text:
Q: Android: resources file I have spent ages trying to find out how to get the directory of the resources file (res/raw) for months now... I just can't find out how to do it...
I'm attempting to get the directory of res/raw so that I can use listFiles() to make an array containing all the files in the raw folder so that I may get the file names and sort which files I will use or not through there names (as I can then access them through R.raw.concat(fileIwantToAccess)) but I need to be able to read all the files in the folder so that I can decide which I use
Is there an easier way to tell Android, that I would like the contents of this folder?
btw, Ive tried using
String directoryName = Soundboard.this.getFilesDir().getParent();

but it returns the path: /data/data/com.soundboard
which has the two sub directories: "lib" and "files", if I then concat both directories to directoryName before I make the File it returns nothing when I use listFiles(); but not null, it returns []
Please help... I am hopelessly lost

A: @ Michael,
We cannot comment on each other's posts because we are too new.  Welcome, aboard.
To answer your question, you CAN dynamically query which audio files are available.  You just can't do so by using the /res/raw directory.  You must use the /assets directory for this.
First, I would like to clarify that /res/raw and /assets are both legitimate places to package files with an application.  They are used for different purposes, however, and each has a different significance.  So, what is the significance of each location, and when (or why) should you place files in each location?
Well, let's consider the /res/raw location first.  Placing a file in /res/raw makes the file a Resource.  With Android, Resource means something very specific; it doesn't just mean "something available to use".  Rather, a Resource is something that could potentially have multiple versions that are "swappable" at runtime.  The "active" version will depend on the application's context (environment).  For example, several different versions of the same "Resource" might exist for different locales and languages, for different form factors (screen sizes), for different orientations of the device, or even for different visual themes of the application!
Resources are accessed through Resource IDs, which are analogous to pointers; they refer to the different variants indirectly.  For example, I might package 3 different versions of an icon with my application, each appropriate for a different screen density.  In my source code, though, I don't refer to each version individually; I simply have one resource ID - something like R.drawable.icon - that refers to "the icon".  When the device is running on a high-density screen, R.drawable.icon "points" to the hi-density version of the icon; and on a low-density device, R.drawable.icon "points" to the low-density version.
Now, the mechanisms used to actually resolve the Resource name is beyond the scope of this post.  But here is the upshot: each variant has a different path, but the Resource ID is the same for all variants!  Consequently, we must refer to resources via ID only.  We can't refer to resources by path, and we can't even list the paths out  – that would defeat the purpose of Resources to begin with.  And we shouldn't need to.  We should always know which resources we need, we just know which variant we'll get, and we don't care (at least, we shouldn't).
This is why you are haveing such trouble querying the resources in /res/raw, or even getting to the directory itself.  Those functions are contrary to the concept of Resources.  By definition, you always know what Resource you want ahead of time - and the Resource ID that goes with it.
So, what if you don't know what you want, and therefore want figure out what's available?  Well, that's the purpose of the /assets location.  Note
that /assets is not part of the resource hierarchy.  And therein lies the distinction between the /res/raw and /assets: things in /assets
are not resources.
Since things placed in /assets are not resources, they do not have Resource IDs.  So you must refer to them by their path.  In fact, since you
don't know where the /assets folder itself is located, you must refer to them by their relative path.  Enter AssetManager.  AssetManager (a) knows how to find the your application's /assets folder, (b) how to list files and folders under the /assets folder, and (c) how to open files and folders under the /assets folder.  To see how this is done, please review the docs for the AssetManager class, and post again if you need further guidance.
So, in summary: if you have a file that's a Resource, then put it in /res/raw, and access it via it's resource ID.  If the file is not a resource, then put it somewhere in the /assets folder, and access it via its path.
For more information on resources, see the Application Resources page in the Android Developers Guide
Does this make things clearer?

A: You can try like this as follows:
resId=getResources().getIdentifier(
    "name of your file inside raw folder",
    "raw",
    this.getPackageName()
);

A: Perhaps you should consider using asset files instead of raw resources.
Raw resources are intended to be referenced through resource IDs, not via path.  For example, if you place the file foo.txt in /res/raw, then the file can be accessed via the resource ID R.raw.foo.  Presumably, then, raw resources only used when the name of the resource is known at compile time.
Files places in /assets, On the other hand, do not generate resource IDs.  They are intended to be referenced by path; in fact, you must access them via their path using AssetManager.  Thus,  /assets is a better choice if you don't know the name of the resource/file at compile time, but "will know it when you see it".  AssetManager even has a method for listing files at a particular path.  For example, if you wanted a list of files /assets/foo, you could try:
try {
    AssetManager am = getAssets();
    String files[] = am.list("foo");
    // process the files
}
catch (IOException ioe) {
    // do something wise
}

Now, expanding on AndroidMirza's points, if you know the set of possible resources at compile time, but want to access these resources selectively at runtime, then you can use the resources names to dynamically generate their ids.  This is what AndroidMirza was suggesting.   Consider, for example:
    // names of resources we actually want to use
    String desiredResources[] = { "foo", "bar" };
    for (String rName : desiredResources) {
        // dynamically generate the resource's ID from its name
        int rID =
            getResources().getIdentifier(rName, "raw",
                this.getPackageName());

        // open the resource using the generated ID
        InputStream rStream = getResources().openRawResource(rID);
    }

In conclusion, please recall that resources have special significance in Android.  Specifically, resources are used to dynamically adapt the application for context (localization, different hardware profiles, specific configurations, etc).  While raw resources and asset files are both used to access files as a byte stream, they have different intents.  Files placed in /res/raw are intended to be actual resources: alternative versions could exist for different contexts.  Since these resources could resolve to different paths based on context, they are accessed indirectly, via their resource id.  Files placed in /assets, however, have no "resource" significance: they merely contain data to be used by the application.  Since their locations are not context-dependent, then can be accessed directly via their path.
I hope this helps.


A method for detecting an anomaly on a top surface of a substrate comprises directing a first radiation beam having a first wavelength at the top surface of the substrate at a first angle measured from normal, and directing a second radiation beam having a second wavelength at the top surface of the substrate at a second angle measured from normal, wherein the second wavelength is not equal to the first wavelength. The method then comprises detecting scattered radiation from the first radiation beam and the second radiation beam to detect the presence of particles or COPs, and to differentiate between the two. Differences in the scattered radiation detected from the first radiation beam and from the second radiation beam provide the data needed to differentiate between particles and COPs.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/746,141, filed Dec. 21, 2000, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 6,201,601, issued Mar. 13, 2001 on an application filed Sep. 19, 1997. Both of these documents are herein incorporated by reference.
Known sample inspection systems can detect particles as small as sixty nanometers in diameter while still gathering other data allowing them to differentiate between particles and crystal originated particles (also known as "COPs", which are surface breaking defects in a semiconductor wafer that were in the past classified as "particles" due to the inability of earlier inspection systems to distinguish them from real particles). An exemplary system of this type is the Surfscan® SP 1 TBI Wafer Inspection System by KLA-Tencor, Inc. of San Jose, Calif. The Surfscan® system uses two separate radiation beams to inspect a substrate, one radiation beam that is substantially normal to the sample surface, and one that is at an oblique angle in the range of 70 degrees from normal to the sample surface. The oblique radiation beam typically has a 488 nm wavelength. Although systems such as this one are available, it is desirable to provide sample inspection tools that can detect even smaller particles and COPs without compromising their ability to differentiate between particles and COPs. It is further desirable to provide inspection tools to detect defects that are strictly on the surface of semiconductor wafers and other samples, and to distinguish these from those defects that are within the samples.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a surface  100 of a substrate being inspected by a radiation beam 102 for one or more particles 104. Here, radiation beam 102 is directed at surface 100 in a direction normal to the surface. Radiation beam 102 illuminates an area or spot 106 as it scans across surface 100 searching for particles 104. FIG. 1 illustrates a moment when radiation beam 102 encounters one particle 104 resting on surface 100, with a portion 102′ of radiation beam 102 being in contact with particle 104. A detection system (shown in FIG. 4) then detects radiation scattered by particle 104 and by surface 100 at spot 106. The ratio of the photon flux received by the detector from particle 104 to that from spot 106 indicates the sensitivity of the system to particle detection.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of surface  100 being inspected again, but this time by an obliquely directed radiation beam 200 that illuminates a spot 202 on surface 100. A portion 200′ of radiation beam 200 strikes particle 104. As shown by a comparison of FIGS. 1 and 2, it is evident that the particle-to-spot photon flux ratio will be greater in the case of the obliquely directed radiation beam 200 in FIG. 2 than in the case of the normally directed radiation beam 102 in FIG. 1.
Therefore, if radiation beam  102 and radiation beam 200 have the same throughput, and if the areas of spot 106 and spot 202 are the same, then the sensitivity of the system will be greater when using an obliquely directed radiation beam 200. As a result, the sensitivity of the obliquely incident radiation beam 200 in detecting small particles is superior and is the method of choice for the detection of small particles.
FIG. 3 illustrates a plurality of obliquely directed radiation beams  300 illuminating surface 100 having a COP 302 and particle 104 thereon. As can be seen from FIG. 3, even though COP 302 is a size that is comparable to particle 104, the portion of COP 302 that scatters radiation is much smaller than the portion of particle 104 that scatters radiation. As a result, COP 302 generates less scattered radiation than particle 104 when obliquely directed radiation beams 300 are used. Contrary to this, when normally directed radiation beams are used, such as radiation beam 102, COP 302 and particle 104 tend to generate comparable amounts of scattered radiation.
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a sample inspection system  400 according to an embodiment of the invention. This embodiment illustrates one way to implement anomaly detection using both normal and oblique radiation beams. And as is explained below, the normal and oblique radiation beams can be used simultaneously in system 400.
Sample inspection system  400 includes a radiation source 402 that operates to emit a radiation beam 404 at two or more wavelengths. In one embodiment, a device that can be used as radiation source 402 can be a solid-state laser. Solid-state lasers tend to be more stable, reliable, and compact than other types of lasers, making them attractive for use in sample inspection systems. In particular, a YAG solid-state laser can be used as radiation source 402. Through a process called harmonic laser light generation, the fundamental radiation wavelength at 1064 nm can be doubled, tripled, or quadrupled, by passing it through some crystals, to generate light in the visible (at around 532 nm), ultraviolet (at around 355 nm), and deep ultraviolet (at around 266 nm) regions. In other embodiments of the invention, radiation source 402 can be provided by these alternative laser sources, including Argon Ion lasers.
During harmonic laser light generation, a portion of the radiation passing through the crystals is not converted to a new frequency. For example, in a 266 nm laser system, a large portion of radiation remains unconverted at 532 nm. Typically this unconverted radiation would be rejected at the output so that the actual emitted radiation beam  404 from the laser source is at a single frequency. In an embodiment of the invention however, this unconverted radiation can be put to use as either the normal or the oblique radiation beam in a wafer inspection system. In various embodiments, the unconverted radiation can be made available either through the same exit port as the emitted radiation or through a separate exit port. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the unconverted radiation can be output through the same exit port as the emitted radiation. So for the particular 266 nm laser system mentioned above, emitted radiation beam 404 would now consist of 266 nm radiation and 532 nm radiation. In alternative embodiments, emitted radiation beam 404 from radiation source 402 can consist of other combinations of frequencies, such as 266 nm radiation with 355 nm radiation, or 355 nm radiation with 532 nm radiation.
After radiation beam  404 passes through objective 406 and filter 408 of the spatial filter, a collimating objective 410 collimates radiation beam 404 and directs it to a beam splitter 412. Beam splitter 412 passes a first radiation component 414 of radiation beam 404 to a normal illumination channel 416, and a second radiation component 418 to an oblique illumination channel 420. According to an embodiment of the invention, first radiation component 414 and second radiation component 418 have different wavelengths. Therefore, beam splitter 412 passes radiation at a first wavelength on to normal illumination channel 416, and passes radiation at a second wavelength on to oblique illumination channel 420.
In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, ultraviolet or deep-ultraviolet radiation is used in oblique illumination channel  420. In particular, radiation around 266 nm can be used in oblique illumination channel 420. The use of 266 nm radiation, due to its shorter wavelength, enhances the sensitivity of sample inspection system 400 to particles that scatter radiation through wavelength scaling laws as taught by Mie/Rayleigh scattering. Thus, to ensure as great an impact as possible on the scattering signal, one must use as short a wavelength as possible. This enhanced sensitivity to particles that scatter radiation in turn makes detection of even smaller particles possible. And since the use of shorter wavelength radiation is intended to aid in detecting particles, it makes the most sense to use the shorter wavelength radiation in the oblique illumination channel, which is more sensitive to particles than to COPs.
According to an embodiment of the invention, visible spectrum radiation, in particular 532 nm radiation, can be used in normal illumination channel  416. Since known systems typically use visible spectrum radiation, the use of visible 532 nm green light in normal illumination channel 416 will generally allow these known systems to implement the teachings of the invention with minimal changes to optical components along normal illumination channel 416. 532 nm radiation can be used in normal illumination channel 416 while 266 nm (or 355 nm) radiation can be used in oblique illumination channel 420.
It should be noted that for inspecting low-K dielectric films, sample inspection system  400 will generally not employ 266 nm radiation in either oblique illumination channel 420 or normal illumination channel 416, as there is some likelihood of sample damage. 355 nm radiation may be less damaging to some of these delicate layers. To avoid such issues, visible radiation such as 532 nm radiation can be employed in both channels.
In another embodiment of the invention, first radiation component  414 and second radiation component 418 have the same wavelength. For example, the wavelength of both first radiation component 414 and second radiation component 418 can be in the deep-ultraviolet range, around 266 nm. Radiation at 266 nm is preferable because as explained above, the shorter wavelength of this radiation causes system 400 to attain enhanced sensitivity to smaller particles.
In an embodiment of the invention, beam splitter  412 can be provided by a dichroic filter or a dichroic mirror. A dichroic filter is a filter used to selectively transmit radiation according to its wavelength and not its plane of vibration, and is generally used for normal incidence. A dichroic mirror on the other hand is designed to reflect a specific wavelength region and transmit other regions, and is normally used for non-normal incidence. By correctly positioning either the dichroic filter or the dichroic mirror, first radiation component 414 of radiation beam 404 can be transmitted to normal illumination channel 416, and second radiation component 418 of radiation beam 404 can be reflected to oblique illumination channel 420.
As noted above, radiation beam  404 can include 266 nm radiation and 532 nm radiation. So in one embodiment of the invention, the dichroic filter or mirror can be mounted to pass 532 nm radiation as first radiation component 414 to normal illumination channel 416, and pass 266 nm radiation as second radiation component 418 to oblique illumination channel 420. And when radiation beam 404 includes 266 nm radiation and 355 nm radiation, the 355 nm radiation can be passed as first radiation component 414 to normal illumination channel 416. In alternate embodiments, beamsplitter 412 can be provided by a high pass filter, a low pass filter, or a band pass filter.
After radiation beam  404 is broken into first radiation component 414 and second radiation component 418 by beamsplitter 412, according to one embodiment, first radiation component 414 can be focused by an objective 422 and reflected by a mirror 424 into normal illumination channel 416. First radiation component 414 then strikes a surface 426 of a semiconductor wafer 428 being inspected by system 400. The radiation from first radiation component 414 that is scattered by surface 426 can then be collected by a collection system 430, provided in this embodiment by an ellipsoidal mirror. The scattered radiation can also be focused by collection system 430 onto a detector 432. In an embodiment, detector 432 can be provided by a photomultiplier tube. Other detector types include avalanche photodiodes (APD), enhanced for responsivity in the shorter wavelength range.
According to an embodiment, second radiation component  418 is reflected off beamsplitter 412 to a mirror 432, which then reflects second radiation component 418 to an objective 434. Second radiation component 418 can be focused by objective 434 into oblique illumination channel 420. Second radiation component 418 then strikes surface 426 at an oblique angle, and in an embodiment, this angle can be around 70 degrees measured from normal. An angle of 70 degrees is advantageous because known systems generally use a 70 degree angle for obliquely directed radiation. This again helps minimize any modifications required if the invention is implemented into known systems. As radiation from second radiation component strikes surface 426, the scattered radiation that is generated is collected by collection system 430 and focused onto detector 432.
The optics in both normal illumination path  416 and oblique illumination path 420 can be such that they create illuminated spots on surface 426 that substantially overlap with no offset there between. The radiation scattered by surface 426 retains the wavelength characteristics of first and second radiation components 414 and 418 from which the radiation originates, so that the radiation scattered by surface 426 originating from first radiation component 414 can be separated from radiation scattered by surface 426 originating from second radiation component 418. So detector 432 can receive scattered radiation from both first radiation component 414 and second radiation component 418 simultaneously, and can then separate them to generate an independent data set for each radiation component. Accordingly, due to the fact that two different wavelengths of radiation are used in normal illumination path 416 and oblique illumination path 420, system 400 can inspect surface 426 with both normal and oblique illumination paths simultaneously.
As shown in FIG. 4, semiconductor wafer  428 can be rotated by a motor 436 which can also be moved linearly by a transducer 438, and both movements can be controlled by a controller 440, so that first and second radiation components 414 and 418 in normal and oblique illumination channels 416 and 418 can scan surface 426 along a spiral scan to cover the entire surface.
In an embodiment of the invention, if laser source  402 is emitting 266 nm (or 355 nm) radiation and 532 nm radiation, collection system 430 can be optimized to reflect 266 nm radiation to detector 432. Due to the intensity of 532 nm radiation, collection system 430 does not have to have a particularly high reflectance at 532 nm because enough of that radiation will still reach detector 432. Therefore, one collection system 430 can be used for both wavelengths of radiation used by system 400.
In alternate embodiments of the invention, instead of using an ellipsoidal mirror as in collection system  430, other curved mirrors can be used, including but not limited to a paraboloidal mirror. A paraboloidal mirror will collimate the scattered radiation from surface 426 into a collimated beam, and this collimated beam can then be focused by an objective to a detector. Curved mirrored surfaces having shapes other than ellipsoidal or paraboloidal shapes may also be used. Preferably, each of such curved mirrored surfaces has an axis of symmetry substantially coaxial with the path of normal illumination channel 416, and defines an input aperture for receiving scattered radiation. All such variations are within the scope of the invention.
FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the invention where separate detectors are provided for each wavelength of scattered radiation. Radiation scattered by surface  426 can be collected and focused by collection system 430 through a pinhole 500 of a spatial filter 502 to a beamsplitter 504. In the embodiment of FIG. 5, beamsplitter 504 can be provided by a dichroic filter or a dichroic mirror. Beamsplitter 504 transmits scattered radiation at a first wavelength to a detector 506 through an objective 508, and reflects scattered radiation at a second wavelength to a detector 510 through an objective 512. The first wavelength scattered radiation can originate hi from first radiation component 414, and the second wavelength scattered radiation can originate from second radiation component 418.
The general arrangements shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 can be implemented in different embodiments. In one embodiment, first radiation component  414 and second radiation component 418 can be scanned across surface 426 sequentially rather than simultaneously. This can be done where only one detector 432 is being used, and that detector is incapable of separating different wavelengths of radiation. In this embodiment, during a first cycle system 400 passes radiation only into normal illumination channel 416 and no radiation is directed towards oblique illumination channel 420. Then during a second cycle, system 400 reflects radiation only into oblique illumination channel 420 and no radiation is directed through normal illumination channel 416. During the first cycle detector 432 only collects radiation from normal illumination channel 416, and during the second cycle detector 432 only collects radiation from oblique illumination channel 420. This is typically performed for the entire surface 426. As long as the scan in the first cycle and the scan in the second cycle are exactly registered, the data sets collected during the first and second cycles can be compared to provide information concerning the nature of the defects detected.
System  400 can pass only one wavelength of radiation at a time by using a beamsplitter that can selectively pass or reflect radiation, or by providing other elements such as a removable mirror placed in the position of beamsplitter 412. If the mirror is not present, radiation from radiation source 402 is directed along the normal illumination channel 416. When the mirror is present, the radiation is then directed along the oblique illumination channel 420. In another embodiment, removable band pass filters can be used to select radiation. One band pass filter can be used to block second radiation component 418 when first radiation component 414 is being used to inspect surface 426 along normal illumination channel 416, and another band pass filter can be used to block first radiation component 414 when second radiation component 418 is being used to inspect surface 426 along oblique illumination channel 420. In other embodiments of the invention, alternative techniques or elements can be used to effectuate this sequential method of inspecting surface 426.
detecting radiation from the second radiation beam.
, further comprising causing relative motion between the first and second radiation beams and the top surface of the substrate.
, further comprising documenting the presence of an anomaly if the detected radiation shows that the first radiation beam was scattered upon interacting with the top surface.
, further comprising documenting the presence of an anomaly if the detected radiation shows that the second radiation beam was scattered upon interacting with the top surface.
, further comprising comparing radiation detected from the first radiation beam to radiation detected from the second radiation beam to determine whether the anomaly comprises a COP or a particle.
, wherein the first wavelength is around 266 nanometers.
, wherein the first wavelength is around 355 nanometers.
, wherein the first wavelength is a wavelength in the ultraviolet spectrum of radiation.
, wherein the second wavelength is around 532 nanometers.
, wherein the second wavelength is a wavelength in the visible spectrum of radiation.
, wherein the first wavelength is around 266 nanometers and the second wavelength is around 532 nanometers.
, wherein the first wavelength is around 355 nanometers and the second wavelength is around 532 nanometers.
, wherein the first wavelength is in the ultra-violet spectrum of radiation and the second wavelength is in the visible spectrum of radiation.
, wherein the first angle is around 70 degrees.
, wherein the second angle is around zero degrees.
, wherein the directing of a first radiation beam and the directing of a second radiation beam are performed simultaneously.
, wherein the detecting of radiation from the first radiation beam and the detecting of radiation from the second radiation beam are performed simultaneously.
, wherein the first radiation beam comprises a laser beam.
, wherein the second radiation beam comprises a laser beam.
, wherein the detecting of radiation from the second radiation beam comprises detecting scattered radiation from the second radiation beam and avoiding reflected radiation from the second radiation beam.
, further comprising documenting the presence of an anomaly if the detected radiation shows an increase in the amount of scattered radiation produced by the first radiation beam.
, further comprising documenting the presence of an anomaly if the detected radiation shows an increase in the amount of scattered radiation produced by the second radiation beam.
documenting the presence of an anomaly if the detected radiation shows an increase in the amount of scattered radiation produced by the first radiation beam or the second radiation beam.
a detector mounted to detect radiation.
, further comprising a beamsplitter to separate the first radiation beam from the second radiation beam.
, further comprising a collector operable to collect radiation and focus the radiation onto the detector.
, wherein the radiation source is provided by a laser source.
, wherein the first wavelength is a wavelength in the ultraviolet spectrum of radiation and the second wavelength is a wavelength in the visible spectrum of radiation.
, further comprising at least one mirror mounted to direct the first radiation beam at the top surface at a first angle measured from normal and to direct the second radiation beam at the top surface at a second angle measured from normal.
, wherein the laser source is a solid-state laser.
, wherein the laser source can vary the wavelength of emitted radiation using one or more crystals.
, further comprising comparing radiation detected from the first radiation beam to radiation detected from the second radiation beam to determine whether the anomaly is located on the top surface or below the top surface of the substrate.
detecting ultraviolet radiation from the second ultraviolet radiation beam.
, wherein the first and second ultraviolet radiation beams have a wavelength of around 266 nm.
, wherein the first and second ultraviolet radiation beams have a wavelength of around 355 nm.
, wherein the substrate comprises a silicon-on-insulator wafer.
CH685519A5 (en) 1993-03-29 1995-07-31 Tencor Instruments Method and apparatus for non-destructive surface inspection.
DE4440261C2 (en) 1994-11-11 1997-04-30 Wirth Co Kg Masch Bohr Machine for driving of routes, tunnels od. Like.
PT101740A (en) 1995-07-21 1996-04-30 Rar Refinarias Acucar Reunidas Process of regeneration of ion exchange resins, used for decolorization of sugar, using a sucrose solution containing calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride or sodium.


text:
History - A History of the Order of St. Catherine
by Nick Nicholson
The Order of St. Catherine, the only Order of the Russian Empire for women (excluding the Order of Saint Olga, given only in 1916-1917), was founded in 1714 in order to commemorate and immortalize the actions of Empress Catherine I, wife of Peter the Great, whose selfless sale of her jewelry and property to pay the ransom of the Cossacks who were captured by the Turks in 1711 earned her the admiration of the court and country.
The statutes of the Order were first published in 1713, and on the 24th of November 1714, on the Empress' name day, Peter the Great personally bestowed the insignia of the Order upon the Empress Catherine, creating her Grand Mistress of the Order. The order was to be limited to "Persons of the feminine sex" and was given in two classes; The Grand Cross, which entitled the bearer to wear a star and badge of the order, and the Small Cross, which entitled the bearer the right to wear the badge only. The badges were worn on the end of a red moiré sash trimmed with silver, with the embroidered motto: "Za lyubov i otchestvo" (For love, and for the Fatherland)
The Insignia of the badge of the order features at its center an enameled image of Saint Catherine in a white gown with a red cloak. In her right hand, the Saint holds a large white cross (a symbol of her faith) and behind her a large wheel (the symbol of her martyrdom). In her left hand, the Saint holds a palm frond. Over her head are her initials Sv. E (Svyataya Elizaveta) and between the arms of the cross, the letters D.S.F.R. (Domine Salvum Fac Regem, God Save the Tsar). On the obverse is an image of eagles destroying a nest of snakes at the foot of a ruined tower, at the top of which is a nest of eaglets. Above is the motto "Aequant Munia Comparis" (By her works she is to her husband compared). The Badges were 8.5 cm. high, and 7.5 cm. wide.
Every Russian Grand Duchess was conferred the Grand Cross of the order at her christening (or upon her marriage into the Romanov family), and princesses of the Imperial Blood were invested upon attaining their majority at 18. In addition to the members of the Imperial Family, 106 women were allowed to be members of the order; 12 Dames Grand Cross, and 94 Dames Small Cross. Peter decreed that Catherine, and every subsequent Empress, would serve as Grand Mistress of the order for life. Women elected to the order were so honored because of their philanthropic and charitable work outside of their work at Court.
In a departure from the established rules, on February 5, 1727, Prince A.A. Menshikov was granted the Order of Saint Catherine "in tribute to his modesty". He was the only man ever to be so honored, and a portrait of him survives wearing the Order of St. Catherine.
The Statute of April 5th, 1798, confirmed the appearance of the Order, which had undergone changes during the reign of Catherine II. A doll from the "Wardrobe of the Office of Orders", (now preserved in the collections of the Kremlin Armory Museum, inv. No TK-3113) shows the robes of the Deputy Mistress of the order in detail. This doll's robes match exactly the robes of Empress Maria Feodorovna, wife of Paul I, from the period in which she served as Deputy.
A doll from the "Wardrobe of the Office of Orders" showing the eighteenth century dress of the Deputy of the Order. A brocade dress with gold-embroidered green velvet train and cap with red and white feathers.
A brocade panniered gown with rouching, trim, and train of green velvet embroidered heavily in gold was worn with a velvet cap, the upturned brim of which was decorated with a Catherine wheel and cross in gold braid. The grand mistress of the order had a wheel and cross in gold, set with diamonds and rubies. There exists today in the Diamond Fund of the Russian Federation, a unique diamond and ruby "Cap Badge" of the order in the form of the Catherine Wheel, surmounted by a diamond cross. The gown was the same for all members of the order, though the trains and embroidery were most elaborate for the Grand Mistress and the Deputy, then decreasingly so for the ladies of the first and second classes of the order.
Cap Badge of the Grand Mistress of the Order of Saint Catherine in Gold, silver, diamonds and rubies. Worn by the Grand Mistress on the upturned brim of the green velvet cap of the order.
On the 20th of October, 1856, Alexander II made further modifications, and decreed that henceforth, the star and badges of the Order were to be diamond-set. The Grand Cross and badge were to be completely set with diamonds, while the badges for Dames Small Cross were to be a mixture of diamonds and gold filigree work. There were plans for a Slavic revival modification to the robes of the order, as well as the creation of a collar chain for the members of the Imperial family, but these plans were never executed.
A portrait by Kramskoy from the 1880's of the Last Grand Mistress of the Order, Empress Maria Feodorovna wearing her insignia.
Dames of the first class wore the sash (10mm wide) over their right shoulder, with the badge attached to a bow embroidered with the motto of the order at their waist. The star was worn on the left side of the breast. Women of the Small Cross wore the badge suspended from a bow (4.5 cm wide) on the left shoulder. Women were elected members of the Order by the Emperor, but their patents were signed by the Empress, who served as Grand Mistress. Since the Empress served as Grand Mistress for life, it can be assumed that Empress Maria Feodorovna was the last Grand Mistress of the Order before the Revolution. The honor of membership in the order cannot be underestimated. Membership offered Dames of the Order complete access to the Imperial family, and a lifetime connection to them. When Alexandra Feodorovna and her daughters went into exile in Siberia, they took their badges and stars with them. They were recovered in 1933.
The eight pointed star, below, of the order was 9 cm wide, made of silver, and set with diamonds. In the center, a silver cross rests on a scarlet enamel field, surrounded by gold letters reading in Russian "For Love and For the Fatherland"
The Function of the Order
The Order of Saint Catherine's function was largely ceremonial. The Order contributed to churches of Saint Catherine, as well as hospitals and Orphanages which honored the Saint. The twelve Dames "Grand Cross" were female members of Foreign Ruling Houses. Queen Alexandra of Great Britain was made a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Catherine by Alexander II, Princess Alice of Greece (Prince Phillip's mother) was also a member of the Order. The 94 Dames Small Cross were women of the highest nobility, who were part of the Suite of the Empress that had made important philanthropic or charitable works. Only the death of a dame freed a place for a new member. As a result, with the exception of the members of the Imperial Family, the women of the Order were generally of advanced age. The Order was at its most popular (and had its highest turnover) in the mid nineteenth century. Nicholas I presented the Order to 176 women. In total, between 1714 and 1917, the Order was presented 734 times in both classes.
The Order met for a Mass and a banquet every year on the Order's Holiday (24th November).
A plate by Popov from the late 1830's from the Order of St. Catherine Service, used during the annual banquet on November 24th.
Wearing the robes and insignia of the Order, the women of the Imperial Family, followed by the 106 Dames Grand and Small Cross would lead a procession from the Imperial Chapel to a banqueting hall specially prepared for the occasion.
In Moscow, the Hall of Saint Catherine in the Great Kremlin Palace was used for these gatherings, and also served as the Empresses' Throne Room
Above, a view of the Hall of Saint Catherine in the Great Kremlin Palace, painted by K.A. Ukhtomsky in 1848 after its redecoration
The Hall of Saint Catherine in the great Kremlin Palace was designed by Konstantin Andreievitch Ton, and impresses because of the elegance of its proportions, rather than by its size. The ornamentation of the room took its clues from the robes and insignia of the order. The white ceiling and silver moiré walls contribute to the feeling of lightness in the room, and the walls are bordered by the scarlet ribbon of the order, the crosses set with large paste stones.
Above: a view of Saint Catherine's Hall today, where President Putin receives Foreign Diplomats and Delegations to the Russian Federation. Note the extraordinary torcheres ordered by Alexander II.
The elaborate doors of the hall are masterpieces of the metalworker's art, and feature the star and badge of the order entwined by branches of gilded laurel. Also of note in the hall are two large crystal torchères, which were ordered specifically for this room from the Russian Imperial Glass Factory; four smaller similar torchères were ordered to be created by Baccarat in Paris (these smaller four are now missing; interestingly, today the Kremlin guides mistakenly attribute the larger two to Baccarat, forgetting their Imperial Russian origin). The pilasters and columns in this room are veneered in Malachite. Even today, the beauty and function of the Hall of Saint Catherine remain intact, as all foreign delegations and diplomats are received in this room.
The Catherine Hall in a photograh from 1913
Today, the Order of Saint Catherine is no longer granted by the Russian State. Maria Vladimirovna, pretender to the Russian Throne, claims the right to award the order, though her mother, the Grand Duchess Leonida, should rightly serve as Grand Mistress.
A portrait of Empress Catherine I, first Grand Mistress of the Order of Saint Catherine, wearing the insignia of the order, painted by Jean Marc Nattier.
A portrait of Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna by Roslin, wearing the Star and Badge of the Order in the 1770's
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Discovery History Conservation - Hagia Sophia Mosaics
It really is a miracle that this mosaic survived the abuse of centuries. Here you can learn how the Byzantine Institute of America found the mosaics, uncovered and restored them for us to see today.
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Additional courses are listed under Accounting and Economics.
3 hours. This introductory survey will examine the major functional areas of business and afford the student an opportunity to consider this major as a path to a career. Emphasis is given to contemporary business concepts, in particular, and examination of business as a field for stewardship.
3 hours. A practical application of personal financial management and an introduction to the field of financial planning. Topics include money history, stewardship, budgets, loans, spending, housing, insurance, investments, and retirement.
Prerequisite: Business and economics majors only.
3 hours. Statistical procedures with applications in management and economics are covered. Emphasis is placed on the development of a basic knowledge of the statistical tools available for analysis of problems and decision making.
Prerequisite: MATH 150 World of Math or a higher math class or have a SAT math score of 620 or higher or an ACT math score of 28 or higher.
3 hours. This course is designed to prepare students to meet the ethical challenges facing employees in modern business and nonprofit organizations. The course will address moral issues at every organizational level – personal, interpersonal, group and system wide. Topics will include identifying personal mission and values; developing character; faith in the workplace; ethical perspectives, moral reasoning, and decision-making formats; ethical organizational communication and influence; ethical group behavior and leadership; and the creation of ethical organizational climates.
3 hours. This course is designed to prepare students to think critically about their relationship with money, develop their own personal financial philosophy and implement practical application of personal financial management. Topics include relationship with money, biblical financial foundations, budgets, loans, spending, housing, insurance, investments and taxes.
3 hours. Covers the legal aspects of common business transactions. Includes the law of contracts, agency, negotiable instruments and other phases of private law.
3 hours. This is the study of administrative policy and strategy in organizations. Emphasis is placed on the integration and inter-relationships of functional business areas (accounting, economics, finance, marketing and management) for the purpose of developing an organizational-wide perspective. Students learn a model of strategy formulation and implementation and, through analyzing cases, apply this model to a variety of institutional settings.
Prerequisites: MGMT 260 Principles of Management, MKTG 260 Principles of Marketing, FINC 260 Business Finance, ACCT 272 Principles of Managerial Accounting II, and senior standing.
3 hour. Students will integrate key principles of strategic thinking and management as they relate to the world of business. The course is interactive in nature, and students will incorporate many components of marketing, accounting, finance, economics and management. In this course student teams will actually develop a business model, including a financial, marketing and economic plan.
Prerequisite: ACCT 272 Principles of Managerial Accounting, FINC 260 Business Finance, MGMT 260 Principles of Management, MKTG 260 Principles of Marketing and senior standing.
Prerequisite: upper-division business administration majors and by permission.


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APC records big success in Imo as appeal court affirms Okorocha's victory
2 months ago 16519 views by Wale Akinola
- APC has recorded a huge success in Imo state
- Appeal court on Thursday, November 7, upheld the victory of Senator Rochas Okorocha
- The appellate court dismissed the appeal filed against the former governor of Imo state for lacking in merit
Barely twenty hours after the Court of Appeal sitting in Kaduna sacked the spokesperson of the Senate and senator representing Ekiti south, Adedayo Adeyeye and ordered the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) to issue certificate of return to former deputy governor of the state, Abiodun Olujimi, the appeal court has affirmed the election of Senator Rocha Okorocha.
The Nation reports that the Court of Appeal sitting in Owerri, the Imo state capital, on Thursday, November 7, affirmed Okorocha's victory at the poll.
Legit.ng gathered that Okorocha, who was the immediate past governor of Imo state, and a senator representing Imo West senatorial district at the upper legislative chamber, had his election upheld after the appeal filed against him was dismissed.
Olujimi finally reacts after defeating Senate spokesman Adeyeye at Court of Appeal
According to the report, the chairman of the panel, R.A Ada, who read the judgment, said that the appeals filed by Senator Osita Izunaso of the All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) and Jones Onyereri of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) against Okorocha lacked merit.
Meanwhile, Legit.ng had previously reported that the victory of a former governor of Abia state, Orji Uzor-Kalu, in the 2019 Senate election, was affirmed by a Court of Appeal.
It was reported that the court in a judgement delivered on Thursday, November 7, dismissed an application filed by the PDP's candidate for the Abia North senatorial district, Mao Ohuabunwa against Kalu's victory.
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The former governor of Abi state, thereafter said he had nothing to say but to give all thanks and glory to God Almighty.
Huge win for APC as Appeal Court affirms Orji Uzor-Kalu's victory
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Atiku vs Buhari: Peter Obi reacts to Supreme Court judgment | - on Legit TV
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Breaking: Supreme Court delivers judgment on Kano governorship election
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RENEE ASHLEY BAKER PRESENTLY HAS HER PROFILE ON EHARMONY, JDATE, AND HANNIDATE….
2. He must reside in Colorado, or East Coast USA, or Canada, or in Europe (but NOT in California).
3. He must earn $250,000 – $1 million dollars per year.
Renee Ashley Baker's Choo Choos . . . .
BELOW: Renee Ashley Baker as The Mermaid . . . .
I, Renee Ashley Baker, am going to "get married", design "handbags" and design "jewelry boxes" and sit on yachts in Monaco, Monte Carlo sipping champagne and scooping up beluga caviar….
FOR FATHERS OR…. FORE FATHERS ?
THIS POST IS For My Father–Mr. Ashley–On Father's Day . My Father –Mr. Ashley–was a Mason and a Soldier in the U.S. Army and– he made me–Renee Ashley–A PRINCESS….
THE MOST EXPENSIVE MAN WALKING ?
A sculpture purchased– at a Sotheby's of London auction– by an anonymous collector for $104.3 MILLION DOLLARS.
SHOUT OUT TO THE ANONYMOUS COLLECTOR from Renee Ashley Baker: "I'd love to have lunch with you and get a 'private showing' of the "WALKING MAN". You see–I, Renee Ashley Baker, think I know this "Walking Man" .. . .
AND….WHAT GOES WITH THE WALKING MAN ?
Why His Golden Ring, of course….
and WHAT ELSE DOES A WALKING MAN NEED? A BEER !
My Father–Mr. Ashley –drank Manischewitz Wine AND— he also drank BUDWEISER BEER. . . .
SO–FATHER'S DAY IS ON SUNDAY AND STILL NO GIFT FOR DAD?
WHAT ABOUT A GOLF TRIP FOR DAD? BY LAND OR BY SEA ?
but…WHAT IF BY LAND, YOU SAY ?
Also at GolfAHoy .com you'll find International Golf Vacation Packages….
FOR FATHER'S DAY: What about? Socks….
ALSO FOR DAD: May He Have The Courage Of A Young Girl. . . .
1. Soak the sweetbreads in ice water forty-five minutes. Drain and cook slowly in simmering water to cover until white, fifteen to twenty minutes. Drain, cool in ice water and remove all covering and connective tissues. Cut into small cubes.
2. Melt half the butter in a saucepan, add the mushrooms, green pepper and pimento and cook about ten minutes. Add half the sherry and cream.
3. Simmer until the sauce is reduced by about half. Add the diced sweetbreads.
4. In a saucepan melt the remaining butter, add the flour and stir with a wire whisk until blended. Meanwhile, bring the milk to a boil and add all at once to the butter-flour mixture, stirring vigorously with the whisk. Add to the sweet-bread mixture and season with salt.
5. Add the remaining cream and sherry just before pouring the mixture into the heated patty shells.
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As Writers Declare War on Agents, Top Showrunner Salaries Hit "Another Peak"
Rank-and-file scribes may be struggling, but at the other end of the spectrum superstar showrunners like Shonda Rhimes and Greg Berlanti are commanding more money than ever (with J.J.? Abrams on deck to land half a billion dollars).
Illustration by: Ilya Milstein
With J.J. Abrams being courted for what could be a record-breaking $500 million new overall deal, executives at his longtime home of Warner Bros. Television (and corporate parent WarnerMedia) are pulling out all the stops to ensure that the company retains his services — especially since at least two other media behemoths are looking to sign him.
The courting process for Abrams underscores the ever-widening class distinction that has emerged in the shadow of the fight between the WGA and the ATA over packaging fees: As rank-and-file writers battle it out with the agencies over better representation (and, of course, more money), Hollywood's top showrunners are landing eye-popping nine-figure overall deals with increasing regularity.
Indeed, the lengths media giants are willing to go to land (or keep) top showrunners is reaching historic peaks. Disney's 20th TV, for example, may revive Dan Fogelman's now-defunct 2016 sports drama Pitch as a carrot to entice the This Is Us creator to remain in-house. Abrams and Fogelman — along with Seth MacFarlane (Family Guy), Mike Schur (The Good Place) and Steve Levitan (Modern Family) — are prime examples of the hitmakers who are poised to land mammoth overall deals, each of which would have been the biggest of its kind just five years ago.
So how did things get to this point? It all started with Shonda Rhimes — and, as is usually the case these days, Netflix. The streamer sent shock waves through the studio system when it shelled out $100 million (plus ownership stakes) to Rhimes, with the Grey's Anatomy creator leaving ABC, her home of 15 years, with time remaining on her contract. Six months later, the arms race for TV's top talent officially kicked into overdrive when Ryan Murphy (American Crime Story) joined Rhimes at Netflix with a record $300 million deal.
"Five years ago, deals were driven by six major studios and a couple of in-house units of cable networks," says WME president Ari Greenburg. "Now, the biggest of deals are happening at Netflix, Amazon, Apple, WarnerMedia, Disney and NBC. That's three new names."
Talent Agents Under Fire: As Hollywood Writers Declare War, Who Will Blink First?
What has emerged is a caste system of sorts, with three distinct tiers of overall deals shaping today's small-screen economy. The most sought-after writers and producers are also the most versatile — those who have the ability to juggle multiple series and groom the next generation of showrunners: Fogelman, Jonah Nolan (Westworld), Liz Meriwether (New Girl), and Phil Lord and Chris Miller (The Last Man on Earth) fall into this category. MacFarlane, like Rhimes and Murphy before him, is expected to leave his longtime home at broadcast-focused 20th TV for what sources estimate could be yet another nine-figure deal.
The second tier, which has seen considerable activity and financial growth so far this year, consists of hitmakers who limit their workload to one show at a time. This category includes all-stars like Better Call Saul's Vince Gilligan (who re-upped with Sony last summer for three years and $50 million) and Levitan. The latter, who has been without a deal since last summer, is expected to remain with longtime exec and travel buddy Dana Walden at Disney's 20th TV.
The big bucks, however, have not trickled down to the third tier of overalls, which consists of longtime writers fresh off hit shows. This category includes people like Maria Ferrari, who spent a decade on monster hit The Big Bang Theory. Her newly inked three-year, $6 million deal with Warner Bros. is on par with pacts from 20 years ago for writers fresh off of Cheers and ER, as not everyone is able to capitalize on the short supply of proven showrunners amid a higher-than-ever demand for content.
Many of the eight-figure paydays to the likes of Mindy Kaling (The Mindy Project) and Nahnatchka Khan (Fresh Off the Boat) arrive as networks and streamers are looking at the value of a hit show differently. In the past, writers on Friends, for example, would have to wait years to cash in when their backend points (aka a percentage of ownership on the series) would mature thanks to rich syndication deals. Those hits also delivered value in ad sales (a 30-second promo during the Friends finale sold for $2 million in 2004). Now, the value of a series on a streaming platform is less quantifiable and based instead on how many subscribers will pay for the service. So, while Amazon is shelling out $250 million for global rights to The Lord of the Rings with the hope that it drives shoppers to fork over $119 a year for Amazon Prime (with free delivery, naturally), Netflix is hoping Murphy, Kenya Barris (Black-ish) and Marti Noxon (Sharp Objects) will prove to be subscriber draws, too. Those deals — many of which extend beyond the once-rare four-year variety — don't include revenue from selling the show abroad. Instead, backend buyouts (like Murphy's deal), advances or bonuses have become the lucrative new normal and are largely what's inflating these massive upfront sums.
"The magnitude of what we're seeing here is a reflection of the changing business model where content is being completely exploited in one ecosystem versus being sold in different ones down the road," Ted Chervin, co-managing director at ICM, says of deals with producers like Berlanti ($400 million at Warners) and Mr. Robot showrunner Sam Esmail ($100 million with Universal).
Traditional studios, meanwhile, continue to court TV's biggest names with a reminder that the broadcast model still offers the biggest upside potential. Those outlets continue to diversify their portfolios, offering writers the ability to sell to any of their vertically integrated platforms that now include streaming services in addition to broadcast, cable and premium networks, on top of the ability to sell to outside buyers. "There's no bigger money than broadcast backend. We have to remind people of that," says ABC Entertainment president Karey Burke.
While there are a limited number of remaining players who could fetch nine figures, insiders don't foresee the demand for experienced writers and producers cooling until at least one streamer calls it quits on scripted originals.
"I've seen this wave before and I've also watched it wane — we're at another peak now, and I'm fairly sure we will see it cycle back down again," says Burke. Her new boss, Walden, announced four new overall deals with 20th TV in the first week since the Disney deal brought Fox's Lee Daniels (Empire) and Kurt Sutter (Mayans M.C.) into the fold. Still, adds Burke, "Our studios and all our suppliers are feeling the pressure."
This story first appeared in the April 3 issue of The Hollywood Reporter magazine. To receive the magazine, click here to subscribe.


Do you think that you are special?
I want you to answer this honestly.... Do you think that you are special?
I'll go ahead and tell you that YES! Of course you are special!
I know that there are many of us, especially us women, that think we aren't as special as others, that we can't really make a difference in this world.
But please hear me when I say....You were made to do great things!
Listen, there is only one you. No one else has your strengths, your story, your thoughts. No one else is you!...and that right there is AMAZING!
God has blessed you with some amazing talents... Use Them!
All of your struggles & experiences...don't think they are for nothing, they are apart of you!
Everyone doubts themselves at times, but I'm giving you full permission to stomp those doubts into the ground right now!
You can do great things, you just have to believe in yourself more.
Own your story. Own your struggles. Own your experiences.
You were made to do wonderful, amazing things.


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Rex Tillerson, the outgoing secretary of state who was fired by President Trump on Tuesday, reflected on his time in office during a farewell speech Tuesday afternoon. Tillerson explained that he received a call from the president "a little after noontime" — aka approximately three hours after Trump tweeted that CIA Director Mike Pompeo would be replacing him as secretary of state — and said that he would serve through the end of the month. In his remarks, Tillerson said that he and the rest of the State Department had "exceeded the expectations" in diplomacy with North Korea, highlighted ceasefires achieved in Syria, and called for a stronger response to Russia's "troubling behavior." Tillerson notably did not thank Trump in his speech.


'Nashville' Star Clare Bowen Is Engaged!
Actress Clare Bowen got engaged on Saturday after performing at The Grand Ole Opry at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Tennessee.
Bowen, who stars as Scarlett O'Connor on the ABC music drama Nashville, accepted the romantic proposal from her boyfriend, musician Brandon Robert Young, who Bowen often performs with.
The actress and singer confirmed the engagement, first reported bySoundsLikeNashville.com, on Twitter, thanking the site for breaking the news.
Bowen also thanked other fans who tweeted their support forher.
Bowen made headlines in November when she chopped off her long hair and donated it. She shared a heartbreaking story on Facebook about overcoming a battle with cancer after she was diagnosed with end stage nephroblastoma when she was only four years old.
Days before getting engaged, Bowen and Young walked the red carpet at the CMT Artist of the Year Awards on Wednesday, where the actress opened up to ET about the positive feedback she's received since cutting off all her hair. She said Young was a real comfort to her when she shared her emotional story.
"I cried," Bowen said to ET, explaining how she felt overwhelmed by the support. "[Young] sat there and held me while I cried."


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Dartmoor visitor centre extension plans approved
Friday, March 8th, 2019 5:15am
By Ed Oldfield
Funding is now needed.
Planners have approved an extension to a Dartmoor visitor centre to better tell the story of the area in the Bronze Age focussed on an internationally-important discovery of human remains.
The national park authority will now submit a bid for £525,000 from the Government's rural development agency to cover the cost of the new building in the car park of the centre at Postbridge.
The extension is planned to include a new display on the discovery at Whitehorse Hill of the cremated remains of a young adult, probably a woman, found in a grave known as a cist.
The remains placed there in the Early Bronze Age, between 1730BC and 1600BC, had been wrapped in the skin of a brown bear and fastened with a copper alloy pin.
Grave goods included more than 200 beads probably from a necklace, wooden studs which may have been worn in the lip or ear, and a bracelet of woven cow hair, a flint tool and fragments of textile and leather.
The discovery of the items was unusual for Dartmoor where many cists had already been explored before the arrival of modern archaeology techniques.
Experts have been able to interpret the items to give an insight into the people who lived in the area around 4,000 years ago, along with their links to other parts of Europe as shown by beads made from amber which originated in the Baltic.
The new section of the visitor centre would be built out into the car park from the south of the building, with a timber-clad and glazed link to the entrance.
The remaining parking area would be marked out with 60 visitor bays, three disabled and one for staff.
A report to the national park authority's development control committee said: "The proposed extension is considered to be modest in size and design, to respect the location adjacent to the open moorland and the existing layout of the site.
"The design has been approached through the use of locally distinctive materials and designed to enhance the visitor experience of exhibitions within the building."
The national park's development control committee approved the planning application for the building and the authority agreed to go ahead with the funding bid.
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