text:
/* global define */
const toSemVer = (version) => {
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    // ignore pre-release (.dev)
    const fragments = version.replace(/\.dev/g, '').split('.')
    semVer = {
      major: parseInt(fragments[0]),
      minor: parseInt(fragments[1]),
      patch: parseInt(fragments[2])
    }
  } else {
    semVer = version
  }
  return semVer
}

const semVer = (version) => {
  const currentSemver = toSemVer(version)
  return {
    lte: (ver) => {
      const semver = toSemVer(ver)
      if (currentSemver.major < semver.major) {
        return true
      }
      if (currentSemver.major === semver.major && currentSemver.minor < semver.minor) {
        return true
      }
      return currentSemver.major === semver.major && currentSemver.minor === semver.minor && currentSemver.patch <= semver.patch
    },
    gte: (ver) => {
      const semver = toSemVer(ver)
      if (currentSemver.major > semver.major) {
        return true
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      if (currentSemver.major === semver.major && currentSemver.minor > semver.minor) {
        return true
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      return currentSemver.major === semver.major && currentSemver.minor === semver.minor && currentSemver.patch >= semver.patch
    },
    gt: (ver) => {
      const semver = toSemVer(ver)
      if (currentSemver.major > semver.major) {
        return true
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      if (currentSemver.major === semver.major && currentSemver.minor > semver.minor) {
        return true
      }
      return currentSemver.major === semver.major && currentSemver.minor === semver.minor && currentSemver.patch > semver.patch
    },
    lt: (ver) => {
      const semver = toSemVer(ver)
      if (currentSemver.major < semver.major) {
        return true
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      if (currentSemver.major === semver.major && currentSemver.minor < semver.minor) {
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      return currentSemver.major === semver.major && currentSemver.minor === semver.minor && currentSemver.patch < semver.patch
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    eq: (ver) => {
      const semver = toSemVer(ver)
      return currentSemver.major === semver.major && currentSemver.minor === semver.minor && currentSemver.patch === semver.patch
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if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
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  module.exports = semVer
} else if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
  // AMD. Register a named module.
  define('semver', [''], function () {
    return semVer
  })
}


UNTOUCHED & ASTONISHING! 7 gorgeous acres in the heart of "Bear Creek". Soaring hardwoods and abundant mountain laurels give this tract a true mystical feel. Bordering over 19,000 acres of USFS, you will never have to worry about neighbors or the hustle and bustle of city life. Instead, you will enjoy the sounds of babbling creeks and wildlife surrounding you! Easy access and a nice level spot for a mountain destination.


One of the heartaches of living and caring for your client suffering from Alzheimer's is the problem of meaningful communication."It's so difficult to have a conversation with my dear one," we frequently hear people say when describing their struggle to retain some semblance of a normal relationship. I can fully relate to this situation since my wife is a victim of this dreaded disease. The question arises, "Is there still a chance to maintain a mutually satisfying connection between caregiver and patient?" In my experience this can be done given a thorough understanding of the situation and utilizing knowledgeable sources of help, including that of our Lord Jesus, the Great Physician of body and soul.
While each Alzheimer's patient has his unique strengths and weaknesses, there are many commonalities. The stage of dementia involved is a factor which must be considered. With the disease's progressive deterioration of your loved one's mental faculties the loss of communication, in normal terms, grows more acute. The diminishing capacity to understand what you are saying and the corresponding inability to respond verbally in a meaningful way greatly complicate effective "connecting with" your client.
In seeking to achieve a mutually effective "give and take" with your client you must also consider the problems of attention span and level of comprehension. Spending quality time with him/her and carefully observing her reactions will greatly help you adjust your conversation accordingly."Keep it simple" is a good rule to follow. This does not mean, however, that you cannot penetrate these significant barriers to good communication with some encouraging expressions of your love and concern.With God all things are possible. Or as St Paul tells us, I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me (Philippians 4:13). The point here is that taking hold of your loved one's hand, speaking slowly in simple terms and sharing appropriate portions of God's Word will enable you to communicate with your client. The Holy Spirit works through the Word with our Lord's power penetrating all barriers!Years ago the Lord revealed this to me in a most dramatic way while I was making hospital visitations. I was calling upon an elderly gentleman with whom I had visited the previous week and had a mutually satisfying devotion.
If we prayerfully enlist the help of our Lord in spending time with our clients afflicted with Alzheimer's or other dementia type illnesses we can make these occasions ones for rejoicing and not emotionally wrenching experiences. In fact, we too shall be comforted by our Savior's Word as we share it with a loving spouse or parent. Tears may fill our eyes, but they will be tears of joy knowing that we are "reaching the unreachable"!


text:
Q: PHP/GnuPG Decryption -- Syntax error? I'm using php to invoke gpg, but I'm getting a pipe error.  I thought that if I read in the password from a file, I could then pipe it to the command itself?  But, I keep getting: Syntax error: "|" unexpected
Here's the code:
(Note: The files are being iterated over in a foreach loop...)
foreach($files as $k => $v) {
    $encrypted = $v;
    $filename = explode('.',$v);
    $decrypted = $filename[0].'.txt';
    shell_exec("echo $passphrase | gpg --no-tty --passphrase-fd 0 -o $decrypted -d $encrypted");
}

A: maybe you can print the lines instead and then run them in a terminal to see if they really work as expected.
Maybe there is some weird character in your input that needs to be escaped, and please put your PHP variables in quotes, filenames with spaces could be dangerous. See escapeshellarg and escapeshellcmd.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


For one of my small private projects, I wanted to know if I could implement the program in Java instead of C++. The only critical feature for this program was speed, so I needed to know how fast Java is today using the latest VM, compared to C++ using a modern optimizing compiler.
Sorting a huge array (5 mio doubles) using Heapsort, testing usual, random memory access quite well.
Calling multiple nested loops (4), each one 280 times, computing a number in the inner loop based on the loop counters.
Copying an array (8 MB of doubles) into another one, multiple times (100 times).
Calculating 44 fibonacci numbers, testing recursive calls. Totally useless test for real world programs, but because every benchmark seems to use it, it was interesting to include it as well.
I tried to be very fair because I really needed realistic results to base my decision on. You can get the source code of my tests here to verify or review my tests here: benchmark.zip. If you like, extend it or use it for whatever you like.
Knowing a bit about the C++ and Java optimizers, I was also able to revert the results completely. For example although using equivalent Java and C++ code, I was able to make the C++ version take 16 seconds for the nested loops-test while Java only needed 1 second by adding some virtual method calls which I knew Java could optimize. I also was able to make the C++ version run in only 78 ms while the equivalent Java version needed even 10 seconds by only using static loops - the C++ optimizer then would not even loop anything and just add the values together. This is partially what some of the wrong benchmarks out there are doing - even if not intentional. If you take a look at the sourcecode of my benchmark, you'll also see that I only measured the actual calculations, I was not interested in the start up times at all. This would have been very unfair because java needs some more time to start up, and it doesn't matter at all if an end user program (especially game) needs some extra seconds in the beginning. That's also the reason I used the client and not the server java VM: No end user is using the server VM at all. Another detail was interesting: Java was running out of heap memory very fast. I even had to reduce the sizes of the arrays in the tests, Java wasn't even able to allocate two arrays of several million doubles. Of course this wasn't a problem on the C++ side at all.
My conclusion: Java is not as fast as C++ although asserted by several people. Simply as that. But with today's incredible hardware, nothing will prevent you from writing simple games with it, unless you are not trying to create a fast Software Rasterizer or similar.
I wouldn't have thought using virtual mehtods is such a slow-downer… still I think the Java programs are still slow in comparement to C++. And I hate to live without default parameters or (at a smaller scale) without operator overloading.
Well nice figures. Thanks for that!
But I have to add that though being very accurate and more fair than other tests I saw already – this is only half the truth again. I would admit that it is correct to say java is slower than c++ when it comes to primitve datatypes and optimizing nested loops but there are real objects also where the numbers may change somewhat. In fact it will depend upon the tasks.
By the way: the server vm is used often on servers's – that is what it is optimzed for. The client VM is faster for running on machines using swing ui. Would be interesting to do some benchmerks to see what happens if the server vm is to be tested with jirr – the java binding of irrlicht.
To make it short: the server vm is ahead of the client vm by some frames (1-3%) in the tech demo (running java 6) when using default values – though it is possible to tune the client vm to reach even higher numbers.
I just was asthonished to see a decrease within the fibonacci test duration by roughly 20% by using the server vm whereas the nested loops were signifcant slower.
I think that Java can be closer to C++ in big real world examples, but of course it is difficult to have more than an impression about that, as almost no big C++ app has been translated to Java. May be it is because it is very easier for an average programmer to optimize a Java program than a C++ one (in C++, you have also to take care of memory leaks, pointers, etc… this can be a lot of work).
The only two examples that I know of that have been implemented both in C++ (or C) and Java are http://www.bytonic.de/html/jake2.html (Jake2), a clone of Quake2 in Java, and http://cmusphinx.sourceforge.net/sphinx4.. (Sphynx), a speech recognizer first coded in C, then in Java. Jake2 performance in Java 5.0 are identical to the original C versions (in some configurations), and Sphynx4 (in Java) performs better than the C version.
next up, c++ vs. C#, the ultimate benchmark throwdown!!
I've never heard of anyone claiming Java is faster than C++ – that would be pretty much impossible since there is still a layer of interpretation and garbage collection going on, no matter how well optimised the VM is.
Most of the time when I worked extensively in (server-side) Java I had to defend that Java was fast enough for the types if application that should be written in it. Most people judging it did it with either very old VMs or on application tests which were totally unsuited for the sort of application you would typically build in Java. It's like saying scripting languages are slower than C++ when running tight loops – well, duh. Too many developers look at the minutae without seeing the big picture – that it's worth trading a known amount of performance in certain cases for benefits in other areas.
It would be interesting to hear about compiler version and compilation flags. Moreover you should Java grant some startup time, so better inline several calls to the test function and average over the inner call times. Also the latest gccs still optimize the loops away with many optimization settings.
But I don't think it's completely impossible that java programs are faster than c++: Java has the advantage that it can inline virtual functions during runtime and also has the GC, which can compact the heap resulting in better caching where C++ is forced to work with a fragmented heap. Lots of applications can profit from this resulting in possible faster speed than C++.
Java Vs C# which one is better for making a 3D game.
ok..c++ out performs java…i would like to know how fast c# is,'cos i am working on a project with c#..


text:
Two carefully handcrafted fales, modelled on traditional Pasifika buildings, were delivered to Samoan pre-schools in Linwood and...
For Ara's School of Wellbeing students and staff got their hands dirty as volunteers at Orana Wildlife...
EXIT, an impressive collection of over 30 models and designs, is on display from today [2 November]...
Ara degree pathway for NZMA students
Ara Institute of Canterbury and New Zealand Management Academies (NZMA) have signed a pathway agreement for NZMA...
Timaru-based Ara Institute of Canterbury Art Tutor, Michele Beaufoy is a finalist in the prestigious Portage Ceramic...
Too Good Foods proved too good for the competition last night, taking out the supreme award in...
VIDEO: Interview with Rangimarie Nightingale, who plays Olga in Three Sisters....
The Lion Foundation Young Enterprise Scheme regional final in Timaru....
The eight Young Enterprise Scheme (YES) teams who will compete at the Canterbury regional final on 31...
Ara is working closely with over 50 secondary schools across the region, stretching from Oamaru to Kaikoura,...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package io.encoded.seriala

import io.encoded.seriala.schema._
import org.junit.runner.RunWith
import org.scalatest.junit.JUnitRunner
import org.scalatest.{Matchers, FunSuite}

import scala.collection.immutable.TreeMap

case class SimpleCaseClass(name: String, value: Int)
case class ComplexCaseClass(name: String, value: Option[SimpleCaseClass], children: Seq[ComplexCaseClass])

@RunWith(classOf[JUnitRunner])
class SchemaTest extends FunSuite with Matchers {

  test("schemaOf simple types") {
    schemaOf[Boolean] should be(BooleanSchema)
    schemaOf[Int] should be(IntSchema)
    schemaOf[Long] should be(LongSchema)
    schemaOf[Float] should be(FloatSchema)
    schemaOf[Double] should be(DoubleSchema)
    schemaOf[String] should be(StringSchema)
  }

  test("schemaOf Option") {
    schemaOf[Option[Int]] should be(OptionSchema(IntSchema))
    schemaOf[Option[String]] should be(OptionSchema(StringSchema))
  }

  test("schemaOf Seq") {
    schemaOf[Seq[Int]] should be(SeqSchema(IntSchema))
    schemaOf[Seq[String]] should be(SeqSchema(StringSchema))
    schemaOf[List[Int]] should be(SeqSchema(IntSchema))
    schemaOf[Vector[Int]] should be(SeqSchema(IntSchema))
  }

  test("schemaOf Map") {
    schemaOf[Map[String, Int]] should be(MapSchema(IntSchema))
    schemaOf[Map[String, String]] should be(MapSchema(StringSchema))
    schemaOf[TreeMap[String, Int]] should be(MapSchema(IntSchema))
  }

  test("schemaOf SimpleCaseClass") {
    val objectSchema = schemaOf[SimpleCaseClass].asInstanceOf[ObjectSchema]
    objectSchema.name should be("SimpleCaseClass")
    objectSchema.fullName should be("io.encoded.seriala.SimpleCaseClass")
    objectSchema.fields should be(Seq("name" -> StringSchema, "value" -> IntSchema))
    objectSchema should equal(schemaOf[SimpleCaseClass])
  }

  test("schemaOf ComplexCaseClass") {
    val objectSchema = schemaOf[ComplexCaseClass].asInstanceOf[ObjectSchema]
    objectSchema.name should be("ComplexCaseClass")
    objectSchema.fullName should be("io.encoded.seriala.ComplexCaseClass")
    objectSchema.fields should be(Seq("name" -> StringSchema, "value" -> OptionSchema(schemaOf[SimpleCaseClass]), "children" -> SeqSchema(objectSchema)))
  }

  test("ObjectSchema newInstance") {
    val objectSchema = schemaOf[SimpleCaseClass].asInstanceOf[ObjectSchema]
    val instance = objectSchema.newInstance(Seq("Joe", 42)).asInstanceOf[SimpleCaseClass]
    instance should be(SimpleCaseClass("Joe", 42))
  }

  test("ObjectSchema getFieldValue") {
    val instance = SimpleCaseClass("Joe", 42)
    val objectSchema = schemaOf[SimpleCaseClass].asInstanceOf[ObjectSchema]
    objectSchema.getFieldValue(instance, "name") should be("Joe")
    objectSchema.getFieldValue(instance, "value") should be(42)
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Honestly, who would give the club away?
Hypothetically the club is thinking of changing the name back to Footscray. They consider the arguments for and against. The main argument against would be the members that would be lost from changing back.
Now honestly- who is going to walk away from the Western Bulldogs if they change their scoreboard name back to Footscray? What member is going to pull stumps on the club because we have dumped Western for Footscray? How many- well you could write their names down on a piece of confetti, those who don't renew a membership because Footscray is re-introduced. Is there anyone out here on planet Earth let alone Australia who will be so upset that we are going back to Footscray?
It doesn't concern them. They don't care- they will still be there- especially when the players on the park are winning. You can have a red rooster meal deal image on the Guernsey instead of the yawning cat and it wouldn't worry the IDCWTNIJALATW fan at all. You could even take away those miniscule FFC letters from the top of the jumper and replace it with IDCWTNIJALATW. We could even become the Canterbury Bulldogs like the Rugby League team from New South Wales. Should even the colours be changed- they wouldn't care either- we could be pink with purple polka dots, you could even dump bulldogs as a nickname, we could be the Western Donkeys or just the donkeys -just as long as we win. So should we get the quadrella, the name, nickname, colours and guernsey design, they don't care just as long as we win.
So if this did happen and you went looking elsewhere -what club could you join? The only possible option for those of that thinking in Victoria would have been the blue and white team (not Geelong or Carlton.) Yet as the Kangaroos are now back to North Melbourne, there is no other team to cater for your needs of following a team with a generic name. So you are stuck with Footscray- you have just watched them beat Port Adelaide on the television by over 90 points- but no they are going to revert to Footscray- so it is time to get off. Can't have that can we.
Well this is the truth- these people just don't exist- really in all sincerity who knows a 'doggies' fan that would refuse to support them anymore because they changed back to Footscray?
The fans that walked away- nearly all will come back to the club- by reverting to Footscray. Not just that, but we will reclaim more of the fans we lost rather than lose those who were attracted to the club because the 1996 board ditched Footscray for Western.
Western is a generic nothing name. It represents no one- it is one of four directions. Western is nothing more than an arrow in words, an arrow is an image in words. We are an arrow pointing in one particular direction followed by a particular brand of canine. Those older fans that were around before 1996 and don't care or accept the name change are not going to drop off. Why would they disappear- is Western such an emotional thing for them? No it isn't because when they first followed the club we were Footscray. No one had ever heard of Western Bulldogs until 1996. So they will still be there, their love for the club will not diminish because we are Footscray again and not this direction Western. The bulldog will still be the nickname and that is the be all and end all- the superfluous faceless Western doesn't tear at anyone's heart strings here- though maybe it does in Arizona or Wyoming? As Western is hardly ever used in our case, nobody can miss it when it falls off the perch –or is blown away by John Wayne or Clint Eastwood.
With the Footscray fans who did walk away when the name was changed or diminished their support from the end of 1996 like myself. Those of us aggrieved about the situation will return and those who are now lukewarm supporters and only buy a home membership and contribute nothing or barely anything else- will return to being more committed to the club. I personally would- most likely probably join one of the coterie groups, or at the very least I would definitely increase my membership status from a home one to a full home and away membership- even though the full home and away membership is hardly value for money. I would be prepared to donate that to Footscray the full home and away membership, although the away membership is a gift to the club. I am happy to donate to the club when we are Footscray, but as Western Bulldogs, I think of the hip pocket- the blind loyalty is not there for Western, hasn't been since 1996.
Changing back to Footscray can only increase membership- not just in actual individuals becoming members, but in what degree of membership they would buy. The club cannot and would not lose any money on reverting to Footscray.


text:
El Vaquero Staff Writer" />
'Multicultural Manners' Politely Corrects
PAULINE GUIUAN
El Vaquero Staff Writer
Never give yellow flowers to an Iranian.
Don't leave your chopsticks sticking up in the middle of your rice bowl when dining with a Japanese friend.
And if you ever visit Albania, shake your head if you mean "yes" and nod if you mean "no."
These are just a few of the proper social practices discussed at a lecture titled "Multicultural Manners" on Oct. 27 at Kreider Hall. The second in the Social Science Lecture Series, the lecture was given by Norine Dresser, a book author and former ESL professor at GCC. The lecture is titled after Dresser's newly published book.
Moderator Mike Eberts introduced Dresser by saying, "She has carved an important niche for herself that is very appropriate in a very diverse multicultural area like Southern California."
Dresser explained the importance of knowing and observing the proper manners in the presence of people from different ethnic and racial backgrounds. The idea is to not "offend people" and to not create disharmony," Dresser said.
"The whole point of multicultural manners is to show that we've learned to establish an environment of respect for another," said Dresser.
The lecturer gave many examples of situations in which a person was offended by another person's ignorance of these manners. She shared a story about an Australian businessman who was doing business in Japan and had offended his Japanese clients by accepting their business cards with one hand and then sticking the cards in his back pocket.
Dresser then asked the audience what the Australian should have done to avoid the social faux pas. She then summed up their answers: "Look at the card and put it in the right place; bow to the person; and accept the card with both hands." Doing this, Dresser says, establishes respect.
Dresser believes that Americans in particular need to pay more attention to multicultural manners, especially when speaking.
"Americans speak in such a direct way," she said. "The rest of the world doesn't." She added that this results in confusion and misunderstanding, and advised the audience to avoid "yes-no questions" and always give details when talking to foreigners.
She told a story of a woman who worked at the cafeteria in another college and was confounded with Bosnian students who would order hamburgers and only eat the pickles and the burger patty.
"They thought that the bread was pork, because of the word 'ham' in hamburger," Dresser explained. This is because Bosnian Muslims do not eat pork.
Dresser also reminded the audience to be aware of other people's religious practices. For instance, she said, people who practice Hindu find it disrespectful when the left hand is used to pass food, and it is also insensitive to invite Muslims to dinner during Ramadan while they are fasting.
She explained that a gesture could mean one thing in one culture and have a different meaning in another culture. Giving yellow flowers to an Iranian means "I hate you," according to Dresser, but to an Armenian it could mean, "I miss you."
Other gestures that could convey cheerful or positive messages in American culture could be offensive in other cultures, according to Dresser. Examples of these are the peace sign (holding up two fingers in a "V" shape), the thumbs-up gesture and the "A-Ok" sign (holding up the last three fingers while the thumb and forefinger form an "O"). All of these gestures have obscene and insulting meanings tantamount to cursing in other cultures.
However, there are also some people from other cultures who do not observe their own traditional social rules and etiquette.
"Just because someone belongs to a particular group doesn't mean they follow rules exactly," Dresser said. "There are always variations."
The lecture culminated in a question-and-answer portion, during which several members of the audience were able to share their own experiences that were related to multicultural etiquette.
Harout Farajian, a GCC student, said that he thoroughly enjoyed the lecture. "It was very interesting," he said. "I learned a lot."
Dresser's newly published book, "Multicultural Manners," is already in its second edition and is only one of the author's several published books on cultural differences. A book signing session was held outside the hall after the lecture.
"Every culture has its goals," Dresser said. "We just have little tiny differences in the way we carry these goals."
Adjusting to Remote Instruction
President-elect Joe Biden's Environmental Policy
International Students During a Pandemic
Cinemas Struggling to Survive During Pandemic
Collegiate News
Black Student Union Issues Demands
Music Faculty Holds Remote Recital
Conflict in Artsakh
Final Presidential Debate
GCC's Food Pantry Re-Opens for Contactless Pickup


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This is my review of the Sennheiser CX 2.00i earbuds. Read on to find out why I wasn't impressed with these noise cancelling earbuds when I used them on the move.
If you have young children, you might know what it's like to have to reach into your pocket regularly.
Before his death over the weekend, Ray Tomlinson wasn't a name I'd heard of before.
However, as the inventor of email, Ray's legacy impacts many of our lives every day.
Need a New Year's resolution? Here are seven reasons why you should give run-commuting a go in 2017.
If you're like a lot of people, it's "get more exercise".
We know how that turns out though, don't we?
How do you motivate yourself at work?
I get asked this question a lot because I spend the majority of my working week at home. People wonder how I stay motivated when there are so many other things that could distract me.
How many times have you returned to work after a short break to find hundreds or even thousands of emails waiting in a bulging inbox?


text:
Home » CATALOGUE » KARAFTŌ » DOCUMENTS » Greek apotropaic inscription
Karaftō
Greek apotropaic inscription
Photograph by Ali Hozhabri
Image after Stein 1940: pl. 98
Greek apotropaic inscription. Karaftō Caves, Kordestān province, Iran. Late fourth or first half of third century BC. Inscribed surface: H. ca. 0.20 m, L. ca. 1 m.
Ἡρακλῆς ἐ̣ν̣[θ]άδε κατοικεῖ·
μηθὲν εἰσέλθοι κακόν.
Heracles resides here.
May nothing evil enter.
Inscription Credits
Ancient text after Rougemont, G. 2012. Inscriptions grecques d'Iran et d'Asie centrale, avec des contributions de Paul Bernard. Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum, part II, vol. I.1. London: no. 75. Reproduced by permission of Georges Rougemont and the Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum.
The text, recorded in 1819 by Robert Ker Porter (1822: 540-542; see now Rougemont 2012: no. 75, with earlier bibliography), is carved over one of the main entrances of the extended, partly manmade cave complex at Karaftō cliffs, some 150 km to the southeast of Lake Urmia. It is ascribed on paleographic grounds to the early Hellenistic period and is one of the few known Greek inscriptions preserved in situ in Iran.
Following a suggestion by William W. Tarn (1929), Aurel Stein (1938: 336-337; idem 1940: 339, 342-343. Cf., e.g., von Gall 1978: 99-112; idem 2010) identified the Karaftō cliffs with Mt. Sanbulos at the frontier of Media Atropatene, where, according to Tacitus (Ann. 12.13), the Parthian king Gōdarz II (first century AD) offered 'vows to local deities, the chief cult' ―apparently of an oracular character― 'being that of Heracles'. Stein thus interpreted the cave complex as an oracular sanctuary of a native divinity, possibly the Iranian Vərəθraγna (for Heracles/Vərəθraγna, see conveniently de Jong 2003), who would have been known presumably as Heracles to the Greek carver of the inscription (e.g., Potts 1999: 373, with references to discussions in this line).
Today the Karaftō inscription is recognized as an early example of an apotropaic formula which is quite commonly attested in civil settings in the Greek world during the Hellenistic and Roman periods (Seyrig 1944-1945: 78-79; Bernard 1980: 304-305; cf. Rougemont 2012: 155). The association of the Karaftō cliffs with Mt. Sanbulos would also seem difficult to maintain with much confidence, in view of arguments that the mount and cult place of Heracles mentioned by Tacitus could be located instead at Bīsotūn (Sarre and Herzfeld 1910: 190 n. 2; Herzfeld 1920: 46; Bernard 1980).
Taking into account the civil, mainly residential, contexts in which the type of apotropaic Greek inscription carved at Karaftō is attested, Paul Bernard suggested that the caves may have served as a garrison post with a Greek Macedonian commander (Bernard 1980: 307-308; cf., e.g., Wiesehöfer 2001: 108). The suggestion is attractive, but questions remain. While the inscription certainly constitutes evidence for a Greek-Macedonian presence, it does not necessarily establish in and by itself the existence locally of a Greek-Macedonian settlement (cf. Cohen 2013: 217). The location of the caves at an 'out-of-the-way place' with limited lookout would tend to undermine the idea of the complex's function as a guard-post (Boyce and Grenet 1991: 85-86). Traces of a meḥrāb (an Islamic prayer niche) in one of the chambers (e.g., von Gall 2010: 536), indicating religious activity in later times, would also make it difficult to dismiss entirely the possibility of a similar sacred/ceremonial character of the cave complex, or at least a part of it, in antiquity.
Bernard, P. 1980. 'Héraclès, les grottes de Karafto et le sanctuaire du Mont Samboulos en Iran.' Studia iranica 9: 301-324.
Boyce, M. and Grenet, F. 1991. A History of Zoroastrianism, vol. III: Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule, with a contribution by R. Beck. Leiden and Cologne.
Cohen, G. M. 2013. The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London.
von Gall, H. 1978. 'Die Kulträume in den Felsen von Karaftu bei Takab (West-Azarbaidjan).' Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 11: 91-112.
——. 2010. 'Karafto caves.' Encyclopædia Iranica, vol. XV: 533-536. An updated version is available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karafto-caves (accessed 24 April 2012).
Herzfeld, E. 1920. Am Tor von Asien. Felsdenkmale aus Irans Heldenzeit. Berlin.
de Jong, A. 2003. 'Heracles.' Encyclopædia Iranica, vol. XII: 202-203. An updated version is available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/heracles-gk (accessed on 22 March 2012).
Porter, R. K. 1822. Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, &c. &c.: during the years 1817, 1818, 1819, and 1820, vol. 2. London.
Potts, D. T. 1999. The Archaeology of Elam. Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge.
Rougemont, G. 2012. Inscriptions grecques d'Iran et d'Asie centrale, avec des contributions de Paul Bernard. Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum, part II, vol. I.1. London.
Sarre, F. and Herzfeld, E. 1910. Iranische Felsreliefs. Aufnahmen und Untersuchungen von Denkmälern aus alt- und mittelpersischer Zeit. Berlin.
Seyrig, H. 1944-1945. 'Antiquités syriennes. Héraclès-Nergal.' Syria 24: 62-80.
Stein, A. 1938. 'An archaeological journey in western Iran.' The Geographical Journal 92.4 (Oct.): 313-342.
——. 1940. Old Routes of Western Īrān. Narrative of an Archaeological Journey, Carried Out and Recorded by Sir Aurel Stein. Antiquities Examined, Described and Illustrated with the Assistance of Fred H. Andrews. London.
Tacitus = Church, A. J. and Brodribb, W. J. (trans.) 1942. Complete Works of Tacitus. New York. A searchable HTML version, edited by Sara Bryant, with commentary by Perseus Digital Library is available at http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0078
Tarn, W. W. 1929. 'A Greek inscription from Kurdistan (C.I.G. 4673).' The Classical Review 43: 53-55.
Wiesehöfer, J. 2001. Ancient Persia. From 550 BC to 650 AD. Paperback edition. London. [Translation by Azodi, A., of the original Munich 1994 edition, Das antike Persien. Von 550 v. Chr. bis 650 n. Chr.]
Cite this entry:
Zournatzi, A. 2016. 'Karaftō: Greek apotropaic inscription.' In Mapping Ancient Cultural Encounters: Greeks in Iran ca. 550 BC - ca. AD 650. Online edition, preliminary draft release. Available at http://iranohellenica.eie.gr/content/catalogue/karafto/documents/1951397892


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Figure 1: Example of a forward flip
The aim of this analysis is to investigate the characteristics of a bicycle's optimal braking and to analyze which are the most important elements a rider should take into account in order to achieve it.
An optimal braking, in fact, is a synonymous of safety for a leisure rider but also a synonymous of time gained for an athlete during a bicycle race.
This analysis in particular wants to model, at first, an ideal optimal braking and, then, wants to investigate how it can be achieved in a more practical way.
Many other elements related to the braking, like the forward flip, will be described and different conditions of the asphalt will be taken into account.
The purpose of this work has been, first of all, to model all the characteristics of an ideal optimal braking where the minimum space required to stop the bicycle is achieved. This simulations have been obtained imposing a specific angular speed to the wheels. The kinematic and dynamic quantities obtained from the software have been compared with the results calculated with an analytical description of the same problem in order to validate the model and to do some considerations.
Then, the problem of the forward flip has been investigated in detail and, in particular, the most important factors which can modify the forward flip limit conditions (in particular the rider position on the bicycle) have been studied quantifying their influence.
At the end, a series of simulations applying a specific torque to the wheels have been performed in order to obtain a more realistic description of what happens during a bicycle braking. From this point of view, the effects of different torques applied to the wheels and the effect of different braking distribution (between the front and the rear wheel) have been taken into account with the objective of obtaining the optimal combination of the factors that leads to the lowest space required to stop the bicycle. This simulations will be presented with respect to different conditions of the asphalt (wet and dry).
The aim of our model was to obtain a kinematical and dynamical description of a bicycle with a rider which could take into account all the effects that occur during a typical braking in a straight road. All the parts, except the dummy, were modeled by our own in a Catia environment.
The bicycle has been modeled as a series of rigid bodies: chassis, handlebar, suspension tube, saddle, rear and front rims, and rear and front tires. All these parts have been carefully assembled in order to obtain a mechanism with only five DOF: horizontal and vertical movement of the chassis, in plane rotation of the chassis and the rotation of the two wheels. The decision to divide the chassis from the handlebar, from the front and from the saddle has been taken in order to obtain a more precise distribution of the masses (using different mass properties) and to make it possible to add, later, the effect of the front suspension which requires a relative movement between the front and the suspension tube.
Figure 2: Bicycle assembled
Figure 3: Dummy assembled
To assemble the bicycle the following joints have been applied to the parts:
Planar joint between chassis and global fixed to ground: this joint constrains the model to remain in the plane.
Bracket joint between the handlebar and the chassis.
Bracket joint between the saddle and chassis.
Bracket joint between the suspension tubes and the chassis
Revolute joints between the chassis and the tires
Bracket joints between the rims and the tires
Regarding the inertial properties of the parts, it has been applied, as a first modeling attempt, a density that is typical of the alloy to all the metallic components and a density typical of the rubber to the tires. Then, to obtain a more precise model, these values of densities have been updated to obtain, for each single component (Chassis, Saddle, Front etc..), a mass that is really similar to that of a modern MTB.
The dummy, as well, has been modeled as a series of rigid bodies (Head and Neck, Thorax, Pelvis, Arms, Forearms, Hands, Tights, Shanks and Foots ,comprising the shoes). These CAD parts have been taken from a CAD library and have been scaled in order to make it possible to match them with the bicycle designed. The single body components have been assembled in order to obtain an isostatic mechanism and to permit, later, to easily modify the position of the dummy: one of the aims of the analysis was to study the effects of different positions of the dummy on the bike. The following joints have been used:
Bracket joint between the saddle and the pelvis
Bracket joint between the pelvis and the thorax
Bracket joint between the thorax and the head
Bracket joints between the hands and the handlebar
Cylindrical joint between the thorax and the arms
Spherical joint between the arm and the forearm
Revolute joints between hands and forearms
The lower limbs were modeled with a similar structure:
Cylindrical joints between the pelvis and the tights
Spherical joints between the tights and the shanks
Revolute joints between the shanks and the foots.
Here there's the Grubler's equation as a verification of the system's DOF:
As expected the mechanism has only five DOF and there aren't redundant constraints which could lead to problems when solving.
Regarding the mass properties of the dummy, in order to use values as close as possible to the reality, the Dempster Model for the body anthropometry has been taken into account. This model describes the body as a series of segments and provides the mass properties as a function of the overall mass of the subject (85 Kg in this case) and the overall height of the dummy (185 cm).
Body segment
Mass [Kg]
Volume [m3]
Density [kg/m3]
Thorax+Pelvis
9.66E-04
The forces between the wheels and the asphalt have been modeled using the so called simple tire model of Virtual.Lab. This element allows to model the forces including: lateral force, normal or vertical force and longitudinal force. The values used to model the tires are shown in the figure below:
Tire parameters
Figure 4: Tire parameters
Analysis of a perfect braking
In order to achieve the perfect braking, one of the most important factors, is the interaction between the wheels and the road. In order to minimize the space required by the vehicle to stop, the deceleration imposed to the vehicle has to be maximized. In this analysis a series of brakings will be studied, while supposing that the rider has the ability to maintain the tires at their limiting conditions in terms of adherence.
A global balance of the forces acting on a bicycle is here presented. During the numerical analysis, the drag force (FD) won't be taken into account: this approximation makes it possible to simplify the model without affecting the accuracy of the results, since this force is very small for a bicycle, given the small values of the exposed area and speed reached by the vehicle.
Figure 5: Forces equilibrium
From the above figure, the following relations can be obtained:
During a braking, the deceleration, causes a load transfer from the rear to front wheel. The dynamic loads on the wheels becomes:
Given the values of the front friction coefficient μf and the rear friction coefficient μr, the overall braking force at the slipping limit can be obtained:
From the equation written above it can be noticed that, in order to maximize the overall braking force (and therefore the deceleration), given the values of the dynamic loads on the wheels, the friction coefficients have to be maximized. These coefficients (in vehicle's dynamic problems) depend on two factors: the first one is the type of surfaces placed in contact (e.g. rubber with dry tarmac, rubber with wet tarmac, rubber with gravel, etc.) and the second one is the rotational slip coefficient (S) defined as follows:
Given the surfaces placed in contact it can be considered a value of the friction coefficient (e.g. 0.4 for rubber with wet tarmac, 0.8 for rubber with dry tarmac) that, of course, will give the longitudinal force in the case of a complete slipping condition. This friction coefficient, in the simple tire model, is a function of the rotational slip as it can be seen in the following figure:
Figure 6: Friction coefficient with respect to rotational slip
To reach the maximum value of the friction coefficient is necessary to maintain a condition in which S =0.2 (S=0.2 during an acceleration, S=-0.2 during braking). An expert driver might be able to maintain the rotational slip at a value very close to 0.2, whereas an average driver usually obtains values of S quite lower than 0.2.
It has to be stressed out that reaching the highest value of the friction coefficient is quite complex in a real situation since, this condition, is very close to the wheel lock event. This situation is not desirable since it increases the space required to stop the vehicle and the difficulty to control the vehicle itself.
The modeling problem: controlling the vehicle
Given the models of the bicycle and the rider, in order to simulate a perfect braking condition, the rotational slip has to be kept equal to -0.2. In order to do this, the rotational speed of the wheels has been controlled and, in particular, two joint velocity drivers were used to impose the angular speed of the wheels with respect to the chassis. The first joint velocity driver acts on the revolute joint between the rear wheel and the chassis, and the second one acts between the front wheel and front fork. From the previous formula of S the value of ω can be obtained as ω=(S+1)*V/R.
Since both the wheel radius and S are known, the angular speed of the wheels can be immediately controlled when it is known the vehicle speed V. Pay attention to the fact that the wheels angular speed has to be controlled constantly during the simulation and this requires to know the value of the vehicle speed at each simulation step. In order to do this, a couple of sensor axis systems have been used. These axis systems are capable of measuring quantities (position, speed, torque, etc) while the simulation is running and to use this results as an input for the same simulation. In particular, one axis system attached to ground and another one attached to the vehicle have been used and, by doing so, the speed of the vehicle with respect to the ground along the forward speed axis has been measured. Knowing this information, the formula written above, has been implemented inside the velocity drivers in order to impose the exact value of the angular speed that leads to a rotational slip coefficient equal to -0.2.
Results: the perfect braking
In this section we're going to analyze the most important quantities that describe a perfect brake. Here, as an example, a simulation with both the front and the rear friction coefficients equal to 0.2 is reported. First of all the vehicle speed is presented:
Figure 7: Speed with respect to time
As it can be seen in the figure, the vehicle's speed decreases linearly from the initial value (10 m/s) to 0 m/s as expected since the total braking force and the deceleration are constant. Pay attention to the fact that, as the speed reaches values very close to zero, the linearity is lost. This can be explained considering that, in this phase of the simulation, the dynamic behavior changes as the vehicle comes to a complete stop. To better understand what is happening in this phase the behavior of both the system and the software when modeling friction forces at low speed should be analyzed in detail. This analysis though are beyond the aim of this project.
The following figure represents the deceleration of the vehicle; this quantity, as expected, is quite constant for almost the entire braking phase of the simulation.
Figure 8: Acceleration with respect to time
Observing more carefully the figure, it can be noticed that, at the very beginning of the simulation and when the vehicle is almost still, the acceleration isn't constant. Concerning the latter of these two moments, it has already been stressed out that in this phase further analysis would be required. At the very beginning of the simulation the presence of some spikes of acceleration can be noticed. They are caused by the fact that, when the simulation starts, the bicycle isn't perfectly positioned on the road. Through a manual positioning of the bicycle, infact, it wasn't possible to obtain the exact contact points for the wheels on the road. From this point of view, the first tenths of a second are required to reach an equilibrium position. Please note that both this effects don't affect the accuracy of the results since they both concern a very small period of the simulation and their influence is therefore neglectable.
Figure 9: Forces acting on the wheel with respect to time
The graphs above represent the values of the normal and longitudinal forces during the braking (again with both the friction coefficients equal to 0.2). The link between this two quantities, exposed during the theoretical analysis, can be seen clearly in these figure: note that during the entire simulation F=1.05μN as it was supposed from the tire modeling. This observation, makes it possible to consider this as an optimal braking: this ideal rider is capable to maintain the wheels at their limits during the entire braking and, therefore, the best performances in terms of time and space required to brake are reached.
The analysis of the normal forces clearly shows the effect of the load transfer: during the braking phase, infact, the normal load is increased on the front wheel and decreased on the rear wheel. When the speed reaches zero this effect isn't present anymore, and so the force on both the front and rear wheel becomes equal to the static value (this value depends on the total weight and the position of the center of gravity).
The main goal of this part of the project is to validate, with the numerical analysis, the analytical model that describes the optimal braking. As already written above, the equilibrium of the forces in the horizontal and vertical direction are:
From these expressions the deceleration can be obtained as a function of the rear and front friction coefficients:
and also the braking force of the front and the rear wheels, with respect to the total braking force
these equations underline that the deceleration depends on geometric values (the position of the center of gravity) and the friction coefficients. Considering our situation (p = 1060.755 mm, b = 506.832 mm, h = 1119 mm) the above equations can be represented in the following graph:
Figure 10: Theorical values for the decelleration and the braking forces
With the LMS model previously described, the analytical model was intended to be validated using numerical simulations. In order to do this, some values of the friction coefficients have been chosen and they have been introduced into the simulation. Then, the quantities obtained from these analysis were compared with the analytical values. The following tables summarize the results:
Deceleration [m/s2]
μfront
μrear
Ff/F [%]
Fr/F [%]
Time required to brake [s]
The above tables clearly show that the model is capable of representing with high accuracy the physical problem previously described. In particular it can be noticed that the difference between numerical and analytical values in terms of deceleration and forces is very small: 1.91% maximum for the deceleration and 3.63% maximum for the forces.
Higher differences are present in the time required to brake the vehicle, to justify these differences though it can be recalled what has already been told regarding the linearity of the speed in the last part of the braking: the analytical model doesn't present the non-linearity so the time in this model is inferior than what the numerical analysis would calculate.
As a conclusion it can be said that our numerical model is capable to fulfill the aim of this part of the analysis: by using LMS Virtual Lab it has been possible to validate the proposed analytical model.
Forward flip
As described in the previous chapter, increasing the value of the friction coefficients at the front and at the rear wheel has allowed to obtain higher values of deceleration and lower values of the space required to stop the vehicle. In this section the limit of this procedure, caused by the forward flip of the vehicle, will be analysed. As commonly known, braking with a bicycle, can lead to a critical condition in which the vehicle and the rider flip forward rotating around the front wheel. This event can cause a catastrophic fall (see the video below) if the rider isn't expert enough to balance his riding position. In this section it will be studied how to increase the forward flip limit in order to achieve higher decelerations without falling.
The modeling problem: the front suspensions and different riding position
First of all, to make the model more accurate, a front suspension has been introduced on the vehicle. To do this, the bracket joint connecting the handlebar with the suspensions tubes has been replaced with a translational joint, which allows the translation of the suspensions elements along their axis. Furthermore a Translational Spring Damper Actuator (TSDA) has been introduced to simulate the stiffness and the damping of the suspensions. The parameters used to model the TSDA were obtained by searching on the web typical values used by suspension manufacturers for a MTB.
Figure 11: TSDA paremetres
This model has been used to investigate the limit conditions of forward flip and, then, other improvements have been made in order to increase that limit. First of all, the possibility to move backward the thorax has been taken into account and, then, the movement of the entire rider has been considered. In the first step only the thorax orientation has been changed: this modification represents a common practice for riders since at the beginning of the braking usually they move from a crouched position to a more upright one. The second step was to completely move the rider by moving backward the position of the pelvis until the limit of the seat is reached: this movement influences the position of the thorax, the arms and legs, that are moved slightly backward. All this movements have been possible since the dummy was modeled using a series of parts connected in a proper way when assembling the model.
Results: the stoppie
To evaluate the limit condition of flip forward the deceleration has been increased (by increasing the friction coefficients) until the point in which the vehicle started flipping forward, but doidn't complete it. This happens since the vehicle's speed becomes null before the rider could fall. This situation is represented in the following video:
This operation has been performed for different configurations: in the first one the rider had a crouched position, in the second the thorax was moved to a more upright position and in the third one the pelvis was moved backward.
The reduction of the space required to stop the vehicle can be seen in the following table:
Space required to stop the vehicle [m]
Standard vehicle with TSDA
Thorax upright
Pelvis backward
Taking the first configuration as reference, it can be noticed that both the second and the third configurations cause a reduction in the space required to stop the vehicle. The second one though doesn't lead to a big improvement, this can be justified observing that in this configuration the center of gravity moves backward, but at the same time it moves upward and this leads to opposite effects. In the third configuration instead a good improvement has been reached. From this point of view it is possible to came to the conclusion that the common practice to move backward the position of the weight has a significant influence in the braking.
Optimization of braking torque distribution
The previous results, obtained with a speed control, describe an ideal braking where the wheels are capable to reach the maximum value of the friction force through the contact with the asphalt. In a real case, however, the friction force is the result of the action of the brakes, which produce a braking torque, and it is controlled by the rider. From this point of view, it becomes really difficult to obtain a perfect braking which actually gives the maximum value of the friction force the tires can provide.
The aim of this analysis is to study the effects of 1) different torques (intended as the sum of the front and rear braking torque) and 2)different distributions of braking torque between the front and the rear wheel on the overall space required to stop the bicycle in order to get the optimal combination of the two factors.
From a theoretical point of view it is important to distinguish between the braking torque required by the rider and the effective braking torque that is applied to the wheels during the braking. The required torque can be defined as the torque that the rider would produce on the wheel applying a force to the brake levers. But this required torque is equal to the effective torque only if it is small enough to be balanced by the torque produced on the wheel by the friction force acting on the tire as the result of the contact with the asphalt.
Writing the equilibrium of the rotation of the wheel:
Where Tbrakes is the effective braking torque acting on the wheel, Ffriction is the friction force and rwheel is the radius of the wheel. Analysing the previous equation it is possible to say that: if the torque produced by the brakes increases, at a certain point, the wheel is locked. When this situation occurs, the torque produced by the brakes is balanced only by the torque produced by the friction force. This friction force depends on the normal force acting on the wheel and on the friction coefficient which has the behaviour described in the section "The Modeling Problem".
This means that, as the braking force applied by the rider increases, the rotational slip increases as well, and, if it becomes higher than 0.2, the wheel is blocked since the friction coefficient decreases reaching a constant value: in this case the effective braking torque reaches a constant value and doesn't follow the behaviour of the required braking torque. From this point of view it becomes really important to investigate what is the best required braking torque and what it would be its better distribution between the front and the rear wheel.
In order to perform the analysis, a series of different values of required torque, and the effects of 4 different braking distribution (20% front/80% rear, 40% front / 60% rear, 60% front/40% rear, 80% front/20% rear ) have been analyzed in order to compute the overall space required to stop the bicycle. This evaluation has been carried out considering, at first, a wet condition of the ground (μ=0.4) and, then, a dry condition (μ=0.8), where the problem of the forward flip occurs.
Regarding the modelling problem, in order to apply a desired value of the torque on the wheels, two RSDA have been applied to the revolute joints between the chassis and the wheels. With each of these RSDA we wanted to apply a constant torque to the wheels (the two wheels can have different values of the torque). A saturation function was implemented to maintain the torque constant except when the wheel's angular speed is close to zero. This solution allows the vehicle to reach a complete stop, otherwise if a constant value had been applied all the time, once the bicycle had been stopped the constant torque would have accelerated it backwards. The saturation function is:
The formula written above clearly shows that the torque is constant for all the values of angular speed except those very close to zero. The torque applied to each RSDA has been defined as a fraction of the total braking torque (sum of front and rear braking torque) and it has been set as a parameter in the software. In order to manage such a great number of simulations and results, the Solution Manager of LMS Virtual Lab has been used and the output data have been analyzed in Matlab. In particular, a series of design tables have been defined which made possible to apply all the values of the torques and all the values of the braking distributions that we wanted to investigate. The first analysis have been carried out considering a friction coefficient of 0.4, corresponding to a wet condition of the asphalt. The overall results are shown in the graph below, where, the abscissa describes the braking distribution (from 20% front- 80% rear on the left to 80% front-20% rear on the right) and the ordinate displays the corresponding values of the space. The plot, of course, is parametric with respect to the overall braking torque.
Figure 12: Spaces required to brake
This first analysis clearly shows how, for each single value of the overall torque, the space required to stop the bicycle decreases as the amount of torque applied to the front wheel increases. This behaviour is related to the load transfer which occurs during the braking. What happens is that, even for the lowest value of the overall torque (140 Nm), when the rider brakes with 20% front and 80% rear, the rear wheel is locked since it is discharged by the load transfer. The front wheel, instead, is very far from being locked since it has a higher value of the normal force (due to the same reason), so its rotational slip S is quite lower than 0.2. From a practical point of view, there's a huge difference between the required torque and the effective torque applied to the rear wheel while they are the same at the front.
Then, considering again the same value of overall braking torque and increasing the fraction of torque applied to the front, the graph shows a sensible decrease in the space required to stop the bicycle. This can be easily described since the front wheel receives greater values of braking torque without being stopped so it increases the friction force since it increases the value of μ and the value of N due to the greater load transfer. When the amount of torque applied to the front wheel grows up to the 80% of the overall braking torque, what happens is that even the front is blocked and so, for both the front and the rear wheel the friction coefficient reaches 0.4. When this situation occurs, an increase in the overall torque applied (for example moving to 180Nm or 190 Nm) won't produce any positive effect on the space required to stop the bicycle since both the wheels have reached the maximum value of the friction force they can produce.
This behavior becomes clearer when studying the conduct of the slip coefficient for every braking just analyzed. In order to do this we plotted, for each single braking, the graph which describes the behavior of the front and the rear slip coefficient over time. As an example, when the overall torque is equal to 140 Nm and the braking distribution is 60% rear and 40% front, the following graphs have been obtained:
Figure 13: Slip coefficients with respect to time-example braking
Then, using Matlab, the values corresponding to the section of the braking where the slip coefficient is quite constant (see figure above) have been selected and the average value of these sections has been computed. This results can be plotted in a graph which describes how the value of the slip coefficient varies while the braking moves from the rear to the front. The results are shown below (parametric with respect to the torque).
Figure 14: Rear and Front slip coefficients in every single braking
From the analysis of the graphs it appears clear how the rear wheel has a slip coefficient that remains quite constant and close to one during all the analysis. The front wheel, instead, when considering the lower values of torque (140 Nm, 150 Nm or 160 Nm) increases its slip while moving from 20% front-80% rear to 60% front- 40% rear (remaining lower than 0.2 which is the value corresponding to the peak of the friction coefficient in the simple tire model) and then has a huge increase (reaching values close to one) when moving to 80 % front – 20 % rear. This is related to the fact that even the front starts slipping.
If the higher values of the torque are taken into account (180Nm or 190Nm) what appears is that even for 60% front- 40% rear, the front wheel starts slipping since the values of the rotational slip reaches 0.8 or 0.95.
Then, another simulation has been carried out, investigating what happens when the braking torque is completely applied to the front. The results are shown in the graph below where, for the same values of torque considered in the previous analysis, the effects of a braking distribution more focused on the front (70/30, 80/20 90/10 100/0) have been studied.
Figure 15: Space required to brake-brakings with front
This graph shows how, from 80/20 to 90/10, nothing changes in the space required to brake since, for each value of the torque, both the rear and the front wheel remain locked and therefore the overall braking force remains the same. Moving to a braking completely applied to the front (100/0) it is possible to see that, for each value of the torque, the space required increases. This fact can be easily explained since the front wheel remains locked but the rear wheel is in a condition of pure rolling as it doesn't receive any braking torque.
As a conclusion it is possible to say that, when a wet condition of the asphalt occurs, the optimal braking can be reached with a braking distribution which is comprised between 75 % front -25% rear and 80% front –20% rear (when applying an overall torque lower than 180 Nm). Moving to a braking more related to the front (values higher than 80% front) would drive to the locking of the front and this leads to a strong reduction in the possibility to control the bike. Another important effect to emphasise is that, when braking with a distribution comprised in the optimal range, the effect of the overall torque becomes not so important since there isn't a great difference between the braking spaces related to 140 Nm and the space related to 170Nm: when looking for a perfect braking in wet conditions it is not important the effort the rider applies to the brake levers but his ability to calibrate the distribution between the front and the rear.
In order to provide a complete analysis of the optimal braking characteristics, also the dry condition of the asphalt (μ=0.8) has been taken into account. In this case the risk of forward slip occurs. The following graph, as usual, describes the effect of different overall torques and different braking distributions on the space required to stop the bicycle.
Figure 16: Space required to brake-dry condition
This graph, as expected, shows a clear decrease in the space as the braking becomes more focused on the front for the same reason described in the previous analysis. What has to be noticed here is that, when increasing the value of the torque (for example growing up to 180 Nm) not all the braking distributions can be obtained since the problem of forward flip occurs: this is evident from the graph where it is possible to notice that if the torque is greater than 160 Nm and the braking is more distributed in the front the riders falls so there's not solution.
As done in the previous case with wet asphalt, the behaviour of the rotational slip is presented.
Figure 17: Rear and Front Slip coefficients-dry condition
The rear slip coefficient, as expected, is always proximal to one which means that the rear wheel is slipping in every simulation taken into account. The front wheel, instead, increases the value of the rotational slip while remaining below the limit of 0.2 so it maintains some rolling: in this case the limit of the braking is due to the forward flip and not to the creeping of the wheel. The following video represents the situation just described in which the rear wheel is locked while the front wheel still rotates:
As a conclusion it is possible to say that in a dry condition of the asphalt, an optimal braking can be reached using values of torque quite low (150 Nm or 160 Nm) and putting more effort in the front brake since brakings with a distribution of 80% front – 20% rear can be obtained without falling. Using higher values of torque requires a braking distribution less focused on the front (avoiding the forward flip) but this leads to greater distances required to stop the bicycle.
The numerical models implemented in Virtual.Lab were capable of satisfying all the goals prefixed at the beginning of this project. In particular, the results obtained with the first model are compatible with those calculated with the analytical one. This demonstrates that the model effectively works as intended and that it can be used to analyze in great detail the behavior of a bicycle when braking at the limit condition of slippage.
The analysis conducted at the limit of the flip forward gave interesting information on how to increase the braking performances. Further analysis could be conducted regardin how to obtain the best possible position in order to maximize the deceleration.
Finally, the last model considered, describing the effects of different torques and braking distributions, gave an interesting analysis about which are the value that can drive to the best performances.
An interesting future development of this study it would be to model the braking torque acting on the wheel as the effect of the contact of the braking pads to the rims.
Future developments of these models could implement the contact between the braking pads and the rims to better analyze the influence of this component during braking.
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Learn more about Red Events recently completed projects here and check out the galleries here.


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René Monié, né le  à Théza et mort le  à Pézilla-la-Rivière, est un joueur français de rugby à XV, qui a joué avec l'équipe de France et l'USA Perpignan au poste de trois quart centre ( pour ).

Carrière de joueur

En club
 Gallia Club Théza
 Union sportive arlequins perpignanais

En équipe nationale
Il a disputé son premier test match le  contre l'équipe de Tchécoslovaquie, et le dernier contre l'équipe d'Angleterre le .

Palmarès
 Champion de France en 1955
 Vainqueur du Challenge Yves du Manoir en 1955
 Finaliste du Challenge Yves du Manoir en 1956

Statistiques en équipe nationale
 Sélections en équipe nationale : 2
 Sélections par année : 1 en 1956 et 1 en 1957
 Tournoi des Cinq Nations disputé : 1957

Références

Lien externe

Joueur international français de rugby à XV
Joueur de l'USA Perpignan
Centre (rugby à XV)
Naissance en janvier 1934
Naissance dans les Pyrénées-Orientales
Décès en août 2022
Décès dans les Pyrénées-Orientales
Décès à 88 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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"Feminising IT professions is a strategic challenge for BNP Paribas and society as a whole"
The Banking jobs: Cybersecurity, a key area of expertise for securing the digital experience of our customers
BNP Paribas supports young people, the bank's future talent
While the health crisis has impacted young people's confidence about the future all around the world, it has also made them more eager to act for the environment. BNP Paribas has shown its understanding and support as a leader in sustainable finance by playing an active role in helping them to develop careers in line with their aspirations. The BNP Paribas group is not only supporting young people as a responsible employer, but also as a bank and company committed to a more just and inclusive society.
The message is clear: for 63% of young workers, improving society should be the top priority for companies. This impressive number was revealed by an international study conducted in August 2020, just a few months after the start of the pandemic. One year later, it's still a safe bet that young people will have an even stronger desire to find meaningful work that contributes to a more just and sustainable world.
BNP Paribas, a springboard to joining the workforce
With 300 types of jobs and a presence in 68 countries, BNP Paribas not only has the capacity to welcome young people - students and recent graduates - and launch their careers, but it can also offer them a wide variety of opportunities and experiences. To make this happen, BNP Paribas provides support at every step on the way to joining the workforce. First, it maintains an active policy of internships and work-study programs, which are an essential breeding ground for future talent. Once again this year, BNP Paribas is committed to recruiting 2,000 people in France on permanent contracts, two-thirds of whom are newcomers to the workforce, as well as 2,000 interns, 2,000 work-study students and 200 young people on VIE programs.
Discover all our job offers (permanent contracts, fixed-term contracts, VIE, internship)
This year, the Group recruits in France :
people in permanent contracts, 2/3 of whom are new to the workforce
work-study students
young people in viE programs
This approach applies globally across the Group, which offers, among others, special "Graduate Programs" in many countries that combine internships, meetings and certified training in partnership with leading universities. In the Asia-Pacific region - including Singapore, Hong Kong, Beijing and Shanghai - the Group organizes meetings in schools and universities and offers ten-week summer internships to students. In Europe (notably in the United Kingdom and Belgium) and the United States, BNP Paribas also offers training and employability programs. In France, the bank holds 500 events each year to meet with students and has 400 partnerships to strengthen its relationships with schools, universities and training organizations.
Learn more about the APAC Graduate Programme
In addition to recruiting, BNP Paribas also works to spark and maintain the interests of young people all throughout their careers, allowing them to change jobs and even countries if they desire. In 2020, more than 23,000 people moved inside the company in France and abroad across the Group.
In 2021, BNP Paribas was certified as a "Top Employer Europe", for the 8th consecutive year
Seeking young talent passionate about climate issues
BNP Paribas, the leading bank in the European Union and one of the world's leaders in sustainable finance, has clearly expressed its mission within its statement of purpose: "We serve our customers and the world we live in". The Group can only achieve this mission with the help of committed and active employees who are knowledgeable and trained in social and environmental issues. This is purpose of the "We Engage" training program designed for the Group's 193,000 employees. This mission also involves recruiting candidates who want to help create the conditions for responsible growth and support the Group's customers in their transition to a more sustainable economy.
This is also the goal of the Sustainability Graduate program, which gives young graduates access to extensive information on sustainable finance issues. It comprises three work experiences in three different countries, training certified by the Cambridge Institute for Sustainable Leadership and a mentoring program. "This program gave me the chance to join a leading bank and to participate in projects that combine value creation and positive impact. The three experiences gave me a comprehensive perspective on BNP Paribas' initiatives to support companies seeking sustainable growth," says Alexandre Schmitt, a graduate of HEC Paris who joined BNP Paribas after completing the program.
We serve our customers and the world we live in.
Learn more about the Sustainability Graduate program
Taking action for equal opportunity
Another field of action for BNP Paribas as a responsible employer is professional development. In France, for example, where one out of three disadvantaged students drops out of certain courses of study because of the cost of higher education, BNP Paribas sponsors L'Ascenseur (Paris), a facility dedicated to helping young people find employment, and supports the work of APELS (Agency for Education through Sport). Internationally, BNP Paribas also works to promote education and workforce integration, particularly in Germany and Asia, where the Group is involved with several associations including APEX (Association for Pan-Asian Excellence) to help future leaders develop their personal and professional potential.
See also: BNP Paribas is continuing its commitment to young people
A fulfilling career guaranteed
More than one in four BNP Paribas employees in Europe is under the age of 35, proof of the fulfilling careers they can find at a Group that promotes inclusion and inter-generational dialogue, notably through its WeGenerations employee network. The Group's appeal as an employer is reflected in a number of rankings, such as Universum : BNP Paribas ranks as the 7th most popular employer for French students in 2021, notably for the variety of positions offered, career development support available and its inspiring mission.
3 questions for Valérie Bocciarelli, Group Employer Brand, School Partnerships and Skills Manager in France
What is BNP Paribas' main strength as an employer?
Valérie Bocciarelli (VB): I would say the diversity of perspectives! We are a Group with 300 jobs across very different environments. People who join us can move on to completely different jobs, in entities of all sizes, sometimes even in other countries thanks to internal mobility. I remember a young man who joined the Group as a bank advisor, then moved to HR, and is now part of our IT department. In France, we have between 8,000 and 10,000 transfers per year. In 2020, for example, amid the pandemic, one employee in six changed jobs. It is possible to take on many different challenges within BNP Paribas!
Do you receive feedback from candidates?
VB: Yes, of course, and this is very important to us. We have set up a series of indicators to learn what candidates like and dislike. We know, for example, that they value our ways of communicating with them: Both interactive and genuine; 'Genuine' because we inform candidates in concrete terms about our business lines and the prospects offered to them within the Group, 'interactive' because we allow them to interact directly with our business ambassadors via the Jobpreview platform. Since we believe that institutional rhetoric turns candidates off, we prefer to give the floor to our employees and managers. After all, they are the ones who will recruit and work with the candidate!
Do you have a message for young people who would like (or are not sure if they would like) to join you?
VB: We are looking for women and men who want to serve the world we live in by contributing to projects that have a positive impact on the economy, the environment and society. The scope of the options is very broad within the Group, both to take a step forward together and to develop them in a more sustainable way. Many of our employees did not think they would be here for very long, and then suddenly realize that a decade has gone by. With so many different activities and company structures within the Group, it can really make time fly! I think anyone who looks into what we offer would end wanting to join. So join us or ask your questions to our ambassadors on Jobpreview! (in French)
Photos : ©New Africa / JonoErasmus /insta_photos/BNP Paribas
The banking jobs
Working at our international locations
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Since 2012, BNP Paribas supports humanitarian actions through its endowment fund, the Rescue &...
Roland-Garros 2021: BNP Paribas gets the ball rolling with young people
The French Open is an emblematic sporting tournament and the imminent reopening of the doors of...
The banking jobs: business development, a springboard for people from every background
The ever-changing banking sector hires thousands of candidates every year, notably in business...


Set 135 to win on a spongy track on a gloomy night, Dodgers recover from 5 for 4 to record an amazing last-ball win in near darkness. Full report and scorecard to follow.
"They think it's all over (but they can't quite see)!"


Had a fun day !
Pastor Mutchler and I went Drift Fishing on a SW Washington River and we picked up four nice Coho Salmon. It was the first time I Drift Fished out of a rubber raft. We had a fun Day and are looking forward to do it again.


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Linda Kouvaras
Linda Kouvaras is a pianist, composer and musicologist, with particular interests in contemporary music. She has recorded, commissioned, and premiered numerous contemporary Australian works for piano, performing extensively in city and regional centres.
Her recordings appear on Move Records, as well as the ABC Audio, Cicada and Au Go Go labels.
Following her Master's Degree in piano in 1991, she was awarded the Hugh Williamson Fellowship at the Australian Centre to reseach contemporary Australian music composition. Her PhD examined the ramifications of postmodernism and feminism for Sweet Death, a contemporary Australian chamber opera by Andrée Greenwell, produced by the Chamber Made Opera Company.
Her articles, chapters and criticism have appeared in such publications as Sounds Australian, Journal of Australian Studies, Context, Australian Feminist Studies, Cultural Studies: Pluralism and Theory 2, APRA, New Music Articles, Aflame with Music: 100 Years of Music at the University of Melbourne, Sound Ideas: Australian Composers born after 1950, and Ormond Papers, and her compositions are published by the Australian Music Centre. She teaches at the Victorian College of the Arts and at the Faculty of Music, the University of Melbourne.
Press quote
"Linda Kouvaras has established a unique language of keyboard music in the tradition of the great composer/pianists ... remarkable"
— Margaret Throsby, ABC Classic FM
Linda Kouvaras is featured on the following titles
PianoWorks
Performer: Piano, Composer
These works for piano by Linda Kouvaras were written in response to specific locations - as a reflection on the lived experience of three distinctly different sites.
Performing as Team of Pianists
Acclaimed both for its high standards of artistry and professionalism, the Melbourne-based Team of Pianists has captivated audiences in Australia and overseas for nearly twenty years.
Peter Sculthorpe: Piano Music
Performer: Piano
30 years of piano music by Peter Sculthorpe, one of Australia's finest composers. With exemplary performances by The Team of Pianists, Michael Hannan and Sculthorpe himself.
The Team of Pianists present a programme of excellent piano works for solo, duo and two pianos.
Compositions by Linda Kouvaras also appear on
Move 50
A special CD to celebrate Move Records' 50th year. Twenty-four Australian composers were invited to create a new short work for this special commemorative disc.
Giants In The Land
Recorded in Melba Hall, this world premiere recording finds Melbourne pianist Ian Holtham performing a brilliant cross-section of Australian contemporary piano works, including those by Brenton Broadstock, Linda Kouvaras, Stephen Ingham, Stuart Greenbaum, Johanna Selleck and Christine McCombe.
The sky is melting
Marianne Rothschild and Glenn Riddle formed as a duo in 2004, recording Stuart Greenbaum's Sonata for Violin and Piano for the CD Mercurial. Broadcast on ABC classic FM, ABC Radio National, 3MBS FM and Radio New Zealand, they have also premiered and recorded many works by Melbourne composers including Broadstock, Greenbaum, Pertout, Schmidt and Kouvaras.
Beautiful lullabies and cradle songs by Australian composers from 1890-1999. Featuring soprano Linda Thompson (Australian Opera and VSO Young Artist) and pianist Deviani Segal, this delightful collection features world premiere recordings of Australian lullabies and cradle songs.
Linda Kouvaras also appears on
Bright Tracks
Winner of the 1998 ABC Classic FM "Listeners' Choice" Award, this double CD set brings together chamber music by Brenton Broadstock, one of Australia's most well- established and respected composers.


In the west, art insurance in inland water oil painting transportation on the basis of established. In the 1960 s, Europe and the United States began to appear special insurance company underwriting art. At present, western art insurance underwriting has achieved iconic profit, so many insurance companies now by the terms and conditions of the development policy and competitive insurance premium to compete against each other.
European and American countries art insurance market has been quite mature, and formed a relatively perfect system.
First of all, the insured object is widespread, including personal collection, collection, art dealers, museums and auction companies and other organizations or individuals.
Second, art is dedicated to disaster prevention security insurance. In the art after the loss, the insurance company can guide field processing, depending on the type of accident rescue quickly, avoid the secondary damage. At the same time, the insurance company is dedicated to disaster prevention before accident loss prevention services, such as site safety inspection to send specialized engineers, prompt risk.
Third, there is complete data support. The professional oil painting reproductions art insurance company in Europe and the United States has a complete database of stolen art. If the stolen art appear in any of the auction house, will be immediately reflected in the database, and by the insurance company to the auction house, will return stolen works to the collectors.
Fourth, the insurance company has a strong ability. According to the statistics, in the European and American countries engaged in art of insurance of insurance company, for every $100 art trade, insurance company can get the premium income of $1. Because of the abroad has already formed a set of perfect appraisal system and an effective credit mechanism, insurance company to release their own ability, almost can do 100% of insurance for all works of art.
In addition, the European and American art in the insurance market has two more authoritative security institutions, one is founded in 1991, is headquartered in London, the alr, 2 it is art registration buy oil painting company was founded in America in 2000, the two institutions can be registered through the network of art, but with different emphasis.
The alr stolen art focused on record, is larger in the world, and also the authority of the stolen art database. The company mainly has two jobs: one is the stolen or lost art or antiques entry database, and to help the owner to find lost collection; The second is to protect the art market orderly and normal operation, to prevent the stolen art through illegal or improper means to enter the art market.
Art registered companies have preference in creation or get artwork to register on the site, the security work of art of property rights, the purpose is to prevent fraud and theft, also help to protect the integrity of the art market. Artists, collectors, art gallery, the gallery can be permanently registered in its works of art.
In the European and American countries, the insurance company to undertake the work of art insurance business has been a standard process. After receiving insurance application, insurance company will hire an independent industry consultant to evaluate the value of art works, to consult the customer application details, detailed source identification such as works of art, and the guarantee of the original issued by the professional trade organization, the historical transaction records, etc.
In Britain, for example, the art market in Britain, a period on one type of goods or the cultural relic, most professional art appraisal institution and the third party agent. Sometimes is a person, sometimes is to provide professional services and integrated services all kinds of organizations. At the same time, the auction industry also shoulders the appraisal valuation work.
In the United States, the artwork confirmed after the insurance company, must first preliminary examination works clear digital sample color pictures or feature, and then review relevant documents. If the client has house and car insurance, and insurance are all in the same company, you can directly on the property and confirmed. If the customer has been in the company to deal with before art insurance business, and other new works of art can be directly by 0.1% to 0.5% of the insurance premium, insurance amount, the greater the rate is lower.


The rapid emergence of the middle class in England during the nineteenth century affected many aspects of Victorian society. New social ideals required alterations to what had previously been perceived as correct values, and this era has become infamous for its repression. The new middle classes were especially insecure as to what constituted appropriate behaviour, and so sought guidance from authority figures. Middle class women found this guidance in magazines such as publisher Samuel Beeton's monthly magazine, Myra's Journal of Dress and Fashion. Advice was provided in Myra's editorial column, "Spinnings in Town," written by Myra Browne. The counsel was given through clever advertorial plugs written into the monthly column. Social ideals were also communicated in illustrated advertisements via their imagery.Advertisements for commercially manufactured soap were especially significant in recommending proper middle class behaviours and responsibilities. Victorian soap advertisements and recommendations not only sold the product to the consumer, they also created an idea of what constituted middle class behaviour and "sold" that to the willing and eager female consumers. Beauty was a main nonmaterial commodity sold via soap advertisements to the middle classes, and quickly became integral to the creation and maintenance of the middle class female identity. Despite their intentions, acceptance of the concepts of appropriate and actual deportment were not always consistent. Even the purveyors themselves could become susceptible to censure due to the whims of the marketplace, ill health, or awkward social compromises. Such was the case with the house that Beeton built.
Thorpe, Douglas; Korinek, Valerie J.; Kitzan, Laurence A.


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Harry's Charts of the Day videos are available nightly to members. Members please login and see Charts of the Day in the "Videos" menu dropdown.
AAOI, AXSM, IQ, TGI — Stock Charts to Watch
Charts of the Day video for Wednesday September 25th, 2019
by Harry Boxer, TheTechTrader.com
Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. (AAOI), which I remember ran hard in 2016 and 2017, literally going from the 8.00 range to the 100 range, then it came down, bounced, and came down, formed a base of the last few months, broke out, flagged and popped on Wednesday. That pop alone has me interested. It was up 57 cents, or 5.12%, to 11.69, on 801,165 shares traded. The volume picked up the best in about three weeks. I think that if it can get through 11 3/4, then it could see 12 3/4 and 14, which are the next targets.
Axsome Therapeutics, Inc. (AXSM) remains a swing from way back at the beginning of the year when it popped, ran up, and broke out again. I put another swing on it, and it pulled back in a nice flag. On Wednesday, it jumped 94 cents, or 3.64%, to 26.75, on 394,352 shares traded. It has an orderly retrace, but it doesn't look that bad at the trendline. I would like to see it run up to key support at the 25-25 1/2 range. Once it gets above 30, I think it will move to 34, and much higher.
iQIYI, Inc. (IQ) just hasn't worked. It popped, first, at the declining topsline on big volume, and on a breakout on Wednesday, it popped 58 cents, or 3.38%, to 17.73, on 3.65 million shares. It looks to me like it's going to extend and then go right back and retest. It isn't dead yet, but 16 1/2 won't be good, folks. Keep an eye on the possibility that it has another retest of the base. If it holds, it could move up to 20 and 22.
Triumph Group, Inc. (TGI) has a long inverse head and shoulders over a period of a year. On Wednesday, it advanced another 76 cents, or 3.2%, to 24.50, on 527,343 shares traded. Any move above 26 and targets are 30 and 34.
Stocks on the long side included Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. (AAOI), Abeona Therapeutics Inc. (ABEO), ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc. (ACAD), Alpha and Omega Semiconductor Limited (AOSL), Axsome Therapeutics, Inc. (AXSM), Beyond Meat, Inc. (BYND), Ceragon Networks Ltd. (CRNT), Daqo New Energy Corp. (DQ), Dynavax Technologies Corporation (DVAX), Eros International Plc (EROS), Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (ETON), Inogen, Inc. (INGN), InMode Ltd. (INMD), iQIYI, Inc. (IQ), Iteris, Inc. (ITI), JD.com, Inc. (JD), Maxar Technologies Inc. (MAXR), Nutanix, Inc. (NTNX), Invitae Corporation (NVTA), Paycom Software, Inc. (PAYC), Soliton, Inc. (SOLY), ShockWave Medical, Inc. (SWAV), Triumph Group, Inc. (TGI), and Twilio Inc. (TWLO).
Days to cover is the amount of short interest divided by the company's average daily share volume. In other words, the number of days required to close out all the short positions. A higher number means more potential fuel to a stock's rally as shorts cover, and thus accelerate the move, when the stock's price rises.
On Balance Volume (OBV), developed by Joe Granville, is a running summation of volume on up-days minus volume on down days. OBV rises when volume on up days outpaces volume on down days -- and falls when volume on down days is stronger. A rising OBV reflects positive volume pressure that can lead to higher prices. Conversely, falling OBV reflects negative volume pressure that can foreshadow lower prices.


"A Handshake" or "Une poignee de mains" by Guillaume Chep, a micro male LGBT film. .
In a boarding school in France, two young men, Baptiste and Leto, meet. Baptiste goes on an alternative reality daydream of a romance that might happen.
The film (very short) is from Queerbick.


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At Kelley Technical Coatings, we know that keeping your line moving is as important to you as the finished product. That's why we pledge on time, every time delivery of your advanced coating system to maintain your schedule and keep your product flowing out the door.
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