Koulov, the political geographer:
Bulgaria is now very high in the interest of the West with its geographical position and political stability. So a lot of the infrastructural projects - the roads, railroads, telecommunications, oil and gas - are priorities both for Bulgaria and the West. Bulgaria is going to be one of the future routes for the oil and gas from the Caspian Sea to the European market.
Bulgaria is also destined for membership in the European Union and NATO, says E-U foreign policy chief Javier Solana, who notes the country has "unambiguously chosen a European and Euro-Atlantic perspective." (Signed)
NEB/EW/ENE/KL 07-Jun-2000 16:16 PM EDT (07-Jun-2000 2016 UTC)
INTRO: U-S stock prices moved higher today (Wednesday). But the session was overshadowed by concern over the number of investors who are still sitting on the sidelines, thinking -- among other things -- about the impact of higher interest rates. V-O-A correspondent Elaine Johanson reports from New York:
TEXT: The Dow Jones Industrial Average went up 77 points, less than one percent, to 10-thousand-812. The Standard and Poor's 500 index closed 13 points higher -- about one percent. And the Nasdaq composite gained over two percent. Once again, concerns about interest rates hovered over Wall Street. The market was able to move higher. But the volume was light -- a trademark of the U-S stock market lately. Many experts consider high volume -- at least a billion shares traded -- key to a sustained rally.
/// BEGIN OPT ///
Analyst Art Cashin says the market has no direction and, in a sense, lacks credibility, with such a relatively small number of investors participating:
/// CASHIN ACT ///
Volume equals validation, as far as we're concerned down here. We really need to see it get up into that billion-plus area several days in a row, particularly when the rallies are going. They look like they want to do it. They haven't been able to put it together yet.
/// END OPT ///
Activity slackened even more in the last hour, as Wall Street waited for the decision in the Microsoft anti- trust case, which came out after the close of trading. Microsoft has vowed to appeal the government's break- up plan.
American and Delta Airlines are said to have held preliminary talks that include the possibility of a merger. But analysts are skeptical. They say the two airlines would face huge regulatory obstacles. American is also said to be considering an acquisition of Northwest Airlines. The experts like this move better. They say it would give American those Pacific air routes that it now does not have. Also talking are British Airways, Europe's largest airline, and K-L-M Royal Dutch Airlines. British Air would like to acquire K-L-M. Both are losing market share to rivals like Lufthansa of Germany and Air France. A marriage between British Air and K-L-M would create the world's third largest airliner, after United and American. Ten of the world's top stock exchanges have announced they are planning to create a 24-hour, 20-trillion share global market. The project will control 60 percent of the world equity market, and will compete directly with the Nasdaq-backed I-X, which is the planned merger of the London and Frankfurt exchanges. The plan, being led by the New York Stock Exchange, would include the Tokyo and Australian stock markets, as well as those in Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam, Hong Kong and Mexico -- among others. (signed) NEB/NY/EJ/LSF/JP 07-Jun-2000 17:10 PM EDT (07-Jun-2000 2110 UTC)
TYPE=U-S EDITORIAL DIGEST
EDITOR=ASSIGNMENTS
TELEPHONE=619-3335
INTRO: Assessments of President Clinton's European trip, especially his two days of meetings in Russia, continue to appear in the nation's editorial columns. Another popular topic is a recent report on terrorism, along with a Supreme Court ruling limiting the rights of grandparents to see grandchildren. Also coming in for a share of attention is the Korean summit meeting, the coup in Fiji, and more calls to reassess relations with Cuba. Now, here with a closer look at those and other editorials, is ___________ and today's Editorial Digest.
TEXT: We go first to the Pacific region, to Hawaii's Honolulu Star Bulletin, which makes the point about the disagreement between the United States and Russia over U-S anti-ballistic missile defense plans:
VOICE: Although good relations are important, Russia is in no position, either economically or legally, to block such proposals by [President] Clinton or his successor. /// OPT /// ... [President] Putin may be looking past [Mr.] Clinton to the next U-S president in considering any amendment to the A-B-M treaty. ... [He] ... may be grasping at any reason to delay the decision, over which Russia has little if any negotiating authority; the 1972 treaty was with the Soviet Union, which no longer exists. Meanwhile, Russia is trying to cope with a wretched economy that will make it dependent on the West for the foreseeable future. /// END OPT ///
TEXT: Today's Chicago Tribune contrasts the relatively limited accomplishments of the just- concluded meeting between the U-S and Russian presidents with the kind of "heart-stopping" summits of the past.
VOICE: The world no longer holds its collective breath when the leaders of these two nations meet -- and for that we can all be thankful. For most of the last half of the 20th Century, a delicate balance of terror between the U-S and the Soviet Union held the world in the thrall of Mutual Assured Destruction [M-A-D]. Summits were everything. ... Now when Russia and the U-S meet, it is no longer potentially earth shattering. It is business.
TEXT: In a related commentary, today's Milwaukee [Wisconsin] Journal Sentinel cheers the news that Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma is promising to finally shut down the Chernobyl Nuclear power station, site of history's worst nuclear accident, by December of this year.
VOICE: The decision was announced ... while President Clinton was paying a brief visit to the country. To help with the closedown ... [Mr.] Clinton offered 78-million dollars to help pay for a 750-million dollar project to rebuild and stabilize a structure covering the ruined reactor, an unspecified sum to promote economic development in the area and two-million to improve safety at Ukraine's four other nuclear power plants. This aid is an investment in safety. The 1986 Chernobyl disaster spewed 200 times as much radiation as the atomic bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War Two.
///END OPT ///
TEXT: Although the threat of a global nuclear war may have eased, experts say there is still a terrorist threat, and a newly released assessment of that threat is drawing comment. The Cleveland, Ohio Plain Dealer notes:
VOICE: The United States is not doing enough to guard against terrorism, the bipartisan National Commission on Terrorism has told Congress. Recommendations as to just what should be done take up much of the commission's report. Some of the suggestions can be realized quickly. Others present political dilemmas involving nominal allies. Still others raise valid concerns about individual rights. All carry a hard edge of urgency.
TEXT: The Dallas Morning News says that, while the threat exists, "the tone of some of these [Commission on Terrorism] proposals is highly troubling," adding:
VOICE: The recommendation to expand military authority in the United States to supplant domestic law enforcement agencies is an affront to basic civil liberties. So too is the idea of monitoring foreign students in the United States simply because they are not American born. ... Congress shouldn't ignore the terrorist threat that gave rise to the commission, but it should resist the commission's more sweeping solutions as a bad trade of fundamental civil liberties for a deceptive sense of security.
TEXT: Also in the state of Texas, The Houston Chronicle is noting the threat of what it calls "a self-styled activist" on the Mexican border who has placed a bounty of 10-thousand dollars on any U-S Border Patrol agent. The man, Carlos Ibarra Perez, was angered by the recent killing of an illegal Mexican immigrant by a Border Patrol officer. Says the Chronicle:
VOICE: Mexican officials and activists expressed concern about [Mr.] Ibarra's threats, and investigations apparently have started on both sides of the border. They should be pursued until citizens of the United States and Mexico are satisfied. Neither country can condone any possibility of terror along the border.
TEXT: A Supreme Court decision, giving parents the right to limit their children's visits with grandparents, continues to draw comment. The court struck down a Washington State law that allowed any person, not just relatives, to gain court-ordered visitation rights with children. In Maine, the Portland Press Herald says the decision was: "a measured and reasonable ruling on an extremely emotional issue." The Chicago Tribune says of the Washington State statue that was struck down:
VOICE: ... a textbook example of lawmakers letting unfiltered sentiment override a sound and absolutely fundamental principle: that decisions about a child's contact with outsiders, including relatives, are the sole province of parents.
TEXT: To Asia now, where the two Koreas are about to hold a historic summit meeting for the first time since the armistice ended fighting in 1953,and this comment from The Kansas City [Missouri] Star.
VOICE: Expectations are not high for next week's summit between the leaders of North ... and South Korea. Technically, the two countries remain at war ... Still, the mere fact of the summit is encouraging, given that leaders of north and south have never met since the country was divided a half-century ago. ... /// OPT /// Is North Korea genuinely interested in charting a new course? The South Koreans -- and Washington -- should remain open but skeptical.
TEXT: Moving to the South Pacific region, where hostage-taking and revolts are suddenly in the news. We read a warning in today's Pittsburgh Post-Gazette that these events, however isolated from developments elsewhere in the world, are serious business.
VOICE: Although it is unfolding in a small, idyllic place far from the United States, the coup being staged in Fiji should not be dismissed /// OPT ///as an isolated comic-opera affair. /// END OPT /// Its cause is distressingly familiar -- racism -- and its poisonous example of violence has now been followed elsewhere ... On the island of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, where U-S Marines once fought valiantly, rebels on Monday seized the prime minister in a coup attempt that was reminiscent of what occurred in Fiji on May 19th. It is not yet clear what the outcome will be. ... /// OPT /// The Fijian rebels are attempting to depose the nation's first ethnic Indian prime minister, Mahendra Chaudhry ... an echo of the ugly bias that once led Idi Amin to expel Indians from Uganda -- threatens both its [Fiji's] reputation and ... prosperity. /// END OPT ///
TEXT: Turning to events in the Western Hemisphere, the Post and Courier of Charleston, South Carolina joins a growing list of newspapers suggesting the lifting of America's almost 40-year economic embargo on Cuba.
VOICE: ... [South Carolina Republican] Representative Mark Sanford's bill to end travel restrictions on Americans who want to visit Cuba and legislation to allow the sale of food and medicines to Cuba would pass if common sense prevailed in Congress. But strong anti-Castro sentiment in Congress, reflecting the viewpoint of the politically powerful Cuban-American community, could doom [it].
TEXT: The Los Angeles Times comments on the ongoing conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea and says there have been "No Winners in This `Victory.'"
VOICE: After two years of brutal fighting, Ethiopia has declared victory in its war with Eritrea, but the Eritreans disagree and the fighting continues, both sides driving civilians from their homes in a hapless conflict in the Horn of Africa. ... What's needed is a cease- fire and a negotiated settlement that clearly demarcates the disputed territory and spells out the obligations of both governments toward a peace.
TEXT: Domestically, Vice President Al Gore continues to draw criticism from conservative newspapers because of allegations that he is a slum landlord. A woman living with her family in a dilapidated house on his Tennessee farm, with backed up toilets and decaying floors, complained to a local television station for help. After the broadcast, Mr. Gore was quick to respond and is repairing the house. However the incident leads the Washington Times to editorialize:
VOICE: There seems to be no limit to Al Gore's compassion when it comes to spending taxpayer's money on the theoretical high-tech needs of poor children in general. But when it comes to real children, he is actually obliged to serve -- by a rental agreement, if not by his high-minded principles -- suddenly he becomes much more stingy. ... Before Mr. Gore presumes to lecture the nation about funding his revolutionary ideals across the country, perhaps he should start living up to them at home.
TEXT: With that comment, we conclude this sampling of comment from Wednesday's U-S press.
NEB/ANG/JP 07-Jun-2000 11:30 AM EDT (07-Jun-2000 1530 UTC)
voa2html v2.03a run on Thursday, 8 June 2000 - 1:15:51 UTC


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1) For starters: The church at Philippi began in the place of prayer. That was due to Lydia, you will recall. Our team dares to do nothing without intensive prayer. We will pray, as a team, twice daily (as often as we eat). And, as you know, we have printed a prayer itineraryfor you all to use. Why? "We have this treasure in earthen jars of clay so that the surpassing greatness of the power might be of God and not of us."
9:42 AM I was back in Rom. 1:14 for my devotions this rainy morning. Paul says, "I am debtor." Note that he did not say, "I owe a debt." One can always pay off a debt. But beinga debtor goes much deeper than that. It is part of our very nature. It's something we are, not just something we do. Paul is saying that we are never without obligation to serve every man or woman whom we have an opportunity to serve. If anyone could have claimed to be a creditor instead of a debtor, it was the apostle Paul. BUT HE NEVER TRIED TO IMPRESS OTHER PEOPLE WITH HIS SUPERIORITY. Like his Savior, he served with all humility. That's because pride always closes the door to effective service.
12:04 PM I had to chuckle, albeit it uneasily, when I read Lionel Woods latest post calledBattle Ram Christianity, simply because I have been guilty of it so often. I really believe that God opposes the proud because pride is an enemy of our highest usefulness in His service. How often are my "gifts" poisoned by the pride of the giver. You may remember that I have a lot to say about this in my forthcoming book on discipleship, which is really an autobiography of sorts. In any case, you'll enjoy -- uneasily perhaps -- what Lionel has to say.
10:13 AM Chuck Baldwin writes about the GOP implosion in his latest essay titledConservatives Lost More Than An Election. Be sure not to miss his peroration.
By the way, for what it's worth you can read more about my thinking on this topic here:Redestined to Be a 4-Point Missionist. Better yet, read Acts 1:8.
9:24 AM At the ETS/SBL conferences this year, Logos Bible Software is having a super saleon numerous textbooks, including one of my own.