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This time, I'm going to discuss peer-reviewed journals from this perspective, to clarify all the things journals aren't. The short version: if journals are the formalized discussion of a social network built around a certain set of methods, then we can expect that the choice of what gets published will be based partly on relatively objective quality evaluation and partly on social issues. It's important to acknowledge both.
Originally, journals were literally the formalized discussions within a social network. Peer review was (and still is) a group of peers in a social network deciding whether a piece of formalized discussion is going to be useful and appropriate to the group.
An idea that exists only in my head is worthless—somebody somewhere has to hear it, understand it, and think about using it. Because a journal is a hub for the social network built around a known set of tools, I have a reasonable idea of which journal to pick given the methods I used, and what tools readers will be familiar with; readers who prefer certain methods know where to look to learn new things about those methods. So journals curate and set social norms, both of which are important to the process of communicating research.
Something that is incorrect will be useless or worse; work that is sloppily done is unlikely to be useful. So an evaluation of utility to the social network requires evaluating basic validity.
Among non-academics, I get the sense that this is what the peer review process is perceived to be about: that a paper that is peer reviewed is valid; one that isn't is up for debate.
If you think about this for a few seconds, this is prima facie absurd. The reviewers are one or two volunteers who will only put a few hours into this. Peer reviewers do not visit the lab of the paper author and check all the phosphate was cleaned out of the test tubes. They rarely double-code the statistics work to make sure that there are no bugs in the code. If there is a theorem with a four-page proof in the appendix, you've got low odds that any reviewer read it. I have on at least one occasion directly stated in a review that I did not have time to check the proof in the appendix and this has never seemed to affect the editors' decisions either way.
The most you can expect from a few hours of peer review is a (nontrivial and important) verification that the author hasn't missed anything that a person having ordinary skill in the art would catch. Deeper validity comes from a much deeper inquiry that is more likely to happen outside the formalized discussion of a journal.
If a journal is the formalized discussion of a social network built around a certain set of methods, we see why journal publications are the gold standard in tenure reviews and other such very important affairs. Academics don't get hired for their ability to discover Beautiful Truths, they get hired for their ability to convince grant making bodies to give grants, to convince grad students and potential new hires to attend this department, and so on. These things require doing good work that has social sway. Each journal publication is a statement that there is a well-defined group of peers who think of your work positively, and publications in more far-reaching journals indicate a more far-reaching network of peers.
Sorry if that sounds cynical, but even in mathematics, whose infinte expanse exists outside of human society, the choice of which concepts are most salient and which discoveries are truly important is chosen by people based on what other people also find to be salient.
Maybe you're familiar with the Beauty Contest, which was a story Keynes made up to explain how money works: the newspaper publishes photos of a set of gals, and readers mail in their vote, not for the one who is most beautiful, but for the one who they expect will win the content. Who you like doesn't matter—it's about who you think others will like. No wait, that isn't it either: what's important is who you think other people will think other people will like. Infinite regress ensues.
When you're chatting with a circle of friends, you don't pick topics that are objectively interesting—that's meaningless. You pick topics of conversation that you expect will be of interest to your friends. Now let's say that you know that after the meeting, your friends will go to RateMyFriends.com and vote on how interesting you would be to other potential friends. Then you will need to pick topics that your friends think will be of interest to other potential friends. You're well on your way to the Beauty Contest (depending on the rating strategy used by raters on RateMyFriends).
The Beauty Contest easily leads to bland least-common-denominator output. You're going to pick the most typically attractive looking gal out of the newspaper, and are going to avoid conversation topics that most would find quirky or odd.
What if day-glo `80s leggings are trendy this year? You might pick the gal in florescent lime green not because her attire is objectively attractive (a view which I really can't endorse), but because the setup of the Beauty Contest pushes you to select contestants who follow the current trends. It's not hard to find examples, especially in the social sciences, where a subject takes on its own life, as this quarter's edition publishes papers that respond to last quarter's papers, that are primarily a response to the quarter before.
Even the part where we get a fresh pair of eyes to notice the things the author missed or easy-to-spot blunders is limited, because we're still asking peers. If you ask an anthropologist to read an Econ paper, the anthropologist will tear apart the fundamental assumptions; if you ask an economist to read an Anthro paper, she'll tear apart the fundamental assumptions.
But because journals are the formalized discussions of already-formed social networks, we can't expect a lot of cross-paradigm discussion in the journals or in-depth critiques of the social network's fundamental assumptions.
In the software development industry (which often refers to itself as `the tech industry'), you'll find more than enough long essays about the myth of meritocracy. To summarize: even in an industry that is clearly knowledge-heavy and where there are reasonably objective measures of ability, homophily is still a common and relevant factor. Given that fact of life, promoting the network as a meritocracy does a disservice, implying that whoever won out must have done so because they are the best here in this, the best of all possible worlds. If a person didn't get hired, or their code didn't get used, then it must be because the person or the code didn't have as much merit as the winner. The possibility that the person who wasn't picked does better work but wasn't as good a cultural fit as the person who got picked is downplayed.
Academics, in my subjective opinion, are much more likely to be on guard against creeping demographic uniformity. But an academic field is a social network built around an accepted set of tools, and this definition directly constrains the breadth of methodological diversity. Journals will necessarily reflect this.
The fiction of journals as absolute meritocracy still exists, especially among non-academics who have never submitted to a journal and read an actual peer review, and it has the same implications, that if a work doesn't sparkle to the right peers in the right social network, it must be wrong. And it's especially untrue in the present day, when more good work is being done than there is space in traditional paper journals to print it all.
I do think that there is much meritocracy behind a journal. A journal editor is the social hub of a network, so you could perhaps socialize your way into such a job, but you're going to kill the journal if you can't hold technical conversations with any author about any aspect of the field. As a journal reviewer, I have seen a good number of papers that can be established as fatally flawed even after a quick skim. But I would certainly like to see a world where the part about improving the quality of inquiry and the part about gaining approval by a predefined set of peers is more separated than it is now.
PS: Did you know I contribute to another blog on social science and public policy? In this entry and its follow-up I discuss other aspects of the journal system. I wrote it during last year's government shutdown, when I had a lot of free time.


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Policy 02: Spatial Strategy
What we're trying to achieve
[3.02.01] The spatial strategy will set out the level and type of development that is appropriate for different places, and encourages more sustainable living and working patterns by reducing unnecessary travel and avoiding sporadic development in the open countryside.
We will enable development that contributes towards achieving the four
themes of the Vision, supports and maintains the vibrancy and sustainability of
settlements and reinforces local distinctiveness and sense of place.
We will achieve this by supporting development that is:
in accordance with the table below, and
of a scale and nature appropriate to the character and function of the
location in which it is proposed; and
– contributes towards meeting the needs of the local community, or
– brings benefit to the local community; or
– delivers a prosperous economy; and
proportionate to the size and population of the settlement and is compatible with environmental and infrastructure capacity of the settlement to accommodate further growth. Planned growth is facilitated through the allocation of development sites for residential and employment purposes (including mixed use sites) and the Distinctive Area policies.
Settlement: Rural Service Centres
(see Glossary)
The settlement role
Locations which provide the basis for self-sufficiency to live and work, minimising the need to travel.
Provide or have access to a range of local services and community facilities, a range of housing types
and tenures, and local employment opportunities.
Act as a transport hub serving predominantly nearby communities and the wider rural area but with accessibility to larger centres.
At least 50 per cent of all housing, employment and retail related development will be facilitated in Rural Service Centres.
Development will….
Reinforce or the enhance the role of Rural Service Centre, and
Sustain and enhance the range of local services needed for both the Centre and its wider hinterland, and
Be within or relate well to the form of the settlement, and to existing buildings within the settlement, and to utility and community infrastructure, and
Protect, maintain or enhance the local distinctiveness character and landscape setting, and
Maximise development opportunities.
Settlement: Villages
Settlements that have a more limited supply of social and economic infrastructure including employment,
services and facilities, but demonstrate strong linkages with Rural Services Centres and other settlements.
Approximately 20 per cent of all housing, employment and retail related development will be facilitated in villages.
Strengthen community viability and resilience, and
Sustain and enhance existing local service provision, and
Protect, maintain or enhance the local distinctiveness, character and landscape setting, and
Settlement: Cluster communities
A small settlement or group of small settlements which collectively or individually, have limited local services and facilities.
Approximately 10 per cent of all housing, employment and retail related development will be facilitated in Cluster Communities.
Be small-scale to meet local needs, and
Reinforce the distinctive settlement pattern of the area, and
Utilise previously developed land, buildings and domestic gardens, or
Helps sustain an existing business, or
Exceptionally, where the identified housing need is proportionately high, we may consider a greenfield site.
Settlement: Open Countryside
Exceptionally, we will only support proposals for development in the open countryside where it demonstrates:
- an essential need for a rural location; or
- the location is necessary for the provision of public utilities and infrastructure; or
- that it helps to sustain an existing business; or
- it is necessary for and designed to support agricultural or forestry use; or
- an appropriate extension, or reuse of an existing building.
We will support the reuse of buildings for business or residential use where the building:
- contributes to the landscape character or historic environment, and
- is structurally sound and capable of conversion, and
- the development would not result in an unacceptable
change to its character, and
- is large enough to accommodate the use proposed without the necessity of major alteration, extension or reconstruction, and
- is easily accessible to the existing road network and suitable access arrangements can be secured.
We will only support the redevelopment of an existing building where it can be demonstrated that the development would result in a significant enhancement of the landscape character or historic environment and enhances its immediate setting.
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[3.02.02] The distinctive settlement character comprising hamlets, villages and small towns is a Special Quality of the Lake District. The traditional settlement pattern has evolved over centuries and has been influenced by topography. Many of our settlements have developed strong links between one another . Larger towns outside the Lake District provide access to higher tier services, such as hospitals and large retail outlets. Much of the Lake District is classed as being 'in a sparse setting' and 99.4 per cent is defined as open countryside.
[3.02.03] The 'Core Strategy (Local Plan Part One)' first identified the 13 Rural Service Centres and 21 Villages set out in this Policy, and this Local Plan continues that approach. Whilst the scale and extent of development in the Lake District should be limited, the Rural Service Centres and Villages provide the locations for the majority of housing, employment and retail development within the Lake District, and to a lesser extent the cluster communities (see table in Policy 02).
[3.02.04] The limited environmental capacity for new development within the Lake District is a significant issue as highlighted by the Landscape Capacity Study (April 2017) and flooding data (Strategic Flood Risk Assessment 2018). This reinforces the long used assertion that the Lake District has limited development opportunities. Although many of our larger settlements are reaching their natural development capacity as dictated to by physical and environmental limitations, there remains a need for certain types of development to support and maintain the viability, sustainability and resilience of our local communities, particularly affordable housing.
[3.02.05] The Local Plan is not required to facilitate a large quantity of development; its focus is on the management of the Lake District in accordance with its statutory purposes and duty, and on meeting the needs of its communities.
[3.02.06] The spatial strategy reflects the traditional settlement pattern and allows a measure of dispersal across the Lake District's most sustainable settlements, whilst also ensuring a degree of flexibility to avoid the over-concentration of development in those settlements with limited development capacity.
[3.02.07] We wish to maximise development opportunities by requiring developments in Rural Service Centre and/or Village locations to utilise the site efficiently, and by ensuring the proposal contributes towards meeting identified local needs as fully and as reasonably possible and within the limitations of the site. For example, if the identified housing need in the locality is largely for three bed family homes and the site can reasonably deliver five dwellings of this size and type, that is our default position, we would not consider a proposal for a single six bed dwelling in these instances.
[3.02.08] Residential gardens in built up areas are classed as 'greenfield' on which development should be resisted, however we recognise that many such sites can potentially make a modest but significant contribution towards meeting the identified housing need in the local community. Residential gardens are often within the natural limits of a settlement and they do not share the same characteristics or intrinsic value as the open countryside. As such, development opportunities on residential gardens to meet an identified local need is supported in principle. Development must be of a scale that is sympathetic to the role of the settlement and respect its appearance and physical capacity. We will take environmental constraints and pressures into account, and also consider infrastructure requirements and limitations.
[3.02.09] To help define which settlements we consider are Cluster Communities, these settlements should have two or more local services or community facilities, such as public houses, community halls and places of worship.
Previous consultation responses
Comments on this policy
See the list of all 28 policies in the Local Plan
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The cold wintertime appears to be the season of children's movies, as Mr. Peabody & Sherman takes the top box office spot in its second weekend at the box office. It may not have had the same level of success as its fellow children's movies, Frozen and The LEGO Movie, but it sure has proven strong in the face of several new films, and even an army of 300.
According to BoxOfficeMojo, Mr. Peabody & Sherman made a gross of $21.8 million over the weekend, putting it in the No. 1 position. The previous weekend, 300: Rise of An Empire was in first, but it earned 57.4 percent less this weekend, bringing its gross down to $19.2 million. Mr. Peabody & Sherman's earnings only dropped 32.3 percent.
One thing that may have helped the film was its presence in more theaters than most of its competition. Mr. Peabody & Sherman played in 3,951 theaters over the weekend — 461 more than 300: Rise of An Empire and over 800 more than the recently released Need for Speed film.
Unfortunately for Mr. Peabody & Sherman, there's still quite a ways to go to make up for the $145 million budget report by BoxOfficeMojo. After two weekends, the film is less than halfway there, with a total gross of $63.7 million. On the other hand, 300: Rise of An Empire is doing well for itself with $78.4 million in two weekends going toward its budget of $110 million.
Things don't look to good for Buena Vista's Need for Speed movie, though. For it's opening weekend, it came in third after two two-week-old movies. Fortunately, the film has a much smaller budget to beat, as it only cost $66 million to make. Unfortunately, the odds of it rising any higher in the box office don't look good, as many movies have their best weekend right after they premiere. On top of that, there will be even more competition coming up before the month ends.
This week, the highly anticipated dystopian film Divergent will open up in theaters, and it's likely to be a box office smash if the popularity of the books are anything to go by — not to mention the recent popularity of films adapted from books with strong female leads resisting an oppressive dystopian government. It seems unlikely that a few fast cars, an army of spartans, or a smart dog and young boy will be able to stand in the way of Divergent in the box office.
Next week, yet another box office contender will hit the scene, and this one will likely leave a bruise. The follow up to The Raid: Redemption, The Raid 2: Berandal will feature even more of the hard-hitting martial arts style of the original. Hype for the film has been rising since the original started gaining attention. It may not have an easy time beating Divergent though, as 300: Rise of An Empire only made $45 million its opening weekend, and it had a more well-known predecessor. This winter may not be the season for violence-focused films.
Worth noting is the release of Wed Anderson's The Grand Budapest Hotel, which had its second weekend but only took in $3.6 million. Defying the typical trend of movies, the film is growing its box office take, as it made 349 percent more in its second weekend than it did in its first. The reason for this is clear, as it showed only in four theaters for the first weekend and bumped up to sixty-six theaters for the second. If it expands to as many theaters as many of its competitors, it could best many of them, as Mr. Peabody & Sherman and 300: Rise of An Empire were both showing in more than fifty times as many theaters but not making fifty times as much money.


Posted on October 20, 2013 by Atul Gupta.
Bharati Vidyapeeth University is also known as BV University and it is situated in Pune, Maharashtra. The university was founded in 1964 by Patangrao Kadam. Currently, the university has 29 Constituent units and perhaps it may be the largest multi disciplinary multi campus University of its Kind in India. They have launched numerous innovative degree and diploma programmes after considering demand from the students. Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University invariably refreshes its course structures and syllabi periodically with latest facts and concepts.
BVP University Pune has conducted number of examinations in the year 2013. Several of the candidates turn up for the exams and now they are eagerly waiting for their exam results. IndiaResults is the reputed online result publishing unit in India and also and major result and other university notifications publishing unit of Bharati Vidyapeeth University.
IndiaResults also facilitate students to check their results in name-wise format and if in case any candidate forgets or lost their roll number or want to check the result of his/her friends then he/she can check result without any problem by just entering the respective name. You can also register with us via Mobile; we will send you the results over to the respective number.
Stay tuned with us more result notification and update of Bharati Vidyapeeth University.


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Q: How to read logging configuration from appsettings.json in .net Core 2.2 In .net Core 2.1 it was done like this
var loggingConfig = configuration.GetSection("Logging");
loggerFactory.AddConsole(loggingConfig);

I have moved it to ConfigureServices and now I get

Error CS1503  Argument 2: cannot convert from 'Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration.IConfigurationSection' to 'System.Action Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Console.ConsoleLoggerOptions'

A: Base on this you may have to change the way you are configuring your application:
var webHost = new WebHostBuilder()
        .UseKestrel()
        .UseContentRoot(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory())
        .ConfigureAppConfiguration((hostingContext, config) =>
        {
            var env = hostingContext.HostingEnvironment;
            config.AddJsonFile("appsettings.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: true)
                  .AddJsonFile($"appsettings.{env.EnvironmentName}.json",
                      optional: true, reloadOnChange: true);
            config.AddEnvironmentVariables();
        })
        .ConfigureLogging((hostingContext, logging) =>
        {
            logging.AddConfiguration(hostingContext.Configuration.GetSection("Logging"));
            logging.AddConsole();
            logging.AddDebug();
            logging.AddEventSourceLogger();
        })
        .UseStartup<Startup>()
        .Build();

    webHost.Run();

1 Microsoft ASP.NET Core 2.2 Logging documentation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


"Offand, it seems absolutely ridiculous. A roman, slain by an egyptian god." Forrest looked at the rubbing of the original heiroglyphics, but saw no outright inconsistancies between it and the translation. "But looking at that mummy..."
Pierre looked at me, and I nodded. "The body had no head?", he asked.
"Shesmu." I repeated, "The headsman of the underworld. Not a well known diety, in the later periods."
I knew firsthand. He was myth in my day. No one worshipped him. After archaology progressed, I found that in my mythology, his job was slowly replaced over the centuries by that of the Devourerer of the Dead, a creature that was part hippopotomus, part crocodile, and part lion. If the heart of the dead was unworthy, he quickly devoured it.
But Shesmu came from an older time.
"Yes." Pierre said. "Shesmu. He took the heads of those who did not deserve to live a second life."
Forrest took a moment to finish his train of thought. "No mere mortal would have the strength to break a man's back like that. No wonder they thought it was a god."
It took me a moment before I realized it. They knew. They knew that Pierre was an immortal. Perhaps the two of them had known his mentor as well. They were guarding their speech for me. Pierre hadn't told them about me.
"It's alright." he said. "You can speak your mind. Siris knows of my kind."
His kind. He wanted to let me tell them if I wanted to, but for now all they knew was that he was an immortal, and I knew that. But River had seen my scars... last night... her hands running across my chest... she must have at least felt them in the darkness as we lay together.
No matter. It is nice to speak freely.
"Two immortals. Anubis and Shesmu. Shesmu is the weaker." I said.
Forrest turned to me. "What makes you say that?"
"This roman was young. The text right there says that. He was still on his first life. Anubis defeated him, then let Shesmu take his small amount of power."
Pierre spoke up. "That's pretty much what the text said. Heavily layered with local religion and superstition, but it fits."
"I don't know.", River interjected. "It could have been that Shesmu lets Anubis do the dirty work, then takes the power."
"Possible," I replied, "but I personally disagree."
I slipped my jacket off, letting my scimitar fall out of it. Then I quickly whipped my shirt off, and showed my scars.
And the one scar on my front that doesn't fit in with the rest of them. It does not mark a spot where I was torn apart. It is a single slash that happened shortly after.
I pointed it out. "Anubis gave me this scar."
"More than two thousand years ago."
From the way they reacted, I got the impression that not only did they know that Pierre was immortal, but they knew how young he was. Instantly I was given control of the conversation.
I lay down in my bunk, thinking back to the conversation.
First was my storytelling. Even though Pierre had heard most of the story, he was silent until I was finished. I delighted in noting River's reaction to the mention of my first love. She had thought I was as young as she, and she had held some hope of being my first love.
I told them how I died. How I cheated death twice.
Then, covered in blood and sand, I ran again. My love ran with me. We went far, far enough that the winds would cover our tracks in the sand. By the time the sun rose we found shelter. We caught up on sleep, then walked until it was night again.
It took countless days to cross the desert. Some days I would feel the quickening within me, and I knew our enemy was close. Other times it faded to nothing. By the time we reached the edge of the red sea, I knew we had lost our enemy. Death could not find me. We travelled through Persia, and at the end of her natural lifetime, my love died. I travelled on.
Once again, my tent flap opened. Shyly, River stepped in.
I gestured to the open spot on the bed, right in front of my stomach, as I was in a relatively fetal position. She came over and sat there.
She began. "This morning I was hoping that... tonight we would... well..."
I smiled. "Go all the way?"
Looking at the ground, she said. "Yeah. I was hoping tonight would be something special."
"And why can't it be?"
"How old are you, really?"
"I didn't really know until I spoke with your uncle. I suppose I'm about five hundred years older than Christ."
"You've been in love before."
That question hit me. How many times?
My first time had lasted through two lifetimes.
But I have had hundreds of lifetimes to live. How many women have I been with? How many people have I cared for?
Not many. In my thousands of years of life... I have truly loved a woman once. Perhaps this time will be my second.
I reached out and gently caressed her cheek. "Once. But it can happen again."
We made love that night. I'm sure if anyone was in the neighboring tents, they probably knew what was going on, too.
How long ago had I met this girl? Could it be love?
Yes. It could be. Perhaps not yet, but it could be.
This is the first time in years I have made love to a woman like this, too. She knows immortals can't have children. She never even asked if I needed protection.
I have only felt this kind of raw passion mixed with pure affection once... and that was with my first love.
Asharu. The name that has not escaped my lips in millenia. Asharu.
As we lay together that night, I dreamed.
As Asharu and I left Egypt, we wandered through the desert, looking for an oasis... anything that would keep my love alive. My throat was parched, but I would survive. She would not.
Suddenly, I felt it again.
And my gut told me that the sensation came from the oasis in the distance. The only way I could save my love's life.
I had conquered death. I was ready to do the same for my love.
We made our way to the oasis. I had my axe in hand, ready for anything. We came closer, and my gut twisted more.
Finally, we saw a lone figure, sitting on a fallen tree stump. He gestured towards the water as we came close, but his hand never strayed far from the sword on his lap.
The sword... I had never seen anything like it. And the man was a foreigner.
He appeared to be a persian.
The two of us drank our fill, then we turned to this stranger. He spoke to us in thickly accented Egyptian.
"I hope you weren't planning on using that little thing to cut my head off." He gestured to my axe.
"Why should I?" I replied.
He only laughed. "You are as young as you look, I see that much. Perhaps I can help you."
"I need no help from a foreigner! Your filthy kind has turned our great land into... into..."
"Into a great land that is no longer ruled by an Egyptian pharoh?" He seemed amused at my response to him. Perhaps he was used to the way Egyptians treat foreigners.
I lifted my axe threateningly. "I cannot die. Don't anger me!"
Before I knew what happened, his sword lazily arced around and caught my axe under it's head. It flew through the air, landing ten feet behind the stranger.
He stood, slowly, all the while holding his sword at his side. "You need help, boy, or else you'll never survive."
I had no fear of him, even with his blinding speed. I could not die.
But I marvelled at his sword. Longer than any I had seen before, it was long and slightly curved, with a vicious looking pointed tip, and it curved back into another point on the backside.
This was my first look at a scimitar.
He pulled another from his person. I could not tell where he had it hidden. It sailed throught he air, and I caught it by the hilt.


Saddam Hussein's regime has collapsed into a maze of toppled statues, isolated snipers, and burning buildings. Militarily, the war was quick and successful. But US troops and the Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance (ORHA), run by retired Gen. Jay Garner, have begun what could be a much longer fight to define and support a democratic Iraq.
Anti-US protests in Baghdad on Friday and a meeting of Iraqi opposition leaders last week showed some of the challenges ahead. An influential Shiite group boycotted the meeting, protesting US administration of postwar Iraq. "Iraq needs an Iraqi interim government. Anything other than this tramples the rights of the Iraqi people and will be a return to the era of colonization," said Abdul Aziz Hakim, a leader of the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI). Another meeting, planned for Friday, may determine which Iraqis will support General Garner's efforts - and which will oppose them.
US troops in the Gulf - already dwindling in number from their earlier strength of 300,000 - are charged with maintaining order in Iraq, a diverse country of 23 million people. Garner's performance will determine, in large part, how hard their job will be.
De-Baathification There is heated dispute over how completely Mr. Hussein's Baath Party must be dismantled. The State Department has argued that some mid- and low-level party members can and should be rehabilitated, as they have the experience to keep the country running; opposition leader Ahmed Chalabi - who has strong Pentagon support - has called for the Baath Party to be "uprooted." But some experts say an aggressive US effort to "de-Baathify" Iraq without broad international support and input could backfire.
"If the United States de-Baathifies Iraq, it's going to be seen as installing its own stooges," says Prof. Rashid Khalidi, director of the University of Chicago's Center for International Studies. "If you don't have some way of engaging in an impartial process, inevitably the result is going to be perceived as tainted."
The Kurds The two main Kurdish factions have enjoyed partial independence in northern Iraq since 1991. Therefore, they have much to lose by joining a unified Iraq. However, regional fears of an independent Kurdistan and US pressure are expected to guide the Kurds into a new, federalized Iraqi government. Key US ally Turkey wants the Kurds to be part of a unified Iraq and to be prevented from reestablishing themselves in their traditional capital, Kirkuk. If Kurds gain too much power in postwar Iraq, Turkey could split diplomatically from the US - or even intervene militarily to smash Kurdish power.
Postwar justice US military tribunals, international courts, and some form of Iraqi-run trials are all under consideration as ways to prosecute Iraqis accused of crimes against humanity. The Bush administration has been loath to put more power into the hands of international tribunals. But purely US trials of Iraqis could be viewed as imperialism.
"I think the legitimacy of [the tribunals] is in question when they're run and dominated by foreigners," says Jeswald Salacuse, professor at Tufts University's Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in Medford, Mass. "Think about a tribunal that's trying these leaders, and all the judges are Americans. That would be very provocative." Trials by Iraqi courts, however, could be tainted by ethnic, religious, or tribal antagonisms and sympathies.
Debt and oil Secretive central planning, overreliance on oil revenues, foreign debt, and large-scale embezzlement have put Iraq's economy in a perilous position. If Russia, France, and other major Iraqi creditors are not satisfied, they could block postwar reconstruction through the UN and other international agencies. If they are satisfied, foreign debt could threaten the economy of the new state.
Leadership All power in Iraq - except in the Kurdish north - once flowed downhill from Hussein's Baath Party. The group's inner circle boasted close tribal and family relationships to the dictator. The US military and its ORHA will step directly into the vacuum left by the Baath Party's defeat, in consultation with an Iraqi interim authority that has yet to be formed.
Civil services The Baath Party, which once boasted 2 million members, dominated Iraq's civil administration down to the level of teachers in village schools. Now, even as US civil-affairs troops struggle with irregular supplies of food, water, and electricity, the US will have to decide what elements of the party it wants to replace. In the meantime, aid groups are organizing relief convoys from Kuwait and Jordan to help stabilize the country. But some experts warn that a long-term flood of aid into postwar Iraq may create a culture of dependency.
Law and order Secret police, civil police, and military security forces overlapped to create a pervasive police state under Hussein. But due to the aggressive role of elite security forces, local police officers are in many cases held less accountable for the Hussein regime's worst excesses - and are therefore being tapped for joint patrols with US forces in cities such as Baghdad and Basra.
"As a practical matter, you can't police the country effectively unless the Iraqis are brought quickly into the civil administration and enforcement mechanism," says Loren Thompson, a defense analyst at the Lexington Institute in Arlington, Va.
The question of sharia (Islamic law) in postwar Iraq is also critical. "The program of most [Iraqi] fundamentalists is to reinstitute the so-called 'pure' sharia law," says Professor Salacuse. "So the question is going to be: What role does sharia have in this new legal system?"
If there is popular demand for sharia in Iraq, the US, a strong proponent of women's rights, will be placed in an awkward position. "There's no question that traditional Islamic law, as traditionally interpreted, relegates women to a more inferior position legally than secular systems," says Salacuse.
Until a stable Iraqi government can be established, US armed forces will provide security and supervise civil affairs in Iraq.
Commander of the US war effort against Saddam Hussein's regime, Gen. Tommy Franks now bears overall responsibility for US military and civil administration in postwar Iraq.
Assisted by subordinates in three administrative sectors of Iraq (see map), retired Lt. Gen. Jay Garner will manage Iraq's civil affairs in consultation with Iraqis until power can be fully passed to a stable Iraqi interim authority. He is set to arrive in Baghdad Monday.
Lt. Gen. John Abizaid is the No. 2 officer at US Central Command, after General Franks.
This Arabic-speaking officer oversees the day-to-day operations of US forces in Iraq.
War Destroy or neutralize all hostile military elements of Saddam Hussein's regime. After the fall of Tikrit April 14, the Pentagon declared that the war's major fighting was over.
BUILD SECURITY Use US military to stabilize civil life, halt looting, and deter guerrilla warfare.
US INTERIM ADMINISTRATION In consultation with local Iraqi leaders and prominent exiles, establish the ORHA, a mechanism for US control of civilian functions. These include the regulation of agriculture, the restoration of basic services, and the return of Iraqi children to school. The US also plans to set up a security force, stabilize the flow of aid, and pass power and responsibility over to the Iraqi interim authority as conditions allow.
IRAQI INTERIM AUTHORITY Define a broad and representative group of Iraqis to begin temporary assumption of some aspects of civilian government. Condoleezza Rice recently said all members of this group must respect the territorial integrity and unity of Iraq, support a "broadly representative" Iraqi government, respect human rights, and oppose any presence of weapons of mass destruction.
REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT Once the country is secure and Iraqis are overseeing most civil functions, a democratic and fully sovereign Iraqi government can be set up. The shape of this government is still undetermined.


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Q: Is this poset a lattice (Where are is the refinement of the partitions of S) Let $S$ be a set of all partitions defined on a nonempty set $A$. The reation $R$ on a set $S$ is defined to be $\langle\pi_1, \pi_2\rangle \in R$ iff $\pi_1$ refines $\pi_2$.
(a) show that $R$ is a partialreally struggel ordering.
This I had no problems with and simply showed that R is antisymmetric, transitive, and reflexive.
(b) Is the poset $\langle S,R\rangle$ a lattice?
I am really struggling with this one. I know a lattice means that every pair in S has a least upper bound (lub) and a greatest lower bound (glb). I can't really think of a counter example because I cannot stop thinking of $\langle \pi_1, \pi_2\rangle$ in abstract terms.
Am I right to assume that $\langle S,R\rangle = { \pi_1 \leq \pi_2 \leq \pi_3 .... \leq \pi_n} $
Now every pair in S, am I referring to $\langle \pi_n, \pi_m\rangle$ for any $n$, $m$?
I guess I need to come up with a counter example here, since my set is not really defined but in abstract terms. I don't quite see how and why?
I think I haven't fully understood what a lub, and glb (join and meet) are in the sense of a lattice. When I look at examples I cannot understand it and I think I am taking it too literally. Could someone provide me with a detailed example showing lub and glb for  a certain set as a lub, and glb and  explain why?
I would appreciate any help and corrections in the error of my thinking!!


Home / News / 9 Gold Medals and 4 Silver Medals in Canada.
Adega de Pegões has won 9 Gold and 4 Silver medals in the competition "Sélections Mondiales des Vins 2017" in Canada! It is a pride to be the most awarded Portuguese Winery in this prestigious contest!


Southern Ohio needs a bit of a renewal, according to numerous comments made by several of those who took part Tuesday evening in a forum involving all six declared candidates for the Ohio House 90th District seat being vacated by incumbent Dr. Terry Johnson, who cannot run for re-election because of term limits.
"To keep moving forward, we need new ideas," said Republican candidate Gina Collinsworth, who argued this is a critical time for the district, which includes all of Scioto and Adams counties, along with a slice of Lawrence County.
Collinsworth is one of four Republicans running for the seat. The others are Adams County Commissioner Brian Baldridge, Portsmouth residents Scottie Powell and Justin Pizzulli. Two Democrats are also in the race: Portsmouth residents Adrienne Buckler and Joni Fearing. Baldridge is the only candidate to have ever held public office.
Buckler talked about the possibility of a new voice in Columbus being a good thing.
"I'm running to be our voice," Buckler said, adding an assertion that her voice would be somewhat unique, being that of a young woman who is not a professional politician.
The forum was sponsored by the Friends of Portsmouth, and moderated by Friends member Michael Seifert, who asked the candidates roughly five questions. Candidates all received up to two minutes to respond. One big topic was economic development.
Powell claimed the area has lost a lot of jobs in the past 10 years, and that issue is probably the biggest concern in the district, adding the area needs to work on improving and modernizing its infrastructure, and that it can no longer depend on heavy industry alone, but must diversify. For example, Powell noted what he called a "huge insurance hub" had been built about two hours from here, hinting Portsmouth could have gotten – and maybe still could grab – a piece of that economic pie.
Baldridge agreed the area needs to work on its infrastructure, and bragged he has direct experience in working with bringing companies to the area. Baldridge several times seemed to at least hint at the fact that he is the only person in the race to ever hold public office, though some candidates, such as Buckler, hinted that not being a political insider is a good thing.
"It's something we all need to work together on," Collinsworth said regarding the subject of economics. For his part, Pizzulli said officials must come up with a formal business plan for all of the area, pointedly noting he holds a master's in business administration.
"I'm going to be focused on Main Street Ohio, not Wall Street," Buckler said, agreeing with several of the others that job creation is the No. 1 issue for the district.
Touching on a subject that has grabbed lots of headlines recently, Seifert mentioned that a ban on certain types of weapons has been introduced in Columbus. Pizzulli said he does not support any kind of weapons bans.
Fearing said there is no reason for any civilian to own an assault rifle.
"Even Ronald Reagan said that, I'm not going to beat around the bush," Fearing said, adding she supports strengthened background checks and closing supposed gaps in sales at gun shows. Fearing said she is not going to take anyone's guns away, but added that a "common sense" approach to gun control is needed.
Other topics touched on during the roughly hour-and-a-half forum included high healthcare costs and what many perceive to be an opioid addiction problem in this area. Collinsworth talked about someone she knows who has survived a heart transplant. She said you would think that dealing with the ramifications of that transplant would be that person's biggest concern. Instead, she said, this person's biggest worry is paying for needed prescription drugs. "We need to take care of our people," Powell said, noting his work with the Ohio Bureau of Workmen's Compensation, as well as his time spent with a health care center in Portsmouth. Fearing voiced support for universal healthcare.
Seifert said this was the first such forum hosted by the Friends of Portsmouth. Even so, the proceedings were stopped only once – and then only briefly – due to some technical hitches toward the beginning of the evening. At least one compliant reached The Daily Times that the sound during the webcast was not the best. During the forum, Seifert complimented the candidates on staying within the allotted time, and even took the time to ask what he called oddball questions.


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In 1953 MaxFactor launched their Creme Puff compact. It was the first all-in-one blend of creamy make up base and powder (something that was quite innovative sixty years ago,) that applied like powder but stayed on like cream. Today it remains a lasting icon and make-up must-have, the formula never having been changed since its launch all those years ago. It provides versatility and longevity in a market so obsessed with the next big thing or newest launch, which makes its iconic status even more important. Not only does the formula contain light reflecting particles to provide a soft, subtle glow, but it has proven skin compatibility with all skin types. Although pressed powder can often be forgotten and filed in the 'old fashioned makeup' drawer, a light dusting can provide the finishing touch to a look and ensure your makeup stays in place all day.
birthday it's even gone gold.
The Creme Puff is now available in its limited edition gold packaging and two new shades. RRP £5.00 – such a bargain!


steel sliding door / polished concrete floor - maybe for the office?
Moorea, French Polynesia. This would be my dream vacation spot!!!
garden folly @ erin's art and gardens~mini greenhouse made from old windows!
This is my favorite post on tumblr.


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Q: MiKTeX installation error: access violation issue I have an issue on installing MiKTeX. I removed it from for some reason and tried to reinstall. I deleted the installation folder after the uninstall; and restarted my PC. I have tried many times,  but I see the same following error each times of installation. I deactivated my antivirus, but not working... Any solution is appreciated. Thanks

extracting files from zapfchan.cab...
extracting files from zapfding.cab...
extracting files from zerohyph.tar.lzma...
updating package definition directory ("C:\Program Files\MiKTeX 2.9\tpm\packages")...
installed 3403 package definition files
  visiting repository C:\Users\1\AppData\Local\Temp\mik99448...
repository type: local package repository
loading lightweight database...
initexmf "--common-install=C:\Program Files\MiKTeX 2.9" --set-config-value=[Core]SharedSetup=1 --admin "--log-file=C:\Program Files\MiKTeX 2.9\miktex/config\uninst.log" --disable-installer --verbose:
An error occurred:
source file: Libraries\MiKTeX\Core\Process\win\winProcess.cpp
source line: 475
message: The process terminated due to an access violation.
info: fileName="C:\Program Files\MiKTeX 2.9\miktex/bin/x64\initexmf.exe"


IDAHO FALLS, IDAHO – BCRCC GOP Chairman Mark Fuller released the following statement supporting HJR5.
Since July the Bonneville County Republican Party have been actively researching House Joint Resolution 5.
Our Legislative Issues and Action Committee, chaired by 3rd Vice Chairman Adam Frugoli has listened to our local Bonneville County Delegation as well as written and oral comments from both Republican and Democrat elected officials from all branches of Idaho's government. It became very clear that a majority of officials supported from both Republican and Democrats. Only 3 members of the House voted against it and one from the Senate.
HJR5 ensures that the citizens of Idaho can continue hold unelected bureaucrats accountable for the regulations they seek to enact.
In 2014 a similar ballot measure brought before the voters was supported by a majority of Idaho voters, however was short of a super majority by about 4,000 votes. In speaking with voters many had questions about the measure in 2014.
In 1989 Idaho's Attorney General sued the Idaho Legislature, provoked by the Legislature striking a rule that was over reaching. In 1990 the Idaho Supreme Count issued a 3-2 decision that the Legislature did have the authority to stop abusive administrative rules that where not congruent with the intent of law. The lawsuit wasted a significant amount of tax payer financial resources.
Since 1990, hundreds of over reaching government rules have been stopped, protecting Idaho citizen freedoms from runaway government.
By a unanimous vote elected Bonneville County Republican Prescient Committee Officers voted to support HJR5. We have dedicated financial and human resources for this important issue facing Idahoans.
As Republicans, we feel this accountability has been critical to ensuring the freedoms and values that Idahoans enjoy every day. That freedom needs to be protected in our State Constitution for future generations of Idahoans.
I encourage all of Idaho County Republican Central Committees, along with Democrat County Central Committees across to support HJR5. We are grateful for the example of our Republicans and Democrat lawmakers that worked together to support this important measure.
For more information regarding HJR5 visit http://www.yesonhjr5.com.
We are excited to have our Bonneville County Republican HQ up and running at the old Smith Chevrolet building!
Our Party has had so many requests for GOP candidate information it's been necessary to keep HQ open 6 days a week! Please contact BCRCC Secretary Ann Burt at annburt3gmed@gmail.com and volunteer to make a difference today!


It gives us great pleasure to welcome Hans M. Hirschi back as the guest on Episode 211 – Are We Supposed to Respond?
Hans M. Hirschi shares his latest book and audiobook releases for children (The Dragon Princess) and young adults (The Golden One trilogy).
Hans likes to read books that deal with issues he can relate to, tackling the big as well as the mundane questions facing humanity and particularly the LGBT community today, from parenting, family relationships, love, loss, but also difficult subjects like our environment, trafficking, child abuse, racism, global warming, aging etc.
He's a fifty-one-year-old father married to the most amazing man, Alex. Together they have a beautiful five-year-old son, Sascha. He considers himself a citizen of the world, having lived on two continents and traveled extensively (a hobby) through another three. He has friends all over the world. When he's not writing, he has a new side venture working as a tour guide in Gothenburg.
It gives us great pleasure to welcome Hans M. Hirschi back as the guest on Episode 165 – Don't Do This Without Parental Supervision!!
Hans M. Hirschi returns to the show to share his latest novel Returning to the Land of the Morning Calm, to talk about how he weaves all the elements of life into a story, and why he's a feel-good writer!!
It gives us great pleasure to welcome Hans M. Hirschi as the guest on Episode 133: Hits Close to Home!
This week Hans M. Hirschi joins the show to discuss his latest release, Disease, writing about the tough topics that face families of every type, and the upcoming GayRomLit Retreat!
He's a fifty-year-old father who clings to the illusion of still being his pen-age of twenty-seven, despite his body's daily wake-up reminders to the contrary. He's married to the most amazing man, Alex, and together they have a beautiful four-year-old son, Sascha. He considers himself a citizen of the world, having lived on two continents and traveled extensively (a hobby) through another three. He has friends all over the world. When he's not writing, he likes to do public speaking or training (where he has his professional background).


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Elise Mertens e Aryna Sabalenka erano le detentrici del titolo, ma sono state battute ai quarti di finale da Laura Siegemund e Vera Zvonarëva.

In finale Zvonarëva e Siegemund hanno battuto Nicole Melichar e Xu Yifan con il punteggio di 6-4, 6-4.

Teste di serie

  Tímea Babos /  Kristina Mladenovic (secondo turno, ritirate)
  Elise Mertens /  Aryna Sabalenka (quarti di finale)
  Nicole Melichar /  Xu Yifan (finale)
  Květa Peschke /  Demi Schuurs (quarti di finale)

  Bethanie Mattek-Sands /  Zhang Shuai (primo turno)
  Shūko Aoyama /  Ena Shibahara (secondo turno)
  Viktoryja Azaranka /  Sofia Kenin (secondo turno)
  Anna-Lena Friedsam /  Kateřina Siniaková (secondo turno)

Wildcard

  Hailey Baptiste /  Whitney Osuigwe (primo turno)
  Ann Li /  Bernarda Pera (primo turno)
  Usue Maitane Arconada /  Christina McHale (primo turno)
  Jessica Pegula /  Shelby Rogers (secondo turno)

Tabellone

Parte finale

Parte alta

Parte bassa

Collegamenti esterni

US Open 2020

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Sew one for him and another for yourself with this vintage sewing pattern from Simplicity! Long or short sleeved versions with a vent opening at each side and even a belt you can tie at the waist if you would like. Open collared v-neck opening.
This is for one of the women's patterns.


Ambient today isn't so much about psychedelics or chilling out as it is presenting the melodic or beatless fabric of electronic music. Stripped of prevalent rhythm, songs tend toward melodic composition and detail. These songs may become "compositional" as individuals express themselves with technology under focused or emotive ideals. The music becomes timeless (free of meter) when the music looses its structure while retaining its idea. In the tradition of Excursions in Ambience, Instinct Ambient, and Pop Ambient, Air Texture looks to catalogue and promote the diverse world of ambient, experimental, and less beat oriented electronic music. The Air Texture Volume Series asks two producers to curate a CD each of material for combined release. Volume I looked to bvdub (Brock Van Wey) and Andrew Thomas for guidance. Selections featured an in-depth list of emerging and established artists such as Oneohtrix Point Never, Ian Hawgood, Atlas Sound, Klimek, loscil, Biosphere, Markus Guentner, and Wolfgang Voigt. Volume II will be selected by loscil and Rafael Anton Irisarri. Volume III by Deadbeat and DJ Olive.


While the entire United States of America is being canvassed, from Maine in the east to Hawaii in the west, many states are foregone conclusions for both the Democratic and Republican candidates, Barack Obama and Mitt Romney in this presidential election.
But there are eleven 'swing' or 'bellwether' states where the outcome is too close to call, and it is these states that will ultimately serve to decide who enters (or re-enters) the White House in January 2013.
A candidate needs to win 270 of 538 Electoral College votes to enter the White House. And with around 180 votes each almost guaranteed, the importance of these final eleven states (and their Electoral College votes) cannot be overplayed.
The Rocky Mountains' home state boasts a growing Hispanic population and has been leaning towards the Democrats in recent years after decades spent as a solid Republican state. Barack Obama triumphed here in 2008, but the Republicans managed to win two House seats in 2010 and the party was only prevented from winning both a Senate seat and state governership by strong challenges from third-party candidates.
Democrat voters are concentrated in the cities Denver and Boulder, while the religious and socially conservative rural areas of the state are largely Republican but the real battleground will be in Colorado's fast-growing suburbs.
Home to both Disney World and death metal, Florida has voted for the winner of every presidential election since 1996 despite the state housing a whole raft of different demographic groups. Protestant voters in the north and Cuban-Americans in the south are expected to vote Republican, while city-dwellers in Tampa and Miami along with Jewish retirees in Palm Beach and non-Cuban Hispanics will likely plump for the Democrats. Having been hit hard by the housing crash, the economy is a key electoral issue for Floridian voters.
The state which provided the title for Slipknot's second album flipped back and forth between the Democrats and Republicans in 2000 and 2004, but gave Barack Obama more solid support during 2008's election.
Rural western parts of the state tend to vote Republican, while eastern and central cities including Des Moines are normally hotbeds of Democrat voters. Because of the importance of agriculture to the state, farming subsidies are likely to be a key issue here.
Nevada, the home of Las Vegas, has voted for every winning president since 1980, meaning that the state's political allegiance changes fairly regularly. Barack Obama won by a considerable margin here in 2008, but the Democrats saw their lead eroded in 2010's midterm elections.
Key issues in Nevada are immigration and the economy, the state having been badly hit by the recent economic downturn and suffering a 15% unemployment rate as a result. Obama is expected to win in Las Vegas, while it is likely Romney will take the suburbs, but the rest of the state could go either way.
Despite its reputation as a liberal state, New Hampshire has voted Republican during numerous elections. It plumped for George W Bush in 2000 and awarded the Republican Party a Senate seat during 2010's midterms.
Mitt Romney's background as the governor of nearby Massachusetts is expected influence voting in this state, whose inhabitants like to assess candidates in person at local events. New Hampshire will also be the first state to close its polls during tonight's election.
The home of Native Americans for centuries gave Barack Obama huge support during 2008's election but awarded George W Bush a narrow win in 2004. While the Republicans did well in New Mexico during the 2010 elections, opinion polls suggest that New Mexico will likely plump for Obama again in 2012.
Support for the Democrats tends to be strongest in the north of the state, while its more rural areas in the south are expected to vote Republican. The State's huge Latino population (46% of its citizens are Hispanic) are also predicted to back Obama, as the Republican position on immigration is at odds with the views of most Latino voters.
While the state remains overwhelmingly white (65% of its total citizenry is Caucasian), an influx of Hispanic people adding to the state's already large black population (21%) mean that support for the Democrats has been growing here in recent years.
Generally considered the most hotly-contested battleground in this election, Ohio has not backed a losing presidential candidate since 1960. Ohio residents also awarded the Republican party a Senate seat in 2010, so Romney's supporters will be hoping that the Party can repeat that success again tonight.
While Ohio is still home to the likes of Procter & Gamble and Firestone Tires, the former industrial powerhouse suffered badly during the 2007-09 recession and the economy is expected to be the key issue for voters living in the state.
Home of America's Liberty Bell, Pennsylvania has backed the Democrats every year since 1992. Results in 2000 and 2004 were close, however, and the Republicans clawed back some ground in the state's governorship and Senate elections in 2010.
Democratic support in Pennsylvania comes from cities in the east and west, with Republican voters dominating the state's heartland. However, the economic crisis has hit the whole state hard, and financial concerns are likely to be at the forefront of the state's voters' minds.
Famously branded on an iconic t-shirt as a state for lovers, Virginia was in favour of the Democrats from the end of the Civil War until the 1960s, when it became a Republican stronghold in the face of then-unwelcome Democratic civil rights reforms.
However, the influx of a new and growing Hispanic population combined with Virginia's already-large black population has given the Democrats new support and made Virginia a fully-fledged swing state. Obama won here with a slim majority in 2008 and both of the state's senators are Democrats, though the Republicans won governorship here at the end of 2009 and will be hoping for similar success this evening.
The Democrats have triumphed in the "Badger state" since 1988 but the Republicans bagged the governorship and a Senate seat here in 2010, and they'll be hoping for similar success again tonight.
Barack Obama won by a sizeable majority in Virginia in 2008, thanks in no small part by the state's strong union movement. But the fact that the state's governor survived a recall election in June of 2008 even after he proposed measures to restrict the collective bargaining rights of unions, coupled with Romney's decision to appoint one of the state's sons, Paul Ryan, as his running mate, could see Wisconsin voting against Obama tonight.
Now that you know which states are likely to be the most holtly-contested, find out where and when you can see coverage of tonight's election here.


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Professor Dr Dr hc mult Hans-Jörg Albrecht
Professor Dr Ulrich Becker LLM (EUI)
Professor Dr Armin von Bogdandy MA
Professor Dr Josef Drexl LLM (Berkeley)
Professor Dr Thomas Duve
Professor Dr Dr hc Christoph Engel
Professor Dr Dr hc Holger Fleischer LLM (Michigan), Dipl-Kfm
Professor Dr Marie-Claire Foblets
Professor Dr Jean-Louis Van Gelder
Professor Dr Burhard Hess
Professor Dr Reto M. Hilty
Professor Dr Tatjana Hörnle
Professor Dr Ralf Michaels LLM (Cambridge)
Professor Dr Anne Peters LLM (Harvard)
Professor Dr Ralf Poscher
Professor Dr Hélène Ruiz Fabri
Professor Dr Dr hc Wolfgang Schön
Professor Dr Ayelet Shachar
Professor Dr Dr hc mult Ulrich Sieber
Professor Stefan Vogenauer MJur (Oxford)
Professor Dr Dr hc mult Reinhard Zimmermann
Max Planck Institute for Comparative International and Private Law
Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law
Max Planck Institute for European Legal History
Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law
Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition
Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International European and Regulatory Procedural Law
Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods
Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy
Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity
Max Planck Institute for Tax Law and Public Finance
Professor Stefan Vogenauer, Chair
Dr Nandor Knust, Research Coordinator
Dr Gilbert Leung, Online Editor
Department Foreign and International Social Law
In accordance with its interdisciplinary orientation the Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy examines socio-political issues from a legal and economic perspective. The Department of Foreign and International Social Law investigates, mainly by way of comparative research, the particular features of social law as an instrument for the implementation of social policy measures and as a special field of administrative law. The main focus is on systems that safeguard against social risks, such as illness, old age, long-term care, invalidity, unemployment and accidents, as well as systems that provide social aid and support. A systematic study of the principal developments in social law is of central importance. The emphasis here is primarily on three interlinked processes: reforms in the social security systems of developed countries, the Europeanisation and internationalisation of social law, and the establishment of social benefit systems in developing countries.
Europeanization and Internationalization of Social Law
Both lead to new regulation levels and thus to new regulatory approaches as well as new interdependencies between the individual levels.
The Restructuring of Social Bnefits Systems in Developed States.
This is an expression of altered socio-political goals but also of underlying general social developments; related to it is the use of new regulatory approaches and techniques that may radiate on the development of the legal system.
The Transformation of Social Bnefits Systems in Developing and Threshold Countries.
This sheds light on the possibilities of creating universal social standards and, compared to the development of the social law of European states, it especially provides insights into the factors relevant to the development and hence also into the possible stages of development and their genetic, social and cultural conditionality.
Studying at the Institute
Limited grants are available for guest scholars at the Insitute and there is always the possibility to pursue doctoral studies.
For further information and application please visit the Insitutes's website: https://www.mpisoc.mpg.de/2285/en
Tel: +49 89 38602-0
https://www.mpisoc.mpg.de/2285/en
For information on the Guest Programme:
https://www.mpisoc.mpg.de/101752/Gaestebetreuung
To enquire about applying as a doctoral student:
Professor Dr Ulrich Becker, LLM (EUI)
Secretary: Claudia Gajda
Tel: +49 (0)89 38602 – 511
Fax: +49 (0)89 38602 – 590
Email: beckersek@mpisoc.mpg.de
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text:
'November Rain' becomes the first rock song to pass one billion YouTube views
By Nathan Jolly
26 years ago, Guns N' Roses released a suitably epic (and eye-wateringly expensive) video clip for the nine-minute 'November Rain', a single plucked from the previous year's Use Your Illusion I album.
The clip has just ticked over one-billion YouTube views, marking the first type a rock song has achieved this feat. In addition, the song is also the first '90s video clip to do so. The closest to this latter stats are Zombie by The Cranberries, (739 million) and Smells Like Teen Spirit (727 million).
According to Times Now, the video clip averaged 560,000 views a day in 2017 – an impressive feat no doubt bolstered by the group's hefty touring schedule over the past few years.
We still can't explain why the guy dives over the wedding cake once it starts raining though…
Or why Slash left the church mid-ceremony to wander out into the desert to play a blistering guitar solo. Actually, scratch that last one – it makes perfect sense!


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We offer a range to suit different customer needs. It is our intention to expand this range to offer the greatest diversity in base moisturisers on the market, made with different vegetable oils such as olive, almond or avocado.
We also use distilled Cornish water and special floral waters.
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Of all the many jobs I've been on, and all of the different equipment and machinery I've hooked up, I've only ever hooked up truck scales once. That job was truly unique.
It was necessary to dig a ditch from the site of the office, past the diesel pumps (a low explosion potential), to the area that had been set aside for the scales. To get that far, we had to cut a chunk of concrete out of the sidewalk next to the office wall, in order to get power from the office to the scales.
We ran conduit from the office to the scale area and then from one end to another to get all the wiring in all the right locations. It was very involved. The company supplying the scales sent a representative to teach us how to wire it correctly. It seems a shame that after all that work and learning and correcting first time errors, that I never wired another scale.
I found it interesting to see how the scale functioned. The scale was actually a very stiff piece of steel. Very thick, and difficult to bend. In fact it was designed to bend no more than ¼ of an inch to calculate the weight of a truck.
Eventually that scale was abandoned.
Comparatively I've done quite a number of X-ray machine hook-ups. Once we learned how to wire up an X-ray machine, we not only wired quite a few, but we also moved many and hooked them up on their new location.
For the first one the machine supplier also sent an expert so that we could learn correctly, but after that we could do others without the experts.
One other machine that has become ubiquitous is the trash compactor. Those machines did not require any expert guidance.
A trash compactor seems like a very useful piece of machinery. We have wired smaller, residential sized compactors for some home kitchens.