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Loughborough Town Hall
Loughborough Town Hall date for The Fureys
THE Fureys and Davey Arthur will be taking to the Loughborough Town Hall stage on Monday (May 19).
Loughborough Echo
The popular Irish folk music groups are celebrating their 30th anniversary in 2008 with a series of concerts throughout Europe, Australia, New Zealand, the USA and Canada, including the town date.
Libby Aldrich, Loughborough Town Hall spokeswoman, said: "The Fureys and Davey Arthur are responsible for some of the most stirring folk music ever to capture the public imagination.
"Their string of hits includes When You Were Sweet Sixteen, The Green Fields Of France, Red Rose Café, The Old Man, Steal Away, Her Father Didn't Like Me Anyway, Clare To Here, Leaving Nancy and the evocative The Lonesome Boatman.
"The mix of great Irish music and melodic singing have won the band a legion of fans, ranging from the neighbours they grew up with, to top sports people and politicians of the world.
"They have performed for many well known figures such as the Australian Prime Minister, the Irish President and even the Pope!"
Tickets, at £16 with £14 for concessions, are available from www.loughboroughtownhall.co.uk or on 01509 231914.
Loughborough Town
TheatreActor steps in to save Christchurch G&S showLOCAL performer Kieran Sutcliffe has come to the rescue of Christchurch G&S Society to ensure that their next show, Ruddigore, will go on!
Loughborough UniversityNew public artwork planned at Loughborough UniversityThe work will be located at the main entrance route to the halls and will be seen by thousands of students and visitors as they navigate this route.
LeicestershireMusicians galore lined up for Summer SundownThe much-loved event with music from local bands and entertainers is perfect for families to sit and enjoy during the warm summer evenings.
LeicestershireFilm featuring pupils scoops county awardThe Unquiet Grave, a short drama produced and directed by Pudding Bag Productions, was based on Roesia de Verdun.
CrimeMan jailed for sexually abusing two childrenJones' abuse began in 1999, when he sexually assaulted a five-year-old girl.
Local NewsAre these new flatulence filtering shorts just what you need?The new under shorts from Shreddies claim to be the first garment to be made of 100% activated carbon so there is nowhere for the gas to escape.


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Elda Neyis Mosquera García (n. 15 de agosto de 1963), alias Karina, fue la líder del Frente 47 de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC-EP). Se entregó en mayo de 2008 a las autoridades colombianas.

Militancia en las FARC-EP
Proveniente de una familia de 12 hijos, Mosquera ingresó a las FARC-EP en 1984. En la década de 1990 se vinculó al Frente 5 de las FARC-EP en la región de Urabá, y en 1998 pasó a ser una de los jefes del Frente 47 del Bloque Noroccidental,pasando a ser de las pocas mujeres que llegó a un puesto destacado en las FARC-EP. Ese mismo año perdió su ojo derecho en Pavarandó (Antioquia). Tras la muerte en marzo de 2008 de Iván Ríos, integrante del Secretariado de las FARC-EP, a manos de su jefe de seguridad Pedro Pablo Montoya (subalterno de 'Karina'), 36 guerrilleros del Frente 47 se desmovilizaron. Fue luego de esto que Mosquera decidió hacer lo mismo, y anunció que otros miembros de las FARC-EP lo harán también. Mosquera se entregó frente a una oficina del Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad junto con otros dos guerrilleros, entre ellos su compañero sentimental y jefe de seguridad, alias "Michín", y al entregarse habría presentado una herida de fusil en su brazo derecho. Karina admitió durante una comparecencia que la tenían cercada, y que no tuvo más salida que rendirse. Poco tiempo antes de desertar, el entonces presidente de Colombia, Álvaro Uribe, le envió un mensaje diciéndole que su seguridad estaba garantizada si se entregaba. Así terminó su participación en el Conflicto armado interno de Colombia.

Acciones y acusaciones
Entre las acciones que se le atribuyen está el asesinato de Alberto Uribe Sierra, padre del ex presidente Álvaro Uribe, hecho que no ha sido comprobado y que Mosquera ha negado. Asimismo, se le acusa del plagio del empresario Óscar Tulio Lizcano, de participar en las ataques de La Chinita (1994), Churidó (1995), Carepa (1995) y la de la finca "Osaka" (1996); de comandar uno de los grupos que se tomó el Batallón de Fusileros en Juradó (Chocó) en diciembre de 1999, con un resultado de 25 militares muertos y 12 secuestrados;

En julio de 2000, comandó el ataque al corregimiento de Arboleda. En septiembre de ese mismo año, Mosquera comandó un ataque a la base militar del Cerro Montezuma en Pueblo Rico (Risaralda) en el  cual murieron 13 militares y 20 resultaron heridos. En junio de 2002 dirigió una incursión en Caldas en que se asesinó a 13 policías.  En alianza con integrantes del Ejército de Liberación Nacional y del Ejército Revolucionario Guevarista para asesinar a 8 policías y secuestrar a 30 en diciembre de 2005.

El 4 de marzo de 2006, dirigió la toma guerrillera del corregimiento de Montebonito en Marulanda (Caldas): 5 muertos.

Mosquera tiene 6 órdenes de captura en su contra por homicidio, terrorismo, rebelión, secuestro extorsivo y daño en bien ajeno. Ella niega haber asesinado al padre del expresidente Uribe y niega también haber cometido la mayoría de los crímenes de que se le acusa, afirmando además que desde hace dos años que no dirigía el Frente 47.

Luego de su entrega, fue interrogada por las acusaciones en su contra. En febrero de 2009 fue condenada a 33 años de cárcel por la toma del corregimiento de Arboleda en Pensilvania (Caldas), en julio de 2000, en la que murieron 13 policías. Se le sentenció concretamente por los cargos de homicidio agravado, terrorismo, rebelión, hurto calificado y daño en bien ajeno. En el caso se declaró culpable, por lo que recibió una rebaja de pena. No obstante, en marzo siguiente el gobierno le permitió salir en libertad condicional junto con Raúl Agudelo Medina (alias "Olivo Saldaña") para colaborar con la desmovilización de guerrilleros de las FARC-EP. En 2010, fue condenada a 40 años de prisión por un Juzgado Especializado en Buga (Valle del Cauca).

Hasta 2017, estuvo recluida en la sede de la Brigada XVII del Ejército Nacional con sede en Urabá.

En 2022, sería la primera cabecilla de las FARC-EP, en ser condenada en el marco de la Ley de Justicia y paz, junto a Daniel Sierra, alias 'Samir', Nelson Patiño, alias 'El Zorro', Marco Fidel Giraldo Torres, alias 'Garganta', Pedro Luis Pino alias 'Martín', Virgilio de Jesús Guzmán, alias 'Walter', Fabio Nelson Aguirre, alias 'Carlos', Jesús Giraldo, alias 'Miguel' y Edison Cataño, alias 'Garra seca'. En este proceso ha pedido perdón a las víctimas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Comandantes de las FARC

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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An one-year program focusing on the management and surgery of the poly-trauma patient.
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Why Train at Wake Forest?
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Clinical care includes experience in offices of the attendings, as well as a fellow-directed clinic and operating room coverage. New patients are followed from diagnosis through the selection of treatment plans, preoperative planning, operative intervention and post-operative management. Outpatient clinic time allows you to observe the recovery process and long-term results after surgical procedures.
The didactic portion of education includes faculty lectures during a weekly trauma conference, resident core conference, fellow-specific lecture series and guest lectureships.
Socratic conferences include preoperative conferences, case presentations at the Trauma Conference, one-on-one discussions and interchanges during rounds, and direct evaluation of patients in the office.
We also provide a formal research experience.
Learn more about the all standard benefits available to Wake Forest Fellows. Program-specific benefits, if available, can be found on the program application page.
Our orthopaedic trauma fellows actively participate in the research program of the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the Wake Forest School of Medicine.
Our teaching staff have deep and varied expertise in orthopedic surgery, with focuses on hand, upper extremities, total joint, trauma, podiatry and sports medicine.


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Another Shot At Club Football For Ex-Reggae Boy
July 7, 2020 Neil-Monticelli Harley-Rüdd 0 Comments
Author: Neil-Monticelli Harley-Rüdd
Jobi McAnuff, a former Jamaican international, has signed a one-year extension as player/coach with London-based Leyton Orient.
The 38-year-old, captain of the English League Two team, is keen to bounce back from this injury-ravaged season that has restricted him to just one appearance – as a substitute against Mansfield Town.
On the club's website McAnuff is quoted as saying: "I've got a lot of work again to get to the level I want to get to. I don't just want to be a bit part or be here for the ride, I want to contribute, that's a big, big thing for me."
The London-born midfielder, who last represented Jamaica's Reggae Boyz in 2016, is in his second spell with Leyton Orient and helped them win promotion from non-league during the 2018-19 season.
He qualified to play for the Boyz through his Jamaica-born father and kicked off his international career against Nigeria in the 2002 Unity Cup exhibition game held in London, appearing as a 55th-minute substitute for winger Omar Daley.
But McAnuff was constantly overlooked by Jamaica for international duty until 2013, when he was plying his trade with Reading in the English Championship. He had been spotted by scouts who were monitoring club team-mates Adrian Mariappa and Garath McCleary, and went on to make 32 appearances for the Boyz.
As part of the Jamaican squad that captured the 2014 Caribbean Cup on home soil, slotting home a penalty in the shootout at the Montego Bay Sports Complex after the final ended goalless against Trinidad & Tobago, he also made appearances in the trio of Jamaica's group game at the 2016 Copa América in the United States.
McAnuff's international career may have been curtailed, but he has one more shot at club football with Leyton Orient. He enthused: "I'm absolutely delighted to get it [contract] all done, and stay at the club for at least another year."
Jobi McAnuff – Screenshot via Youtube
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It turns out, there's one more member of the Colorado family that's in the pipeline: "Breckenridge." Here's a mention of Breckenridge from a privacy statement on the Microsoft Connect download site, and additional info on Windows Server Codenamed Breckenridge is extremely scarce.
It appears that this Windows Server operating system is related to the next major iteration of Windows Home Server. Microsoft's currently cooking Windows Home Server Codenamed "Vail," or the second major version of its home sever.
However, Codenamed Breckenridge isn't exactly that close to Vail. Instead it's being built to function more like a storage server, than to offer the diversified capabilities of a WHS release.
And in this sense, the consumers segment targeted will be completely different, namely business customers rather than home users.
Of course, with no actual details available from Microsoft, this all needs to be taken with a grain of salt.
Find My Phone on Windows Live Helps You Make Your Lost Phone 'Ring, Map, Erase' and More!


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I used your program to create a drop down menu but when I try to paste the script into my editor I don't get the menu. I have read your instructions and followed them step by step several times but I have had no success. Can you please assist me.
or will the html menu need to be added to each page separately?
just specify the additional parameters of the menu and initialize it.


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Five Books Of Influence
Sophia's Column
Interviews/Profiles
CS Live
Culture Street
Tom Hanks reveals the depth of his lonely childhood
Tom Hanks captured a nation as special guest on Desert Island Discs for BBC Radio 4. From Big to Sleepless in Seattle, Captain Phillips to Apollo 13, his long and distinguished career has brought him multiple awards. He has eight Emmys, one Bafta and four Golden Globes. He won the first of his two Oscars in 1993 for Philadelphia and again the following year for Forrest Gump.
Hanks selected eight music tracks that he would want with him if he was stranded on a desert island. He also singled out a book and one item to keep him company.
The loneliness of his childhood inspired many of his choices. As a child he lived an itinerant life with his father after his parents split up, moving ten times by the time he was ten. He admits that it was probably the isolation he felt that drove him to the acting profession.
His music selection was chosen for its emotional connection to a time and place in his life. When listening to each track Hanks said it brought back a moment in the past.
At the age of 21 he was an aspiring actor needing to support a wife and young child. He admitted it was the best thing that happened to him. He was not smoking pot but caring for a child and in bed by 10.30pm.
He lived in New York but soon was offered work in LA. For him the defining moment came when watching a Stanley Kubrick film. The night before he saw 2001: A Space Odyssey he couldn�t sleep. Sitting in the cinema listening to the opening he realised that cinema is nothing more than a collection of colour and sound. �An emotional wallop�. Hanks confessed that watching this film was the wow moment for him as a young man yearning to be an artist. Also Sprach Zarathustra by Richard Strauss, which is played at the opening of the film, is the piece of music he says he couldn�t do without. If he had to save one track from the depths of the ocean this would be the one.
In 1988 he met his second wife Rita Wilson. He knew then he would never be lonely again. On their first date he took Wilson to see the Talking Heads concert film. Hanks had to go back to the Talking Heads track Once in a Lifetime for his latest film Hologram for the King.
His collection finished with the resounding Layla by Derek and the Dominoes. The book he would take with him As a Castaway was A World Lit Only by Fire by William Manchester and the item was a working manual typewriter and paper. Hanks even knew the model number - Hermes 3000, made in Switzerland.
You can listen to Hanks's entire collection below.
Scarlett Johansson stars in Ghost In The Shell
Ghost In the Shell, starring Scarlett Johansson (Avengers: Age of Ultron) has started filming in Wellington, New Zealand. The first photo of Scarlett Johansson as a special-ops major has been...
Watch Emma Watson in The Circle
Emma Watson has moved from Beauty and Beast to another literary adaptation. The Circle is a science fiction thriller based on the 2013 novel by Dave Eggers. The film stars...
Vacation trailer starring Chris Hemsworth
Going on a family holiday? The next generation of Griswolds is at it again. New Line Cinema�s Vacation, starring Ed Helms (The Hangover films) and Christina Applegate (the Anchorman films),...
Entourage trailer released
ENTOURAGE, the much-anticipated big-screen version of the award-winning hit HBO series, reunites the show�s original cast, led by Kevin Connolly, Adrian Grenier, Kevin Dillon, Jerry Ferrara and Jeremy Piven.
Little May's Dust
We have just added Little May to our playlist for 2015.
Mark Wahlberg stars in The Gambler
The full international trailer for The Gambler has just been released, starring (a very skinny) Mark Wahlberg, John Goodman, Brie Larson, Michael Kenneth Williams and Jessica Lange.
Sign-Up to The Culture Street Weekly
Sophia Whitfield in conversation with our featured authors
Quote of the Day from Mitch Albom
Video interview: In conversation with Kate Morton
Film Review: The Age of Adaline
Super Green Smoothies for weight loss, energy and vitality
Tweets by @CultureStAus
Copyright © 2012 - 2021 Culture Street
Contact: info@culturestreet.com.au


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Orangish cover with gold print. Floral design on cover. Corners dented and worn. Contents clean. Rare work by author on sanctification. Introduction by Rev. L. L. Pickett. Born April 4, 1842, in Yazoo County, Mississippi, he moved with his family the Yazoo City in 1852. He served with the Confederate Army for the last five months of the Civil War. Educated at the University of Mississippi, he was ordained a Methodist elder in 1878. He served in parsonages in New Orleans and Mississippi. Carradine wrote 26 books which primarily advanced his religious beliefs. Several of his books were centered on the concept of sanctification. He also wrote about his opposition to the Louisiana lottery making an analogy between it and slavery.This book is protected by an archival quality sleeve to maintain present condition.


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'Logan' Director James Mangold Helped out on 'Greatest Showman' Reshoots and Post-Production
by Matt Goldberg December 21, 2017
I thought the direction on The Greatest Showman was pretty impressive, but it looks like Michael Gracey, who made his feature debut on the musical, had a bit of help from a veteran helmer. According to Variety, James Mangold was called in to oversee a week of reshoots after 20th Century Fox became concerned that Gracey had become overwhelmed on the project. Since Gracey had only previously done commercials (he met star Hugh Jackman on a 2010 ad for Lipton Iced Tea), the studio decided they needed a seasoned director who also had a rapport with Jackman.
Mangold's involvement seems to be that he helped oversee the reshoots and pitched in on the editing process and received an executive producer credit and a seven-figure salary for his contribution. However, a source close to the studio says Gracey never lost control of the picture and that Mangold's extensive input was simply in an advisory capacity. The film's testing reportedly improved following the reshoots.
Although it may be tempting to call this production "troubled", it seems like everyone here made the responsible decisions. Gracey wasn't removed, Mangold didn't completely redo the project (a week of reshoots is pretty standard), and the result is fine. The problems The Greatest Showman suffers from come more from the script and the songs, and while those should have been sorted out before filming began, neither sinks the picture. And audiences seem to have warmed to the picture, giving it an "A" CinemaScore, so it should be interesting to see how it performs at the box office over the holidays.
Here's the official synopsis for The Greatest Showman:
Inspired by the imagination of P.T. Barnum, The Greatest Showman is an original musical that celebrates the birth of show business & tells of a visionary who rose from nothing to create a spectacle that became a worldwide sensation.
'Mary and the Witch's Flower' Goes on a Magical Adventure in First…
Jedi Council: Mark Hamill Addresses Luke Skywalker Complaints in 'The Last Jedi'
• James Mangold • Michael Gracey • The Greatest Showman


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Mom Arrested After Cops Find 4 Tigers, Cougar, Fox and Skunk Roaming Free in Her Home
1:09 PM PST, November 14, 2016 - Johanna Li
Playing Mom Found With 3 Tigers, Monkeys And Other Exotic Animals Inside Home
A Texas woman was arrested after police discovered four tigers, a cougar, a fox and a skunk freely roaming around her home, where she was living with her 14-year-old daughter.
Read: Exotic Animal Store Owner Paid Hooker in Stolen Girl Scout Money and a Pet Primate
Trisha Meyer was taken into custody Monday after Houston police said several wild animals were discovered in her home after an investigation lasting several weeks.
According to a document from the Harris County District Attorney, an adult male tiger, three tiger cubs, a fox, a cougar and a skunk were loose in the home at the time of her arrest. There were also several monkeys in the home, "which [the] defendant stated can be vicious, and one in particular has attacked other people," it stated.
Meyer's teenage daughter, who is homeschooled, was "petting and making physical contact with the tigers," the report continued.
Meyer admitted the tigers were dangerous and could kill, but she locks up the tigers when she leaves the home, according to the report.
According to officials, Meyer had permits for the tigers, but none for the fox or skunk, which were confiscated by Texas Game Warden and released into the wild.
"I assume since they were released, they were in decent shape," Texas Game Warden spokesman Steve Lightfoot told InsideEdition.com.
The rest of the animals, including the tigers, were also eventually confiscated by another agency.
Read: Woman Who Hoarded Nearly 50 Dogs Was Reportedly Eaten By Pets After She Died
The investigation began in September, when cops said she tried selling a kitten to a man in California for $3,000. After she received the cash, she reportedly never handed over the kitten.
She was kicked out of her Houston home after cops contacted her landlord about her exotic animals.
Officials said she fled to Las Vegas with her animals, and then to Pahrump in Nye County where cops finally tracked her down.
She is currently facing charges of endangering a child, with bail set at $10,000.
Watch: 33 Lions Rescued From Circuses Fly to Their New Home at South African Sanctuary
33 Abused and Hurt Circus Lions Travel Thousands of Miles to Freedom


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"NUMBER OF ROLLS": Here you can set previously how many bets you want to be played, otherwise the bets will keep running until you stop the mode.
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I Would Absolutely Read Stacey Abrams's New Young Adult Fantasy Novels
Filed to:Stacey Abrams
Former Georgia gubernatorial candidate Stacey Abrams, who became a political star during last year's election season as she ran an ambitious, progressive campaign, has remained mum on her future plans, publicly mulling both a presidential run and a Senate campaign while saying that she is seriously considering both.
But in an interview with the New York Times Magazine, Abrams, who has written several romance novels under the pen name Selena Montgomery, did share one concrete detail of her future—she's now writing young adult fiction and legal thrillers à la John Grisham, and they are definitely books that I'd read:
I've got three books that are sort of in media res. I've got a teenage superhero novel where a 15-year-old can manipulate memory. I have a middle-school fantasy novel that I want to finish before my nieces and nephews actually reach middle school. Then I have a legal thriller that I have finished — I need to go back and edit it — that is based on the premise: What if a Supreme Court justice who has the swing vote on the court falls into a persistent vegetative state? The Constitution does not actually address that issue.
What if a Supreme Court justice who has the swing vote is in a coma? It is true that the Constitution does not address this nightmare scenario!!!
During the interview, Abrams also shared some of her beliefs about healthcare reform—and they will disappoint anyone who firmly believes in the need for Medicare for All. When asked a question about socialism, talked about her belief in the need to maintain the private insurance market, even for things like healthcare:
I believe, for example, that health care is a right and not a privilege. But I believe in the private marketplace and that it should exist for the delivery of health care. I don't see that as in conflict with the idea of having access to Medicare for all who would like to buy into that system.
Abrams, who is reportedly expected to announce this week whether she plans to run for Senate in 2020, has been on a media blitz lately, promoting her political memoir and meeting with top Democratic elected officials and donors. She will make the decision that is right for her, but I for one would love her to finish her edits on her political thriller. The election season is long, Stacey, and there's still time!
Stacey Abrams Isn't Running On Your Timeline
Why Play 'Duck Duck Goose' When You Can Pretend to Be 'President of the World,' Like Stacey Abrams Did?
Stacey Abrams Is Here For Us


text:
Laser Tag Equipment Made in Australia
The Green & Gold is going Gangbusters
Laser Tag Equipment Made In Australia From Battlefield Sports
Battlefield Sports Laser Tag Equipment Is Made In Australia & Exported All Over The World
Products made in Australia are known for their quality. Nowadays buying laser tag equipment knows no borders. Battlefield Operators want the best, no matter where the equipment is made.
What are the advantages of manufacturing in Australia?
Australia has a reputation for clean, quality products that are made to exacting quality standards.
Australia is famous as a land of breathtaking beauty.
However it is also becoming more well known for its creative industries and a center for arts and entertainment.
Battlefield Sports was named Exporter of the Year in 2011 for the State's best Arts / Entertainment exporter.
Without the mass production lines of Chinese manufacturers Battlefield Sports is able to innovate.
"We believe in continuous improvement, in being agile to keep up with market demands and launch the latest innovations in laser tag technology," said Peter Lander, Founder Battlefield Sports.
This year Battlefield Sports was named Export of the Year in the Queensland iawards, Australia's premiere award program for innovation.
Battlefield Sports equipment is genuinely Australian. While some hardware components are produced elsewhere the core software, its designs, and manufacturing assembly are all done in Australia.
The "Australian Made" brand is well known for food and wine but many goods and services made in Australia are also world class. Australia not only has rich national resources it also has a wealth of technology and scientific resources.
Local success story, Battlefield Sports, boasts nimble live gaming engineering making valuable inroads across its traditional markets of North American and the UK / Europe. Lately Battlefield Sports has extended its impact across the Middle East, South America and Asia.
Battlefield Sports is preparing for an even brighter future. Battlefield Sports has plans to build on its patented technology, SATR. The group is driven to succeed. And its love of gaming and sport it will continue to build on its made in Australia roots.
Battlefield Sports development has been forged through its enterprising spirit and will continue to innovate.


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\section{System model}\label{sec:sys_model}
\subsection{OFDM signal and PA impairments}\label{sec:OFDM_PA}
We consider a communication system integrating a QAM modulation, an OFDM transmitter, a DPD based on NN techniques and a PA . The communication system is shown on Figure \ref{sys_model}.

\begin{figure}[htb!]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{figure/sys_model.pdf}
    \caption{Sytem Model}
    \label{fig:sys_model}
\end{figure}

We characterize the PA with an amplitude distortion function denoted $f_{\rho}$ and a phase shift function denoted $f_{\Phi}$. The output characteristics are given by:
\begin{equation}
    |y| = f_{\rho}(|x|)
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
   \arg(y)  =  f_{\Phi}(|x|) + \arg(x)
\end{equation}
where $x$ and $y$ are the input and output signals respectively. Assuming a PA derived from a 3GPP Rapp model for communication above 6GHz \cite{rapp3gpp}, the two functions are defined as follows:

\begin{equation}
 f_{\rho}(u) = \frac{Gu}{\left(1+|\frac{Gu}{V_{sat}}|^{2p}\right)^{\frac{1}{2p}}} \label{eq:rapp_rho}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
 f_{\Phi}(u) = \frac{Au^q}{\left(1+\left(\frac{u}{B}\right)^q\right)}
 \label{eq:rapp_phi}
\end{equation}
where $G$ denotes the gain in linear region, $p$ the ``knee" factor and $V_{sat}$ the saturation voltage level. $A$, $B$ and $q$ are fitting parameters.
Thereafter, we consider the following input back-off (IBO) definition :

\begin{equation}
    IBO = \frac{P_{1dB,in}}{P_{avg,in}},
\end{equation}
where $P_{1dB,in}$ corresponds to the input power at the $1dB$ compression point and $P_{avg,in}$ the average input power.

Besides, we consider our model to be noise free and interference due to non-linearities are not taken into account during training stage.

\subsection{Conventional Neural Network DPD  (CNNDPD)}
\label{sec:low_nn}
In this section, we present our solution to perform the neural network (NN) digital predistortion (DPD) function. It is based on the indirect learning architecture (ILA), which has been shown to provide better performance compared to the direct learning one. It is worth to mention that the investigated scheme is different compared to the ones presented in the literature \cite{Zayani2007}\cite{Tarver2019}. Indeed, instead of proposing a ``blackbox" architecture, \ie some fully connected hidden layers, we decide to design our neural network to specifically tackle amplitude and phase impairments separately through a polar decomposition of the signal. According to \cite{Zayani2014}, tackling AM/AM and AM/PM distortions gives better results which motivates this choice. It results in a specific architecture.

The CNNDPD is composed of two neural networks. Each neural network represents a function correcting respectively the amplitude distortion (AM/AM) and the phase distortion (AM/PM).

The architecture of both neural networks is presented in Figure \ref{dpd_nn_arch}. It must be emphasized that these neural networks respectively use amplitude and phase information of the signal.

\begin{figure}[htb!
    \centering
    \subfloat[Predistorsion function for AM/AM distorsion]{
        \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth]{figure/am_am_architecture}
        \label{fig:am_am_arch}
    }
    \hfil
    \subfloat[Predistorsion function for AM/PM distorsion]{
        \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth]{figure/am_pm_architecture}
        \label{fig:am_pm_arch}
    }
    \caption{Architecture of the CNNDPD}
    \label{fig:dpd_nn_arch}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{Neural Network for AM/AM DPD}
In this paragraph, we present the architecture of the neural network allowing to inverse the PA AM/AM characteristic represented on Figure \ref{am_am_arch}. First, it can be noticed that this architecture is fully customized in order to resolve the specific issue of inverting the PA AM/AM characteristic. Based on the system model presented in \secref{sys_model}, the NN presented here takes the output amplitude of the PA and predicts the input amplitude. This NN is optimized to find the function $\widehat{f_{\rho}^{\text{-}1}}$ such as,

 \begin{align}
     (f_{\rho}\circ \widehat{f_{\rho}^{\text{-}1}})(|{x}|) &= G|{x}|, \\
     \widehat{f_{\rho}^{\text{-}1}}({u}) &= g_0({u}) + g_1({u}), \notag \\
     g_0({u}) &= \gamma_0({u}) + \left(1-\gamma_0({u})\right) {u}, \notag \\
     \gamma_0({u}) &= \left(1+e^{-\alpha\left({u}-\omega_\rho \right)}\right)^{-1}, \notag\\
     g_1({u}) &=  \sum_{j=1}^{N^{\rho}_n} \omega^\rho_j \left[\text{ReLu}(\mathbf{W }_\rho{u}+\mathbf{b}_\rho) \right]_j, \notag
 \end{align}
where $\alpha, \omega_\rho, \omega^\rho_j \in \mathbb{R} $, $\mathbf{W}_\rho \in \mathbb{R}^{1 \times N^{\rho}_n}$ and $\mathbf{b}_\rho \in \mathbb{R}^{1 \times N^{\rho}_n}$  are optimized during the learning phase. $N^{\rho}_n$ the number of neurons. The function $g_0$ allows to model the invert AM/AM characteristic and the function $g_1$ allows to refine the DPD function estimated by $g_0$. $\text{ReLu}$ function is defined by $f(x_i)=\max(0,x_i),  x_i = \left[ \mathbf{x}\right]_i$.

\subsubsection{Neural Network for AM/PM DPD}
We present here the NN architecture used to correct phase shift due to the PA. The NN takes the input amplitude and predict the opposite of the phase shift. The architecture is different from the NN dedicated to invert the AM/AM characteristic because here we need to find an opposite which is likely simpler. Hence, fewer operations are required resulting in lower complexity. This NN is optimized to find the function $f_{-\Phi}$ such as,

\begin{align}
    f_{\Phi}(|x|) + f_{-\Phi}(|x|) &= 0, \\
    f_{-\Phi}(u) &= \gamma_1(u) g_2(u), \notag \\
    \gamma_1(u) &= \left(1+e^{-\beta\left(u-\omega_\Phi\right)}\right)^{-1}, \notag \\
    g_2(u) &= \sum_{j=1}^{N_n^\Phi} \omega^\Phi_j\text{ReLu}\left[(\mathbf{W}_\Phi u+\mathbf{b}_\Phi)\right]_j, \notag
\end{align}
where $\beta, \omega_\Phi, \omega^\Phi_j \in \mathbb{R}$, $\mathbf{W}_\Phi \in \mathbb{R}^{1 \times N^{\Phi}_n}$ and $\mathbf{b}_\Phi \in \mathbb{R}^{1 \times N^{\Phi}_n}$ are optimized during the training phase. $N^{\Phi}_n$ the number of neurons.
In order to acquire the phase shift $f_{\Phi}(|x|)$, we realize a simple conjugate operation,

\begin{align}
    z &= x^{*} y, \\
    z &= |x|.|y|~ e^{i(\arg(y)-\arg(x))}, \notag \\
    \arg(z) &= f_{\Phi}(|x|) , \notag
\end{align}

\subsubsection{Training}
The first approach to train our solution is by using Indirect Learning Algorithm (ILA). It consists in deriving a postdisorter and placing it before the PA to perform DPD. Learning is performed by optimizing a mean squared error (MSE) loss function using an Adam \cite{Kingma2017adam} optimizer. This training approach is known as ``conventional" because we realize a simple gradient descent to update the NN parameters.

In this paragraph, we present the performance of ``conventional" learning on static and varying PA model based on \equref{rapp_rho} and \equref{rapp_phi}. For simulation purpose, we consider that parameters of the PA model are fixed according to \cite{rapp3gpp}, \ie $p=1.1$, $V_{sat}=1.9V$, $G=16$, $A=-345$, $B=0.17$ and $q=4$. The PA characteristics, AM/AM and AM/PM distorsions are presented on Figure \ref{pa_char}.

Figure \ref{evm_ila} presents the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) in function of the Input Back-Off (IBO) using a PA which presents AM/AM and AM/PM distorsions. The ``Limit" curve corresponds to a PA linear until its saturation characterized by $\min(G|x|, V_{sat})$. The performance of our solution is almost optimal using only $10$ neurons which justify the low-complexity aspect. It must be emphasized that such a solution requires a large amount of data for a single state of our PA, about $10^5$ OFDM symbols which represents a cumbersome database. The parameters of the CNNDPD are given in \tabref{cnndpd_params}.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{figure/pa_characteristic.pdf}
    \caption{AM/AM and AM/PM characteristics of Rapp PA [8]}
    \label{fig:pa_char}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[!t]
	\centering
	\caption{Implementation parameters of CNNDPD}
	\label{tab:cnndpd_params}
	\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.25}
	\begin{tabular}{l||c}
	    Parameters & Values \\
	    \hline
	    \hline
		$N_n^\rho$               & $8$                      \\ \hline
		$N_n^\phi$               & $4$                       \\ \hline
		Batch size          & $128$                      \\ \hline
		Total data          & $10^5$                    \\ \hline
		Epochs              & $50$                      \\ \hline
		Optimizer           & {Adam}                    \\ \hline
		Learning rate       & {0.001}                   \\ \hline
		Loss function       & {Mean Squared Error}    \\ \hline
		Activation function & {ReLu}                    \\ \hline
	\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{figure/ila_perf_64qam_ibo3_am_pm.pdf}
    \caption{EVM performance in [dB] using ``conventional" learning}
    \label{fig:evm_ila}
\end{figure}
\section{Introduction}

\documentclass[conference]{IEEEtran}
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\begin{document}

\title{Toward 6G: From New Hardware Design to Wireless Semantic and Goal-Oriented Communication Paradigms}

\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{Emilio Calvanese Strinati, Didier Belot, Alexis Falempin, Jean-Baptiste Dor\'{e} \\ CEA-Leti, Grenoble, France }}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
Several speculative visions are conjecturing on what  6G services will be able to offer at the horizon of 2030. Nevertheless, the 6G design process is at its preliminary stages. The reality today is that hardware, technologies and new materials required to effectively meet the unprecedented performance targets  required for future 6G services and network operation, have not been designed, tested or even do not exist yet. Today, a solid vision on the cost-benefit trade-offs of machine learning and artificial intelligence support for 6G network and services operation optimization is missing. This includes the possible support from hardware efficiency, operation effectiveness and, the immeasurable cost due to data acquisition-transfer-processing.
The contribution of this paper is three-fold. This is the first paper deriving crucial 6G key performance indicators on hardware and technology design. Second, we present a new hardware technologies design methodology conceived to enable the effective software-hardware components integration required to meet the challenging performance envisioned for future 6G networks. Third, we suggest a paradigm shift towards \textit{goal-oriented} and \textit{semantic communications}, in which a totally  new opportunity of joint design of  hardware, artificial intelligence and effective communication is offered. The proposed vision is consolidated by our recent results on hardware, technology and machine learning performance.

\end{abstract}

\IEEEpeerreviewmaketitle

\section{Introduction}
Academic and industrial research have aggressively started worldwide to drawing and discussing the potential offered by the next sixth generation (6G) of wireless communications systems. Many visions are under discussion today \cite{Calvanese6GVTM2019, Letaief20196GRoadMap, Yang2019UseCase6G, CalvaneseGOWSC2021, Calvanese2020Sky6G, CalvaneseRISE-6G2021,CalvaneseHexaX2021}. Those visions advocate for the need of designing and engineering a totally new generation of connect-compute-control systems that cannot be efficiently enabled by the current development of 5G networks. The ambition is to enable the immersive and native convergence of physical and cyber words. Distributed artificial intelligence (AI) will support effective network and services operation, but AI will also evolve and regenerate autonomously. 6G will indeed natively enable interactions between AI agents that will develop capabilities, transport information and, offer support for a new class of services: the \textit{semantic services} \cite{CalvaneseGOWSC2021}. Semantic services  will support many types of new applications and use cases not bounded to human to human (H2H) interactions but broadly will address the seamless connection and intertwining of different kinds of intelligence, both natural and artificial. Indeed with 6G it will be possible to effectively support, for the first time, knowledge sharing between the interacting parties:  H2H, human to machine (H2M) and machine to machine interactions (M2M). Such revolution will be possible thanks to perceived infinite-link-capacity, zero-latency, zero-energy, ultra reliable transfer and semantically enhanced mining of data that 6G will offer at both terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks \cite{Calvanese2020Sky6G}. This will require revolutionary energy efficient solutions at both system and technology levels, the exploitation of new materials and, the native adoption of artificial intelligence (AI).

Since the definition of the first communication generation (1G), the process required to define and standardize  \textit{the next generation} is repeated. This process requires between eight to ten years from first research investigations, visions, engineered validations. Since the second generation (2G) of communication systems, we have witnessed an endless antagonism between \textit{clean slate} technology inclusion and progressive \textit{evolution} of the current and past generations. This generation design cycle repeats: the \textit{next generation} is defined at the intersection between the availability of new technological breakthrough which will eventually be functioning when the prototyping and testing phase validate candidate solutions for the inclusion of technologies into the new standard and, the business oriented push for new service, use cases and applications that cannot be conveniently offered by the previous generation.

Continuous quest for business growth repetitively orients \textit{next generations} design to push technology, system design and architectures to  scale up performance such as requiring higher throughput, reduced latency, increased reliability and ubiquitous service coverage. The current vision on 6G follows the same dynamic: the new generation has to offer a factor of 100, 1000 or even more of improvement on envisioned key performance indicator (KPIs) metrics.
Indeed, 6G continues the race started already in \textit{1G}, targeting to offer higher link and system capacity compared to previous generations. The accepted direction is to explore new spectrum horizons and target higher spectral efficiency for wireless communications. To this end, new challenging research axes explore the use of sub-Terahertz and visible light spectrum \cite{Calvanese6GVTM2019, dore2020SubTHz, Chowdhury2020, Rappaport2019}. Once, those frequencies were thought of as unusable frequencies. Today, we are investigating on how to effectively use frequencies beyond 90 GHz in a real communication system. This requires to face multi-fold challenges due to both the many propagation and reception issues, the new short-communication range paradigm and, the needed for new hardware and solid-state technology design. This includes (i) the severe path loss due to atmospheric absorption and possible loss of line-of-sight (LoS) that might cause even very severe blocking, causing momentary interruption of the communication link; (ii) advanced antennas arrays design to counteract the propagation losses thought high gain directional communications; (iii) the design of new wave-forms \cite{Sarieddeen_2020}
to increase the effective use of such high frequency bands; (iv) new signal processing techniques, potentially empowered with AI mechanisms, new Radio Frequency (RF) channel optimization, connect-compute resource allocation, (v) the fundamental design and development of new hardware and solid-state technologies to bridge desired performance to reality, facing issues in terms of hardware compactness, isolation, selectability, linearity as well as, losses in transmission, reception and processing and, severe losses in RF-to-antennas connection. In our view, it will be required also to investigate revolutionary co-design and integration of radio frequency (RF) and antennas as well as innovative use of material hybridization techniques.
Concerns on sustainability and environmental impact of the new generation are shaping up new KPIs for 6G. As a consequence, 6G vision is also focused on the \textit{sustainability} of networks and services. The concept of energy efficiency has already been brought to the attention of communication systems at the conception of 4G long term evolution with the main concepts related to avoid useless uses of resources \cite{Auer2011,Arnold2011,EARTH2009, DEDOMENICO2014, MAHAPATRA2013,DeDomenico2012}  when and where the offered system capacity exceeds the momentary and local real need. With 5G, the concept of energy efficiency evolved from a communication network centric to both energy efficiency for user terminal and network operation and, the efficient support of (edge) cloud. With 5G, we experience how the densification of the connect-compute networks brought impressive energy reduction costs \cite{Gandotra2017}.
Today, while designing 6G, the push for sustainability evolves from pure energy efficiency of communication and support of cloud to four main pillars: (i) energy efficiency through AI assisted communication-computation and control network services and operation, (ii) a goal-oriented energy efficiency of AI mechanism including novel paradigm to compress and exchange data and  knowledge sharing \cite{CalvaneseGOWSC2021} (iii) life cycle extension of materials employed to upgrade or redeploy networks (see deliverable D1.1 of the Hexa-X project \cite{CalvaneseHexaX2021} and, (iv) limiting the impact of electromagnetic fields (EMF) radiation to both intended and not-intended users, for instance thanks to novel paradigms of wireless communication channel  shaping with Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) \cite{DiRenzoRIS,CalvaneseRISE-6G2021,GeorgeRIS} and EMF aware adaptive mechanism \cite{Lexnet}. This implies the definition of innovative solutions and technologies to reduce the cost associated to the use of resources to accomplish a task or an identified goal. This includes reaching new solutions to achieve \textit{energy free connectivity} though wireless harvesting, zero energy radio, reduction and compression of generated and exchanged data for AI mechanisms. It also requires disruptive solutions on \textit{new technologies} including meta-materials for RIS to enable the new paradigm of \textit{wireless environment as a service} \cite{CalvaneseRISE-6G2021}.

In this paper, we advocate that even if virtualization, softwarizatoin, cloudification and O-RAN approaches introduced with 5G and its evolution allow - in principle - to share hardware and compound functions and services on demand,  there is still a huge gap to fill between what the hardware and technology are expected to provide and, what they can offer in reality. We advocate that today existing hardware and technology are not able to fully support effective evolution toward the next generation of connect-compute-intelligence networks. We point out that today the hardware, technologies and new materials required to effectively meet the unprecedented performance targets  required by future 6G services and network operation, have not been designed, tested or even do not exist yet.

The contribution of this paper is three-fold. First, this paper presents crucial 6G key performance indicators on hardware and technology design. This is crucial to answer to the question: \textit{how to translate system level 6G vision on KPIs requirements into hardware and technology requirements}? Second, we present a new hardware technologies design methodology conceived to enable the effective software-hardware components integration required to meet the challenging performance envisioned for future 6G networks. Third, we suggest a paradigm shift towards \textit{goal-oriented} and \textit{semantic communications}, in which a totally  new opportunity of joint design of  hardware, artificial intelligence and effective communication is offered. The proposed vision is consolidated by our recent results on hardware, technology and machine learning performance with a detailed example on the benefit of AI to relax constraints on hardware design requirements.

\section{6G KPIs and New Services}
\label{sec:KPI}
Academia, industry and standardization bodies are actively working to shape the vision on \textit{what should be 6G} \cite{network203020196Gusecases}. Candidate Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) have been proposed at the system level for future 6G services and use cases \cite{Calvanese6GVTM2019,CalvaneseGOWSC2021,nakamura20205g,Mourad2020}. A summary of system level KPIs is reported on table \ref{tab:6G-KPIs}.
\vspace{-0.2cm}
\subsection{6G New Services}
At the horizon of 2030, 6G networks will support new types of services. First, services already supported by 5G networks will be enhanced to accommodate for the plethora of new use cases thanks to the already planned evolution of current 5G technologies. This evolutionary paradigm in designing the "next generation" push hardware, software and network architecture design to their extreme performance, targeting to accommodate the exponential growth of generated data and ever increasing multi-fold constraints on services. In addition, as introduced in \cite{CalvaneseGOWSC2021}, 6G will incorporate also the following new services that motivate the need for a new generation of wireless communication networks. Such new 6G services will require disruptive technology to be operational: \\
\textbf{\textit{Massive Machine Type Communications supporting Distributed Intelligence}} (MMTCxDI) services - With this family of services, the massive connectivity to support distributed AI mechanisms is the key service requirement.  Criticality, effectiveness, interoperability and scalability will be main characteristics of this new service class. Examples of future applications include intelligent transportation systems, connected living, smart agriculture, super smart cities, etc. \\
\textbf{\textit{Globally-enhanced Mobile BroadBand}} (GeMBB) services - where extreme Mobile Broadband connectivity is required to provide connect-compute-store and AI support over non-densely populated areas (rural, oceans, sky, etc.) is the key service requirement. This service will expand the computation-oriented communication environment to support applications requiring high capacity connectivity in both dense and remote locations, such as rural areas, oceans, and the sky \cite{Calvanese2020Sky6G}, {\it on demand}, i.e. when and where needed. \\
\textbf{\textit{Ultra-Reliable, Low Latency Computation, Communication and Control}} (URLLCCC) - this class of services will extend the capabilities of Ultra-Reliable, Low Latency Communications (URLLC) services already supported by 5G networks. It incorporates computation services running at the edge of the network and end-to-end (E2E) (remote or automated) control. Here \textit{reliability} does not only address the communication but also on computation, AI support and effectiveness of control mechanism are the key service requirements of this class of services. Therefore, reliability and latency refer not only to the communication aspect, but also to computation and AI support sides. Examples of use cases supported by this new service will include factory automation,  multi-sensory XR \cite{saad2019vision}, connected and autonomous terrestrial and flying vehicles, etc.\\
\textbf{\textit{Semantic Services}} - These services will support all applications involving a share and intertwining of knowledge between the interacting natural and artificial intelligence. These services will require to capture, transmit and process large amount of information between cyberspace and physical space without exceeding the application delay. It will become possible that cyberspace supports humans' thought and action in real-time through wearable devices and micro-devices mounted on the human body.
Such service will support empathic and haptic communications, affective computing, autonomous bi-directional interactions between different Cyber-Physical-Spaces.  Semantic services will offer \textit{intelligence as a service}, a radical paradigm shift enabling not only to connect things but rather to connect knowledge and reasoning capabilities.

\vspace{-0.2cm}
\subsection{6G KPIs: the System Level and the Technology Perspective}
We propose to consider three classes of 6G KPIs:\\
\textbf{Intrinsically predictive system level KPIs}: The ensure the conceptual continuity with current 5G networks extending performance requirements on already envisaged sets of KPIs. Those KPIs are peak data rate, area traffic capacity, connections density, communication reliability, E2E latency, spectrum efficiency, energy efficiency, etc. (see Table \ref{tab:6G-KPIs}).\\
 \textbf{New system level KPIs}: New use cases, new services and new societal challenges suggest new requirements to the next generation. This entirely new class of KPIs on 6G includes system level performance requirements to support the vision toward a connect-computation-intertwining of intelligence oriented network. Those KPIs are  on  reliability of the decisions taken by intelligent agents supporting network operation and intertwining though the network, the time required to take decisions, the energy efficiency per task or goal to be accomplished, the extension of connect-computer-store-control capabilities to non-terrestrial networks (NTN) integarting terrestrial network services, sustainability of technology, sustainability of network operation,  etc. (see Table \ref{tab:6G-KPIs}).\\
 \textbf{New KPIs on hardware and technology}: KPIs specifying the process technologies and hardware performance required to support KPIs at system level. (see Figure \ref{fig:Techno}).

 \vspace{-0.4cm}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.25}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{8pt}
\centering
\caption{Comparison of 5G and 6G system level KPIs; NS= Not Specified: TBD= To Be Defined case-by-case. \cite{CalvaneseGOWSC2021}}
\vspace{-0.1cm}
\label{tab:6G-KPIs}
\begin{tabular}{ | l | c | c | }
\hline
KPI& \textbf{5G} & \textbf{6G} \\
\hline \hline
Traffic Capacity & 10 Mbps/$m^2$ &  $\sim$ 1-10 Gbps/$m^3$ \\
\hline Data rate DL & 20 Gbps &  1 Tbps \\
\hline
Data rate UL & 10 Gbps &  1 Tbps \\
\hline
Uniform user experience & \makecell{50 Mbps 2D \\ everywhere} & \makecell{10 Gbps 3D \\ everywhere} \\
\hline
Mobility  & 500 Km/h & 1000 Km/h \\
\hline
Latency (radio interface) &  1 msec &  0.1 msec \\
\hline
Jitter & NS &  1 $\mu$sec \\
\hline
Communication reliability & $1-10^{-5}$ & $1-10^{-9}$\\
\hline
Inference reliability & NS & TBD\\
\hline
Energy/bit & NS &  1 pJ/bit\\
\hline
Energy/goal & NS &  TBD\\
\hline
Localization precision & 10 cm on 2D &  1 cm on 3D\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\vspace{-0.2cm}

With this paper we advocate that there is a critical gap to fill between the system level vision on 6G suggesting \textit{system level KPIs} and, what can be effectively done with hardware and technologies available at the horizon of 2030.  A clear vision on future 6G is that applications and services will require up to a factor of one $1000$ in link capacity enhancement. Moreover, we have already witnessed starting from 4G, an incredible increase in the uplink capacity demand \cite{oueis2016uplink} for many services and uses cases involving the support of the cloud, the edge cloud, machine learning and AI mechanisms. As for previous generations, to provide more link capacity it is required to explore new spectrum opportunities. At system level this implies to rethink the network architecture, most probably leading to higher degrees of network densification, higher communication spectral efficiency, more directive communications, new interference management procedures, new adaptive mechanisms (most probably supported by AI), etc.
The question we address in this section is \textit{how the quest of higher spectrum translate on the need for designing and engineering new hardware and technology processes?}\\ Once thought of as unusable frequencies, the terahertz (THz) bands (above 90 GHz) are one contender for communication technologies applied to 6G, the other being visible light communications (VLC) bands \cite{HaasLifi, haas2020Lifi6G, Calvanese6GVTM2019}.
THz communication system, which modulates base-band signals directly into a continuous THz carrier wave have several scenarios of applications: indoor wireless
mobile networks supporting telepresence though multi-sensory holographic teleportation, video conferencing,  multi-sensory and mobile immersive eXtended reality (XR), extreme capacity Xhaul, nanoscale communication networks for health monitoring via nano-machines, and NTN communications such for inter-satellite and high altitude platforms communication. Although THz communications have obvious advantages for 6G and beyond applications, many technical challenges at both system and hardware technology levels still need to be solved before practical and cost effective deployment of related services.

In order to enable communications above 90 GHz, dedicated high-frequency hardware components have to be designed and solid-state technologies engineered. For solid-state THz communication components and systems, it is difficult to design efficient radio-frequency (RF) circuits such as THz mixers, THz oscillators, THz power amplifiers (PA) and THz antennas. Specifically, it is an open challenge to design ultra-broadband THz antennas (where the communication bandwidth exceed $20 \%$ of the communication carrier frequency) with high (directive) gain and fast beam scanning and reconfiguration functions. As an example, the low noise design for such high bandwidth super-heterodyne transceivers is also a unsolved challenge. Another determining performance factor in the use of THz communication systems which present still unsolved issues is the performance of the THz modulator. Specifically, it is
desirable to design an amplitude THz modulator with high modulation speed and depth, as well as a phase modulator with large scale and linear phase shifts. Today prohibitive complexity and costs of THz communications' hardware might impose a reality check in the real operational adoption of such communication bands. The high hardware cost is due to the extremely large number of RF chains and/or high working frequency band, together with the high energy consumption and severe heat dissipation issue, seriously impede the wide-scale usage of the aforementioned technologies.

In Figure \ref{fig:TechnoLimits} we analyse the possible technology candidates for frequency bands between 60GHz up to 350 GHz. At such frequencies, we still ignore which will be the required output power to serve future beyond 5G/6G services.
\begin{figure}[htb!]
    \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figure/technoV5.png}
    \caption{Solid-state process candidates and their limits for communication frequency operating between 60 GHz and 350 GHz.}
    \label{fig:TechnoLimits}
\end{figure}
Critical to the definition of technology components are:\\
 \textbf{Fmax}: defined as the frequency where the transistor power-gain is 0dB; this parameter impacts the gain availability of receive and transmit chains. Depending on the amplifier architecture, the \textit{Fmax}  impact can be very important. In Figure \ref{fig:TechnoLimits} we see how current technologies impose a practical thumb rule on \textit{Fmax}. In linear class A  power amplifier for the case of PA operating in their linear zone, the maximum carrier frequency ($f_0$) will be lower than \textit{Fmax} /3; When PA exits the linearity zone or for instance in a switch class D amplifier, the carrier frequency should be lower than \textit{Fmax} /10 in an ideal case.  The \textit{Fmax}  parameter defines indeed the maximum carrier frequency of the application.\\
\textbf{Power}: The power availability of a technology depends on break down voltage (BV), and maximum current drove by the transistor (Imax) values, and can be expressed in Watt (W). The covered range for solid-state transistors is between 100mW and 10W. This does not mean that a transmitter cannot aim at more than 10W, but only that the single Power Amplifier using a process technology \textit{Fmax}  transistor cannot provide more than the value presented in the target. \\
\textbf{NF}: The minimal Noise Figure (NF) determines the capacity of the receiver to receive signal with low level of added noise. Power (emitted signal) and NF (received signal) impact directly the wireless link budget, then represent the capacity to cover short or long Range. \\
\textbf{Transistor (gate or Emitter) size}: Digital control of the RF circuit, and digital pre-processing, are intensively used. This means that an "RF process" needs to provide digital solution, which, obviously, is not a "High Performance Computing" one. Two kinds of digital inverters can be sorted out, the classic CMOS, when NFET and PFET transistors are available, and the ECL/CML inverters, more current and size consuming, when only HBTs or NFET are available. \\
\textbf{FT}: Ft gives the potentiality for high frequency digital clock applications and RF oscillators' application. Efficiency (Transit time / current), is directly issued from FT parameter. The High Speed Digital Integration capability depends on the transistor size and efficiency, these two parameters are defined by the transistor size, the inverter size, and the FT of a process. This will give the potentiality of an efficient and integrated Digital Signal Processing application. \\
\textbf{Selectability}: is the ability to switch RF and mmW signals with high isolation and low loss. This is mainly used to do antenna switch between TX and RX in Time domain duplex mode; or to switch from one mode to another in antenna sharing transceiver. The main specificity of such functionality is the low loss through when the switch is on, and a high isolation when the switch is off. Commonly, this function is done with FET transistors, even if it is feasible with HBT with lower isolation property. \\
\textbf{Isolation and HQ Passives}: are given by substrate resistivity and the presence of thick Metal levels, higher is the application frequency but also higher is the thick metal altitude, lower is the impact of the substrate, this means that this specificity mainly impacts low and medium frequency applications up to 30GHz. Selectability and Isolation HQ Passives impact the RF signal conditioning and filtering application.\\
\textbf{Linearity}: the relation between the output current and the input voltage-control signal of the transistor gives the first order of the linearity. For a FET transistor, this relation is quadratic while for the HBT, it is exponential. In a second and third order, gm2 and gm3 are playing to define IMD2 and IMD3 of the amplifiers. As these gm values are not easy to access, we have focused this analysis at the first order, where a quadratic relation is easier to compensate than an exponential. \\
\textbf{Matching}: this property defines the difference behavior between two minimum size transistors close together in a differential structure. It is better when the transistor size is bigger, or can be compensated as in FDSOI processes using back-gate voltage control. Linearity and Matching are very important in Analog signal processing at Base Band frequency.

As shown on Figure \ref{fig:TechnoLimits}, \textit{Fmax}  sets the limits on the carrier frequency operation range for each analyzed solid-state process technology. We compare different solid-state technologies in terms of carrier frequency and \textit{Fmax} versus the normalized output power of PA. To provide a fair comparison, we normalize the power as follows. The power for each technology represents the maximum power available with 200mA current through the transistor in a class A cascade PA architecture.
We consider two sets of transmitter units: PA output power needed for transmitter units  (ex. user mobile terminal, small cells and cells or macro cells) implemented with (1) one to 4 PA on the same device (left side of Figure \ref{fig:TechnoLimits}) and, (2) from 8 to 16 PA  (left side of Figure \ref{fig:TechnoLimits}).

In details, we consider the following solid-state technologies issue from industrial applied research:\\
\textbf{CMOS} technologies, and part of SiGe BiCMOS ones, partially cover the D-Band \textit{Fmax}  requests, 22FDx process being the one, which delivers the higher output power with 28dBm. There is not any CMOS process, which yet satisfies the \textit{Fmax}  request for 2025 Beyond 5G Roadmap \cite{Neired}.\\
\textbf{SiGe BiCMOS} technology processes will cover all the D-Band \textit{Fmax}  requests: for instance, the 500GHz 130nm SiGe HBT from IHP is yet a product, and nowadays, other European companies are developing such 500GHz \textit{Fmax}  SiGe HBT processes. Their power availability is around 27dBm. In addition, their \textit{Fmax}  is close to the needed one, for OH2 absorption peak at 180GHz. This opens the possibility to do Bio imaging and radar applications, with degraded output power, at this frequency, with these SiGe BiCMOS Processes. These  processes satisfy \textit{Fmax}  request for Beyond 5G 2025 Roadmap.

Research institutes and academic laboratories are also very active in this vivid domain of research, targeting solutions to design solid-state technologies with \textit{Fmax}  reaching one THz or more. The target of one THz for \textit{Fmax}  is requested for 2030 and beyond 6G connectivity \cite{Neired}. Few examples of process design are given below:\\
Fraunhofer \textbf{IAF III-V / Si} Research process (Figure  \ref{fig:TechnoLimits}, purple line) covers all D-Band and OH2 absorption peak at 180GHz \textit{Fmax}  requests. It, also, partially covers the High part of the G-Band. Its power availability is 24dBm. This process satisfies \textit{Fmax}  request for Beyond 5G 2025 Roadmap, and prepares the next step.\\
\textbf{SiGe BiCMOS 0.7 THz} Research and Development process ( Figure  \ref{fig:TechnoLimits}, yellow line), from IHP, covers all D-Band and OH2 absorption peak at 180GHz \textit{Fmax}  requests. It, also, covers a big part of the High part of the G-Band. Its power availability is 27dBm. This silicon technology is the highest \textit{Fmax}  state of art, and could, (with degraded output power), aim at proposing solutions for the OH2 absorption peak at 325GHz. This process satisfies \textit{Fmax}  request for Beyond 5G 2025 Roadmap, and partially covers 2030 6G connectivity requests. \\
\textbf{InP HBT} Research and Development process (Figure  \ref{fig:TechnoLimits}, orange line), from Teledyne, covers all mmW to THz applications. Its power availability is 28dBm. This process satisfies \textit{Fmax}  request for 2030 6G Conectivity Roadmap.

In summary, each technology can bring its added value in the complete wireless communication physical layer, at different carrier frequency: \\
\textbf{GaN/Si} processes are ongoing to cover FEM requests up to 100GHz in medium term. \\
\textbf{PD-SOI} processes are ongoing to cover FEM request up to 150GHz in medium term. They are well placed for RFFE and Frequency generation circuits up to 150GHz too.\\
\textbf{FDSOI 22nm to 15nm} generations, integrating LDMOS, are and will be very attractive for SOC solutions up to 150 – 200GHz.
In general, \textbf{CMOS} processes will be limited to applications under 200GHz, in medium term. \\
\textbf{SiGe HBT BiCMOS} processes are and will be very attractive for RFFE, FEM, (especially with PIN diodes), Frequency generation and VCO. In medium term, they will cover application up to sub-THz frequency (up to 325GHz). \\
\textbf{GaAs/Si} processes are the main competitors to BiCMOS processes in currently, even if their TRL is still lower. \\
\textbf{InP HBT} processes, are very interesting for long term, and must find a way to be integrated over silicon. \\
In our view a fundamental axe of research will be the design of heterogeneous 3D packaged Transceiver for D-band and beyond connectivity.
In order to further compare the technologies and define the target technology KPIs, we provide a \textit{spider graph} representation of what should be requested to a process technology to full fit with the RF and mmW wireless transceiver challenges, different criteria are presented on Figure \ref{fig:Techno}.
\begin{figure}[h!]
    \centering

   \includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{figure/Techno_comparison.pdf}
    \caption{6G hardware KPIs and solid-state technology comparison.}
    \vspace{-0.5cm}
    \label{fig:Techno}
\end{figure}
Figure \ref{fig:Techno} presents with the red line the target performance for full operational 5G networks (at the horizon of 2025) with the black line and, with the white line the target performance for 6G future networks (at the horizon of 2030 and  beyond). In addition in Figure \ref{fig:Techno} we present state of the art representations of the 4 most representative existing technologies (product or R\&D): the 22FDX process, FDSOI 22nm from GF (light blue line); the BiCMOS55nm, SiGe HBT + 55nm CMOS process from ST (green line ); the D006GH, 60nm GaN/Si from OMMIC (purple line) and the R\&D 250nm InP HBT from Teledyne (black line). Each of them has its strenghs and weaknesses, and only the InP HBT allows working at 300GHz, which is the 6G maximum target frequency. The race for concurrent technologies is already declared opened.
We also show and compare recent implementations of multi-Gbps wireless transceiver using different integrated circuit (IC) technologies. In Figure  \ref{fig:THz-HW-Tecnologies} we report on transceiver technologies proven for carrier frequencies up to 300 GHz and, achieving communication ranges between 1 m up to 1 km (using high directive gain antennas) \cite{Calvanese6GVTM2019}.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\vspace{-0.4cm}
\begin{centering}

	\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figure/tech2.pdf}
\caption{Sub-THz Hardware IC Technologies. Courtesy of \cite{Calvanese6GVTM2019}.}
\vspace{-0.2cm}
\label{fig:THz-HW-Tecnologies}
\end{centering}
\end{figure}
Each point on the Figure represents the data-rate, the technology, the modulation scheme and the antenna gain (if available). The Figure confirms the trend we have defined above on the trade-off between carrier frequency and communication range (linked indeed to the PA output power). The larger carrier frequency solutions use a large amount of RF bandwidth in a single RF channel and simple modulations schemes such as Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK)/ Binary Phase SK (BPSK) which allows for digital-less demodulation. As we can see,  CMOS silicon technology is somewhere limited to 150GHz carrier frequency and less than 10 meters range but enable use higher order modulations such as Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), Quadrature PSK (QPSK), 16QAM or even 64QAM. InP technology offers the possibility of working at 300GHz or covering a range bigger than 1Km. CMOS technologies have demonstrated high data-rates at lower carrier frequencies, comparable with those with much larger bandwidth III-V transceiver. In the figure recent photonic-based modulation transceiver performance is also reported. Their performance correspond to the highest carrier frequencies, but their degree of integration if currently very low. We conclude that advanced digital baseband systems data-rate processing capabilities are still in practice limited to few tens of Gbps. Their power consumption is also bonded. In our view, advances on materials and solid-state technology will enable to solve issues related to hardware complexity and its efficiency limitations. For instance recent advances on  materials and device structures such as GaN-HEMT and Graphene are promising for THz modulator design and antennas design \cite{JornetGRAPHENE}
Even if silicon SiGe technology based circuits are not presented in this Figure, we can conclude that also multi technology assembly would be the solution allying THz frequency RF interface High data rate signal processing and high performance computing for AI in the same object.

\section{AI assisted Hardware and Technology Effectiveness in 6G}

\subsection{Example of Low Complexity Deep Learning for PA Impairment Compensation}
A major challenge for future 6G hardware design is to achieve cost effective and operational efficient miniaturization of components for transmitters and receivers operating at  sub-Terahertz bands. As discussed in section \ref{sec:KPI},  \textit{Fmax} sets the carrier frequency operation ranges given the selected solid-state process. Higher \textit{Fmax} can be nominally achieved but at the expenses of more complex solid-state processes (see figure \ref{fig:TechnoLimits}). The real operational \textit{Fmax} depends on the actual PA operational performance.  When PA operates in its linear zone, the maximum carrier frequency is upper bounded at \textit{Fmax} /3. Nevertheless, the operational carrier frequency drops to \textit{Fmax} /10 when the PA exits its linearity zone.

Hereafter, we provide a toy example on how low complexity machine learning can contribute to extend the PA linearity zone and indeed, to increase the energy efficiency especially when PA works on  operational high \textit{Fmax} values.
Let's consider that the communication system integrates a QAM modulation, an OFDM transmitter, a digital predistortion (DPD) based on neural network (NN) techniques and a PA. We characterize the PA with an amplitude distortion function and a phase shift function. We assume a PA derived from a 3GPP Rapp model for communication above 6GHz \cite{rapp3gpp}.
Thereafter, we consider the following input back-off (IBO) definition :
\begin{equation}
    IBO = \frac{P_{1dB,in}}{P_{avg,in}}, \notag
\end{equation}
where $P_{1dB,in}$ corresponds to the input power at the $1dB$ compression point and $P_{avg,in}$ the average input power. Besides, we consider our model to be noise free.

The goal is to show how the operational linearity zone of PA can be extended adopting a  very low complexity neural network (10 neurons only) with high operation parallelism thanks to a custom architecture. To this end, we design a neural network to specifically tackle amplitude and phase impairments separately through a polar decomposition of the signal. According to \cite{Zayani2014}, tackling AM/AM and AM/PM distortions gives better results which motivates this choice. It results in a dedicated architecture. We design a Conventional Neural Network DPD which is composed of two neural networks respectively using amplitude and phase information of the signal. Each neural network indeed represents a function correcting respectively the amplitude distortion (AM/AM) and the phase distortion (AM/PM). Both neural networks are specifically designed to correct AM/AM and AM/PM distortions respectively. The AM/AM correction works by taking the output amplitude of the PA and predicting the estimated input amplitude. The AM/PM correction works by taking the input amplitude of the PA and predicting the opposite of the phase shift.
Fewer operations are required to find the opposite phase shift because the problem is likely simpler, resulting indeed in lower complexity. The training phase required uses the Indirect Learning Architecure (ILA) \cite{Psaltis1988}. It consists in deriving a post-distorter and placing it before the PA to perform DPD. Learning is performed by optimizing a mean squared error (MSE) loss function using an Adam \cite{Kingma2017adam} optimizer. This training approach is known as ``conventional" since it realizes a simple gradient descent to update the NN parameters.

Our numerical evaluations are shown on Figure \ref{fig:evm_ila}. In the simulation, we assume that parameters of the PA model are fixed according to \cite{rapp3gpp}. Results are represented in terms of Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) in function of the Input Back-Off (IBO). We consider a PA which presents AM/AM and AM/PM distortions. The ``Limit" curve corresponds to a PA linear until its saturation. The performance of our solution is almost optimal using only $10$ neurons which justifies the low-complexity aspect. It must be emphasized that such a solution requires a large amount of data for a single state of our PA, about $10^5$ OFDM symbols which represents a cumbersome database. Indeed, our numerical results show the  benefits of including a neural network  digital predistortion function to compensate possible PA impairments that affect the PA linearity range.
\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.93\columnwidth]{figure/ila_perf_64qam_ibo3_am_pm.pdf}
    \caption{EVM performance using ``conventional" learning}
    \label{fig:evm_ila}
\end{figure}
\vspace{-0,25cm}

\subsection{Support of AI for Efficient Analog-to-Digital Conversion}
In order to support ultra-high capacity links at THz frequencies, Analog-to-digital converters (ADC) have to support very high sampling
rate. The hardware energy consumption, chip area and manufacturing costs increase rapidly with their bit resolution. 6G performance is indeed prone to the critical trade-off between ADC resolution and hardware costs.  Consequently, signal processing techniques for low quantized signals must be carefully investigated  for future transceiver architectures.
In this direction, an interesting approach would be to change paradigm in the way the RF chain operates. Currently, the entire signal (modulation, carrier frequency) is processed while the information required to reconstruct the intended signal at destination can be notably compressed. As an example, the H2020 FET Open HERMES project that will kick-off on September 2021,
attempts to rethink the signal generation/reception chain thank to the application of  Walsh theory to wide band conversion from information-to-RF.
HERMES  goal (see Figure \ref{fig:hermesl}) is to combine for the first time AI, mathematics Walsh theory and CMOS to reach sub-THz frequencies. The solution will be low cost, increasing the energy efficiency by hundreds of percent. It will support actual and future waveforms and give access to large bandwidths instantaneously.
\begin{figure}[htb!]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figure/HERMES.png}
    \caption{HERMES Project Vision}
    \label{fig:hermesl}
\end{figure}
This allows to select the harmonics of the signal strictly required for correct demodulation of the received signal. In addition, in the proposed methodology, AI agents received as inputs the Walsh series coefficients to enhance the performance of the Radio Frequency Front End (RFFE), adapting the key parameters defining the communication modulation, bandwidth, carrier frequency. This approach can be also advantageously applied to enhance the operational linearity of PA, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver.

\section{Conclusions}

Future 6G will push the network architecture performance to its extreme capabilities. The AI community is expecting future 6G networks to support for a new class of semantic services. This will support applications involving a share and intertwining of knowledge between natural and artificial intelligence. AI is also expected to be applied at all functional levels of the networks to optimize its operation and to reduce its costs. AI will consequently generate and require data to process. Therefore, the data traffic is expected to exponentially grow at both terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks. From these visions, challenging system level KPIs are set. The envisaged direction is to explore new spectrum horizons and target higher spectral efficiency for wireless communications. To this end, new challenging research axes explore the use of sub-Terahertz bands to reach targets of Tbps links capacity. We advocate that there is a critical gap to fill between system level identified ambition and, what the hardware and solid-state technologies will be able to support at the horizon of 2030. Our reality check is that technologies required to meet the challenging system level KPIs of 6G have not been designed, tested or even do not exist yet. Our reality check is that hardware design will be fundamental to meet the rising sustainability and energy efficiency targets. In this paper, we detail our vision on the needed advances required at hardware and technology levels. New technology solutions have to be explored, solving the trade-off between complexity/power consumption of transceiver and antennas and the exploitation of diversity techniques,
as well as the smart use of AI for both reducing signal processing and data needed for both AI training and communication. A paradigm shift is also expected: the semantic and goal-oriented communication paradigm, where communication and AI support efficiency will be enabled by a new paradigm for exchange compressed data and share knowledge between natural and artificial intelligence agents. To this end, we provide first a comprehensive comparison on solid-state technology candidate. We also discuss their limits. Focusing on the case of sub-Terahertz communications, we identified one of the main issues for transceiver architectures design:  achieving high energy efficiency while enabling the use of \textit{very large communication bands}. This requires to process wide-band signals aggregated from a large number of carriers (more than 10) and potentially, to process in parallel multiple different modulations. Then, we indicate as a possible solutions to leverage on the use of AI to reduce the complexity of the signal processing, to counteract hardware impairments with the support of AI and, to dynamically adapt the setting of hardware to the current electromagnetic communication environment. One conclusion is that multi-technology integration approach will be adopted to meet the challenging requirements on hardware and technology imposed by 6G envisioned services and use cases. Our conclusion is that technology process still requires substantial work to consolidate the opportunity offered by THz communications and that it will be a challenging multidisciplinary field of science.

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: What is the alternative keyword that can be used instead of xs:sequence if the the attribute is an object instead of an array Following is the configuration for which I am trying to create a WADL
{
   "id": "ABCD",
   "type": "INBOUND",
   "subtype": "HTTPPUSH",
   "config": {
      "attributes": [
         {
            "name": "A",
            "type": "array",
            "attributes": [
               {
                  "name": "B",
                  "type": "array",
                  "attributes": [
                     {
                        "name": "C",
                        "type": "string"
                     }
                  ]
               }
            ]
         }
      ]
   }
}

When I try to achieve a configuration in which "attributes" is an array like the one that I specified above, The following WADL is generated
 <xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" attributeFormDefault="unqualified" elementFormDefault="qualified">
     <xs:element name="PostBody_ABCD">
        <xs:complexType>
           <xs:all>
              <xs:element name="transactionId" type="xs:string" />
              <xs:element name="data">
                 <xs:complexType>
                    <xs:sequence maxOccurs="50000" minOccurs="0">
                       <xs:element name="A">
                          <xs:complexType>
                             <xs:sequence>
                                <xs:element name="B">
                                   <xs:complexType>
                                      <xs:sequence>
                                         <xs:element name="C" type="xs:string" />
                                      </xs:sequence>
                                   </xs:complexType>
                                </xs:element>
                             </xs:sequence>
                          </xs:complexType>
                       </xs:element>
                    </xs:sequence>
                 </xs:complexType>
              </xs:element>
           </xs:all>
        </xs:complexType>
     </xs:element>
  </xs:schema>

but now if the type of attribute is an object
{
  "id": "ABCD",
  "type": "INBOUND",
  "subtype": "HTTPPUSH",
  "config": {
    "attributes": [{
        "name": "A",
        "type": "object",
        "attributes":
           "name": "B",
             "type": "object",
             "attributes":
                    "name": "C",
                    "type": "string"
}
    ]
  }
}

what will be the changes that will occur in the WADL document?
My question in most simple way asks, if the attribute is of type object, then can "xs:sequence" be used or is there any other keyword that needs to be used in place of it?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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