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Galanthus samothracicus
Posted on 23rd January 2016
I spent a few days on Samothraki, a mountainous and beautiful island in the NE corner of the Aegean, between 18 and 21 January. I was there to study a recently described snowdrop species (Tan et al. 2014*), imaginatively named G. samothracicus, which is morphologically similar to G. nivalis but apparently distinct from it.
A large population of Galanthus samothracicus just starting to flower near Ano Meria, Samothraki, 20/1/16.
There is much to be said about the status of this putative new species but I recognise that the more arcane aspects of this discussion will be interesting to very few. I've therefore relegated the discussion to the end of this post and below I simply report my observations on the wild populations I saw, for what they are worth.
Layers of vegetation at various elevations on Samothraki.
The rocks on Samothraki are a mixture of igneous granites and metamorphic schists, with some chunks of limestone thrown in for good measure. The highest peak on the island, Saos, is 1611m tall, the tallest mountain in the Aegean, if you exclude Evia (Euboea) and Crete. The slopes of the mountains are very steep and the numerous streams that flow off them cascade over spectacular waterfalls for much of their length. At the base of the mountains, however, is a wide 'skirt' of gently sloping, fertile land, on which all the island's habitation and agriculture is crowded. The streams flow in wide, meandering, rocky beds across this flat area.
Plane trees lining the wide, boulder-strewn bed of the Xiropotamos River.
Plane trees, especially in the north and east of the island, form large, open woodlands over seasonally flooded or very wet forest. At higher elevations, the increasingly steep slopes are covered with a mixture of evergreen and deciduous oaks and maples, and conifers come in to the mix higher still.
Plane Tree on the banks of the Fonias River, Samothraki.
The snowdrops occur not on the relatively rare limestone, as one might expect, but in sandy and gravelly soil, along rivers and in wooded pastures, with granite and schist boulders. The soil is much enriched by leaf litter. Tan et al. report a maximum elevation of 100m for G. samothracicus but I found two populations at 135m. Above this elevation, the slopes become rapidly steeper and it is possible that there is no suitable habitat for snowdrops at higher elevations but I would like to spend longer exploring higher on the mountains to be sure.
Thousands of snowdrops were poised to emerge under the leaf litter near Therma, Samothraki, 18/1/16.
I stayed on the north coast, at the village of Therma, which is named for the hot springs that emerge from the base of the high mountains that dominate the island's topography. Tan et al. (2014) report that G. samothracicus flowers between January and February in the wild and that it is abundant in several locations around Therma from sea level to at least 80m. I was puzzled initially, therefore, that I couldn't see any snowdrops at all. Cyclamen hederifolium was abundant, finished flowering but with wonderfully variable leaves, and an Arum species (possibly A. elongatum) was thrusting up through the plane leaf litter. There was no sign of snowdrops. Eventually I scraped away a bit of the leaf litter with my toe and there were the snowdrops, all still below the leaves but above ground, waiting for warmer weather (the daytime temperature had hovered around freezing for the preceding few days). It seemed, again, I'd come too soon.
Cyclamen hederifolium, Therma, Samothraki, 18/1/16.
Arum sp. emerging, Xiropotamos River, 19/1/16.
The following day was sunny, though still cold, and I decided to investigate the Xiropotamos river, in the south of the island, where Tan et al. had reported another series of populations. Again, though there seemed to be plenty of good habitat, there were no snowdrops visible until I came across a small patch of them just starting to flower, under plane trees at the base of a steep, west-facing bank. Quite why this little group, all within 10m of one another, had emerged earlier than the rest of the population, I do not know.
Galanthus samothracicus, just starting to flower, Xiropotamos River, Samothraki, 19/1/16.
The flowers at this site were all tightly closed in the cold air and the plants few, so I decided to move on a third site, the village of Ano Meria, in the east of the island. Here, at an elevation of 135m, I found two populations, the largest of which comprised several thousand plants and occupied about a quarter of a hectare at the edge of a fenced pasture under predominantly deciduous oak trees. The smaller population was also flowering at the margins of a field, again with shade from deciduous trees. Although these populations were also in the very early stages of flowering, with most clumps barely emerging, they were well ahead of the lower elevation population near Xiropotamos (80m) and even further ahead of those at Therma (sea level to about 50m).
Galanthus samothracicus, near Ano Meria, Samothraki, 19/1/16.
The first thing that struck me about the snowdrops was their small stature. Granted, they were still in the process of emerging but none of the scapes were more than 13cm tall and many were shorter than 10cm. The flowers were positively diminutive. The outer segments ranged between 14mm and 21mm in length in a small sample I measured. The inner segments of the same sample varied from 8mm to 11mm. These measurements are within the range reported by Aaron Davis for G. nivalis, but definitely on the dainty side.
Blue-glaucous leaves of Galanthus samothracicus, near Ano Meria, Samothraki, 19/1/16.
The leaves were conspicuously blue-glaucous, erect at first but soon spreading, with linear sides and decidedly blunt (obtuse) tips.
An inconspicuous paler stripe was visible in many cases down the middle of the adaxial (upper) surface. The vernation was unambiguously applanate in all cases.
Applanate vernation, flat leaf margins and tips, slight pale median strip. Galanthus samothracicus, Xiropotamos River, Samothraki, 19/1/16.
The leaf margins and tips were typically absolutely flat, whereas in G. nivalis they are often slightly revolute, especially at the leaf bases. The abaxial (lower) surfaces were slightly longitudinally grooved, as is often also the case in G. nivalis.
Slight longitudinal grooves on abaxialleaf surfaces. Galanthus samothracicus, Xiropotamos River, Samothraki, 19/1/16.
According to Tan et al., the leaves turn shiny green as they age, unlike G. nivalis, in which the leaves remain glaucescent. In some cases, the glaucous coating was already being abraded away. The leaves ranged in width from 5mm to 9mm and there was a noticeable difference between the populations near Ano Meria and Xiropotamos. The former were much narrower, typically being between 5mm and 6mm wide in the middle of the leaf. Those from Xiropotamos were typically 8mm to 9mm.
Twin scapes. Note also glaucous surface abrasion. Galanthus samothracicus, near Ano Meria, Samothraki, 19/1/16.
The outer segments had rather short claws in most cases, and were deeply concave, with bowed backs and quite elegant. Quite a few individuals showed a tendency for one of the segments to reflex and 'fly away', in the manner of the cultivar Galanthus nivalis 'Egret'.
Reflexed outer segment. Galanthus samothracicus, near Ano Meria, Samothraki, 20/1/16.
The inner segments, roughly triangular in shape, had a single green mark at the apex, with the green generally 'bleeding' slightly into the segment. In a few individuals the side margins and base of the segments also had a slight green tinge, but this was rare. The mark varied in shape from an inverted-U to a hump-backed bridge. In some cases the basal edge of the mark was more-or-less straight. The sinus (notch) at the apex of the inner segments was conspicuous. Too few flowers were fully open for me to gain a good impression of the variation in the shape of the markings but I noticed rather little variation, in comparison with other snowdrop populations. I should like to return on another occasion, later in the season, to examine more plants.
Typical inner segment marking. Galanthus samothracicus, near Ano Meria, Samothraki, 20/1/16.
The plants were conspicuously clump-forming and many clones had built up into clumps containing dozens of bulbs. A relatively large number of plants had two scapes per bulb, a phenomenon I have not observed very frequently in G. nivalis.
Twin scape plant. Galanthus samothracicus, near Ano Meria, Samothraki, 19/1/16.
Is G. samothracicus a good species? I don't know! There are certainly subtle morphological differences between the snowdrops on Samothraki and the many, variable populations of G. nivalis I have seen, though it's hard to put one's finger on exactly what these are. Other evidence cited by Tan et al. (see below) is highly suggestive but I will be fascinated to see DNA sequencing results in due course.
Discussion for galanthonerds of the status of G. samothracicus.
Systematics, the business of classifying living organisms, is a profoundly provisional science. There are no truths to be found in its academic journals, only hypotheses. This is not a criticism. On the contrary, a defining feature of science is its willingness to abandon failed hypotheses when new ones, fitting the evidence better, come along. Plant systematists get a lot of stick from gardeners who don't understand that taxonomy (the applying of names to organisms) must reflect systematics, unless we want our system of names for organisms to diverge slowly from our best understanding of the relationships among them.
The goal of systematics has become, especially since the advent of technology enabling the rapid and cheap sequencing of large chunks of DNA, the elucidation of the evolutionary history of organisms. All organisms share a single common ancestor: we are all cousins, related however distantly. The implication of this profound biological fact is that there exists a single true, fabulously complex history of life on earth and it is the ambition of systematics to reconstruct this history – a phylogeny, in the jargon – using evidence available today.
As organisms diverge, so differences in their DNA blueprints accumulate. By counting the number of differences in certain relatively short DNA sequences in closely related organisms, molecular phylogeneticists build up a hypothetical family tree of the group of organisms they are studying. There are many hazards involved in this approach. The sections of DNA chosen for analysis (with plants, two fragments are commonly sequenced, one from the cell's nucleus, the other from its chloroplasts) may not have diverged in a manner that accurately reflects the evolution of the group. It is likely that the group's evolutionary history, especially in plants, will not resemble a tree but rather a river delta, with lineages merging, though hybridisation events, as well as diverging in speciation, violating the assumptions of the analysis. Most systematists are well aware of these pitfalls and try to allow for them statistically but their conclusions are always tentative and always subject to revision, as more evidence comes to bear.
As the title of the most thorough recent analysis* of the relationships among Galanthus species puts it, snowdrops are 'slowly falling into place'. We now have a pretty convincing hypothesis, well supported by several complementary strands of evidence, for the general shape of Galanthus evolutionary history. But we need to remain humble and open to different interpretations of the data. Three species: G. nivalis, G. elwesii and its close cousin G. gracilis, all of which occur over wide ranges, are poorly understood and future research is likely to result in their rearrangement into several 'new' species, no doubt to howls of outrage from people who really liked the old names and want to preserve them. The opposite problem, when multiple names are coined for what turns out to be a single species, is more common or was, in the days before botanists had email.
Of course, we remain lamentably ignorant about the number of species with which we share the earth and their distributions over its face. New species are being discovered and named all the time. Just as phylogenies are hypotheses, so are new species. A botanist publishes a name, with a description and some justification and awaits the verdict of her peers. Often there is disagreement, frequently obeying the dictum that disputes in the academy are often vicious because they are about matters of virtually no consequence. I do not think it is widely understood that the 'validity' of a species is a matter of consensus among botanists, not a question of biology. It's very like English law, where the legal status of a particular thing is defined by the consensus among practicing judges. Unfortunately, in biology as in law, many of the judges really aren't in a position to render a meaningful verdict and ought, therefore, to remain silent, but don't.
Which brings me, finally, to the main subject of this post, the recently described Galanthus samothracicus*. Several populations of snowdrops were found in 2006 by Burkhard Biel, growing at low elevation on the Greek island of Samothraki in the north east Aegean. Morphologically, these plants were similar to G. nivalis but with some subtle differences in leaf shape and flower markings. Individually, these differences were modest but they added up to something distinctive.
In addition to these morphological differences, the plants on Samothraki have a considerably smaller genome size (the total amount, measured in picograms, of DNA in the cell nucleus) than G. nivalis. Comparisons were made with G. reginae-olgae and with G. x valentenei nothosubsp. subplicatus, the helpful name for natural hybrids between G. plicatus and, putatively, G. nivalis. The hybrids occur in Turkish Thrace. Intriguingly, the genome size of the Samothraki plants, about 52pg, suggests to me a resolution to the puzzle of the second parent of G. x valentenei. If the second parent were G. nivalis, one would expect a genome size for the hybrid of about 64pg, the average of G. plicatus (55.5pg) and G. nivalis (72pg). In fact, G x valentenei nothosubsp. subplicatus has a genome size of 54.4pg, which is neatly close to the average of G. plicatus and G. samothracicus. This hypothesis that G. samothracicus is a parent of G x valentenei nothosubsp. subplicatus is also biogeographically satisfying, especially if other populations of G. samothracicus are found on the Turkish island of Gökçeada and on the mainland of Turkish Thrace. Further research needed, as they say!
The paper's authors concluded that the Samothraki plants did not belong with any of the biogeographically plausible accepted species. For some reason, they regrettably did not consider G. gracilis (of the form that occurs in NE Greece) as a potential close relative. Morphology is often a poor guide to relatedness. For example, G. peshmenii and G. cilicicus are both close relatives of G. elwesii, despite much more closely resembling G. reginae-olgae and G. nivalis respectively.
Unfortunately, no attempt was made to conduct a molecular phylogenetic analysis, which could provide convincing evidence of the plants' affinities. Pending the results of such an analysis, I think we have to remain agnostic regarding the status and affinities of this fascinating snowdrop.
Frost and mist on the beautiful island of Samothraki, 18/1/16.
* Tan, K., Biel, B. & Siljak-Yakovlev, S. (2014) Galanthus samothracicus (Amaryllidaceae) from the island of Samothraki, northeastern Greece. Phytologia Balcanica, 20(1): 65 – 70.
**Rønsted, Nina, et al. (2013) Snowdrops falling slowly into place: an improved phylogeny for Galanthus (Amaryllidaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 69: 205–217.
Posted in SnowdropsTagged Arum, Cyclamen, Cyclamen hederifolium, featured, Galanthus samothracicus, Greece, Samothraki
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Lance leads Steelpipe's market activities and has particular responsibility for key client relationships including identifying and developing new opportunities.
Joining in 1987, Lance has carried out a wide range of roles across Steelpipe's activities. These have included laying pipe, sales and sales leadership roles.
This diverse experience allows him a unique understanding of client needs and he is well placed to provide tailored solutions to meet individual client or project requirements.
Because of his long association with the industry, Lance has an in-depth knowledge and understanding of our clients and similarly our supply chains. This knowledge and expertise is a vital asset in his role as GM Business Development.


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Imagine a World Without Hate - Yitzhak Rabin
In Tribute & In Memory
March 1, 1922 - November 4, 1995
Yitzhak Rabin was an Israeli Prime Minister and winner of the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize for his attempts to achieve a lasting peace with the Palestinian Authority. Born in Jerusalem on March 1, 1922, Rabin started his Israeli military career as a volunteer, and would go on to serve a distinguished 27-year career in the armed services, culminating his career as Chief of Staff in the Israel Defense Forces. Following his retirement from the army, he was appointed Israeli Ambassador to the United States. Returning to Israel in 1973, Rabin became active in the Labor Party and was elected Prime Minister in 1974. He served two terms in office, from 1974-77 and from 1992 until his assassination in 1995. Rabin was the first native-born Prime Minister of Israel.
In 1993, the world was surprised by news that Israel and its long-time adversary, the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), had been engaged in secret negotiations in Norway. On September 13, 1993, Rabin joined PLO leader Yasir Arafat and President Bill Clinton on the White House Lawn to sign the launch of a historic Israeli-Palestinian peace process, the so-called "Oslo Process." The PLO agreed to end terrorism and recognize Israel's right to exist. Israel recognized the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people. Rabin, who had spent much of his life as a military defender of Israel's security, became a committed advocate for Israeli-Palestinian reconciliation. In 1994, Rabin was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize together with then-Foreign Minister Shimon Peres and Yasir Arafat.
On November 4, 1995, Rabin appeared at a large peace rally in Tel Aviv, joining the singing of "Shir L'Shalom" (Song for Peace). Minutes later, as he was leaving the rally, an Israeli Jewish extremist, Yigal Amir, jumped out of the crowd and shot Rabin. Less than an hour later, Rabin was pronounced dead at a Tel Aviv-area hospital. Fueled by extremist views, Amir claimed his actions were justified because Prime Minister Rabin had "betrayed" the Jewish people by making peace with the Palestinians.
Rabin was mourned by millions of people around the globe. At his funeral, President Bill Clinton delivered one of the eulogies, ending with the Hebrew words "shalom, chaver" (goodbye, friend). Yitzhak Rabin was a champion for peace and remains a symbol for hope, peace and partnership.
Daniel Pearl
James Byrd Jr.
Matthew Shepard

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Home Free Essays Society Social Issues Social Mobility
Causes of Social Mobility
Geographical Causes-: The peculiar Geographical Conditions pay vital role in Social Mobility in certain country. The people migrate from the area where the geographical condition are conducive for them. The migrate to those areas or countries where the geographical conditions considered are to be good. e.g. in extreme winter the people of that area comes to plain cities. Political and Economic Causes-: if there are conducive and suitable Politico-Economic conditions the people take active part in the process of social Mobility. The position and status of the individual continues to change with progress of the country. That…...
Extent to Which Social Stratification Is Usefull and Inevitable in Society
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We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal. With these familiar words of the Declaration of Independence, the founders of America established social equality as a guiding principle. Yet for almost a century after the document was signed, slavery was common in much of the United States, and legal infringement of the rights of women and black Americans continued for almost two centuries. Today,the "Inalienable right" to "life,liberty,and pursuit of happiness" is still not…...
Stratification and Social Mobility
Inequality exists in all societies, sociologists concern themselves with social inequality including social status, economic benefits and power. Stratification, in particular social stratification is different. Stratification reveals that inequality is rife in society and the inequality is likewise structured in the type of strata. In Britain there are lots of varying class stratification systems, two of these class stratifications are the Hindu Caste System and the Social Class System. Class stratifications vary from each other greatly. One difference is that…...
Education and Social Mobility
Historically, due to our post-colonial background, that of the plantation society, education was just managed to the white, upper class people. In order to establish and reinforce a hierarchy of power and ownership, wealthy capitalists made sure premium education for their children, while actively excluding members of the lower classes from this luxury. Due to the caste system, trainees or individuals are stratified, where individuals from non- traditional school have less opportunity for social mobility, solely due to truth that…...
Social Class and Straification
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First published 1990 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2001. © 1990 Peter Saunders All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in…...
The Great Gatsby: Social Mobility
Social movement is the primary result of the American Dream, which itself is a concept that seems easy, however is strangely difficult to define. At the root of it, is the sense of a society's greed for success acquired by difficult work, honesty, and modesty. If in fact this Dream were in the reach of anyone, then society would exist as a community where "all guys are developed equal" and everybody would have the opportunity of social movement by doing…...
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Żmijowa – szczyt w Grupie Żurawnicy w Beskidzie Małym. Mapa Compassu podaje wysokość 585 m, na dokładniejszej mapie Geoportalu widać jednak, że Żmijowa ma dwa szczyty o wysokości 591 m (zachodni) i 534 m (wschodni).

Żmijowa to niewybitne wzniesienie znajdujące się w centralnej części pasma, w jego głównym grzbiecie, pomiędzy Gołuszkową Górą (715 m) na zachodzie a Prorokową Górą (584 m) na wschodzie. Jej północne, w większości zalesione stoki, schodzą ku dolinie Tarnawki, natomiast południowe, w znacznej części pokryte polanami, opadają ku źródłowej części doliny potoku Błądzonka.

Przez szczyt Żmijowej, głównym grzbietem pasma, biegnie czerwono znakowany Mały Szlak Beskidzki. Na przełęczy między Żmijową a Prorokową Górą jest kapliczka, a rejon przełęczy to pola uprawne, dzięki temu z przełęczy oraz z podejścia na Żmijową rozciąga się panorama widokowa. W północnym kierunku widoczna są Śleszowice, Tarnawska Góra, grzbiet Leskowca z Jedlicznikiem, Jaszczurowska Góra i Suszyce. Bardziej na wschód, za doliną Skawy  widać Jaroszowicką Górę, Działy Stryszowskie i Żar. Na południe widoki na Beskid Żywiecki i Makowski.

 Szlaki turystyczne
  odcinek: Krzeszów – stoki Żurawnicy – przełęcz Carchel – Gołuszkowa Góra – Żmijowa – Prorokowa Góra – Zembrzyce

Przypisy

Szczyty Beskidu Małego

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While our newly planted Arctic® apple trees aren't producing fruit just yet, we had just enough Arctic® fruit to send a few sample boxes to some eager apple lovers over the past month.
Journalist Emily Waltz was the very first to receive samples, and she and her children really put them to the test! As she explains in a post on NY Times' "Motherlode" website, they passed with flying colors (well, mostly white)!
Some Arctic® Golden slices were served at a potluck next to conventional Golden Delicious slices, and as the photographic evidence shows, attendees had a clear preference.
Food Science Professor John Coupland ran an informal experiment of his own, making some Arctic® applesauce to compare with conventional applesauce. Unfortunately, he forgot to label them! Perhaps you can spot which one's made from Arctic® apples??
Plus, that's just a small sampling of those who, er, did some sampling! We'll be sharing lots more feedback via our @ArcticApples Twitter account so everyone can live vicariously through others until Arctic® apples are readily available.
We wish we could share samples with everyone, after all, but luckily, we'll have increasing amounts of apples available each year going forward now that Arctic® apples are approved, and that's certainly another thing we're thankful for!!
I am a shareholder of Intrexon & it is my largest holding. It is very exciting to watch this new engineered technology applied to food sources to reduce waste and artificial preservatives. Would love to try these apples. Can I buy them anywhere yet. I live on Long Island.
If they are not available for purchase yet I would love to try a sample. Home address is 61 Meadow St., Garden City, NY 11530.
Thanks so much for your interest in sampling our nonbrowning Arctic® apples! We are all out of samples from our 2015 harvest, unfortunately, but hope to have some small test market quantities available in 2017.
We hope you'll keep an eye on our website and social media channels for updates on availability, and please feel free to email us at info@okspecialtyfruits.com if you ever have any questions or would like an update!


On Tuesday 15 September 2015, Bart de Smit has been appointed as professor of Algebra and Number Theory at the Mathematical Institute of Leiden University.
In 2015 the Pascalchair of the Faculty of Science, Universiteit Leiden and in particular of Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, is held by Prof. Dr. Natasa Jonoska, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA.
Today it was made public that Hendrik Lenstra has been appointed by the Dutch Royal Academy for Sciences (KNAW) as 'Akademiehoogleraar' (Academy Professor). The Mathematical Institute congratulates him, and is very honored to have him as part of its staff.
As of November 1st, Peter Grünwald has been appointed professor Statistical learning on a new chair hosted by both the Mathematical Institute and the Leiden Institute for Advanced Computer Science (LIACS).
Vera van Noort, professor in Computational Systems Biology at the KU Leuven (Belgium), is appointed holder of the rotating chair "Van der Klaauw Professor" for the year 2015-2016 at the Institute of Biology. Holders of the chair bring inspiring research and teaching in theoretical biology to the University.


My main job is to make handmade seramics.
My cousin has told me I can share my photo on FC.
FC is a big family with members from all over the world, photographers. I think I made the right decision and listened to her.
Happy to be here with you all.
Thank you so much Dear Kuzicigim for your wonderful card.
Dear Ayse, I wish you and your loved ones a wonderful Christmas Season and for the New Year good health, peace and happiness !!!
Seasons greetings and I wish you good health, love and happiness in the New Year!! Hope all is well with you - miss your photos !!
I am sorry I missed your birthday, I hope you had a very special day with lots of treats.
Hello Aishe, thank you so much for your nice comment. Our little dog was really VERY ill and we are happy, that she is slowly recovering!
Thank you so much, dear Ayse!
Thank you very much for the lovely comment Ayse and have a good weekend.
Have a very nice sunday.


Family Friendly An easy grade, filled with twist and turns under pines.
Spicer Link is a great asset for the Porirua community. It takes hikers enjoyably between Raiha Street and the Spicer Botanical Park.
Spicer Link is two-way trail, shared with walking, running, and mountain biking traffic. Most traffic will be seen heading in the southern direction, as it helps form a loop with The Doctor and Tumeke.
You can access the trail from either Raiha Street in the north, or Spicer Botanical Park by Broken Hill Road at the southern end.


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RICKMANSWORTH ACADEMY
£3.3m
Form of Contract
JCT 2016 D&B
Utilising the existing foundations, a new 11 classroom, film and media and drama hall was constructed using a SIPS timber frame system. The existing drama hall was retained and converted into a sixth form study space. At the entrance to the school a new reception building was formed improving the security of the school. The double height foyer also acts as a teaching or assembly space that has state of the art projection equipment. The building is heated using heat exchangers and heater batteries fed from a dedicated plant room within the building. The social study space has glazing to its entire length allowing natural light to flood the area allowing students to relax and study while using the dedicated café facilities.
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One of the new components in Java 1.1 is the PopupMenu: a menu that automatically appears when you press the appropriate mouse button inside of a component. Which button you press depends on the platform you're using; fortunately you don't have to care.
The care and feeding of a PopupMenu is basically the same as any other menu. You use a different constructor (PopupMenu()) to create it, but otherwise, you build a menu and add elements to it the same way. The big difference is that you don't need to attach it to a MenuBar, and consequently don't need to worry about putting the MenuBar in a Frame. Instead, you call add() to add the PopupMenu to any component.
The PopupColorMenu applet contains three buttons. You can use a PopupMenu to set the color of each button or the applet itself, depending on where you press the mouse. (Setting the color of the applet also sets the buttons' colors). Figure 11.6 shows the applet in action; the user is preparing to change the color of the right-most button.
Because the popup menu is triggered by mouse events, we need to register a MouseListener. In our call to addMouseListener(), we create an anonymous inner class based on the MouseAdapter. In this class, we override the mousePressed() method to display the popup menu when we get an appropriate event. How do we know what an "appropriate event" is? Fortunately, we don't need to worry about the specifics of our user's platform; we just need to call the event's isPopupTrigger() method. If this method returns true, we know the user has done whatever normally displays a popup menu on his system.
Once we know that the user wants to raise a popup menu, we figure out which component the mouse is over by calling getComponentAt(), with the coordinates of the mouse click (given by e.getX() and e.getY()). Then we display the popup menu by calling its show() method, again with the mouse coordinates as arguments.
The only thing left is to handle the action events from the popup menu items. As in our earlier example, we use a helper method called makeMenuItem() to register the applet as an action listener for every item we add. The applet implements ActionListener and has the required actionPerformed() method. This method reads the action command from the event, which is equal to the selected menu item's label by default. It then sets the background color of the selected component appropriately.


text:
Flare Gas Capture Set to Culminate
TEHRAN (Shana) -- Recently, Minister of Petroleum Javad Owji oversaw the signing of eight contracts for gas gathering east of the Karoun River. The minister said then that flare gas gathering projects would be completed before the 13th administration bows out.
NIGC CEO:
Iran, an Influential Gas Exporter
TEHRAN (Shana) -- Gas production in Iran and supplying consumer and stakeholder needs inside and outside Iran has opened new horizons in the Iranian gas industry. To that effect, Iran has extensive plans in coming years to export gas to regional nations. A case in point is Iran's gas swap deal with Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan, which is considered important by National Iranian Gas Company (NIGC). Majid Chegeni, CEO of NIGC, tells "Iran Petroleum" that a variety of scenarios are being planned for Iran to enhance its share of global gas trading with a view to getting a significant share in the world energy mix.
FM Spokesman:
Iran Selling Oil in World Markets
TEHRAN (Shana) – The spokesman of the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said all crude oil allocated to the export sector would be sold in world markets.
Iran joins Club of Welded Ball Valves Repairers
TEHRAN (Shana) -- The CEO of the National Iranian Gas Company (NIGC) announced that Iran has joined three other countries with the knowledge of repairing fully welded ball valves in different types and sizes.
Iran Wins Lawsuit against French Firm
TEHRAN (Shana) -- The CEO of Iranian Gas Engineering and Development Company (IGEDC) announced the €39 million ruling of the International Court of Arbitration in favor of Iran, and added that Iran has won a legal lawsuit with the French company Sofregaz.
MOGC Fully Realizes Production Plan
TEHRAN (Shana) -- The CEO of Maroon Oil and Gas Production Company announced the 100% fulfillment of the company's production plan for the calendar year of 1400 which ended on March 20.
Gas Production to be Resumed at Salman Platform Soon
TEHRAN (Shana) -- The production manager of the Iranian Offshore Oil Company said: "After repairing the damaged gas pipeline from Salman field to Siri and Assaluyeh islands, the production and transfer of natural gas from the joint field will be resumed within the next month."
Iran Gas Consumption at 238 bcm in 1400
TEHRAN (Shana) -- The National Iranian Gas Company (NIGC) announced a 5 billion cubic meters increase in natural gas consumption of the country in the calendar year of 1400 which ended on March 20 compared to the preceding year.
Owji Receives Advisor to Armenian Prime Minister
TEHRAN (Shana) – Iranian Minister of Petroleum Javad Owji met with the Advisor to the Prime Minister of Armenia on Monday to discuss cooperation in the field of energy.
Iran Reserves Right to Develop Arash Joint Gas Field
TEHRAN (Shana) -- Reacting to the newly announced agreement between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait regarding the Arash/al-Dorra joint gas field, the Foreign Ministry spokesman said: "Iran reserves the right to develop this joint gas field."
Russia-Ukraine Tensions, Lose-Lose Policy for Energy Market
TEHRAN (Shana) -- The Director General of OPEC Affairs and Relations with the Energy Communities Department of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum called the continuation of tensions between Russia and Ukraine a loss-loss policy for the energy market and stressed the importance of global energy security.
Iran Keen on Gas Export to Neighbors
TEHRAN (Shana) – The CEO of the National Iranian Gas Company (NIGC) voiced Iran's preparedness to export natural gas to its neighbors such as Turkey, Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, etc.
Bidboland Persian Gulf Gas Storage Facility, Wharf Launched
TEHRAN (Shana) -- The facilities and storage tanks for export products and the independent wharf of Bidboland Persian Gulf Gas Refining Company were officially commissioned in the southwestern city of Mahshahr.
50% Rise in Output of Ilam Gas Refinery
TEHRAN (Shana) -- The CEO of the Iranian Gas Engineering and Development Company, during a visit to the development project of the second phase of Ilam Gas Refinery, emphasized on accelerating the operation of different parts of the strategic project.
New-Generation Turbo-compressor built in Shurijeh Gas Storage Project
TEHRAN (Shana) -- MAPNA Group has built a new turbo-compressor in Shurijeh gas project.
Iran, Iraq Discuss Gas Ties in Doha
TEHRAN (Shana) -- The Iranian and Iraqi oil ministers discussed ramping up Iran's gas exports to Iraq and settling Iraq's gas debt to Iran in a meeting in Doha, Qatar.
Iran, Russia, Azerbaijan Stress Enhanced Gas Cooperation
TEHRAN (Shana) -- The oil and energy ministers of Iran, Russia and Azerbaijan discussed gas cooperation on the sidelines of the meeting of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF).
Owji: Iran Able to Supply Neighboring, European Countries' Gas Demands
TEHRAN (SHANA) -- Iranian Minister of Petroleum, Javad Owji, said on Tuesday we frequently announced Iran's necessary capacity to provide neighboring and European countries with their needed gas during the Sixth Summit of Heads of States and Government of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF).
Owji: Iran Ready for Gas Swap with GECF Member States
TEHRAN (SHANA) – Iranian Minister of Petroleum, Javad Owji, announced that Tehran is prepared to trade natural gas and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) with members of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) through various ways including swap, transit and other common methods.
GECF 6th Summit Concludes
TEHRAN (SHANA) -- The Sixth Summit of the Heads of State and Government of Member Countries of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) was held on Tuesday, February 22, 2022 in Doha, Qatar and ended with the endorsement of the Doha Declaration.
Mozambique Joins GECF as Observer Member
TEHRAN (SHANA) – The member states of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) agreed on Monday to admit Mozambique as observer member.
Iranian Petroleum Minister Addresses GECF Extraordinary Meeting
TEHRAN (SHANA) – Iran's Minister of Petroleum, Javad Owji, delivered a speech to the Extraordinary Ministerial Meeting of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) held on Monday in Doha, Qatar.
No Surrender to Gas Rivals
TEHRAN (Shana) -- A three-nation gas swap contract signed by Iran, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan recently took effect in late December. The contract signed on 28 November 2021 on the sidelines of the 15th ECO Summit calls for the supply of 1.5-2 bcm a year of Turkmen gas to Azerbaijan via Iran's soil.
2001C Bu Ali Sina Petchem Reservoir Commissioned
TEHRAN (Shana) -- The 2001C tank of Bu Ali Sina Petrochemical Company, which was destroyed in a fire in 2016, was put into operation in a ceremony attended by the CEO of the Persian Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company (PGPIC).
Iran Daily Gas Transmission Capacity by 10 mcm
TEHRAN (Shana) -- The CEO of the Iranian Gas Engineering and Development Company (IGEDC) announced that with the operation of the company's new projects, the daily gas transmission capacity of the country has increased by 10 million cubic meters.
Russian Firms to Expedite Iran Oil Projects: Official
TEHRAN (Shana) -- Mehran Amir Moeini, Deputy Director of Marketing and Gas Operations of the International Department of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) said: "Given the progress it has made in the gas sector, including large-scale projects, especially in deep-water, drilling technology and project financing, Russia can facilitate implementation of projects such as the development of gas fields, liquefied natural gas (LNG) plants and construction of pipelines in deep water projects in Iran by transferring these experiences to the country."
Owji: Iran, Russia to make Good Decisions in Gas Trade
TEHRAN (Shana) – Iranian Minister of Petroleum Javad Owji explained the highlights of his meeting with Russian officials, and said: "Good decisions have been made in the field of gas trade, which can lead to transformation in the region."
Iran to Export Energy Services to Europe
TEHRAN (Shana) -- Iranian Gas Engineering and Development Company (IGEDC) has signed a memorandum of understanding with a European company for engineering services and construction of gas transmission lines, gas pressure boosting facilities and development of gas storage tanks.
Innovation Diplomacy on MOP Agenda: Deputy
TEHRAN (Shana) -- The Deputy Petroleum Minister for International Affairs and Trading said: "After the signing of the gas swap agreement, attractive proposals were made by some countries in the region, which we are pursuing. If these proposals lead to signing of a contract, a good thing will happen in the field of energy diplomacy."
Turkmen Gas Swap Operation Launched
TEHRAN (Shana) -- Turkmenistan gas swap agreement from Iran to Azerbaijan came on stream on Saturday, January 1, 2022.


Thanks to the Schwan's man, I had a carton of Summer's Dream languishing in my freezer. If you haven't tried it yet, it is pretty yummy. They blend vanilla ice cream with orange sherbet and package it frozen under the title of Summer's Dream.
I decided to try whip up a pie using a recipe in the Schwan's catalog as a starting point. I tweaked it just a bit and ended up with a delicious pie that even Captain Cavedweller liked (which is really saying something!).
It was very simple and easy to make. Having the patience to wait until it was frozen and ready to eat was the biggest challenge. Especially for those of us who are patience-challenged.
Scoop softened Summer's Dream into your prepared pie crust, just covering the bottom and sides.
Drain Mandarian Oranges. Captain Cavedweller likes to drink the juice and then I don't feel like I've just poured something delicious down the sink.
Scoop Summer's Dream into cream cheese and whipped cream mixture. Add in Mandarin oranges and blend together.
I skipped a few steps here as the ice cream was melting way too fast in our hot house. Pour mix into pie pan. Freeze for three hours (or longer) and garnish with whipped cream, Mandarin oranges and a sprig of mint if you want to get all fancy-pants. Which I did. And it was yummy.
Substitution Note: If you don't have a Schwan's man who brings deliciousness to your door, you can easily mix three cups of vanilla ice cream with three cups of orange sherbet. If you don't feel like making fresh whipped cream, a tub of frozen whipped topping works just as well. If you aren't a lazy slug like me, you can mix crushed graham crackers, a spoon of sugar and melted butter to make the crust. Pat into a pan and refrigerate 30 minutes before pouring in the filling.
While ice cream is softening, drain the oranges and set aside.
If you buy a small package of cream cheese, use it all. If you are cutting a large package in half, use three ounces. Beat it until it is light and fluffy then add in whipped cream.
Spoon softened ice cream into crust. Use just enough to cover the bottom and up the sides – probably about 1 1/2 cups. Scoop the remaining 3 1/2 cups into the cream cheese mixture along with the can of oranges. (Reserve a few orange slices for garnish, if you wish).
Pour into the crust and freeze for three hours. Remove from freezer, slice and serve with a dollop of whipped cream and an orange slice for garnish.


University launches a shared database providing access to finding aids and guides for the university's archival and manuscript collections.
Archivists from the four University of Nebraska campuses have collaborated to launch Nebraska Archives Online, a shared online database that provides access to finding aids and guides for the university's unique archival and manuscript collections. Through the work of the University of Nebraska Consortium of Libraries (UNCL), Nebraska Archives Online meets a longstanding need to provide a one-stop portal to these collections. It's a resource meant to engage the public's curiosity and improve the research process for students or anyone with a research need. The materials in each of the NU archives are available for anyone to use.
Nebraska archives have helped students working on class projects, someone researching their neighborhood, administrator looking for a policy document, genealogist seeking a piece of information about an ancestor. In order to help people reach these goals, archivists create finding aids or guides to the thousands of collections in the University of Nebraska's archives and special collections repositories. Now these guides are collected together in one portal, Nebraska Archives Online.


text:
The Breakfast Club (Infinite Sky)
There Is No Compromise on Slavery
By TMC in Politics
Every reasonable American, who hasn't been brainwashed by the bigots who still celebrate the Confederacy and the Civil War, knows that war was fought over slavery. To suggest otherwise is just flat out bigotry. On Monday, White House Chief of Staff General (ret.) John F. Kelly appeared on the premier of right wing host Laura Ingraham's Fox show. The discussion turned to the Civil War and the recent move to remove memorials to the men who betrayed the United States by taking up arms to defend slavery. Kelly response was appalling. He made the specious claim that the war could have been avoided by compromise
Kelly on Monday night explained the Civil War's genesis by saying "men and women of good faith on both sides" took a stand based on their conscience.
"Robert E. Lee was an honorable man," Kelly said, adding: "The lack of an ability to compromise led to the Civil War."
The host of CBS "The Late Show" Stephen Colbert questioned what Kelly meant by lack of compromise:
"What do you mean there was a lack of compromise?" Colbert asked during his show. "The Civil War happened because of compromise: the Missouri Compromise, the Three-Fifths Compromise. You're a general and you don't know why the Civil War happened? What do you think caused World War II, a zoning issue?"
"Maybe I'm being unfair, and maybe a lack of compromise really was at the heart of the Civil War," the host continued, dictating a historical "letter" from a "Confederate soldier" that read:
"We keep saying, maybe we could just have slaves like Monday, Wednesday, Friday? And they're all like, nah. And we're like okay, what about every other weekend? But they won't give us any slaves. They're being total Nazis about this."
"Or maybe, Kelly knows better, and is just being willfully ignorant," Colbert said. "Because as the chief of staff, he's now forced to defend the positions of an idiot."
An very insightful commentary on Kelly's lack of knowledge on the cause of the Civil War came from Charles Pierce at Esquire Politics
I was most interested in Kelly's tacit endorsement of "compromise" as both an all-purpose solution for all national problems and as a manifestation of a uniquely American genius. This literally was the first point made by the late Shelby Foote in the first episode of Ken Burns' series on the Civil War, a television masterpiece that has grown quite pale with age. As (David )Blight, (Ta-Nehisi) Coates, and a half-dozen other people have pointed out, most of the compromises in this context were balanced on the bleeding backs of millions of enslaved black people. In fact, there's no better example in history that compromise-qua-compromise does not mean progress than how instrumental the retrograde Compromise of 1850 was in destroying the Missouri Compromise, which was no real bargain in and of itself.
Moreover, to accept Kelly's interpretation of these events would require you to believe that there was an untapped reservoir of virtue in the Southern politicians of the time. You would have to believe that they would have abandoned their dream of maintaining slavery and expanding it south and west. You'd also have to believe they were willing to surrender the power over the national government that the Three-Fifths clause gave them. No politician ever born would have been willing to give up those kind of advantages, and those Southern politicians least of all.
Even Abraham Lincoln felt this, if he didn't act on it immediately. He put paid to Kelly's whole argument at Cooper Union in 1860.
The question recurs, what will satisfy them? Simply this: We must not only let them alone, but we must somehow, convince them that we do let them alone. This, we know by experience, is no easy task. We have been so trying to convince them from the very beginning of our organization, but with no success. In all our platforms and speeches we have constantly protested our purpose to let them alone; but this has had no tendency to convince them. Alike unavailing to convince them, is the fact that they have never detected a man of us in any attempt to disturb them.
These natural, and apparently adequate means all failing, what will convince them? This, and this only: cease to call slavery wrong, and join them in calling it right. And this must be done thoroughly – done in acts as well as in words. Silence will not be tolerated – we must place ourselves avowedly with them. Senator Douglas' new sedition law must be enacted and enforced, suppressing all declarations that slavery is wrong, whether made in politics, in presses, in pulpits, or in private. We must arrest and return their fugitive slaves with greedy pleasure. We must pull down our Free State constitutions. The whole atmosphere must be disinfected from all taint of opposition to slavery, before they will cease to believe that all their troubles proceed from us.
In more recent times, "compromise"—or, more exactly, "bipartisan compromise"—has become one of those conjuring words that create good feeling and very little else. As the late Molly Ivins used to say, democracy is a tool. You can use it to build a house, or you can hit your thumb with a hammer. The same can be said for compromise. It's a tool. It can be constructive or destructive, and, in the long view of history, one has to conclude that the compromises leading to the Civil War were little more than the foundation for the destruction to follow. "Compromise" as an airy goal to be pursued without an appreciation of the consequences has embedded a terrible ambivalence in our history—and an awful kind of amnesia into the bargain.
But the best comments on Kelly's ignorance and pandering to Trump's racist base cam e from Grio's Roland Martin:
"I need John Kelly to actually go back and read a history book that my 12-year-old nieces are reading right now because clearly he fell asleep in history."
"And then to say, well, we don't have an appreciation of history. I love this whole deal about how, well, you know, he was an honorable man. Really? There were abolitionists during that particular period who did not believe in slavery. So, don't call them men of their time."
Robert E. Lee was a traitor to the United States of America and the Constitution to which he took an oath to defend. Lee was a racist slave owner, not a person who should be memorialized. Lee was no hero. John Kelly missed that.
Civil War, John Kelly, Politics, Robert E. Lee, Slavery, TMC Politics


Maxx Baer is all wins; after re-thinking Flume & Chet Faker and Mr. Carmack, the UK trapstar has a way with making tunes that tow the line between super bright and super groovy. This re-think of "Carry Me" from Bombay Bicycle Club fits that description perfectly, giving us a space-y track will have your head nodding and your feels feeling. Or something. Whatever you kids say. Just hit play and get transported. Don't mind me. And be on the lookout for Baer's Breathe EP, which is out on March 24.
The post Bombay Bicycle Club – "Carry Me (Maxx Baer Re-Think)" appeared first on Do Androids Dance.


text:
HomeIndian Colts Demolishes Lebanon
Indian Colts Demolishes Lebanon
Unknown 20:20:00
Indian U16 Football Team defeated Lebanon U16 Team 6-0 in their last match of AFC U16 Championship Qualifier.
INDIA U16 6-0 Lebanon U16
Suresh 28' 71' 89'
Habibb 71'(Own Goal)
Komal 77'
Amarjit 80'
India entered this game after losing to Iran 3-0 on 18th and Team's Coach, Nikolai Adams wanted nothing less then a win in the match. A Hat-Trick by Suresh and goals from Komal and Amarjit and an Own goal by Lebanese Player helped India demolish Lebanon in AFC U16 Championship Qualifier.
Lebanese team mounted the first attack on Indian goal but the defence was alert enough to thwart any attempt on goal. Indian Colts then upped the ante and dominated most of the possession. India had their first shot at goal in the 18th minute when Komal tried to score from a long ranger only to be denied by the opposition custodian. Indian team opened the scoring in the 28th minute when a long ball from Amarjit found Suresh 25 Yards away from goal, who blasted the ball into the back of the net. India had another chance to double their lead in the first half, when Aman's header missed the goal by a whisker, following a Ninthoi's cross from the corner. The scores remained the same at Half Time with India leading by a Solitary Goal.
Indian Team continued their offensive game in the second half and mounted many attacks on the opposition goal but failed to find the net. Ninthoi slotted the ball at the back of the net in the 70th minute, only to be flagged offside by the linesman. It was in the 71st minute that the flood gate opened. Suresh converted from a One -Touch by Aman from close range, with the hapless custodian being only a bystander. To make matters worse, Lebanese player, Habibb scored an Own Goal to triple India's lead in the 76th minute. It went bad to worse for Lebanon when Komal and Amarjit scored in quick succession to make it 5-0 in India's favor. Adding to the misery of Lebanese team, Suresh scored in the dying moments of the game to complete, both his hat-trick and India's demolition of Lebanon.
India finished 2nd in the group with 6 points from 2 wins and 1 loss. India has already qualified for the AFC U16 Championship by virtue of being the hosts. The experience gained from this tour will be highly beneficial for the Indian Colts and help them prepare for their ultimate test, FIFA U16 World Cup to be held in India in 2017.
INDIA U16 Starting XI: Dheeraj, Boris, Sharif, Jitu, Gatson, Ninthoi, Amarjit, Sanjeev, Komal, Suresh, Aman


text:
The above title page is for a Dutch/French version of the book, printed in 1688. The added section or extension of the title (after Par M. Grotius) roughly translates to 'Divided into 3 Books (parts), Or an explanation of the Rights of Nature, the Rights of Men, and the Principle Points of Public Rights, or those concerns of the public's State government." This version was translated by M. De Courtin.
Known by his Latin name Hugo Grotius, Hugo de Groot of Holland played a key role in the lives of many western European leaders and politicians. He was born in Delft in 1583, on Easter Day. By the time he reached 10 years of age he was already considered a prodigy child. By the age of 12, he had commenced classes at the University of Leyden.
Grotius graduated from the University at just 15 years of age (1598), and was awarded a doctorate degree for his achievements. By 1607, he was appointed to a gubernatorial position in which he served as "Advocate-Fiscal" and functioned as an equivalent to an Attorney-General, a Public Prosecutor, and a local Sheriff in Holland. During his services he managed to upset a number of individuals of upper and lower ranks, resulting in his imprisonment due to his positions regarding a controversy that had erupted between courts and the church. His first successful claim to fame came not from any wrongful imprisonment, however, but rather from the way in which he managed to escape from his prison quarters. By hiding within a sizeable trunk, he escaped without recapture, after which he made his way to France.
During the years that followed his establishment of residency in France, Grotius wrote a number of critical books in which he reviewed the practices of the Church, and the relationships between Divine Law, Natural Law and Civil rights. From the beginning, Grotius' classical relationship between religion, government, philosophy and theology was constructed based on an open-minded philosophical relationship that he developed between Divine Law, Natural Law, a hybrid of these two referred to as Positive Law, and the various forms of Law produced for the purposes of Mankind. Indicative of Grotius' religious stance personal are four of his early writings: De Satisfatione Christi (1617), The Truth of the Christian Religion (1632), De Coenae Administratione (1638), Via ad Pacen Ecclesiasticam (1642), and Votum pro Pace Ecclesiastica (1642). Grotius was devoted to the church and Divine Law, but also the Natural Law and a different set of Laws produced by Man that were for the most part compliant with the first two Laws. In The Truth of the Christian Religion, a tale is told about Dutch seamen seeking to spread the truth of the Gospel to a Turk, Jew and Pagan during their travels. With this writing he makes his intentions and personal philosophy a bit easier to comprehend. His applications of these experiences however had a much greater impact upon people as a whole. This is what made his most important writing On the Law of War and Peace a most essential reading for University programs throughout much of Great Britain.
On The Law of War and Peace
With a well-formed knowledge of the history, philosophy and politics of religion, Grotius soon became one of the first most respected writers in international law through his book On the Law of War and Peace. With this book he penned some of the first standard for international legal rights pertaining to civilians and the government of their mother country, and individuals who become forced to abide by or answer to the laws of foreign governments. One of the more important concepts reviewed in On the Law of War and Peace was jus ad bellum and jus in bellum, the notion of adhering to justice engaged in for the good of the people and society and justice of the good for the same. A number of key points Grotius referred to in these writings pertained to the practice of war, when war is engaged in for the right of people as a whole. In some cases, according to Grotius, war was respectfully warranted because of its existence as "necessary evil", leading to the practice of war and the conduct of individual and teams participating in this war as a form of human behavior and conduct that could exist so long as it was properly managed, engaged in, and regulated in times of need. According to Grotius's philosophy was existed because of "human nature" and its inherent instabilities that tend to act out throughout its existence. This "unstableness of human nature" prevented mankind as a whole from ever achieving the perfect sense and state of existence. It was impossible for the state of perfection to be reached regarding "unity and harmony" amongst all people and their societies and cultures. A large reason for the need for writings such as those of Grotius during the 17th and 18th century pertained to the travel, trade, commerce and ultimately governmental decisions and activities then taking place at an international level. These international events required that some form of standardization be adopted internationally in order to assure that fair play and advancements take place from all sides for similar reasons, through similar forms of support systems and required international understandings.
Aside from international policy and law based on mankind-induced interventions and activities, Grotius also respected the common religious law that then existed as well across all nations. This particular legal system was of a theological origin, with the bulk of its teachings produced based on the writings of the most basic religious references such as Mose's testament, the Christian Bible, the Torah and the Talmud. This other form of law already designed prior to mankind's existence was termed the "Divine Law." In Grotius's mind, one of the major goals and barriers to mankind's overall development as a community was the ability of all nations and people to reach this state of being, harmonizing Mankind's various laws and legal actions with the demands set up by Divine Law (Sotirovich, 1978).
Grotius's writings were most important for his time, and due to their application to various nations, they were taught and professed at schools throughout much of Western Europe, at times becoming a necessity as well in programs offered by other countries well distanced politically and geographically from Grotius's multinational European landscape settings. A number of authors of political science seem to have captured the limited application of Grotius's overall work, along with the ongoing and perhaps unending applicability of some of the core features of his writings important to international trade to this day. One of the major problems with such a writing in a contemporary sense is easily deduced—written by a member of the Dutch communities, who at the time had everything to gain and everything to lose by trying to claim rights to the various international skirmishes and battles at seas then taking place, this series of laws were set up in order to assist western European practices at sea that were otherwise conceivable as being of military and financial intent, such as the right to steal a nation of foods and weaponries to ensure the survival of one's own political and population masse.
Trying to make sense of Grotius's teachings, we have to consider the philosophies then at stake in terms of man and natural philosophy, mankind's purpose for existence upon the earth's settings and various environment, as a feature of God's Will as well as a product of natural powers and an individual's independent will. The naturalists' take on Grotius's teachings is very much an ancient philosophy, heavily promoted during the Dark and Middle Ages when it was even used to argue for the occasional murders of the masses that ensued during this time. A more refined version of this philosophy developed as scholar became more in tune with the natural environments unchanged by man and the relationship of these attributes to the natural laws they had defined.
These natural laws are related to, although not exactly the same as "Divine Law." Divine Law included man as a part of its basic fabric. Natural Law could be portrayed as a fabric representative of existence, minus any additions or changes in its perfect patterns brought on by adding mankind to the final "tapestry". Another philosopher that the readers of Grotius would be drawn to during this time was Pufendorf, who, as evidence has already demonstrated to us, was a primary writer covered by most University education programs. Pufendorf and others claimed that international obligations, necessities, laws, and outcomes, were all producible based on the "higher nature" of Divine Law. This notion is why many natural philosophy (scientific) topics are more a part of some traditional philosophy training class, than they are a singular element used to produce a single class of its own title and nature based solely on science.
As a consequence of this philosophy, a duality formed within this profession, resulting in individuals who were very events driven. These "positivists', as historians have termed them, differed from the followers of "higher law" by placing an emphasis on the person-to-person, individual-to-peoples natures of events involving human interactions. Some philosophers interpreted these laws as serving only a government, population or "peoples" purpose which had to be generalized. Whatever the case, this seemingly deist or agnostic (atheistic?) spin on the philosophy was by no means supportive of the overall teachings of Grotius and others. Such a take on Grotius's philosophy helped to advance the teachings of Grotius and his opponents for decades to follow, actions which ultimately led to the formation of a middle of the road convention in these beliefs, in which followers believed that both "Natural Law" and "Divine Law" could exist together, with the effects of the doctrines or laws set forth by people intermingling with God's Law. This hybridization resulted in what was termed "positive law", neither a pure confirmation of, or opposition to, the "higher law" professed by followers of Divinity.
Since Man was inevitably fallible, as these philosophers claimed, so too could the law be accepted as performable, but in need of careful control, monitoring, management, inspection and retrospection from time to time. It had to be periodically reviewed in order to prevent events of human error from creeping in, allowing Man's imperfections to take over (i.e. see Emeric de Vattell's Law of the Nations, 1758). By 1750, this became the end product of both forms of law preached in the academic system. From this point on, man-made laws would always be in need of change, natural laws would not, they would only need to be discovered and for those already discovered, better understood.
Assigning Meaning
Whereas Cadwallader Colden's initial training in the classics included the writing of Stoic philosophers like Cicero, he would have quickly come to appreciate the writings of more contemporary scholars like Grotius and Pufendorf. He had to be flexible with his intellectual pursuits in order to fully appreciate the teachings of both the writers and professors of Natural Law as well as those of the Divine Law in Edinburgh University. Helping him through this dichotomous training were several less controversial topics such as geography, astronomy, and mathematics, although even these were about to undergo significant change as well. Assisting him through the various controversies such program naturally bring up would be his classes in logic. These helped set the stage for the types of discussions that would follow a few years down the road in the discussions of metaphysics used to close up the program.
One of the basic reasons individuals attended schools at this time, aside from theology and religion, was the learn medicine or law. Both were highly respectable professions to become involved in, with the latter (Law and Government) making up much more of Colden's life than the former (Medicine) which he obtained additional teaching in. In terms of Grotius' teachings, the environment associated with popular or Positive law is not the same as the natural environment associated with establishing Natural Law. Nor is an understanding of the human environment setting important to achieving a full understanding of Grotius' teachings of jus ad bellum and jus in bellum indicative of the underlying requirements for Pufendorf's Natural Law conditions to exist and be understood, or for the religious teachings of Moral Philosophy to be appropriately managed throughout life. Yet, each of these skills is something that Colden walked away with upon completing his program at Edinburgh. Colden graduated with the ability to define the norms of God and the norms of people, and describe in detail to future students the two different paths that must be followed to learn each of these things.
Contemporary scholars have a difficult time placing Grotius as a particular type of natural philosopher. They tend to define the early 18th century philosophers as three types, the traditionalists or later positivists, the reformists or promoters of the new thoughts regarding Natural Law, and the "eclectics" who like to claim a little of both are involved in all human life experiences. To Colden, the eclectic nature of philosophy is what he was taught, not the traditional theological norms taught to his father. Grotius teachings assisted him along this middle-of-the-road academic avenue, for he is Natural Law promoter and part Positive Law promoter. He relies upon Divine writings to make a number of his arguments, yet chooses words in such a way that the content is balanced out the overly traditional- or hyperreligious appearance of his arguments and references in word form. Of this approach to discussing "Divine" or "Revealed" Law, Grotius writes:
"[C]ontrary to the practice of most men – I have distinguished from the law of nature, considering it as certain that in that most holy law a greater degree of moral perfection is enjoined upon us than the law of nature, alone and by itself, would require. . Natural Law is the Dictate of Right Reason, indicating that any act … is forbidden or commanded by God, the author of nature … Natural law is so immutable that it cannot be changed by God himself." 3
Grotius defines the following trine of these laws, how they are arranged in realtion to one another:
all laws are originated by God,
man is responsible for creating human laws, which are temporary and must be approved by God; and
Divine laws in that they are created directly by God must also be eternal.
For these laws to work, Grotius states they must proceed from God, and then be approved and accepted by mankind and the individuals, and finally be allowed to be practiced by the "state" or government (the population).
Important References
R.W. Lee. Hugo Grotius (London: Oxford University, 1930.
William Vasilio Sotirovich, Grotius' Universe: Divine Law and a Quest for Harmony (New York: Vantage, 1978.
Hedley Bull, "The Importance of Grotius in the Study of International Relations," in Bull, et al., Hugo Grotius and International Relations.
Charles S. Edwards. Hugo Grotius: The Miracle of Holland. (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1981), p. 37.
Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologioe (Westminster MD: Christian Classics, 1989 [1274]), p. 281.
Hedley Bull. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (London: Columbia University, 1977).
Christian J. Gellinek, "Hugo Grotius: 1583-1983 and Beyond," in Maastricht Hugo Grotius Colloquim.
Forest L. Grieves, Conflict and Order: An Introduction to International Relations (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977).
Arthur L. Harding, "The Ghost of Herbert Spencer: A Darwinian Concept of Law," in Harding, ed. Origins of the Natural Law Tradition (Port Washington NY: Kennikat, 1954).
Greg L. Bahnsen, By This Standard: The Authority of God's Law Today (Tyler TX: Institute for Christian Economics, 1991). Claim: 'Theonomists' preach and promote biblical law's authority and wisdom, praying that citizens will be persuaded willingly to adopt God's standards as the law of the land.' p. 322.
Murray N. Rothbard. The Ethics of Liberty (Atlantic Heights NJ: Humanities, 1983)
Onuma Yasuaki, "Conclusion: Law Dancing to the Accompaniment of Love and Calculation," in Onuma Yasuaki, ed., A Normative Approach to War.
Pre-Grotius Traditional Philosophy writers or "Theonomists" (theonomy = "God's law")
Isodore of Seville, 7th Century. His writings equate natural law with revealed or divine law according to the church's philosophy.
Gratian, of twelfth century Bologna, was a "high medieval period" cleric who attempted to fuse natural law with divine law. These attempts were initiated in the standard way, by relying upon the classics such as the Old and New Testament, and various ancient writings, psalms, and Scriptures to relate natural law to the Divine word. This resulted in the equilibration of the natural law with the "Golden Rule" of Jesus: "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you"
Thomas Aquinas, in Summa Theologioe (1274), initiated the debate regarding whether or not there was a source of norms to be used to define the laws governing relations between nations separate from God's law. This requires a sense of good and evil, with evil accepted as a law of nature bestowed upon people by the Creator. The "Light" of reason in turn becomes a true sense of knowing "right" from "wrong", and is a product of "God's light upon us" resulting in the appropriate use of mankind's skills and sense of thought and reason. (Summa Theologioe, [1274], p. 281.
Suarez's "Divine law" (def): "that which was directly promulgated by God"; "Positive Divine Law": an form of natural law discernible to men through natural reason, with principles that are unchangeable. "Human positive law" validated and confirmed "solely" through actions, customs, behaviors and changes taken on by conforming nations. This ideology was later taken on by Grotius.
David Hume, 18th enlightenment philosopher, advocated "natural" religion based solely on reason. A contemporary philosopher's definition of the same states (Gordis, 1961):
Natural law declares that only that law is legitimate and has a claim upon men's loyalty which is in harmony with human nature. Second, it believes that human nature is constant through time, not necessarily unchanging, but with sufficient continuity to make possible generalizations regarding its basic traits, its needs and desires, its limitations and potentialities. Third, it regards human nature as being universal in space, modified to be sure by environmental factors, but still sufficiently stable to permit a generalized theory. Finally, it regards human nature not as known, but as knowable, through the canons of scientific investigation and rational thought. There is nothing in natural law that negates the exploration of the dimensions of human nature as an ongoing and probably unending enterprise. (Robert Gordis. "Natural Law and Religion," in Natural Law and Modern Society, 1961. p. 244.)
Most scholars place the writers of Colden's time into three schools of thought, with Grotius serving as some sort of straggler of the three. Pufendorf is considered a naturalist, Bynkershoek a theologian following the positivist tradition, and Vattel an eclectic. In terms of the contemporary philosophy, Colden was trained specifically in the writings and teachings of Pufendorf and Grotius. But he had exposure to the writings of such new age non-conformists as Isaac Newton, whose writings satisfied both the devoted theologian and the deist ("pagan"). His mathematics had philosophical as well as scientific application and meaning. Based on Colden's later activities, he was very much devoted to the natural philosophy (science) underlying much of what he had learned. The order of the universe he most likely took as a symbol of perfection, the sign that some sort of Natural Law prevails, along with some sort of Divine Law, neither of which fully control mankind and mankind's social will (something akin to individual free will). Colden's interest in law and the government is a natural application of his readings in stoicist Cicero following by Naturalist Pufendorf and eclectic Grotius. His rendering of the History of the Five Nations is very much Cicero-based, only with a more modern version of this based upon "Grotian" philosophy. Colden's fascination with the vital spirits of the body (his studies and writings on the body's energy, its reaction to electricity, and its movement through muscles) all suggest a more "modern" metaphysical approach to interpreting the life processes, including health and recovery, than a classic materialistic, mechanistic approach. All of these are the result of the enlightenment and reformation medical science would ultimately go through throughout his life span. As a physician, engineer and as a politician his writings demonstrate the importance of Grotius' teachings and philosophy to both his early and later professional stages in life.
Endnote on book
The following is a portion of the Table of Contents for De Jure Belli ac Pacis, or On the Law of War and Peace, by Hugo Grotius (Translated by A. C. Campbell, London, 1814).
CHAPTER 1: On War and Right.
CHAPTER 2: Inquiry Into the Lawfulness of War.
CHAPTER 3: The Divison of War Into Public and Private and the Nature of Sovereign Power.
CHAPTER 1: Defense of Person and Property.
CHAPTER 2: The General Rights of Things.
CHAPTER 3: On Moveable Property.
CHAPTER 4: Title to Desert Lands by Occupancy, Possession, and Prescription.
CHAPTER 5-8: [Omitted from review]
CHAPTER 9: In What Cases Jurisdiction and Property Cease.
CHAPTER 10: The Obligation Arising From Property.
CHAPTER 11: On Promises
CHAPTER 12: [Omitted from review]
CHAPTER 13: On Oaths
CHAPTER 15: On Treaties and on Engagements Made by Delegates Exceeding their Power.
CHAPTER 16: The Interpretation of Treaties
CHAPTER 17: On Damages Occasioned by Injury and the Obligation to Repair Them.
CHAPTER 18: On the Right of Embassies.
CHAPTER 19: On the Right of Burial
CHAPTER 20: On Punishments.
CHAPTER 21: On the Communication of Punishment.
CHAPTER 22: On the Unjust Causes of War.
CHAPTER 23: On Doubtful Causes
CHAPTER 24: Precautions Against Rashly Engaging in War, Even Upon Just Grounds.
CHAPTER 25: The Causes of Undertaking War for Others.
CHAPTER 1: What is Lawful in War.
CHAPTER 2: In What Manner the Law of Nations Renders the Property of Subjects Answerable for the Debts of Sovereigns. The Nature of Reprisals.
CHAPTER 3: On Just or Solemn War According to the Law of Nations on Declarations of War.
CHAPTER 4: On the Right of Killing an Enemy in Lawful War, and Committing Other Acts of Hostility.
CHAPTER 5: On the Right to Lay Waste an Enemy's Country, and Carry off his Effects.
CHAPTER 6: On the Acquisition of Territory and Property by Right of Conquest.
CHAPTER 7: On the Right Over Prisoners of War.
CHAPTER 8: On Empire Over the Conquered.
CHAPTER 9: Of the Right of Postliminium.
CHAPTER 11: The Right of Killing Enemies, in Just War, to be Tempered With Moderation and Humanity
CHAPTER 12: On Moderation in Despoiling an Enemy's Country.
CHAPTER 13: On Moderation in Making Captures in War.
CHAPTER 15: On Moderation in Acquiring Dominion.
CHAPTER 16: On Moderation with Respect to Things Excluded From the Right of Postliminium by the Law of Nations.
CHAPTER 17: Respecting Those Who are Neutral in War.
CHAPTER 19: On Good Faith Between Enemies.
CHAPTER 20: On the Public Faith, by Which War is Concluded; Comprising Treaties of Peace, and the Nature of Arbitration, Surrender Hostages, Pledges.
CHAPTER 21: On Faith During the Continuance of War, on Truces, Safe-Conducts, and the Redemption of Prisoners.
CHAPTER 22: On the Faith on Those Invested With Subordinate Powers in War.
CHAPTER 24: On Tacit Faith.


text:
Q: NFS share suddenly becomes unresponsive We've got a setup involving separate web & email servers mounting various shares on the same pysical NFSv3 server.
The web server uses a share for apache vhost files, the mailserver uses a share for user mail. (Maildir format, courier-imap)
The mailserver, suddenly and without warning, seems to be randomly 'locking up' due to the nfs share becoming unresponsive. 'df' hangs when it gets to the mounted nfs share. Any attempt to access the share from within the system effectively hangs the process.
The web server, so far - remains unaffected, so I'd like to think we can rule out issues on the NFS server. Both web & email use the same mount options, of which I've tried several combinations, to no avail. Sometimes it runs without issue for weeks, yet we just had it lock up less than 24 hours after increasing the amount of NFS threads on the server & remounting the shares.
Any comments or suggestions ?
rpcinfo output:
rpcinfo -p localhost

program vers proto   port
100000    2   tcp    111  portmapper
100000    2   udp    111  portmapper
100024    1   udp  32768  status
100024    1   tcp  60949  status
100021    1   udp  32769  nlockmgr
100021    3   udp  32769  nlockmgr
100021    4   udp  32769  nlockmgr
100021    1   tcp  41693  nlockmgr
100021    3   tcp  41693  nlockmgr
100021    4   tcp  41693  nlockmgr

rpcinfo -p $nfs_server

program vers proto   port
100000    2   tcp    111  portmapper
100000    2   udp    111  portmapper
100024    1   udp    752  status
100024    1   tcp    755  status
100011    1   udp    613  rquotad
100011    2   udp    613  rquotad
100011    1   tcp    616  rquotad
100011    2   tcp    616  rquotad
100003    2   udp   2049  nfs
100003    3   udp   2049  nfs
100003    4   udp   2049  nfs
100021    1   udp  37709  nlockmgr
100021    3   udp  37709  nlockmgr
100021    4   udp  37709  nlockmgr
100003    2   tcp   2049  nfs
100003    3   tcp   2049  nfs
100003    4   tcp   2049  nfs
100021    1   tcp  54549  nlockmgr
100021    3   tcp  54549  nlockmgr
100021    4   tcp  54549  nlockmgr
100005    1   udp    651  mountd
100005    1   tcp    654  mountd
100005    2   udp    651  mountd
100005    2   tcp    654  mountd
100005    3   udp    651  mountd
100005    3   tcp    654  mountd

A: In my experience.  NFS is notorious for problems like this.   Could it be related to a problem with your network switch?
Do the web server and mail server access the same NFS server? if not, try moving the NFS server for your email to a different network port and see if that helps.
Otherwise try some of these options in your fstab file.
increase the timeouts.  Set the soft option.  You might also like to try the fsc (filesystem cache) option.  I'm hoping that it will cache the write operation and solve your problem.
See: http://linux.die.net/man/5/nfs
On a side note, your web server is mostly reading.  Your mail server is mostly performing writes.
If all that fails, I'd consider ditching nfs and using iSCSI instead.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This is a great story, exceptionally well written. The depiction of an Alzheimers patient, as shown by the main character, Maud, is very true to life. A wonderful read. I look forward to more books by this author.


text:
Infrastructure and buildings (1)
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Climate data – High resolution projections (Opens in a new Window)
Climate data - High resolution projections contains high resolution climate change data focused on Ontario. The dataset contains the 50th percentile high resolution probabilistic projections of annual averaged temperature and precipitation over Ontario, covering the 1970s, 2030s, 2050s, and 2080s. Data are provided in partnership with the University of Regina and York University. Data are available for download in tabular and gridded formats
Government of Ontario, University of Regina, York University
Engineering Climate Data Sets (Opens in a new Window)
Engineering Climate Datasets contain: Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Files, the Canadian Weather Energy and Engineering Datasets (CWEEDS) and the Canadian Weather Year for Energy Calculation (CWEC) dataset. The IDF dataset contains short duration rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) statistics. Data are presented as tables and graphs for various locations across Canada. CWEEDS provides hourly and long-term weather conditions at monitoring stations across Canada with at least 10 years of records between 1998 and 2014. CWEC datasets contain 12 calculated "Typical Meteorological Months" selected from a 30 years of records, including daily global radiation, dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature and wind speed.
Government of Canada: Environment and Climate Change Canada
Meteorological Service of Canada
Extreme Precipitation in Atlantic Canada (Opens in a new Window)
Extreme Precipitation in Atlantic Canada is intended to extend the print-based Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) analyses for Atlantic Canada through an interactive web tool. The web tool provides users with enhanced access and visualization of the official ECCC IDF point data. Features include familiar ECCC IDF station based graphs and tables with access through a map based browser interface, IDF graphs and tables based on gridded data to provide information for locations between observing sites, contoured regional and province-specific extreme rainfall maps, downloadable ASCII grid files, and integration of US data for improved visualization at the border and access to US station data.
Cornell University, Government of Canada: Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment
Cornell: Northeast Regional Climate Center (NRCC)
Hurricane Season Flood Alert System (Opens in a new Window)
The Hurricane Season Flood Alert System (HSFAS) is based on forecasted precipitation amounts and seeks to provide communities with flood warning services as a key climate change adaptation and public safety tool. Alerts are provided to communities that have Flood Risk Mapping Studies (FRMS) or have published intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves from which precipitation-based flood triggers can be derived. The HSFAS is operational during the peak hurricane months of June to December, and provides alerts for 45 communities.
Government of Newfoundland and Labrador
Department of Municipal Affairs and Environment, Water Resources Management Division/Fire and Emergency Services


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Tacoma's Adriatic Grill closing after 11 years
By Kirsten Abel | February 23, 2018
Photo by Edward Eyer via Pexels
After over a decade in business, Adriatic Grill Italian Cuisine and Wine Bar is closing. Its last day of business will be February 25, 2018.
The beloved Tacoma restaurant opened in 2007 under Chef Bill Trudnowski. Trudnowski's wife, Monique, manages the bar and front-of-house operations. Adriatic Grill currently employs 36 people, six of whom are family members.
Signature dishes include rigatoni with Bolognese sauce, clam linguine, thin crust pizza, and porcini mushroom soup. The restaurant has been voted Best Italian of the South Sound by South Sound magazine readers on multiple occasions. Trudnowski has been voted Best Chef more than once as well.
The restaurant's closure is due to the sale of the property by the building's owner. After the sale, Adriatic Grill's lease was terminated.
"When I initially heard of the landlord's desire to sell, I was in talks to get funding to buy the building," Trudnowski said. "My goal was for the Adriatic Grill to remain here and continue to employ all of our great crewmembers and give back to the community."
Despite the closure, Trudnowski said he hopes this will not be the end of the restaurant for good.
"I'm hoping to find another spot where the Adriatic Grill can re-emerge someday soon. Tacoma needs their mushroom soup!" he said. "I love my guests, and I love my crew. This is heartbreaking."
Tags: Adriatic Grill, Restaurants, Tacoma
Kirsten Abel is the digital coordinator at South Sound magazine. Email her.
Recipes: Waistline-friendly soups
Easy-Peasy Cherry Cobbler
Tacoma Brewing Crowdfunding Expansion


text:
Bookmarks: Signings, releases, events in the literary world
Brandy Hilboldt Allport
The St. Simons Island Literary Guild Book Sale benefiting the St. Simons Island Library begins Thursday from 3-7 p.m. for members only (join at door). Doors are open to all from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Friday and 8:30 a.m. to 3 p.m. Saturday at the Casino, 550 Beachview Drive, St. Simons.
WILD TREASURY
ArtistPhilip Juras shares his new book, "The Wild Treasury of Nature: A Portrait of Little St. Simons Island," in a special free event sponsored by the St. Simons Island Land Trust, The Literary Guild Of St. Simons Island and The St. Simons Island Library at 5:30 p.m. Wednesday at the St. Simons Island Casino Theater.
AuthorNancy Blanton holds a "Brand Yourself Royally" workshop from 9 a.m.-noon Saturday at The Book Loft, 214 Centre St., Fernandina Beach. $40 advance registration fee required.
¦Anita Smith, "Common Stones," 1-3 p.m. Friday, The Book Loft, 214 Centre St., Fernandina Beach.
¦Bruce Thomason, "Perception of Power," 1-4 p.m. Saturday, The Book Loft, 214 Centre St., Fernandina Beach.
LIBRARY FUNDS
In the second installment of his school library campaign, best-selling authorJames Patterson will donate another $1.75 million to school libraries this year. Applications to nominate a school library for a donation must be submitted by May 31 and can be found at scholastic.com/pattersonpartnership.
The $4,000 Narrative Prize is awarded annually for the best short story, novel excerpt, poem, one-act play, graphic story, or work of literary nonfiction published by a new or emerging writer in Narrative.com magazine. The deadline for entries is June 15.
FUN FEST
Teen fantasy authorEmilyann Girdner introduces her "Obsidian" series at the Reading Fun Fest hosted by the Mandarin High School Interact Club from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Saturday at Barnes & Noble San Jose, 11112 San Jose Blvd.
¦ Star Wars Day, 10:30 a.m. Wednesday, Barnes & Noble San Jose, 11112 San Jose Blvd.
¦ "How to Babysit a Grandma" and "Mom School," 11 a.m. Saturday, Barnes & Noble San Jose, 11112 San Jose Blvd.
¦ Friends of the Orange Park Library Summer Book Sale, May 19-21.
¦ Friends of Jacksonville Public Library Book Warehouse Sale, May 20-22.
Send information to brandy.allport@jacksonville.com. Announcements must arrive seven days before the Sunday of publication. Events always subject to change.


The center was established by DGCA in 1948 and now it is a part of the Airports Authority of India. It is the pioneer institute in India which has been imparting training in various aviation fields. It's main training areas are concerned with CNS technology and the Air Traffic Management. This center was renamed as Civil Aviation Training College (CATC) and it has been a member of the ICAO TRAINAIR program which guides the aviation training throughout the world. Ever since it's establishment it had been the main source of production of technical personnel in the CNS and ATM fields.
The Civil Aviation Training College (CATC) at Bamrauli Allahabad and its extensions one at National Institute of Aviation Training and Management (NIATAM) at Gondia in Maharashtra and second at Shamshabad Airport Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh are providing training courses for air traffic control officers (ATCO's) and CNS Electronic safety officers in the field of CNS streams in India. At present the training course of new ATCO is in two phases; the first phase is Aerodrome Control, the second phase is Approach Control and 12 weeks each. The training is being imparted to the newly recruited ATCO's, by way of traditional method which is best known as Procedural Air Traffic Control. There are so many other advance courses conducted for skill enhancement of ATS people in these training centers.
Training Departments: The College has two main training departments and they are further divided in training sections. The CNS department has the Communication and the security systems section, the navigation aids section, the surveillance aids section and the Automation section. The ATM department is sub divided in Aerodrome Control section, the Approach Control section, the Terminal Area control section, Special courses section and the Civil Airport Terminal section. Every section has its training curriculum and conducts the courses as needed for operations of the airports and the air navigation services. There are other supporting sections like Meteorological section, Human Resources, Finance, civil and electrical, Hostel management, Course Development unit, Hospital and transport section.
In the CNS stream the communication technology where the personnel have been trained for maintenance repair calibration and operation of ground to ground, air ground equipments. There are state of the art equipments for high frequencies and very high frequencies and the high speed data transmission sophisticated lines working on the world wide network.
The another field is the maintenance repair of the navigational aids spread across the Indian continent which has the non directional radio beacons, the very high frequency Omni range (VOR) transmitters and DME,s which are used for navigation by the flights for finding their way to the destinations. The DME transmitters are used for determining the slant range of the aircraft. The CNS technical officers are trained in CATC to maintain these equipments.Similarly, the training on RADARS technology had been imparted from the old times when there were dark room RADARS. At present the state of the art equipments are in use in our country and the complete technology is maintained by the CNS officers trained in CATC.Terminal navigational aids like Instrument landing systems, surface radars and internal communication systems are always in the hands of these people who are trained in CATC.The entire maintenance of the automation systems used in the air traffic control units in our country is done by these capable offices of CNS discipline from the beginning till today.
The Air Traffic Management branch imparts training to the controllers in the Apron Management service, Surface Movement Control of the aircraft, Aerodrome Control Operations, Approach control service to arriving and departing flights, en-route service to the flights in the controlled areas, flight information regions and the overflying traffic across the continents.Other special courses concerned with improvement of skills, proficiency, obstacle limitation surfaces, search and rescue have been conducted and are being conducted continually. The aviation growth and the management of air space of the country has been managed successfully by us by the Air Traffic Controllers trained in this CATC.
• During 2008 we conducted 51 courses in ATM,32 courses in CNS and 1 course in other category.
• In 2010 there were 36 courses in ATM and 30 courses in CNS and 2 courses in other categories.
• On average 650 people are being trained every year.
Our international customers are Ethiopia, Surinam, Mauritius, Afghanistan, Yemen, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan.


text:
Robinho Net Worth
How much is Robinho Worth?
in Richest Athletes › Soccer Players
Robinho Net Worth:
Robinho net worth and salary: Robinho is a Brazilian professional footballer who has a net worth of $60 million. Robinho is probably most famous for playing the position of striker for Serie A club Milan, and as a member of the Brazilian national team. He was born on January 25, 1984 in Sao Vicente, Sao Paulo State, Brazil Robinho was personally picked by Brazil legend Pele his heir apparent, in 1999 at the age of 15. Robinho went on to lead Santos to their first Campeonato Brasileiro title, Pelé himself played for the club. He won another title with Santos and two more with Spanish club Real Madrid. He has also won the Italian Serie A title his first season at AC Milan. Robinho has won one Copa America title and two Confederations Cups with Brazil. He was 18 when he signed his first professional contract with Santos in Brazil, during that season he made 24 appearances, and scored 1 goal as Santos won the 2002 Campeonato Brasileiro. Later in 2004, Robinho finished with 21 goals in 37 games and led Santos to win another Campeonato Brasileiro. Robinho's mother Marina da Silva Souza, was kidnapped by gunmen at her Praia Grande home on November 06, 2005 however, she was released unharmed six weeks later after a ransom was paid. In July 2005, Robinho moved on to become a member of Spanish giants Real Madrid C.F, after the club agreed to pay a fee equal to 60 percent of the buyout clause in his contract belonging to Santos. During his first season with Madrid he made 37 appearances and scored 14 goals that earned him the shirt number 10, previously worn by Luis Figo. During his Madrid years Robinho was the third highest scorer, behind strikers Raul and Van Nistelrooy. Robinho has been married to Vivian Guglielmetti since 2009, the couple has two sons.
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