text:
Royal Flying Corps
Title: Royal Flying Corps
Subject: 1916 in aviation, John Salmond, David Henderson (British Army officer), Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard, Lionel Charlton
Collection: 1912 Establishments in the United Kingdom, Aviation History of the United Kingdom, Military Units and Formations Disestablished in 1918, Military Units and Formations Established in 1912, Royal Flying Corps
13 April 1912 – 1 April 1918
3,300 aircraft (1918)
merged into RAF, 1918
Sir David Henderson
H M Trenchard
The Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was the air arm of the British Army before and during the First World War, until it merged with the Royal Naval Air Service on 1 April 1918 to form the Royal Air Force. During the early part of the war, the RFC supported the British Army, by artillery co-operation and photographic reconnaissance. This work gradually led RFC pilots into aerial battles with German pilots and later in the war included the strafing of enemy infantry and emplacements, the bombing of German military airfields and later the strategic bombing of German industrial and transportation facilities.
At the start of World War I the RFC, commanded by Brigadier-General Sir David Henderson, consisted of five squadrons – one observation balloon squadron (RFC No 1 Squadron) and four aeroplane squadrons. These were first used for aerial spotting on 13 September 1914, but only became efficient when they perfected the use of wireless communication at Aubers Ridge on 9 May 1915. Aerial photography was attempted during 1914, but again only became effective the next year. By 1918, photographic images could be taken from 15,000 feet, and interpreted by over 3,000 personnel. Parachutes were not available to pilots of the RFC's heavier-than-air craft – nor were they used by the RAF during the First World War – although the Calthrop Guardian Angel parachute (1916 model) was officially adopted just as the war ended. By this time parachutes had been used by balloonists for three years.[1][2]
On 17 August 1917, South African General Jan Smuts presented a report to the War Council on the future of air power. Because of its potential for the 'devastation of enemy lands and the destruction of industrial and populous centres on a vast scale', he recommended a new air service be formed that would be on a level with the Army and Royal Navy. The formation of the new service would, moreover, make the under-utilised men and machines of the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) available for action across the Western Front, as well as ending the inter-service rivalries that at times had adversely affected aircraft procurement. On 1 April 1918, the RFC and the RNAS were amalgamated to form a new service, the Royal Air Force (RAF). The RAF was under the control of the new Air Ministry. After starting in 1914 with some 2,073 personnel, by the start of 1919 the RAF had 4,000 combat aircraft and 114,000 personnel in some 150 squadrons.
Origin and early history 1
Ranks in the RFC 2
Structure and growth 4
Squadrons 4.1
Wings 4.2
Brigades 4.3
Stations 4.4
United Kingdom 4.4.1
Canada 4.4.2
Other locations 4.4.3
First World War 5
1914–15 – Initial actions with the British Expeditionary Force 5.1
Markings 5.2
Roles and responsibilities 5.3
Wireless telegraphy and photo-reconnaissance 5.3.1
Artillery observation 5.3.2
Covert operations 5.3.3
Aerial bombardment 5.3.4
Ground attack—army support 5.3.5
Home defence 5.3.6
Saint-Omer 5.4
Trenchard in command in France 5.5
Italy 5.7
Other theatres of operations 5.8
Amalgamation with the RNAS 5.10
Recruitment and training 6
Parachutes 7
End of the war 8
Commanders and personnel 9
Commanders 9.1
Some members of the RFC 9.2
Militarily prominent 9.2.1
Otherwise prominent 9.2.2
Fictional representations of the RFC 10
Novels and short stories 10.1
Film and TV 10.2
Origin and early history
Royal Flying Corps cap badge
With the growing recognition of the potential for aircraft as a cost-effective method of reconnaissance and artillery observation, the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers became the Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps a month later on 13 May.
The Flying Corps' initial allowed strength was 133 officers, and by the end of that year it had 12 manned balloons and 36 aeroplanes. The RFC originally came under the responsibility of Brigadier-General Henderson, the Director of Military Training, and had separate branches for the Army and the Navy. Major Sykes commanded the Military Wing[3] and Commander C R Samson commanded the Naval Wing.[4] The Royal Navy however, with different priorities to that of the Army and wishing to retain greater control over its aircraft, formally separated its branch and renamed it the Royal Naval Air Service on 1 July 1914, although a combined central flying school was retained.
The RFC's motto was Per ardua ad astra ("Through adversity to the stars"). This remains the motto of the Royal Air Force (RAF) and other Commonwealth air forces.
The RFC's first fatal crash was on 5 July 1912 near Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain. Killing Captain Eustace B. Loraine and his observer, Staff Sergeant R.H.V. Wilson, flying from Larkhill Aerodrome. An order was issued after the crash stating "Flying will continue this evening as usual", thus beginning a tradition.
In August 1912 RFC Lieutenant Wilfred Parke RN became the first aviator to be observed to recover from an accidental spin when the Avro G cabin biplane, with which he had just broken a world endurance record, entered a spin at 700 feet above ground level at Larkhill . Four months later on 11 December 1912 Parke was killed when the Handley Page monoplane in which he was flying from Hendon to Oxford crashed.
Ranks in the RFC
RFC Ranks, Military Wing (13th April 1912)[5]
Major-General [1917] Division Commander
Brigadier-General [1915] Brigade Commander
Lieutenant-Colonel [1914] Wing Commander
Major Squadron Commander
Captain Flight Commander, Recording Officer, Equipment Officer, Transport Officer
Lieutenant Pilot, Observer, Recording Officer, Armament Officer, Equipment Officer, Wireless Officer
2nd Lieutenant Pilot-in-Training, Pilot; Observer-in-Training, Observer
Cadet Pilot in Training; Observer in Training
Warrant Officer I [1915] Sergeant Major
Warrant Officer II [1915] Quartermaster Sergeant
Flight Sergeant Chief Mechanic
Sergeant Armourer, Fitter, Rigger, Gear Mechanic
Corporal Fitter, Rigger
Air Mechanic 1st Class Armourer, Acetylene Welder, Blacksmith, Coppersmith, Tinsmith, Engine Fitter, Gear Mechanic, Aircraft Rigger, Electrician, Magneto-Repairer, Fitter, Machinist, Sailmaker
(Lance Corporal)
Air Mechanic 2nd Class Armourer, Acetylene Welder, Blacksmith, Coppersmith, Tinsmith, Engine Fitter, Gear Mechanic, Aircraft Rigger, Electrician, Magneto-Repairer, Fitter, Machinist, Sailmaker
Private 1st Class Driver
Air Mechanic 3rd Class Armourer, Acetylene Welder, Blacksmith, Coppersmith, Tinsmith, Engine Fitter, Gear Mechanic, Aircraft Rigger, Electrician, Magneto-Repairer, Fitter, Machinist, Sailmaker
Private 2nd Class Driver
Aircraft used during the war by the RFC included:
Airco DH 2, DH 4, DH 5, DH 6, and DH 9
Armstrong-Whitworth F.K.8
Avro 504
Bristol's Bristol Scout single-seat fighter, F2A and F2B Fighter two-seaters
Handley Page O/400
Martinsyde G.100
Morane-Saulnier Bullet Biplane Parasol
Nieuport Scout 17, 24, 27
Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2a, B.E.2b, B.E.2c, B.E.2e, B.E.12, F.E.2b, F.E.8, R.E.8, S.E5a
Sopwith Aviation Company 1½ Strutter, Pup, Triplane, Camel, Dolphin
Vickers FB5
Structure and growth
RFC Bleriot XI monoplanes at Netheravon, 1914
On its inception in 1912 the Royal Flying Corps initially consisted of a Military and a Naval Wing with the Military Wing consisting of three squadrons each commanded by a major. The Naval Wing, with fewer pilots and aircraft than the Military Wing, did not organise itself into squadrons until 1914 separating itself from the RFC that same year. In November 1914 the Royal Flying Corps, even taking the loss of the Naval Wing into account, had expanded sufficiently to warrant the creation of wings consisting of two or more squadrons. These wings were commanded by lieutenant-colonels. In October 1915 the Royal Flying Corps had undergone further expansion which justified the creation of brigades, each commanded by a brigadier-general. Further expansion led to the creation of divisions, with the Training Division being established in August 1917 and RFC Middle East, being raised to divisional status in December 1917. Additionally, although the Royal Flying Corps in France was never titled as a division, by March 1916 it comprised several brigades and its commander (Trenchard) had received a promotion to major-general giving it in effect divisional status. Finally, the air raids on London and the south-east of England led to the creation of the London Air Defence Area in August 1917[6] under the command of Ashmore who was promoted to major-general.
Two of the first three RFC squadrons were formed from the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers: No. 1 Company (a balloon company) becoming No. 1 Squadron, RFC, and No. 2 Company (a 'heavier than air' company) becoming No. 3 Squadron, RFC. A second heavier-than-air squadron, No. 2 Squadron, RFC, was also formed on the same day.
No. 4 Squadron, RFC was formed from No. 2 Sqn in August 1912, and No. 5 Squadron, RFC from No. 3 Sqn in July 1913.
By the end of March 1918, the Royal Flying Corps comprised some 150 squadrons.
The composition of an RFC squadron varied depending on its designated role, although the Commanding Officer was usually a Major (in a largely non-operational role), with the Squadron 'Flights' (annotated A, B, C etc.) the basic tactical and operational unit, each commanded by a Captain. A 'Recording Officer' (of Captain/Lieutenant rank) would act as Intelligence Officer and Adjutant, commanding two or three NCOs and ten other ranks in the Administration section of the Squadron. Each flight contained on average between six to ten pilots (and a corresponding number of observers, if applicable) with a Senior Sergeant and thirty-six other ranks (as fitters, riggers, metalsmiths, armourers, etc.). The average squadron also had on complement an Equipment Officer, Armaments Officer (each with five other ranks) and a Transport Officer, in charge of twenty-two other ranks. The Squadron transport establishment typically included 1 car, 5 light tenders, 7 heavy tenders, 2 repair lorries, 8 motorcycles and 8 trailers.[7]
Wings in the Royal Flying Corps consisted of a number of squadrons.
When the Royal Flying Corps was established it was intended to be a joint service and given the rivalry that existed between the British Army and Royal Navy certain new terminology was thought necessary in order to avoid marking the Corps out as having a particularly Army or Navy ethos. Accordingly, the Corps was originally split into two wings: a Military Wing (i.e. an army wing) and a Naval Wing. By 1914, the Naval Wing had become the Royal Naval Air Service, having gained its independence from the Royal Flying Corps.
By November 1914 the Flying Corps had significantly expanded and it was felt necessary to create organizational units which would control collections of squadrons; the term "wing" was re-used for these new organizational units.
The Military Wing was abolished and its units based in Great Britain were re-grouped as the Administrative Wing.[8] The RFC squadrons in France were grouped under the newly established 1st Wing and the 2nd Wing. The 1st Wing was assigned to the support of the 1st Army whilst the 2nd Wing supported the 2nd Army
As the Flying Corps grew so did the number of wings. The 3rd Wing was established on 1 March 1915 and on 15 April the 5th Wing came into existence. By August that year the 6th Wing had been created and in November 1915 a 7th Wing and 8th Wing had also been stood up. Additional wings continued to be created throughout World War I in line with the incessant demands for air units. The last RFC wing to be created was the 54th Wing in March 1918 just prior to the creation of the RAF.[9]
Following Sir David Henderson's return from France to the War Office in August 1915, he submitted a scheme to the Army Council which was intended to expand the command structure of the Flying Corps. The Corps' wings would be grouped in pairs to form brigades and the commander of each brigade would hold the temporary rank of brigadier-general. The scheme met with Lord Kitchener's approval and although some staff officers opposed it, the scheme was adopted.[10]
The following brigades were established (the date of establishment is shown in parentheses):
I Brigade (16 January 1916)
II Brigade (23 October 1915)
III Brigade (16 January 1916)
IV Brigade (1 April 1916)
V Brigade (15 December 1915)
VI Brigade (15 January 1916)
Middle East Brigade (1 July 1916)
Palestine Brigade (5 October 1917)
VII Brigade (October 1917)
Training Brigade (Middle East) (14 December 1917)
VIII Brigade (28 December 1917)
The IX, X and XI brigades were formed as part of the Royal Air Force and never existed as RFC formations.
Current County
RFC Andover 1917 1918 Hampshire England British Army Headquarters
Ashington 1916 1918 Northumberland England
Baldonnel 1917 1918 Dublin Ireland Headquarters Irish Air Corps
Beaulieu 1915 1918 Hampshire England
Beaumont Landing Ground 1916 1916 Essex England
Bekesbourne 1916 1918 Kent England
Beverley 1916 1918 Yorkshire England Beverley Racecourse[11]
RFC Bicester 1917 1918 Oxfordshire England Bicester Airfield
RFC Biggin Hill 1916 1918 Greater London England London Biggin Hill Airport
Bournes Green Landing Ground 1917 1917 Essex England
Bracebridge Heath Landing Ground 1916 1918 Lincolnshire England
Braceby 1916 1918 Lincolnshire England
Braintree Landing Ground 1917 1918 Essex England
Brattlesby 1916 1918 Lincolnshire England RAF Scampton (flying)
Brooklands Landing Ground 1914 1918 Surrey England
Broomfield Court 1916 1916 Essex England
Buckminster 1916 1918 Lincolnshire England
Burnham-on-Crouch Landing Ground 1916 1916 Essex England
Bury St Edmunds 1916 1916 Suffolk England
RFC Castle Bromwich 1918 1918 West Midlands England Industry/ Housing
RFC Catterick 1914 1918 North Yorkshire England Marne Barracks
Chattis Hill 1917 1918 Hampshire England
RFC Chiddingstone Causeway 1916 1918 Kent England Open land
RFC Doncaster 1916 1918 South Yorkshire England Doncaster Racecourse
RFC Elsham 1916 1918 North Lincolnshire England Farmland
RFC Finningley 1915 1918 South Yorkshire England Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield
RFC Ford Junction 1917 1918 West Sussex England Industry
RFC Halton 1914 1918 Buckinghamshire England RAF Halton (flying)
RFC Harpswell 1916 1918 Lincolnshire England Farmland/ Museum
RFC Hooton Park 1917 1918 Merseyside England Industry/ Museum
RFC Hylton 1916 1918 Tyne and Wear England Industry
RFC Kenley 1917 1918 Greater London England Kenley Aerodrome
RFC Lake Down 1917 1919 Wiltshire England Open land
Larkhill 1912 1914 Wiltshire England (MoD land) – Artillery training
RFC Manston 1915 1918 Kent England Manston Airport
RFC Marham 1916 1918 Norfolk England RAF Marham (flying)
RFC Martlesham 1916 1918 Suffolk England Housing
RFC Molesworth 1917 1918 Cambridgeshire England RAF Molesworth (non-flying)
RFC Northolt 1915 1918 Greater London England RAF Northolt (flying)
RFC North Weald 1916 1918 Essex England North Weald Airport
RFC Netheravon 1913 1918 Wiltshire England AAC Netheravon
RFC Perton 1916 1918 Staffordshire England Housing
RFC Red House Farm 1917 1918 Wiltshire England MoD Boscombe Down (flying)
RFC Rochford 1915 1918 Essex England London Southend Airport
RFC Stow Maries 1917 1918 Essex England Museum (Airfield)
RFC Shawbury 1917 1918 Shropshire England RAF Shawbury (flying)
RFC Sutton's Farm 1915 1918 Greater London England Housing/ Open land
RFC Upavon 1912 1918 Wiltshire England RAF Upavon (flying)
RFC Upper Heyford 1916 1918 Oxfordshire England Heyford Park
RFC Waddington 1916 1918 Lincolnshire England RAF Waddington (flying)
RFC Stamford 1916 1918 Lincolnshire England RAF Wittering (flying)
RFC Wyton 1916 1918 Cambridgeshire England RAF Wyton (flying)
RFC Yatesbury 1916 1918 Wiltshire England Farmland/ Museum
RFC Ayr 1917 1918 South Ayrshire Scotland Ayr Racecourse
Bogton 1917 1918 Ayrshire Scotland
RFC Montrose 1913 1918 Angus Scotland Industry/ open land/ Museum
RFC Stirling 1916 1918 Stirling Scotland Farmland
RFC Turnhouse 1915 1918 City of Edinburgh Scotland Edinburgh Airport
RFC West Fenton 1917 1918 East Lothian Scotland Industry/ Museum
The Royal Flying Corps Canada was established by the RFC in 1917 to train aircrew in Canada. Air stations were established in southern Ontario at the following locations:
Camp Borden 1917–1918
Armour Heights Field 1917–1918 (pilot training, School of Special Flying to train instructors)
Leaside Aerodrome 1917–1918 (Artillery Cooperation School)
Long Branch Aerodrome 1917–1918
Curtiss School of Aviation (flying-boat station with temporary wooden hangar on the beach at Hanlan's Point on Toronto Island 1915–1918; main school, airstrip and metal hangar facilities at Long Branch)
Camp Rathbun, Deseronto 1917–1918 (pilot training)
Camp Mohawk (now Tyendinaga (Mohawk) Airport) 1917-1918 – located at the Tyendinaga Indian Reserve (now Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory) near Belleville 1917–1918 (pilot training)
Hamilton (Armament School) 1917–1918
Beamsville Camp (School of Aerial Fighting) 1917-1918 - located at 4222 Saan Road in Beamsville, Ontario; hangar remains and property now used by Global Horticultural Incorporated
St-Omer, France 1914–1918 (headquarters) - now Saint-Omer-Wizernes Airport and site of British Air Services Memorial
Ismailia, Egypt (training) - now Al Ismailiyah Air Base
Aboukir, Egypt 1916–1918 (training)
Abu Sueir, Egypt ?-1918 (No. 4 flight training school) - likely site of the current Abu Suwayr Air Base, used by RAF during World War II
El Ferdan, Egypt (training – No. 17 TDS)
El Rimal, Egypt (training – No. 19 TDS) - later as RAF El Amiriya and now abandoned (after World War II)
Camp Taliaferro, North Texas, USA 1917–1918 (training) - sites now either residential development or commercial/industrial parks
Recruiting poster
The RFC was also responsible for the manning and operation of observation balloons on the Western front. When the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) arrived in France in August 1914, it had no observation balloons and it was not until April 1915 that the first balloon company was on strength, albeit on loan from the French Aérostiers. The first British unit arrived 8 May 1915, and commenced operations during the Battle of Aubers Ridge. Operations from balloons thereafter continued throughout the war. Highly hazardous in operation, a balloon could only be expected to last a fortnight before damage or destruction. Results were also highly dependent on the expertise of the observer and was subject to the weather conditions. In order to keep the balloon out of the range of artillery fire, it was necessary to locate the balloons some distance away from the front line or area of military operations. However, the stable platform offered by a kite-balloon made it more suitable for the cameras of the day than an aircraft.
For the first half of the war, as with the land armies deployed, the French air force vastly outnumbered the RFC, and accordingly did more of the fighting. Despite the primitive aircraft, aggressive leadership by RFC commander Hugh Trenchard and the adoption of a continually offensive stance operationally in efforts to pin the enemy back led to many brave fighting exploits and high casualties – over 700 in 1916, the rate worsening thereafter, until the RFC's nadir in April 1917 ; dubbed 'Bloody April'.
This aggressive if costly doctrine did however provide the Army General Staff with vital and up-to-date intelligence on German positions and numbers through continual photographic and observational reconnaissance though the entire war.
1914–15 – Initial actions with the British Expeditionary Force
At the start of the war, numbers Netheravon on the way to rendezvous with the rest of the RFC near Dover.[12] Skene had been the first Englishman to do a loop in an aeroplane.
On 13 August 1914, 2, 3, and 4 Squadrons, comprising 60 machines, departed from Dover for the British Expeditionary Force in France and 5 Squadron joined them a few days later. The aircraft took a route across the English Channel from Dover to Boulogne, then followed the French coast to the Bay of the Somme and followed the river to Amiens. When the BEF moved forward to Maubeuge the RFC accompanied them. On 19 August the Corps undertook its first action of the war, with two of its aircraft performing aerial reconnaissance. The mission was not a great success; to save weight each aircraft carried a pilot only instead of the usual pilot and observer. Because of this, and poor weather, both of the pilots lost their way and only one was able to complete his task.
On 22 August 1914, the first British aircraft to be shot down by the Germans was lost. The crew, pilot Avro 504 over Belgium were killed by infantry fire.[13][14] Also on 22 August 1914, Captain L E O Charlton (Observer) and his Pilot, Lieutenant Vivian Hugh Nicholas Wadham made the crucial observation of the 1st German Army's approach towards the flank of the British Expeditionary Force. This allowed the BEF Commander-in-Chief Field Marshal Sir John French to realign his front and save his army around Mons.
Next day, the RFC found itself fighting in the Battle of Mons and two days after that, gained its first air victory. On 25 August Lt C. W. Wilson and Lt C. E. C. Rabagliati forced down a German Etrich Taube, which had approached their aerodrome while they were refuelling their Avro 504. Another RFC machine landed nearby and the RFC observer chased the German pilot into nearby woods. After the Great Retreat from Mons, the Corps fell back to the Marne where in September, the RFC again proved its value by identifying von Kluck's First Army's left wheel against the exposed French flank. This information was significant as the First Army's manoeuvre allowed French forces to make an effective counter-attack at the Battle of the Marne.
Sir John French's (the British Expeditionary Force commander) first official dispatch on 7 September included the following: "I wish particularly to bring to your Lordships' notice the admirable work done by the Royal Flying Corps under Sir David Henderson. Their skill, energy, and perseverance has been beyond all praise. They have furnished me with most complete and accurate information, which has been of incalculable value in the conduct of operations. Fired at constantly by friend and foe, and not hesitating to fly in every kind of weather, they have remained undaunted throughout. Further, by actually fighting in the air, they have succeeded in destroying five of the enemy's machines."
Early in the war RFC aircraft were not marked with any cockade (roundel) marking, with the colours reversed (blue circle outermost). Contrary to usual French practice, it was applied to the fuselage sides as well as the wings. To avoid friendly attack, the rudders of RFC aircraft were painted to match the French, with the blue, white and red stripes — going from the forward (rudder hingeline) to aft (trailing edge) — of the tricolour. Later in the war, a night roundel was used for night flying aircraft, especially Handley Page O/400 heavy bombers, omitting the conspicuous white circle of the day marking.
Wireless telegraphy and photo-reconnaissance
Later in September, during the First Battle of the Aisne which followed, the RFC made use of wireless telegraphy to assist with artillery targeting and took aerial photographs for the first time.[15] From 16,000 feet a photographic plate could cover some 2 miles by 3 miles of front line in sharp detail. In 1915 Lieutenant-Colonel JTC Moore-Brabrazon designed the first practical aerial camera. These semi-automatic cameras became a high priority for the Corps and photo-reconnaissance aircraft were soon operational in numbers with the RFC. The camera was usually fixed to the side of the fuselage, or operated through a hole in the floor. The increasing need for surveys of the western front and its approaches made extensive aerial photography essential. Aerial photographs were exclusively used in compiling the British Army's highly detailed 1:10,000 scale maps introduced in mid-1915. Such were advances in aerial photography that the entire Somme Offensive of July—November 1916 was based on the RFC's air-shot photographs.
Artillery observation
One of the initial and most important uses of RFC aircraft was observing artillery fire behind the enemy front line at targets that could not be seen by ground observers. The fall of shot of artillery fire were easy enough for the pilot to see, providing he was looking in the right place at the right time; apart from this the problem was communicating corrections to the battery.
Development of procedures had been the responsibility of No 3 Squadron and the Royal Artillery in 1912–13. These methods usually depended on the pilot being tasked to observe the fire against a specific target and report the fall of shot relative to the target, the battery adjusted their aim, fired and the process was repeated until the target was effectively engaged. One early communication method was for the flier to write a note and drop it to the ground where it could be recovered but various visual signalling methods were also used. This meant the pilots had to observe the battery to see when it fired and see if it had laid out a visual signal using white marker panels on the ground.
The Royal Engineers' Air Battalion had pioneered experiments with wireless telegraphy in airships and aircraft before the RFC was created. Unfortunately the early transmitters weighed 75 pounds and filled a seat in the cockpit. This meant that the pilot had to fly the aircraft, navigate, observe the fall of the shells and transmit the results by morse code by himself. Also, the wireless in the aircraft could not receive. Originally only a special Wireless Flight attached to No. 4 Squadron RFC had the wireless equipment. Eventually this flight was expanded into No. 9 Squadron under Major Hugh Dowding. However, in early 1915 the Sterling lightweight wireless became available and was widely used. In 1915 each corps in the BEF was assigned a RFC squadron solely for artillery observation and reconnaissance duties. The transmitter filled the cockpit normally used by the observer and a trailing wire antenna was used which had to be reeled in prior to landing.
The RFC's wireless experiments under Major Herbert Musgrave, included research into how wireless telegraphy could be used by military aircraft. However, the most important officers in wireless development were Lieutenants Donald Lewis and Baron James in the RFC HQ wireless unit formed in France in September 1914. They developed both equipment and procedures in operational sorties.
An important development was the Zone Call procedure in 1915. By this time maps were 'squared' and a target location could be reported from the air using alphanumeric characters transmitted in Morse code. Batteries were allocated a Zone, typically a quarter of a mapsheet, and it was the duty of the RFC signallers on the ground beside the battery command post to pick out calls for fire in their battery's Zone. Once ranging started the airman reported the position of the ranging round using the clock code, the battery adjusted their firing data and fired again, and the process was repeated until the pilot observed a target or close round. The battery commander then decided how much to fire at the target.
The results were mixed. Observing artillery fire, even from above, requires training and skill. Within artillery units ground observers received mentoring to develop their skill, this was not available to RFC aircrew. There were undoubtedly some very skilled artillery observers in the RFC, but there were many who were not and there was a tendency for 'optimism bias' – reported target rounds that weren't. The procedures were also time consuming.
The ground stations were generally attached to heavy artillery units, such as Royal Garrison Artillery Siege Batteries and were manned by RFC wireless operators, such as Henry Tabor.[16] These wireless operators had to fend for themselves as their squadrons were situated some distance away and they were not posted to the battery they were colocated with. This led to concerns as to who had responsibility for them and in November 1916 squadron commanders had to be reminded "that it is their duty to keep in close touch with the operators attached to their command, and to make all necessary arrangements for supplying them with blankets, clothing, pay, etc" (Letter from Headquarters, 2nd Brigade RFC dated 18 November 1916 – Public Records Office AIR/1/864)
The wireless operators' work was often carried out under heavy artillery fire in makeshift dug-outs. The artillery batteries were important targets and antennas were a lot less robust than the guns, hence prone to damage requiring immediate repair. As well as taking down and interpreting the numerous signals coming in from the aircraft, the operator had to communicate back to the aircraft by means of cloth strips laid out on the ground or a signalling lamp to give visual confirmation that the signals had been received. The wireless communication was one way as no receiver was mounted in the aircraft and the ground station could not transmit. Details from:
By May 1916 306 aircraft and 542 ground stations were equipped with wireless.
An unusual mission for the RFC was the delivery of spies behind enemy lines. The first mission took place on the morning of 13 September 1915 and was not a success. The plane crashed, the pilot and spy were badly injured and they were both captured, (two years later the pilot, Captain T.W. Mulcahy-Morgan escaped and returned to England). Later missions were more successful. In addition to delivering the spies the RFC was also responsible for keeping them supplied with the carrier pigeons that were used to send reports back to base. In 1916 a Special Duty Flight was formed as part of the Headquarters Wing to handle these and other unusual assignments.
Aerial bombardment
The obvious potential for aerial bombardment of the enemy was not lost on the RFC, and despite the poor payload of early war aircraft, bombing missions were undertaken. Front line Squadrons (at the prompting of the more inventive pilots) devised several methods of carrying, aiming and dropping bombs. Lieutenant Conran of No 3 Squadron attacked an enemy troop column by dropping hand grenades over the side of his cockpit; the noise of the grenades caused the horses to stampede. At No 6 Squadron, Captain Louis Strange managed to destroy two canvas-covered trucks with home-made petrol bombs.
In March 1915 a bombing raid was flown, with Captain Strange flying a modified BE-2c to carry four 20 lb bombs on wing racks released by pulling a cable fitted in the cockpit. Attacking Courtrai railway station, Strange approached from low-level and hit a troop train causing 75 casualties. The same day Captain Carmichael of No 5 Squadron dropped a 100 lb bomb from a Martinsyde S1 on the railway junction at Menin. Days later, Lieutenant William Barnard Rhodes-Moorhouse of No 2 Squadron was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross after bombing Courtrai station in a BE2c.
In October 1917 No 41 Wing was formed to attack strategic targets in Germany. Consisting of No 55 Squadron (DH-4), No 100 (FE-2b) and No 16 (Naval) Squadron (Handley Page 0/100) the Wing was based at Ochey commanded by Lt-Colonel Cyril Newall. Its first attack was on Saarbrücken on 17 October with 11 DH-4s and a week later nine 0/100s carried out a night attack against factories in Saarbrücken, while 16 FE-2b's bombed railways nearby. Four aircraft failed to return. The Wing was expanded with the later addition of Nos 99 and 104 Squadrons, both flying the DH-4 into the Independent Air Force.
Ground attack—army support
Aircraft were increasingly engaged in ground attack operations as the war wore on, aimed at disrupting enemy forces at or near the front line and during offensives. While formal tactical bombing raids were planned and usually directed at specific targets, ground-attack was usually carried out by individual pilots or small flights against targets of opportunity. Although the fitted machine guns were the primary armament for ground attack, bomb racks holding 20 lb Cooper bombs were soon fitted to many single-seat aircraft. Ground attack sorties were carried out at very low altitude and were often highly effective, in spite of the primitive nature of the weaponry involved, compared with later conflicts. The moral effect on ground troops subjected to air attack could even be decisive. Such operations became increasingly hazardous for the attacking aircraft, as one hit from small arms fire could bring an aircraft down and troops learned deflection shooting to hit relatively slow moving enemy aeroplanes.
During the Battle of Messines in June 1917, Trenchard ordered the British crews to fly low over the lines and strafe all available targets. Techniques for Army and RFC co-operation quickly evolved and improved and during the Third Battle of Ypres over 300 aircraft from 14 RFC squadrons, including the Sopwith Camel, armed with four 9 kg (20 lb) bombs, constantly raided enemy trenches, troop concentrations, artillery positions and strongholds in co-operation with tanks and infantry.
The cost to the RFC was high, with a loss rate of ground attack aircraft approaching 30 percent. The first British production armoured type, the Sopwith Salamander, did not see service during the First World War.
Home defence
In the UK the RFC Home Establishment was not only responsible for training air and ground crews and preparing squadrons to deploy to France, but providing squadrons for home defence, countering the German Zeppelin raids and later Gotha raids. The RFC (and the Royal Naval Air Service) initially had limited success against the German raids, largely through the problem of locating the attackers and having aircraft of sufficient performance to reach the operating altitude of the German raiders.
With the bulk of the operational squadrons engaged in France few could be spared for home defence in the UK. Therefore, training squadrons were called on to supply home defence aircraft and aircrews for the duration of the war. Night flying and defence missions were often flown by instructors in aircraft deemed worn-out and often obsolete for front-line service, although the pilots selected as instructors were often among the most experienced in the RFC.
By December 1916 there were 11 RFC home defence squadrons, and by the end of the war 14 RAF Squadrons were established.
As the war moved into the period of the mobile warfare commonly called the Race to the Sea, the Corps moved forward again. On 8 October 1914 the RFC arrived in Saint-Omer and a headquarters was established at the aerodrome next to the local race course. Over the next few days the four squadrons arrived and for the next four years Saint-Omer was a focal point for all RFC operations in the field. Although most squadrons only used Saint-Omer as a transit camp before moving on to other locations, the base grew in importance as it increased its logistic support to the RFC.
Trenchard in command in France
Trenchard in the uniform of the Royal Flying Corps
Hugh Trenchard was the commander of the Royal Flying Corps in France from August 1915 until January 1918. Trenchard's time in command was characterised by three priorities. First was his emphasis on support to and co-ordination with ground forces. This support started with reconnaissance and artillery co-ordination and later encompassed tactical low-level bombing of enemy ground forces. While Trenchard did not oppose the strategic bombing of Germany in principle, he opposed moves to divert his forces on to long-range bombing missions as he believed the strategic role to be less important and his resource to be too limited. Secondly, he stressed the importance of morale, not only of his own airmen, but more generally the detrimental effect that the presence of an aircraft had upon the morale of opposing ground troops. Finally, Trenchard had an unswerving belief in the importance of offensive action. Although this belief was widely held by senior British commanders, the RFC's offensive posture resulted in the loss of many men and machines and some doubted its effectiveness.[17]
Before the Battle of the Somme (1916) the RFC mustered 421 aircraft, with 4 kite-balloon squadrons and 14 balloons. These made up four brigades, which worked with the four British armies. By the end of the Somme offensive in November 1916, the RFC had lost 800 aircraft and 252 aircrew killed (all causes) since July 1916, with 292 tons of bombs dropped and 19,000 Recce photographs taken.
As 1917 dawned the Allied Air Forces felt the effect of the German Air Force's increasing superiority in both organisation and equipment (if not numbers). The recently formed Jastas, equipped with the Albatros fighter, inflicted very heavy losses on the RFC's obsolescent aircraft, culminating in Bloody April, the nadir of the RFC's fortunes in World War I.
To support the Battle of Arras beginning on 9 April 1917, the RFC deployed 25 squadrons, totalling 365 aircraft, a third of which were fighters (scouts). The British lost 245 aircraft with 211 aircrew killed or missing & 108 as prisoners of war. The German Air Services lost just 66 aircraft from all causes.
By the summer of 1917, the introduction of the next generation of technically advanced combat aircraft (such as the SE5, Sopwith Camel and Bristol Fighter) ensured losses fell and damage inflicted on the enemy increased.
Close support and battlefield co-operation tactics with the British Army were further developed by November 1917, when low-flying fighter aircraft co-operated highly effectively with advancing columns of tanks and infantry during the Battle of Cambrai.
1917 saw 2,094 RFC aircrew killed in action or missing.
The disastrous defeat of the Italian Army by Austro-Hungarian and German forces in the Battle of Caporetto led to the transfer of 3 RFC Sopwith Camel fighter squadrons (28, 45 and 66), two two-seater squadrons (34 and 42, with RE8s) and No. 4 Balloon Wing to the Italian Front in November 1917. No. 139 Squadron (Bristol Fighters) were added in July 1918.
Other theatres of operations
RFC Squadrons were also deployed to the Middle East and the Balkans. In July 1916 the Middle-East Brigade of the RFC was formed under the command of Brigadier General W G H Salmond, concentrating RFC units based in Macedonia, Mesopotamia, Palestine and East Africa under one unified command. In the Middle East units had to make do with older, often obsolete equipment before being given more modern aircraft. The Palestine Brigade of the RFC was formed in October 1917 to support General Allenby's ground offensive against the Turks in Palestine.
Despite their relatively small numbers the RFC gave valuable assistance to the Army in the eventual defeat of Turkish forces in Palestine, Trans Jordan and Mesopotamia (Iraq).
The German Offensive in March 1918 was an all-out effort to win the war before the industrial and numerical might of the USA could be brought to bear on the Western Front. In the weeks following the launch of the attack, RFC crews flew unceasingly, with all types of aircraft bombing and strafing ground forces, often from extremely low level, meantime also bringing back vital reports of the fluid ground fighting.
The RFC contributed significantly to slowing the German advance and ensuring the controlled retreat of the Allied Armies did not turn into a rout. The battle reached its peak on 12 April, when the newly formed RAF dropped more bombs, and flew more missions that any other day during the war. The cost to halting the German advance was high however, with over 400 aircrew killed and 1000 aircraft lost to enemy action.
Amalgamation with the RNAS
On 17 August 1917, General Jan Smuts presented a report to the War Council on the future of air power. Because of its potential for the 'devastation of enemy lands and the destruction of industrial and populous centres on a vast scale', he recommended a new air service be formed that would be on a level with the Army and Royal Navy.
Surprisingly, Trenchard was opposed to a new service . He had always felt that the purpose of the RFC was to support the Army and the RNAS to support the Navy, leaving him worried that a new service wouldn't provide the same level of tactical battle field support. He was also concerned about the careers of the pilots. Because of the high demands on RFC pilots many of them became burned out and were unable to continue in combat. Since pilots were seconded to the RFC from other regiments they could return to those units once they were no longer able to fly. In a separate service this would no longer be an option. The formation of the new service however would make the underutilised men and machines of the RNAS available for action across the Western Front, as well as ending the interservice rivalries that at times had adversely affected aircraft procurement.
On 1 April 1918, the RFC and the RNAS were amalgamated to form a new service, the Royal Air Force. The RAF was under the control of the new Air Ministry. After starting in 1914 with some 2,073 personnel by the start of 1919 the RAF had 4,000 combat aircraft and 114,000 personnel.
Many pilots were initially seconded to the RFC from their original regiments by becoming an observer. Some RFC ground crew (often NCO's or below) also volunteered for these flying duties as they then received supplementary flying pay. There was no formal training for observers until 1917 and many were sent on their first sortie with only a brief introduction to the aircraft from the pilot. Once certified as fully qualified the observer was awarded the coveted half-wing brevet. Once awarded this could not be forfeited so it essentially amounted to a decoration. Originally in the RFC, as in most early air forces, the observer was nominally in command of the aircraft with the pilot having the role of a "chauffeur". In practice, this was reversed at an early stage in the RFC, so that the pilot normally commanded the aircraft. Most operational two seaters of the period did not have dual controls (an exception was the F.K. 8), so that the death or incapacity of the pilot normally meant an inevitable crash – but nonetheless many observers gained at least rudimentary piloting skills, and it was very common for experienced observers to be selected for pilot training.
Applicant for aircrew generally entered the RFC as a cadet via the depot pool for basic training. The cadet would then generally pass on to the School of Military Aeronautics at either Reading or Oxford. Following this period of theoretical learning the cadet was posted to a Training Squadron, either in the UK or overseas.
Colonel Robert Smith-Barry, a former CO of 60 Squadron, appalled at the poor standard of newly trained pilots and high fatality rate during training in 1915–16, formulated a comprehensive curriculum for pilot training, and with the agreement of Trenchard, returned to the UK to implement his training ethos at Gosport in 1917. The immediate effect was to halve fatalities in training. The curriculum was based on a combination of classroom theory and dual flight instruction. Students were not to be discouraged from potentially dangerous manoeuvres but were exposed to them in a controlled environment so that the student could learn to safely rectify errors of judgement.
Dual flying training usually weeded out those not suitable for flying training ( approximately 45% of the initial class intake) before the remaining cadets were taught in the air by an instructor ( initially a 'tour-expired' pilot sent for a rest from an operational squadron in France, without any specific training on how to instruct). After flying 10 to 20 hours dual instruction, the pupil would be ready to 'go solo'.
In May 1916 pilots under instruction were further trained for fighting in the air. Schools of special flying were set up at Turnberry, Marske, Sedgeforth, Feiston, East Fortune and Ayr, where finished pilots could simulate combat flying under the supervision of veteran instructors.[18]
During 1917 experienced pilots were redeployed from the Sinai and Palestine Campaign to set up a new flying school and train pilots in Egypt and staff another in Australia.[19] Seven training squadrons were eventually established in Egypt at five training depot stations.
In 1917, the American, British, and Canadian Governments agreed to join forces for training. Between April 1917 and January 1919, Camp Borden in Ontario hosted instruction on flying, wireless, air gunnery and photography, training 1,812 RFC Canada pilots and 72 for the United States. Training also took place at several other Ontario locations.
During winter 1917–18, RFC instructors trained with the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps on three airfields in the United States accommodating about six thousand men, at Camp Taliaferro near Fort Worth, Texas. Training was hazardous; 39 RFC officers and cadets died in Texas. Eleven remain there, reinterred in 1924 at a Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery where a monument honours their sacrifice.
As the war drew on the RFC increasingly drew on men from across the British Empire including South Africa, Canada and Australia. As well as individual personnel, the separate Australian Flying Corps (AFC) deployed Nos 1, 2, 3 and 4 Squadrons AFC (which the RFC referred to as 67, 68, 69 and 71 Squadrons). Over 200 Americans joined the RFC before the United States became a combatant. Eventually Canadians made up nearly a third of RFC aircrew.
Although as the war progressed and training became far safer, by the end of the war, some 8,000 had been killed while training or in flying accidents.[18]
Parachuting from balloons and aircraft, with very few accidents, had been a popular "stunt" for several years before the war. In 1915 inventor Everard Calthrop offered the RFC his patented parachute. On 13 January 1917, Captain Clive Collett, a New Zealander, made the first British military parachute jump from a heavier-than-air craft. The jump, from 600 feet, was successful but although parachutes were issued to the crews of observation balloons, the higher authorities in the RFC and the Air Board were opposed to the issuing of parachutes to pilots of heavier-than-air craft. It was felt at the time that a parachute might tempt a pilot to abandon his aircraft in an emergency rather than continuing the fight. The parachutes of the time were also heavy and cumbersome, and the added weight was frowned upon by some experienced pilots as it adversely affected aircraft with already marginal performance. It was not until 16 September 1918 that an order was issued for all single-seater aircraft to be fitted with parachutes, and this did not eventuate until after the war.[2]
At the end of the war there were 5,182 pilots in service (just 2% of the RAF). In comparison, the casualties from the RFC/RNAS/RAF for 1914–18 totalled 9,378 killed or missing, with 7,245 wounded. Some 900,000 flying hours on operations were logged, and 6,942 tons of bombs dropped. The RFC claimed some 7,054 German aircraft and balloons either destroyed, sent 'down out of control' or 'driven down'.[20]
Eleven RFC members received the Victoria Cross during the First World War. Initially the RFC did not believe in publicising the victory totals and exploits of their Aces. Eventually however, public interest and the newspapers' demand for heroes lead to this policy being abandoned, with the feats of aces such as Captain Albert Ball raising morale in the service as well as on the "home front".
For a short time after the formation of the RAF, pre-RAF ranks such as Lieutenant, Captain and Major continued to exist, a practice which officially ended on 15 September 1919. For this reason some early RAF memorials and gravestones show ranks which no longer exist in the modern RAF. A typical example is James McCudden's grave, though there are many others.
Commanders and personnel
Maj Gen H M Trenchard in 1917, by William Orpen
Lt Gen Sir David Henderson, during the latter part of the War.
The following had command of the RFC in the field:[1]
Major General Sir David Henderson, 5 August 1914 – 22 November 1914
Colonel (temporary) (later Air Vice-Marshal) F H Sykes, 22 November 1914 – 20 December 1914[21]
Major General Sir David Henderson, 20 December 1914 – 19 August 1915
Brigadier General, later Major General, H M Trenchard, 25 August 1915 – 3 January 1918
Major General J M Salmond, 18 January 1918 – 4 January 1919 (including period as General Officer Commanding the RAF in the field)
The following served as chief of staff for the RFC in the field:[2]
5 August to 22 November 1914 Major Frederick Sykes
Post vacant
20 December 1914 to 26 May 1915 Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Sykes
26 May 1915 to 12 March 1916 Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Brooke-Popham
19 March 1916 to 16 October 1916 Colonel Philip Game
1 April 1918 to 25 November 1918 Brigadier General Francis Festing (RAF not RFC)
Some members of the RFC
Militarily prominent
Alfred Atkey – high scoring ace
William George Barker – high scoring ace
Albert Ball, VC – high scoring ace with 44 victories
Billy Bishop, VC – First or Second (see also Edward Mannock, below) highest scoring British Empire flying ace of World War I
Donald Cunnell – high scoring ace
Hugh Dowding later commander of RAF Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain
Air Marshal Sir Arthur Harris ("Bomber" Harris) later commander of RAF Bomber Command
Lanoe Hawker VC, DSO, first British Air Ace, killed in action by the "Red Baron" Manfred von Richthofen
Air Marshal RCAF
James McCudden – VC – high scoring ace with 57 victories
George McElroy – high scoring ace
Donald MacLaren – high scoring ace
Edward Mannock – VC – Although his score is disputed, often acknowledged as the highest scoring British Empire ace
John Moore-Brabazon 1st Lord Brabazon of Tara, later Minister of Aircraft Production under Winston Churchill
Keith Park commander of Nº11 Group, Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain
Noel Stephen Paynter – later chief intelligence officer of RAF Bomber Command
Sir Charles Portal Chief of Air Staff throughout most of the Second World War
Henry Tizard, British scientist and inventor, chairman of the Aeronautical Research Committee 1933–44.
Hugh Trenchard – commander of RFC and later Chief of the Air Staff
Otherwise prominent
Vernon Castle, famous ballroom dancer
O. G. S. Crawford later Archaeology Officer of the Ordnance Survey
Air Vice-Marshal Sir William Cushion, RAF and BOAC.
Charles Galton Darwin F.R.S., grandson of Charles Darwin
Karl Brooks Heisey, mining engineer and executive
Jack Hobbs, cricketer
W. E. Johns, author of the Biggles books
John Lennard-Jones, scientist
Cecil Lewis, author of Sagittarius Rising
Francis Peabody Magoun, Military cross winner 1918 and Harvard professor.
Oswald Mosley, founder of the British Union of Fascists
Malcolm Nokes, Olympic medal winner, schoolmaster and scientist
Mick O'Brien, footballer
Cuthbert Orde, war artist noted for portraits of Battle of Britain pilots
Phelps Phelps, 38th Governor of American Samoa and United States Ambassador to the Dominican Republic
Sir Charles Kingsford Smith, Australian aviation pioneer, first to cross the Pacific Ocean in 1928 using Fokker trimotor monoplane Southern Cross. First to cross the Atlantic Ocean west to east. First to cross the Tasman Sea also using the Southern Cross. He also set many records for flying solo between England and Australia and vice versa
Robert Smith-Barry, systematised the training of pilots and set up a formal curriculum of flying training (the "Gosport System") that was subsequently taken up worldwide
William Stephenson, Head of British Security Coordination during Second World War. Played key role in formation of the CIA. The first non-U.S. citizen to receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom
George Morgan Trefgarne, 1st Baron Trefgarne
Hubert Williams (1895-2002), last surviving Royal Flying Corps pilot. In 1995 on his 100th birthday he was allowed to take over the controls of a Concorde flying to New York.[22]
William Young, last surviving veteran of the Royal Flying Corps
Fictional representations of the RFC
Winged Victory by Victor M Yeates First World War pilot. His book was sought after by Battle of Britain pilots because of its authentic descriptions of aerial warfare. Published in 1934 by Jonathan Cape.
The Biggles series (1932–1999): a series of youth-oriented novels and short story collections by W. E. Johns (an RFC veteran)
The Bandy Papers (1962–2005): a series of novels by Donald Jack chronicling the exploits of a fighter ace, Bartholomew Wolfe Bandy
Goshawk Squadron (1971) and its prequels, by Derek Robinson
The Bloody Red Baron (1995): the second novel of the alternate-history Anno Dracula series by Kim Newman, which primarily follows the exploits of a unit of the RFC and their enemy rivals
Phoenix and Ashes (2004): a fantasy novel by Mercedes Lackey
Across the Blood-Red Skies (2010), by Robert Radcliffe
Hell's Angels (1930): a film directed by Howard Hughes, starring Jean Harlow
The Dawn Patrol (1938): a film directed by Edmund Goulding, starring Errol Flynn, Basil Rathbone and David Niven (a remake of a 1930 original).
"The Last Flight" (1960): an episode of The Twilight Zone TV series
Aces High (1976): a film directed by Jack Gold, starring Malcolm McDowell, Christopher Plummer and Simon Ward
Wings (1977–78): a BBC TV series
"Private Plane" (1989): an episode of the Blackadder TV series
The Hymn of Hate (1918)
RFC mess song recorded by Royal Flying Corps 2nd Lieut. Francis Stewart Briggs on 9 May 1918 at RFC "No. 1 School of Aerial Navigation and Bomb Dropping" Stonehenge, Wiltshire, UK.
Canadian Aviation Corps
Royal Canadian Naval Air Service
Australian Flying Corps
Union Defence Force
South African Aviation Corps
List of aircraft of the Royal Flying Corps
Royal Flying Corps squadrons
^ Beckett, p. 254.
^ a b Lee (1968) pp.219–225
^ The London Gazette: no. 28609. p. 3583. 17 May 1912. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
^ Air Ministry Weekly Order 109 (1921, reprint of 1923)
^ http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/milestones-of-flight/british_military/1917_2.cfm
^ http://www.rafweb.org/Wings2.htm
^ Raleigh 1922, p.286.
^ "Casualty Details:Vincent Waterfall". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
^ Jackson 1990, p.56.
^ The British Air Services Memorial at St Omer
^ "Henry Tabor's 1916 War Diary". Henry Tabor's 1916 War Diary. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
^ a b 'First of the Few', Denis Winter, 1982
^ Cutlack 1941 pp. 69–70
^ History of the RAF, Bowyer, 1977 (Hamlyn)
Royal Engineers Museum Origins of the Royal Flying Corps/Royal Air Force
Royal Engineers Museum Royal Engineers and Aeronautics
The Museum of Army Flying
http://www.theaerodrome.com/services/gbritain/rfc/
http://www.wwiaviation.com/toc.shtml
http://www.spartacus-educational.com/FWWRFC.htm
http://www.acepilots.com/wwi/br_mccudden.html
http://www.airforce.forces.ca/16wing/heritage/hist1_e.asp
Bermudian Great War Aviators
Silhouettes of Aeroplanes and Airships (RFC handbook, 1916)
RFC Wireless Operator's diary from 1916 Battle of the Somme
Air Battalion Royal Flying Corps
Military Wing (1912–18) and Naval Wing (1912–14)
On amalgamation with the RNAS
Early naval aviation
Aviation in World War I
People and aircraft
Aircraft of the Entente Powers
Aircraft of the Central Powers
Campaigns and battles
Strategic bombing
Bombing of cities
Aerial reconnaissance
Fokker Scourge
Flight over Vienna
Bloody April
Entente Powers air services
British air services
Royal Naval Air Service
Canadian Air Force (1918–20)
French Air Service
Imperial Russian Air Service
Royal Italian Air Corps
United States Army Air Service
Greek air services
Naval Air Service
Central Powers air services
Imperial German Air Service
Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops
Ottoman Aviation Squadrons
Bulgarian Army Aeroplane Section
Articles lacking in-text citations from May 2012
Use British English from November 2012
Use dmy dates from November 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007
Aviation history of the United Kingdom
Military units and formations disestablished in 1918
Military units and formations established in 1912
Eurofighter Typhoon, Royal Navy, Malta, Afghanistan, World War I
Royal Navy, Royal Engineers, Royal Logistic Corps, United Kingdom, Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force, Royal Navy, Royal Flying Corps, World War II, British Army
The London Gazette, Cannon, Nishan-e-Haider, Medal of Honor, Imperial War Museum
United Kingdom, Royal Air Force, Falklands War, First Sea Lord, Royal Marines
1916 In Aviation
Royal Flying Corps, England, United Kingdom, Paris, London
John Salmond
The London Gazette, Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, Geneva, Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard
David Henderson (British Army officer)
World War I, Royal Flying Corps, British Army, Royal Air Force, United Kingdom
Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard
Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, World War I, World War II, Westminster Abbey
Lionel Charlton
World War I, Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, London, England


Rather mellowed by long years in a male-dominated world of crafty politics, the 63-year-old actor-turned politician is yet supremely confident and assertive not just in her tone, but also in her substance as she unbundled one issue after another in a whirlwind campaign that began five days ago here.
On both sides of the road enroute her road map for the day, thousands of people gather for long hours waiting to have a glimpse of their leader, whose specially designed campaign van is an added attraction this time. Her friend Sasikala accompanies her all through.
In contrast to the earlier way of addressing the crowds from within her usual tempo traveller, a hydraulic chair fitted to the improvised vehicle now gives "Amma" a different campaign profile altogether. At any point where she wants to speak, the chair lifts her up slowly and gently into the open sky to give her a vantage point atop the vehicle that make her seem an icon. The squarish enclosure has an economy ceiling with tiny spotlights to illuminate her silhouette as Jayalalitha speaks.
Hundreds of youngsters out there waving colourful flags—including those of AIADMK allies like actor Vijayakant's DMDK, CPI, CPM, and Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazhagam among others—and cheering her smashing strokes against the ruling DMK with a big roar.
Targeting the M Karunanidhi-led DMK and its first family, she alleged that the ruling bigwigs annually made some Rs 50,000 crore from illegal sand mining and another Rs 80,000 crore from irregular granite quarrying. "We will end illegal mining, particularly in the Karur region," she claimed. And at most places, she rolls out the Rs 1.80 lakhs crore spectrum scam. "The DMK's first family started TV channels using kickbacks," she added.


When Haute Joaillerie and Haute Horlogerie join hands, you can go about completely naked and all eyes will still be fixed exclusively on the blinged up piece of jewelry embellishing your lucky wrist. The art of gem-setting complements the talent of watch-making, giving birth to bombastic watches disguised as diamond bracelets. The larger and brighter they are, the more they will be adored. However, "blinged up" doesn't necessarily mean stuffed with as many diamonds as they could fit in the dial and bezel. In most cases, it stands for the dazzling expression of a diamond cutter's mastery, a technical challenge worth thousands of hours of hard work to enliven fully iced delicious wrist candies.
It is more than a watch. It is a collection of precious diamonds. Is it practical? It does tell you the time, doesn't it? Although, we all know that's not why we buy them. They're only meant to be shown off. There's nothing catchier than everybody's favorite gemstone; diamonds. Mademoiselle Chanel once said that "If I chose diamonds, it is because they represent the greatest value in the smallest volume" and they are without doubt any girl's best friend. They are often boys' too, especially when they come in the form of wristwatches. All High Jewelry watchmakers target high-end buyers, but some have taken their business a step further. All records are meant to be broken, and that's exactly what the following watches are fighting for.
An expression of the successful union between high jewelry and fine watchmaking, Girard-Perregaux's Cat's Eye Tourbillon with Gold Bridge is a dazzling example of fine iced up watches dedicated to women. Over 1,000 snow-set diamonds adorn the masterpiece, a type of setting only a handful of artisans master, in which the setter trusts only his instincts without any drawing, giving birth to a unique creation. Boasting a hand-engraved mother-of-pearl dial, a white gold case adorned with diamonds, with fine oval silhouette, there are over 1,000 brilliant-cut diamonds and one rose-cut diamond for the crown, all bound together by a fine white alligator leather strap.
The most expensive Rolex ever is completely iced up and shines like a beacon. It might seem a bit pricey, but I can give you a few reasons that will convince you it's all worth it. The 18-karat white gold case is set with diamonds. Its 18-karat white gold bezel is also set with diamonds and guess what? The 18-karat white gold bracelet too is set with diamonds. What more? It boasts a one-of-a-kind diamond wave dial with dot-hour markers, all underneath a scratch resistant sapphire crystal. Plus, it's extremely rare, as the GMT Master II Mens Diamond Ice is a limited edition watch available on special request only. However, Brad Pitt and David Beckham both managed to get their hands on one.
Quite a technical challenge, Piaget Limelight Party Disco Ball is a watchmaking masterpiece reflecting light from all directions, just like a spinning disco ball. A bunch of white gold spheres make up a spectacular faceted ball, inspired by those retro disco balls we all love so much. Each and every 18-karat white gold sphere is individually cut and fitted in by hand, making every watch unique. A 1980′s emblem, the secret watch is finely disguised as a bracelet, and it only shows the time when you want it to, as the dial and hands glitter and glow as if they were playing hide and seek with time itself.
A perfectly-poised panther seems trapped inside the round bezel of one of Cartier's most blinged up watches. For all of you who love fine details without missing out on any of the ice, this fine watch depicts feline agility. The three-dimensional panther is secretly linked to the caliber, which makes the sophisticated diamond adorned cat seem to prowl around the deep-black mother-of-pearl dial. A bezel set with multiple rows of diamonds, an 18-karat white gold case set with 633 diamonds weighing 6.8 karats, and the sapphire crystal make the hand wound Swiss watch a perfect choice for any woman who simply wants to shine.
Precisely 597 baguette diamonds are skillfully set in 18-karat white gold. The bracelet links, dial center, and indexes show off black scratch-proof ceramic, which highlights the precious diamonds that make Chanel's J12 Haute Joaillerie fully iced up and ready to be praised. The bracelet, dial, bezel, and case are adorned in over 32 carats of diamonds. It took 1,400 hours just to cut the diamonds, and more than one year to complete the exquisite creation. Made to last an eternity from unalterable and exclusive materials, in the classic black and white, it is an interesting blend between refinement and blinged up details.
A staggering architectural creation that reads seductive elegance all over, Vacheron Constantin Kalla Lune stages a contemporary design with rounded, subtle yet intense shapes. Each diamond had to conform to strict criteria regarding purity, cut and color, the secret behind the watch's sublime harmony. There are 826 baguette-cut diamonds, 23 brilliant-cut diamonds, and one rose-cut diamond for the crown, all weighing a total of 42.61 karats. The 170 baguette-cut diamond paved dial features power reserve and moon phase indicators, all set in 18-karat white gold, boasting 22 rubies, and sophisticated alligator leather strap.
Counting 480 diamonds weighing a total of 58 karats decorate this superb example of watchmaking mastery. The luxury timepiece shows off an innovative brick-like arrangement of baguette-cut diamonds dial inside a clear sapphire crystal that makes the precious stones seem to leap out of the case. There are a total of 42 carats of diamonds set in the 18-karat white gold bracelet, and the 40mm white gold water resistant case. The classic round shape, diamond encrusted, full-set dial, and self-winding mens Blancpain Tourbillon Diamants is available only on request.
If you are in search of a one-of-a-kind wristwatch that will undoubtedly turn heads, look no more. Cartier's Secret Watch with Phoenix Decor boasts a dial concealed by a mystic phoenix, the perfect piece of bracelet-like Haute Joaillerie for the red carpet. Embellished by 3,010 brilliant-cut diamonds set in 18-karat rhodium-plated white gold, weighing a total of 80.13 karats, with emeralds as the phoenix's eyes, and one large pear-shaped and portrait-cut 3.53-karat diamond, this exceptional example of watchmaking and fine jewelry transcends time. They say the Phoenix rose from its own ashes, but nobody told us it would be so glamorous.
Not one, but two hidden watches, each revealed by pushing down on parts and crammed with over 1,200 diamonds can be owned for $3.3 million. The Emperador temple style Haute Horlogerie piece opens up twice to reveal a remarkable work of High Jewelry. There are 481 brilliant-cut diamonds, 207 baguette-cut diamonds, and one emerald-cut diamond, and that's just on the upper case. Open it to reveal a second watch with a tourbillon and a Polynesian mother-of-pearl dial adorned with 162 brilliant-cut diamonds and 11 baguette-cut diamonds. The bracelet alone boasts 350 baguette-cut diamonds. This one-of-a-kind timepiece was sold immediately after it was released and can now bespecially commissioned.
In December 2012, magazines went crazy when they found out that Beyonce bought hubby Jay Z a Hublot fully iced watch worth a jaw-dropping $5 million for his 43rd birthday. Unlike other High Jewelry pieces, where the gems have been selected prior to the design, which is then adapted to emphasize the precious stones, Hublot's $5 Million Big Bang began with a concept. The diamond cutters thought of a design, and only then did they begin their search for the best diamonds that could match the case, dial, and bracelet. It took 12 master cutters, five setters, and 14 months of hard work to finish the watch counting a total of 1,282 diamonds weighing over 100 karats. There are six square emerald-cut stones, each over 3 karats, 302 baguette diamonds set in the 18-karat white gold case, 179 baguette diamonds set in the 18-karat white gold dial, each piece carefully chosen to complement the other. Only one has been produced so far, and Jay Z's wrist is the lucky one to wear it.


text:
require File.expand_path("../../standalone_migrations", __FILE__)
StandaloneMigrations::Tasks.load_tasks

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


So because I live in a fantasy world Monday-Sunday during all of my waking and sleeping hours, I may or may not have forgotten that yesterday was Friday—hence, Fan Art Friday on a Saturday. Umm, yeah. I spent all day writing/rewriting/perpetually adding extra lines to an intense, time travel-heavy scene and got a teensy bit caught up in the awesomeness of it all.
So, now that the distraction has passed—that is, until I start writing again as soon as we're finished here—brace yourselves for some slightly spoily fan art that is, let's face it, drool worthy.
And in case you're wondering, the winners of the Chasing Shadows Celebration were all notified via social media last weekend, and their packages mailed out to them. I felt like Santa Claus wrapping up swag and signing copies of Chasing Shadows with special messages inside. For those of you who didn't win this time, fret not, dear Hooders! There will be plenty more opportunities to win Chasing Shadows and goodies again soon.


text:
Obelisk Orłów Śląskich – znajdujący się w śródmieściu Katowic pomnik upamiętniający miejsce, w którym wzniesiono przed II wojną światową gmach Muzeum Śląskiego.

Obelisk z rzeźbą przedstawiającą dwa zrywające się do lotu orły stoi w narożniku katowickiego placu Bolesława Chrobrego (róg ulic Jagiellońskiej i ul. Józefa Lompy). Jest symbolem powrotu Śląska do Macierzy. Przed II wojną światową w miejscu tym wzniesiono nowoczesny gmach Muzeum Śląskiego. Przygotowania do otwarcia muzeum przerwało nadejście okupacji niemieckiej. Budynek został wówczas rozebrany przez niemieckie władze okupacyjne. O dawnym gmachu muzeum informuje tablica pamiątkowa przy obelisku.

Zobacz też
 historia Katowic
 Pomnik Harcerzy Września w Katowicach
 Pomnik Józefa Piłsudskiego w Katowicach – znajduje się na tym samym placu
 wieża spadochronowa w Katowicach

Bibliografia

Katowice
Pomniki w Katowicach
Katowice
Śródmieście (Katowice)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In my work as a sociologist I am interested in how gender, sexuality, subjectivity and intimate life are changing, and in the role that social movements and collective action play in bringing about social, cultural and political change. I am also concerned with the question of how and why gender, sexuality, subjectivity and intimate life don't change – with individual and collective resistance to change, and how we so often unconsciously resist change and sabotage what might be good and fruitful in our lives.
My early work was about the women's and anti-nuclear movements of the 1980s, with a particular focus on the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp. In recent years I have undertaken a number of projects that have explored the politics and practices of intimacy and personal life in the UK and across Europe (Bulgaria, Norway, Portugal). I have paid particular attention to the experiences of those living outside conventional couples and families – single people, people in living-apart-together relationships, lesbians and gay men, and those living in shared housing – and I have been interested in the role of friendship and lateral networks of care and support in their lives. Running through this research has also been a concern with the experiences of members of marginalized and racialized groups, first and second generation migrants and diasporic communities.
Through this work I have contributed to debates about care, citizenship and the changing meanings of "family", and to understandings of the difference that social movements make in the world. Engaging with sociological theories of individualisation, with feminism, queer theory and psychoanalysis, I have been developing a psychosocioanalytic approach to the complex relational dynamics and psychic and intersubjective experience of contemporary intimate life. I am particularly interested in the role that law, policy and culture play in the normative construction of personal life, in producing intimate citizenship, and in the challenges that social movements and everyday practices of living, loving and desire pose to normative forms of intimacy and sexuality. I have been employing intensive biographical narrative and psychoanalytically informed methods, as well as carrying out large scale survey research, and comparative and cross-national studies that address issues of societal change. Hence my work ranges from microscopic single-person case studies to macro-level analyses of intimate citizenship regimes and their transformation over time.
I am Professor of Interdisciplinary Social Science and Dean of the Faculty of Social and Historical Sciences at UCL. I am a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences and a qualified group analyst and psychotherapist.
From 2016-18, I was Executive Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Essex. Before that I worked at Birkbeck, University of London, where I was Director of the Birkbeck Institute for Social Research and Professor of Sociology and Social Theory in the Department of Psychosocial Studies. At Birkbeck I served as Assistant Dean (Research) for the School of Social Sciences, History and Philosophy, and as Head of the Department of Psychosocial Studies. From 1991-2007 I was at the University of Leeds, where I was Professor of Sociology and Gender Studies and founding Director of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Gender Studies from 1997-2004. From 2005-2015 I was Professor II in Sociology at the Centre for Gender Research, University of Oslo.
I was the first Chair of the Association for Psychosocial Studies from its formation until 2016.
I was one of the founding editors of the journal Feminist Theory, and I am on the editorial boards of Social Movement Studies, NORA: Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, Women's Studies International Forum, and Amity: The Journal of Friendship Studies.
I am currently undertaking a research project on the politics, practice and provision of the talking therapies, funded by The Wellcome Trust.
In 2016 I returned to Yorkshire for a seven month period of fieldwork in three places - Barnsley, Hebden Bridge and inner city Leeds - that I began researching in 2001. The fieldwork was funded by a Leverhulme Research Fellowship, "Sociability, sexuality, self: a multi-sited, longitudinal psychosocial study". I am currently working on a book from this project.
Recently launched, a new film for which I was the academic consultant 'The PhD Survival Video: PhDs, mental health and stress'.
I was interviewed about living apart together relationships by Laurie Taylor on 'Thinking Allowed'. 14 January 2015. You can listen to the podcast by clicking here.
In 2014 I was Professor-at-Large at the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Western Australia, where I gave a public lecture entitled Together/ Apart: intimacy and autonomy in contemporary personal life. You can hear the lecture by clicking here.


An empty U-Haul in 45 minutes flat? BOOM! Thank you, Thom Welby of the office of Rep. Marty Flynn and Karin Lyons-Brasted of Hyde Park Neighborhood Watch for getting it done with us. A wise man once said we become neighbors when we are willing to cross the road for one another.


text:
SI-YO ARTIST™
Harriet Langley
Bio courtesy Harriet Langley
Korean-Australian violinist Harriet Langley is an accomplished soloist and chamber musician who has performed with the London Chamber Orchestra, the Verbier Festival Orchestra, the Vienna Chamber Orchestra, Sinfonia Varsovia, the Reno Philharmonic, the Gyeonggi Philharmonic of Korea, and the Orchestre National de Belgique, to name a few. The laureate of many competitions, including the 2016 Leopold Mozart Competition, the 2011 Andrea Postacchini International Competition, and the 2006 Yehudi Menuhin International Competition, she has also released two CDs with the Orchestre Philharmonique Royal de Liège, the first of the Vieuxtemps Violin Concerto No.7 in 2011 and the second of Saint-Saëns Pieces for Violin, including the Havanaise and Romances in 2013.
An exuberant chamber musician, Harriet's past festival appearances include the Seiji Ozawa International Music Academy in Switzerland, Ravinia's Steans Music Institute, YellowBarn, and the International Musicians Seminar at Prussia Cove. She has collaborated with such artists as Gary Hoffman, Gábor Takács-Nagy, Philippe Graffin, Mihaela Martin, Donald Weilerstein, Frans Helmerson, Joseph Kalichstein, Robert McDonald, Laurence Lesser, Midori Goto, and Menahem Pressler.
Harriet has an immense passion for community engagement and believes it imperative for artists to connect with varied communities harboring people from all walks of life. To that end, she has worked closely both in Europe and in the States with organizations such as Music for Food, NPR's From the Top and the New England Conservatory's Community Performances and Partnership program to create interactive musical programs to be taken to nursing homes, schools, hospitals, and homeless shelters. A staunch supporter of women's rights and safety, she is a founding member of the Uhuru quartet whose purpose is to employ art, through music, as a means to connect, empower and bring joy to women in shelters. A recent collaborative project with a women's shelter in New York City consisted of performances mixing classical music and other genres, fundraising concerts and workshops for songwriting.
Harriet has studied with Augustin Dumay at the Chapelle Musicale Reine Elisabeth of Belgium, with Josef Rissin at the Karlsruhe Hochschule fur Musik in Germany, with Patinka Kopec and Pinchas Zukerman at the Manhattan School of Music and at the New England Conservatory, where she received her bachelor's degree as a student of Miriam Fried and Lucy Chapman. She completed her Master's degree at The Juilliard School under the tutelage of Catherine Cho, Daniel Phillips and Donald Weilerstein.
In her spare time, Harriet dabbles in the baroque violin, fumbles over the piano and attempts to get closer to her original dream of being a cellist by stretching her fingers on the viola. She is burning fewer and fewer dishes in the kitchen and is strengthening her heart with the ten flights of stairs up to her fifth-floor walk-up. She has recently graduated from finger-painting to holding a brush and she procrastinates practicing by going on long, Billie Holiday-accompanied walks that typically end in the French Impressionist wing of a museum.
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Visitors to this website may use images copyrighted to Classically Connected, provided that the watermarks remain untouched and the photographs are not manipulated in any fashion. Images on this website that are credited to parties other than Classically Connected cannot be used without permission of the parties listed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: how to execute for loop inside chroot enviroment executing this script and it returns nothing in variable i in fact it isn't creating one how to overcome this problem
chroot $ROOT /bin/sh -c "for i in ../autoconf-patch/* ; do patch < $i ; done; ./configure ; make install "

$i returns nothing
/bin/sh : Syntax error; ";" unexpected (expecting word)
meaning it considers ";" after the command patch < $i which implies that $i is empty and throws that error

A: Try to use single quotes, for example:
/bin/sh -c 'i=3; echo $i'

If you use double quotes " the variables will be expanded, you could try this from your example:
chroot $ROOT /bin/sh -c 'for i in ../autoconf-patch/* ; do patch < $i ; done; ./configure ; make install'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Blending the best of classic and contemporary filmmaking, the Newport Beach Film Festival is proud to showcase an exclusive selection of award-winning independent and studio films from around the world, representing a truly unique mix of culture and genre.
With over 55,000 attendees and over 100 million media impressions, the Newport Beach Film Festival has become an elite destination for brands to engage consumers in a setting unlike any other event in the Southern California area. The Festival is an ideal setting for sampling opportunities and experiential marketing and offers a desirable demographic of culturally enthusiastic tastemakers.


text:
Q: Will terms in this sequence always have digital root 1? A recreational math problem, dubbed "Insert and Add", asks:  What is the least integer m that requires no less than n insertions of plus signs so that, after performing the addition(s), we arrive at a single digit?  (See the last page here:  http://orion.math.iastate.edu/butler/papers/16_03_insert_and_add.pdf)
It is similar to finding the additive persistence of n, but instead of merely counting the number of digital sums required to arrive at a single digit it counts the minimum number of plus signs inserted during that process.
10 is the smallest number that requires one plus sign: 1+0=1.  19 is the smallest to require two: 1+9=10 -> 1+0=1.  118 is the smallest to require three:  1+1+8=10 -> 1+0=1; alternatively we can try 1+18=19 -> 1+9=10 -> 1+0=1; and finally we can try 11+8=19 -> 1+9=10 -> 1+0=1.
3187, and 3014173 are the next two numbers in the sequence.
Now observe that all of these numbers (10, 19, 118, 3187, 3014173) have a digital root of 1.
Is it obvious that all future terms in this sequence will have digital root 1?
The sequence is https://oeis.org/A293929.

A: I am terrible at proofs, so I won't be surprised when someone points out a glaring hole in this, but what about:
Assume the terms $a(1)$ to $a(n)$ all have digital root $1$, but $a(n + 1) = x$ doesn't.  Increment $a(n)$ by one until we reach $x$.
Insert one plus sign into $x$ in the optimal way that guarantees the result of the addition, $y$, requires exactly $n$ more insertions of a plus sign to arrive at a single digit.
Because $y$ requires $n$ insertions it cannot be less than $a(n)$, otherwise we would have found $y$ before $a(n)$.  Because $x$ has digital root greater than $1$, $y$ cannot equal $a(n)$.  So now $y$ must be in the range $a(n) < y < x$, but we already checked these before arriving at $x$, so no such number $y$ can exist, therefore no such $x$ can exist.  Clearly, $a(n + 1)$ cannot have digital root $0$.
We have shown that no $a(n + 1) = x$ with digital root $0$, or $2$ through $9$ can exist, therefore $a(n + 1)$ must have digital root $1$.


text:
Raging Bull (1980)
Watch Raging Bull (1980) Online
When Jake LaMotta steps into a boxing ring and obliterates his opponent, he's a prizefighter. But when he treats his family and friends the same way, he's a ticking time bomb, ready to go off at any moment. Though LaMotta wants his family's love, something always seems to come between them. Perhaps it's his violent bouts of paranoia and jealousy. This kind of rage helped make him a champ, but in real life, he winds up in the ring alone.
Director: Martin Scorsese
Actors: Cathy Moriarty, Frank Vincent, Joe Pesci, Mario Gallo, Nicholas Colasanto, Robert De Niro, Theresa Saldana
Whiskey Tango Foxtrot (2016)
In 2002, cable news producer Kim Barker decides to shake up her routine by taking a daring new assignment in Kabul, Afghanistan. Dislodged from her comfortable American lifestyle, Barker finds…
Genre: Biography, Comedy, Drama, War
The Keeper (2018)
The story of a man whose love for football, for England and for the love of his life, Margaret, saw him rise from Nazi 'villain' to British hero. Bert Trautmann,…
Country: Germany, UK
Genre: Biography, Drama, Romance, Sport, War
Suave, charming and volatile, Reggie Kray and his unstable twin brother Ronnie start to leave their mark on the London underworld in the 1960s. Using violence to get what they…
Country: France, UK, USA
Amy (2015)
A documentary on the life of Amy Winehouse, the immensely talented yet doomed songstress. We see her from her teen years, where she already showed her singing abilities, to her…
The Baader Meinhof Complex (2008)
Der Baader Meinhof Komplex depicts the political turmoil in the period from 1967 to the bloody "Deutschen Herbst" in 1977. The movie approaches the events based on Stefan Aust's standard…
Country: Czech Republic, France, Germany
Genre: Action, Biography, Crime, Drama, History, Thriller
The Sessions (2012)
Though a childhood bout with polio left him dependent on an iron lung, Mark O'Brien (John Hawkes) maintains a career as a journalist and poet. A writing assignment dealing with…
Genre: Biography, Comedy, Drama, Romance
In 1987, five young men, using brutally honest rhymes and hardcore beats, put their frustration and anger about life in the most dangerous place in America into the most powerful…
Genre: Biography, Drama, History, Music
Pollock (2000)
In August of 1949, Life Magazine ran a banner headline that begged the question: "Jackson Pollock: Is he the greatest living painter in the United States?" The film is a…
Genre: Biography, Drama
American Animals (2018)
Lexington, Kentucky, 2004. Four young men attempt to execute one of the most audacious art heists in the history of the United States.
Captain Phillips (2013)
The true story of Captain Richard Phillips and the 2009 hijacking by Somali pirates of the US-flagged MV Maersk Alabama, the first American cargo ship to be hijacked in two…
The story of Richard and Mildred Loving, an interracial couple, whose challenge of their anti-miscegenation arrest for their marriage in Virginia led to a legal battle that would end at…
McQueen (2018)
Alexander McQueen's rags-to-riches story is a modern-day fairy tale, laced with the gothic. Mirroring the savage beauty, boldness and vivacity of his design, this documentary is an intimate revelation of…
Genre: Biography, Documentary
Trailer: Raging Bull (1980)


text:
Allison McCarrick (Submitted photo)
Allison McCarrick becomes new CAO for Town of Ladysmith
McCarrick leaves her role as CAO for the District of Port Hardy to join the Town of Ladysmith
Cole Schisler
Sep. 10, 2020 7:30 a.m.
Allison McCarrick has been brought on as the new Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) for the Town of Ladysmith.
McCarrick has served as CAO with the District of Port Hardy for nearly five years, and will join the Town of Ladysmith on October 5, 2020. Since beginning her career in municipal government in 2001, McCarrick has held positions as a financial accountant and the Director of Finance for the North Island seaside community.
Although she has lived in the North Island for some time, McCarrick grew up in Saltair, and graduated from Chemainus Secondary School. Coming to Ladysmith is somewhat of a homecoming for her.
"Having grown up around here, I know that the Town of Ladysmith is a very respectful, very forward thinking council, and they care a lot about their community. It's always called to me," McCarrick said. "When the opportunity came up I knew there was no way I wouldn't apply."
McCarrick's experience with the District of Port Hardy has prepared her well for her upcoming work in Ladysmith. During her time in Port Hardy McCarrick helped construct a new water reservoir to increase storage capacity for the district; completed an updated service agreement and forged a new relationship with the Kwakiutl First Nation; carried out a major capital infrastructure repair of the community pier and float system; and carried out an ongoing review of the District of Port Hardy Official Community Plan.
'There's a lot of similarities in the work, and I addressed that in speaking to council," McCarrick said.
McCarrick is eagerly looking forward to helping the Town of Ladysmith deliver on their strategic priorities.
The Town is in the early stages of crafting a new Official Community Plan, a process familiar to McCarrick from her work in Port Hardy.
"The timing couldn't be better," she said. "There's so much more engagement now, and opportunities for the public to get involved, and engage with these documents."
"The demographics in Ladysmith are so great, because there are so many young families but there are also still families that have been in town since Ladysmith began. I'm very excited."
Ladysmith Mayor and Council have also shared their excitement in welcoming McCarrick to her new role.
"We are very excited to have Allison join the Town of Ladysmith to work with Council and lead our staff team. Her passion for Ladysmith, caring and engaged approach, and excitement for delivering on the strategic priorities of the Town make her a perfect fit," Mayor Aaron Stone said.
"Through our recruitment process and subsequent conversations I am confident that she will be a great leader for Ladysmith."
McCarrick replaces Guillermo Ferrero who took over as the CAO for the City of White Rock in May 2020.
Alleged racially-motivated eviction from Okanagan campground sparks outcry
Political fallout continues despite shuttering of WE's Canadian operations


Mityana Municipality Member of Parliament, Francis Butebi Zaake claims his health has been worsened on return to the country as a result of the way security personnel handled him in our Uganda news now.
The youthful legislator returned from India where he had gone to seek further treatment following beating by security personnel allegedly attached to President Museveni during chaos that ensued ahead of Arua Municipality by-elections in August.
The plane with Zaake aboard landed at Entebbe Airport around 8:00am, but he was picked and whisked away by security operatives and chauffeured home in convoy at breakneck speed, as was for his colleague, Kyadondo East legislator Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu.
On arrival home, Zaake said that his condition has worsened by the police rush and handling.
"I have a lot of pain in the head, neck, back, and joints in my legs," he added.
Zaake yesterday called upon security operatives to stop beating him for he is not chaotic as assumed.
"My message to those people who put me in this kind of situation, they should leave me alone, give me peace. I am not chaotic, it is you who are hostile on me," he said.
Flahs Uganda media will keep you updated.


text:
Q: VBA:Lock and fill color for selected cells in excel Following is my vba code,where I fill data to the cells,all I have to do is to lock the same cells and put some color for those.
//VBA:-
    ActiveWorkbook.Names("book.a.").RefersToRange = doc.getAttribute("a")
    ActiveWorkbook.Names("book.b.").RefersToRange = doc.getAttribute("b")
    ActiveWorkbook.Names("book.c.").RefersToRange = doc.getAttribute("c")
    ActiveWorkbook.Names("book.d.").RefersToRange =doc.getAttribute("d")

How to do this?I got to do this to many more cells.
What do you suggest?
Thanks in advance.

A: How many cells? Are they contiguous? If so, we can loop through the range rather than referring to the named ranges. If not, we need to build an array of the names somehow - are they all in the form "book.a."?
This does what you want for one of the cells (you'll need to unprotect the worksheet before unlocking / amending cells, then protect it again when done):
Dim strName As String, objName As Name, strID As String

Sheet1.Unprotect
For Each objName In ActiveWorkbook.Names
    strName = objName.Name
    If InStr(1, strName, "book", vbTextCompare) > 0 Then
        strID = Mid(strName, InStr(1, strName, ".", vbTextCompare) + 1, 1)
        With ActiveWorkbook.Names(strName).RefersToRange
            .Value = doc.getAttribute(strID)
            .Interior.Color = vbRed
            .Locked = True
        End With
    End If
Next
Sheet1.Protect


text:
Izbište (, ; ) is a village in Serbia. It is situated in the Vršac municipality, in the South Banat District, Vojvodina province. The village has a Serb ethnic majority (86.74%) and its population is 1,464 according to the 2011 census.

Name

In Serbian, the village is known as Izbište (Избиште), in Romanian as Pârneaora, in Hungarian as Izbistye, and in German as Izbischte.

The first written evidence

The oldest preserved written document in which the mentioned populated place Izbište dates from 1660, and it follows that from 1666 year. In both cases it is a hand written scrapbook of Serbian Orthodox Church priest, who keeps track of the contributions of households. Scrapbook or "Katastig", as was then called, contains a list of financial and commodity contributions, which are, by any obligation or voluntarily, are given to Serbian Patriarchate of Peć. This document is now stored in the Library of Serbian Patriarchate.

Famous residents

Žarko Zrenjanin-Uča – people's hero of Yugoslavia, partisan and leader of communist movement in Vojvodina, was born in 1902 in Izbište.
Isa Jovanović – people's hero, Yugoslav partisan, after the war a member of the Council of the Federation of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
Anđa Jovanović-Ranković – people's hero, Yugoslav partisan, killed during World War II in Yugoslavia.

Population

The post-war development of Izbište was stop by destruction of brick-field and power plant. Izbište had up to 3500 inhabitants, many of whom were educated and as such, went for Vršac, Bela Crkva, Pančevo, Belgrade and then continued their careers there.

Gallery

External links
Izbiste official site

Vršac
Populated places in Serbian Banat
Populated places in South Banat District