Copenhagen's shopping scene is eclectic with a few consistent themes. From all-encompassing interiors concept stores to niche nooks that make artisanal sweets and coffees, you'll spot strong design and the Danish attention to detail at every turn. The streets of Elmegade and Jægersborggade in particular attract independent designer-run boutiques. Here are 27 Copenhagen stores we absolutely fell in love with.
Denmark's first speciality cactus concept store reimagines Danish-bred succulents as living, minimalist Nordic art pieces, incorporating handmade pottery for the home and office. In addition to ogling the exotic mini sculptures, you can also learn about caring for cacti and pick up ceramics, cactus art and plant pots.
Run by Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts graduates Ditte Reckweg and Jelena Schou Nordentoft, this white-fronted shop stocks a collection of ceramics, graphics, textiles and accessories, and is a must for Danish design and decor. Alongside the owners' own creations, you'll find covetable one-of-a-kind pieces such as Christiane Perrochon's lime-shaped vase and well-known Danish brands: we love Georg Jensen's gold-plated steel Cafu candlestick.
Studio Rov is a study in complementary contrasts. A geometric, red-brick façade frames a textured window display of potted leafy succulents and basket planters; inside the white-walled boutique, shelves and oak benches are stacked with smooth ceramics from local interior brands and rich, woven cushions, Maalu Maalu rag rugs and Moroccan-style carpets.
Tine Ipsen and Charlotte Vigel opened this confectionery shop in Nørrebro in 2006 to indulge their passion for sweets treats and craftsmanship. Today they do a roaring trade in soft butterscotch covered in dark chocolate, fudges and cream caramels in a raft of flavours. First-timers will have no problem finding the basement store - your nose will lead you straight down the street to the sugar boilers.
Step back into an Eighties fantasy-land at this toy store/arcade/barbershop. You can act out your favourite Star Wars or ThunderCats scenes with figurines and then purchase them to take home, play Sensible Soccer or Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles on an Amiga 500 or NES and battle friends at arcade games. It costs £5 to play for an hour, with discounted blocks of 10 hours available; play for three hours in any day and the rest of the day is free. And because you can get your hair cut while you hang out, nobody will know how many days you've spent here.
Bike shops abound in cyclist-friendly Copenhagen, but Sögreni takes you straight to the zenith of its hipster cycling scene. Each bike can be customised to suit you, and if your luggage lacks sufficient space to bring back an entire bicycle with you, pick up parts such as a pretty rose-gold, disc-shaped bell or handmade golden pedals to add to the ride you have at home.
Ask any Danish gent where to pick up a tuxedo or the perfect matching silk pocket square and handkerchief set, and he'll send you straight to David K's outfitters. Located within the historic former home of publishers Reitzels Forlag & Boghandel, the shop is stocked floor to ceiling with the sharpest formal, workwear and off-duty looks - from Denmark's biggest selection of bow ties to blazers, shoes, cufflinks, braces and hats. Bonus: there's beer on tap.
Founded in Tokyo and now based in Copenhagen, Studio Arhoj - located along the city's scenic harbour - brings together Scandinavian style and traditional Japanese techniques in its range of ceramics and wood pieces. New homeware and workspace designs land every season - we love the quaint wooden bird jars, yunomi (teacup) melting-paint-effect cups and Ghost candle holder.
After the success of its namesake book bar in Rome and second location on the island of Capri, Salotto 42 brought its chic cocktail-bar-meets-lifestyle-boutique concept to Copenhagen's financial district in December 2015. By day, office workers come to sink into deep leather armchairs and snack on Italian bento boxes; come cocktail hour, bartenders serve cheese and charcuterie over a counter that showcases local jewellery designers. The high-ceilinged lounge is bookended by Italian design boutique Barbara I Gongini and old-school Scandi barbershop Roy & Son.
Foodies, look no further: this super indoor market of 60 stands will take you from tasty snacks to Scandinavian dinner-party success. Shop for sustainably farmed heritage meats, artisanal breads and cheeses, and local specialities such as curried herring and fiskefrikadeller (fish cakes) from independent stalls, and then sit down for a well-earned bite to eat - don't miss nearby Hija de Sanchez, a taco stand run by former Noma pastry chef Rosio Sanchez.
Underpinned by a grower-empowering Direct Trade philosophy, Coffee Collective is Copenhagen's gold standard in craft coffee, delivering house-roasted-that-day beans to its three eponymous coffee shops, as well as restaurants and cafés all over the city. You can even visit with owner Casper Rasmussen and roaster Jakob Dupont at the Godthåbsvej roastery on the first Friday of every month to learn more about the process on a guided tour and cupping (tasting).
Hay's affordable home and office furniture brings together the style Danish manufacturers are famous for, fashion- and technology-forward accessories, decor and functional designs (after all, not everybody who loves Danish Modern can afford the original pieces). Alongside founder Mette Hay's selection of stylish essentials for the home are collections by Danish and northern European designers: versatile, fun beech building blocks by All The Way To Paris, recycled pulp-inspired Paper Porcelain dishware by Scholten & Baijings.
Danish fashion darling Han Kjøbenhavn was first established as a sunglasses brand in 2008. Since then, the label has gone from strength to strength, earning a reputation for stylish, no-nonsense ready-to-wear urban collections for men, which are now also sold at its other slick boutiques in New York and Paris.
Although these shops are separate entities, they are presented as a hipster couple, much like the patrons perusing the rails. On one side, Project 4 stocks hard-to-find Danish and international womenswear brands such as Won Hundred and WhyRed amid vintage cameras, sewing machines and exposed-filament-effect bulbs. On the other, Wardrobe 19 offers contemporary menswear, emphasising structured silhouettes, knits and detailed accessories, which hang from rails crafted out of gentlemen's pipes and reclaimed wood.
Named for the acronym for colour printing and the store's location, CMYKkld was originally an outlet for illustrator and painter Maya Langeland but over the last 10 years it has grown to encompass an exhibition space, print desk, and poster and postcard shop. Run in collaboration with artists educated at Design School Kolding and The Danish Design, it's a great spot to pick up affordable artworks. Prints range from around £10 to £60 (you can also buy them on the website), and they sell originals, too (from around £40 to £400).
If pre-loved designer fashion is your bag, you'll find it in spades here. Only beautiful pieces in great condition by international labels make the cut, and while you can browse many items on the website, there are still more to discover in-store.
Set over two floors and seven workshops within a striking white building in edgy, up-and-coming neighbourhood Vesterbro, Designer Zoo showcases Danish crafts produced by its seven in-house designers and up to 40 partner brands. Check out Marion Fortat's hand-blown glass tableware and Karen Fly's whimsical jewellery.
Any thrifty local fashionista will tell you this gorgeously derelict basement store is one of the best places in the city to discover retro men's and women's fashions, much of it designer, as well as funky custom pieces updated by hand by owner Sasha Eisensor.
Everything at this delicious-smelling boutique is created in the back room. Narrow, sculpted cones filled with fluffy Champagne cream. Lime, passion-fruit and strawberry ganache. Elderflower fondant. You can even take a class in making traditional Danish sweet flødebolle, fluffy meringue mallow atop a biscuit base, encased in chocolate (as if anyone needs an excuse to spend hours here).
Inspired by vintage stores in New York and Berlin, Prag's two outlets stock pieces sourced abroad and the edit on the shelves is informed by current trends and tastes. Sequin catsuits, frou-frou petticoats and red patent crocodile satchels - you'll find them all here.
Henrik Vibskov is another Danish designer bringing his particular brand of edgy fantasy and vibrant plays on colour and graphics to the high street. His first boutique opened in Copenhagen a decade ago, followed by an outpost in New York in 2011 - both shops showcase his unedited collections, alongside upcoming and established designers and artists such as Stine Goya, Bibi Ghost and Surface 2 Air. He also runs Den Plettede Gris coffee shop (pictured) on hip design-and-foodie hangout Papirøen (Paper Island).
Sleek, chic, edgy, this upscale design-art-fashion concept store is a great place to pick up cult skincare and make-up brands such as Muti and Uslu Airlines, urban menswear lines Y-3 and Thom Browne, and DVD treats including The Universe of Keith Haring.
Seeking that hard-to-find vintage Mickey Mouse T-shirt or original Sixties polka-dot cat-eye sunglasses? Whatever niche retro accoutrements you've got your heart set on, chances are you'll find it - or something close - at this warehouse-proportioned vintage retail heaven.
In 1904 budding silversmith Georg Jensen invested what little money he had into opening a little workshop at 36 Bredgade. More than a century later, his name is the most revered in Scandinavia when it comes to silver and the Danish Silver boutique, located on the same street, remains true to his love of the Art Nouveau aesthetic and liberal use of natural motifs.


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Nina is an International Multi-Award Winning Actor, Singer, Writer, Producer, Director and Teacher and she has won the WGGB OLWEN WYMARK THEATRE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD 2020 from WGGB; AWARD OF EXCELLENCE at The Houses of Parliament BHM; a LEGEND AWARD for SERVICES TO THE COMMUNITY & HUMANITY at Trinidad & Tobago Awards; GAB AWARD for Excellence in The Arts for Africa & Africans around the World; OPERA SINGING UK AFRICA DIASPORA FORUM AWARD for Making a difference in the Community; WOMEN OF EXCELLENCE AWARD at MOTHERS & QUEENS AWARDS & NOMINATIONS from WhatsOnStage Awards. Her first musical play about Billie Holiday, Premiered and Sold-Out at Edinburgh Fringe Festival, followed by a successful 2012 tour culminating in a 2013 Sold-Out run in London's West End, Charing Cross Theatre. Nina Kristofferson's Billie Holiday Story was presented at LATITUDE Festival 2019. Nina has since gone on to write another musical 'Timeless' which is a lighthearted musical – sung in 5 different languages celebrating some of our most loved songs from around the World to include Beyoncé and Puccini. Nina has also played many leading roles in Theatre & Screen including Medea in Medea, Northern Broadsides; Cleopatra, Antony & Cleopatra, B'ham Rep; Valerie Ronson, World of Darkness, Feature Doc; Paula Symons, Doctors, BBC; Bess, Porgy & Bess, Liz Imbrie, High Society, West End Shaftesbury Theatre & Regent's Park. Along with performing in Concerts Nina is also a Solist in Opera/Classical Soiree's in UK, USA & Europe and she's a Voice Over Artiste for Commercials & Games in the UK & Abroad and a Co-Presenter for Channel 2 – Talk Radio, Women in Business Radio Show.
Copyright © 2011 Nina Kristofferson All rights reserved.

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Alan Badmington speaks of his own experiences of addressing community organisations and approaching the media, while also offering suggestions on how to follow suit.
Those who were present during the 'open microphone' session at the last BSA conference will have heard me speak of the need to create a greater public awareness about stuttering. How can we expect others to understand what is happening, or know how to react, when we suddenly block or display secondary behaviours? In many instances, even members of our own families have little knowledge about the difficulties that we experience.
So, isn't it time that we did something about it? My comments are directed towards persons who stutter - you, me and the other 75,000 who live in the UK. Who better to relate our stories, than those of us who have encountered the problem for so long, very often since childhood?
Two years ago, I decided to do just that - I felt it was time that others should become better acquainted with what it is like to be a PWS. I also saw it as a means of expanding my comfort zones, by placing myself in those challenging speaking situations that I had always avoided.
I initially prepared for the venture by joining the Association of Speakers Clubs to improve my confidence and presentational skills. Having stuttered since childhood, I knew I had to change the belief that I could never successfully perform such a role. I needed to revise my self-image, so that I could fulfil my lifelong dream of becoming a public speaker.
There are many avenues that may be explored: public speaking, newspapers, magazines, radio and television. Let me deal with them in that order.
I was surprised to learn of the numerous organisations within the community that require speakers for their regular meetings. The majority convene weekly or fortnightly. It's just a question of letting them know of your availability. Strangely enough, I didn't have to make much of an effort. A former colleague learned of my desire to spread the word and (unknown to me) suggested to the secretary of his local Probus Club (a country-wide network comprising professional and business persons) that they might invite me to speak at one of their future meetings.
I spoke for an hour on the many problems that I have encountered. The degree of interest that my talk had generated was overwhelming. I told them about the avoidances; the secondary behaviours; the emotional baggage; the heartache, frustration and lost opportunities that blighted my career as a police officer. You could hear a pin drop as I graphically described my experiences, with the aid of numerous anecdotes.
But it was not all doom and gloom - I introduced humour. I spoke about the time I invented a false identity (Adrian Adams) at the dry-cleaner's because I could not say my name. Unknown to me, someone else decided to collect the items on my behalf. When she requested the jacket and trousers for Alan Badmington, there was no record. That required a great deal of explanation.
Since that introductory talk, my speaking engagements have escalated dramatically, as news has filtered rapidly along the community grapevine. The need for new speakers is insatiable and those who join the 'circuit' become very much in demand. Without virtually any promotion, I currently have a programme of engagements that extends well into 2004. They include such organisations as the Women's Institute, Rotary Club, Towns Women's Guild, church groups, St John Ambulance Brigade, a history society and many other Probus clubs. In some cases, I am returning for a second and third time to present subjects not related to stuttering.
A pleasant bonus is that I receive financial donations to help the BSA. I am also frequently invited to join the hosts for a meal - thereby further improving my social and interpersonal skills.
One final point: Most groups tend to organise their speakers at least 6-12 months in advance, so it is unlikely that you will secure a vacancy in the immediate future, unless a cancellation occurs. Don't let that deter you. Scour the local directories and contact the respective group secretaries as soon as possible. Make a decision and act now. You'll generally have plenty of time to prepare for the actual event.
Facing up to one's fears requires courage but the rewards are immense. Quite apart from the personal satisfaction that you will derive, you have the added incentive of knowing that your actions could be beneficial to everyone who stutters.
Start modestly by approaching your local paper - they are always looking for newsworthy items with a human touch. Each person who stutters (PWS) is unique and has a different story to tell.
Call into the office - I have found that a personal approach achieves far greater success. Prepare a news release, outlining the story or message(s) you want to convey. Compile a few quotes - they will be most welcome. Reporters prefer to have a hard copy from which they can work, and you will probably find that it takes the pressure off you. Alternatively, submit your details by post or email, and then follow it up with a visit or a telephone call a few days later. Don't forget to include your contact number or email address.
You can expect further questioning to develop the article, or to clarify any points. Talk about yourself, make it personal - and mention the BSA and the services it provides. Refer to the guidance for parents, children, teenagers, adults, partners, teachers, employers and friends. Emphasise that you wish other PWS to know about the BSA, so they no longer feel isolated. Tell them how becoming a member has influenced your life and give details of the website and helpline. Reporters will have their own ideas of how they wish to compose an article - you are entirely in their hands. But that does not prevent you from emphasising any points that you would like to be included.
One word of caution, do not attempt to promote any particular therapy or programme, as this could be seen as seeking free advertising. Where appropriate, such involvement could be introduced into your overall story.
You can, of course, quite properly publicise the silver jubilee conference, particularly if you are involved in a workshop. It would also be an ideal opportunity to mention BSA open days and sponsored activities.
National magazines occasionally feature articles about stuttering. Should you have a particularly interesting story to tell, why not submit a rough draft? It needn't be a masterpiece - an outline and some facts will suffice. Journalists are trained to write the articles, not you. Look at back issues for contact details and the nature and format of previous features.
Trade journals associated with a particular employment, trade union, hobby, sport, or leisure activity are other areas to explore, together with church magazines.
Local radio is easily accessible via regular phone-in programmes. These provide a very effective means to get on air. If you are looking to expand your comfort zone, make a few notes beforehand so that you do not overlook any important points. Then just pick up the telephone and call them. Some stations present shows where the caller is allowed to choose the topic about which he/she wishes to speak. An assistant will initially screen your call and require a broad outline of what you intend to say. When you are eventually connected to the show, the presenter will have already been briefed about your proposed contribution.
I frequently telephone radio stations to contribute to current affairs programmes that involve 'live' listener participation. At my suggestion, BBC Radio Wales (the national station for the Principality) devoted one show to stuttering and other speech problems.
On another occasion, I rang in to take part in a debate: "The lost art of conversation". I introduced an entirely different aspect when I mentioned that many PWS are denied opportunities to develop inter-personal skills. As one of the panellists was a teacher, I also outlined some of the problems that stuttering creates within a school environment.
After contacting BBC Radio Wales, I was later invited to Broadcasting House in Cardiff to take part in four live prime-time broadcasts on stuttering. A fifth interview related to consumer competitions, a former lucrative pastime of mine.
Each was preceded by a lengthy chat with a researcher who prepared a list of questions for the interviewer. You can be assertive and request sight of the questions in advance of the interview - even if it's only 10 minutes before you are due to go 'on air'. I found such preparation invaluable.
Other radio stations run competitions, where listeners are invited to ring in with the answers. In many cases the host will engage you in a little chitchat before requesting the competition response. Whenever I am asked about my interests, I turn the conversation around to my involvement within the stuttering community. It has never failed to create interest.
The nature of television is that news programmes/bulletins generally relate to a wide geographical area. Production costs are also much greater than in other branches of the media; consequently, only the more newsworthy stories are likely to be featured. Nevertheless, stuttering has generated far greater publicity recently, as illustrated by the forthcoming BBC television documentary.
If you have ever considered increasing public awareness about stuttering, the forthcoming International Stuttering Awareness Day (ISAD) will present you with a golden opportunity to bring the subject to the fore.
Link your story to ISAD; relate the fact that it is celebrated annually on October 22. Tell them what you, your support group, and the BSA are planning for that day. Due to ISAD's worldwide status, I suspect that most newspapers will wish to include an item about that event. If you make it sufficiently newsworthy, radio and television might express an interest.
During the past few years, I have talked openly about my stutter on TV, radio, newspapers, the internet and to large groups of strangers, both here and the USA. I have been so heartened by the reactions I have received. Almost everyone showed the utmost courtesy, while many expressed an apparently genuine interest in the subject.
As a result, I have become totally desensitised. My beliefs and perceptions of what others think about my speech are now extremely positive. This has greatly assisted my passage to self-acceptance.
Approaching the media presents a sizeable challenge, but the rewards are immense. It involves moving out of your comfort zone, widening your self-image and placing yourself in new situations. If you are not ready to explore those uncharted waters alone, you might feel more confident if accompanied by someone else who stutters. Is there anyone with whom you might wish to share the adventure?
Living a safe and predictable life denies us opportunities to discover just how courageous and extraordinary we are. We gain strength and confidence each time we confront our fears. I have gained a lot of personal satisfaction through my speaking engagements within the community and extensive media involvement.
I earnestly believe that the lives of many people who stutter can be significantly improved by creating a greater public understanding of our difficulties. I feel that we all have our part to play in increasing awareness - it is to our mutual benefit. Why not take up the challenge? Hopefully, others will then be inspired to follow suit.


Ngepi Camp was built on an island in the northern reaches of the Okavango Delta pan-handle in the Caprivi strip of Namibia, and offers private and overland campsites with all facilities & stunning en suite tree-houses where your feet are 'in' nature - on the river. Unique 'floating swimming' pool in the river, Mokoro safaris, boat cruises, fishing, bird/village walks, game drives, bushman art trip, visits to Popa Falls, lawn & shade.
Ngepi Camp offers the best value for money Okavango Delta swamp 'Mokoro' safari in Namibia. Guided bird and village walks. Fishing boats & guide for hire - catch and release only. Guided game drives in the national parks, swimming in the unique floating river pool, frisbee golf, volley ball, ablution tours, sunset cruises, river rafting, environmental projects and much more.
Elephant, lion, leopard, hippos, buffalo, wild dog and the rare sable and roan antelope abound in both the Bwabwata National Park directly across the river, and in the Mahango National Park only a few km's down the road. Bird life at Ngepi Camp is renowned as one of the best spots in Southern Africa with over 500 species.
How to get there: On the B8 road at Divundu (on the western side of the Okavango River at the bridge), turn south on Mohembo Border Post road (towards Botswana) for 10 km. turn left at Ngepi Camp sign for further 4 km on 2WD road.
Ngepi Camp's bush huts are rustic, thatched huts consisting of two half-walled rooms, one with a double bed and one with two single beds, and an open-air bathroom at the rear. They are equipped with mosquito nets, linen and towels. Although they do not have a view of the river, each one has a lovely private garden with a braai area. The bush huts are not equipped for self-catering.
Most tree houses at Ngepi Camp overlook the Kavango River, each of them, a unique experience. They are built around a tree, on a wooden deck with a thatched roof. The tree houses have reed walls at the back and roll up blinds in front, giving them a natural feel. Each tree house has an En-suite bathroom, sporting an interesting 'al fresco' shower. Most of the tree houses have a braai area, but are not equipped for self-catering.
The triple tree house has one room with a double bed and a single bed. Most tree houses at Ngepi Camp overlook the Kavango River, each of them, a unique experience. They are built around a tree, on a wooden deck with a thatched roof. The tree houses have reed walls at the back and roll up blinds in front, giving them a natural feel. Each tree house has an En-suite bathroom, sporting an interesting 'al fresco' shower. Most of the tree houses have a braai area, but are not equipped for self-catering.
The Family Tree House has two separate rooms, one with a double bed and the other with two single beds. Most tree houses at Ngepi Camp overlook the Kavango River, each of them, a unique experience. They are built around a tree, on a wooden deck with a thatched roof. The tree houses have reed walls at the back and roll up blinds in front, giving them a natural feel. Each tree house has an En-suite bathroom, sporting an interesting 'al fresco' shower. Most of the tree houses have a braai area, but are not equipped for self-catering. The rate is the base rate for two adults (additional children rate will be calculated based on age and amount of children).
Children sharing with 2 adults: 0 to 3 years = Complementary / 4 to 11 years = 50% of adult sharing rate.


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Endless Canvas is proud to release the first episode of VIVID DECAY: Creating Beauty in a Broken System in partnership with Grounded Media Network!
David Polka is a visual artist and graphic designer currently based in Oakland, CA. Originally from Las Cruces, New Mexico, he is a graduate of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque and has been exhibiting work professionally since 2006.
Drawing inspiration from abandoned and neglected places, stories and people, Polka's work distills the ephemeral nature of human experience into a visual record of accumulated memories and emotions. Flowing, abstract forms envelop figures weary from loss and hardship in an exploration of transitory connections. Reflecting a myriad of aesthetic influences including Native American art, graffiti, anime, and Colonial and Byzantine devotional art, these images examine how personal interactions are fostered and eroded by adversity, revealing the lines connecting different facets of our existence with irrevocable patterns of life and death, destruction and rebirth.
To view his latest work, visit davidpolka.com.
David Polka Artist Documentary Teaser from Grounded TV Network on Vimeo.


Renegade Classics offers the largest selection of motorcycle leathers and textile motorcycle gear in Tucson and Southern Arizona.
We now carry five major leather apparel lines: First Manufacturing, UNIK, Daniel Smart, Milwaukee and Redline Leather.
We even offer extra small, tall and big and tall sizes. Need 9X or 10X vest or jackets? We have them!
Sure, we sell some budget leather jackets, but most of what we sell is 'premium milled' and 'naked premium' leather… At really affordable prices!
Nearly all our leather jackets have price tags in the $200-$300 range… NOT the $400 or even $500 price tags found at new bike dealerships.
Renegade Classics Tucson also carries textile multi-season jackets from Olympia Moto Sports, Vega, Fulmer and Shaf.
We save you up to 40% over the new bike dealers… for the same quality.
Check out our photo portfolio below: leather jackets, vests and chaps!
Come visit us and try'em on!


To Letting have yet again been awarded Fife's Number 1 letting agent for 2012. We offer a comprehensive, uncomplicated and experienced service to both Landlords and Tenants throughout the length and... breadth of Fife including Glenrothes, Leven, Kirkcaldy, Burntisland, Dunfermline, Cupar and East Neuk. To Letting has become 'the' letting agent for excellent customer service as it is independent and run by local people for local people so we have an indepth knowledge of the areas we work within.


Her phone number spells MARS, her car is a Saturn, and her home is the closest you can get to a cabin in the sky. Donna Shirley isn't your ordinary Earthbound mortal.
In fact, for 30 years she has spent eight to 18 hours a day planning how to get out of this world and onto other planets.
As director of the Mars program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, she has overseen much of America's speeded-up travel agenda to Earth's neighbor planet.
Along with encyclopedic knowledge of what it takes to get a spacecraft from here to there, she has the added talent of making difficult concepts understandable to those who would rather cut off a body part than talk technical.
Which is why, when the spaceship Pathfinder launched for Mars on Dec. 3, it was Shirley who showed up the next day on "Good Morning America," "Today" and "The Jim Lehrer News Hour" to explain how the ship was built, why it is going to Mars, what we expect to find there and what it all means.
It is also Shirley, the interplanetary wit, who titled a scholarly article "Mars on $300K a Day" and who borrowed author Ray Bradbury's classic sci-fi title "The Martian Chronicles" for the name of JPL's cyberspace journal about all things Martian.
And then there are all those "Martian of the Month" posters dotting JPL's walls and halls, hailing members of the team who have worked so monumentally hard to design and build "better, faster, cheaper" space missions under NASA's severe new time and budget constrictions.
Shirley is one space expert who does not fit what she calls the "geeky, nerdy," mentally macho stereotype that some people have of scientists.
"But I am not a scientist," Shirley explodes, having been hit direct-center in her pet peeve. "I am an engineer. And I only make that point because it's such an exciting field, which the media largely ignore. If you're an engineer, you can build a robot, ship it to Mars, talk to it and hear it talk back. You can see the pictures it takes. You can build new things that no one has ever built before. That's what engineers do."
Norm Haynes, head of the recently created JPL Mars Directorate and now Shirley's boss, says there's a difference between Shirley and others: She "has a talent for taking seemingly disconnected fragments of things and weaving them into a picture no one has ever seen before. Most engineers are good analysts, but not good synthesizers. She is able to create things that never existed before."
Being on the management side of things, what Shirley creates are the teams that actually do the building.
Since 1994, she has led planning and implementation of NASA missions to the little red planet, which is half the size of Earth and, at times, the third-brightest twinkle in the sky (after the moon and Venus).
For two years before that, she led a JPL team that created the amazing little Mars rover called Sojourner--the smartest, cutest robot ever hatched, soon to be re-created as a Mattel toy. And it's named for a woman.
With the recent successful launches of Mars Global Surveyor and Pathfinder (with the robot-ette on board), Shirley has helped carry out the new national mandate to create a "permanent presence" on Mars. And for a way to get there that costs less than, say, a Kevin Costner film.
And with those launches, she has also propelled herself right into fulfillment of her long-time dream: to help humans fly where (and how) they have never flown.
It is five days minus launch for Pathfinder, and adrenaline is high at JPL's woodsy, college-like campus.
Her running shoes on, as always, Shirley has been in nonstop meetings about future Mars projects. In between, she has taken calls (including one from the White House), answered e-mail, nailed down radio and TV interviews.
Now she and a cadre of JPL brass are seated at the head of a long narrow table in a conference room in the high-security building where Pathfinder was designed and built. The spacecraft's creators--engineers and scientists--sit along both sides of the table and against the wall. An eclectic group, they include denim-clad whiz kids in loafers with no socks along with more seasoned souls, who seem to favor short-sleeve sport shirts and slacks.
On the table is a teleconference device that links Pasadena with Kennedy Space Center in Florida. This is Pathfinder's final mission readiness review, and management listens as the head of each group explains last-minute glitches in the systems for which he is responsible and how those problems have been resolved. Each speaker concludes in bracing pep rally tones: "We are 'go' for launch."
It is an exceedingly tense session, and yet the banter between colleagues and coasts seems relaxed. Reference is made to a pre-launch party at someone's house the night before; people wander out for sandwiches and coffee, which they bring back.
The meeting lasts for hours, as the readiness of each and every bracket, nut, bolt, valve, wire, cable and scuff mark is analyzed, debated and discussed. Acronyms fill the air: "All AIM parts verified to have grounded lids. IMP has ungrounded FPGAs. Likelihood of charging in MPF is low. . . ."
In the end, the S / C (spacecraft) is deemed ready to go. And Shirley confides she is "nervous, anxious," has "butterflies."
"Years of people's lives have gone into this thing. It's put together with all this very fanatical devotion to the most minute detail. It's all brand new, never been done before. It's a huge investment for each person involved."
Not the least of those is Shirley.
She began her career at JPL in 1966 by working on aerodynamics analyses for a proposed Martian entry vehicle that never launched. Now, 30 years later, she has come full orbit, managing the efforts that actually lofted two such vehicles into space.
Shirley headed for the stars early on, when she insisted on taking the mechanical drawing course instead of home economics. In the little town of Wynnewood, Okla., population 2,500, where she was born and raised, this was considered "crazy. Girls didn't do things like that."
She also learned to fly. After earning a bachelor of arts degree in professional writing and a bachelor of science degree in aerospace engineering, both from the University of Oklahoma, she moved to California and signed on at JPL. While there, she went to night school and earned a master's in aerospace engineering from USC in 1968.
Bruce Murray, former director of JPL, founder of the Planetary Society and a professor of planetary science and geology at Caltech, says he first met Shirley in those early days. Both worked on Mariner 10 in the early '70s, Murray recalls. "Donna walked into a man's world" when she joined JPL, he says. "And it never occurred to the men that it should be any other way.
"I think she advanced to a position of real leadership because she is unusually capable, and she was able to articulate her case so well."
After all these years at JPL, managing projects with as many as 400 people and budgets up to $200 million, it's clear she shows a special fondness for the assignment that immediately preceded her current one: creating and managing the team that produced the personable robot that is right now soaring toward Mars.
Named Sojourner Truth, after an African American woman who led the crusade against slavery, the 22-pound robot will be the first to roam autonomously on another planet. Shirley recalls with obvious satisfaction that "everyone said it could not be done."
Her enthusiasm mounts as she speaks, underscoring just how exciting an engineer's life can be. And she's not just talking about her own job.
"The project manager for Pathfinder didn't want a rover on board the spaceship at all. He considered it a parasite, thought it would have to be tethered to Pathfinder by cable in order to carry power and data, and to enable radio communication. So it would be dragging a string around all the time. We said, 'The string will get tangled up when the rover turns. We'll design something new.' We proved he was wrong about the radio and everything else. Now he loves the rover."
The tale of how the radio was made suitable for Mars--a series of simple, logical, fun-to-try steps--could take an hour to tell. And for every part of the robot, Shirley can come up with more sagas of engineering creativity, all equally fascinating. For example, the invention of "rocker bogie" wheels able to rock and roll over uneven terrain, even over obstacles more than one and a half times the rover's own size.
The unique suspension design uses no springs, and allows the joints to bend and conform to ground contours as each of the six wheels moves up and down independently. Motion sensors on the frame detect excessive tilt to stop the rover from tipping over.
Longtime JPL engineer Don Bickler invented the rocker bogie, Shirley says. And during the early days of the project, he built part of the prototype in his garage at home. For those who think they'd rather spend money down here than in space, Shirley makes this point: The rocker bogie wheels meant for Mars are able to climb steps here on Earth. They eventually may be adapted for wheelchairs and other uses. In fact, many innovations dreamed up for space find Earthly applications, she says.
Then there are the laser stripes that the rover projects in front of it as it travels. The stripes remain straight until an insurmountable obstacle or hazard is detected. This causes them to wrinkle, which causes the rover's "eyes" (tiny cameras) to communicate with the rover's "brain," which then alters course to avoid the problem--without any human help.
"She's smart, she can stay out of trouble, and she pays her own way," Shirley says of Sojourner. "By carrying science instruments as she travels, she tells us things we need to know. Without her, the instruments would just be plopped down in one place."
How did Sojourner get so smart?
"David Miller, on our team, adapted some new MIT computer software that had never been applied to anything yet. The software is based on the way insects behave--a form of artificial intelligence. We put Dave's brain on the body with Don's rocker bogie wheels. . . ."
And this, mind you, is just one small part of one project out of dozens in which she has participated over the years.
Her resume lists 24 different assignments during her years at JPL, starting in 1966 as an aerodynamic analyst. From 1970 to '72, she was a mission analyst for Mariner 10, selecting the trajectory for its projected trip to Venus and Mercury. From '72 to '74, she managed navigation and mission design for Mariner's actual voyage. And as the years passed, her resume shows, Shirley's managerial responsibilities increased as she was given larger, more expensive and more complicated projects. She managed teams of people assigned to develop space stations, robotics, automation and planetary surface vehicles, including early versions of the rover. In 1991, she became chief engineer of a $1.6-billion project to explore asteroids, a comet and Saturn.
Then came the assignment to develop the rover for Mars. Even her resume, otherwise technical and dry, seems to crow: "If this is successful, it will be the first small rover on the surface of another planet and the first mobile vehicle on the surface of Mars."
Shirley uses this project to illustrate what her job is all about.
"I convinced headquarters [NASA] to spend the money on the project. I assembled the team. Some were available, but others I had to lobby for--twist their arms, or the arms of management to get them involved. It was a very creative team. We mixed research people with those who had flight experience. Normally that doesn't happen. Researchers are into way-out new areas and never have to confront reality. Those in flight stay completely away from the new stuff because it adds risk to a project. I brought these two totally different cultures together, convinced them to work together. We had some superb, old-time engineers, some bright young researchers into the new forms of artificial intelligence invented at MIT and never yet applied to anything.
"Pulling them together, getting them to solve problems in a group, getting the money to fund it all, convincing people I wasn't crazy. That's what I did."
The experience inspired her to formalize her management theories into an as-yet-unpublished book. In essence: Do away with the hierarchy, with the "tree" of linear management.
Her model, as she draws it on a blackboard, is a group of concentric circles--a team concept in which everyone is free to exchange ideas, even pieces of the budget, with everyone else.
Creative personnel are in the inner circles; the manager supervises from the edge.
"The key is to relinquish control," Shirley says. "A too-controlling manager will never succeed in producing a great creative product."
Haynes calls her "very innovative," with a management style "that empowers people to do good stuff."
Jake Matijevic worked for Shirley on the Sojourner, then replaced her as manager when she moved on. "She's technically competent, enthusiastic, an excellent manager," he says. "She tends to be a very driven individual. The testament of a really good manager is you don't have to work 18 hours a day because the job is managed so well. That's the kind she is."
Away from work, Shirley's passions include acting, singing, composing music on the guitar, sculpting, painting, flying planes (she stopped because there's too much traffic in the sky) and generally having a good time.
She was divorced four years ago from the JPL laser and propulsion researcher to whom she was married for 20 years. JPL, she says, "is a small town, we all work long hours, we are isolated here, and we all tend to socialize together. We have quite a few JPL marriages."
Her daughter, Laura Diane, 19, is the real pride and joy in Shirley's life. The two will soon leave for New Zealand on their annual mother-daughter trip.
This semester, Shirley is taking an acting class at Pasadena City College. And she just tried out for a part in a Tom Stoppard play at Caltech. And then there are those JPL activities and clubs in which she occasionally participates: biking, sailing, flying. . . .
"Engineers are real people, like everyone else," she says.
Native? No. Born in Wynnewood, Okla.; moved to California in 1966; lives in La Can~ada Flintridge.
Family: Divorced; daughter Laura Diane, 19; one cat, two collie dogs.
Passions: Engineering, science, nature, conservation, acting, painting, reading, music.
On innovation: "Creativity lies at the interface of discipline and chaos."
On completing a successful launch: "Like birth, it is essential but insufficient."
On the future: "For years I could think of nothing better than managing a flight to Mars. Now I've done it and I'm ready for something else."


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'I am the Resurrection and the Life'
by Father Brady Williams, SOLT, Contributor
There is a parish on the northeast side of Houston, where I grew up, called Sts. Martha, Mary and Lazarus: Friends of Jesus. This title expresses so beautifully the special relationship that Jesus had with these three siblings. They were truly his friends and we can imagine that he frequented their home and enjoyed their company. St. John's Gospel, in fact, tells us that Jesus "loved Martha and her sister and Lazarus" (Jn 11:5).
Martha, we know, was very attentive to hospitality and Mary would sit at Jesus' feet enjoying "the better part." They lived in Bethany, only a few miles from Jerusalem.
The Gospel of John Chapter 11 tells us that Jesus received news that Lazarus was sick and dying. All of us during this time of the pandemic have received news of a loved one or friend that has become deathly ill. Surely, many of our prayers reflect the plea for help Jesus received from these friends: "Lord, [Lazarus] whom you love is ill" (v.3). The expectation of Martha and Mary would have been that Jesus would have come immediately and would have healed Lazarus of his fatal illness. However, Jesus delays! When Jesus does make the journey to Bethany, Martha and Mary meet him on the way and tell Him: "Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died" (v.21; 32). Any of us who have been faced with the death of a loved one have felt like these two sisters. We too could say: 'Jesus, if you would have come, if you would have been here, my mom/dad, brother/sister, my friend would not have died.' It is at this moment that we find the shortest verse in the entire New Testament: "Jesus wept" (v.35). Yes, Jesus sees our tears, our sorrow, and our pain in these moments of loss. Our sorrowful heart moves His Most Sacred Heart.
Yet it is also here, in this moment of tremendous pain of heart, that Jesus speaks to Martha – and us – those most powerful words: "I am the resurrection and the life; he who believes in me, though he die, yet shall he live" (Jn 11:25).
A few years ago, a coworker received a phone call that her son had suddenly passed away. I remember hearing the news and then going to the little chapel here on campus where she was to try to console her. I honestly didn't know what to say. After a short time, we decided to celebrate Mass for the repose of her son's soul. When the Gospel of the Raising of Lazarus was proclaimed, I noticed how these mighty words of Jesus, "I am the resurrection and the life," were able to penetrate this sorrowful mother's heart. Already they began to bring her healing through hope, a hope that started with her desire that her son would come back to life (like Lazarus) but which was transformed into a hope "full of immortality"(Wis 3:4) that her son would be with the Lord. For those who have lost a spouse, a relative, a friend: Jesus desires that these words console your hearts. Only He can bring true solace and peace in these bereft moments of life.
"I am the resurrection and the life." What powerful words! Christ has conquered death and restored life. Jesus Christ, risen from the dead, is the principle and source of our own resurrection.
In the Gospel account, Jesus anticipates his resurrection by resuscitating Lazarus back to life. We may initially hope that, like Lazarus, the one whom we have lost could come back to be with us again. Ultimately, we realize that this kind of 'rising' could never be enough because we want our loved ones to live forever. By Jesus' resurrection, our hope is now transformed so that by grace we may become the friends of God and live forever. Even though we still have to undergo the uncertainty of physical death, we believe that Christ, our Life, will raise us up on the last day. The Preface for Christian Funerals poignantly states, "Indeed, for your faithful, Lord, life is changed not ended …."
"Do you believe this" (Jn 11:26)? The question Jesus posed to Martha remains pertinent to us. May we, with Martha, profess our faith in the Lord Jesus now and at the hour of our death: "Yes Lord! I have come to believe that you are the Christ, the Son of God, he who is coming into the world" (v.27).
Father Brady Williams is a member of the Society of Our Lady of the Most Holy Trinity (SOLT). He completed his theological studies at the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum) in Rome in 2003 and was ordained to the priesthood in Corpus Christi in 2004. In 2008 he completed his Licentiate degree in liturgical theology at the Pontifical Atheneum Sant'Anselmo in Rome and was appointed as the Rector of the SOLT House of Studies (2008 – 2012).
Among the many opportunities for priestly ministry, Father Williams was assistant chaplain at the University of Dallas Rome Campus (2006 – 2011) and ministered to the sick and dying as a hospital chaplain at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, MI (2012). He was assigned as Pastor of Most Holy Trinity Parish and School in Phoenix, AZ in 2012 – 2013. Currently, Father Williams serves as the SOLT General Secretary and as the Novice Servant.
South Texas Catholic · 555 N. Carancahua, Suite 750, Corpus Christi, Texas 78401 · (361) 693-6605


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Airports in Troy, Alabama
There are 2 Airports in Troy, Alabama, serving a population of 19,010 people in an area of 29 square miles. There is 1 Airport per 9,505 people, and 1 Airport per 14 square miles.
In Alabama, Troy is ranked 98th of 776 cities in Airports per capita, and 81st of 776 cities in Airports per square mile.
List of Troy Airports
Find Troy, Alabama airports, local, private and regional and international airports.
Smart Road Airport 923 Smart Road Troy, AL
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About Troy Airports
Troy Airports are aviation complexes that consist of runways for the take-off and landing of aircraft as well as aviation support structures in Troy, AL. Depending on airport size and air traffic, support structures at an airport in Troy may include control towers, terminals, hangars, and maintenance facilities. Other supporting services and amenities may also be available at Pike County airfields, including parking facilities, retail and dining services, hotels, and connections to other modes of transportation, such as rail or bus. The larger Troy airports may contain internal transportation systems to move passengers among terminals and parking areas. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) groups Troy non-military airports into four categories: Commercial Service Airports, General Aviation Airports, Cargo Service Airports, and Reliever Airports.
You may contact the Airport for questions about:
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text:
10-я Словенская народно-освободительная ударная бригада «Иван Градник» (, ) — словенское подразделение Народно-освободительной армии Югославии. В состав бригады входили четыре батальона.

Личный состав

Командиры
  (11 — 16 сентября 1943)
  (16 сентября 1943 — 27 июня 1944)
 Глиша «Рацо» Раца (4 июля 1944 — 11 февраля 1945)
 Миро Свобода (27 марта — 15 мая 1945)

Политруки
 Янко Рудолф (11 сентября — 18 декабря 1943)
  (18 декабря 1943 — 23 января 1944)
 Йоже «Юре» Коделич (23 января — 5 марта 1944)
 Игнац «Наце» Ферфила (5 марта — 16 сентября 1944)
 Мартин Оцвирк (16 сентября — 9 ноября 1944)
  (9 ноября 1944 — 15 мая 1945)

Заместители командиров
 Ладо Файдига (16 сентября — 4 октября 1943)
  (19 октября — 18 декабря 1943)
 Матевж Шивец (22 января — декабрь 1944)
 Йоже «Листер» Голичич (18 апреля — 15 мая 1945)

Заместители политруков
 Франц «Колумб» Стегнар (16 сентября — декабрь 1943)
 Антон «Горазд» Трчек (16 января — 3 ноября 1944)
 Ибро Байрактаревич (5 ноября 1944 — 15 мая 1945)

Литература
 Vojna enciklopedija, 2. izd., 1978, Zvezek 2, str. 22.

Бригады Народно-освободительной армии Югославии
Воинские части и формирования, созданные в 1943 году
Воинские части и формирования, расформированные в 1945 году

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A true story about an overweight woman who started training for a marathon with Oprah's trainer.
How farfetched would it be for a 219 pound Texas woman with three small children to believe she could not only run a marathon, but manifest running it with Oprah's trainer, Bob Greene? Well, if I had stopped to think of the incredible odds, I might have quickly dismissed the idea, remained overweight and been unfulfilled for the remainder of my life.
Yet, only a week after reading Oprah and Bob's book, 'Making the Connection' in the fall of 1996, I read an article which held that if you had a dream, you must "put it out there." So, on a whim I quickly sat down and wrote a letter to Bob Greene in care of the Oprah Show.
This letter explained my love for the book and that I had already lost five pounds, following the 10 steps outlined therein. I went on to say that as I arose at 5:00 AM every morning and stepped into the darkness for my two mile walk, I envisioned Bob beside me, encouraging me along the way, as he had done with Oprah during her training and subsequent marathon. Then, I boldly requested that once I had achieved my goal weight, would he consider running a marathon alongside me.
I quickly forgot the letter after it was mailed. However, three days later a producer from the Oprah show called me, saying she'd received the letter and asked if they could follow my progress. I said that was fine, but the letter had been meant for Bob and not the show. She never would say if the letter would be passed along.
Each month I would send a picture of myself and my current weight. I also continued to address these letters to Bob and tell him of each accomplishment along the way. I never was asked to be on the show, but I continued to write.
Eight months passed and I found myself moving to Denver, CO. My progress was hampered by altitude sickness for a few weeks and then a terrible fall from a 12 foot ladder. Running was put on hold for an indefinite period.
Then in the Fall of 1997, I heard a radio announcement that Bob was coming to town on a fitness tour. I asked a new friend to accompany me there. She agreed and I took along the pictures and letters. When I spoke to Bob, he did not remember ever seeing them, but he was quite impressed with my progress and took them all back to Harpo Productions. Again, I asked if he would run a marathon with me, once at my goal weight. He kindly said his schedule was dictated by Harpo Productions and just didn't know.
During that event, I somehow convinced my tag-a-long friend to train with me for my first marathon. Thus, began the journey of a lifetime. My friend was incredibly psychic throughout her childhood and the many hours of training were speckled with conversations about concepts I'd not previously even considered, including the possibility of manifesting your dreams and desires.
My dream of running with Bob during a marathon became pale in comparison to THIS journey. My awareness was heightened beyond my wildest imaginings. We trained for this first marathon from November through June in the dead of winter. Three foot snows, hail and bone chilling winds didn't dampen our enthusiasm. I continued to send letters and pictures of our progress. During this time I met another group of ladies online. They were all part of the running/jogging message board on the Oprah website. We all became friends and they were such a support during our final weeks of training for our marathon in June.
My friend and I completed our first marathon in Duluth, MN. We started together and we finished together with our hands clasped above our heads in victory as we crossed the line in 5 hours and 19 minutes. It was one of the greatest moments of my life, and it showed me the distances one can go with a vision and dedication to put one foot in front of the other.
As wonderful as that experience was, the story doesn't end there. My online buddies decided we all wanted to run a marathon together and meet one another. So, we chose the Portland Marathon in October of 1998. My friend took a full-time job and could no longer train with me or run this marathon, but the online buddies continued to support my efforts. As we got closer to the date, we began to hear that Runner's World wanted to cover our story, then the Oprah Show said they'd be sending a camera crew to cover it for an upcoming show.
What I didn't know was that they were also sending Bob Greene. He was there to support us all, so I had no thoughts that he'd possibly run the whole race with me and at that point I was just so happy he was there to support all of us.
Since I had already run one other marathon, I decided to throw caution to the wind and not pace myself. I went out with some very thin and much younger women, with whom I had developed a rapport. They were clicking off 10 minute miles, which were much too fast for me. At the six mile mark I told them to go on ahead and I'd pull up the rear. It was a struggle from there on out. I was virtually running this race by myself. There wasn't a single friend in sight and oh how I missed my friend from Denver.
As I came up St. John's bridge at mile 17, Bob jumped out from behind a bridge section and began running with me. He said, "I'm here to run the rest of the race with you." Tears came to my eyes. All those miles, all those pounds, all those daily affirmations that I would run a marathon with Bob Greene had culminated into this reality. It was truly overwhelming. And yet, the dream had become so much more. Not included in the dream was this wonderful experience of discovering the wonders of metaphysics or of developing such a close relationship with all these women. We spent the rest of the race talking about manifestation and how we draw those situations and people into our lives to support those dreams.
As I write this, I look on my wall at my medal and the framed poster-sized picture of Bob and I finishing the race. I keep it right above my desk as a daily reminder that anything I dream can become reality, if I only dare first dream!
1.- A true story by Marcia Noyes July 1, 2015, 5:24 p.m.


text:
\section*{Supplementary Material : Statistical properties of nonlinear stage of modulation instability in fiber optics}

\section{Section I: Optical fiber experiments}

\subsection{Experimental Setup}

We provide here some details of the experimental setup (Fig. \ref{fig:1}). The light source used for generation of the plane wave is a single-frequency continuous-wave (CW) laser diode (APEX-AP3350A) centered at 1550 nm which delivers an optical power of a few mW. The power of the generated plane wave is amplified to the Watt-level by using an Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The spontaneous emission of the EDFA acts as some noise that is added to the monochromatic plane wave.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{P1_FIG1_SUPP.pdf}
\caption{{\bf Experimental setup} The initial field is emitted by a single frequency CW source amplified
by and Erbium doped fiber amplifier. An acousto-Optic modulator (AOM-1) allows to design 200-ns pulses which are launched inside the 10-km long recirculating fiber loop. The losses of the cavity are partly compensated by a Raman fiber amplifier (corresponding to 8 km of the fiber loop). The signal is observed at each round trip by using ultrafast photodiodes. The spectrum is observed by using optical spectrum analyzer (OSA): a second acousto-optical modulator (AOM-2) allows to select one specific pulse associated with a given propagation distance.}
\label{figSup:1}
\end{figure}

A periodic train of square pulses having a width of $ \approx$ 200 ns and a period of 10 ms is prepared by using an acousto-optic modulator (AOM-1). The duration of the  200~ns pulses  is much greater than the typical duration (30 - 50 ps) of the nonlinear structures that emerge from nonlinear propagation.

The recirculating fiber loop is made up of a ∼ 10 km of single-mode fiber (SMF) closed on itself by a 90/10 fiber coupler (FC). The FC is arranged in such a way that 90 $\%$ of the intracavity power is recirculated. The SMF has been manufactured by Draka-Prysmian. It has a measured second-order dispersion coefficient of $-22$ ps$^2$ km$^{-1}$ and an estimated Kerr coefficient of $1.3$ km$^{-1}$ W$^{-1}$ at the working wavelength of 1550 nm.

In all the experiments presented in this Letter, the measured optical power of the initial signal is $P_{0} = 48$~mW and the theoretical frequency associated with the maximum gain of the MI is $\nu_{M} = (1/2\pi)\sqrt{2 |\gamma P_0/\beta_2|}\simeq 12$~GHz. The accuracy of measurement of the power inside the cavity is around 10$\%$. In numerical simulations, we adjust slightly the power to $P_0=43$mW in order to match the period of the transient oscillations of $\kappa_4$ to the period measured in experiments. We believe that  this small difference betweeen the two values of $P_0$ arise from the use of a mean-field model where effective losses are introduced in a phenomenological way. Indeed, losses of the FC are localized at a discrete position inside the cavity and rigorously speaking this cannot be fully described by a simple model with effective losses, see Eq. (\ref{eq:NLSE}). It is remarkable that the effective model quantitatively reproduce experiments by a slight adjustment of the power.

The optical signal at the output of the 90/10 FC is launched into a 50/50 FC, which allows to monitor simultaneously the dynamics and the spectrum of the nonlinear optical waves. First, the signal is recorded by using a fast photodiode (Picometrix D-8IR) connected to a fast oscilloscope (LeCroy LabMaster 10-65Zi). Secondly, an acousto-optic modulator (AOM-2) allows to select a specific round trip by adjusting the delay between an electrical gate that trigs AOM-2 after that a square pulse has been generated by AOM-1. The output light from AOM-2 is launched into an optical spectrum analyser (OSA,  YOKOGAWA - AQ6370)) allowing to monitor the optical power spectrum at a given propagation distance.

\subsection{Single-shot recording}

The Probability Density Function (PDF)  and the second order moment of the optical power are shown in Fig. 3 of the Letter. We used the fast oscilloscope in a sequence mode.

 As schematically shown in Fig. 2(a), the oscilloscope performs the
  periodic acquisition of the signal at a period of $10$ ms at which the $200$ ns
  square light pulses are also launched inside the recirculating fiber loop. As shown
  in Fig. 2(b), the signal is not recorded over the duration of $49$ $\mu$s
  that corresponds to the round trip time of light inside the fiber loop. It is recorded
  synchronously to the round trip time in a sequence mode where information is
  sampled over time windows that last $500$ ns. The sampling rate is equal
  to 160 Gs/s and each pulses of 200 ns is thus discretized by using $\simeq$ 32000 points.

  For the statistical analysis, we use only $15 000$ points that are extracted from
  the central part of the signal. This permits to clear possible measurement
  of any unwanted effect arising from the finite size of the square pulses.
  Statistical averages are finally computed from an ensemble $19$ pulses. Considering the time scale of structures ($\sim 100$ps), the statistical averaging is made typically over 20, 000 structures. Note that the emergence of extreme events induced by the modulation instability can be seend in Fig. \ref{figSup:2} (the maxima of instantaneous power roughly correspond to the first maximum of the second order moment studied in the Letter). On the contrary, the averaged energy at each round trip is slowly decaying (see above and Fig. \ref{figSup:2}).

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{P1_FIG3_SUPP.png}
\caption{ (a) Signal recorded by the fast photodiode at a period of $10$ ms
  fixed by the period at which light is launched inside the recirculating fiber loop.
  (b) Sequence of signals recorded by the oscilloscope evry $49$ $\mu$s. (c) Zoomed
  view of coherent structures recorded by the photodiode over$\simeq$ 2 ns (zoom)}
\label{figSup:2}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Raman amplification and effective losses}

Raman amplification is achieved by injecting a pump wave at a wavelength of 1450 nm inside the fiber loop. The pump wave is coupled in and out the recirculating fiber loop by using two commercial wavelength division multiplexers (WDM) splitting the1450nm and 1550 nm wavelengths. The length of the amplifying section is of 8 km. The pump laser at 1450 nm is a commercial Raman fiber laser delivering an output beam having a power of several Watt at 1450nm. In our experiments, this optical power is attenuated to typically $\approx$ 230 mW by using a 90/10 fiber coupler (not shown in Fig. \ref{figSup:1}).

By increasing the power of the pump beam at 1450 nm from zero to a few hundred mW, the propagation distance reached by the 200 ns square pulse increases from 20 km to 500 km. In Fig. \ref{figSup:3}, we show the experimental decay of the signal inside the cavity measured from the averaged energ of the 200 ns pulses over 19 realizations. By fitting experimental data using a least square method, we find that effective losses coefficient $\alpha_{eff}$ is around $1.7 \times 10^{-3}$km$^{-1}$.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{P1_FIG2_SUPP.pdf}
\caption{Decay of the signal inside the cavity (averaged energy of the large 200ns pulses as a function of the propagation distance inside the $10$-km long cavity. The experimental data are fitted by using $\langle E(z) \rangle/\langle E(0) \rangle=\exp(-\alpha_{eff} z)$ (red dashed line).}
\label{figSup:3}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Spatio-temporal diagram}

Extracting the dynamics in space and time from the raw data recorded with the oscilloscope requires a very precise temporal post-synchronization of each 500 ns window (see Fig. 2) corresponding to consecutive round trips.

We first compute the cross-correlation function between two consecutive sequences separated by $\sim 49 \mu$s (see Fig. \ref{figSup:4}). The position of the maximum of the cross-correlation function ($-82$ ps in the example of Fig. \ref{figSup:4}) provides the shift that is needed to be applied. Note that the signal is first interpolated in order to achieve  a better resolution of the correlation function.  This scheme is repeated for every consecutive pulses in order to build the full spatio-temporal diagram.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{P2_FIG1_SUPP.pdf}
\caption{(a) Two consecutive time series S1 and S2 with durations of 500 ns. (b) Normalized cross-correlation function between S1 and S2. (c) Zoom on the maximum of the normalized cross-correlation function. }
\label{figSup:4}
\end{figure}

\section{Section II: Influence of losses (numerical simulations of 1D-NLSE)}

In the Letter, we have considered 1D-NLSE with a small linear effective damping. Here, we investigate the role of the losses on the statistics and we compare numerical simulations of 1D-NLSE (\ref{eq:NLSE})that are made with and without losses ($\alpha_{eff} = 0 $).

\begin{equation}\label{eq:NLSE_SUP}
i\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial z}=\frac{\beta_2}{2}\frac{\partial^2
  \psi}{\partial t^2}-\gamma|\psi|^2\psi -i \frac{\alpha_{\rm eff}}{2}
\psi.
\end{equation}

Our numerical simulations are performed by using a step-adaptive
pseudo-spectral method. Numerical simulations are performed by using a box
of size L =4000 ps,  with a numerical mesh of 2048 points. Statistical
properties of the continuous wave seeded by noise are computed over an
ensemble of 200 realizations.

\subsection{Dynamics}

Fig. 2(b) in the Letter represents the space-time evolution that is computed by taking into account the effective losses measured in experiments. In  Fig. \ref{figSup:5}, we compare numerical simulations made with and without effective losses. There is no significant difference between the two evolutions even though one can notice a very small enlargement of the breather-like structures during the propagation when losses are taken into account.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=8.2cm]{P3_FIG2.pdf}
\caption{(a) Space time diagram of MI without damping, (b) Space time diagram of MI with damping  $\alpha_{eff} = 1.675 \times 10^{-3}$.}
\label{figSup:5}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Second order moment}

Fig. 3 of the Letter shows the evolution of the second order moment of the power, i.e. the fourth order moment of the amplitude of the field  $\kappa_4(z)=   \langle  P(z,t)^2  \rangle / \langle P(z,t)  \rangle^2$  as function of the propagation distance $z$.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{P3_FIG1.pdf}
\caption{Evolution of the moment $\kappa_4$ as function of the propagation distance. In red line, the moment is computed with linear damping $\alpha_{eff} = 1.675 \times 10^{-3}$ km$^{-1}$ whereas the green curve corresponds to numerical simulations made with no losses $\alpha_{eff} = 0$. The same experimental parameters are used in the two numerical simulations : $\beta_2 =-22$ ps$^2$km$^{-1}$,$\gamma = 1.3$W$^{-1}$km$^{-1}$, P$_0 = 43$ mW.  Note that here, the finite bandwidth of detection (see below) is {\it not} included. }
\label{figSup:6}
\end{figure}

 In Fig. \ref{figSup:6},  we compare the evolution of the second order moment of the power computed from numerical simulations with and without linear damping ($\alpha_{eff} \neq 0$ or $\alpha_{eff}=0$)

\subsection{Autocorrelation of optical power (second order of coherence)}

In integrable turbulence ($\alpha_{eff}=0$ in Eq.(\ref{eq:NLSE_SUP}) ) with initial conditions made of a plane wave with noise, the long term evolution is characterized by an exponential distribution of the power $P=|\psi|^2$ corresponding also to a Gaussian single-point statistics of $\psi$. Up to now, no distinction between this nonlinear state and the simple linear superposition of waves (central limit theorem) has been made. In the main Letter, we have shown that the second order autocorrelation function  $g^{(2)}$ provides a clear signature of the nonlinear stage of MI. The autocorrelation function exhibits an oscillatory structure. However, the visibility of the oscillations is significantly reduced by the influence of losses at long distance of propagation. We provide here the comparison between autocorrelation functions of the power computed from numerical simulations in both cases $\alpha_{eff} \neq 0$ and $\alpha_{eff}=0$. Note that, here, we do not apply the filtering effect induced by the finite detection bandwidth (see Sec. III below).

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{P3_FIG3.pdf}
\caption{Autocorrelation of the power with losses ($\alpha_{eff} = 1.675 \times 10^{-3}$ km$^{-1}$, red line) and without losses  ($\alpha_{eff} = 0$ km$^{-1}$, green line). Other parameters used in numerical simulations are : $\beta_2 =-22$ ps$^2$km$^{-1}$,$\gamma = 1.3$W$^{-1}$km$^{-1}$, P$_0 = 43$ mW.}
\label{figSup:7}
\end{figure}

The comparison reveals that the effective losses play a significant role on the quasi-periodic structure of $g^{(2)}$ at long propagation distance. The oscillations of $g^{(2)}$ gradually disappear in the presence of effective damping while they remain observable in the integrable case for $z\ge 200$ km.

\section{Section III: filtering effect induced by the finite detection bandwidth}

\subsection{Influence of the bandwidth of detection}

In experiments, the dynamics is monitored by fast photodiodes (Picometrix D-8IR), having a nominal bandwidth at $-3dB$ of 65 GHz, connected to a fast oscilloscope (LeCroy Labmaster 10-65ZI) having a nominal bandwidth  $-3dB$ of 65GHz and a sampling rate of 160 Gsamples/s. In the letter, we report simulations in which the bandwidth of detection is modeled by a simple first order filter. We provide here the procedure used to evaluate the bandwidth of the effective first order filter.

 By using  picosecond pulses emitted by a mode-locked fiber laser, we have measured the impulse response of our detector (photodiode + oscilloscope). We report in Fig. \ref{figSup:8} the modulus of the Fourier transform of the impulse response, i.e. the modulus square of the transfer function $|H(\nu)|^2$ of our detection apparatus. We report in  \ref{figSup:8} different adjusted fits that can be made with a first order :

\begin{equation}
|H(\nu)|^2 = \Big |\frac{1}{1+i \frac{\nu}{\nu_c} } \Big |^2
\label{Eq:filtre}
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{P4_FIG1.pdf}
\caption{(a) Modulus square of the experimental transfer function $|H(\nu)|^2$ (blue line), low-pass fit made with different frequency windows : 53 GHz (dashed yellow lines), 78 GHz (dashed green line), full frequency window (red dashed red line).}
\label{figSup:8}
\end{figure}

The cut-off frequency given by the best adjustement (least-squares) procedure depends on the frequency window on which the adjustement is performed. The value of the cut-off frequency  is typically found between $\nu_c \sim 28$ GHz and $\nu_c \sim 33$GHz  (Fig. \ref{figSup:8}). We discuss now  the influence of this finite bandwidth effect by applying the low pass filter described by Eq. (\ref{Eq:filtre}) with $\nu_c = 28$ GHz to the optical power computed with numerical simulations of 1DNLSE.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{P4_FIG4.pdf}
\caption{{\bf Numerical simulation of the modulation instability}. {\bf(a)} Space time diagram of MI without filtering effect.{\bf(b)} Space time diagram of MI by taking into accound the low-pass filter effect with $\nu_c=28$~GHz.}
\label{figSup:9}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{P4_FIG3.pdf}
\caption{Evolution of the moment  $\kappa_4(z)$ with the propagation distance (numerical simulations). The integrable case is plotted in black line while the numerical results filtered with $\nu_c=28GHz$ is plotted in red line. The parameters are $\beta_2 =-22$ ps$^2$km$^{-1}$,$\gamma = 1.3$W$^{-1}$km$^{-1}$, P$_0 = 43$ mW, $\alpha = 1.675 \times 10^{-3}$ km$^{-1}$.}
\label{figSup:10}
\end{figure}

The Fig. \ref{figSup:9} demonstrates that the observed dynamics is only slightly influenced by the limited detection bandwidth of our experiments. The finite detection bandwidth has some impact on the stationary value reached by the second order moment of the power $\kappa_4$. The stationary value computed in the integrable case is  $k_4= 2$ while the value observed in the exepriments is $k_4\sim 1.8$. Fig. \ref{figSup:10} displays the comparison of the evolution of $\kappa_4(z)$ computed in numerical simulations of 1DNLSE by taking into account the effect of bandwidth of detection or not. One immediately sees that the detection bandwidth influences the stationary state value reached by $\kappa_4$ but that it almost does not influence the quasi-periodic transient regime of the evolution of $\kappa_4$.

We finally compare the autocorrelation $g^{(2)}(\tau)$ computed from numerical simulations by taking into account or not the bandwidth of detection (see Fig. \ref{figSup:11}). One immediately sees that the value $g^{(2)}(0)$ is reduced by the bandwidth of detection in our experiments while the oscillatory structure is almost not affected by the detection process. As a conclusion, the precise oscillatory characteristics of $g^{(2)}$ are mainly influenced by losses and not the finite detection bandwidth in our experiments. On the contrary, the value at $\tau=0$ of $g^{(2)}$ is mainly influenced by the effective losses in the fiber loop.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{P4_FIG5.pdf}
\caption{Autocorrelation function $g^{(2)}$ for several propagation distances, without filtering effect (in black line) and with low pass filter associated to the  bandwith of detecion equal to $28$ GHz (in red line).  Numerical simulation of 1DNLSE are made with $\beta_2 =-22$ ps$^2$km$^{-1}$,$\gamma = 1.3$W$^{-1}$km$^{-1}$, P$_0 = 43$ mW, $\alpha = 1.675 \times 10^{-3}$ km$^{-1}$.}
\label{figSup:11}
\end{figure}

\section*{Acknowledgments}

This work has been partially supported by the Agence Nationale de la
Recherche through the LABEX CEMPI project (ANR-11-LABX-0007)   and by
the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, Nord-Pas de Calais
Regional Council and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through
the Contrat de Projets Etat-R\'egion (CPER Photonics for Society
P4S). The work of D.A. (simulations) was supported by the state assignment of IO RAS, theme 0149-2019-0002.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


This weekend I had a project to write. I have a huge archive of MP3s left over from the mid-90s through mid-00's, and they're a bit of a mess and moving them onto my iPod is always a pain in the neck because they might be inconsistently labeled or have proto-Unicode issues or whatever. So I decided to write a little command line utility that would help me sanify my files. Since I'm old-school and organize my songs by album and genre, my tool would pick the most frequent album and genre names from the ID3 files, while taking in alternative sources for those if they weren't complete, such as the name of the directory (which also would give artist, if not otherwise available). It would take the song title from the filename if it weren't available in ID3.
And I decided to write it in Hy. Hy is a Lisp parser that produces Python AST, and since the Python VM accepts and executes raw AST, it's possible to write performant Python using a completely Lisp-like syntax. Having not written Lisp in many years, this sounded like fun.
You can find the entire source code at my elfsternberg/mp_suggest repository on Github.
I like the feel of this code. It's a series of let statements that gets the MP3s and then creates a new list of details (genre, album, artist, title, position), then searches through the command line options and details for genre and album names. Each let statement creates a new object; it looks mostly like immutable code, although that fantasy is blown by my frequent use of ap-reduce. Some of the objects created are anonymous functions containing closures, so they're new functions with pre-created knowledge of things they care about, such as the legal commands and whether or not to override the ID3 title with a modified copy of the filename.
You might want to take a look at https://github.com/Gozala/wisp – it's a pretty nice Clojure-like LISP for JS.
Actually, I'm really familiar with Wisp. I started writing my own Lisp, and found Wisp recently. I have some different plans for mine, using Escodegen as a last-stage intermediate language, using lisp lists as the primary representation, and building on features like pattern matching, polymorphism, transducers, automatic currying, and a bunch of other things.
As much as I'd like to use Wisp, there are things about it that bug me. (The CLI really bugs me, and the FFI is just… shudder0) And I've never written my own language, so this is a learning exercise as much as anything.
A Lisp bottle necked by GIL? NTY I'll stick to Clojure.


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There is a rise in the use of animated logos since most people would prefer to watch something play rather than just reading about it. Things that move tend to catch the eye mostly like ocean waves, and such logos that are appealing to the eye are surfacing in the world of logo design. There are various logo designs as discussed in this article. Animation Warrington is the best solution for all your logo designs.
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Many users love the aspect of a big reveal. This concept utilizes the elements of light and dark in animation design. It shows the photographic aspects of the architectural plans of the animated logos. The logo can be designed to animate as it hides the core part of the logo that catches the attention of the users. If you want a logo that is beautifully designed and can conceal and reveal its contents kindly hire Animation Warrington.
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text:
Q: Transient analysis for circuits with AC excitation using differential equations In the process of finding transient response for circuits with AC excitation using differential equations, we use the method of complementary functions and particular solution, but I read earlier that the solution for total response (transient and steady state) of a circuit is the sum of the complementary function (which is the transient response) and the particular solution (the steady state response) of the corresponding differential equation. Then for the given circuit, shouldn't the particular solution be equal to zero since we're only considering the transient response?

A: For the given circuit, the particular solution cannot be zero because the circuit is being excited by a sinusoidal source. Its derivative is also sinusoidal. In contrast, the transient response is determined by the initial voltage, which is a constant and whose derivative is zero. It would be easier to determine the transient and steady-state responses of this circuit using Laplace transforms and partial function expansion.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Biografia

Inizi di carriera e campagna di Francia
Hans Hahn nacque il 14 aprile 1914 a Gotha, in Turingia. Atleta dalle buone prestazioni fisiche, fu arruolato il 1º aprile 1934 come aspirante ufficiale e divenne sergente il 1º dicembre. Frequentò quindi la scuola di guerra a Monaco di Baviera dal gennaio all'ottobre 1935, e a novembre fu trasferito alla Luftwaffe addestrandosi al volo presso la città di Celle; promosso sottotenente il 1º aprile 1936, Hahn fu selezionato per gareggiare ai Giochi della XI Olimpiade, tenutisi a Berlino quell'estate, nella specialità del pentathlon, ma una malattia non gli permise di partecipare. Terminato l'addestramento di base fu assegnato, il 15 aprile 1937, alla 4ª squadriglia del 134º stormo caccia (4/JG 134) stanziata a Werl, passando poi il 1º novembre alla scuola per piloti di caccia (Jagdfliegerschule) di Werneuchen in qualità di istruttore e quindi, dopo essere stato avanzato a tenente il 1º febbraio 1939, al JG 3.

L'11 ottobre 1939, quando era già iniziata la seconda guerra mondiale, Hahn fu nuovamente spostato, questa volta al 2º gruppo del 2º stormo caccia (II/JG 2) basato a Zerbst/Anhalt. Il 15 dicembre arrivò per lui la nomina a Staffelkapitän (caposquadriglia) della 4/JG 2 mentre le sue prime due vittorie, riportate tra l'altro nel primo volo in cui incontrò aerei nemici, la ottenne il 14 maggio 1940 contro altrettanti Hawker Hurricane della RAF; in ogni caso solo una vittoria venne confermata e di conseguenza contata come valida. Quando finì la campagna di Francia con il secondo armistizio di Compiègne Hahn aveva già totalizzato un totale di cinque vittorie.

Contro la RAF e la VVS

Il talento di Hans Hahn emerse in pieno durante la battaglia d'Inghilterra, dove una costante progressione lo portò a toccare le vittorie numero 10 (31 agosto 1940 con l'abbattimento di tre Spitfire) e 20 (20 settembre 1940, con tanto di Croce di Cavaliere) che gli valsero la promozione a capitano e il comando del III/JG 2. Le fronde di quercia da aggiungere alla Croce di Cavaliere gli vennero concesse il 14 agosto 1941 in seguito alla 41ª vittoria. Hahn diede prova di sé registrando il 50º successo personale il 13 ottobre 1941, il 60º il 4 maggio 1942 e il 66º (ultimo del fronte occidentale) il 16 settembre 1942 ancora contro uno Spitfire della RAF. Nel frattempo, il 16 luglio, fu onorato con la Croce Tedesca in oro.

Il 1º novembre 1942 fu ordinato all'asso dell'aviazione tedesco di cambiare zona d'operazioni e di trasferirsi al vertice del II/JG 54, dislocato al fronte orientale. Qui, in tre mesi, conseguì 42 vittorie distinguendosi particolarmente il 30 dicembre 1942, quando abbatté cinque aerei della Sovetskie Voenno-vozdušnye sily (VVS, l'aviazione militare sovietica). Il 1º gennaio 1943 fu innalzato a maggiore e superò se stesso il 14 dello stesso mese quando fece precipitare sette caccia Lavochkin La-5, arrivando quindi in totale a 86 vittorie, numero aumentato a 100 il 27 gennaio.

La cattura
Passato alla guida del III/JG 54, Hahn incontrò alcuni caccia sovietici nei cieli di Staraja Russa. Nel combattimento che ne seguì riuscì ad abbattere un La-5 segnando la 108ª e ultima vittoria, infatti la sua ala sinistra rimase seriamente danneggiata nello scontro e Hahn dovette disimpegnarsi con difficoltà dagli altri caccia, riuscendo comunque a fare rotta vero la base di partenza, che comunque non riuscì a raggiungere perché il motore del suo Bf-109 G-2 si surriscaldò costringendolo ad un atterraggio in territorio nemico.

Fonti sovietiche sostennero che Hahn fu abbattuto dall'asso Pavel Grazhdanikov del 169 IAP (a sua volta caduto in azione il 5 aprile 1943); in ogni caso, una volta a terra, fu catturato e imprigionato fino al 1950, quando poté ritornare in Germania. In Patria trovò lavoro come dipendente dell'industria farmaceutica Bayer, ricoprendo un ruolo nelle vendite con il Regno Unito e la Francia; successivamente fu anche direttore della Wano Schwarzpulver, fabbricante polvere da sparo e situata vicino Goslar. Ritiratosi a vita privata nel 1977, passò gli ultimi anni della sua vita, terminata a Monaco di Baviera a causa di un tumore il 18 dicembre 1982, con la famiglia nella Francia meridionale.

In totale Hans Hahn abbatté 108 aerei in 560 missioni. 66 aerei caddero al fronte occidentale, e di questi 53 furono Spitfire, mentre delle 42 vittorie segnate al fronte orientale almeno 7 erano Ilyushin Il-2 Šturmovik.

Onorificenze

Note

Bibliografia
 Walther-Peer Fellgiebel, Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939-1945 (in tedesco). Podzun-Pallas, 2000. ISBN 3-7909-0284-5.
 Ernst Obermaier, Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 - 1945 (in tedesco). Magonza, ed. Dieter Hoffmann, 1989. ISBN 3-87341-065-6.
 Veit Scherzer, Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives (in tedesco). Jena, ed. Scherzers Militaer, 2007. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
 Mike Spick, Luftwaffe Fighter Aces (in inglese). New York, Ivy Books, 1996. ISBN 0-8041-1696-2.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Hahn
Hahn


text:
Q: How To Set Initial Form Field Value From View in Django I am trying to set the initial value of a form field from my view.  I've read the documentation and some other questions on here and I can't determine why my case is not working.
In one form (CreateOrderForm) I am entering a value for the 'reference' field.  In my next view, I use .get to retrieve that input and then try to default the 'reference' field in the CreateManifestForm to be the same.  I get no error, but no value comes in.
Below is what I am attempting:
FORMS.PY
class CreateOrderForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Orders
        fields = ('reference', 'ultimate_consignee', 'ship_to', 'vessel', 'booking_no', 'POL',
        'DOL', 'COO', 'POE', 'ETA', 'pickup_no', 'terms', 'sales_contact', 'trucking_co', 'loading_loc', 'inspector', 'total_cases', 'total_fob', 'freight_forwarder', 'commodity', 'is_airshipment', 'credit')

class CreateManifestForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Manifests
        fields = ('reference', 'cases', 'description', 'count')

URLS.PY
url(r'^add_manifest/(?P<reference_id>\d+)/$', add_manifest, name='add_manifest')

VIEWS.PY
def add_order(request):
    if request.method == "POST":
        form = CreateOrderForm(request.POST)

        if form.is_valid():
            reference_id = form.cleaned_data.get('reference')
            form.save()
            return redirect('add_manifest', kwargs={'reference_id': reference_id})
    else:
    form = CreateOrderForm()
    objectlist = Customers.objects.all()
    context = {
        'form': form,
        'objectlist': objectlist,
    }

    return render(request, 'add_order.html', context)

def add_manifest(request, reference_id):

    if request.method == "POST":
        form = CreateManifestForm(request.POST)

        if form.is_valid():
            form.save()
            return redirect('add_manifest')

    reference_id = request.POST.get('reference')
    form = CreateManifestForm(initial={'cases': reference_id})

    manifests = Manifests.objects.all().filter(reference=reference_id)
    context = {
        'form': form,
        'manifests': manifests,
    }

    return render(request, 'add_manifest.html', context)

I would expect that the reference field in the add_manifest view would equal the value entered in 'reference' in the CreateOrderForm, but I just get nothing.
TRACEBACK
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/django/core/handlers/exception.py" in inner
  39.             response = get_response(request)
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/django/core/handlers/base.py" in _get_response
  187.                 response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/django/core/handlers/base.py" in _get_response
  185.                 response = wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
File "/Users/andrews/Desktop/WBU/web_unit/unit/views.py" in add_order
  61.             return redirect('add_manifest', kwargs={'reference_id': reference_id})
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/django/shortcuts.py" in redirect
  56.     return redirect_class(resolve_url(to, *args, **kwargs))
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/django/shortcuts.py" in resolve_url
  147.         return reverse(to, args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/django/urls/base.py" in reverse
  91.     return force_text(iri_to_uri(resolver._reverse_with_prefix(view, prefix, *args, **kwargs)))
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/django/urls/resolvers.py" in _reverse_with_prefix
  389.             (lookup_view_s, args, kwargs, len(patterns), patterns)
Exception Type: NoReverseMatch at /add_order
Exception Value: Reverse for 'add_manifest' with arguments '()' and keyword arguments '{'kwargs': {'reference_id': u'45643'}}' not found. 1 pattern(s) tried: ['add_manifest/(?P\d+)/$']

A: You never pass the reference_id to add_manifest, so there is no way to use it there.
You need to pass it in the URL - your commented code was right, you just need to follow through and add it to the urlpattern and the view:
path('add-manifest/<int:reference_id>/', views.add_manifest, name='add-manifest')

...
# in add-order
return redirect('add_manifest', reference_id=reference_id)

...
def add_manifest(request, reference_id):
    ...