text:
Place in West Pomeranian, Poland
From top, left to right: Market Square with the Town Hall and the nearby St. Mary's Church
Darłowo Castle
Port in Darłówko and the Darłowo Lighthouse
Show map of West Pomeranian Voivodeship
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Coordinates: 54°25′15″N 16°24′35″E / 54.42083°N 16.40972°E / 54.42083; 16.40972Coordinates: 54°25′15″N 16°24′35″E / 54.42083°N 16.40972°E / 54.42083; 16.40972
Voivodeship
West Pomeranian
Darłowo (urban gmina)
Highest elevation
Lowest elevation
1 m (3 ft)
750/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
76–150 and 76–153
http://www.darlowo.pl/
Darłowo ([darˈwɔvɔ]) (in full The Royal City of Darłowo; Polish: Królewskie Miasto Darłowo, German: Rügenwalde), is a seaside town in the West Pomeranian Region, at the south coast of the Baltic Sea, north-western Poland, with 14,931 inhabitants (as of 2016[update]). Located in Sławno County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999, it was previously in the Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1998).
The earliest archaeological signs of a settlement in the area occurred when Roman merchants travelled along the Amber Road in the hope of trading precious metals like bronze and silver for amber.[1] By the 11th century the location of the later town was already becoming a significant trading point; the settlement received its city rights under Lübeck law from the wealthy Pomeranian nobles in 1312, which additionally contributed to the development of the town. Over the years Dukes of Pomerania constructed a Ducal Castle called Dirlow on a nearby island and chose it as their seat. In 1412 Rügenwalde (Darłowo) became part of the Hanseatic League and had its own trade fleet, larger than in other surrounding towns; it actively traded with Lübeck, while boats and ships owned by local merchants travelled as far as Normandy and Spain.[1]
In 1878 Rügenwalde (Darłowo) gained a railway connection to Danzig (Gdańsk) and Stettin (Szczecin); it simultaneously became a popular health resort, mainly due to the exceptional climate. Between 1871 and 1945, Rügenwalde (Darłowo) was part of Germany and was the site of a highly guarded military base, it was here that the largest artillery piece in the world, Schwerer Gustav, was constructed and tested. In 1945 the undamaged city was incorporated into Polish territory, while its former German residents were forcibly expelled, it was at first renamed to Dyrłów, in reminiscence to the medieval castle, before getting the current Polish name Darłowo.
The original medieval outline of Darłowo, based on the one in Lübeck with a typical square marketplace, has been preserved to this day; the Old Town, Ducal Castle and local beaches are popular among holidaymakers. Darłowo is also an important historical centre as it is the birthplace of Eric the Pomeranian, King of Denmark, Sweden and Norway.[2]
1.2 Transition to modern times
1.3 19th and 20th centuries
1.4 After the end of World War II
2 Main sights
2.1 Castle of Pomeranian Dukes
2.2 St. Mary's Church
2.3 Saint Gertrude Church
2.4 Saint George Chapel
2.5 The Town Hall
2.6 The Fountain – Fisherman Memorial
2.7 High Gate
2.8 Lighthouse
5 International relations
5.1 Twin towns — sister cities
After the last Ice-age had ended at about 8000 BC, settlers of the Stone Age first populated the region.[3] Around 100 AD the region of the later town was inhabited by the East Germanic tribe of the Rugii. According to Ptolemy at the site of the later city was a settlement called Rugium.
Tenements in the Old Town
By the eleventh century a fortress named Dirlow, (or Dirlovo) existed where the River Wieprza entered the Baltic.[4] From this fortress, the district of Dirlow was administered, which belonged to the castelany of Sławno. A town was later founded in the district of Dirlow, but not at the location of the fortress itself.
The town was probably founded in 1270 by Wizlaw II of the Danish Principality of Rügen, at that time also ruler of the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp; the first mention of the town is in a document of 5 February 1271.[5] The settlement decayed.[6][7]
Darłowo's Main Market Square
The town was destroyed in 1283 during a conflict between Wizlaw II and Mestwin II (Polish: Mszczuj or Mściwój).[8] In a chronicle of 1652, Matthäus Merian stated that the town had been destroyed by Bogislaw of Pomerania, when after Mestwin's II death in December 1294 the Duke Przemysł II (future king) of Poland acquired the town, as a consequence of Treaty of Kępno.
The town was rebuilt and on 21 May 1312, the town was granted Lübeck law under the administration of the noble brothers John, Peter, and Lawrence[9] of the Swienca family,[10] vassals of the Brandenburg margraves since 1307;[11] the Brandenburg margraves undertook in 1308 a campaign against Gdańsk.[6][12]
The town passed to the Duchy of Pomerania in 1347,[13] at that time ruled by the brothers Bogislaw V, Wartislaw V, and Barnim IV of the House of Pomerania dynasty. Bogislaw, son-in-law of king Casimir III of Poland, would become ruler of the area after the partition of Pomerania-Wolgast in 1368; this part duchy was known as Pomerania-Stolp (Duchy of Słupsk). Duke Bogislaw VIII, a Polish vassal, tried to direct Polish Baltic trade to the port of Darłowo, but without success.[14]
Transition to modern times[edit]
Statue of King Eric the Pomeranian at Darłowo Castle
In 1352 the construction of the castle began, and co-operation with the Hanseatic League (Hanse) was initiated, with the town becoming a full member of the Hanse in 1412. In 1382 Eric of Pomerania, later the king of Norway, Denmark and Sweden, was born in the town. After losing his thrones, he returned to his birthplace and began to expand his duchy. After his death in 1459 he was buried in St. Mary's Church. After Eric's death the town was ruled by Duke Eric II of Pomerania-Wolgast.[15]
Another significant ruler was Bogislaw X (1454–1523) under whose administration trade, domestic and international, grew increasing the prosperity of the area.
The town suffered a series of natural disasters. In 1497 and 1552 the harbour of the town, known in German as Rügenwaldermünde, and parts of the town were hit by great storms. Ships which broke from their moorings were seen drifting in the vicinity of the town and of the neighbouring village of Suckow. In 1589, 1624, 1648, 1679 and 1722 fires damaged the town.
After the death of the last Pomeranian Duke Bogislaw XIV in 1637, the end of the contemporary Thirty Years' War in 1648 and the subsequent partition of the Duchy of Pomerania between the Swedish Empire and Brandenburg-Prussia in the Peace of Westphalia and the Treaty of Stettin (1653), Brandenburg included Farther Pomerania with Rügenwalde in her Pomeranian province; the harbour of Rügenwaldermünde was destroyed during the Thirty Years' War by imperial troops, and was reconstructed by order of King Frederick II of Prussia not before 1772. The first lighthouse was built around the year 1715.
19th and 20th centuries[edit]
The town hall in 1935
During the Napoleonic Wars some of Rügenwalde's inhabitants, in particular ship owners and businessmen, profited from smuggling British goods to the continent. In 1871 the town, along with Prussia, became a part of the German Empire. A railway reached the town in 1878; the Royal Swedish Vice Consulate was located in the town in 1859–1901 (Vice Consul Bertold August Riensberg, b. 1823) and in 1914–1936 (Vice Consul Albert Rubensohn, b. 1879).
In 1935 the German Army Firing Test Range Rügenwalde-Bad [de], designed for testing heavy guns, including long-range railway guns such as Krupp K5, was built between Rügenwalde's harbour Rügenwaldermünde and the village of Suckow.[16] Some of the largest guns in military history were tested here: Schwerer Gustav and Mörser Karl. Gun barrels with a length of up to 47 metres (154 feet) were tested. For long-distance tests, target areas within the Baltic Sea North of Großmöllendorf and Henkenhagen (about 80 kilometres (50 miles) away from Rügenwaldermünde) and North of Dievenow and Swinemünde (120 to 130 kilometres (75–81 miles) away) were used; the test site was visited by high-ranking officers of the German Army, Air Force and Navy, including Admiral of the Fleet Erich Raeder and field marshals von Rundstedt, Wilhelm Keitel and Hermann Göring.
After the end of World War II[edit]
Monument of the first post-war mayor of Darłowo, Stanisław Dulewicz
During World War II Rügenwalde was used to house families made homeless after the Allied bombing of Hagen and Bochum in the Ruhr district. Shortly before the end of World War II numerous German refugees from East Prussia and West Prussia arrived in the region. In early 1945, about 5,600 people escaped by ships of Operation Hannibal before Soviet Troops reached the town on 7 March 1945. About 3,500 citizens remained in the town or returned again after failing to escape.[17]
Following the defeat of Nazi Germany, border changes promulgated at the Potsdam Conference assigned the town to Poland, and its German population was expelled;[18] the first expulsion of the surviving German inhabitants took place on 17 October 1945, followed by a series of further expulsions beginning on 17 August 1946. In 1949 only about 70 Germans were left in the town. In 1946–47, the town was repopulated with Poles and Lemkos, who partly came from what had been eastern Poland but was annexed by the Soviet Union;[19] the town was given the Polish name Dyrłów, and later Darłów, before changing to the current name.
The German name Rügenwalde was best known in Germany for the production of the Rügenwalder Teewurst in the town; after World War II the production was restarted in West Germany under the old name.
Today the Polish Darłowo is a summer resort. A coast aquapark with desalinated sea water is available there, the only one in Poland.
Main sights[edit]
Beach in Darłówko
The entire Old Town area in Darłowo has been entirely preserved. Darłowo has maintained the unique medieval urban planning with the main square in the middle of the town. During medieval times the town was surrounded by walls and had four gates; only one gate has survived in a fairly original shape.
Castle of Pomeranian Dukes[edit]
Although documents directly relating to the construction of the castle in Darłowo have not been found yet, the results of archaeological and architectural and historical premises allow us to date back the creation of the castle to the second half of the fourteenth century, it was during the reign of the prince of the House of Griffins, Boguslaw V and Elizabeth, the daughter of King Casimir the Great. The prince purchased the island with a mill in 1352 from a rich burgher of Darłowo – Elizabeth von Behr – in order to build a fortress on it. Over the decades, a castle had grown on the island, which in its main outlines has survived to this day; the work of Boguslaw V was at that time so representative that so that as early as in 1372 a congress of the Pomeranian princes – brothers and cousins Boguslaw took place within its walls. The first sovereign, who modernised the defence system and extended the castle was Prince Eric the Pomeranian, it took place in the years 1449 to 1459, when after the loss of the throne of Scandinavia, the dethroned king returned to his legacy.
An old king was accompanied by a beautiful and young servant-maid Cecilia, who was the love of his life. Historians still argue about who this mysterious woman really was; some of them maintain that in the last years of his life, reaching his seventies – she became his wife. One of the contemporary chronicles mention her as "the queen Cecilia".
Castle of the Pomeranian Dukes
Brick gothic interior of the castle
Shrouded in mystery, the history of the great love of King Eric and Cecilia became an inspiration for artists; the poem "The Return of the Prince Eric" was created by a poet and writer of Koszalin – Czeslaw Zea, and an American journalist and writer Lucie Lehmann – Barclay has been penetrating the archives of Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Germany and the UK for several years in search of traces of Cecilia and Eric. The aim of the writer is to create a love novel of this unique pair based on historical facts; the initial appearance of a medieval fortress of Darłowo was an inspiration to build a similar but larger Kronborg Castle by King Erik in Denmark, where after years, William Shakespeare placed the action of "Hamlet".
The castle of Darłowo is also associated with the figure of Eric Pomerania's granddaughter – Princess Sophia. Legend attributes to her, apparently contrary to the historical facts, cruelty, for which she lingers as the White Lady after her death, circling the castle; the character of Princess Sophia is also related to a romantic love story. The lady of the Darłowo castle was to bestow John of Maszewo with great reciprocating feeling, his Gothic tenement still stands today on the corner of the streets of Powstańców Warszawskich and Morska. Supposedly, the ducal castle was connected with the house of the knight with a secret underground passage, which the knight used at night to sneak into his Lady's... The historical novel based on the life of Princess Sophia, entitled "Beautiful Princess", was written by a writer Zbysław Gorecki living in Darłowo for many years. In the Prussian times, the castle served partly as a warehouse and fell into ruin. Only at the end of the thirties of the twentieth century, a regional museum was created there and it is operating, it founder and first curator was Karl Rosenow.
Today the castle serves as a Polish Museum;[20] the castle is built in gothic style on a base plan resembling a square; its tower is 24 metres (79 feet) high. This is the only castle of such characteristic on the Polish seacoast.
The peculiarity of Darłowo museum is a two-headed calf, which was probably born in the village Janiewice, district of Sławno in 1919. Another interesting feature of the castle is a cat mummy and a golden sculpture of a dove – a talisman of luck for King Eric and Cecilia. Since the autumn of 2010, a statue of King Eric, showing the "king of exile" has been standing in the courtyard, funded by the Baltic Cooperative Bank in Darłowo.
St. Mary's Church[edit]
St. Mary's Church located near the Main Market Square
West Pomeranian Necropolis of the Dukes from the family of Griffins.
In 1321, Bishop Konrad Kamien gave the patronage to the church in Darłowo to the brothers Święce: Peter and Jasiek and Peter's son – Wawrzyniec; this year is considered to be the beginning of the construction of the Blessed Virgin Mary, known as St. Mary's Church.
The church was plagued fires in the years: 1589, 1624, 1679 and 1722; the fire in 1679, resulting from a lightning strike, burned down the entire interior of the church with a tower. From 1535 till the end of the hostilities in 1945, the church belonged to Protestants, most of whom lived in the area of Pomerania. At that time, there were many changes in church architecture. After the Second World War, along with Polish settlers, Catholic priests came to the city. On 14 August 1945, the Franciscans of the Province of Our Lady of Immaculate Conception took over the church and on 1 September of that same year, its consecration was made. Father Damian Tyniecki was the first parish priest. Since 1974, the church has been reconstructed to regain its Gothic roots; the balconies were removed, the plasters were knocked off from the rib vaulting in the nave and aisles; a bay and two gothic and medieval portals, well-preserved wall paintings in the chancel were exposed.
Tomb of King Eric of Norway, Denmark and Sweden
What deserves particular attention in St. Mary's Church in Darłowo is Pomeranian Mausoleum with the sarcophaguses of King Eric, Elizabeth, wife of the last Duke of Pomerania and Hedwig – Princess of Pomerania which are located in the chapel of the church tower.
It also possesses a richly decorated Baroque pulpit, probably from around 1700, its body is embellished with reliefs of scenes from the life of Christ and biblical scenes. The pulpit is supported by the figure of an angel; the canopy is a scene of the Last Judgment. The church has a Baroque mural painting of Adoration of the Magi (seventeenth-eighteenth century) and a window painting of St. Christopher located in the walled bay. In addition, there are six portraits of the Apostles from the late seventeenth century, the Renaissance baptismal bowl from the sixteenth century, made in Nuremberg. Baptismal font carved in the plate is the work of an artist from Pomeranian Land – William Gross, it is located in the nave of the church, just below the balcony. Also worth mentioning: Baroque crucifix and the tabernacle from the seventeenth century, Baroque stalls from the seventeenth century, brass chandelier with an angel from the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and organ prospect from 1853; the neo-Gothic main altar comes from 1853. The images in the upper part show a figure of the Archangel. On the sides, there are figures of saints: Peter and Paul, carved in wood. In the aisles and chancel, note the carefully crafted stained glass windows.
The glass in the chancel shows Christ surrounded by the Evangelists. Moving south along the nave, we see among others a figure of St. Adalbert. Stained glass was funded by the Czech municipality Old Hrozenkov, with which the city of Darłowo cooperates under the partnership agreement. Right next to it, there is a crest of the city Darłowo which adorns another window of the temple.
In the hosts of the church, there is quite specific lapidary. Collected remains come from the cemeteries of as many as four denominations: Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, and Jewish; the first post-war pastor of the years 1945 – 1950 was Father Damian Tyniecki, who came to Darłowo from Radziejów on Kujawy, along with a large group of settlers from this region. To his honour, one the street has been called with his name.
Saint Gertrude Church[edit]
Medieval St. Gertrude Church
The elevation of the church is attributed to King Eric, he had to do it to commemorate his pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. The church was built in the fifteenth century on a plan of a hexagon with twelve-sided bypass in Scandinavian-style Gothic; this is an exception in the whole Pomerania. Some scholars date back its construction to the years 1450 – 1460, i.e. the period of King Eric's stay in Darłowo (1449–1459). The Church of Saint Gertrude is shown on the map of a Pomeranian cartographer Lubinus, completed in 1618; the earliest mention of the Chapel of St. Gertrude comes from 1497, when Darłowo was hit by the largest ever flood caused most likely by the tsunami waves called by his contemporaries the Bear Sea. Then, under the hill where the chapel stands, the waves threw ships; the tragic flooding caused the then parish priest, along with the mayor vow that from now on, every year a penance- pleading procession through the streets of Darłowo would take place. The tradition of the procession was revived in 1991. Currently, it takes place in September.
Gertrude's Church is almost a rotunda. In front of the altar, there are five balconies which balustrades are decorated with paintings funded by the shoemakers of Darłowo in the 17th and 18th centuries. There is a starry vault inside the church, neo-baroque organ prospect from 1912, the organs from 1860, which to this day not only serve the worshipers but also the Polish and international virtuosos during the annual summer organ festivals organised by Koszalin Philharmonic; the patroness of the church is Saint Gertrude of Nivelles, the guardian of sailors and travellers.[21]
Saint George Chapel[edit]
The smallest of the surviving medieval churches in Darłowo is brick, plastered, one-nave church of St. George from the 15th century. This type of hospital churches were built outside the city walls because of the spread of epidemics such as smallpox and leprosy. Two hospitals belonged to this church: the Holy Spirit, where there were the poor and the sick, and the Holy Jurgen, primarily serving the lepers. In 1680 and beyond, the church was surrounded by 30 clay huts, covered with reeds, where the sick and the senility lived. Around the huts, there were small vegetable gardens. People who lived in the huts, often cleaned Darłowo market, or worked as gravediggers and pallbearer. In the late nineteenth century, red brick hospital in neo-Gothic style was built next to the church. Today it is a residential building.[22]
The Town Hall[edit]
The old City Hall (Ratusz), which stood in the centre of the market, burned down during the great fire in 1722. Then, the municipal government moved to "Cloth Hall" of Darłowo – completely rebuilt halls, located near St. Mary's Church, which since 1725 years has been officially the town hall venue; the interior is non-historical. It is worth to notice the Renaissance portal remaining after the previous town hall, which is located above the door. Coat of arms of the city – a griffin with a tail of a fish – and an inscription in Latin, which in translation reads: "The city was founded in the 12th (the last two digits of the date has not been included because they were then known), the AD, was enlarged in 1312. Three times burned: 1589, 1624, 1648. as many times risen from the ashes. Kind to God and the prince, be always fortunate. Grow and flourish. May God make you happy and may Prince protect you for a long time, but the despair, the fire destroyed it again in 1675 and 1722 and the town hall was rebuilt in 1725 and let it be for the last time".
Dreams of the citizens came true. To this day, the Town Hall is home to the municipal government and the city – untouched – survived the march of the Red Army that won the Western Pomerania in winter of 1945. [23]
The Fountain – Fisherman Memorial[edit]
It has been located on Darłowo market since 1919, it was made by the sculptor Wilhelm Groß (1883–1974) from Sławno as a monument to honour the people of the sea. The founder of the fountain was the richest Darłowo ship owner – the one from the family of Hemptenmacher, whose house is located at the intersection of ul. Powstańców Warszawskich and ul. Rynkowa. What deserves the attention are four bronze plaques depicting the scenes from the life of the former inhabitants of Darłowo; the board from the side of the Town Hall presents a knight pointing an area where the city was founded. Beside him, there is a scribe and workers digging a ditch, having to circle the fortified castle. From the north, the artist presented the longshoremen working on the loading ship. On the eastern plate, there is koga floating on the waves of the Hanseatic. On the final relief, facing the south, it is shown how a shepherd is guarding a flock of sheep and a woman herding geese. Goose meat, especially liver were the best export product of the former Darłowo.
High Gate[edit]
The High Gate (Brama Wysoka) is one of the three city gates and the only one that survived until today; the residue of the old city fortifications that surrounded the city with a 1500-meter long wall. It was rebuilt in 1732, it is placed on a square, four-pointed arch crossing, covered with a hipped roof, decorated with pointed-arch blinds. Inside, there are still preserved bullet holes.
Lighthouse[edit]
Easternmost lighthouse that belongs to the West Coast is the lighthouse in Darłówek, built at the base of the eastern breakwater at the mouth Wieprza flowing into the Baltic Sea; the first mention of Darłowo lighthouse comes from 1715, when the city authorities ordered to set lights on both sides of the mouth of Wieprza.
It is known that it was only in 1885 when a small pilot ship station was built at the base of the eastern breakwater ground floor, it was relatively tall red brick building, which adjoins a tower built in the square. At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century, the lighthouse underwent several upgrades; the lamp lenses were replaced and power and colour of the light source were increased. In 1927, the tower was raised by one floor; the building is crowned with a white steel dome, where the light source was moved. Since then, the appearance of the whole building to the present day has undergone only cosmetic changes.
Today, the height of the tower is 22 metres (72 feet), and the range of light pointing the way to the port is nearly 30 kilometres (19 miles); the lighthouse is open for tourists in summer.
The lighthouse of Darłowo is the only lighthouse in Poland built on a rectangular plan.
Since the Reformation had taken place in Pomerania, the vast majority of the city's population was composed of Protestants.
Number of inhabitants by year
1740 1,973[24]
1782 2,255 incl. 22 Jews[25]
1791 2,331 incl. 29 Jews.[26]
1812 3,163 incl. 47 Catholics and 33 Jews.[25]
1831 3,393 incl. 8 Catholics and 43 Jews.[25]
1861 5,406 incl. 5 Catholics and 117 Jews.[25]
1890 5,296 incl. 27 Catholics and 102 Jews
1905 5,986 incl. 27 Catholics and 74 Jews[28]
1944 approx. 11,000
2008 14, 140
Notable people[edit]
Eric of Pomerania KG (1381 or 1382 in Rügenwalde – 1459) the ruler of the Kalmar Union from 1396 until 1439,
Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania (1454 in Rügenwalde – 1523) Duke of Pomerania from 1474 to 1523.
August Koberstein (1797 in Rügenwalde – 1870) a German literary historian. [29]
Jakub Kowalczyk (born 1986 in Darłowo) a Polish volleyball player.
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland
Twin towns — sister cities[edit]
Darłowo is twinned with:
Gardelegen, Germany
Hässleholm, Sweden
Nexø, Denmark
Starý Hrozenkov, Czech Republic
Saint-Doulchard, France
Zingst, Germany
‹See Tfd›(in German) Helge Bei der Wieden and Roderich Schmidt, eds.: Handbuch der historischen Stätten Deutschlands: Mecklenburg/Pommern, Kröner, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 978-3-520-31501-4, pp. 262–264.
‹See Tfd›(in German) Gustav Kratz: Die Städte der Provinz Pommern – Abriß ihrer Geschichte, zumeist nach Urkunden, Berlin 1865, pp. 327–338 (online).
‹See Tfd›(in German) Manfred Vollack (ed.): Der Kreis Schlawe – Ein pommersches Heimatbuch, Husum: Husum Druck und Verlagsgesellschaft, 1986/1989, Vol. I: Der Kreis als Ganzes, ISBN 3-88042-239-7, Vol. II: Die Städte und Landgemeinden, ISBN 3-88042-337-7 (The book contains several articles concerning the town of Rügenwalde, which had been written prior to World War II. Included is also a more recent article by Ellinor von Puttkamer on the Swienca family.)
^ a b "Local history – Information about the town – Darłowo – Virtual Shtetl". Retrieved 28 March 2017.
^ "Królewskie Miasto Darłowo – darlowo.pl – serwis informacyjny, pomorze, wybrzeże, zabytki, wakacje, zdjecia, galeria, wypoczynek, wyszukiwarka, baza turystyczna, informacje dla turystow". Retrieved 28 March 2017.
^ As an example, near to the village of Schlawin, 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) away from the town, a 8.5-centimetre-long (3.35-inch) axe with a shaft hole, made from diorite, has been found, cf. 40. Jahresbericht der pommerschen Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Altertumskunde, 1877/1878, p. 463.
^ E. Walter: Über Altertümer und Ausgrabungen in Pommern, Jahresbericht der Gesellschaft für pommersche Geschichte und Altertumskunde, 1. Mai 1914 bis 31. März 1915, Vol. 77, p. 280.
^ Der Kreis Schlawe – Ein pommersches Heimatbuch (edited by Manfred Vollack and Ernst Hubert Michaelis, Heimatkreisausschuss Schlawe), Husum Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, Husum 1986, p. 698, ISBN 3-88042-337-7
^ a b Werner Buchholz: Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.77–80, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
^ Rembert Unterstell: Klio in Pommern – Die Geschichte der pommerschen Historiographie 1815 bis 1945, Böhlau, 1996, p.81, ISBN 3-412-14495-9
^ Wielka Encyklopedia PWN [Great Encyclopaedia of Polish Scientific Publishing House], Warsaw 2001–2005, article on Darłowo.
^ In the "Handfeste" document the brothers call themselves: "Petrus dei gracia comes de Nuwenburg et domines Johannes et Laurentius, felicis memoriae dominis Suensones filii"; in another document of 9 October 1313 they call themselves "Petrus, Jasco et Laurencius germani, dicti de Nuwenborch"; cites from Scriptores Rerum Prussicarum: Die Geschichtsquellen der Preussischen Vorzeit bis zum Untergange der Ordensherrschaft[1]
^ Eberhard Völker, Pommern und Ostbrandenburger, 2000, p.37, ISBN 3-7844-2756-1
^ Radosław Gaziński, Paweł Gut, Maciej Szukała, Peter Oliver Loew, Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie, Poland Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie, Poland, Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Staatsarchiv Stettin- Wegweiser durch die Bestände bis zum Jahr 1945, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2004, p.336 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ Jan M Piskorski: Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, p. 68, ISBN 83-906184-8-6 OCLC 43087092: rough translation: "In 1308 the Brandenburgians subdued the areas of Stolp, Schlawe, and Danzig. Despite their eviction from Danzig by the Teutonic knights, they stayed in charge of the mouths of the Wipper and Stolpe rivers."
^ Werner Buchholz: Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.105, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
^ K. Kozłowski, J. Podralski, Gryfici. Książęta Pomorza Zachodniego, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Szczecin, 1985, p. 73.
^ Gustav Kratz: Die Städte der Provinz Pommern, Vaduz: Sändig Reprint Verlag, 1996 (unchanged reprint of the edition of 1886), p. 332.
^ Ulrich Ziervogel: Der Schießplatz in Rügenwalde-Bad, in: Der Kreis Schlawe – Ein pommersches Heimatbuch (M. Vollack, Hrsg.), Vol. I: Der Kreis als Ganzes, Husum 1986, ISBN 3-88042-239-7. pp. 294–296.
^ Carlheinz Rosenow: Rügenwalde and der Ostsee – Kleine Geschichte der Heimatstadt, in: Der Kreis Schlawe, Vol. II, Husum 1989, pp. 687–698.
^ Manfred Vollack (ed.): Der Kreis Schlawe, Vol. I: Der Kreis als Ganzes, Vol. II: Die Städte und Landgemeinden, Husum 1986/1989.
^ Sword, Keith (25 June 1991). "The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939–41". Springer. Retrieved 28 March 2017 – via Google Books.
^ Karl Rosenow: Das Herzogsschloß zu Rügenwalde – Seine Geschichte,in: Der Kreis Schlawe – Ein pommersches Heimatbuch (M.Vollack, ed.), Vol.II: Die Städte und Landgemeinden, Husum 1989, ISBN 3-88042-337-7, pp. 698–712.
^ Fongemie, Pauly. "SAINT GERTRUDE OF NIVELLES". www.catholictradition.org. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
^ Karl Rosenow: Die St. Jürgen-Kapelle, in: Der Kreis Schlawe – Ein pommersches Heimatbuch (M. Vollack, ed.), Vol.II: Die Städte und Landgemeinden, Husum 1989, ISBN 3-88042-337-7, pp. 725–726.
^ Karl Rosenow: Der Kreis Schlawe – Ein pommersches Heimatbuch (M.Vollack,ed.), Vol. II: Die Städte und Landgemeinden, Husum 1989, ISBN 3-88042-337-7, pp. 726–728.
^ Erdbeschreibung der preußischen Monarchie (F. G. Leonhard, Hrsg.), Band 3, Halle 1794, S. 872–872.
^ a b c d e f g Kratz (1865), p. 336
^ Christian Friedrich Wutstrack (Hrsg.): Kurue historisch-geographisch-statistische Beschreibung von dem königlich-preußischen Herzogtum Vor- und Hinterpommern. Stettin 1793, Übersichtstabelle auf S. 736.
^ Vollständige und neueste Erdbeschreibung der Preußischen Monarchie und des Freistaates Krakau, bearbeitet von G. Hassel. Geographisches Institut, Weimar 1819, S. 207.
^ Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, 6th edition, Vol. 17, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, p, 242.
^ The Encyclopedia Americana, Koberstein, Karl August retrieved 11 October 2018
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Amber Road
The Amber Road was an ancient trade route for the transfer of amber from coastal areas of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Prehistoric trade routes between Northern and Southern Europe were defined by the amber trade; as an important commodity, sometimes dubbed "the gold of the north", amber was transported from the North Sea and Baltic Sea coasts overland by way of the Vistula and Dnieper rivers to Italy, the Black Sea and Egypt over a period of thousands of years. From at least the 16th century BC, amber was moved from Northern Europe to the Mediterranean area; the breast ornament of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen contains large Baltic amber beads. Heinrich Schliemann found Baltic amber beads at Mycenae; the quantity of amber in the Royal Tomb of Qatna, Syria, is unparalleled for known second millennium BC sites in the Levant and the Ancient Near East. Amber was sent from the North Sea to the temple of Apollo at Delphi as an offering. From the Black Sea, trade could continue to Asia along another ancient trade route.
In Roman times, a main route ran south from the Baltic coast through the land of the Boii to the head of the Adriatic Sea. The Old Prussian towns of Kaup and Truso on the Baltic were the starting points of the route to the south. In Scandinavia the amber road gave rise to the thriving Nordic Bronze Age culture, bringing influences from the Mediterranean Sea to the northernmost countries of Europe. Kaliningrad Oblast is referred to in Russian as Янтарный край, which means "the amber area". Amber roads connect amber finding locations to customer sites in Europe, in the Middle East regions and in the Far East; the shortest road avoids alpine areas and led from the Baltic coastline, through Biskupin, Wrocław, passed the Moravian Gate, followed the river Morava, crossed the Danube near Carnuntum in the Noricum Province, headed southwest past Poetovio, Emona and reached Patavium and Aquileia at the Adriatic coast. One of the oldest directions of the last stage of the Amber Road to the south of the Danube, noted in the myth about the Argonauts, used the Sava and Kupa rivers, ending with a short continental road from Nauportus to Tarsatica on the coast of the Adriatic.
Several roads connected the North Sea and Baltic Sea the city of Hamburg to the Brenner Pass, proceeding southwards to Brindisi and Ambracia. The Swiss region indicates a number of alpine roads, concentrating around the capital city Bern and originating from the borders of the Rhône River and the Rhine. A small section, including Baarn, Barneveld and Amerongen, connected the North Sea with the Lower Rhine. A small section led southwards from Antwerp and Bruges to the towns Braine-l'Alleud and Braine-le-Comte, both named "Brennia-Brenna"; the route continued by following the Meuse River towards Bern in Switzerland. Three routes may be identified leading from an amber finding region or delta at the mouth of the River Openia towards Bresse and Bern, crossing the Alps to Switzerland and Italy. Routes connected amber finding locations at Ambares, leading to the Pyrenees. Routes connecting the amber finding locations in northern Spain and in the Pyrenees were a trading route to the Mediterranean Sea.
There is a tourist route stretching along the Baltic coast from Kaliningrad to Latvia called "Amber Road". "Amber Road" sites are: Mizgiris Amber Gallery-Museum in Nida. In Poland a north–south motorway A1 is named Amber Highway. OWTRAD-scientific description of the amber road in Poland Old World Traditional Trade Routes Project Joannes Richter – "Die Bernsteinroute bei Backnang"
Schwerer Gustav
Schwerer Gustav was a German 80-centimetre railway gun. It was developed in the late 1930s by Krupp in Darłowo as siege artillery for the explicit purpose of destroying the main forts of the French Maginot Line, the strongest fortifications in existence at the time; the assembled gun weighed nearly 1,350 tonnes, could fire shells weighing 7 t to a range of 47 km. The gun was designed in preparation for the Battle of France, but was not ready for action when the battle began, in any case the Wehrmacht's Blitzkrieg offensive through Belgium outflanked and isolated the Maginot Line's static defenses forcing the French to surrender and making their destruction unnecessary. Gustav was deployed in the Soviet Union during the Battle of Sevastopol, part of Operation Barbarossa, among other things, it destroyed a munitions depot located 30 m below ground level; the gun was moved to Leningrad, may have been intended to be used in the Warsaw Uprising like other German heavy siege pieces, but the rebellion was crushed before it could be prepared to fire.
Gustav was destroyed by the Germans near the end of the war in 1945 to avoid capture by the Soviet Red Army. Schwerer Gustav was the largest-calibre rifled weapon used in combat and, in terms of overall weight, the heaviest mobile artillery piece built, it fired the heaviest shells of any artillery piece. It is surpassed in calibre only by the unused British Mallet's Mortar and the American Little David bomb-testing mortar—both at 36 inches —but was the only of the three to be used in combat. In 1934, the German Army High Command commissioned Krupp of Essen to design a gun to destroy the forts of the French Maginot Line that were nearing completion; the gun's shells had to punch through seven metres of reinforced concrete or one full metre of steel armour plate, from beyond the range of French artillery. Krupp engineer Erich Müller calculated that the task would require a weapon with a calibre of around 80 cm, firing a projectile weighing 7 tonnes from a barrel 30 metres long; the weapon would have a weight of over 1000 tonnes.
The size and weight meant that to be at all movable it would need to be supported on twin sets of railway tracks. In common with smaller railway guns, the only barrel movement on the mount itself would be elevation, traverse being managed by moving the weapon along a curved section of railway line. Krupp prepared plans for calibres of 70 cm, 80 cm, 85 cm, 1 m. Nothing further happened until March 1936 when, during a visit to Essen, Adolf Hitler inquired as to the giant guns' feasibility. No definite commitment was given by Hitler; the resulting plans were approved. Fabrication of the first gun started in mid-1937. Technical complications in the forging of such massive pieces of steel made it apparent that the original completion date of early 1940 could not be met. Krupp sent it to the Hillersleben proving ground for testing. Penetration was tested on this occasion. Firing at high elevation, the 7.1 tonne shell was able to penetrate the specified seven metres of concrete and the one metre armour plate.
When the tests were completed in mid-1940 the complex carriage was further developed. Alfried Krupp, after whose father the gun was named hosted Hitler at the Rügenwalde Proving Ground during the formal acceptance trials of the Gustav Gun in early 1941. Two guns were ordered; the first round was test-fired from the commissioned gun barrel on 10 September 1941 from a makeshift gun carriage at Hillersleben. In November 1941, the barrel was taken to Rügenwalde, now Darłowo, where eight further firing tests were carried out using the 7,100 kilogram armour-piercing shell out to a range of 37,210 metres. In combat, the gun was mounted on a specially designed chassis, supported by eight bogies on two parallel railway tracks; each of the bogies had 5 axles, giving a total of 40 axles. Krupp christened the gun Schwerer Gustav after the senior director of the firm, Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach; the gun could fire a lighter high-explosive shell. An extremely-long-range rocket projectile was planned with a range of 150 km, that would require the barrel being extended to 84 metres.
In keeping with the tradition of the Krupp company, no payment was asked for the first gun. They charged seven million Reichsmark for the second gun, named after the senior engineer's wife. In February 1942, Heavy Artillery Unit 672 reorganised and went on the march, Schwerer Gustav began its long ride to Crimea; the train carrying the gun was of a total length of 1.5 kilometres. The gun reached the Perekop Isthmus in early March 1942; the Germans built a special railway spur line to the Simferopol-Sevastopol railway 16 kilometres north of the target. At the end of the spur, they built four semi-circular tracks for the Gustav to traverse. Outer tracks were required for the cranes; the siege of Sevastopol was the gun's first combat test. 4,000 men and five weeks were needed to get the gun in firing position. Installation began in early May, by the 5th of June the gun was ready to fire; the following targets were engaged: 5 June Coastal guns at a range of 25,000 m. Eight shells fired. Fort Stalin. Six shells fired.
6 June Fort Molotov. Seven shells fired. "White Cliff" known as "Ammunition Mountain": an undersea ammunition magazine in Severnaya Bay. The magazine was sited 3
Eric of Pomerania
Eric of Pomerania was the ruler of the Kalmar Union from 1396 until 1439, succeeding his grandaunt, Queen Margaret I. He is numbered Eric III as King of Norway, Eric VII as King of Denmark and Eric XIII as King of Sweden. Today, in all three countries he is more known as Erik av Pommern. Eric was deposed from all three kingdoms of the union, but in 1449 he inherited one of the partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania and ruled it as duke until his death. Eric was born in 1382 in Rügenwalde. Born Boguslaw, Eric was the son of Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania, Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Margaret I, who ruled the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, wanted her realm to be unified and peaceful and made provisions in the event of her death, she chose as the grandson of her sister Ingeborg. In 1389 Boguslaw was brought to Denmark to be raised by Queen Margaret, his name was changed to the more Nordic-sounding Erik. On 8 September 1389, he was hailed as King of Norway at the Ting in Trondheim, he may have been crowned King of Norway in Oslo in 1392.
In 1396 he was proclaimed as king in Denmark and in Sweden. On 17 June 1397, he was crowned a king of the three Nordic countries in the cathedral of Kalmar. At the same time, a union treaty was drafted, declaring the establishment of what has become known as the Kalmar Union. Queen Margaret, remained the de facto ruler of the three kingdoms until her death in 1412. In 1402, Queen Margaret entered into negotiations with King Henry IV of England about the possibility of an alliance between the Kingdom of England and the Nordic union; the proposal was for a double wedding, King Eric would marry King Henry's daughter, Philippa of England, King Henry's son, the Prince of Wales and the future King Henry V, would marry King Eric's sister, Catherine of Pomerania. The double wedding did not come off, but King Eric's wedding to Philippa of England was negotiated. On 26 October 1406, he married the 12-year-old Philippa in Lund; the wedding was accompanied by a purely defensive alliance with England. After Philippa's death in 1430, King Eric replaced her with her former lady-in-waiting, who became his royal mistress and his morganatic spouse.
The relationship was a public scandal and is mentioned in the royal council's official complaints about the King. During the early period of his reign, King Eric made Copenhagen a royal possession in 1417, thereby assuring its status as the capital of Denmark, he usurped the rights of Copenhagen Castle from the Bishop of Roskilde, from on, the castle was occupied by him. From contemporary sources, King Eric appears as intelligent, energetic, a firm character; that he was a charming and well-spoken man of the world was shown by his great European tour of the 1420s. Negatively, he seems to have had a hot temper, a lack of diplomatic sense, an obstinacy that bordered on mulishness. King Eric was described by the future Pope Pius II as having "a beautiful body, reddish yellow hair, a ruddy face, a long narrow neck … alone, without assistance, without touching the stirrups, he jumped upon a horse, all women were drawn to him the Empress, in a feeling of longing for love". From 1423 until May 1425, King Eric went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
After arriving there, he was dubbed Knight of the Holy Sepulchre by the Franciscan Custos of the Holy Land, subsequently himself dubbed his pilgrim fellows, among them, Ivan Anz Frankopian. During his absence, Queen Philippa served as regent of the three kingdoms from Copenhagen; the whole of King Eric's sole rule was affected by his long-standing conflict with the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein. He tried to regain South Jutland which Queen Margaret had been winning, but he chose a policy of warfare instead of negotiations; the result was a devastating war that not only ended without conquests, but led to the loss of the South Jutlandic areas that he had obtained. During this war, he showed much energy and steadiness, but a remarkable lack of adroitness. In 1424, a verdict of the Holy Roman Empire by Sigismund, King of Germany, recognising Eric as the legal ruler of South Jutland, was ignored by the Holsteiners; the long war was a strain on the Danish economy as well as on the unity of the north.
King Eric's most far-ranging act was the introduction of the Sound Dues in 1429, to last until 1857. It consisted of the payment of sound dues by all ships wishing to enter or leave the Baltic Sea passing through the Sound; this resulted in the control of all navigation through the Sound, thus secured a large stable income for his kingdom that made it rich, which made the town of Elsinore flower. It showed his interest in Danish trade and naval power, but permanently challenged the other Baltic powers the Hanseatic cities against which he fought. From 1426 to 1435, he was at war with the German Hanseatic Holstein; the Hanseats and Holsteiners attacked Copenhagen in 1428, King Eric left the city while his wife Queen Philippa managed the defence of the capital. During the 1430s, the policy of the King fell apart. In 1434, the farmers and mine workers of Sweden began a national and social rebellion, soon used by the Swedish nobility in order to weaken the power of the King; the Engelbrekt rebellion was led by Swedish nobleman Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson.
Matthäus Merian
Matthäus Merian der Ältere was a Swiss-born engraver who worked in Frankfurt for most of his career, where he ran a publishing house. He was a member of the patrician Basel Merian family. Born in Basel, Merian learned the art of copperplate engraving in Zürich, he next worked and studied in Strasbourg and Paris, before returning to Basel in 1615. The following year he moved to Oppenheim, Germany where he worked for the publisher Johann Theodor de Bry, the son of renowned engraver and traveler Theodor de Bry. In 1617, Merian married Maria Magdalena de Bry, daughter of the publisher, was for a time associated with the de Bry publishing house. In 1620, when Oppenheim was destroyed by fire during the Spanish occupation, they moved back to Basel, but three years returned to Germany, this time to Frankfurt, they had three sons, including Matthäus Merian the Younger. Maria Magdalena de Bry died in the following year Matthäus married Johanna Catharina Hein. Five years Matthäus died, leaving his wife with two small children, Anna Maria Sibylla Merian who became a pioneering naturalist and illustrator and a son, who died before his third birthday.
In 1623 Merian took over the publishing house of his father-in-law after de Bry's death. In 1626 he could henceforth work as an independent publisher, he spent most of his working life in Frankfurt. Early in his life, he had created detailed town plans in his unique style, e.g. a plan of Basel and a plan of Paris. With Martin Zeiler, a German geographer, with his own son, Matthäus Merian, he produced a series of Topographia; the 21-volume set was collectively known as the Topographia Germaniae. It includes numerous town plans and views, as well as maps of most countries and a World Map—it was such a popular work that it was re-issued in many editions, he took over and completed the parts and editions of the Grand Voyages and Petits Voyages started by de Bry in 1590. Merian's work inspired the Suecia Hodierna by Erik Dahlberg; the German travel magazine Merian is named after him. He was noted for the finesse of his alchemical illustrations, in books such as the Musaeum Hermeticum and Atalanta Fugiens.
Matthäus Merian died after several years of illness in 1650 near Wiesbaden. After his death, his sons Matthäus Caspar took over the publishing house, they continued publishing the Topographia Germaniae and the Theatrum Europaeum under the name Merian Erben. Topographia Galliae Lucas Heinrich Wüthrich: Das druckgraphische Werk von Matthäus Merian d.Ä.. Vol.1 and 2: Basel 1966, vol.3 Hamburg 1993, vol.4: Hamburg 1996. Catalog zu Ausstellungen im Museum für Kunsthandwerk Franckfurt am Mayn und im Kunstmuseum Basel als unsterblich Ehren-Gedächtnis zum 400. Geburtstag des hochberühmten Delineatoris, Incisoris et Editoris Matthaeus Merian des Aelteren. Museum für Kunsthandwerk, Frankfurt am Main 1993, ISBN 3-88270-065-3. Ulrike Valeria Fuss: Matthaeus Merian der Ältere. Von der lieblichen Landschaft zum Kriegsschauplatz – Landschaft als Kulisse des 30jährigen Krieges. Frankfurt am Main, 2000, ISBN 3-631-35558-0. Jörg Diefenbacher: Die Schwalbacher Reise. Mannheim 2002, ISBN 3-00-008209-3. Ulrike Valeria Fuss: Momentaufnahme und Monumentalansicht.
Ein Vergleich zwischen Valentin Wagner und Matthäus Merian d. Ä. In: Valentin Wagner: Ein Zeichner im Dreißigjährigen Krieg. Aufsätze und Werkkatalog. Darmstadt 2003, ISBN 3-921254-92-2. Lucas Heinrich Wüthrich: Matthaeus Merian d. Ä. Eine Biographie. Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 2007 Götz J. Pfeiffer: Bild-Zeitung und Moral-Büchlein - der Dreissigjährige Krieg in Druckgraphiken von Matthäus Merian und Abraham Hogenberg, Jacques Callot und Hans Ulrich Franck, in: Der Dreissigjährige Krieg in Hanau und Umgebung, hrsg. vom Hanauer Geschichtsverein, Hanau, 2011, pp. 255–275. Media related to Matthäus Merian at Wikimedia Commons Pictures and texts of Topographia Helvetiae, Rhaetiae et Valesiae by Matthäus Merian can be found in the database VIATIMAGES. Works by Matthäus Merian, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa America noviter delineata, 1633 map by Matthäus Merian, Portal to Texas History, University of Texas Merian maps and engravings
Szczecin is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the German border, it is a major seaport and Poland's seventh-largest city; as of June 2018, the population was 403,274. Szczecin is located on the Bay of Pomerania; the city is situated along the southwestern shore of Dąbie Lake, on both sides of the Oder and on several large islands between the western and eastern branches of the river. Szczecin is adjacent to the town of Police and is the urban centre of the Szczecin agglomeration, an extended metropolitan area that includes communities in the German states of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; the city's recorded history began in the 8th century as a Slavic Pomeranian stronghold, built at the site of the Ducal castle. In the 12th century, when Szczecin had become one of Pomerania's main urban centres, it lost its independence to Piast Poland, the Duchy of Saxony, the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark. At the same time, the House of Griffins established themselves as local rulers and the population was Christianized.
After the Treaty of Stettin in 1630, the town came under the control of the Swedish Empire and became in 1648 the Capital of Swedish Pomerania until 1720, when it was acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia and the German Empire. Following World War II Stettin became part of Poland in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement, resulting in expulsion of the pre-war German population. Szczecin is the administrative and industrial centre of West Pomeranian Voivodeship and is the site of the University of Szczecin, Pomeranian Medical University, Maritime University, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin Art Academy, the see of the Szczecin-Kamień Catholic Archdiocese. From 1999 onwards, Szczecin has served as the site of the headquarters of NATO's Multinational Corps Northeast. Szczecin was a candidate for the European Capital of Culture in 2016; the names "Szczecin" and "Stettin" are of Slavic origin, though the exact etymology is the subject of ongoing research. In Etymological dictionary of geographical names of Poland, Maria Malec lists eleven theories regarding the origin of the name, including derivations from either: a Slavic word for hill peak, or the plant fuller's teasel, or the personal name Szczota.
Other medieval names for the town are Burstenburgh. These names, which mean "brush burgh", are derived from the translation of the city's Slavic name; the recorded history of Szczecin began in the eighth century, as Vikings and West Slavs settled Pomerania. The Slavs erected a new stronghold on the site of the modern castle. Since the 9th century, the stronghold was expanded toward the Oder bank. Mieszko I of Poland took control of Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages and the region became part of Poland in the 10th century. Subsequent Polish rulers, the Holy Roman Empire, the Liutician federation all aimed to control the territory. After the decline of the neighbouring regional centre Wolin in the 12th century, the city became one of the more important and powerful seaports of the Baltic Sea. In a campaign in the winter of 1121–1122, Bolesław III Wrymouth, the Duke of Poland, gained control of the region, including the city of Szczecin and its stronghold; the inhabitants were Christianized by two missions of Bishop Otto of Bamberg in 1124 and 1128.
At this time, the first Christian church of Saints Peter and Paul was erected. Polish minted coins were used in trade in this period; the population of the city at that time is estimated to be at around 5,000–9,000 people. Polish rule ended with Boleslaw's death in 1138. During the Wendish Crusade in 1147, a contingent led by the German margrave Albert the Bear, an enemy of Slavic presence in the region, papal legate, bishop Anselm of Havelberg and Konrad of Meissen besieged the town. There, a Polish contingent supplied by Mieszko III the Old joined the crusaders. However, the citizens had placed crosses around the fortifications, indicating they had been Christianised. Duke Ratibor I of Pomerania, negotiated the disbanding of the crusading forces. After the Battle of Verchen in 1164, Szczecin duke Bogusław I, Duke of Pomerania became a vassal of the Duchy of Saxony's Henry the Lion. In 1173 Szczecin castellan Wartislaw II, could not resist a Danish attack and became vassal of Denmark. In 1181, Bogusław became a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire.
In 1185 Bogusław again became a Danish vassal. Following a conflict between his heirs and Canute VI of Denmark, the settlement was destroyed in 1189, but the fortress was reconstructed and manned with a Danish force in 1190. While the empire restored its superiority over the Duchy of Pomerania in the Battle of Bornhöved in 1227, Szczecin was one of two bridgeheads remaining under Danish control. In the second half of the 12th century, a group of German tradesmen settled in the city around St. Jacob's Church, donated in 1180 by Beringer, a trader from Bamberg, consecrated in 1187. Hohenkrug was the first village in the Duchy of Pomerania, recorded as German in 1173. Ostsiedlung accelerated in Pomerania during the 13th century. Duke Barnim I of Pomerania granted Szczecin a local government charter in 1237, separating the German settlement from the Slavic community settled around the St. Nicholas Church in the neighbourhood of Kessin. In the charte
Denmark the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Nordic country and the southernmost of the Scandinavian nations. Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, is bordered to the south by Germany; the Kingdom of Denmark comprises two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean: the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark proper consists of a peninsula, an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand and the North Jutlandic Island; the islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2, land area of 42,394 km2, the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2, a population of 5.8 million. The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 10th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea. Denmark and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union, established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523.
The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until Denmark -- Norway. Beginning in the 17th century, there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire, ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden. After the Napoleonic Wars, Norway was ceded to Sweden, while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands and Iceland. In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements, which were defeated in the 1864 Second Schleswig War. Denmark remained neutral during World War I. In April 1940, a German invasion saw brief military skirmishes while the Danish resistance movement was active from 1943 until the German surrender in May 1945. An industrialised exporter of agricultural produce in the second half of the 19th century, Denmark introduced social and labour-market reforms in the early 20th century that created the basis for the present welfare state model with a developed mixed economy; the Constitution of Denmark was signed on 5 June 1849, ending the absolute monarchy, which had begun in 1660.
It establishes a constitutional monarchy organised as a parliamentary democracy. The government and national parliament are seated in Copenhagen, the nation's capital, largest city, main commercial centre. Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to handle internal affairs. Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands in 1948. Denmark negotiated certain opt-outs, it is among the founding members of NATO, the Nordic Council, the OECD, OSCE, the United Nations. Denmark is considered to be one of the most economically and developed countries in the world. Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the country ranks in some metrics of national performance, including education, health care, protection of civil liberties, democratic governance and human development; the country ranks as having the world's highest social mobility, a high level of income equality, is among the countries with the lowest perceived levels of corruption in the world, the eleventh-most developed in the world, has one of the world's highest per capita incomes, one of the world's highest personal income tax rates.
The etymology of the word Denmark, the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as one kingdom, is a subject which attracts debate. This is centered on the prefix "Dan" and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the -"mark" ending. Most handbooks derive the first part of the word, the name of the people, from a word meaning "flat land", related to German Tenne "threshing floor", English den "cave"; the -mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland, with probable references to the border forests in south Schleswig. The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are runestones believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old and Harald Bluetooth; the larger stone of the two is popularly cited as Denmark's "baptismal certificate", though both use the word "Denmark", in the form of accusative ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚢᚱᚴ tanmaurk on the large stone, genitive ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚱᚴᛅᚱ "tanmarkar" on the small stone.
The inhabitants of Denmark are there called "Danes", in the accusative. The earliest archaeological findings in Denmark date back to the Eem interglacial period from 130,000–110,000 BC. Denmark has been inhabited since around 12,500 BC and agriculture has been evident since 3900 BC; the Nordic Bronze Age in Denmark was marked by burial mounds, which left an abundance of findings including lurs and the Sun Chariot. During the Pre-Roman Iron Age, native groups began migrating south, the first tribal Danes came to the country between the Pre-Roman and the Germanic Iron Age, in the Roman Iron Age; the Roman provinces maintained trade routes and relations with native tribes in Denmark, Roman coins have been found in Denmark. Evidence of strong Celtic cultural influence dates from this period in Denmark and much of North-West Europe and is among other things reflected in the finding of the Gundestrup cauldron; the tribal Danes came from the east Danish islands and Scania and spoke an early form of North Germanic.
Historians believe that before their arrival, most of Jutland and the nearest islands were settled by tribal J
Poland [videos]
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country located in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres …
Earliest known contemporary depiction of a Polish ruler. King Mieszko II Lambert of Poland, who ruled the nation between 1025 and 1031.
Battle of Grunwald was fought against the German Order of Teutonic Knights, and resulted in a decisive victory for the Kingdom of Poland, 15 July 1410.
West Pomeranian Voivodeship [videos]
West Pomeranian Voivodeship or West Pomerania Province, is a voivodeship in northwestern Poland. It borders on Pomeranian Voivodeship to the east, Greater Poland Voivodeship to the southeast, Lubusz …
Viking Festival in Wolin
Church of the Virgin Mary, Queen of the World, in Stargard
Oder River in Szczecin
Gothic town hall, Chojna, built by Germans in 1320, when the town was known as Königsberg in der Neumark
Baltic Sea [videos]
The Baltic Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden, northeast Germany, Poland, Russia and the North and Central European Plain. — The sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 10°E to 30°E longitude. A mediterranean sea of …
Cape Arkona on the island of Rügen in Germany, was a sacred site of the Slavs before Christianization.
The naval Battle of the Sound took place on 8 November 1658 during the Dano-Swedish War.
The burning Cap Arcona shortly after the attacks, 3 May 1945. Only 350 survived of the 4,500 prisoners who had been aboard
Curonian Spit in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia
Roman Empire [videos]
The Roman Empire was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization. An Iron Age civilization, it had a government headed by emperors …
The Augustus of Prima Porta (early 1st century AD)
A segment of the ruins of Hadrian's Wall in northern England
Bilingual Latin-Punic inscription at the theatre in Leptis Magna, Roman Africa (present-day Libya)
Citizen of Roman Egypt (Fayum mummy portrait)
Hanseatic League [videos]
The Hanseatic League was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe. Growing from a few North German towns in the late …
The Hanseatic League was a powerful economic and defensive alliance that left a great cultural and architectural heritage. It is especially renowned for its Brick Gothic monuments, such as St. Nikolai and the city hall of Stralsund shown here. UNESCO lists the old town of Stralsund, together with Wismar, as a World Heritage Site.
Foundation of the alliance between Lübeck and Hamburg
Georg Giese from Danzig, 34-year-old German Hanseatic merchant at the Steelyard, painted in London by Hans Holbein
The old and rich port city of Danzig (Gdańsk) in Poland. View of the Krantor (crane gate)
Normandy [videos]
Normandy is one of the 18 regions of France, roughly referring to the historical Duchy of Normandy …
Roman theatre in Lillebonne
Bayeux Tapestry (Scene 23): Harold II swearing oath on holy relics to William the Conqueror
Joan of Arc burning at the stake in the city of Rouen, painting by Jules Eugène Lenepveu
Allied invasion of Normandy, D-Day, 1944
Spain [videos]
Spain, officially the Kingdom of Spain, is a country mostly located in Europe. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagoes: the Canary Islands off the coast of …
Lady of Elche, possibly depicting Tanit, from Carthaginian Iberia, 4th century BC
Reproduction of Altamira Cave paintings, in Cantabria
Roman Theatre, Mérida
The death of the Frankish leader Roland defeated by a Basque and Muslim-Muladi (Banu Qasi) alliance at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass (778) originated the Kingdom of Navarre led by Íñigo Arista.
Gdańsk [videos]
Gdańsk is a Polish city on the Baltic coast. With a population of 464,254, Gdańsk is the capital and largest city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and the capital of Kashubia. It is Poland's principal seaport and the centre of the …
The medieval port crane, over the river Motława
Excavated remains of 12th century buildings in Gdańsk
Apotheosis of Gdańsk by Izaak van den Blocke. The Vistula-borne trade of goods in Poland was the main source of prosperity during the city's Golden Age.
Friedrich Eduard Meyerheim's painting of the waterfront (1850)
Szczecin [videos]
Szczecin is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the German border, it is a major seaport and Poland's …
Top: Market; Old Town Hall, The Oder Middle: National Sea Museum, PAZIM building Bottom: Ducal Castle, St James' Cathedral, Virgin Tower
Szczecin Castle, the seat of the dukes of the House of Pomerania (Griffins)
The city's fortifications, as seen in 1642
Sedina Monument (1899–1913). Sedina was a personification of Stettin. The statue was scrapped for copper in 1942, and after the war it was replaced with an anchor. In 2012 the authorities approved plans for a reconstruction of the statue
Schwerer Gustav [videos]
Schwerer Gustav was a German 80-centimetre railway gun. It was developed in the late 1930s by Krupp in Darłowo as siege artillery for the explicit purpose of destroying the main forts of the French Maginot Line, the strongest fortifications in …
An 800 mm Schwerer Gustav shell at the Imperial War Museum, London
A shell for the Dora gun (without the sharp ballistic cap) found after the war at the former German firing range near Rügenwalde (today Darłowo), on exhibition in the Polish Army museum in Warsaw
Maxim Gorky I, a fort knocked out of action by five 800 mm shells on 17 June 1942
Model of the Dora
Lübeck [videos]
Lübeck is a city in Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany, and one of the major ports of Germany. On the river Trave, it was the leading city of the Hanseatic League, and because of its extensive Brick Gothic architecture, it is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage …
Holstentor, emblem of the city
River Trave in Lübeck
Lübeck in 1493
Lübeck, 16th century
Eric of Pomerania [videos]
Eric of Pomerania KG was the ruler of the Kalmar Union from 1396 until 1439, succeeding his grandaunt, Queen Margaret I. He is numbered Eric III as King of Norway, Eric VII as King of Denmark and Eric XIII as King of Sweden (1396–1434 …
Royal seal of Eric of Pomerania (1398) depicting: (Centre): a lion rampant crowned maintaining an axe (representing Norway) within an inescutcheon upon a cross over all; Quarterly: in Dexter Chief, three lions passant in pale crowned and maintaining a Danebrog upon a semy of hearts (representing Denmark); in Sinister Chief: three crowns (representing Sweden or the Kalmar Union); in Dexter Base: a lion rampant (Folkung lion) (representing Sweden); and in Sinister Base: a griffin segreant to sinister (representing Pomerania).
Eric's grave at St. Mary's in Darlowo
Statue of Eric at Darłowo Castle
Eric of Pomerania made by Pieter Hartman (probably in 1607)
Monarchy of Sweden [videos]
The Monarchy of Sweden concerns the monarchical head of state of Sweden, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The Kingdom of Sweden has been a monarchy since time immemorial. Originally an elective monarchy, it became an …
The Lion of the North: King Gustavus Adolphus depicted at the turning point of the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) against the forces of Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly.
Charles XI at the Battle of Lund in 1676. Painting by David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl.
Crown Prince Charles John at the Battle of Leipzig (1813). Painting by Fredric Westin.
The Silver Throne, used by all Swedish monarchs from Queen Christina in 1650 onward
Monarchy of Norway [videos]
The Norwegian monarch is the monarchical head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The Norwegian monarchy can trace its line back to the reign of Harald Fairhair and the previous petty kingdoms which were united to form Norway; it has …
King Harald receives Norway out of his father's hands in this illustration from the 14th-century Flateyjarbók.
King Haakon VII early during his reign.
Gamlehaugen
Stiftsgården in Trondheim
Ptolemy [videos]
Claudius Ptolemy was a Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, geographer and astrologer. He lived in the city of Alexandria in the Roman province of Egypt, wrote in Koine …
Engraving of a crowned Ptolemy being guided by the muse of Astronomy, Urania, from Margarita Philosophica by Gregor Reisch, 1508. Although Abu Ma'shar believed Ptolemy to be one of the Ptolemies who ruled Egypt after the conquest of Alexander the title 'King Ptolemy' is generally viewed as a mark of respect for Ptolemy's elevated standing in science.
Ptolemy with an armillary sphere model, by Joos van Ghent and Pedro Berruguete, 1476, Louvre, Paris
Image: Ptolemy 16century
Early Baroque artist's rendition
Tenement [videos]
A tenement is a multi-occupancy building of any sort. In Scotland it refers to flats divided horizontally in an established building type, including desirable properties in affluent ares, but in other countries the term often refers to a run-down apartment building or slum building.In parts of …
Tenements at Park Avenue and 107th Street, New York City, circa 1900
Rear view of an early 19th-century Scottish tenement, Edinburgh
Tenements in Soundview, The Bronx
Lower East Side tenement buildings
Denmark [videos]
Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Nordic country and the southernmost of the Scandinavian nations. Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and is bordered to the south by Germany. The Kingdom of Denmark also comprises two …
The gilded side of the Trundholm sun chariot dating from the Nordic Bronze Age
Larger of the two Jelling stones, raised by Harald Bluetooth
The Battle of Öland during the Scanian War, between an allied Dano-Norwegian-Dutch fleet and the Swedish navy, 1 June 1676
Matthäus Merian [videos]
Matthäus Merian der Ältere was a Swiss-born engraver who worked in Frankfurt for most of his career, where he also ran a publishing house. He was a member of the patrician Basel Merian family. — Biography — Early life and …
Frankfurt ca. 1612; engraving by Matthäus Merian
The castle and the town of Regensberg in Topographia Helvetiae, 1645
Alchemical illustration, Musaeum Hermeticum, 1678
Przemysł II [videos]
Przemysł II, was the Duke of Poznań from 1257–1279, of Greater Poland from 1279–1296, of Kraków from 1290–1291, and Gdańsk Pomerania …
19th century depiction by Jan Matejko.
Henry IV Probus, Duke of Wrocław. Codex Manesse, ca. 1305
Modern depiction of Przemysł II from a historical book by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, 1888
Przemysł II allows to locate cities Gostyń and Brzezie on Magdeburg rights, a document from 1278.
Duchy of Pomerania [videos]
The Duchy of Pomerania was a duchy in Pomerania on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, ruled by dukes of the House of Pomerania. — The duchy originated from the realm of Wartislaw I, a Slavic Pomeranian duke …
Pomerania under the rule of the last Griffins
Cathedral, Kammin (Cammin, Kamien Pomorski)
Medieval Greifswald, a typical Ostsiedlung town. Locators set up rectangular blocs in an area resembling an oval with a central market, and organized the settlement.
Stolp (Słupsk) castle
Casimir III the Great [videos]
Casimir III the Great reigned as the King of Poland from 1333 to 1370. He was the third son of King Władysław I and Duchess Jadwiga of Kalisz, and the last Polish king from the Piast dynasty.Kazimierz inherited a …
Wiec in reign of Casimir the Great
Wojciech Gerson, Casimir the Great and the Jews
Image: Pieczec Kazimierz Wielki
Image: Krakow nagrobek Kazimierza W
Voivodeships of Poland [videos]
A województwo is the highest-level administrative subdivision of Poland, corresponding to a "province" in many other countries. The term "województwo" has been in use since the 14th century, and is commonly translated in English as "province". Województwo is …
Polish voivodeships as European countries with similar GDP PPP per capita
Polish voivodeships (provinces) as countries with similar nominal GDP
GRP per capita of Polish voivodeships based on purchasing power standards (PPS) in 2015
Amber Road [videos]
The Amber Road was an ancient trade route for the transfer of amber from coastal areas of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Prehistoric trade routes between Northern and Southern Europe were defined by the amber trade. As an important commodity, sometimes dubbed "the gold …
The Amber Road (east route), as hypothesized by Polish historian Jerzy Wielowiejski, Główny szlak bursztynowy w czasach Cesarstwa Rzymskiego (Main Route of the Amber Road of the Roman Empire), 1980
The route from the Baltic Sea
Amber deposits in Europe
Ice age [videos]
An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. Earth is currently in the Quaternary glaciation, known in popular terminology as the Ice Age. Individual …
An artist's impression of ice age Earth at glacial maximum.
The Antarctic ice sheet. Ice sheets expand during an ice age.
Timeline of glaciations, shown in blue.
Early history of Pomerania [videos]
After the glaciers of the Ice Age in the Early Stone Age withdrew from the area, which since about 1000 AD is called Pomerania, in what are now northern Germany and Poland, they left a tundra. First humans appeared, hunting reindeer in the summer. A climate change in 8000 BC allowed hunters and …
Pomerelian faced urns
Stone circle of the Wielbark culture in Wesiory
Image: Großsteingrab Lancken Granitz
Margraviate of Brandenburg [videos]
The Margraviate of Brandenburg was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806 that played a pivotal role in the history of Germany and Central Europe. — Brandenburg developed out of the Northern March founded in the territory of the Slavic …
Siegesallee statue of Albert the Bear, flanked by Bishop Wigger of Brandenburg and Bishop Otto of Bamberg.
Image: Karte(PS) Brandenburg 1150
Image: Central Europe religions 1618
Darłowo Castle [videos]
Castle of the Pomeranian Dukes - the only Gothic castle located on the coast of the Baltic Sea in Poland. The castle's formation is close to that of a square, with a tower measuring 24 metres in height. The castle's construction began in 1352, in the reign of Bogusław V, whose reign began the …
View on the courtyard in the Castle of the Pomeranian Dukes
Sławno [videos]
Sławno, is a town on the Wieprza river in Middle Pomerania region, north-western Poland, with 13,322 inhabitants. It is the administrative seat of Gmina Sławno, though not part of it. The town is also the capital of Sławno County in …
Medieval brick gate
Koszalińska Street.Postcard from 1912
Mestwin II, Duke of Pomerania [videos]
Mestwin II was a Duke of Pomerelia, member of the Samborides dynasty. He ruled Pomerelia as a sole ruler from 1273 to 1294. — Early life — Mestwin II was the son of Swietopelk II and the Přemyslid dynasty princess Eufrozyna. As a …
Monument of Mestwin II at Adam Mickiewicz Park in Oliwa.
Image of Mestwin at the cloister in Oliwa
Darłowo lighthouse [videos]
Darłowo lighthouse is a lighthouse on the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea in Darłowo, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in Poland.The lighthouse is located between Gąski and the Jarosławiec. — History — The first …
Darłowo lighthouse
Powiat [videos]
A powiat is the second-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture in other countries. The term "powiat" is most often translated into English as "county" or …
Division of Poland into powiats (counties)
Gmina [videos]
The gmina is the principal unit of the administrative division of Poland, similar to a municipality. As of 2010 there were 2,478 gminy throughout the country. The word gmina derives from the German word Gemeinde, meaning "community". — The gmina …
Division of Poland into gminy
Rugii [videos]
The Rugii, also Rugians, Rygir, Ulmerugi, or Holmrygir were an East Germanic tribe who migrated from southwest Norway to Pomerania around 100 AD, and from there to the Danube River valley. They were allies of Attila until his death in 453, and settled in what is …
Settlement areas of the Rugii: Rogaland, Pomerania (since the 1st century), Rugiland (5th century); Rügen (uncertain)
Wieprza [videos]
Wieprza, a river in north-western Poland, is a tributary of the Baltic Sea, with a length of 112 kilometers and a basin area of 2,170 km². Its German name is Wipper. — Towns …
Wieprza river mouth in Darłówko
Principality of Rügen [videos]
The Principality of Rügen was a Danish principality consisting of the island of Rügen and the adjacent mainland from 1168 until 1325. It was governed by a local dynasty of princes of the Wizlawiden dynasty. For at least part of this period, Rügen was …
Slavic stone embedded in St. Mary's walls, Bergen auf Rügen, probably the tombstone of Jaromar I


The new Elektra Cinematic Color Presets from PolarPro let you see your LOG video in all its glory on the set and carry that look consistently into post production.
Following the successful release of their Aurora package of LUTs (Look Up Tables) which we covered here on September 6, 2017, PolarPro has expanded the line and re-branded it as the Elektra Cinematic Color Presets.
The original line was intended to help drone pilot photographers add professional looks to their videos. But the new Elektra offering expands on its concept and Austen Butler, vp and co-founder of PolarPro was good enough to give The Broadcast Bridge an exclusive interview to explain how they can help anyone's workflow.
These popular professional-level video camera profiles include the Canon C-LOG, LUMIX/Panasonic V-LOG and both of the Sony S-LOG2 and S-LOG3 profiles.
The Elektra "cool" preset in an A/B comparison.
When you take your video into the edit suite, all of the Elektra products are compatible with most current NLE's including numerous Adobe products such as Adobe Premiere Pro 9.0 or later, After Effects CC or later, as well as Apple's Final Cut Pro X, and Blackmagic Design's DaVinci Resolve 9 or later.
Elektra - Which Butler described for us as providing an optimal color pop favored for action-related scenes like sports.
Purity - Letting you capture video in the expanded LOG range but view it as a natural color grade with true tones.
Deep - Taking the natural colors adding saturation along with pushed blacks and shadows to the natural colors to create a deep, rich look.
Morpheus - Inspired by "The Matrix" films using a slightly bleached bypass look with a limited color pallet.
Knight - Think "The Dark Knight" saga, presenting an analogous color pallet with heavy blue tones that brings a deep look and evokes a new feeling to the content.
The Knight preset adds a dramatic dark and moody feel.
PolarPro will also be keeping its drone camera LUTs. So in addition to the new Elektra Cinematic Color Presets camera profiles, they will continue to support drone color profiles for the DJI Mavic Pro, Phantom 4 Pro/Adv., Phantom 4 Standard, Zenmuse x3/OSMO and the GoPro Pro Tune profiles.


Online fundraisers have been started for Andy, a 14-year old student at Cascade Middle School who was blinded when a random bullet struck him in the head while traveling in a van with his family on SR 509 on Dec. 20, 2018.
As The B-Town Blog previously reported, this senseless act of gun violence left Andy permanently blinded in both eyes. His jaw was also broken and he will soon be having reconstructive surgery so that he can hopefully talk and eat solid foods again.
Police did not reveal any suspect or profile information, but say that this shooting is related to ten others on SR 509 since June, 2018, and a task force has been created.


Dr Chimphango is an agricultural botanist involved in legume research at Capetown University. With Crawford Fund support, he visited the Centre for Rhizobium Studies (CRS) at Murdoch University to study the program of legume domestication there.
Rhizobia are bacteria in the roots of the legume plant group. The bacteria play an important role in making the nutrient nitrogen available in the soil for plant growth. Legumes from South Africa have been a major part of the CRS program since 2004, so Dr Chimphango was exposed to a decade of learning in this regard.
The training covered several theoretical aspects of rhizobium technology. Importantly, the techniques of rhizobiology, which are critical to successful legume domestication, were emphasised. Dr Chimphango also attended field days, participated in research projects and presented a paper about his work in South Africa to Australian scientists.
"There were some unexpected outputs including increased networking with other scientists in the CRS program and external to the program. For example, the close interaction with the CRS scientists … increased my networking group of pasture research scientists with a wealth of knowledge and expertise in pasture production in Western Australia. Interaction with farmers during field days and field activities was a great experience. The farmers were very enthusiastic with interest in pasture research activities and incorporating new pasture species in their farming systems," says Dr Chimphango at the conclusion of his visit.
"Dr Chimphango has embraced the ideas of developing grazing legumes from his indigenous African flora. As a consequence, our own program of legume domestication will be enriched through continued dialogue and exchange of materials (legume and rhizobium)," says his mentor Prof John Howieson, Research Director Crops and Plant Sciences at Murdoch University.


I am really red and puffy but feel just fine. This is my weekend to stay indoors until Monday when I have to go to work. I never go outside at all for the first two or three days. Then, when I start to venture out on Mondays I use Neutrogena Face sunblock every single day. I still avoid the sun as much as possible. I never stand in the sun. I always look for shade. I have read too much about having bad results due to sun exposure. It's all good.
I will upload a pic later on this morning. So far so good!


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Q: How to configure remote iis server using Python We have a Windows server(iis) that we connect to using ssh(ubuntu) in python3 with paramiko library.
We want to do controls, for example:

*

*start/restart/stop/recycle <iis|app pool>.

also we can do it with:
iisreset or etc...
but we want do that in best practice method.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Electronic Arts announces that it will publish Gas Powered Games' currently unannounced real-time strategy game for the PC in 2006.
GameSpot Australia talks to the game designer about his upcoming role-playing game and his plans for the future.
Phantagram is working on a sequel to Cavedog's award-winning real-time strategy game.


The 2016 Statewide Preservation Conference will take place May 5-7th in Albany and Troy and will mark the 50th anniversary of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). This conference will be presented by the Landmark Society of Western New York, Historic Albany Foundation, The Preservation League of New York State and the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. The conference theme for 2016 is Preservation50: NYS. Preservation50 is a nationwide effort to celebrate, learn from, and leverage the NHPA's first five decades to assure historic preservation's vibrant future in America. The 2016 Statewide Preservation Conference will focus on celebrating past achievements and planning for the future of historic preservation in New York State.
In order to make this conference a success, we need your preservation projects, ideas and initiatives. Share your success stories, challenges, and new ideas with preservationists and community advocates from across the state. Submit your session proposal by Friday, November 13th in order to be considered. Proposals on a wide variety of topics are welcome and encouraged.
If you have any questions about this proposal form or would like to discuss your ideas, please contact Caitlin Meives atcmeives@landmarksociety.org, and share this form with your constituents!


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Group strategy
Group's business
Charter cargo operations
Scheduled cargo operations
Fleet Availability Reports
Cargo Supermarket Magazine
Volga-Dnepr Group / Press-center / News
Fraport honours AirBridgeCargo Airlines at Frankfurt Airport
Fraport Cargo Services (FCS) has acknowledged AirBridgeCargo Airlines (ABC)as one of the best cargo performers at Frankfurt Airport in its annual ceremony to honour its top cargo carriers.
Czech airlines is Volga-Dnepr Technics' launch customer for Airbus A320 maintenance at Moscow's Sheremetyevo airport
Volga-Dnepr Technics (VDT) has successfully commenced A-check aircraft maintenance services for the Airbus A320 at Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport with Czech Airlines as its launch customer.
Volga-Dnepr Group commissions new hangar facility at Leipzig/Halle
Volga-Dnepr Group has started operations in a newly-built hangar facility constructed by Leipzig/Halle Airport. The lease has been taken by Volga-Dnepr Technic GmbH, the MRO provider which represents Volga-Dnepr Technics in Germany.
Volga-Dnepr Technics expands its aircraft maintenance capabilities in Moscow
Following a successful audit by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), Volga-Dnepr Technics (VDT) has extended its line maintenance station operations certificates at Moscow's Sheremetyevo and Domodedovo airports and also obtained licences to perform line maintenance up to A-Check on Airbus A320 and Boeing B737NG aircraft.
AirBridgeCargo Airlines, part of Volga-Dnepr Group , takes part in the 2nd international forum «The Arctic: today and tomorrow»
The Forum was held under the aegis of Association of Russian Polar Explorers, led by Artur Chilingarov, and aims to find solutions for the integrated development of the Arctic area of Russia.
Volga-Dnepr Airlines transports 300 tonnes of gold mining equipment to Kenya
More than 300 tonnes of gold mining equipment has touched down in Kenya onboard three Antonov AN-124-100 freighter flights operated by Volga-Dnepr Airlines.
Volga-Dnepr Technics invests in new aircraft wheel and brake maintenance division in Sharjah
Volga-Dnepr Technics has extended its aircraft maintenance and repair services in the Middle East with the addition of a new wheel and brake maintenance division in Sharjah, UAE.
Volga-Dnepr Airlines delivers Express AM5 and Express AM6 satellites from Canada to Russia
Two IL-76TD-90VD freighters operated by Volga-Dnepr Airlines have safely delivered highly-sensitive Express AM5 and Express AM6 satellites from Montreal in Canada, to Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
AirBridgeCargo Airlines takes delivery of third Boeing 747-8F
December, 4th - AirBridgeCargo Airlines (ABC), part of Volga-Dnepr Group and Russia's largest cargo airline, has taken delivery of its third Boeing 747-8 Freighter from Boeing in Everett (USA).
Ambassador of Canada visited the office of Volga-Dnepr Airlines
John Sloan, the Ambassador of Canada in the Russian Federation visited VDA office accompanied by his associates and Vladislav Tretyak, the Deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation and the President of Russian Hockey Federation.
Russia's Federal Space Agency awards Volga-Dnepr license to carry 'space cargoes'
Volga-Dnepr Airlines has been awarded a license by the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) to perform transport operations for rockets, space mechanisms and rocket fuel.
Volga-Dnepr experts share experience in Aircraft Lifecycle Management
Alexey Isaykin, Volga-Dnepr Group President will take part in the 3rd International Research and Practice Conference on Aircraft Lifecycle Management Systems: topical issues, research, implementation and prospects. This conference will be held in Ulyanovsk on 1-2 November.
130 photographers from 23 countries compete for Volga-Dnepr group awards
Over 130 professional and amateur photographers from 23 countries submitted entries to a special photographic competition organised by Volga-Dnepr Group to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Antonov AN-124 freighter's maiden flight.
Record month for vehicle movements as Airbridgecargo delivers cars to Europe, North America and Asia
September 2012 has been a record month for the carriage of motor cars by Russia's AirBridgeCargo Airlines (ABC).
Volga-Dnepr Technics launches line maintenance facility at Frankfurt Airport
Volga-Dnepr Technics (VDT), part of Russia's Volga-Dnepr Group, has opened an aircraft line maintenance station at Frankfurt Airport, Germany.
Ruslan SALIS takes part in Leipzig Halle presentation as part of ILA 2012
Ruslan SALIS demonstrated its airlift capabilities as part of SALIS Project and other services at ILA 2012. The event held on 14 September was attended by air show participants, invited guests and media representatives.
ATRAN takes delivery of first Boeing 737-400SF
ATRAN Airlines, a Volga-Dnepr Group company, has added a Boeing 737-400SF to its all-cargo fleet.
Volga-Dnepr completes four flights in support of apec 2012 summit in Vladivostok
Volga-Dnepr Airlines carried patrol boats to Vladivostok for APEC summit
Volga-Dnepr group launches international photographic competition to mark 30th anniversary of the Antonov 124's first flight
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Install and configure the good locale for a postgresql error on ubuntu 18.04.2 Here is my error when i try to use postgresql 10  :

DETAIL:  The database was initialized with LC_COLLATE "en_US.UTF-8",
  which is not recognized by setlocale().

How to configure properly the locales ?
I've try : export LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8

A: The message implies that en_US.UTF-8 is not part of the available locales
(which can be displayed with locale -a)
To add it: sudo locale-gen en-US.UTF-8
Then PostgreSQL needs to be restarted to pick it up.
If this instance of PostgreSQL has been created by copying a data
directory from another machine, you also want to reindex the databases
(see reindexb) to account for any change in locales across systems.


WRL was also the home to Hy-Gain antennas first under the name of Globe beams. Hy-Gain was sold to Telex and is now owned by MFJ. Galaxy sold part of their line to RCA and later the rest of the line. Hams know the Transceivers as the Galaxy III and V and later GT-550. A matching 1KW amp was also produced. Leo was a pioneer in getting gear to hams. I had friends growing up who had frequent calls from Leo to introduce new gear. One friend was always buying gear such as a Globe King B, Harvey Wells Antenna Tuner, and Cosmophone 35.
If it ws made for hams Leo sold it.
Sorry. I wasn't paying attention. Thanks for clarifying.
But all the same, thanks for posting it!
WRL's 1959 glamorous Helen at work rocks. These days the charms of her gift and skill combo would likely be a bit attenuated (for OM me) with fad fashionable pink Glyptal hair highlights and mini clevis pin piercings.
K0DD, WA4CZD, K0PV and 2 others like this.
I very much enjoyed reading this brief history of World Radio Labs. There was much I didn't know, even after all these decades. Thanks for making this available.
It's pretty cool that WRL manufactured their own ham gear designs but also sold some competing gear.
Not related to that ... I just remembered that I also have a WLR Comet Kit Signal Slicer self-powered Q-multiplier. I've never seen another one, though I have seen an old ad for one. It is slated to be put back to work taming a Hallicrafters S-40B as soon as the RX gets off the bench.
looking at the rows and rows of parts. A true Home Brewers heaven.
Great article! I had back when my first real HF SSB Xcvr, the GT-500A, Remote VFO, PS and Speaker. Cut my teeth on working DX with that set up with inverted vee antenna. Opened the door for more to come. Great radio, wish I still had it.
That's a nice article... Thanks for the memory John.
The Gran Masters of early amateur radio entrepreneurship... Retailers like Ward Jensen ECI, Terry Sterman AES, and Leo Meyerson WRL... I met Leo in '75 while living in Omaha. He'd thrown his golf clubs or equivalent atop the 40 meter phasing lines in the trunk of his Cadillac and had broken a lead off an antenna. Quick fix... Lived a long life for sure.